,9TRODUCTION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,K>L ,KORS* ,TEXT 3 ,S\RCE3 ,BUREAU ( ,PUBLIC ,SECRETS2 ,K>L ,KORS*'S ,K>L ,M>X WAS ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 9 ,5GLI% & PUBLI%$ 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#i#c#h4 ,! BOOK WAS REISSU$ 9 #a#i#f#c1 BUT HAS BE5 \T ( PR9T = DECADES4 ,K5 ,KNABB CORRECT$ OBVI\S TYPOGRAPHICAL ]RORS & OCCASIONALLY ADD$ OR DELET$ A COMMA :]E ?IS SEEM$ NECESS>Y = CL>ITY1 BUT O!RWISE LEFT ! ,BRITI% SPELL+ & ,KORS*'S SOMETIMES SLID ,5GLI% /YLE & T]M9OLOGY AS 9 ! ORIG9AL $ITION4 ,9 ! 9T]E/ ( ONL9E READABILITY HE OMITT$ ! HUNDR$S ( FOOTNOTES4 ,A FEW ( !M 9CLUDE SUB/ANTIVE REM>KS1 BUT ! GREAT MAJORITY >E M]ELY PAGE REF]5CES TO ORIG9AL ,G]MAN $ITIONS ?AT W\LD BE ( NO 9T]E/ TO MO/ READ]S4 ,9TRODUCTION ,K>L ,M>X WAS BORN 9 ,TRI] 9 #ahah & DI$ AS A POLITICAL EXILE 9 ,LONDON1 #a#h#h#c4 ,:5 HE HAD COMPLET$ HIS /UDIES AT ! ,UNIV]SITIES ( ,BONN & ,B]L91 & S]V$ HIS FIR/ POLITICAL APPR5TICE%IP AS AN $ITOR ( ! ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG 9 ,COLOGNE1 #a#h#d#b-#d#c1 HE F\ND HIMSELF CUT (F FROM ALMO/ EV]Y L9K ) HIS NATIVE C\NTRY4 ,HIS FA!R HAD DI$ 9 #a#h#c#h1 HE HAD 0FALL5 \T ) HIS FAMILY0 S9CE #a#h#d#b1 & ALL ! PLANS = HIS FUTURE HAD COLLAPS$ UND] ! BL[S ( ! ,*RI/IAN-,ROMANTIC REACTION :I* SET 9 ) ! ACCESSION ( ,K+ ,FR$]ICK ,WILLIAM ,I,V 9 #a#h#d4 0,9 ,G]MANY !RE IS N[ NO?+ ,I CAN DO10 ,M>X WROTE TO ,RUGE 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#d#c4 0,9 ,G]MANY ONE CAN ONLY BE FALSE TO ONESELF40 ,?US1 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#h#d#c1 AFT] M>RY+ ! WOMAN HE HAD WOO$ = SEV5 YE>S1 HE W5T TO ,P>IS &1 :5 EXPELL$ FROM ,FRANCE 9 #a#h#d#e1 TURN$ TO ,BELGIUM :]E HE /AY$ UNTIL ! REVOLUTION ( #ahdh MADE POSSIBLE A %ORT RETURN TO POLITICAL ACTIVITY 9 HIS [N C\NTRY1 AS AN $ITOR ( ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 #a#h#d#h-#d#i4 ,AFT] ?AT1 EXPELL$ FROM ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 HE SP5T ! REMA9+ ?REE DECADES ( HIS LIFE 9 ! GREAT REFUGE ( REVOLUTION>Y EXILES FROM ALL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES :I* 9 ?OSE TIMES WAS ,LONDON4 ,HE TRI$ 9 VA9 TO E>N A LIV+ = HIS GR[+ FAMILY BY J\RNALI/IC WORK & WAS SAV$ FROM />VATION ONLY BY ! UNTIR+ S]VICES ( HIS LIFELONG FRI5D & COLLABORATOR1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 :O DEVOT$ ! NEXT EIS ( HIS LIFE TO ! HATEFUL DRUDG]Y ( 0DOGGI% COMM]CE10 MA9LY TO HELP HIS FRI5D TO COMPLETE HIS GREAT SCI5TIFIC WORK1 ,CAPITAL4 ,:5 F9ALLY HE WAS ABLE TO RETIRE FROM BUS9ESS ) 5\< MONEY TO SECURE FRE$OM FROM F9ANCIAL WORRIES BO? = HIMSELF & ,M>X1 IT WAS ALMO/ TOO LATE4 ,?\< ! MA9 RESULTS ( ,M>X@&_?#a#d#f2S EV] WID5+ & DEEP5+ /UDIES HAD TAK5 F9AL %APE 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#f#g1 ! REMA9+ P>TS ( ,CAPITAL W]E NEV] COMPLET$4 ,! 9CESSANT /RUGGLES & MIS]IES 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! LIFE ( AN 9FLEXIBLE POLITICAL EMIGRANT HAD BY #ahgc F9ALLY WORN \T EV5 ?AT TREM5D\S M5TAL PRODUCTIVITY :I* HAD BE5 EMBODI$ 9 ,M>X1 AL?\< HE W5T ON = A FUR!R DECADE TO PILE UP EXC]PTS & NOTES = ! FUTURE COMPLETION ( HIS WORK & N[ & !N DISPLAY$ ! FULL VIGOR ( ! OLD DAYS 9 SU* FULLY MATUR$ PIECES ( WORKMAN%IP AS ! ,M>G9AL ,NOTES TO ! ,GO?A PROGRAM ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S@&_?#a#d#f2 P>TY 9 #ahge & ! REC5TLY PUBLI%$ CRITICAL NOTES ON ! ECONOMIC WORK ( ,ADOLF ,WAGN] DAT$ #a#h#h#a-#h#b4 ,NOR MU/ WE =GET :AT ,5GELS MO/ APTLY SAID AT ! FUN]AL ( HIS FRI5D 9 #a#h#h#c1 ?AT ! MAN ( SCI5CE WAS 0NOT EV5 HALF ! MAN10 BUT ?AT ?IS MAN ,M>X WAS 0ABOVE ALL A REVOLUTION>Y40 ,( HIS TWO \T/&+ WORKS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O & ,CAPITAL1 ! ONE WAS PUBLI%$ AT ! EVE ( ! REVOLUTION ( #ahdh AS ! WORK+ PROGRAM ( ! FIR/ 9T]NATIONAL P>TY ( ! MILITANT VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! O!R CO9CID$ ) ! BEG9N+ ( ! RECOV]Y ( WE/]N ,EUROPE FROM ?AT PROTRACT$ DEPRESSION & /AGNATION ( ALL PROGRESSIVE =CES :I* HAD FOLL[$ UPON ! BLOODY DEFEAT ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y WORK]S ( ,P>IS 9 ,JUNE #ahdh & ! 5SU+ FAILURE ( ! ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h-#e - A P]IOD MO/ CLE>LY *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! ANTI-DEMOCRATIC & ANTI-SOCIALI/IC TOTALIT>IAN REGIME ( ! ?IRD ,NAPOLEON 9 ,FRANCE #a#h#e-#g4 ,M>X@&_?#a#d#f2S !ORETICAL EXPOSITION ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD 9 ,CAPITAL CO9CID$1 MOREOV]1 ) HIS ACTUAL P>TICIPATION 9 ! FIR/ OP5 & COMPREH5SIVE EXP]IM5T 9 WORK+-CLASS UNITY1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5@&_?#a#d#f2S ,ASSOCIATION 9AUGURAT$ 9 #a#h#f#d4 ,?US ,M>X@&_?#a#d#f2S REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & PRACTICE =M$ AT ALL TIMES AN 9SEP>ABLE :OLE1 & ?IS :OLE IS :AT IS LIV+ TODAY ( ,M>X4 ,HIS REAL AIM1 EV5 9 ?IS /RICTLY !ORETICAL WORK1 WAS TO COOP]ATE 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R 9 ! HI/ORICAL /RUGGLE ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT1 TO :OM HE WAS ! FIR/ TO GIVE A SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE ( ITS CLASS POSITION & ITS CLASS NE$S1 A TRUE & MAT]IALI/IC KN[L$GE ( ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ITS [N EMANCIPATION & ?US1 AT ! SAME TIME1 = ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL LIFE ( MANK9D4 ,IT IS ! PURPOSE ( ?IS BOOK TO RE/ATE ! MO/ IMPORTANT PR9CIPLES & CONT5TS ( ,M>X@&_?#a#d#f2S SOCIAL SCI5CE 9 ! LIIS5 UND] ! IMPACT ( ?OSE EV5TS4 ,9 SO DO+ WE %ALL DEAL ?R\<\T ) ! ORIG9AL IDEAS ( ,M>X HIMSELF RA!R ?AN ) !IR SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5TS BR\I\S 0OR?ODOX0 & 0REVISIONI/10 DOGMATIC & CRITICAL1 RADICAL & MOD]ATE S*OOLS ( ! ,M>XI/S ON ! ONE H&1 & !IR MORE OR LESS VIOL5T CRITICS & OPPON5TS ON ! O!R H&4 ,!RE IS TODAY A /RUGGLE AB\T ,M>X C>RI$ ON 9 PRACTICALLY ALL C\NTRIES ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD - FROM ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA :]E ,M>XISM HAS BECOME ! (FICIAL PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,/ATE1 TO ! ,FASCI/ & SEMI-,FASCI/ C\NTRIES ( C5TRAL & S\!RN ,EUROPE1 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 & ,EA/]N ,ASIA1 :]E !Y >E AT PRES5T PROSECUT$ & EXT]M9AT$4 ,BETWE5 ?OSE TWO EXTREMES !RE LIES ! L& ( ! AS YET UNDECID$ FIXI/0 & SO-CALL$ 0ANTI-,M>XI/0 IDEAS1 & ?US ! ONLY P>T ( ! WORLD :]E IT IS /ILL POSSIBLE TODAY TO DISCUSS ) RELATIVE FRE$OM ! TRUE SIGNIFICANCE ( ?OSE G5U9E PR9CIPLES ( ,M>X :I* 9 ! MEANTIME HAVE BE5 ADAPT$ BY FRI5DS & FOES TO AN A/ONI%+ V>IETY ( POLITICAL PURPOSES :I* APPE> FROM ! REVIEW ( ! V>I\S HI/ORICAL PHASES ( ! ,M>XI/ ?\E MORE PROBLEMS 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS APP>5T CLEAVAGE BETWE5 ! ,M>XIAN IDEOLOGY & ITS HI/ORICAL REALIZATION ?AN CAN BE TACKL$ 9 A SMALL BOOK4 ,! READ] IS REF]R$ 9 ?IS RESPECT TO ! AU?OR@&_?#a#d#f2S PREVI\S WRIT+S ON ! SUBJECT QUOT$ 9 ! BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEX$ TO ?IS BOOK4 ,TO 9CREASE ! UTILITY ( ?IS PRES5TATION ( ! ,M>XIAN !ORY AN ATTEMPT HAS BE5 MADE TO KEEP ! S+LE *APT]S AS F> AS POSSIBLE 9DEP5D5T4 ,?US A READ] NOT ACQUA9T$ ) ! D>+ AB/RACTIONS ( CLASSICAL ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 MAY LEAP OV] ! SOME:AT DIFFICULT SECOND *APT] ( ! FIR/ P>T & READ IT LAT] 9 CONNECTION ) ! SECOND P>T1 :ILE A PHILOSOPHICALLY UNPREP>$ READ] MIX FROM ,PHILOSOPHY TO ,SCI5CE UNTIL HE HAS /UDI$ ! SAME PROBLEM 9 ! MORE SPECIFIC =M 9 :I* IT IS PRES5T$ 9 ,I,I1 #g4 ,9 ! SAME WAY MANY O!R CROSS-L9KS CONNECT ! ?REE P>TS ( ! BOOK :I*1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 DO NOT DEAL ) 9DEP5D5T BRAN*ES ( A COMP\ND SY/EM BUT RA!R ) ! V>I\S ASPECTS ( ONE SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & HI/ORICAL !ORY4 ,) ,M>X & ,5GELS1 AS 9DE$ ) MO/ WRIT]S ON ! FIELD ( SOCIAL1 HI/ORICAL1 POLITICAL ?\ABLE P>T ( ! HI/ORY ( ! !ORIES !MSELVES4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 A DEPLORABLE FACT ?AT HI!RTO NOT ONLY ! B\RGEOIS CRITICS ( ! SO-CALL$ 0,M>XIAN CONTRADICTIONS0 BUT EV5 ! MO/ FAI?FUL ADH]5TS ( ,M>X@&_?#a#d#f2S MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE %\LD HAVE QUOT$ HIS DIV]S !ORETICAL /ATEM5TS )\T REF]5CE TO TIME1 ADDRESSEES1 & O!R HI/ORICAL 9DICES NECESS>Y = !IR MAT]IALI/IC 9T]PRETATION4 ,?IS 0OR?ODOX0 PROC$URE ( QUOT+ ,M>X@&_?#a#d#f2S 7OR EV5 ,M>X@&_?#a#d#f2S & ,5GELS@&_?#a#d#f2S7 /ATEM5TS QUITE 9 ! AB/RACT1 JU/ AS ! S*OOLM5 QUOT$ ! WORDS ( ,>I/OTLE OR ! ,BIBLE1 IS QUITE 9ADEQUATE = A !ORETICAL /UDY ( A GIV5 SOCIAL !ORY FROM AN HI/ORICAL & MAT]IALI/IC /&PO9T4 ,WE HAVE1 !RE=E1 EV5 REFRA9$ FROM IMITAT+ ! EXAMPLE SET BY MOD]N SCI5TIFIC WORKS 9 :I* EV]Y ITEM IS QUOT$ BY ITS NUMB] ONLY & ALL O!R 9=MATION RELEGAT$ TO AN ANNEX$ BIBLIOGRAPHY4 ,WE HAVE RA!R PUT UP ) ?AT APP>5T CLUMS9ESS :I* IS UNAVOIDABLY B\ND UP ) AN IMM$IATE SUPPLY ( ALL NECESS>Y 9=MATION ON ! HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES ( EA* QUOTATION4 ,= ! SAME REASON WE HAVE MADE ONLY A SCANTY USE ( ABBREVIATIONS & EV5 TRANSLAT$ = FUR!R CL>ITY ! NON-,5GLI% TITLES ( ALL BOOKS QUOT$ 9 ! TEXT & FOOTNOTES4 ,! ORIG9AL TITLES ( BOOKS SO QUOT$1 AS WELL AS ALL O!R 9=MATION NOT IMM$IATELY REQUIR$ = ! FULL UND]/&+ ( ! CURR5T TEXT1 & A DETAIL$ EXPLANATION ( ALL ABBREVIATIONS >E GIV5 9 ! USUAL MANN] 9 ! ANNEX$ BIBLIOGRAPHY4 ,AS TO T]M9OLOGY1 ! READ] WILL F9D SOME UNUSUAL T]MS1 OR USUAL T]MS APPLI$ ) A SOME:AT MODIFI$ MEAN+4 ,?IS WAS UNAVOIDABLE 9 A BOOK ?AT HAD TO DEAL ) ,HEGELIAN & ,M>XIAN T]MS :I* CAN BY NO MEANS BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO CONV5TIONAL ,5GLI%4 ,WE HAVE NOT AVAIL$ \RSELVES ( ALL ! LIB]TIES :I* W]E DECL>$ NECESS>Y 9 AN >TICLE CONTRIBUT$ BY ,5GELS TO ! ,NOVEMB] #ahhe ISSUE ( ,! ,COMMONWEAL?4 ,WE HAVE REFRA9$ FROM L+UI/IC 9NOVATIONS AS F> AS POSSIBLE & EV5 FROM CO9+ NEW ,5GLI% T]MS CORRESPOND+ TO ! MANY NEW-CO9$ ,G]MAN T]MS US$ BY ,HEGEL1 ,M>X1 & PRES5T-DAY ,M>XI/S4 ,H[EV]1 WE HAVE FOLL[$ ! ADVICE ( ,5GELS TO RISK A H]ESY RA!R ?AN TO R5D] ! DIFFICULT ,G]MAN WORDS & PHRASES BY MORE OR LESS 9DEF9ITE T]MS :I* DO NOT GRATE UPON \R E>S BUT OBSCURE ! MEAN+ ( ,M>X4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 WE SPEAK ( 0PRODUCTION-RELATIONS0 RA!R ?AN 0RELATION%IPS10 & 9 DEAL+ ) ! FIR/ & =EMO/ PR9CIPLE ( ,M>X@&_?#a#d#f2S MAT]IALI/IC ME?OD ! T]M ( 0SPECIFICATION0 IS US$ )\T QUOTES AL?\< WE >E AW>E ?AT ?IS T]M MEANS SOME?+ MORE H]E ?AN IT CONNOTES 9 EV]YDAY LANGUAGE4 ,ALL SU* T]MS HAVE BE5 FULLY EXPLA9$ AT !IR FIR/ OCCURR5CE & EV5 SEV]AL TIMES :5EV] ?IS SEEM$ NECESS>Y = A FULL UND]/&+ ( ! >GUM5T4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/