,*APT] #h 
,A*IEVEM5T1 ,P>T #c3 ,DAS ,KAPITAL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,OTTO ,RUHLE 

,TEXT 3 

,A*IEVEM5T 
,P>T ,I,I,I 

,DAS ,KAPITAL 

,! ,KRITIK D] POLITIS*5 ,OKONOMIE WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#e#i1 ! YE> 9 :I* ,D>W9'S ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES FIR/ APPE>$4 ,IT WAS ONLY A PRELUDE TO ! GREAT WORK :I* ,M>X HAD HAD ON ! /OCKS = YE>S1 & :OSE F9AL ELABORATION HE WAS CONT9UALLY PO/PON+4 ,9 ! PREFACE TO ! ,KRITIK1 HE WRITES3 0,I REG>D ! SY/EM ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS 9 ?IS SUCCESSION3 CAPITAL1 L&$ PROP]TY1 WAGE LABOR2 ,/ATE1 =EIGN TRADE1 WORLD M>KET4 ,UND] ! FIR/ ?REE HEADS ,I /UDY ! ECONOMIC VITAL CONDITIONS ( ! ?REE GREAT CLASSES 9TO :I* MOD]N CIVIL SOCIETY IS SEP>AT$2 ! 9T]CONNEXION ( ! ?REE O!R HEADS IS OBVI\S4 444 ,! :OLE MAT]IAL LIES BE=E ME 9 ! =M ( MONOGRAPHS :I* ,I P5N$ AT WIDELY SEP>AT$ P]IODS = ! CL>IFICATION ( MY [N IDEAS1 NOT = ! PRESS4 ,CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE PREV5T$ MY ELABORAT+ !M 9TO A CONNECT$ :OLE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ORIG9AL PLAN40 

,:5 ! ,KRITIK D] POLITIS*5 ,OKONOMIE HAD BE5 PUBLI%$1 ! AU?OR1 EXAM9+ HIS [N WORK1 SPE$ILY BECAME AW>E ?AT ! ME?OD ( PRES5TATION C\LD BE IMPROV$1 & HE !RE=E DECID$ TO 9CORPORATE ! CONT5TS ( ! ,KRITIK1 AFT] DUE ELABORATION1 9 HIS NEW WORK ,DAS ,KAPITAL4 ,?US ! ,CRITIQUE =MS ! FIR/ SECTION ( ,CAPITAL4 ,H]E1 H[EV]1 WE HAVE NOT A M]E REPETITION1 = ! CONT5TS HAVE BE5 ?OR\<LY RECONSID]$4 ,9 ! PREFACE TO ! FIR/ $ITION ( ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X WRITES3 0,AS F> AS ! NATURE ( ! SUBJECT MATT] R5D]$ IT POSSIBLE1 MANY PO9TS ?AT W]E M]ELY ALLUD$ TO 9 ! E>LI] WORK HAVE BE5 MORE COMPREH5SIVELY TREAT$ 9 ! PRES5T ONE1 :]EAS C]TA9 MATT]S TREAT$ 9 DETAIL !RE F9D NO MORE ?AN CURSORY M5TION H]E40 

,! LABORS ON ! PREP>ATION ( ,CAPITAL HAD GONE =W>D V]Y SL[LY4 ,! VA/ ABUNDANCE ( ! MAT]IAL CONC]N+ ! HI/ORY ( POLITICAL ECONOMY :I* ,M>X HAD AT HIS DISPOSAL 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM ,READ+ ,ROOM HAD BE5 A H9DRANCE RA!R ?AN A HELP4 ,FREQU5T 9T]RUPTIONS BY ILLNESS HAD OCCURR$4 ,HIS TITANIC ACTIVITIES ON BEHALF ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD TAK5 UP MU* ( HIS TIME4 ,!N !RE HAD BE5 ! 5DLESS MONEY TR\BLES1 ) ALL ! VEXATION & WA/E ( TIME !Y 9VOLV$1 TO 9T]F]E ) ! MA9T5ANCE ( A FRAME ( M9D SUITABLE = /UDY & LIT]>Y COMPOSITION4 ,WRIT+ TO ,KUGELMANN 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#f#d1 ,M>X SAID3 0,I BELIEVE ?AT NEXT YE>1 AT LA/1 MY WORK ON ,CAPITAL 7SIXTY %EETS7 WILL BE READY = ! PRESS40 ,HE WAS MI/AK54 ,9 A LETT] TO ,5GELS1 EI<T MON?S LAT]1 WE READ3 0,AS REG>DS MY WORK1 ,I WILL TELL Y\ H[ ?+S REALLY >E4 ,!RE >E /ILL ?REE *APT]S TO WRITE1 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! !ORETICAL P>T 7! FIR/ ?REE BOOKS7 READY4 ,!N !RE IS /ILL ! F\R? BOOK TO WRITE1 ! HI/ORICAL & LIT]>Y ONE1 :I* WILL BE = ME1 COMP>ATIVELY SPEAK+1 ! EASIE/ P>T1 S9CE ALL ! MA9 PROBLEMS HAVE BE5 SOLV$ 9 ! FIR/ ?REE BOOKS1 SO ?AT ?IS LA/ ONE IS MORE ( ! NATURE ( A RECAPITULATION 9 A HI/ORICAL =M4 ,BUT ,I CANNOT MAKE UP MY M9D TO P>T ) ANY ( IT UNTIL ,I HAVE ! :OLE 9 MY H&S4 ,:ATEV] DEFECTS !Y MAY HAVE1 IT IS ! M]IT ( MY WRIT+S ?AT !Y =M AN >TI/IC :OLE1 & ?AT IS ONLY ATTA9ABLE ?R\< MY ME?OD ( NEV] S5D+ !M TO PRESS UNTIL !Y >E COMPLET$40 

,BY ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#h#f#f1 ,M>X HAD GOT SO F> ON ) ! WORK ?AT HE WAS ABLE TO BEG9 MAK+ A FAIR COPY4 ,HE FELT ?AT HE MU/ 0F9I% IT (F QUICKLY1 = ! ?+ HAS BECOME A P]FECT NI<TM>E TO ME40 ,ON ,JANU>Y #a#e?1 HE WROTE TO ,KUGELMANN3 0,AS REG>DS MY BOOK1 ,I AM N[ SP5D+ TWELVE H\RS A DAY MAK+ A FAIR COPY4 ,I EXPECT TO BR+ ! MANUSCRIPT MYSELF TO ,HAMBURG 9 ,M>*1 & %ALL !N HAVE A *ANCE ( SEE+ Y\40 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#c?1 HE WROTE TO ,5GELS3 0,AS REG>DS ! 'DAMN$ BOOK1' ?IS IS H[ ! MATT] /&S4 ,IT WAS F9I%$ 9 ! 5D ( ,DECEMB]4 ,! DISCUSSION ( L&-R5T ALONE1 ! P5ULTIMATE *APT]1 =MS1 9 ! PRES5T DRAFT+1 ONE BOOK4 ,I W5T TO ! ,MUSEUM 9 ! DAYTIME1 & WROTE AT NI<T40 ,?US ALSO HAD ! :OLE YE> ( #ahff BE5 SP5T1 9 H>D & UN9T]RUPT$ WORK1 NOT)/&+ MONEY TR\BLES1 BOILS1 & QU>RELS 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,HE C\LD NOT F9I% ! JOB TO HIS SATISFACTION4 ,AS E>LY AS ,AUGU/ #a#h#f#e1 ,5GELS HAD WRITT53 0,! DAY ! MANUSCRIPT GOES TO PRESS1 ,I %ALL GET GLORI\SLY DRUNK60 ,BUT HE HAD TO WAIT1 TO GO ON WAIT+1 = ! BIR? WAS A DIFFICULT ONE1 ALMO/ A TORM5T4 

,AT L5G?1 9 ,M>* #a#h#f#g1 CAME ! LONG DESIR$ DAY4 0,I HAD MADE UP MY M9D10 WROTE ,M>X TO HIS FRI5D1 0?AT Y\ %\LD NOT HE> FROM ME AGA9 UNTIL ,I C\LD ANN\NCE TO Y\ ?AT MY BOOK WAS READY1 AS IT N[ IS40 ,TO :I* ,5GELS REJO9$ ) A %\T ( DELI<T3 0,HURRAH6 ,I C\LD NOT REPRESS ?IS EXCLAMATION :5 AT L5G? ,I READ 9 BLACK & :ITE ?AT ! FIR/ VOLUME IS READY1 & ?AT Y\ >E AB\T TO />T = ,HAMBURG ) IT40 

,YET !RE W]E DIFFICULTIES AB\T ?IS VOYAGE TO ,HAMBURG 9 ORD] TO H& OV] ! MANUSCRIPT TO ! PUBLI%]1 ,OTTO ,MEISSN]4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY ?AT ,M>X WAS ONCE MORE SUFF]+ FROM BOILS2 HE WAS %ORT ( MONEY4 0,I MU/ FIR/ ( ALL10 HE WROTE TO ,5GELS1 0GET MY CLO!S & WAT* \T ( PAWN4 ,NOR CAN ,I LEAVE MY FAMILY 9 !IR PRES5T NE$1 = !Y HAVE NOT A P5NY1 & \R CR$ITORS >E DAILY BECOM+ MORE VOCIF]\S40 ,AS USUAL1 ,5GELS CAME TO HIS AID3 0,?AT S9EWS ( W> MAY NOT BE LACK+1 ,I AM S5D+ Y\ SEV5 FIVE-P\ND NOTES1 ,G,B,P#c#e 9 ALL4 444 ,I HOPE ! C>BUNCLES >E PRETTY WELL BY N[1 & ?AT ! J\RNEY WILL SET Y\ UP ONCE MORE ALTOGE!R40 ,) ! MANUSCRIPT & MONEY1 & FREE FROM ILLNESS1 ,M>X WAS ABLE AT LONG LA/ TO SET \T4 

,ON ,APRIL #a#b? HE REA*$ ,HAMBURG1 W5T TO SEE ,MEISSN] 70A GOOD *AP1 ) A ,SAXON ACC5T071 & WAS ABLE1 0AFT] A BRIEF DISCUSSION1 TO >RANGE EV]Y?+40 ,IT WAS AGRE$ ?AT ! TYPE-SETT+ %\LD BE BEGUN AT ONCE1 ,M>X EXPRESS+ HIS READ9ESS TO CORRECT ! PRO(S :ILE /ILL 9 ,G]MANY3 0,WE CL9K$ GLASSES1 & HE DECL>$ HIMSELF 'DELI<T$' TO HAVE MADE MY E/EEM$ ACQUA9TANCE40 ,FROM ,HAMBURG1 ,M>X W5T TO ,HANOV]1 BE+ HOSPITABLY RECEIV$ !RE BY ,KUGELMANN1 A NOT$ GYNECOLOGI/1 0A SPL5DID1 SELF-SACRIFIC+1 & ?OR\<LY CONV9C$0 MAN4 ,M>X /AY$ ) ,KUGELMANN UNTIL ! 5D ( ,MAY4 

,H]E HE RECEIV$ FROM ,5GELS A LETT] FROM :I* VALUABLE CONCLUSIONS MAY BE DRAWN4 ,! WRIT] P\RS \T HIS HE>T CONC]N+ ! TR\BLES HE HAS HAD AB\T ,M>X DUR+ ALL !SE YE>S4 ,! TORM5TS & BIR?-?ROES :I* ! BOOK HAD CAUS$1 HAD1 T[>DS ! LA/1 REA*$ ! V]GE ( ! 9TOL]ABLE4 0,IT HAS ALWAYS SEEM$ TO ME AS IF ?IS DAMN$ BOOK AT :I* Y\ HAVE BE5 TOIL+ SO LONG WAS ! ROOT CAUSE ( Y\R TR\BLES1 & ?AT Y\ NEV] W\LD OR C\LD GET OV] !M UNTIL ! 9CUBUS WAS %AK5 (F4 ,?IS ET]NALLY UNF9I%$ JOB CRU%$ Y\ TO ! E>? BODILY1 M5TALLY1 & F9ANCIALLY2 & ,I CAN P]FECTLY WELL UND]/& ?AT1 HAV+ %AK5 (F ! NI<TM>E1 Y\ FEEL QUITE ANO!R BE+1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! WORLD1 N[ ?AT Y\ >E COM+ 9TO CONTACT ) IT AGA91 LOOKS TO Y\ A LESS MELAN*OLY PLACE ?AN ( YORE40 

,M>X1 EV] CURT & REPRESS$ :]E MATT]S ( FEEL+ W]E CONC]N$1 WAS CONT5T TO ANSW]3 0,)\T Y\ ,I %\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 ABLE TO BR+ ! WORK TO AN 5D1 & ,I ASSURE Y\ ?AT IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 A HEAVY LOAD ON MY CONSCI5CE ?AT MA9LY ON MY ACC\NT Y\ %\LD HAVE HAD TO WA/E Y\R SPL5DID 5]GIES & ALL[ !M TO RU/ 9 A COMM]CIAL C>E]1 &1 OV] & ABOVE ?IS1 HAVE HAD TO %>E ALL MY PETTY MIS]IES40 

,ON ,AUGU/ #a#f1 #a#h#f#g1 :5 ! PRO( ( ! LA/ ( ! =TY-N9E %EETS HAD BE5 CORRECT$1 ,M>X DREW A BREA? ( RELIEF1 &1 AT TWO O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+1 SAT D[N TO WRITE TO HIS FRI5D 9 ,MAN*E/] A FEW CORDIAL WORDS3 0,I HAVE Y\1 & Y\ ALONE1 TO ?ANK ?AT ?IS WAS POSSIBLE4 ,)\T Y\R SELF-SACRIFICE ON MY BEHALF1 ,I C\LD NOT POSSIBLY HAVE UND]TAK5 ! TREM5D\S LABOR NECESS>Y = ! ?REE VOLUMES4 ,I EMBRACE Y\1 FULL ( ?ANKS40 

,M>X HAD EV]Y REASON1 BO? = ! SI< ( RELIEF1 & = EXPRESS+ HIS GRATITUDE TO ,5GELS4 ,=1 :ILE :AT HE WROTE TO ,KUGELMANN IS PROBABLY TRUE1 ?AT NEV] WAS ANY WORK BR\<T 9TO BE+ UND] SU* DIFFICULT CONDITIONS AS ,CAPITAL2 IT IS EQUALLY TRUE ?AT NEV]1 UND] ! MO/ DIFFICULT CONDITIONS1 DID A FRI5D%IP %[ ITSELF MORE G5U9E1 DEEP]1 & MORE DEVOT$1 ?AN ! FRI5D%IP ( ,5GELS = ,M>X4 

,FIR/ ,VOLUME 

,! FULL TITLE ( ! BOOK IS ,CAPITAL1 ,A ,CRITICISM ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,?IS IMPLIES ?AT IT WAS PLANN$ AS AN 9VE/IGATION1 AS AN ANALYSIS1 9 ! FIELD ( SOCIAL SCI5CE4 0,! SUBJECT ( /UDY 9 ! PRES5T WORK10 SAYS ,M>X 9 ! PREFACE1 0IS ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION1 & ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE APPROPRIATE TO ?AT ME?OD40 ,! SECOND VOLUME W\LD DEAL ) ! PROCESS ( ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL1 & ) ! V>I\S =MS ASSUM$ BY CAPITAL 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T2 ! CONCLUD+ VOLUME1 ! ?IRD1 W\LD BE CONC]N$ ) ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALI/ !ORY4 ,?US ! G5]AL TOPIC ( ! :OLE WORK WAS TO BE CAPITALISM4 

,:5 WE SPEAK ( CAPITALISM1 WE >E REF]R+ TO ! EPO* ( ECONOMIC HI/ORY & SOCIAL EVOLUTION 9 :I* ! :OLE ( LIFE HAS BECOME PR$OM9ANTLY ECONOMIC LIFE1 & 9 :I* ALL ?+S1 IDEAS1 & FEEL+S HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO COMMODITIES4 ,! ANALYSIS ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM MU/ !RE=E BEG9 ) AN ANALYSIS ( ! COMMODITY4 ,S9CE 9 ,M>X'S DAY ,5GL& WAS ! CLASSICAL L& ( CAPITALISM1 IT WAS FROM ?AT C\NTRY ?AT HE TOOK ALL ! EXAMPLES HE US$ TO ILLU/RATE HIS !ORY4 ,BUT 0! L& :I* IS MORE DEVELOP$ 9DU/RIALLY %[S TO ! L& :I* IS LESS DEVELOP$ NO?+ BUT ! PICTURE ( :AT WILL BE ! LATT]'S FUTURE40 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION DID NOT RIP5 0UNTIL ITS ANTAGONI/IC *>ACT] HAD ALREADY MANIFE/$ ITSELF NOISILY 9 ,FRANCE & ,5GL& BY /RUGGLES ?AT HAD BECOME HI/ORICAL40 

,CAPITAL BEG9S BY TELL+ US ?AT 0! WEAL? ( SOCIETIES 9 :I* ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION PREVAILS1 TAKES ! =M ( 'AN IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES1' :]E9 9DIVIDUAL COMMODITIES >E ! ELEM5T>Y UNITS4 ,\R 9VE/IGATION MU/ !RE=E BEG9 ) AN ANALYSIS ( ! COMMODITY40 

,A COMMODITY IS SOME?+ POSSESS$ ( QUALITIES :I* 5ABLE IT TO SATISFY HUMAN WANTS1 & SOME?+ :I*1 BE=E IT PASSES 9TO CONSUMPTION 9 ORD] TO SATISFY !SE WANTS1 HAS BE5 SUBJECT$ TO AN EX*ANGE4 ,IT IS !RE=E MADE ) AN EYE TO EX*ANGE4 ,IT HAS ALREADY COME 9TO EXI/5CE 9 PRE-CAPITALI/ EPO*S4 ,:AT *>ACT]IZES ! CAPITALI/ WORLD IS ! EXCLUSIVE PR$OM9ANCE ( A COMMODITY ECONOMY4 

,9 ORD] TO BE CAPABLE ( BE+ EX*ANG$ 9 ! M>KET1 ! COMMODITY MU/ HAVE AN EX*ANGE-VALUE4 ,?IS EX*ANGE-VALUE HAS A SPECIFIC QUANTITY1 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO USE-VALUE1 :I* IS ONE ( ! NATURAL QUALITIES ( ! COMMODITY1 DET]M9ES ITS CAPACITY = USE1 & MANIFE/S ITSELF AS A QUALITY4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY IS SOLELY CONC]N$ ) EX*ANGE-VALUE4 ,?IS LATT] EXPRESSES ! SOCIAL RELATION 9 :I* COMMODITIES /& ONE TO ANO!R1 & IT IS MEASUR$ BY ! AM\NT ( AV]AGE SOCIAL LABOR :I* IS REPRES5T$ 9 ! COMMODITY4 ,! MEASURE ( ! LABOR IS ! LABOR TIME1 CONCEIV$ AS AV]AGE SOCIAL LABOR TIME 9DEP5D5T ( 9DIVIDUAL & EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,9 PRACTICE1 NO ABSOLUTE DET]M9ATION ( ! EX*ANGE-VALUE MANIFE/$ 9 A COMMODITY IS POSSIBLE4 ,= ! NE$S ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 A RELATIVE DET]M9ATION BY COMP>ISON SUFFICES4 ,9 E>LY DAYS1 TWO DIFF]5T COMMODITIES PRES5T+ !MSELVES 9 ! M>KET >E COMP>$ ONE ) ANO!R AS REG>DS EX*ANGE-VALUE ON ! BASIS ( AN E/IMATE ( ! LABOR TIME :I* EXP]I5CE HAS %[N TO BE NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE ONE & ! O!R4 ,9 DUE C\RSE1 H[EV]1 ALL ! COMMODITIES 9 ! M>KET COME TO HAVE !IR VALUES EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( ONE P>TICUL> COMMODITY1 :I* IS US$ P]MAN5TLY AS ! MEASURE ( VALUE4 ,?IS COMMODITY1 :I* ULTIMATELY S]VES ALL O!R COMMODITIES = ! DRAW+ ( CONCLUSIONS AS TO !IR NORMAL WOR?1 IS T]M$ MONEY4 ,A M9T$ CO9 FUNCTIONS AS A SYMBOL = A FIX$ NUMB] ( H\RS ( SOCIAL LABOR1 9 :I* ! VALUE ( EV]Y COMMODITY IS REFLECT$4 ,VALUE1 ORIG9AT+ 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 APPE>S 9 ! MONEY =M AS PRICE1 DIFF]+ A LITTLE FROM TIME TO TIME [+ TO ! OSCILLATIONS ( ! M>KET4 

,! COMMODITY 5T]S ! M>KET LABEL$ ) A PRICE4 ,ITS MAT]IAL 9DIVIDUALITY & QUALITY =M ONLY ! /IMULUS TO EX*ANGE4 ,) ! SOCIAL E/IMATE ( !IR VALUE1 COMMODITIES HAVE NO CONC]N :ATEV]4 ,! COMMODITY HAS BECOME AN AB/RACTION4 ,ONCE IT HAS LEFT ! H& ( ! PRODUC] & HAS =FEIT$ ITS PECULI>ITY AS A REAL OBJECT1 IT HAS CEAS$ TO BE A PRODUCT & TO BE CONTROLL$ BY MAN4 ,IT HAS ACQUIR$ A 0<O/LY OBJECTIVITY10 & LEADS A LIFE PECULI> TO ITSELF4 0,AT ! FIR/ GLANCE1 A COMMODITY SEEMS A COMMONPLACE SORT ( ?+1 ONE EASILY UND]/OOD4 ,ANALYSIS %[S1 H[EV]1 ?AT IT IS A V]Y QUE] ?+ 9DE$1 FULL ( METAPHYSICAL SUBTLETIES & !OLOGICAL :IMSIES40 ,CUT ADRIFT FROM ! WILL ( MAN1 IT RANGES ITSELF 9 MY/]I\S RANKS1 ACQUIRES OR R5\NCES CAPACITY = EX*ANGE1 ACTS 9 ACCORDANCE ) LAWS ( ITS [N AS PLAY] UPON A PHANTOM /AGE4 ,9 ! M>KET REPORTS1 COTTON 0RISES10 COPP] 0FALLS10 MAIZE IS 0LIVELY10 COAL IS 0SLACK10 :EAT IS 0JUMPY10 & M9]AL OIL 0%[S T5D5CIES40 ,! ?+S HAVE ACQUIR$ AN 9DEP5D5T LIFE1 & EXHIBIT HUMAN GE/URES4 ,HUMAN BE+S1 MEAN:ILE1 SUBORD9ATE !MSELVES TO ! ?+S1 ALL[ ! ?+S TO DICTATE HUMAN ACTIONS1 BECOME S]VANTS ( ! WORLD ( COMMODITIES4 ,! COMMODITY1 ?\< MADE BY HUMAN H&S1 HAS BECOME AN IDOL1 A FETI%1 :I* HOLDS SWAY OV] ITS HUMAN MAK]S4 ,M>X SPEAKS ( ! FETI%I/IC *>ACT] ATTA*+ TO COMMODITIES4 0,?IS FETI%I/IC *>ACT] ( ! WORLD ( COMMODITIES IS ! \TCOME ( ! PECULI> SOCIAL QUALITY ( ! LABOR :I* PRODUCES COMMODITIES4 444 ,IT IS ONLY ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL RELATION BETWE5 M5 :I* H]E ASSUMES ! PHANTASMAGORIAL =M ( A RELATION BETWE5 ?+S40 

,! FETI%I/IC *>ACT] LIKEWISE 9FLU5CES ! :OLE ATMOSPH]E ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,! FIX+ ( PRICES1 COMPETITION1 ! C\RSE ( ! M>KET1 ! VALUE ( MONEY1 & SO ON1 CON/ITUTE MY/]I\S PH5OM5A 9 ! WORLD ( COMMODITIES1 PH5OM5A :I* ! CAPITALI/ REG>DS ) ! SAME UNCOMPREH5D+ IMPOT5CE AS ?AT ) :I* ! SAVAGE 9 ! ,AFRICAN =E/S REG>DS ! CAPRICES ( AN IDOL4 ,MONEY1 9 ESPECIAL1 0! REFLEXION ( ! RELATIONS ( ALL O!R COMMODITIES CL++ TO ONE S+LE COMMODITY10 ACQUIRES DOM9ION OV] M51 EX]CIS+ ! TYRANNICAL P[] ( A DEMON1 USURP+ AU?ORITY OV] SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,MONEY BECOMES A GOD4 

,MONEY IS EX*ANG$ = COMMODITIES ( EQUAL VALUE4 ,M51 TOO1 CAN BE B\<T = MONEY4 ,NAY MORE1 MONEY IS ABLE TO BUY P>TS ( HUMAN BE+S1 ABLE TO RECRUIT ! MANIFE/ATION ( HUMAN VITAL FUNCTIONS4 ,?US IT IS ?AT1 = 9/ANCE1 HUMAN LABOR P[] APPE>S 9 ! M>KET & (F]S ITSELF = SALE AS A COMMODITY4 ,! [N] ( ?IS COMMODITY LABOR P[] IS A HUMAN BE+ :O HAS1 BESIDES LABOR P[]1 A /OMA*1 & HE MU/ FROM TIME TO TIME PUT FOOD 9TO HIS /OMA* UNLESS HE IS TO DIE ( HUNG]4 ,9 ORD] TO ACQUIRE ! ?+S ) :I* HE CAN SATISFY HIS HUNG]1 9 ORD] TO COV] HIS NAK$NESS1 9 ORD] TO KEEP HIMSELF ALIVE1 HE MU/1 :]EV] A COMMODITY ECONOMY PREVAILS1 HAVE MONEY1 = NONE ( ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE >E PUR*ASABLE AS COMMODITIES EXCEPT = MONEY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 AS HIS ONLY POSSIBLE MEANS ( SELF-PRES]VATION1 HE MU/ SELL HIS LABOR P[]4 

,! BUY] ( ! COMMODITY LABOR P[]1 ACT+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! CU/OM>Y REGULATIONS ( EX*ANGE1 PAYS A PRICE :I* CORRESPONDS MORE OR LESS TO ITS VALUE4 ,?IS VALUE1 LIKE ALL EX*ANGES-VALUES1 IS DET]M9$ BY ! AV]AGE CO/ ( PRODUCTION AT ! TIME & PLACE :]E ! COMMODITY IS SOLD4 ,! AV]AGE CO/ ( PRODUCTION ( LABOR P[] DEP5DS UPON ! EXP5DITURE UPON FOOD1 CLO?+1 %ELT]1 ETC41 REQUISITE TO PRODUCE HUMAN LABOR P[] DAY BY DAY & TO KEEP IT 9 A FIT CONDITION4 ,?AT IS :AT DET]M9ES ! PRICE ( LABOR P[]1 & ! PRICE ( LABOR P[] IS :AT WE CALL WAGES4 

,IF !RE >E P]SONS :O [N NO?+ BUT !IR LABOR P[]1 & HAVE NO O!R MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD ?AN :AT !Y RECEIVE = ! SALE ( !IR LABOR P[]1 ?IS IS AN \TCOME ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION1 AS IS VIVIDLY SET =? 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 ,SU* P]SONS MAKE !IR FIR/ APPE>ANCE AS A SOCIAL CATEGORY 9 ! CAPITALI/ ]A4 ,!Y >E KN[N AS PROLET>IANS4 

,! PROLET>IAN IS A FREE MAN4 ,NO LONG] TI$ TO ! SOIL AS 9 ! DAYS ( FEUDAL S]FDOM1 NOT RE/RICT$ BY ANY PRESCRIPTIONS ( /ATION OR CONV5TIONS ( ORIG91 FRE$ FROM ALL ! TIES ( ! GUILDS1 HE IS HIS [N MA/]1 CAN FREELY DISPOSE ( HIS [N P]SON1 HIS LABOR P[]1 HIS SKILL4 

,BUT IF HE DOES NOT SUCCE$ 9 SELL+ HIS LABOR P[] AS A COMMODITY1 HE HAS ONLY ONE OPTION1 TO />VE4 ,HE IS BLESS$ ) ! GIFT ( FRE$OM2 BUT1 %\LD HE TRY TO USE ?AT FRE$OM = ANY O!R PURPOSE ?AN TO SELL HIS LABOR P[]1 HE IS CONDEMN$ TO IRRETRIEVABLE />VATION4 

,9ASMU* AS LABOR P[] ATTA*ES TO MAN AS A QUALITY 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL1 S9CE IT CANNOT BE ISOLAT$ FROM HIM1 OR UTILIZ$ AP>T FROM HIM1 ! MAN AS A :OLE1 HAV+ SOLD HIS LABOR P[]1 PASSES 9TO ! POSSESSION ( ! PUR*AS]4 ,NOT1 ( C\RSE1 ) HIS /OMA*1 HIS HUNG] & ?IR/1 HIS NE$ = RE/1 HIS 9DIVIDUAL WI%ES & CLAIMS1 BUT ONLY 9 RESPECT ( HIS LABOR P[]4 ,= ! PUR*AS]1 HE IS NOT A HUMAN BE+ ) A S\L1 FEEL+S1 9DIVIDUALITY1 HAPP9ESS & UNHAPP9ESS2 HE IS NOT ,GOD'S IMAGE OR ! CR[N ( CREATION2 HE IS NOT EV5 ( LIKE K9D ) ! PUR*AS]4 ,= ! PUR*AS]1 ! MAN :O HAS SOLD HIM LABOR P[] IS NO?+ BUT LABOR P[]2 NO?+ BUT >MS1 H&S1 F+]S1 CAPABLE ( WORK2 NO?+ BUT MUSCLES1 EYES1 VOICE2 NO?+ BUT CAPACITY = LABOR1 FACULTY = PRODUCTION4 

,! [N] ( MONEY1 :O HAS B\<T LABOR P[]1 BECOMES ! EFFECTIVE [N] ( ! LABOR P[] AS SOON AS1 9 VIRTUE ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 HE HAS BE5 ABLE TO DETA* IT FROM ! WORK]4 ,BY PLAC+ ! WORK] 9 A FACTORY OR WORK%OP1 & BY SETT+ ! MAN TO WORK !RE UPON IRON1 WOOD1 CLAY1 Y>N1 OR :AT Y\ WILL1 9 SU* A WAY ?AT COMMODITIES >E PRODUC$1 ! [N] EFFECTS ! LIB]ATION ( LABOR P[] FROM ! WORK] & ITS CRY/ALLIZATION AS COMMODITY VALUE4 ,! LABOR P[] HAS BE5 ABSORB$ BY ! RAW MAT]IAL1 HAS BE5 CONSUM$1 & REAPPE>S 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! RAW MAT]IAL AS A COMMODITY4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ! LABOR PROCESS1 ?ANKS TO ! CONT9U$ EXP5DITURE ( LABOR P[] ON RAW MAT]IAL1 !RE COMES 9TO EXI/5CE A QUANTITY ( COMMODITY VALUE :I* ]E LONG IS EQUAL TO ! QUANTITY ( MONEY VALUE :I* ! SUPPLI] ( LABOR P[] RECEIVES AS ! PRICE ( HIS LABOR P[] 9 ! =M ( WAGES4 ,!RE COMES A MOM5T :5 ! [N] ( LABOR P[] & ! [N] ( MONEY >E QUITS4 ,IT W\LD SEEM OBVI\S1 ON ! FACE ( IT1 ?AT AT ?IS PO9T1 :5 S]VICE & EQUIVAL5T BALANCE ONE ANO!R1 !IR RELATION MU/ BE BROK5 (F4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! [N] ( MONEY1 ! BUY] ( ! COMMODITY LABOR P[]1 IS A CAPITALI/4 ,HE IS US+ HIS MONEY 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE IT 9 AM\NT4 ,HE WANTS TO GET MORE \T ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS ?AN HE HAS PUT 9TO IT4 ,MONEY MU/ BRE$ MONEY4 ,! MONEY :I*1 :5 ?US SET 9 MOTION1 HAS ! QUALITY ( PROMOT+ ITS [N 9CREASE1 IS KN[N AS CAPITAL4 

,IF HE IS TO GA9 HIS 5D1 ! CAPITALI/ MU/ 9VE/ HIS MONEY 9 TWO DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL HE HAS TO PROVIDE ! MAT]IAL REQUISITES ( PRODUCTION1 MU/ SP5D MONEY ON ! PUR*ASE ( RAW MAT]IALS1 MA*9]Y1 TOOLS1 ! ]ECTION & EQUIPM5T ( WORK%OPS1 & SO ON4 ,MONEY 9VE/$ 9 !SE ?+S HAS NOT ! P[] ( SPONTANE\S GR[?1 & IS !RE=E T]M$ CON/ANT CAPITAL4 

,IF PRODUCTION IS TO BEG91 HUMAN LABOR P[] MU/ COME 9TO CONTACT ) CON/ANT CAPITAL4 ,! CAPITALI/ BUYS LABOR P[] 9 ! LABOR M>KET1 9VE/+ !RE9 P>T ( HIS CAPITAL4 ,!REUPON LABOR P[]1 BR\<T 9TO CONTACT ) RAW MAT]IALS1 MA*9]Y1 TOOLS1 ETC41 DEVELOPS ! MY/]I\S CAPACITY = EXP5D+ ITSELF 9 SU* A WAY ?AT 9 ! PROCESS ( ITS [N CONSUMPTION IT REPRODUCES ITS [N VALUE4 ,BUT IT CAN DO MORE ?AN ?IS1 CAN PRODUCE VALUE OV] & ABOVE4 ,9ASMU* AS ! QUANTITY ( CAPITAL 9VE/$ 9 LABOR P[] V>IES ?US 9 AM\NT1 IT IS KN[N AS V>IABLE CAPITAL4 

,! CAPITALI/ IS NOT CONT5T ?AT LABOR P[] %\LD CREATE ONLY AS MU* COMMODITY VALUE AS CORRESPONDS TO ! AM\NT ( CAPITAL VALUE 9VE/$ 9 WAGES4 ,HE WANTS A SURPLUS4 ,9 ORD] TO GET ?IS1 HE COMPELS ! WORK] TO GO ON EXP5D+ LABOR P[] = A LONG] TIME ?AN IS NECESS>Y TO PAY BACK ! WAGES4 ,HE PROLONGS ! PROCESS ( CREAT+ VALUE 9TO A P]IOD :5 IT EFFECTS ! 5HANCEM5T ( VALUE4 ,?US ! SURPLUS IS ADD$ TO ! EQUIVAL5T = WAGES4 ,SURPLUS LABOR TIME PROVIDES SURPLUS VALUE4 ,SURPLUS VALUE HAS COME 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,CAPITAL HAS ATTA9$ ITS 5D4 

,IF ! WORK] W]E FULLY AW>E ( ! NATURE ( ?IS PROCESS1 HE W\LD P]HAPS PUT HIMSELF 9 A PO/URE ( DEF5SE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ :5 HE REA*ES ! PO9T AT :I* ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE BEG9S1 = HE W\LD FEEL ?AT AT ?IS PO9T ! CAPITALI/ HAS BEGUN TO OV]REA* HIM4 ,BE+ A SELL] ( A COMMODITY1 :O WI%ES TO EX*ANGE HIS COMMODITY = AN EQUIVAL5T1 HE W\LD SEE ?AT AT ?IS PO9T HE IS BE+ =C$ 9TO ! POSITION ( A DEBTOR :O HAS TO PAY BACK VALUE RECEIV$ ) 9T]E/ SUP]ADD$4 ,S9CE MORE IS BE+ DEM&$ FROM HIM ?AN HE HAS BE5 GIV51 HE WILL1 9 SO F> AS HE UND]/&S ! PROCESS1 REG>D ! EX*ANGE AS AN UNJU/ ONE1 & RECOGNIZE ?AT HE IS BE+ EXPLOIT$4 

,BUT IF HE W]E TO 5T] A PROTE/1 HIS PROTE/ W\LD BE ( LITTLE AVAIL4 ,:]EV] HE MAY TURN1 HE WILL F9D HIMSELF FAC$ BY CAPITALI/S :O WILL ONLY BUY HIS COMMODITY1 LABOR P[]1 ON SIMIL> T]MS4 ,9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD1 LABOR P[] IS ONLY SALABLE UPON SU* CONDITIONS4 ,IF ! WORK] DOES NOT LIKE ! CONDITIONS1 & WILL NOT ACCEPT !M1 HE MU/ REFRA9 FROM ! SALE ( HIS LABOR P[]4 ,!RE IS NO CON/RA9T4 ,HE IS NOT =C$ TO SELL IT4 ,EXCEPT = ?IS--?AT IF HE DOES NOT SELL IT1 HE MU/ />VE6 ,TO AVOID />VATION1 !RE=E1 HE TAKES ! ONLY O!R OPTION1 & ACCEPTS ! CONDITIONS4 ,HIS C\RSE ( ACTION IS DICTAT$ BY ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT HE IS UND] ! YOKE ( A P>TICUL> COMMODITY2 IS SUBJECT TO ! LAWS REGULAT+ ! SALE ( HIS [N COMMODITY1 LABOR P[]2 IS A SLAVE TO ITS FETI%I/IC *>ACT]4 

,BESIDES1 ! WORK] IS 9 TRU? MAK+ A MI/AKE :5 HE BELIEVES HIMSELF TO BE *EAT$ & OV]REA*$ BY ! CAPITALI/4 ,! CAPITALI/ HAS HONE/LY PAID HIM ! FULL VALUE ( HIS COMMODITY1 LABOR P[]4 ,! CAPITALI/ DID NOT DECIDE ! VALUE ( LABOR P[]4 ,?AT VALUE WAS DET]M9$ BY ! CO/ ( PRODUC+ LABOR P[] AS A COMMODITY1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! PRICE ( LABOR P[] 9 ! LABOR M>KET1 ! PRICE :I* ! CAPITALI/ PAYS AS WAGES1 CORRESPONDS1 ON ! AV]AGE1 TO ! VALUE ( ! LABOR P[]4 ,! WAGES PAID ! WORK] BY ! CAPITALI/ = A DAY'S WORK 5ABLE ! WORK] & HIS FAMILY TO LIVE = A :OLE DAY4 ,9 RETURN = !SE WAGES1 ! WORK] MU/ PLACE HIMSELF AT ! CAPITALI/'S DISPOSAL 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION = A :OLE WORK+ DAY4 

,IF1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! LABOR PROCESS1 IT BECOMES APP>5T ?AT ! WORK] IS ABLE1 BY HIS ACTIVITIES1 TO REPAY HIS WAGES 79 ! =M ( COMMODITY VALUES7 9 A %ORT] TIME ?AN A :OLE WORK+ DAY1 ?IS PH5OM5ON IS ! \TCOME ( ! PECULI> *>ACT] ( ! COMMODITY1 LABOR P[]4 ,?AT COMMODITY1 LIKE ALL O!R COMMODITIES1 IS CAPABLE ( BE+ CONSUM$2 BUT IT DIFF]S FROM ALL O!R COMMODITIES 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ?AT1 9 ! C\RSE ( BE+ CONSUM$1 IT CREATES MORE VALUE ?AN IT ITSELF REPRES5TS4 ,NOT ONLY DOES IT REPRODUCE ITS [N VALUE1 BUT CREATES SURPLUS VALUE 9 ADDITION4 

,M>X WAS NOT ! ORIG9AL DISCOV]] ( ?IS PECULI> FACULTY 9 ! COMMODITY1 LABOR P[]4 ,OBS]VATION & EXP]I5CE HAD DISCLOS$ ! WOND] C5TURIES BE=E4 ,AT A C]TA9 /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE TE*NIQUE1 LABOR BECOMES COMPET5T TO PRODUCE A SURPLUS BEYOND :AT IS REQUIR$ = ! CONSUMPTION ( ! WORK]4 ,AS SOON AS ?IS /AGE WAS REA*$1 !RE WAS A MOTIVE = ! DELIB]ATE UTILIZATION ( LABOR P[] 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE A SURPLUS2 &1 ULTIMATELY1 ! DESIRE TO OBTA9 ?IS SURPLUS BECAME ! URGE & ! PRECONDITION = ! 9AUGURATION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! CAPITALI/ TURN$ TO ACC\NT1 & /ILL TURNS TO ACC\NT1 ! PECULI> *>ACT]I/IC ( ! COMMODITY1 LABOR P[]4 ,HE MONOPOLIZES ITS ADVANTAGES4 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION MEANS PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO SECURE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,! PRIM>Y & PROP] FUNCTION ( PRODUCTION1 NAMELY TO SUPPLY HUMAN BE+S ) ! NECESS>IES & ! AM5ITIES ( LIFE1 HAS PASS$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND4 0,CAPITAL1 !RE=E1 IS NOT ONLY :AT ,ADAM ,SMI? CALLS IT1 ! COMM& OV] LABOR4 ,FUNDAM5TALLY1 IT IS ! COMM& ( UNPAID LABOR4 ,ALL SURPLUS VALUE1 :ATEV] ! =M 9TO :I* IT MAY SUBSEQU5TLY BECOME CRY/ALLIZ$--AS PR(IT1 L&-R5T1 9T]E/1 ETC4--IS1 SUB/ANTIALLY1 ! MAT]IALIZATION ( UNPAID LABOR TIME4 ,! SECRET ( ! SELF-EXPANSION ( CAPITAL F9DS ITS EXPLANATION 9 ?IS1 ?AT CAPITAL HAS AT ITS DISPOSAL A DEF9ITE QUANTITY ( O!R PEOPLE'S UNPAID LABOR40 

,AS COMP>$ ) ! WORK]1 ! CAPITALI/ IS 9 ! =TUNATE POSITION ( BE+ /RONG]4 ,9ASMU* AS ! WORK] IS COMPELL$1 UND] ! M5ACE ( />VATION1 TO SELL HIS LABOR P[]1 ! CAPITALI/ CAN IMPOSE ! CONDITION ?AT HE WILL ONLY BUY ON T]MS ADVANTAGE\S TO HIMSELF4 ,! CAPITALI/ IS ABLE TO GA9 SURPLUS VALUE BECAUSE HE IS 9 A SUP]IOR ECONOMIC POSITION4 ,?US ! PROBLEM ( ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK] BY ! CAPITALI/ CANNOT BE F\<T \T 9 A H&-TO-H& /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ONE & ! O!R4 ,IT IS NOT A P]SONAL MATT] AT ALL1 & EXPLOITATION IS NOT ! \TCOME ( ! 9JU/ICE ( ANY P>TICUL> CAPITALI/4 ,! PROBLEM IS A SOCIAL ONE1 DEP5D5T UPON ! PECULI>ITIES ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,! QUE/ION ( EXPLOITATION1 !RE=E1 IS NOT A QUE/ION ( MORALITY1 OR JU/ICE1 OR HUMANITY2 IT IS SIMPLY & SOLELY A QUE/ION ( P[]1 & H]E1 9DE$1 A QUE/ION ( COMPULSION4 ,! CAPITALI/1 LIKE ! WORK]1 IS SUBJECT TO ! COMPULSION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,! SUP]IOR P[] WIELD$ BY ! CAPITALI/ F9DS EXPRESSION1 FIR/ ( ALL1 9 ! L5G? ( ! WORK+ DAY4 ,! MORE ! WORK+ DAY IS PROLONG$ AFT] ! P]IOD AT :I* ! CREATION ( ! VALUE ( ! LABOR P[] HAS COME TO AN 5D1 ! LONG] WILL BE ! P]IOD DUR+ :I* CAPITAL IS BE+ 9CREAS$1 ! GREAT] WILL BE ! SURPLUS LABOR & ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,?IS SURPLUS VALUE BECOMES FLUID AS SOON AS ! NEWLY CREAT$ COMMODITY IS SOLD 9 ! M>KET4 ,IT !N RETURNS 9TO ! CAPITALI/'S POCKET 9 ! MONEY =M1 & IS KN[N AS PR(IT4 

,BUT ! WORK+ DAY HAS A NATURAL LIMIT1 S9CE A HUMAN BE+'S CAPACITY = SUFF]+ EXPLOITATION HAS A LIMIT4 ,EV5 ?\< IT MAY BE ! CAPITALI/'S IDEAL TO KEEP ! WORK] EMPLOY$ = TW5TY-F\R H\RS EV]Y DAY1 IT IS NOT TO HIS 9T]E/ TO WE> \T ! WORK] PREMATURELY1 & ?US TO DEPRIVE HIMSELF ( ! REQUISITE FUR!R SUPPLY ( LABOR P[]4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! WORK+ DAY MU/ BE SUFFICI5TLY %ORT TO 5ABLE ! WORK] TO RECUP]ATE HIS =CES DUR+ ! H\RS ( LEISURE1 & TO BR+ UP *ILDR5 UNTIL !Y %ALL BECOME LIKEWISE FIT = LABOR4 ,SURPLUS VALUE PRODUC$ BY MEANS ( PROLONGATION ( ! WORK+ DAY IS T]M$ ABSOLUTE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,ITS PRODUCTION CON/ITUTES ! G5]AL F\NDATION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,:]EAS1 H[EV]1 ! L5G? ( ! WORK+ DAY HAS LIMITS1 ! CAPITALI/'S HUNG] = SURPLUS VALUE IS UNLIMIT$2 & EV5 IF ! PROLONGATION ( ! WORK+ DAY CANNOT BE EFFECT$ DIRECTLY1 IT CAN BE EFFECT$ 9DIRECTLY4 0,9 ORD] TO 9CREASE ! P]IOD ( SURPLUS LABOR1 ! P]IOD ( NECESS>Y LABOR IS %ORT5$ BY MEANS :I* 5ABLE ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! WAGE ( LABOR TO BE PRODUC$ 9 A %ORT] TIME4 444 ,! PRODUCTION ( RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE REVOLUTIONIZES \T & \T ! TE*NICAL PROCESSES ( LABOR & ! WAY 9 :I* SOCIETY IS SUBDIVID$ 9TO GR\PS40 ,) EV]Y IMPROVEM5T 9 TOOLS & MA*9]Y1 & ) 9CREAS+ EFFICI5CY 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK ( PRODUCTION1 ! CAPITALI/ IS GIV5 NEW POSSIBILITIES ( 9DIRECTLY L5G!N+ ! WORK+ DAY1 & ?US 9DIRECTLY 9CREAS+ SURPLUS VALUE4 

,:5 ! EVOLUTION ( PRODUCTION HAS ATTA9$ A C]TA9 LEVEL1 ! 9CREASE ( SURPLUS VALUE BECOMES A PURELY TE*NICAL PROBLEM4 ,! 9T]E/ ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS 9 ! ADVANCE ( SCI5CE1 RESE>*1 & TE*NIQUE2 CAPITALI/ 5?USIASM = DISCOV]IES1 9V5TIONS1 & ! TRIUMPH ( HUMAN G5IUS--DISCLOSE !MSELVES1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 AS EXPRESSIONS ( SATISFACTION AT ! APPE>ANCE ( NEW POSSIBILITIES ( 9DIRECTLY 9CREAS+ ! RATE ( SURPLUS VALUE & ! SUM TOTAL ( PR(IT4 

,?US IT IS A P]SI/5T TR5D ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T TO BR+ AB\T A RELATIVE 9CREASE 9 CON/ANT CAPITAL & A RELATIVE DECREASE 9 V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,BUT ?IS *ANGE 9 ! 9T]NAL COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL HAS DISA/R\S RESULTS4 ,9ASMU* AS PR(IT IS CREAT$ BY V>IABLE CAPITAL ALONE1 A P]SI/5T FALL 9 ! RATE ( PR(IT IS AN 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE4 ,! RATE ( EXPLOITATION ( LABOR 9CREASES1 ! TOTAL NUMB] ( WORK]S 9CREASES1 ! ABSOLUTE MASS ( SURPLUS VALUE 9CREASES4 0,!SE >E NOT M]E POSSIBILITIES2 !Y >E 7AP>T FROM TRANSI5T OSCILLATIONS7 9EVITABLE UPON ! BASIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION40 ,NONE ! LESS1 ) EA* ADVANCE 9 TE*NIQUE1 ! RELATIVE RATE ( PR(IT FALLS2 ! BUS9ESS ( EXPLOITATION BECOMES1 = ! CAPITALI/1 CONT9UALLY A LESS PR(ITABLE ONE 9 RELATION TO ! TOTAL \TLAY4 ,?US WE HAVE ! ABSURD RESULT ?AT1 ! GREAT] ! ABSOLUTE \TLAY1 ! LESS ! RELATIVE YIELD4 ,9 ?IS WAY CAPITAL GRADUALLY CUTS (F ITS [N S\RCES ( SUPPLY4 ,IT 9CREASES BY GNAW+ AT ITS [N ROOTS4 ,IT P]I%ES MORE HOPELESSLY AT !SE ROOTS1 ! MORE LUXURIANTLY IT IS FL\RI%+ ABOVE GR\ND4 

,AS AN \TCOME ( !SE 9H]5T CONTRADICTIONS1 CAPITALISM MU/ 9EVITABLY P]I%4 ,A PO9T MU/ 9FALLIBLY BE REA*$ AT :I* ! TOTAL QUANTITY ( PR(IT AT ! L[]$ RATE WILL BE REQUIR$ = ! ACCUMULATION ( CON/ANT CAPITAL1 & A PO9T !RE=E AT :I* PRODUCTION WILL HAVE CEAS$ TO PAY ! CAPITALI/4 ,! PO9T WILL HAVE BE5 REA*$ AT :I* CAPITAL WILL HAVE BECOME AN ABSURDITY BECAUSE IT WILL NO LONG] PROVIDE PR(IT = ! CAPITALI/S4 ,M>X SAYS3 0,! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION 5C\NT]S A LIMIT 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 A LIMIT :I* HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL? AS SU*2 & ?IS PECULI> LIMIT BE>S WITNESS TO ! FLEET+ *>ACT] ( ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION40 

,! 5DEAVOR TO 9CREASE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( HUMAN LABOR IS A NECESS>Y SEQUEL TO ! EXI/5CE ( RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE4 

0,BY AN 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 WE MEAN A *ANGE 9 ! LABOR PROCESS :]EBY ! QUANTITY ( SOCIAL LABOR TIME NECESS>Y = ! PRODUCTION ( A COMMODITY IS DIM9I%$1 SO ?AT A SMALL] QUANTITY ( LABOR P[] BECOMES 5ABL$ TO PRODUCE A GREAT] QUANTITY ( USE-VALUE40 

,! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION BEG9S ) COOP]ATION4 0,ALIKE HI/ORICALLY & CONCEPTUALLY1 ! />T+-PO9T ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS :]E A L>GE NUMB] ( WORK]S >E AGGREGAT$ AT ONE TIME & 9 ONE PLACE 7OR1 IF Y\ LIKE1 UPON ! SAME FIELD ( LABOR71 UND] ! COMM& ( ONE CAPITALI/1 = ! PRODUCTION ( ONE & ! SAME K9D ( COMMODITY40 ,EA* MEMB] ( ! COOP]ATION IS A FULLY ADEQUATE & 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]4 ,! :OLE LABOR PROCESS IS EFFECT$ BY EA* MEMB] 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,IT MI<T SEEM1 !N1 AS IF COOP]ATION W]E NO?+ MORE ?AN ! SIMPLE ADDITION ( 9DIVIDUAL LABOR FUNCTIONS4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ! CASE4 0,JU/ AS ! (F5SIVE P[] ( A SQUADRON ( CAVALRY OR ! DEF5SIVE P[] ( A REGIM5T ( 9FANTRY IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! SUM ( ! P[]S = (F5SE & DEF5SE :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL CAVALRYMAN OR 9FANTRYMAN CAN DEVELOP 9 ISOLATION1 SO IS ! SUM ( ! ME*ANICAL 5]GIES :I* UNASSOCIAT$ WORK]S CAN DEVELOP V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! SOCIAL POT5TIAL :I* COMES 9TO BE+ :5 MANY H&S >E SIMULTANE\SLY 5GAG$ UPON ! SAME UNDIVID$ OP]ATION40 ,:AT HAS HAPP5$ IS1 NOT M]ELY ?AT A NEW PRODUCTIVE P[]1 ! P[] ( A MASS1 HAS COME 9TO OP]ATION1 BUT ALSO ?AT ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MEMB] ( ! COOP]ATION HAS BE5 9T5SIFI$4 ,=1 0AP>T FROM ! NEW 5]GY CREAT$ BY ! FUSION ( MANY 5]GIES 9TO ONE UNIT$ 5]GY1 IT USUALLY HAPP5S 9 PRODUCTIVE WORK ?AT ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL CONTACT >\SES EMULATION & 9DUCES A C]TA9 /IMULATION ( ! ANIMAL SPIRITS1 :]EBY ! EFFICI5CY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL WORK] IS PROMOT$2 ) ! RESULT ?AT A WORK+ DAY ( #add H\RS COMPRIS+ ! CONJO9T #a#b-H\R WORK+ DAYS ( A DOZ5 P]SONS :O CO-OP]ATE1 YIELDS A MU* L>G] AGGREGATE PRODUCT ?AN ! TOTAL PRODUCT ( #ab WORK]S EA* ( :OM WORKS #ab H\RS 9 ISOLATION1 OR ?AN ! TOTAL PRODUCT ( A SOLIT>Y WORK] :O WORKS = A TOTAL ( #add H\RS DUR+ #ab DAYS 9 SUCCESSION4 ,! REASON IS ?AT MAN IS BY NATURE1 IF NOT 7AS ,>I/OTLE SAYS7 A POLITICAL ANIMAL1 AT ANY RATE A SOCIAL ONE4 444 ,:5 A WORK] CO-OP]ATES SY/EMATICALLY ) O!R WORK]S1 HE TRANSC5DS HIS 9DIVIDUAL LIMITATIONS & DEVELOPS ! CAPABILITIES ?AT BELONG TO HIM AS MEMB] ( A SPECIES4 

,COOP]ATION SPE$ILY 9VOLVES ! NECESSITY = GUIDANCE4 ,! CAPITALI/ ASSUMES ?IS FUNCTION ( GUIDANCE4 ,9 C\RSE ( TIME1 HIS COMM& 9 ! FIELD ( PRODUCTION BECOMES AS 9DISP5SABLE AS ! COMM& ( ! G5]AL 9 ! BATTLEFIELD4 0,CAPITALI/ GUIDANCE & CONTROL DO NOT PRES5T !MSELVES EXCLUSIVELY AS A FUNCTION >IS+ \T ( ! V]Y NATURE ( ! SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS & APP]TA9+ TO ?AT PROCESS2 !Y PRES5T !MSELVES ALSO AS A FUNCTION :OSE PURPOSE IT IS TO EXPLOIT A SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS1 ONE ?AT IS ! \TCOME ( ! 9EVITABLE ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! EXPLOIT] & ! LIV+ RAW MAT]IAL HE EXPLOITS4 444 ,! CAPITALI/ IS NOT A CAPITALI/ BECAUSE HE IS A COMM&] ( 9DU/RY2 HE BECOMES A COMM&] ( 9DU/RY BECAUSE HE IS A CAPITALI/4 ,COMM& 9 9DU/RY IS AN ATTRIBUTE ( CAPITAL2 JU/ AS1 9 ! DAYS ( FEUDALISM1 COMM& 9 W> & A SEAT ON ! JUDGES' B5* W]E ATTRIBUTES ( L&$ PROP]TY40 

,SO F>1 SIMPLE COOP]ATION4 ,! NEXT /EP 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =MS ( PRODUCTION LEADS TO A CLEAVAGE ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* HAS HI!RTO BE5 UNIFI$ 9 ! H&S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]4 ,! DIVISION ( LABOR 5SUES4 ,MANUFACTURE ORIG9ATES--MANUFACTURE 9 ! ORIG9AL S5SE ( ?AT T]M1 AS IT WAS US$ BE=E ! DAYS ( P[]-DRIV5 MA*9]Y & L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION4 

,9 SOME =MS ( MANUFACTURE1 ! WORK]S :O COMPLETE A PRODUCT FROM />T TO F9I% >E ALL ASSEMBL$ 9 ONE WORK PLACE UND] ! COMM& ( ONE CAPITALI/1 BUT >E ORGANIZ$ 9 GR\PS EA* ( :I* IS 5GAG$ UPON A P>TICUL> PHASE ( ! ELABORATION4 ,9 O!R =MS ( MANUFACTURE1 ! WORK]S :O >E UNIT$ UND] ! COMM& ( A S+LE CAPITALI/ C>RY \T ONLY ONE OR ONLY SOME ( ! /AGES 9 ! ELABORATION ( A COMPLET$ PRODUCT4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 MANUFACTURE IS A ME?OD ( PRODUCTION 9 :I* ! WORK] HAS CEAS$ TO BE ONE :O COMPLETES A :OLE COMMODITY FROM />T TO F9I%4 ,! H&ICRAFTSMAN HAS BECOME A DETAIL WORK]1 ONE :O IS P]PETUALLY REPEAT+ A P>TIAL OP]ATION 9 ! LABOR PROCESS4 

,! PAUSES ?AT US$ TO OCCUR :ILE ! H&ICRAFTSMAN WAS *ANG+ FROM ! USE ( ONE TOOL TO ! USE ( ANO!R HAVE BE5 DISCONT9U$4 ,! PORES 9 ! LABOR DAY HAVE BE5 FILL$ \T ) PRODUCTIVE LABOR P[]4 ,! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION HAS BE5 COMPACT$1 HAS BE5 9T5SIFI$1 HAS BE5 MADE MORE PRODUCTIVE4 

,! DETAIL WORK] IS CONF9$ TO ! P]=MANCE ( A P>TIAL OP]ATION4 ,!RE) HE ACQUIRES ! UTMO/ DEXT]ITY 9 ! H&L+ ( HIS TOOL4 ,! P]PETUAL REPETITION ( ! SAME N>R[ FUNCTION DEVELOPS HIS SKILL 9 ! P]=MANCE ( ?AT FUNCTION TO ! HI<E/ DEGREE4 

,EXP]I5CE GA9$ 9 ! P]=MANCE ( EA* DETAIL OP]ATION GIVES PO9T]S = ! P]FECTION ( ! TOOLS US$ 9 ITS P]=MANCE4 ,! 9T5SIFICATION ( MANUAL DEXT]ITY LEADS TO ! EXTREME/ POSSIBLE DIFF]5TIATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR4 0,! MANUFACTUR+ P]IOD SIMPLIFIES1 IMPROVES1 & MULTIPLIES ! IMPLEM5TS ( LABOR BY ADAPT+ !M TO ! EXCLUSIVE & PECULI> FUNCTIONS ( ! DETAIL WORK]40 

,! NEXT /EP IS ! COMB9ATION ( TOOLS1 ! COMB9ATION ( ! TE*NICAL AIDS TO LABOR1 = ! PURPOSE ( SPE$I] & MORE PURPOSIVE FUNCTION+4 ,!RE9 WE F9D ! MAT]IAL PRESUPPOSITIONS = ! ORIG9ATION ( ! MA*9E4 ,:]EAS ! SPECIFIC MA*9]Y ( ! MANUFACTUR+ P]IOD IS ! G5]ALIZ$ WORK] :O IS A COMB9ATION ( A NUMB] ( DETAIL WORK]S1 IS AN ADD$ & MULTIPLI$ HUMAN BE+2 ! MA*9]Y ( ! SUBSEQU5T P]IOD IS A HI<LY ELABORAT$ & PURPOSIVE COMB9ATION ( TOOLS1 A PUTT+ TOGE!R ( ME*ANICAL APP>ATUS & 9/RUM5TS DESIGN$ TO C>RY ON A UNIFI$ PRODUCTIVE FUNCTION1 A WORK] ( /EEL & IRON4 ,:]EAS ! MANUFACTUR+ SY/EM PROP] CULM9ATES AS 0AN ECONOMIC >TIFICE0 UPON ! BROAD BASIS ( URBAN H&ICRAFT & RURAL HOME 9DU/RY1 ! MA*9E DOES AWAY ) H&ICRAFT 0AS ! REGULATIVE PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION40 

,) ! 5TRY ( MA*9]Y 9TO ! FIELD1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T BEG9S ITS VICTORI\S C>E]4 ,! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION IS 9AUGURAT$4 

,! WORK] MANIPULAT+ AN ISOLAT$ TOOL IS REPLAC$ BY A ME*ANISM REPRES5T+ A MASS ( WORK]S4 ,HIS 9COMPLET5ESS1 :I* CONSI/S1 ABOVE ALL1 9 HIS 9CAPACITY = ! 9CESSANT REPETITION ( PRECISELY SIMIL> MOVEM5TS1 IS MADE GOOD BY ! P]FECTIONM5T ( A ME*ANICAL APP>ATUS :I*1 DRIV5 BY NATURAL =CES1 IS ABLE TO REPEAT A P>TICUL> MOVEM5T MILLIONS UPON MILLIONS ( TIMES ) A PRECISION F> EXCE$+ ! LIMITS ( HUMAN CAPACITY4 0,A SY/EM ( MA*9]Y 7:E!R1 LIKE WEAV+1 IT BE ONE 9 :I* !RE IS A M]E COOP]ATION AMONG WORK+ MA*9ES ( ! SAME K9D2 OR1 LIKE SP9N+1 A COMB9ATION ( MA*9ES ( DIFF]5T K9DS7 BECOMES A HUGE AUTOMATON AS SOON AS IT IS DRIV5 BY A SELF-ACT+ PRIME MOTOR4 444 ,AN ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( WORK+ MA*9ES :I* >E ONE & ALL SET 9 MOTION BY ! TRANSMITT+ ME*ANISM FROM A C5TRAL AUTOMATON1 CON/ITUTES ! FULLY DEVELOP$ =M ( MA*9(ACTURE4 ,9 PLACE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MA*9E1 WE N[ HAVE A ME*ANICAL MON/] :OSE BODY FILLS ! :OLE FACTORY1 & :OSE DEMON P[]1 HIDD5 FROM \R SI<T AT FIR/ BECAUSE ( ! MEASUR$ & ALMO/ C]EMONI\S *>ACT] ( ! MOVEM5T ( HIS GIANT LIMBS1 DISCLOSES ITSELF AT L5G? 9 ! VA/ & FURI\S :IRL ( HIS NUMB]LESS WORK+ ORGANS40 

,ONE 9DU/RY AFT] ANO!R IS REVOLUTIONIZ$4 ,AT L5G? L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY GA9S CONTROL OV] ITS [N *>ACT]I/IC MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! MA*9E1 & PRODUCES MA*9]Y BY MA*9]Y4 ,! =CES ( /EAM >E SUP]ADD$1 LIFT+ MA*9]Y 9TO ! SPH]E ( CYCLOPEAN WOND]S4 0,! ME*ANICAL LA! IS A TITANIC REPRODUCTION ( ! ORD9>Y FOOT-LA!2 ! PLAN+ MA*9E IS AN IRON C>P5T] :O WORKS UPON IRON ) ! SAME TOOL US$ BY ! LIV+ C>P5T] :5 HE PLANES WOOD2 ! IMPLEM5T :I* CUTS V5E]S 9 ! ,LONDON %IPBUILD+ Y>DS IS A GIGANTIC RAZOR2 ! TOOL ( ! %E>+ MA*9E1 :I* CUTS IRON AS EASILY AS A TAILOR CUTS CLO? ) HIS %E>S1 IS AN 5ORM\S PAIR ( SCISSORS2 & ! /EAMHAMM] WORKS ) A HEAD JU/ LIKE ?AT ( AN ORD9>Y HAMM]1 BUT SU* A HEAVY ONE ?AT ,?OR HIMSELF C\LD NOT WIELD IT40 

,AS A HI<LY ELABORAT$ TOOL :I* HAS BECOME 9DEP5D5T ( ! WORK]1 ! MA*9E 5T]S 9TO COMPETITION ) ! WORK]4 ,! 9/RUM5T ( LABOR1 5ORM\SLY EXCELL+ ! WORK] 9 ITS P[] ( PRODUCTION1 LAYS ! WORK] L[4 ,! WORK]1 :O WAS =M]LY LORD & MA/] ( ! TOOL OB$I5T TO HIS H&1 N[ BECOMES A S]VANT ( ! MA*9E1 ITS APP5DAGE1 A SCREW1 A CRANK1 9 ITS ME*ANISM4 ,IT MAKES HIM SUP]FLU\S1 =CES D[N HIS VALUE1 BECOMES ! MO/ P[]FUL ( WEAPONS = ! REPRESSION ( ! P]IODICAL LABOR REVOLTS AGA9/ ! AUTOCRACY ( CAPITAL4 ,BY MAK+ QUICK RETURNS ON ! CAPITAL 9VE/$ 9 IT ESS5TIAL TO ! CAPITALI/1 MA*9]Y 5=CES A PROLONGATION ( ! WORK+ DAY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ?ANKS TO IMPROV$ CON/RUCTION & ACCEL]AT$ WORK1 MA*9]Y BECOMES AN OBJECTIFI$ & SY/EMATICALLY UTILIZ$ MEANS ( EXTORT+ MORE LABOR 9 A GIV5 P]IOD ( TIME--A MEANS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 = ! PROGRESSIVE 9T5SIFICATION ( LABOR4 0,9 SO F> AS MA*9]Y DOES AWAY ) ! NE$ = ANY CONSID]ABLE EXP5DITURE ( MUSCUL> P[]1 IT BECOMES A MEANS = ! UTILIZATION ( WORK]S ) COMP>ATIVELY LITTLE /R5G?1 & ?OSE :OSE BODILY GR[? IS IMMATURE BUT :OSE LIMBS >E ALL ! MORE SUPPLE4 ,! LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 WAS1 !RE=E1 ! FIR/ WORD 9 ! CAPITALI/ UTILIZATION ( MA*9]Y4 444 ,9 =M] DAYS1 ! WORK] US$ TO SELL HIS [N LABOR P[]1 BE+ O/5SIBLY1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 A FREE P]SON4 ,N[ HE SELLS HIS WIFE & HIS *ILDR54 ,HE BECOMES A SLAVETRAD]40 

,ALL ! ADVANTAGES ( MA*9]Y ACCRUE TO ! CAPITALI/4 ,9 A %ORT] TIME1 & AT LESS EXP5DITURE ( LABOR P[]1 HE OBTA9S A L>G] QUANTITY ( COMMODITIES1 & !RE) A L>G] QUANTITY ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ) ! AID ( MA*9]Y & L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY1 HE IS CONT9UALLY DE/ROY+ MANUFACTURE1 H&ICRAFT1 & HOME WORK1 ?US SECUR+ NEW M>KETS1 & =C+ HIS WAY 9TO AN 9CREAS+LY L>GE NUMB] ( BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION4 ,?US HE SECURES A PROGRESSIVELY 9CREAS+ %>E 9 ! TOTALITY ( PRODUCTION1 & ULTIMATELY BECOMES ! LORD ( ! COMMODITY M>KET4 0,! REVOLUTION 9 ! SOCIAL ME?ODS ( C>RY+ ON 9DU/RY1 A REVOLUTION :I* NECESS>ILY FOLL[S UPON ! REVOLUTION 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 A M$LEY ( TRANSITIONAL =MS40 ,FACTORY LEGISLATION HAS TO 9T]V5E = ! REGULATION ( ! ACTIVITIES ( LABOR4 ,BUT 0! COMPULSORY REGULATION ( ! WORK+ DAY 9 RESPECT ( ITS L5G?1 ITS PAUSES1 ! H\RS AT :I* IT BEG9S & 5DS1 ! SY/EM ( RELAYS = *ILDR51 ! PROHIBITION ( ! EMPLOYM5T ( *ILDR5 BEL[ A C]TA9 AGE1 & SO ON--NECESSITATES1 ON ! ONE H&1 AN 9CREAS$ USE ( MA*9]Y & ! REPLACEM5T ( HUMAN MUSCLES BY /EAM-P[] AS A MOTIVE =CE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ORD] TO GA9 9 SPACE :AT HAS BE5 LO/ 9 TIME1 !RE OCCURS AN EXT5SION 9 ! DOMA9 ( ! JO9TLY US$ MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! FURNACES1 ! BUILD+S1 ETC4 ,9 A WORD1 !RE 5SUES A GREAT] CONC5TRATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & A CORRESPOND+LY GREAT] AGGREGATION ( WORKPEOPLE40 

,9 ! DOMA9 ( AGRICULTURE1 LIKEWISE1 MA*9]Y HAS A REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CE1 9ASMU* AS IT DE/ROYS ! BULW>K ( ! OLD SOCIETY1 ! PEASANT1 & SUB/ITUTES = HIM ! WAGE WORK]4 ,! C\NTRYSIDE IS ASSIMILAT$ TO ! T[N2 TRADITIONS >E SWEPT AWAY BY RE=MS2 LAZY ADHESION TO IRRATIONAL CU/OM>Y ME?ODS IS REPLAC$ BY ! PURPOSIVE TE*NOLOGICAL APPLICATION ( SCI5CE4 0,9 AGRICULTURE1 AS 9 MANUFACTURE1 ! CAPITALI/ TRANS=MATION ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION SIGNIFIES1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! M>TYRDOM ( ! PRODUC]2 ! 9/RUM5T ( LABOR BECOMES ! MEANS ( SUBJUGAT+1 EXPLOIT+1 & IMPOV]I%+ ! WORK]2 ! SOCIAL COMB9ATION & ORGANIZATION ( ! LABOR PROCESS1 FUNCTIONS AS AN ELABORATE ME?OD = CRU%+ ! WORK]'S 9DIVIDUAL VITALITY1 FRE$OM1 & 9DEP5D5CE40 

,9 HIS ,PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL WRITES3 0,IT IS QUE/IONABLE1 IF ALL ! ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS YET MADE HAVE LI<T5$ ! DAY'S TOIL ( ANY HUMAN BE+40 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION1 H[EV]1 AB\T ?IS1 ?AT ! TE*NICAL 9V5TIONS 9CORPORAT$ 9 MA*9]Y HAVE TRANS=M$ ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION 9TO A P]5NIAL S\RCE ( WEAL?1 & HAVE MADE ! CAPITALI/ ! SOLE B5EFICI>Y ( ?IS WEAL?4 

,CAPITAL PRODUCES PR(IT4 ,?AT IS ITS PURPOSE2 ?AT IS ITS FUNCTION4 ,BUT PR(IT IS COMPET5T1 9 ITS TURN1 TO PRODUCE CAPITAL4 ,?IS CLOSES ! CIRCLE1 & ! CIRCULATION BEG9S AFRE%4 

,! PROCESS :I* EFFECTS ?IS IS CALL$1 AT FIR/ REPRODUCTION1 & SUBSEQU5TLY ACCUMULATION4 

,SIMPLE REPRODUCTION IS A M]E REPETITION ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION UPON ! SAME FOOT+4 ,! WORK] RECEIVES AS WAGES NO LONG]1 AS AT ! \TSET ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 A SUM ADVANC$ BY ! CAPITALI/1 BUT P>T ( ! VALUE HE HAS HIMSELF CREAT$4 ,HE HIMSELF HAS REPRODUC$ ! REQUISITE V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,! REMA9D] ( ! VALUE1 NAMELY ! PR(IT1 ACCRUES TO ! CAPITALI/1 :O CONSUMES IT4 ,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 PRODUCTION IS REPEAT$ OV] & OV] AGA9 UPON ! EXI/5T F\NDATION4 

,! WORK]1 H[EV]1 PRODUCES NOT M]ELY HIS WAGES1 BUT ALSO HIMSELF4 ,9ASMU* AS HE EATS1 DR9KS1 & SLEEPS1 HE SEES TO IT ?AT HIS LABOR P[] %ALL BE REPLAC$ FROM DAY TO DAY1 %ALL REAPPE> 9 ! LABOR M>KET DAY AFT] DAY4 ,= ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL IT IS 9DISP5SABLE ?AT LABOR P[] %\LD BE CONT9UALLY R5EW$1 %\LD BE ET]NALIZ$4 ,FROM ! \TLOOK ( ! PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION1 EV]Y?+ :I* ! WORK] DOES = HIS [N MA9T5ANCE & = ! MA9T5ANCE ( HIS CLASS IS REPRODUCTION4 

,IF1 H[EV]1 PRODUCTION IS TO DO SOME?+ MORE ?AN M>K TIME1 IF IT IS TO BE AN ADVANCE1 IF IT IS TO BE AN EVOLUTION1 CON/ANT CAPITAL MU/ BE REPRODUC$ AS WELL AS V>IABLE CAPITAL & LABOR P[]4 ,SIMPLE REPRODUCTION MU/ DEVELOP 9TO ACCUMULATION4 

,BY ACCUMULATION IS MEANT ! RETRANS=MATION ( P>T ( ! ACQUIR$ SURPLUS VALUE 9TO CAPITAL1 SO ?AT AN EXPANSION ( ! PRIM>Y BASIS ( PRODUCTION MAY OCCUR4 0,AT PRES5T WE >E DISREG>D+ :ATEV] PORTION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE IS CONSUM$ BY ! CAPITALI/4 ,NOR1 = ! MOM5T1 >E WE 9T]E/$ 9 ! QUE/ION :E!R ! ADDITIONAL CAPITAL IS TACK$ ON TO ! ORIG9AL CAPITAL1 OR IS APPLI$ SEP>ATELY TO AN 9DEP5D5T PROCESS ( EXPANSION4 ,IT DOES NOT MATT] TO US :E!R ! CAPITALI/ :O HAS ACCUMULAT$ IT MAKES USE ( IT1 OR :E!R HE H&S IT OV] TO O!RS4 ,:AT WE HAVE TO BE> 9 M9D IS ?AT1 SIDE BY SIDE ) ! NEWLY =M$ IMPLEM5TS ( CAPITAL1 ! ORIG9AL CAPITAL CONT9UES TO REPRODUCE ITSELF & TO PRODUCE SURPLUS VALUE2 & ?AT ! SAME IS TRUE ( EV]Y PORTION ( ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL 9 RELATION TO ! ADDITIONAL CAPITAL IT 5G5D]S40 

,JU/ AS SIMPLE REPRODUCTION IS CONT9UALLY REPRODUC+ ! CAPITAL RELATION1 SO ACCUMULATION IS CONT9UALLY REPRODUC+ ?IS CAPITAL RELATION UPON AN EXT5D$ SCALE2 MORE CAPITALI/S OR GREAT] CAPITALI/S AT ONE POLE1 MORE WAGE WORK]S AT ! O!R4 ,! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9VOLVES AN 9CREASE 9 ! PROLET>IAT4 

,9 ! G5]AL C\RSE ( ACCUMULATION1 A PO9T IS REA*$ AT :I* ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( ASSOCIAT$ LABOR BECOMES ! MO/ P[]FUL LEV] ( ACCUMULATION4 ,! ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL IS REVOLUTIONIZ$4 ,CON/ANT CAPITAL 9CREASES AT ! EXP5SE ( V>IABLE CAPITAL1 = IT IS ! AIM & ! RESULT ( MA*9]Y TO MAKE HUMAN H&S SUP]FLU\S4 ,?ANKS TO ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 ! QUANTITY ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION GR[S MORE QUICKLY ?AN ! QUANTITY ( LABOR P[] 9CORPORAT$ 9 !M4 ,! NE$ = LABOR P[] LAGS F>!R & F>!R BEH9D ! ADVANCE ( ACCUMULATION4 0,! CONT9UAL RETRANS=MATION ( SURPLUS VALUE 9TO CAPITAL DISPLAYS ITSELF AS A /EADY GR[? ( ! CAP ITAL 5GAG$ 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 BECOMES ! F\NDATION ( AN 9CREASE 9 ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION1 & ( ! ACCOMPANY+ ME?ODS ( 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR & ( BR++ AB\T AN ACCEL]AT$ PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 A C]TA9 AM\NT ( ACCUMULATION MANIFE/S ITSELF TO BE A NECESS>Y CONDITION ( ! SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION1 ! LATT] CONV]SELY CAUSES AN ACCEL]AT$ ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,A SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION !RE=E DEVELOPS AS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL DEVELOPS2 & ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL DEVELOPS AS ! SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION DEVELOPS4 ,BO? !SE ECONOMIC FACTORS1 9 VIRTUE ( !IR RECIPROCAL RELATION%IPS1 FURNI% ! IMPETUS = ?AT *ANGE 9 ! TE*NICAL COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL ?ANKS TO :I* ! V>IABLE CON/ITU5T GR[S CONT9UALLY SMALL] 9 COMP>ISON ) ! CON/ANT40 

,?IS PROCESS HAS SEV]AL CONSEQU5CES4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE IS ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL4 ,S9CE EV]Y ACCUMULATION BECOMES ! MEANS = NEW ACCUMULATION1 ACCUMULATION1 AS IT 9CREASES ! QUANTITY ( WEAL? FUNCTION+ AS CAPITAL1 9CREASES ITS CONC5TRATION 9 ! H&S ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S4 ,! AU?ORITY ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR BECOMES COND5S$ 9 NODAL PO9TS1 :I* UND]GO 5ORM\S 5L>GEM5T4 0,AT ! SAME TIME1 PORTIONS BREAK AWAY FROM ! ORIG9AL CAPITALS40 ,!SE NEW =MATIONS T5D TO 9T]F]E ) ! GR[? & ! DOM9ION ( ! OLD CAPITALS4 ,BUT ! T5D5CY T[>DS DIS9TEGRATION IS C\NT]ACT$ BY A T5D5CY T[>DS 9TEGRATION4 ,?ANKS TO MUTUAL ATTRACTION1 ALREADY CON/ITUT$ CAPITALS UND]GO CONC5TRATION 9TO A HI<] =M2 !IR 9DIVIDUAL 9DEP5D5CE IS ABROGAT$2 LESS] CAPITALI/S >E EXPROPRIAT$ BY GREAT] CAPITALI/S1 MANY SMALL CAPITALS >E TRANS=M$ 9TO A FEW GREAT CAPITALS4 0,CAPITAL AGGREGATES 9TO GREAT MASSES 9 ONE H& BECAUSE1 ELSE:]E1 IT IS TAK5 \T ( MANY H&S4 ,H]E WE HAVE G5U9E C5TRALIZATION 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ACCUMULATION & CONC5TRATION40 

,COMPETITION IS ! MOTIVE =CE :I* DET]M9ES ALL !SE MOVEM5TS1 =MATIONS1 AGGREGATIONS4 ,= ! CONQUE/ ( NEW M>KETS1 PRICES MU/ BE L[]$1 & PRICES CAN ONLY BE L[]$ IF ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR IS 9CREAS$ BY P]FECT$ TE*NIQUE4 ,H5CE ! URGE T[>DS ! 9TRODUCTION ( NEW MA*9]Y1 MORE EXT5SIVE PLANT1 IMPROV$ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,H5CE ! LEVY+ ( L>G] & EV] L>G] AGGREGATES ( CAPITAL2 ! ABSORPTION ( SMALL 5T]PRISES BY L>GE ONES2 ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE FOCI 9TO COLOSSAL /RUCTURES & GIANT 5T]PRISES ) ! MO/ HI<LY ELABORAT$ TE*NIQUE1 ! BE/ POSSIBLE MA*9]Y1 ! MO/ ECONOMICAL MANAGEM5T4 

0,! LESS] CAPITALS1 !RE=E1 CR[D 9TO SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION :I* L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY HAS NOT YET FULLY ANNEX$1 HAS CONQU]$ ONLY H]E & !RE4 ,9 !SE FIELDS1 COMPETITION RAGES 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO ! NUMB] & 9 9V]SE PROPORTION TO ! MAGNITUDE ( ! COMPET+ CAPITALS4 444 ,) ! GR[? ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION !RE COMES 9TO BE+ AN 5TIRELY NEW P[]1 ?AT ( ! CR$IT SY/EM4 ,TO BEG9 )1 ! CR$IT SY/EM APPE>S FURTIVELY1 AS IT W]E1 9 ! =M ( A MODE/ HELP] ( ACCUMULATION1 DRAW+ 9TO ! H&S ( 9DIVIDUAL OR ASSOCIAT$ CAPITALI/S ! MONET>Y RES\RCES SCATT]$ OV] ! SURFACE ( A SOCIETY1 & DO+ ?IS BY MEANS ( 9VISIBLE ?READS4 ,]E LONG1 H[EV]1 IT BECOMES A NEW & =MIDABLE WEAPON 9 ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE2 & 9 ! 5D IT MANIFE/S ITSELF AS A GIGANTIC SOCIAL ME*ANISM = ! C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL4 444 ,) ! MAGNITUDE ( SOCIAL CAPITAL ALREADY FUNCTION+1 & ! DEGREE ( ITS 9CREASE1 ) ! EXT5SION ( ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION & ! 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( WORK]S SET 9 MOTION1 ) ! DEVELOPM5T 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( !IR LABOR1 ) ! EXT5D$ FL[ ( ALL ! S\RCES ( WEAL?1 !RE IS ALSO AN EXT5SION ( ! SCALE ON :I* A GREAT] ATTRACTION ( WORK]S BY CAPITAL IS ASSOCIAT$ ) A GREAT] REPULSION ( !M4 ,!RE)1 !RE IS AN 9CREAS+ RAPIDITY 9 ! *ANGE 9 ! ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL & 9 ITS TE*NICAL =M2 & MORE & MORE SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS *ANGE1 N[ SIMULTANE\SLY1 & N[ ALT]NATELY40 

,9 CONNECTION !RE) !RE >ISES AN EXCESS ( LABOR P[]1 AN EXCESS RELATIVELY TO ! CAPACITY ( CAPITAL = APPLY+ LABOR TO PROMOTE ITS [N 9CREASE2 !RE IS =M$ AN 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY :I*1 9 ?IS UNHAPPY PO/URE ( AFFAIRS1 /ATIONS ITSELF \TSIDE ! FACTORY GATES1 UND]CUTS WAGES1 ATTACKS /RIK]S 9 ! RE>1 P>ALYZES ! WORK]S' CLASS /RUGGLE1 & 7CONSI/+ ( P]SONS :OSE EXI/5CE IS P]PETUALLY 9SECURE1 & :O >E ALWAYS 9 DANG] ( FALL+ D[N 9TO ! TATT]DEMALION PROLET>IAT7 IS P]PETUALLY BE+ US$ BY ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 

,! CAPITALI/ SY/EM MOVES 9 ! FOLL[+ CIRCLE4 ,! AN>*Y ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION LEADS TO COMPETITION4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE ( COMPETITION1 ! PRODUC] ( ! *EAPE/ COMMODITIES W9S ! BATTLE4 ,MAXIMUM *EAPNESS IS A*IEV$ BY MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVITY1 & ?IS IS BR\<T AB\T BY HAV+ ! MO/ EFFICI5T MA*9]Y & 9/ALLATIONS4 ,= ?IS1 L>GE AGGREGATES ( CAPITAL >E REQUISITE4 ,H5CE 9CREAS+ ACCUMULATION UPON A L>G] & EV] L>G] SCALE4 ,BUT ! MORE EXT5SIVE ! MA*9]Y1 ! LESS EXT5SIVE 7RELATIVELY7 ! QUANTITY ( WORK]S1 & ! SMALL]1 !RE=E1 ! PROPORTION ( V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,S9CE1 H[EV]1 V>IABLE CAPITAL IS ! ONLY CON/ITU5T ( CAPITAL :I* CREATES VALUE1 ! RATE ( SURPLUS VALUE1 ?\< IT MAY 9CREASE ABSOLUTELY1 IS CONT9UALLY DECL9+ RELATIVELY4 ,! L>G]1 !RE=E1 IS ! NUMB] ( WORK]S 0SET AT LIB]TY0 BY CAPITAL1 & ?US DEPRIV$ ( WAGES4 ,!REBY1 ! P[] ( PUR*ASE & ( CONSUMPTION IS 9CREAS+LY R$UC$ 9 RELATION TO ! 5ORM\S QUANTITY ( COMMODITIES ) :I* ! M>KET IS FLOOD$4 ,IF ! UNEMPLOY$ >E TO BE MADE CAPABLE ( CONSUMPTION1 !Y MU/ BE GIV5 OCCUPATION 9 NEW OR EXP&$ BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT = ?IS1 CAPITAL IS NE$$1 & CAPITAL CAN ONLY BE SUPPLI$ BY ACCUMULATION4 ,TO R5D] ACCUMULATION POSSIBLE1 ! RATE ( SURPLUS VALUE MU/ BE 9CREAS$4 ,TO 9CREASE ! RATE ( SURPLUS VALUE1 ! VALUE ( LABOR P[] MU/ BE R$UC$ BY *EAP5+ COMMODITIES4 ,BUT1 9 ORD] TO MAKE COMMODITIES *EAP]1 PRODUCTIVITY MU/ BE 9CREAS$ YET MORE1 TE*NIQUE MU/ BE FUR!R IMPROV$1 ! 9/ALLATIONS MU/ BE YET FUR!R RATIONALIZ$4 ,= ?IS1 ACCUMULATION IS 9DISP5SABLE4 ,& SO ON1 & SO ON4 ,!RE IS NO ISSUE FROM ! VICI\S CIRCLE4 

,FROM TIME TO TIME !RE 5SUES A PAUSE 9 ! MAD CIRCUL> DANCE1 A PAUSE BR\<T AB\T BY ! OCCURR5CE ( AN ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,PUR*AS+ P[] FALLS TO A M9IMUM4 ,! /OREH\SES >E OV]FILL$4 ,! M>KET CANNOT TAKE UP ANY MORE GOODS4 ,! *ANNELS ALONG :I* COMMODITIES ORD9>ILY FL[ >E BLOCK$4 ,NO ORD]S COME TO ! FACTORIES4 ,!SE WORK %ORT TIME1 OR CLOSE D[N2 WORK]S >E DISMISS$ :OLESALE2 PRODUCTION IS DISCONT9U$2 UNEMPLOYM5T IS RIFE1 BREAD RIOTS OCCUR4 ,AFT] A :ILE1 ! ACCUMULAT$ SUPPLIES >E GRADUALLY US$ UP1 ! /OREH\SES SL[LY EMPTY !MSELVES1 DEM& BEG9S ONCE MORE1 !RE IS A G5]AL /IMULUS TO PRODUCTION1 ! CRISIS IS OV]COME1 ?+S >E ON ! UP-GRADE1 & AT L5G? PRODUCTION IS AT FULL SW+ ONCE MORE4 ,SO IT GOES ON UNTIL ! NEXT CRISIS BEG9S4 ,?IS CYCLE USUALLY OCCUPIES AB\T T5 YE>S4 ,?R\<\T ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 DECADE AFT] DECADE1 ECONOMIC LIFE WAS CONVULS$ BY !SE CYCLICAL RETURNS ( GLUT & /AGNATION4 ,5TANGL$ 9 ! ME*ANISM ( ! SY/EM1 & DOM9AT$ BY ! MY/]I\S FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES 7:I* IS /RONG] ?AN ! HUMAN WILL71 ! B\RGEOISIE B[S BE=E ! DICTATES ( A NECESSITY :OSE WAYS TO IT >E UNSE>*ABLE BECAUSE ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF IS NOT M]ELY ! OBJECT & ! ,VICTIM ( ?IS NECESSITY1 BUT ALSO ITS FAVOR] & B5EFICI>Y4 

,BUT ! PROLET>IAT1 BURD5$ ) ALL ! CO/S1 DISADVANTAGES1 & T]RORS ( ! SY/EM1 SEEKS TO DEF5D ITSELF1 &1 AS SOON AS IT HAS LE>N$ :]E TO PLACE ! CR[-B> :I* WILL OV]?R[ ?AT SY/EM1 IT DELIB]ATELY M>%ALS ITS RANKS = ! GREAT /RUGGLE4 

,:5 MONEY IS TRANS=M$ 9TO CAPITAL1 :5 CAPITAL PRODUCES SURPLUS VALUE1 & :5 SURPLUS VALUE ONCE MORE BECOMES CAPITAL1 ?IS IS A MOVEM5T :I* OCCURS UPON ! EXTANT BASIS ( ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION />T+-PO9T ( ?AT ME?OD ( PRODUCTION8 

,M>X ANSW]S ! QUE/ION 9 ! *APT] 5TITL$ 0,PRIM>Y ,ACCUMULATION40 ,HE WRITES3 0,9 POLITICAL ECONOMY ?IS PRIM>Y ACCUMULATION PLAYS MU* ! SAME P>T ?AT IS PLAY$ BY ORIG9AL S9 9 !OLOGY4 ,! ORIG9 ( S9 IS SUPPOS$ TO BE EXPLA9$ BY A FOLK-TALE4 ,9 LIKE MANN] WE >E TOLD1 AS REG>DS PRIM>Y ACCUMULATION1 ?AT 9 TIMES LONG PA/ !RE W]E TWO SORTS ( PEOPLE3 SOME ( !M1 ! *OS5 FEW1 W]E 9DU/RI\S1 9TELLIG5T1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ?RIFTY2 ! O!RS1 LAZY RASCALS1 WA/$ !IR SUB/ANCE 9 RIOT\S LIV+4 ,BUT !RE IS A DIFF]5CE4 ,! !OLOGICAL LEG5D ( ! ,FALL TELLS US ?IS MU*1 AT LEA/1 :Y MAN HAS BE5 CONDEMN$ TO EAT HIS BREAD 9 ! SWEAT ( HIS FACE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ECONOMIC HI/ORY ( ! ,FALL REVEALS TO US :Y !RE >E P]SONS :O NE$ DO NO?+ ( ! K9D4 ,NO MATT]6 ,IT IS FROM ?IS ECONOMIC ,FALL ?AT DATES ! POV]TY ( ! MASSES1 :O1 = ALL TIME1 H[EV] H>D !Y MAY WORK1 HAVE NO?+ TO SELL BUT !MSELVES2 & !NCE1 LIKEWISE1 DATES ! WEAL? ( ! FEW1 :I* CONT9UALLY GR[S1 AL?\< ! FEW HAVE LONG S9CE CEAS$ TO WORK40 

,SU* IS ! LEG5D2 SU* ! IDYLL4 ,! REALITY IS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,9 ! REAL WORLD1 ! LA/ WORD LIES ) =CE4 

,! PROCESS :I* CREATES ! CAPITAL RELATION IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! 0DIVORCE ( ! WORK] FROM [N]%IP ( ! CONDITIONS ( LABOR10 A PROCESS :I*1 ON ! ONE H&1 TRANS=MS ! SOCIAL MEANS ( LIFE & PRODUCTION 9TO CAPITAL1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 TRANS=MS ! IMM$IATE PRODUC]S 9TO WAGE WORK]S4 ,PRIM>Y ACCUMULATION SEV]S ! PRODUC] FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT OCCURS AT ! 5D ( ! FEUDALI/ EPO*1 ) ! CESSATION ( ADSCRIPTION TO ! SOIL1 ( S]FDOM1 ( GUILD CO]CION4 ,! S]F & ! H&ICRAFTSMAN >E FRE$4 ,BUT SIMULTANE\SLY ! ECONOMIC GR\ND IS CUT FROM UND] !IR FEET1 & !Y >E DEPRIV$ ( ! GU>ANTEES :I* ! ANCI5T FEUDAL 9/ITUTIONS FURNI%$ = !IR EXI/5CE4 0,9 ! HI/ORY ( PRIM>Y ACCUMULATION WE MU/ REG>D AS EPO*-MAK+ ALL REVOLUTIONS ?AT ACT$ AS /EPP+-/ONES = ! CAPITALI/ CLASS 9 C\RSE ( =MATION4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ?IS APPLIES TO ?OSE MOM5TS :5 GREAT MASSES ( HUMAN BE+S W]E SUDD5LY & =CIBLY TORN AWAY FROM ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 & HURL$ 9TO ! LABOR M>KET AS MA/]LESS PROLET>IANS4 ,! EXPROPRIATION ( ! AGRICULTURAL PRODUC]S1 ! PEASANTS1 !IR SEV]ANCE FROM ! SOIL1 WAS ! BASIS ( ! :OLE PROCESS4 ,9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 ! HI/ORY ( ?IS EXPROPRIATION ASSUM$ DIFF]5T =MS1 RUNN+ ?R\< ITS V>I\S PHASES 9 DIFF]5T ORD]S ( SUCCESSION1 & AT DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL P]IODS4 ,ONLY 9 ,5GL& CAN IT BE SAID TO HAVE HAD A TYPICAL DEVELOPM5T40 

,!SE 0FREE0 PROLET>IANS1 FRE$ BY ! DISSOLUTION ( ! COMPANIES ( FEUDAL RETA9]S1 !SE EX-PEASANTS1 DRIV5 (F ! L& BY =CIBLE EXPROPRIATION1 >E ABSORB$ 9TO ! RIS+ MANUFACTURES4 ,BUT !Y >E ABSORB$ 9 P>T ONLY1 = !IR NUMB]S 9CREASE MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION CAN 9CORPORATE !M 9TO ITS FRAMEWORK4 ,BESIDES1 ?OSE :O HAVE ?US SUDD5LY BE5 UPROOT$ FROM !IR TRADITIONAL SURR\ND+S F9D IT DIFFICULT TO ADAPT !MSELVES ) EQUAL SUDD5NESS TO ! DISCIPL9E ( ! NEW CONDITIONS4 ,MANY ( ! MA/]LESS M5 BECOME BEGG>S1 VAGABONDS1 ROBB]S1 & = A LONG P]IOD >E ! T]ROR ( WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) A NEWLY 9AUGURAT$ & B>B>\S LEGAL CODE1 !Y >E FLOGG$1 BR&$1 RACK$1 &1 9 ! 5D1 >E H&$ OV] LIKE BEA/S ( BURD5 = USE 9 ! 0,H\SES ( ,T]ROR10 ! MANUFACTORIES & ! FACTORIES4 

,! SAME ECONOMIC & POLITICAL EVOLUTION :I* BR+S AB\T ! =MATION ( A L&LESS1 OCCUPATIONLESS PROLET>IAT ) NO MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 FAVORS ! APPE>ANCE ( CAPITALI/ F>M]S & 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S4 ,UNQUE/IONABLY1 TOO1 GUILD MA/]S1 9DEP5D5T >TISANS1 & EV5 WAGE WORK]S1 >E SOMETIMES ABLE1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 TO BECOME SMALL CAPITALI/S1 &1 BY GRADUALLY EXT5D+ ! SCALE ON :I* !Y EXPLOIT WAGE LABOR1 9 CONJUNCTION ) A CORRESPOND+ ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 SOME ( !SE BECOME CAPITALI/S ON ! GR& SCALE4 0,DUR+ ! *ILDHOOD ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 :AT HAPP5$ WAS (T5 P>ALLEL TO :AT HAD HAPP5$ DUR+ ! *ILDHOOD ( ! M$IEVAL T[N SY/EM1 :5 ! QUE/ION :I* ( TWO FUGITIVE S]FS WAS TO BECOME A MA/] & :I* A S]VANT WAS MA9LY DECID$ BY :I* HAD RUN AWAY BE=E ! O!R4 ,BUT ! SNAIL'S PACE ( ?IS ME?OD C\LD NOT KEEP UP ) ! NE$S ( ! NEW WORLD-M>KET :I* HAD COME 9TO EXI/5CE ?ANKS TO ! GREAT DISCOV]IES AT ! CLOSE ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY40 ,AS ANTICIPATORY =MS ( MOD]N CAPITAL1 !RE >OSE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES TRAD+ CAPITAL & USUR]S' CAPITAL4 ,?IS MONEY CAPITAL EFFECTS ! OP5+ UP ( ! WORLD1 & DISCLOSES ! S\RCES ( VA/ WEAL?4 0,! DISCOV]IES ( GOLD & SILV] 9 ,AM]ICA2 ! EXTIRPATION ( ! 9DIG5S 9 SOME 9/ANCES1 !IR 5SLAVEM5T OR !IR 5TOMBM5T 9 ! M9ES 9 O!RS2 ! BEG9N+S ( ! CONQUE/ & LOOT+ ( ! ,EA/ ,9DIES2 ! TRANS=MATION ( ,AFRICA 9TO A PREC9CT = ! SUPPLY ( ! NEGROES :O W]E ! RAW MAT]IAL ( ! SLAVE TRADE--!SE W]E ! 9CID5TS ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ! ROSY DAWN ( ! ]A ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,!SE W]E ! IDYLLIC PROCESSES ?AT =M$ ! *IEF FACTORS ( PRIM>Y ACCUMULATION4 ,H>D UPON !IR HEELS CAME ! COMM]CIAL W> BETWE5 ! ,EUROPEAN NATIONS1 F\<T OV] ! :OLE SURFACE ( ! GLOBE4 ,IT WAS OP5$ :5 ! ,NE!RL&S BROKE AWAY FROM ,SPA92 IT ASSUM$ GIGANTIC PROPORTIONS 9 ,5GL&'S ANTI-,JACOB9 W>2 & IT F\ND A REC5T SEQUEL 9 ! OPIUM W>S AGA9/ ,*9A40 

,9 ! ANNALS ( MANK9D1 ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM IS WRITT5 9 LETT]S ( BLOOD & FIRE4 ,ITS DEVELOPM5T HAS LEFT A BROAD TRAIL ( SWEAT1 BLOOD1 & TE>S4 ,W4 ,H[ITT WRITES3 0,! B>B>ITIES & DESP]ATE \TRAGES ( ! SO-CALL$ ,*RI/IAN RACE1 ?R\<\T EV]Y REGION ( ! WORLD1 & UPON EV]Y PEOPLE !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SUBDUE1 >E NOT TO BE P>ALLEL$ BY ?OSE ( ANY O!R RACE1 H[EV] FI]CE1 H[EV] UNTAU<T1 & H[EV] RECKLESS ( M]CY & ( %AME1 9 ANY AGE ( ! E>?40 ,QUOT+ ?IS 9 ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X ADDS3 0,! HI/ORY ( ! COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION ( ,HOLL&1 ! MODEL CAPITALI/ NATION DUR+ ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,?OMAS ,/AM=D ,RAFFLES1 SOMETIME LIEUT5ANT-GOV]NOR ( ,JAVA1 'ONE ( ! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y RELATIONS ( TREA*]Y1 BRIB]Y1 MASSACRE1 & MEANNESS4'0 ,M>X GOES ON TO SAY3 0,! TREATM5T ( ! ABORIG9ES WAS1 NATURALLY1 WOR/ ( ALL 9 ! PLANTATIONS :I* W]E 9T5D$ TO S]VE ONLY = EXPORT TRADE1 SU* AS ! ,WE/ ,9DIES2 & 9 RI* & WELL-POPULAT$ C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ,MEXICO & ,H9DU/AN1 :I* W]E DELIV]$ OV] TO PLUND]40 

,COMM]CIAL SUPREMACY L$ TO 9DU/RIAL DOM9ANCE4 ,! COLONIAL SY/EM 0WAS A '/RANGE GOD' :O HAD M\NT$ ! ALT> *EEK BY J[L ) ! OLD GODS ( ,EUROPE1 & :O1 ONE F9E DAY1 ) A %OVE & A KICK1 SWEPT !M ALL 9TO ! DU/B940 ,PR(IT-MAK+ WAS N[ PROCLAIM$ TO BE ! F9AL AIM ( MANK9D4 ,! SY/EM ( PUBLIC CR$IT1 ( NATIONAL DEBTS1 DEVELOP$ 9TO AN 9/RUM5T = ! CAPITALI/ SEIZURE & SUBJUGATION ( :OLE T]RITORIES & ,/ATES4 0,) ! WAVE ( AN 5*ANT]'S W&1 ! 'FUNDS' 5D[$ B>R5 MONEY ) ! P[] ( REPRODUCTION1 ?US TRANS=M+ IT 9TO CAPITAL1 & ?IS )\T ! RISK & ! TR\BLE 9SEP>ABLE FROM ITS 9VE/M5T 9 9DU/RIAL UND]TAK+S & EV5 FROM PUTT+ IT \T UPON USURY40 ,9 ADDITION1 ! SY/EM ( NATIONAL DEBT 0HAS GIV5 RISE TO JO9T-/OCK COMPANIES1 TO DEAL+S 9 NEGOTIABLE SECURITIES ( ALL K9DS1 TO /OCK-JOBB+--9 A WORD1 TO GAMBL+ ON ! /OCK EX*ANGE & TO ! MOD]N BANKOCRACY4 444 ,! COLONIAL SY/EM1 NATIONAL DEBT1 ! HEAVY BURD5 ( TAXATION1 PROTECTION1 COMM]CIAL W>S1 & SO ON--!SE (FSPR+ ( ! MANUFACTUR+ P]IOD PROP]LY SO-CALL$--GREW LUXURIANTLY DUR+ ! *ILDHOOD ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 444 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 ! MANUFACTUR+ P]IOD1 ! PUBLIC OP9ION ( ,EUROPE HAD LO/ ! LA/ VE/IGES ( %AME & CONSCI5CE4 444 ,! COTTON 9DU/RY1 :ILE 9TRODUC+ *ILD SLAV]Y 9TO ,5GL&1 GAVE AT ! SAME TIME AN IMPETUS T[>DS ! TRANS=MATION ( ! SLAVE SY/EM ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* HAD HI!RTO BE5 A MORE OR LESS PATRI>*AL ONE1 9TO A COMM]CIAL SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION4 ,SPEAK+ G5]ALLY1 ! VEIL$ SLAV]Y ( ! ,EUROPEAN WAGE E>N]S BECAME ! P$E/AL ( UNQUALIFI$ SLAV]Y 9 ! ,NEW ,WORLD4 444 ,AS ,AUGI] SAID1 'MONEY COMES 9TO ! WORLD ) A BIR?M>K ON ! *EEK'2 IT IS NO LESS TRUE ?AT CAPITAL COMES 9TO ! WORLD SOIL$ ) MIRE FROM TOP TO TOE1 & OOZ+ BLOOD FROM EV]Y PORE4 

0,:AT DOES ! PRIM>Y ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 ITS HI/ORICAL ORIG91 AM\NT TO8 ,9 SO F> AS IT IS NOT ! DIRECT TRANS=MATION ( SLAVES & S]FS 9TO WAGE E>N]S 7A M]E *ANGE ( =M71 IT SIGNIFIES NO?+ O!R ?AN ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! IMM$IATE PRODUC]S1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! MAK+ AN 5D ( PRIVATE PROP]TY BAS$ UPON ! LABOR ( ITS [N]4 

,SELF-E>N$ PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ?AT MAY BE LOOK$ UPON AS GR\ND$ ON A COALESC5CE ( ! ISOLAT$1 9DIVIDUAL1 & 9DEP5D5T WORK]1 ) HIS WORK+ CONDITIONS1 IS SUPPLANT$ BY CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :I* IS MA9TA9$ BY ! EXPLOITATION ( O!RS' LABOR1 BUT ( LABOR :I*1 9 A =MAL S5SE1 IS FREE4 

0,AS SOON AS ?IS PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION HAS SUFFICI5TLY DIS9TEGRAT$ ! OLD SOCIETY1 HAS DECOMPOS$ IT ?R\< & ?R\<2 AS SOON AS ! WORK]S HAVE BE5 METAMORPHOS$ 9TO PROLET>IANS1 & !IR WORK+ CONDITIONS 9TO CAPITAL2 AS SOON AS ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION CAN /& UPON ITS [N FEET--!N ! FUR!R SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR & ! FUR!R TRANS=MATION ( ! L& & ( ! O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO SOCIALLY UTILIZ$ 7?AT IS TO SAY1 COMMUNAL7 MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* IMPLIES ! FUR!R EXPROPRIATION ( PRIVATE [N]S1 TAKES ON A NEW =M4 ,:AT HAS N[ TO BE EXPROPRIAT$1 IS NO LONG] ! LABOR] WORK+ ON HIS [N ACC\NT1 BUT ! CAPITALI/ :O EXPLOITS MANY LABOR]S4 

0,?IS EXPROPRIATION IS BR\<T AB\T BY ! OP]ATION ( ! IMMAN5T LAWS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 BY ! C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,ONE CAPITALI/ LAYS A NUMB] ( HIS FELL[ CAPITALI/S L[4 ,H&-9-H& ) SU* C5TRALIZATION1 CONCOMITANTLY ) ! EXPROPRIATION ( MANY CAPITALI/S BY A FEW1 ! COOP]ATIVE =M ( ! LABOR PROCESS DEVELOPS TO AN EV]-9CREAS+ DEGREE2 !RE) WE F9D A GR[+ T5D5CY T[>DS ! PURPOSIVE APPLICATION ( SCI5CE TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( TE*NIQUE2 ! L& IS MORE ME?ODICALLY CULTIVAT$2 ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR T5D TO ASSUME =MS :I* >E ONLY UTILIZABLE BY COMB9$ EF=T2 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E ECONOMIZ$ ?R\< BE+ TURN$ TO ACC\NT ONLY BY JO9T1 BY SOCIAL LABOR4 ,ALL ! PEOPLES ( ! WORLD >E 5ME%$ 9 ! NET ( ! WORLD M>KET1 & !RE=E ! CAPITALI/ REGIME T5DS MORE & MORE TO ASSUME AN 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT]4 ,:ILE !RE IS ?US A PROGRESSIVE DIM9UTION 9 ! NUMB] ( ! CAPITALI/ MAGNATES 7:O USURP & MONOPOLIZE ALL ! ADVANTAGES ( ?IS TRANS=MATIVE PROCESS71 !RE OCCURS A CORRESPOND+ 9CREASE 9 ! MASS ( POV]TY1 OPPRESSION1 5SLAVEM5T1 DEG5]ATION1 & EXPLOITATION2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME !RE IS A /EADY 9T5SIFICATION ( ! WRA? ( ! WORK+ CLASS--A CLASS :I* GR[S EV] MORE NUM]\S1 & IS DISCIPL9$1 UNIFI$1 & ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION4 ,CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY BECOMES A FETT] UPON ! ME?OD ( PRODUCTION :I* HAS FL\RI%$ ) IT & UND] IT4 ,! C5TRALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR REA* A PO9T :]E !Y PROVE 9COMPATIBLE ) !IR CAPITALI/ HUSK4 ,?IS BUR/S ASUND]4 ,! KNELL ( CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY S\NDS4 ,! EXPROPRIATORS >E EXPROPRIAT$4 

0,! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( APPROPRIATION PROCE$+ \T ( ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION1 & CONSEQU5TLY CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY1 IS ! FIR/ NEGATION ( 9DIVIDUAL PRIVATE PROP]TY BAS$ UPON 9DIVIDUAL LABOR4 ,BUT1 ) ! 9EXORABILITY ( A LAW ( NATURE1 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION BEGETS ITS [N NEGATION4 ,IT IS A NEGATION ( A NEGATION4 ,?IS SECOND NEGATION DOES NOT REE/ABLI% PRIVATE PROP]TY2 BUT IT DOES REE/ABLI% 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY UPON ! BASIS ( ! ACQUISITIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ ]A2 I4 E4 ON COOP]ATION & ! COMMON [N]%IP ( ! L& & ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7:I* LABOR ITSELF PRODUCES740 

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