,*APT] #g 
,A*IEVEM5T1 ,P>T #b3 ,! ,ALLIANCE & ! ,9T]NATIONAL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,OTTO ,RUHLE 

,TEXT 3 

,A*IEVEM5T 
,P>T ,I,I 

,! ,ALLIANCE & ! ,9T]NATIONAL 

,AT ! ,B]NE ,CONGRESS ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM1 ,BAKUN9 HAD TRI$ TO 9DUCE ! LEAGUE TO ADOPT A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 & TO AFFILIATE TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,:5 ?IS ATTEMPT FAIL$1 HE RESIGN$ FROM ! LEAGUE1 &1 9 CONJUNCTION ) ,J4 ,P4 ,BECK]1 F\ND$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY1 ALSO KN[N AS ! ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES4 ,HIS AIM N[ WAS TO GET ?IS ,ALLIANCE ACCEPT$ AS P>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL2 !N1 BY DEGREES1 TO EXCAVATE & ABSORB ! ,9T]NATIONAL2 UNTIL1 AT LA/1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY ! ,ALLIANCE4 

,=1 AS HE HAD SAID AT ! ,B]NE ,CONGRESS1 HE HAT$ COMMUNISM BECAUSE IT IMPLI$ ! ANNIHILATION ( FRE$OM1 & W\LD CONC5TRATE ALL ! P[]S ( SOCIETY 7PROP]TY 9CLUD$7 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,HIS AIM1 HE HAD SAID1 WAS NOT COMMUNISM BUT COLLECTIVISM1 ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BY WAY ( FREE ASSOCIATION4 ,HE ALSO ADVOCAT$ REPUBLICANISM & A!ISM4 ,BUT HI< ABOVE ALL PR9CIPLES1 HE CONT5D$1 MU/ /& ! MORAL PR9CIPLES ( UNIV]SAL HUMAN JU/ICE4 

,?IS PROGRAM PLACES HIM SOME:]E BETWE5 ,M>X & ,PR\DHON4 ,MEHR+ *>ACT]IZES ,BAKUN9'S ATTITUDE V]Y APTLY :5 HE SAYS3 0,BAKUN9 HAD ADVANC$ F> BEYOND ,PR\DHON1 HAV+ ABSORB$ A L>G] MEASURE ( ,EUROPEAN CULTURE2 & HE UND]/OOD ,M>X MU* BETT] ?AN ,PR\DHON HAD DONE4 ,BUT HE WAS NOT SO 9TIMATELY ACQUA9T$ ) ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY AS ,M>X1 NOR HAD HE MADE SO ?OR\< A /UDY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLES ( WE/]N ,EUROPEAN NATIONS4 ,ABOVE ALL1 HIS IGNORANCE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY WAS MU* MORE DISA/R\S TO HIM ?AN IGNORANCE ( NATURAL SCI5CE HAD BE5 TO ,PR\DHON4 ,YET HE WAS REVOLUTION>Y ?R\< & ?R\<2 &1 LIKE ,M>X & ,LASSALLE1 HE HAD ! GIFT ( MAK+ PEOPLE LI/5 TO HIM4 ,:]EAS1 H[EV]1 ,M>X CONSID]$ ?AT ! CORE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y FI<T+ =CES W\LD BE =M$ BY ! MANUFACTUR+ PROLET>IAT1 BY ! WORK]S :OSE *>ACT]I/ICS HE HAD /UDI$ 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 & ,G]MANY1 ,BAKUN9 C\NT$ UPON DECLASS$ Y\?1 ! PEASANT MASSES1 & EV5 ! TATT]DEMALION PROLET>IAT1 = SUPPORT4 ,M>X FAVOR$ C5TRALISM1 AS MANIFE/$ 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC LIFE & ( ! ,/ATE2 ,BAKUN9 FAVOR$ F$]ALISM1 :I* HAD BE5 ! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE ( ! PRE-CAPITALI/ ]A4 ,?AT WAS :Y ,BAKUN9 F\ND MO/ ( HIS ADH]5TS 9 ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 & ,RUSSIA1 9 C\NTRIES :]E CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T WAS BACKW>D4 ,M>X'S SUPPORT]S1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E RECRUIT$ FROM L&S ( ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ?OSE ) AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,! TWO M5 REPRES5T$ TWO SUCCESSIVE PHASES ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,BAKUN9 LOOK$ UPON MAN RA!R AS ! SUBJECT ( HI/ORY :O1 'HAV+ ! DEVIL 9 HIS BODY1 SPONTANE\SLY RIP5S = ! REVOLUTION1 & M]ELY NE$S TO HAVE HIS *A9S BROK52 BUT ,M>X REG>D$ MAN RA!R AS ! OBJECT1 :O MU/ SL[LY BE TRA9$ = ACTION1 9 ORD] ?AT1 M>%AL$ = CLASS ACTIVITY1 HE MAY PLAY HIS P>T AS A FACTOR ( HI/ORY4 ,! TWO \TLOOKS MI<T HAVE BE5 COMB9$1 = 9 COMB9ATION !Y SUPPLY ! ACTUAL PICTURE ( MAN 9 HI/ORY4 ,BUT 9 ! CASE ( BO? ( !SE *AMPIONS1 ! NECESS>Y COMPROMISE WAS R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE BY ! OR?ODOX RIGIDITY ( 9TELLECTUAL DOGMATISM1 BY DEFICI5T ELA/ICITY ( ! WILL1 & BY ! N>R[ CIRCUM/ANCES ( SPACE & TIME1 SO ?AT 9 ACTUAL FACT !Y BECAME ADV]S>IES4 ,!N1 [+ TO !IR RESPECTIVE TEMP]AM5TS1 [+ TO ! DIV]G5CES 9 M5TAL /RUCTURE :I* F\ND EXPRESSION 9 BEHAVIOR1 !IR OPPOSITION 9 CONCRETE MATT]S DEVELOP$ 9TO P]SONAL 5MITY40 

,! CONCRETE OPPOSITIONS F\ND !IR FIR/ EXPRESSION 9 ! DET]M9ATION ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TO REFUSE ! PROPOS$ AFFILIATION ( ! ,ALLIANCE4 ,?IS DECISION WAS 9SPIR$ BY ,M>X4 ,RI<TLY OR WRONGLY1 HE REG>D$ ! ,ALLIANCE AS A RIVAL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & WAS AFRAID ?AT 9 ! FUTURE !RE MI<T BE TWO ,G5]AL ,C\NCILS1 TWO ,CONGRESSES1 & TWO ,9T]NATIONALS4 ,TO HIM1 ?IS WAS AN 9TOL]ABLE IDEA4 ,PRESUMABLY ?AT WAS :Y1 9 ?IS P>TICUL> CASE1 HE WAS SO RIGID 9 HIS 9SI/5CE ?AT ! ,ALLIANCE WAS NOT A SUITABLE BODY = AFFILIATION TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 AL?\< ! LATT] HAD NOT 9 G5]AL BE5 /RICT 9 ITS DEM& = QUALIFICATIONS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 AT HIS 9/IGATION1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9SI/$ ?AT ! ,G5EVESE SECTION1 :I* HAD PROPOS$ ! ,ALLIANCE = AFFILIATION1 MU/ REFRA9 FROM SETT+ UP A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,ALLIANCE & FROM HOLD+ ITS [N CONGRESSES4 ,G5EVA EXPRESS$ ITS WILL+NESS TO COMPLY ) !SE 9/RUCTIONS1 & ! ,G5EVESE SECTION WAS !REUPON ACCEPT$4 ,BUT ,M>X & ,5GELS DI/RU/$ ! ,G5EVESE1 :O W]E L$ BY ,BAKUN94 ,!Y FELT ?AT BETWE5 !M & ,BAKUN9 !RE WAS AN IRRECONCILABLE OPPOSITION1 :I* C\LD NOT BE %UFFL$ \T ( ! WORLD BY =MALITIES4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT ,BAKUN9 W\LD CONT9UE TO PURSUE HIS HIDD5 AIMS1 W\LD TRY TO MAKE ( ! ,G5EVESE SECTION ! C5T] ( A SECRET SOCIETY :I* W\LD E/ABLI% ITSELF 9SIDE ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ORD] TO DISRUPT ?IS LATT]4 ,!Y W]E ANXI\S AB\T ! F\NDATIONS ( !IR P[]4 

,A FUR!R DIFFICULTY WAS ! MAT]IAL 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 ! PROGRAMS ( ! ,ALLIANCE & ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,BAKUN9I/ PROGRAM WAS NOT :AT ,M>X ANGRILY CALL$ IT3 0AN OLLA PODRIDA ( WORN-\T COMMONPLACES1 ?\<TLESS *ATT]2 A ROSE-G>L& ( EMPTY NOTIONS1 & 9SIPID IMPROVIZATION40 ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 BAS$ UPON ANO!R F\NDATION ?AN ?AT ( ! M5TAL & POLITICAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! WORK]S 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,EUROPE4 ,BAKUN9'S PROGRAM WAS DIRECT$ T[>DS A DI/ANT GOAL1 :]EAS ,M>X WAS PR$OM9ANTLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! WAY ?I!R4 0,M>X SAID TO HIMSELF3 ',! M5TALITY ( ! WORK]S1 >IS+ \T ( !IR ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 IS ?IS OR ?AT4 ,WAYS 9 CON=MITY ) ! P[]S ( !SE WORK]S >E TO BE *OS5 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% ECONOMIC CONDITIONS :I* WILL GIVE !M 5HANC$ P[]S4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! WORK]S MU/ BE MADE AW>E ( !IR [N /R5G? BY AWAK5+ !IR CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,:5 ?AT HAS BE5 DONE1 O!R ?+S WILL FOLL[ 9 DUE C\RSE4' ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,ALLIANCE1 AS ,M>X SAW IT1 WANT$ ! 5D BE=E ! BEG9N+4 ,IT TURN$ ! AIMS ( $UCATION UPSIDE D[N1 & ?US 9T]F]$ ) ! ,M>XIAN ME?OD ( $UCATION40 

,! FE> ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS PLOTT+ RIVALRY TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS 9T5SIFI$ BY ! FACT ?AT1 LIV+ 9 ,G5EVA1 HE HAD1 BY ZEAL\S AGITATION1 SUCCE$$ 9 W9N+ A L>GE NUMB] ( ADH]5TS AMONG ! HOMEWORK]S 9 ! WAT*MAK+ 9DU/RY ( ! ,NEU*ATEL & ,B]NESE ,JURA4 ,H]E !RE ALREADY EXI/$ ! BEG9N+S ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T2 & SOME YE>S BE=E1 9 #a#h#f#e1 ,DR4 ,C\LL]Y HAD F\ND$ 9 ,LA ,*AUX DE ,FONDS A SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ) F\R OR FIVE HUNDR$ MEMB]S4 ,!SE HI<LY SKILL$ WORK]S--:OSE PR9CIPAL LEAD] WAS ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 A TEA*] AT ! ,9DU/RIAL ,S*OOL 9 ,LE ,LODE1 & A ,HEGELIAN 9 PHILOSOPHY--W]E F$]ALI/ICALLY 9CL9$ BECAUSE !Y W]E ,SWISS & W]E 9DEP5D5TLY WORK+ PROLET>IANS2 !Y W]E A!I/ICALLY 9CL9$ AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! SANCTIMONI\S OR?ODOXY ( ! ,G5EVESE2 & !Y W]E REVOLUTION>Y BECAUSE !Y W]E 9 POOR CIRCUM/ANCES & BECAUSE !Y W]E AFFECT$ ) REPRESS$ RELIGI\S IMPULSES4 ,!Y BECAME >D5T SUPPORT]S ( ,BAKUN94 ,HE AMALGAMAT$ !IR GR\PS 9TO A F$]AL C\NCIL2 F\ND$ A WEEKLY1 0,EGALITE10 & />T$ A VIGOR\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,LONDON1 ?IS >\S$ ! IMPRESSION ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS TRY+1 BY A DEVI\S ME?OD & WORK+ )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 TO ATTA9 ! 5DS :I* HE HAD BE5 UNABLE TO REA* BY A DIRECT R\TE4 ,AT ! ,BASLE ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #e & #f1 #a#h#f#i1 ,BAKUN9 WAS NO LONG]1 AS HE HAD BE5 9 ,BRUSSELS1 ALONE AGA9/ ! ,M>XIAN FRONT1 BUT WAS BACK$ UP BY A RESOLUTE PHALANX ( SUPPORT]S4 

,9 ! PROCE$+S AT ?IS CONGRESS1 ,BAKUN9'S VIEWS CONC]N+ ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE & ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! L& DID NOT1 9DE$1 GA9 AN UNQUALIFI$ VICTORY OV] ! VIEWS ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,IT WAS OBVI\S1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,BAKUN9'S 9FLU5CE WAS ON ! 9CREASE4 ,?IS BECAME ESPECIALLY PLA9 DUR+ ! DISCUSSION ( ! QUE/ION ( DIRECT LEGISLATION BY ! PEOPLE 79ITIATIVE & REF]5DUM74 ,ON ?IS MATT]1 ,BAKUN9 REPORTS3 0,AT ! ,BASLE ,CONGRESS !RE W]E PRES5T = ! FIR/ TIME DELEGATES FROM ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 & ,G]MAN ,SWITZ]L& 9 V]Y L>GE NUMB]S1 EXTREMELY WELL ORGANIZ$1 & MEMB]S ( ! PATRIOTIC1 UNIFI$1 PANG]MAN P>TY1 CALL$ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,UND] ! 9/IGATION ( ,M>X & ! ,M>XI/S1 & 9 OB$I5CE TO A /RICT DISCIPL9E1 ! ,G]MAN & ,G]MAN-,SWISS DELEGATES PRES5T$ TO ! ,BASLE ,CONGRESS A NEW POLITICAL PROGRAM :I*1 HAD IT BE5 ACCEPT$1 W\LD HAVE COMPLETELY \/$ ! TRUE PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & W\LD HAVE MADE ?AT ORGANIZATION A TOOL 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOIS RADICALS4 ,!IR S*EME WAS W>MLY SUPPORT$ BY ALL ! ,G]MAN & ,5GLI% DELEGATES ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! ,LAT9 DELEGATES W]E 9 ! MAJORITY1 & ! PROJECT ( ! ,G]MANS WAS REJECT$4 ,H5CE ?IS WRA?40 

,= A LONG TIME1 ,BAKUN9'S OPPON5TS HAD BE5 WORK+ TO UND]M9E HIS POSITION4 ,!Y TRI$ TO *ECK ! GR[? ( HIS 9FLU5CE BY A FLOOD ( SUSPICIONS & 9VECTIVES4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 AN 9DIVIDUAL NAM$ ,BORCKHEIM1 A LIT]>Y MAN ( D\BTFUL ANTEC$5TS1 :O HAD BE5 HELP+ ,M>X 9 V>I\S MONET>Y AFFAIRS & AS 9T]M$I>Y 9 ! >RANGEM5T ( LOANS1 9AUGURAT$ A RUSSOPHOBE CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,BAKUN94 ,! YE> BE=E 7#a#h#f#h71 9 ! 0,DEMOKRATIS*ES ,WO*5BLATT0 PUBLI%$ 9 ,LEIPZIG UND] ,LIEBKNE*T'S $ITOR%IP1 HE HAD ATTACK$ ,BAKUN9'S P]SONAL HONOR 9 ! MO/ ODI\S WAY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,BEBEL1 9 A LETT] TO ,J4 ,P4 ,BECK]1 HAD WRITT5 ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS 0PROBABLY AN AG5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T40 ,LIEBKNE*T1 TOO1 HAD CIRCULAT$ A REPORT ?AT ,S*WEITZ] HAD BE5 B\<T BY ,BISM>CK1 & ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS 9 ! ,CZ>'S PAY4 ,MOSES ,HESS1 LIKEWISE1 HAD JO9$ 9 ! UND]GR\ND 9TRIGUES AGA9/ ,BAKUN9 BY DISSEM9AT+ SUSPICION4 ,AT ! ,BASLE ,CONGRESS1 ,BAKUN9 WAS ABLE TO BR+ MATT]S TO A HEAD ) ,LIEBKNE*T1 & TO SECURE ! APPO9TM5T ( A C\RT ( >BITRATION TO 9VE/IGATE ! *>GES4 ,LIEBKNE*T HAD NO PRO(S TO ADDUCE1 & DECL>$ ?AT HIS WORDS HAD BE5 MISUND]/OOD4 ,! JURY UNANIM\SLY AGRE$ ?AT ,LIEBKNE*T HAD BEHAV$ 0) CRIM9AL LEVITY10 & MADE HIM GIVE ,BAKUN9 A WRITT5 APOLOGY4 ,! ADV]S>IES %OOK H&S BE=E ! CONGRESS4 ,BAKUN9 MADE A SPILL \T ( ! APOLOGY1 & LI<T$ A CIG>ETTE ) IT4 

,AL?\< IT WAS NATURAL ?AT ,BAKUN9 %\LD HAVE DEF5D$ HIMSELF AGA9/ CALUMNY1 SUSPICION IS >\S$ BY HIS EXTREME S5SITIV5ESS1 & BY ! VIOL5CE ( HIS REACTION4 ,BACKBIT+1 DETRACTION1 ! UTT]ANCE ( SUSPICIONS1 W]E !N1 AS !Y >E N[1 COMMON 5\< 9 TIMES ( F]M5T--ESPECIALLY 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y CAMP1 :I* IS ALWAYS A FOCUS = ! ACTIVITIES ( SPIES4 ,AS WE KN[ TODAY 7AL?\< ! MATT] WAS !N A PR(\ND SECRET71 !RE WAS A WEAK SPOT & A SORE ONE 9 ,BAKUN9'S REVOLUTION>Y PA/1 SOME?+ HE W\LD FA9 HAVE =GOTT5 IF HE C\LD4 ,9 #a#h#e#a1 :5 CONF9$ 9 ! =TRESS ( ,/4 ,PET] & ,/4 ,PAUL1 AFT] YE>S ( RIGOR\S IMPRISONM5T1 & :5 9 A CONDITION ( 9T5SE BODILY WEAKNESS & PR(\ND M5TAL DEPRESSION1 HE HAD1 AT ! 9/IGATION ( ,CZ> ,NI*OLAS1 SIGN$ A 0CONFESSION10 9 ! HOPE ?AT ?IS W\LD PROCURE HIS LIB]ATION FROM ! GRIM DUNGEON4 ,IT WAS A CONFESSION AS TO HIS REVOLUTION>Y PA/1 0A MIXTURE ( TRU? & FICTION10 AS HE WROTE TO ,H]Z52 A ROMANTIC & 9ACCURATE DOCUM5T1 9T5D$ TO MISLEAD1 P5N$ 9 A TONE ( ASSUM$ HUMILITY & HYPOCRITICAL SUBS]VI5CY4 ,BUT IT GAVE NO NAMES1 & BETRAY$ NO ONE4 ,IT WAS1 AS ,POLONSKI SAID1 A 0,MA*IAVELLIAN MA/]PIECE40 ,BAKUN9 WAS DISAPPO9T$ 9 HIS EXPECTATIONS4 ,NI*OLAS1 DISSATISFI$ ) ! CONFESSION1 GAVE ORD]S ?AT ! PRISON] WAS TO REMA9 :]E HE WAS TILL FUR!R NOTICE4 ,:51 9 ! 5D1 AFT] ! DEA? ( ! CZ>1 ,BAKUN9 WAS AT LEA/ P>TIALLY FRE$ BY BE+ S5T TO ,SIB]IA1 MEMORIES ( ?IS MY/]I\S DOCUM5T HAUNT$ HIM1 FILL$ HIM ) %AME1 ANXIETY1 & DESPAIR4 ,HE WAS CONT9UALLY DREAD+ ?AT ITS PUBLICATION W\LD EXPOSE HIM TO RIDICULE1 HATR$1 & ACCUSATIONS ( DI%ONORABLE CONDUCT4 ,!SE FE>S MADE HIM IRRITABLE1 UNDULY S5SITIVE4 ,! WOR/ ( IT WAS ?AT ! EMISS>IES ( ! CZ>I/ POLICE1 :O FOLL[$ HIM :I!RSOEV] HE W5T1 & W]E ALWAYS ON ! WAT* TO C\NT]ACT HIS REVOLUTION>Y MA*9ATIONS1 ?REAT5$ AGA9 & AGA9 TO PUBLI% HIS CONFESSION1 :I* !Y HAD READY = CIRCULATION PR9T$ AS A PAMPHLET4 ,?IS HAPP5$ 9 ,/OCKHOLM1 9 ,LYONS1 & 9 ,ITALY4 ,BAKUN9 NATURALLY BELIEV$ ?AT SOME KN[L$GE ( ! CONFESSION HAD FILT]$ ?R\< TO HIS ADV]S>IES 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & HE TREMBL$ TO ?9K ( ! DAY :5 ! /ORY W\LD BE SPREAD F> & WIDE & HIS NAME AS A REVOLUTIONI/ W\LD BE T>NI%$ = EV]4 

,9 ACTUAL FACT1 HIS OPPON5TS HAD HE>D NO?+ ( ! CONFESSION4 ,!Y CONT9U$ TO SPREAD CALUMNIES AB\T HIM1 NONE ! LESS4 ,! REBUKE GIV5 TO ,LIEBKNE*T HAD NO MORE ?AN A TEMPOR>Y EFFECT4 ,EV5 ,M>X WAS NOT A%AM$ TO DISSEM9ATE SUSPICION AGA9 & AGA91 & 9 ! OBSCURITY ( PRIVATE CORRESPOND5CE TO BESMIR* ! HONOR ( ! DETE/$ RIVAL4 ,9 ?IS 5T]PRISE1 ,M>X ACCEPT$ ! UNCLEAN ASSI/ANCE ( A ,RUSSIAN NAM$ ,UT91 :O TO BEG9 )1 0A VA9 & TALKATIVE MAN10 HAD =C$ HIMSELF ON ,BAKUN91 SUBSEQU5TLY1 :5 HE MET ) A REBUFF1 TO P]SECUTE ! LATT] BY SPREAD+ ABROAD MALICI\S REPORTS AB\T HIM4 ,?IS SAME ,UT91 AFT] ,BAKUN9 HAD REMOV$ FROM ,G5EVA TO ,LOC>NO1 WAS ABLE BY 9T]M9ABLE UND]GR\ND MA*9ATIONS TO BR+ AB\T A SPLIT 9 ! ,G5EVESE SECTION1 & TO GET ! $ITOR%IP ( 0,EGALITE0 9TO HIS H&S4 ,UND] ,M>X'S PROTECTION1 HE BECAME ! GO-BETWE5 9 PROMOT+ ! POLICY ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ON ! /R5G? ( 9=MATION MA9LY RECEIV$ FROM ,UT91 ,M>X1 ON ,M>* #b#h1 #a#h#g1 ?R\< ! 9/RUM5TALITY ( HIS FRI5D ,KUGELMANN 9 ,HANOV]1 S5T A 0CONFID5TIAL COMMUNICATION0 TO ! ,BRUNSWICK EXECUTIVE ( ! ,EIS5A* ,LABOR ,P>TY--! P>TY ?AT HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 #ahfi BY ,LIEBKNE*T & ,BEBEL AS A RIVAL ( ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S4 ,9 ?IS CONFID5TIAL COMMUNICATION1 ,M>X NOT ONLY REVIV$ ! DISPROV$ *>GES AGA9/ ,BAKUN91 BUT ADD$ A NEW 0REVELATION40 ,HE DECL>$ ?AT ,BAKUN91 AFT] ,H]Z5'S DEA?1 HAD EMBEZZL$ AN ANNUAL SUBV5TION ( #b#e1 FRANCS1 :I* ,H]Z5 HAD 9T5D$ TO BE US$ = PROPAG&A PURPOSES BY A 0FRI5DLY PSEUDO-SOCIALI/ PANSLAVI/ P>TY 9 ,RUSSIA40 ,!RE WAS NOT A WORD ( TRU? 9 ! /ORY4 ,IT IS M5TION$ ONLY TO %[ ! DEP?S TO :I* ?OSE /OOP$ :O W]E 5GAG$ 9 ?IS DISA/R\S QU>REL AMONG BRE?R54 

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO PO9T \T1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,BAKUN9 NEV] TRI$ TO PAY ,M>X BACK 9 ! SAME CO94 ,:AT ,MEHR+ SAYS ( ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S1 ?AT 0WE %ALL LOOK 9 !M 9 VA9 = ANY TRACE ( V5OM T[>DS ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL OR T[>DS ,M>X10 APPLIES ) EQUAL =CE TO ALL ,BAKUN9'S DO+S 9 ?IS FI]CE CAMPAIGN4 ,NOT)/&+ HIS UN=TUNATE EXP]I5CES1 HE PRES]V$ SO KE5 A S5SE ( JU/ICE & SO SPL5DID A MAGNANIMITY1 ?AT ON ,JANU>Y #b#h1 #a#h#g#b1 WRIT+ TO ! 9T]NATIONALI/S ( ! ,ROMAGNA AB\T ,M>X & ! ,M>XI/S1 HE WAS ABLE TO SAY3 0,=TUNATELY = ! ,9T]NATIONAL !RE EXI/$ 9 ,LONDON A GR\P ( M5 :O W]E EXTREMELY DEVOT$ TO ! GREAT ASSOCIATION1 & :O W]E1 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORDS1 ! REAL F\ND]S & 9ITIATORS ( ?AT BODY4 ,I SPEAK ( ! SMALL GR\P ( ,G]MANS :OSE LEAD] IS ,K>L ,M>X4 ,!SE E/IMABLE P]SONS REG>D ME AS AN 5EMY1 & MALTREAT ME AS SU* :5EV] & :]EV] !Y CAN4 ,!Y >E GREATLY MI/AK54 ,I AM 9 NO RESPECT !IR 5EMY1 & IT GIVES ME ON ! CONTR>Y LIVELY SATISFACTION :5 ,I AM ABLE TO DO !M JU/ICE4 ,I (T5 HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY ( DO+ SO1 = ,I REG>D !M AS G5U9ELY IMPORTANT & E/IMABLE P]SONS1 9 RESPECT BO? ( 9TELLIG5CE & KN[L$GE1 & ALSO 9 RESPECT ( !IR PASSIONATE DEVOTION TO ! CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT & ( A LOYALTY TO ?AT CAUSE :I* HAS )/OOD EV]Y POSSIBLE TE/--A DEVOTION & A LOYALTY :I* HAVE BE5 PROV$ BY ! A*IEVEM5TS ( TW5TY YE>S4 ,M>X IS ! SUPREME ECONOMIC & SOCIALI/ G5IUS ( \R DAY4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( MY LIFE1 ,I HAVE COME 9TO CONTACT ) A GREAT MANY LE>N$ M51 BUT ,I KN[ NO ONE ELSE :O IS SO PR(\NDLY LE>N$ AS HE4 ,5GELS1 :O IS N[ SECRET>Y = ,ITALY & ,SPA91 ,M>X'S FRI5D & PUPIL1 IS ALSO A MAN ( \T/&+ 9TELLIG5CE4 ,AS LONG AGO AS #ahdf & #a#h#d#h1 WORK+ TOGE!R1 !Y F\ND$ ! P>TY ( ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/S1 & !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ?IS DIRECTION HAVE CONT9U$ EV] S9CE4 ,M>X $IT$ ! PR(\ND & ADMIRABLE ,PREAMBLE TO ! ,PROVISIONAL ,RULES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & GAVE A BODY TO ! 9/9CTIVELY UNANIM\S ASPIRATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT ( NE>LY ALL C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE1 9 ?AT1 DUR+ ! YE>S #a#h#f#c-#a#h#f#d HE CONCEIV$ ! IDEA ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & EFFECT$ ITS E/ABLI%M5T4 ,!SE >E GREAT & SPL5DID S]VICES1 & IT W\LD BE V]Y UNGRATEFUL ( US IF WE W]E RELUCTANT TO ACKN[L$GE !IR IMPORTANCE40 

,TO ! OBVI\S QUE/ION :Y1 S9CE !SE ?+S W]E SO1 !RE HAD BE5 A BREA* BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X1 ,BAKUN91 9 ! SAME EPI/LE1 GIVES ! FOLL[+ ANSW]3 0,M>X IS AN AU?ORIT>IAN & C5TRALIZ+ COMMUNI/4 ,HE WANTS :AT WE WANT3 ! COMPLETE TRIUMPH ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY1 BUT HE WANTS IT 9 ! ,/ATE & ?R\< ! ,/ATE P[]1 ?R\< ! DICTATOR%IP ( A V]Y /RONG &1 SO TO SAY1 DESPOTIC PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 ?AT IS1 BY ! NEGATION ( LIB]TY4 ,HIS ECONOMIC IDEAL IS ! ,/ATE AS SOLE [N] ( ! L& & ( ALL K9DS ( CAPITAL1 CULTIVAT+ ! L& ?R\< WELL-PAID AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS UND] ! MANAGEM5T ( ,/ATE 5G9E]S1 & CONTROLL+ ALL 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL ASSOCIATIONS ) ,/ATE CAPITAL4 

0,WE WANT ! SAME TRIUMPH ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 & ( ALL ?AT PASSES BY ! NAME ( LAW 7:I*1 9 \R VIEW1 IS ! P]MAN5T NEGATION ( HUMAN RI<TS74 ,WE WANT ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY1 & ! UNIFICATION ( MANK9D1 TO BE A*IEV$1 NOT FROM ABOVE D[NW>D1 BY ANY SORT ( AU?ORITY1 OR BY SOCIALI/ (FICIALS1 5G9E]S1 & O!R ACCR$IT$ M5 ( LE>N+--BUT FROM BEL[ UPW>DS1 BY ! FREE F$]ATION ( ALL K9DS ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS LIB]AT$ FROM ! YOKE ( ! ,/ATE4 

0,Y\ SEE ?AT TWO !ORIES C\LD H>DLY BE MORE %>PLY OPPOS$ TO ONE ANO!R ?AN \RS >E4 ,BUT !RE IS ANO!R DIFF]5CE BETWE5 US1 A PURELY P]SONAL ONE4 

0,M>X HAS TWO ODI\S FAULTS3 HE IS VA9 & JEAL\S4 ,HE DETE/$ ,PR\DHON1 SIMPLY BECAUSE ,PR\DHON'S GREAT NAME & WELL-DES]V$ REPUTATION W]E PREJUDICIAL TO HIM4 ,!RE IS NO T]M ( ABUSE ?AT ,M>X HAS FAIL$ TO APPLY TO ,PR\DHON4 ,M>X IS EGOTI/ICAL TO ! PIT* ( 9SANITY4 ,HE TALKS ( 'MY IDEAS1' & CANNOT UND]/& ?AT IDEAS BELONG TO NO ONE 9 P>TICUL>1 BUT ?AT1 IF WE LOOK C>EFULLY1 WE %ALL ALWAYS F9D ?AT ! BE/ & GREATE/ IDEAS >E ! PRODUCT ( ! 9/9CTIVE LABOR ( ALL4 444 ,M>X1 :O WAS ALREADY CON/ITUTIONALLY 9CL9$ T[>DS SELF-GLORIFICATION1 WAS DEF9ITIVELY CORRUPT$ BY ! IDOLIZATION ( HIS DISCIPLES1 :O HAVE MADE A SORT ( DOCTR9AIRE POPE \T ( HIM4 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE DISA/R\S TO ! M5TAL & MORAL HEAL? ( A MAN1 EV5 ?\< HE BE EXTREMELY 9TELLIG5T1 ?AN TO BE IDOLIZ$ & REG>D$ AS 9FALLIBLE4 ,ALL ?IS HAS MADE ,M>X EV5 MORE EGOTI/ICAL1 SO ?AT HE IS BEG9N+ TO LOA! EV]Y ONE :O WILL NOT B[ ! NECK BE=E HIM40 

,9SUP]ABLE MAT]IAL DIFF]5CES & 9V9CIBLE P]SONAL ANTAGONISMS COMB9$ TO =M ! ABYSS :I* SEP>AT$ ! LIFE WORK ( !SE TWO M54 ,FUNDAM5TALLY1 ! SEV]ANCE WAS A =CIBLE LAC]ATION ( !IR 9TR9SIC 9T]CONNEXION1 & ! HATR$ EA* FELT = ! O!R WAS A HATR$ ?AT SPRANG FROM LOVE4 ,?AT IS :Y ! SEV]ANCE & ! HATR$ W]E SO DI/RESS+ & SO DISA/R\S = BO?4 

,! ,FRANCO-,G]MAN ,W> & ! ,COMMUNE 

,! FIR/ HALF ( ! YE> #ahg WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY P]PETUAL QU>RELS1 JEAL\S /RUGGLES1 & POLEMICAL WRANGLES BETWE5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,ALLIANCE1 ESPECIALLY BETWE5 ! OPPOS+ P>TIES 9 ! REGION ( ! ,JURA4 ,! CLIMAX ( ! BICK]+S OCCURR$ AT ! CONGRESS ( ! ,ALLIANCE HELD 9 ,LA ,*AUX DE ,FONDS1 ON ,APRIL #d1 #a#h#g1 AT :I* SU* VIOL5T DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION BECAME MANIFE/ )9 ! ,ALLIANCE ?AT IT BROKE UP1 & ! MAJORITY & ! M9ORITY CONT9U$ !IR DISCUSSIONS 9 TWO SEP>ATE CONGRESSES4 ,! #ahg CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS TO HAVE BE5 HELD 9 ,P>IS4 ,S9CE1 H[EV]1 ! ,BONAP>TI/ POLICE HAD 9AUGURAT$ LEGAL PROCE$+S AGA9/ ! MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & WAS /AG+ A GREAT PUBLIC TRIAL1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL SUMMON$ ! CONGRESS = ,SEPTEMB] #e? 9 ,MA9Z4 

,BUT 9 ,JULY #a#h#g1 ! ,FRANCO-,G]MAN W> BROKE \T4 ,9 AN ADDRESS ISSU$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL UND] DATE ,JULY #b#cRD1 ,M>X EXP\ND$ ! POSITION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL T[>DS ?IS W>1 :I* WAS DESCRIB$ AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! W> ( #a#h#f#f1 & AS 0AN AM5D$ $ITION ( ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,DECEMB] #a#h#e#a40 ,HE /RONGLY OPPOS$ ! ATTITUDE ( ,PRUSSIA4 0,ON ! ,G]MAN SIDE1 ! W> IS A W> ( DEF5SE2 BUT :O PUT ,G]MANY TO ! NECESSITY ( DEF5D+ H]SELF8 ,:O 5ABL$ ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE TO WAGE W> UPON H]8 ,PRUSSIA6 ,IT WAS ,BISM>CK :O CONSPIR$ ) ?AT V]Y SAME ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE4 444 ,AFT] H] VICTORY1 DID ,PRUSSIA DREAM ONE MOM5T ( OPPOS+ A FREE ,G]MANY TO AN 5SLAV$ ,FRANCE8 ,JU/ ! CONTR>Y4 ,:ILE C>EFULLY PRES]V+ ALL ! NATIVE BEAUTIES ( H] OLD SY/EM1 %E SUP]ADD$ ALL ! TRICKS ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE4 444 ,! ,BONAP>TI/ REGIME1 :I* TILL !N ONLY FL\RI%$ ON ONE SIDE ( ! ,RH9E1 HAD N[ GOT ITS C\NT]FEIT ON ! O!R4 ,FROM SU* A /ATE ( ?+S1 :AT ELSE C\LD RESULT BUT W>80 ,:AT 9F]5CE WAS TO BE DRAWN AS F> AS ! WORK+ CLASS WAS CONC]N$8 ,IT MU/ BE ON ITS GU>D LE/ ! DEF5SIVE *>ACT] ( ! W> %\LD BE TRANS=M$ 9TO AN ANNEXATIONI/ ONE4 0,IF ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS ALL[S ! PRES5T W> TO LOSE ITS /RICTLY DEF5SIVE *>ACT]1 & TO DEG5]ATE 9TO A W> AGA9/ ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 VICTORY OR DEFEAT WILL PROVE ALIKE DISA/R\S40 

,9 A SECOND ADDRESS1 UND] DATE ,SEPTEMB] #i?1 ,M>X %[$ ?AT ,G]MANY HAD NO HI/ORICAL CLAIM UPON ,ALSACE-,LORRA9E1 & DID NOT NE$ !SE PROV9CES = ! PROTECTION ( ! C\NTRY AS A :OLE AGA9/ ,FRANCE4 0,IF LIMITS >E TO BE FIX$ BY MILIT>Y 9T]E/S1 !RE WILL BE NO 5D TO CLAIMS1 BECAUSE EV]Y MILIT>Y L9E IS NECESS>ILY FAULTY1 & MAY BE IMPROV$ BY AN FLEX+ SOME MORE \TLY+ T]RITORY2 &1 MOREOV]1 !Y CAN NEV] BE FIX$ F9ALLY & FAIRLY1 BECAUSE !Y ALWAYS MU/ BE IMPOS$ BY ! CONQU]OR UPON ! CONQU]$1 & CONSEQU5TLY C>RY )9 !M ! SE$ ( FRE% W>S40 ,HE EXPRESSLY REF]R$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* MU/ BE GIV5 DUE CONSID]ATION AFT] ! W>4 0,! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS HAVE RESOLUTELY SUPPORT$ ! W>1 :I* IT WAS NOT 9 !IR P[] TO PREV5T1 AS A W> = ,G]MAN 9DEP5D5CE & ! LIB]ATION ( ,FRANCE & ,EUROPE FROM ?AT PE/IL5TIAL 9CUBUS1 ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE4 ,IT WAS ! ,G]MAN WORKM5 :O1 TOGE!R ) ! RURAL LABOR]S1 FURNI%$ ! S9EWS & MUSCLES ( H]OIC HO/S1 LEAV+ BEH9D !IR HALF-/>V$ FAMILIES4 ,DECIMAT$ BY ! BATTLES ABROAD1 !Y WILL BE ONCE MORE DECIMAT$ BY MIS]Y AT HOME4 ,9 !IR TURN !Y >E N[ COM+ =W>D TO ASK = 'GU>ANTEES'--GU>ANTEES ?AT !IR IMM5SE SACRIFICES HAVE NOT BE5 BR\<T 9 VA91 ?AT !Y HAVE CONQU]$ LIB]TY1 ?AT ! VICTORY OV] ! IMP]IALI/ >MIES WILL NOT1 AS 9 #a#h#a#e1 BE TURN$ 9TO ! DEFEAT ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE2 & AS ! FIR/ ( !SE GU>ANTEES1 !Y CLAIM AN HONORABLE PEACE = ,FRANCE1 & ! RECOGNITION ( ! ,FR5* REPUBLIC4 444 ,! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS MOVES1 !RE=E1 UND] CIRCUM/ANCES ( EXTREME DIFFICULTY4 444 ,!Y HAVE NOT TO RECAPITULATE ! PA/1 BUT TO BUILD UP ! FUTURE4 ,LET !M CALMLY & RESOLUTELY IMPROVE ! OPPORTUNITIES ( REPUBLICAN LIB]TY1 = ! WORK ( !IR [N CLASS ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WILL GIFT !M ) FRE% ,H]CULEAN P[]S = ! REG5]ATION ( ,FRANCE1 & = \R COMMON TASK--! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR4 ,UPON !IR 5]GIES & WISDOM H+ES ! FATE ( ! REPUBLIC40 

,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,FR5* REPUBLIC DID NOT1 9DE$1 AS YET SIGNIFY ! TAK+ OV] ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT ONLY ! PROCLAMATION ( B\RGEOIS 9T]E/S1 ABOVE ALL 9 RESPECT ( ! QUE/ION1 :O WAS TO PAY ! GIGANTIC W> 9DEMNITY DEM&$ BY ,PRUSSIA4 ,! B\RGEOIS CLASS WAS DET]M9$ ?AT ! BURD5 ( ! W> %\LD ON NO ACC\NT FALL UPON ITS %\LD]S1 BUT %\LD BE %IFT$ TO ?OSE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,) ?IS 5D 9 VIEW1 IT CAME TO AN UND]/&+ ) ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE 7:I* IT HAD JU/ BE5 FI<T+7 AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT 7:I* HAD JU/ BE5 FI<T+ AS ITS ALLY74 ,! NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ,?I]S & ,BISM>CK MEANT TO ! ,FR5* WORK]S3 0,Y\R MONEY OR Y\R LIFE60 ,:5 ! ,COMMUNE WAS PROCLAIM$ ON ,M>* #a#h1 #a#h#g#a1 ! ,P>ISIAN PROLET>IAT1 AS VANGU>D ( ! ,FR5* WORK]S1 PRES5T$ A BOLD FRONT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS HI<WAYM54 ,IT DROVE ITS ADV]S>IES TO ,V]SAILLES1 & 5GAG$ UPON A LIFE-OR-DEA? /RUGGLE4 

,ON ,M>* #a#i1 #a#h#g#a1 ! FIR/ NUMB] ( ! 0,J\RNAL ,(FICIEL10 ! ORGAN ( ! ,COMMUNE1 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,P>IS4 ,NEXT DAY1 9 A LEAD+ >TICLE1 WE READ3 0,AMID ! DEFEATS & ! TREA*]Y ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 ! PROLET>IANS ( ,P>IS HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT ! H\R HAS /RUCK :5 !Y MU/ SAVE ! SITUATION BY TAK+ ! CONDUCT ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS 9TO !IR [N H&S4 444 ,!Y HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT IT IS !IR HI<E/ DUTY & !IR ABSOLUTE RI<T TO MAKE !MSELVES MA/]S ( !IR [N FATE1 & TO SEIZE ! P[]S ( GOV]NM5T40 ,M>X WAS OV]FL[+ ) 5?USIASM4 ,WRIT+ TO ,KUGELMANN1 UND] DATE ,APRIL #a#b?1 HE SAID3 0,:AT ELA/ICITY1 :AT HI/ORICAL 9ITIATIVE1 :AT CAPACITY = SELF-SACRIFICE 9 !SE ,P>ISIANS6 ,AFT] SIX MON?S' />VATION & RU9ATION BY 9T]NAL TREA*]Y1 EV5 MORE ?AN BY ! 5EMY )\T1 !Y RISE UND] ! ,PRUSSIAN BAYONETS AS IF !RE HAD NEV] BE5 A W> BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 & AS IF !RE W]E NO 5EMY \TSIDE ! GATES ( ,P>IS4 ,HI/ORY (F]S NO P>ALLEL TO ?IS GREATNESS60 

,AT ! COMMUNAL ELECTIONS HELD 9 ,P>IS ON ,M>* #b#f1 #a#h#g#a1 #gb SOCIALI/S W]E ELECT$ 7\T ( A TOTAL MEMB]%IP ( #i#b71 AMONG :OM W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AL?\<1 9 SUBSEQU5T ELECTIONS1 MANY MORE ,9T]NATIONALI/S BECAME MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNE1 !Y DID NOT GA9 A MAJORITY4 ,! TACTICS W]E DECID$ BY ! RADICALS & ! ,BLANQUI/S4 ,?\< !RE W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES1 & ?\< !SE REVOLUTIONI/S DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES BY EFFICI5CY & BY DEVOTION TO DUTY1 ! POLITICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS RE/RICT$ TO ! GIV+ ( OCCASIONAL ADVICE4 

0,! ,COMMUNE WAS =M$ ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILORS1 *OS5 BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 V>I\S W>DS ( ! T[N1 RESPONSIBLE & REVOCABLE AT %ORT T]MS4 ,! MAJORITY ( ITS MEMB]S W]E NATURALLY WORK+M51 OR ACKN[L$G$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,COMMUNE WAS TO BE A WORK+1 NOT A P>LIAM5T>Y BODY1 EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE AT ! SAME TIME4 ,9/EAD ( CONT9U+ TO BE ! AG5T ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 ! POLICE WAS AT ONCE /RIPP$ ( ITS POLITICAL ATTRIBUTES1 & TURN$ 9TO ! RESPONSIBLE & AT ALL TIMES REVOCABLE AG5T ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,SO W]E ! (FICIALS ( ALL O!R BRAN*ES ( ! ADM9I/RATION4 ,FROM ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNE D[NW>D1 ! PUBLIC S]VICE HAD TO BE DONE AT WORKM5'S WAGES4 ,! VE/$ 9T]E/S & ! REPRES5TATION ALL[ANCES ( ! HI< DIGNIT>IES ( ,/ATE DISAPPE>$ ALONG ) ! HI< DIGNIT>IES !MSELVES4 ,PUBLIC FUNCTIONS CEAS$ TO BE ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! TOOLS ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,NOT ONLY MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATION1 BUT ! :OLE 9ITIATIVE HI!RTO EX]CIS$ BY ! ,/ATE WAS LAID 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,COMMUNE40 

0,! MULTIPLICITY ( 9T]PRETATIONS TO :I* ! ,COMMUNE HAS BE5 SUBJECT$1 & ! MULTIPLICITY ( 9T]E/S :I* CON/RU$ IT 9 !IR FAVOR1 %[ ?AT IT WAS A ?OR\<LY EXPANSIVE POLITICAL =M1 :ILE ALL PREVI\S =MS ( GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 EMPHATICALLY REPRESSIVE4 ,ITS TRUE SECRET WAS ?IS4 ,IT WAS ESS5TIALLY A WORK+-CLASS GOV]NM5T1 ! PRODUCT ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! PRODUC+ AGA9/ ! APPROPRIAT+ CLASS1 ! POLITICAL =M AT LA/ DISCOV]$ UND] :I* TO WORK \T ! ECONOMICAL EMANCIPATION ( LABOR40 

0,! WORK+ CLASS DID NOT EXPECT MIRACLES FROM ! ,COMMUNE4 ,!Y HAVE NO READY-MADE UTOPIAS TO 9TRODUCE BY POPUL> DECREE4 ,!Y KN[ ?AT 9 ORD] TO WORK \T !IR [N EMANCIPATION1 & ALONG ) IT ?AT HI<] =M TO :I* PRES5T SOCIETY IS IRRESI/IBLY T5D+1 BY ITS [N ECONOMICAL AG5CIES1 !Y WILL HAVE TO PASS ?R\< LONG /RUGGLES1 ?R\< A S]IES ( HI/ORIC PROCESSES1 TRANS=M+ CIRCUM/ANCES & M54 ,!Y HAVE NO IDEALS TO REALIZE1 BUT TO SET FREE ! ELEM5TS ( ! NEW SOCIETY ) :I* OLD COLLAPS+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF IS PREGNANT4 ,9 ! FULL CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR HI/ORIC MISSION1 & ) ! H]OIC RESOLVE TO ACT UP TO IT1 ! WORK+ CLASS CAN AF=D TO SMILE AT ! CO>SE 9VECTIVE ( ! G5TLEM5'S G5TLEM5 ) ! P5 & 9KHORN1 & AT ! DIDACTIC PATRONAGE ( WELL-WI%+ B\RGEOIS DOCTR9AIRES1 P\R+ =? !IR IGNORANT PLATITUDES & SECT>IAN CRO*ETS 9 ! ORACUL> TONE ( SCI5TIFIC 9FALLIBILITY40 

0,:5 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TOOK ! MANAGEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION 9TO ITS [N H&S2 :5 PLA9 WORK+M5 = ! FIR/ TIME D>$ TO 9FR+E UPON ! GOV]NM5TAL PRIVILEGE ( !IR 'NATURAL SUP]IORS1 &1 UND] CIRCUM/ANCES ( UNEXAMPL$ DIFFICULTY1 P]=M$ !IR WORK MODE/LY1 CONSCI5TI\SLY1 & EFFICI5TLY--P]=M$ IT AT SAL>IES ! HI<E/ ( :I* B>ELY AM\NT$ TO ONE-FIF? ( :AT1 ACCORD+ TO HI< SCI5TIFIC AU?ORITY1 IS ! M9IMUM REQUIR$ = A SECRET>Y TO A C]TA9 METROPOLITAN S*OOL BO>D--! OLD WORLD WRI!D 9 CONVULSIONS ( RAGE AT ! SI<T ( ! R$ FLAG1 ! SYMBOL ( ! REPUBLIC ( LABOR1 FLOAT+ OV] ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE40 

0,9 EV]Y REVOLUTION !RE 9TRUDE1 AT ! SIDE ( ITS TRUE AG5TS1 M5 ( A DIFF]5T /AMP2 SOME ( !M SURVIVORS (1 & DEVOTEES TO1 PA/ REVOLUTIONS1 )\T 9SI<T 9TO ! PRES5T MOVEM5T1 BUT PRES]V+ POPUL> 9FLU5CE BY !IR KN[N HONE/Y & C\RAGE1 OR BY ! %E] =CE ( TRADITION2 O!RS M]E BAWL]S1 :O1 BY D9T ( REPEAT+ YE> AFT] YE> ! SAME SET ( /]EOTYP$ DECLAMATIONS AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! DAY1 HAVE SNEAK$ 9TO ! REPUTATION ( REVOLUTIONI/S ( ! FIR/ WAT]4 ,AFT] ,M>* #a#h?1 SOME SU* M5 DID ALSO TURN UP1 & 9 SOME CASES CONTRIV$ TO PLAY PREEM95T P>TS4 ,AS F> AS !IR P[] W5T1 !Y HAMP]$ ! REAL ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 EXACTLY AS M5 ( ?AT SORT HAVE HAMP]$ ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( EV]Y PREVI\S REVOLUTION4 ,!Y >E AN UNAVOIDABLE EVIL2 ) TIME !Y >E %AK5 (F2 BUT TIME WAS NOT ALL[$ TO ! ,COMMUNE40 

,[+ TO A NUMB] ( GRAVE TACTICAL ]RORS1 [+ TO ! LACK ALIKE ( A SUFFICI5TLY DEF9ITE AIM & ( ADEQUATE REVOLUTION>Y DET]M9ATION1 & [+ TO 9T]NAL DISS5SIONS1 ! ,COMMUNE WAS NOT EQUAL TO ! P]=MANCE ( ITS HI/ORIC MISSION4 ,! ,V]SAILLESE GA9$ ! UPP] H&4 0,IF ONLY ! ,COMMUNE HAD LI/5$ TO MY W>N+S10 WROTE ,M>X TO ,PR(ESSOR ,BEESLY4 0,I ADVIS$ ITS MEMB]S TO =TIFY ! NOR!RN SIDE ( ! HEI<TS ( ,MONTM>TRE1 ! ,PRUSSIAN SIDE2 & !Y /ILL HAD TIME TO DO ?IS4 ,I TOLD !M ?AT O!RWISE !Y W\LD F9D !MSELVES 9 A M\SE-TRAP4 ,I D5\NC$ ,PYAT1 ,GR\SSET1 & ,VESIMI]4 ,I BEGG$ !M TO DISPAT* 9/ANTLY TO ,LONDON ALL ! PAP]S :I* C\LD COMPROMISE ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE1 SO ?AT ! SAVAG]Y ( ! 5EMIES ( ! ,COMMUNE MI<T TO SOME EXT5T BE HELD 9 *ECK4 ,?IS W\LD 9 P>T HAVE FRU/RAT$ ! PLAN ( ! ,V]SAILLESE40 ,9/EAD1 DUR+ ! LA/ DAYS ( ,MAY #a#h#g#a1 ! ,COMMUNE WAS OV]?R[N & ITS DEF5D]S W]E MASSACR$ BY ! ,P>ISIAN B\RGEOISIE & ! ,V]SAILLESE TROOPS4 

0,! CIVILIZATION & JU/ICE ( B\RGEOIS ORD] COMES \T 9 ITS LURID LI<T :5EV] ! SLAVES & DRUDGES ( ?AT ORD] RISE AGA9/ !IR MA/]S4 ,!N ?IS CIVILIZATION & JU/ICE /& =? AS UNDISGUIS$ SAVAG]Y & LAWLESS REV5GE4 ,EA* NEW CRISIS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! APPROPRIATOR & ! PRODUC] BR+S \T ?IS FACT MORE GL>+LY4 ,EV5 ! ATROCITIES ( ! B\RGEOIS 9 ,JUNE #ahdh VANI% BE=E ! 9EFFABLE 9FAMY ( #a#h#g#a40 

0,TO F9D A P>ALLEL = ! CONDUCT ( ,?I]S & HIS BLOODH\NDS1 WE MU/ GO BACK TO ! TIMES ( ,SULLA & ! TWO TRIUMVIRATES ( ,ROME4 ,! SAME :OLESALE SLAU<T] 9 COLD BLOOD2 ! SAME DISREG>D1 9 MASSACRE1 ( AGE & SEX1 ! SAME SY/EM ( TORTUR+ PRISON]S2 ! SAME PROSCRIPTIONS1 BUT ?IS TIME ( A :OLE CLASS2 ! SAME SAVAGE HUNT AFT] CONCEAL$ LEAD]S1 LE/ ONE MI<T ESCAPE2 ! SAME D5UNCIATIONS ( POLITICAL & PRIVATE 5EMIES2 ! SAME 9DIFF]5CE = ! BUT*]Y ( 5TIRE /RANG]S TO ! FEUD4 ,!RE IS BUT ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT ! ,ROMANS HAD NO MITRAILLEUSES = ! DISPAT*1 9 ! LUMP1 ( ! PROSCRIB$1 & ?AT !Y HAD NOT '! LAW 9 !IR H&S1' NOR ON !IR LIPS ! CRY ( 'CIVILIZATION4'0 

,)9 A FEW DAYS AFT] ! ,COMMUNE HAD BE5 DR[N$ 9 ! BLOOD ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S1 ,M>X LAID BE=E ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ! DRAFT ( ! ,ADDRESS IT WAS TO ISSUE ON ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE--! ADDRESS FROM :I* ! =EGO+ EXTRACTS HAVE BE5 TAK54 ,BRILLIANTLY WRITT51 IT IS ALIVE ) REVOLUTION>Y PASSION1 & GIVES A MA/]LY HI/ORICAL SKET* ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,AT ONCE A REPORT & A CRITICISM1 SIMULTANE\SLY A JU/IFICATION & A WORK ( PROPAG&A1 IT PRES5TS A M>VEL\SLY P[]FUL PICTURE ( ?IS VOLCANIC \TBREAK1 UNIQUE 9 ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTIONS4 ,IT DEF5DS ! HONOR ( ! ,COMMUNE AGA9/ ! %AMEFUL 9JU/ICE ( ITS ADV]S>IES4 ,IT IS A CL>ION CALL TO >MS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 A DECL>ATION ( W> :OSE M5ACE R+S ?R\< ! DECADES & ?R\< ! C5TURIES4 

,5D ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 

,! ,COMMUNE LEFT ?REE LESSONS = ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT4 ,FIR/ ( ALL IT %[$ ?AT ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE MU/ NOT BE CONF9$ TO ! ECONOMIC OR 9DU/RIAL FIELD1 BUT MU/ TAKE A POLITICAL =M AS WELL4 ,SECONDLY IT %[$ ?AT 9 B\RGEOIS NATIONAL ,/ATES ?IS /RUGGLE C\LD ONLY BE C>RI$ ON UPON ! PLAT=M ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 9 P>LIAM5T1 ! 5TRY TO :I* MU/ BE SECUR$ BY ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS4 ,?IRDLY IT %[$ ?AT ! MA9 9CID5CE ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE HAD BE5 TRANSF]R$ FROM ,FRANCE TO ,G]MANY1 :]E ! WORK+ CLASS WAS RAPIDLY ACQUIR+ POLITICAL IMPETUS4 ,M>X WAS QUICK TO RECOGNIZE ! NEW FEATURES ( ! SITUATION4 ,WRIT+ TO ,KUGELMANN1 HE SAID3 0,?R\< ! FI<T 9 ,P>IS1 ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE HAS 5T]$ UPON A NEW PHASE4 ,NO MATT] H[ ! AFFAIR MAY 5D1 A FRE% />T+-PO9T ( WORLDWIDE HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE HAS BE5 WON40 ,HE WAS PROMPT1 LIKEWISE1 TO DO JU/ICE TO ! *ANG$ SITUATION4 

,HE =ESAW1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! ,BAKUN9I/S 9SIDE ! ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD BE A S]I\S OB/ACLE4 ,! MORE DEF9ITELY ,M>X BECAME 9CL9$ TO ELABORATE ! TACTICS ( A LAW-ABID+ POLICY1 9 CON=MITY ) ! ME?ODS & TR5DS ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 & ! MORE HE AIM$ AT ! CONQUE/ ( ! ,/ATE 9/EAD ( AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE1 ! MORE MU/ ,BAKUN9 & ! ,BAKUN9I/S CONSID] ?AT HE WAS BETRAY+ ! REVOLUTION1 & ! MORE1 !RE=E1 W\LD !Y FEEL IMPELL$ TO ATTACK HIM4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE HAD MADE UP HIS M9D TO CLE> ! ,BAKUN9I/ OPPOSITION \T ( ! WAY4 

,) ?IS1 5D 9 VIEW1 9/EAD ( SUMMON+ A REGUL> CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 HE >RANG$ = A CONF]5CE TO BE HELD 9 ,LONDON1 PAY+ NO HE$ TO PROTE/S FROM ,G5EVA1 0! FOCUS ( 9TRIGUES & QU>RELS40 ,! P]SONNEL ( ! CONF]5CE WAS C>EFULLY *OS5 & SIFT$4 ,S9CE ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL WAS REPRES5T$ BY ?IRTE5 MEMB]S1 & !RE W]E ONLY T5 ADDITIONAL DELEGATES PRES5T1 ,M>X WAS 9 CONTROL FROM ! FIR/1 & WAS ABLE TO 5SURE ! PASS+ ( ! RESOLUTIONS HE WANT$4 ,! SESSIONS W]E HELD FROM ,SEPTEMB] #a#g? TO #b#e?1 & ! WORK WAS DONE ) 0COMPRESS$ 5]GY40 ,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL WAS GIV5 9CREAS$ P[] TO DEAL ) REFRACTORY ORGANIZATIONS1 ITS DICTATORIAL AU?ORITY BE+ ?US NOTABLY 5HANC$4 ,!N >RANGEM5TS W]E MADE = ! *ANGE 9 TACTICS4 ,:]EAS 9 ! ,PREAMBLE TO ! ,PROVISIONAL ,RULES IT HAD BE5 /AT$ 0?AT ! ECONOMICAL EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES IS !RE=E ! GREAT 5D TO :I* EV]Y POLITICAL MOVEM5T \<T TO BE SUBORD9ATE AS A MEANS10 ! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE ADOPT$ ! FOLL[+ RESOLUTION3 0,CONSID]+ ?AT1 AGA9/ ?IS COLLECTIVE P[] ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES1 ! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT ACT AS A CLASS EXCEPT BY CON/ITUT+ ITSELF 9TO A DI/9CT POLITICAL P>TY1 DI/9CT FROM & OPPOS$ TO ALL OLD P>TIES =M$ BY ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES2 ?AT ?IS CON/ITUTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY IS 9DISP5SABLE 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ! TRIUMPH ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ITS ULTIMATE 5D1 ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES2 ?AT ! COMB9ATION ( =CES :I* ! WORK+ CLASS HAS ALREADY EFFECT$ BY ITS ECONOMICAL /RUGGLES \<T AT ! SAME TIME TO S]VE AS A LEV] = ITS /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! L&LORDS & CAPITALI/S--?IS ,CONF]5CE RECALLS TO ! MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT1 9 ! MILITANT /ATE ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ITS ECONOMICAL MOVEM5T & ITS POLITICAL ACTION >E 9DISSOLUBLY UNIT$40 ,! PASS+ ( ?IS RESOLUTION IMPLI$ ! ADOPTION ( A DEF9ITE L9E AGA9/ ,BAKUN94 ,! 9/RUCTION TO ,UT9 TO COLLECT MAT]IALS AGA9/ ,BAKUN9 :I* W\LD 5ABLE ACTION TO BE TAK5 AGA9/ ! LATT]1 WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN A =MAL GE/URE1 MASK+ A FIX$ DET]M9ATION TO \/ ,BAKUN9 FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL AT ALL HAZ>DS4 

,! FIR/ RESULT ( ! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE WAS TO MAKE ! OPPOSITION CONSOLIDATE ITS =CES4 ,9 CONGRESS AT ,SONVILLI]1 ! ,SWISS ,BAKUN9I/S DECID$ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES AS ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION1 & TO ISSUE A CIRCUL> TO ALL SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 PROTE/+ AGA9/ ! DECISIONS ( ! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE1 & DEM&+ ?AT A CONGRESS BE SUMMON$4 ,! CIRCUL> WAS WIDELY SUPPORT$ 9 ,ITALY & ,SPA91 & >\S$ CONSID]ABLE SYMPA?Y 9 ,BELGIUM1 ,FRANCE1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ,LONDON1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL & ! TRADE UNIONS HAD GRADUALLY BECOME LESS 9TIMATE1 & HAD AT L5G? BE5 COMPLETELY BROK5 (F4 ,ODG]1 ,LUCRAFT1 & O!R TRADE-UNION LEAD]S1 HAD RESIGN$ FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL =M$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) A DECISION ( ! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE WAS SOON AT LOGG]HEADS ) ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL2 & )9 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ITSELF !RE HAD APPE>$ A MAJORITY & A M9ORITY FACTION :I* BE=E LONG W]E AT OP5 W>4 ,ECC>IUS HAD RESIGN$ HIS POSITION AS SECRET>Y-G5]AL1 & HAD QU>REL$ ) ,M>X BECAUSE ,M>X HAD ACCUS$ HIM ( CONSPIR+ ) ! ,AM]ICAN F$]ALI/S4 ,JUNG WAS FI]CELY AT ODDS ) ,5GELS1 :O HAD COME TO LIVE 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#h#g1 & WAS N[ A MEMB] ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,HALES1 F9ALLY1 ! NEW SECRET>Y-G5]AL1 BE+ ALSO ! LEAD] ( ! NEWLY F\ND$ ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL1 5T]$ 9TO COMMUNICATION1 )\T CONSULT+ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 ) ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION1 :I* HAD ADOPT$ ! PLAT=M ( ! ,ALLIANCE1 & HAD EXPELL$ ,LAF>GUE1 ,M>X'S SON-9-LAW4 ,?US ! C5T] & HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS R5T ) 9T]NAL DISS5SIONS AT ! V]Y TIME :5 IT WAS ?REAT5$ ) =MIDABLE ONSLAU<TS FROM )\T4 

,?US UNFAVORABLE W]E ! OM5S :5 ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS OP5$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #b1 #a#h#g#b4 0,! CONGRESS IS A LIFE-&-DEA? QUE/ION = ! ,9T]NATIONAL10 ,M>X HAD WRITT5 TO ,KUGELMANN4 0,BE=E ,I RESIGN FROM ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 ,I WANT AT LEA/ TO FREE ! ,9T]NATIONAL FROM DIS9TEGRAT+ ELEM5TS4 ,G]MANY1 !RE=E1 MU/ HAVE AS MANY REPRES5TATIVES AS POSSIBLE4 ,WRITE TO ,HEPN] & TELL HIM ?AT ,I %ALL BE GLAD IF HE WILL PROCURE = Y\ A M&ATE AS DELEGATE40 ,?US ,M>X WAS C>EFULLY ORGANIZ+ ! P]SONNEL ( ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS JU/ AS HE HAD C>EFULLY ORGANIZ$ ?AT ( ! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE4 ,?IS WAS TO BE A DECISIVE BATTLE1 9 :I* HE W\LD GA9 A DEF9ITIVE VICTORY OV] ,BAKUN94 ,HE WANT$ TO RID ! ,9T]NATIONAL ( ALL DANG]\S ELEM5TS4 ,AS SOON AS ! PURGE HAD BE5 EFFECT$1 HE 9T5D$ TO )DRAW FROM ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 

,!RE W]E SIXTY-SEV5 P]SONS AT ! CONGRESS4 ,TWO MORE HAD TURN$ UP1 BUT !IR CR$5TIALS W]E REJECT$4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ CONGRESS AT :I* ,M>X WAS PRES5T2 HE CAME AS MEMB] ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 & HAD1 BESIDES1 ?REE M&ATES 7,MA9Z1 ,LEIPZIG1 & ,NEW ,YORK74 ,5GELS1 9 ADDITION TO HIS VOTE AS MEMB] ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 HAD A VOTE = ,BRESLAU & A VOTE = ,NEW ,YORK4 ,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES IT WAS NOT DIFFICULT = ,M>X TO CONTROL A MAJORITY1 ESPECIALLY SEE+ ?AT ,BAKUN9'S ,ITALIAN SUPPORT]S HAD AB/A9$ FROM S5D+ DELEGATES4 ,M>X WAS SURE ( A VICTORY BE=E ! FI<T HAD BEGUN4 ,BAKUN9 WAS NOT !RE4 ,! CAUSE ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION WAS REPRES5T$ BY ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME4 

,! CONGRESS DID NOT GET D[N TO SOLID BUS9ESS UNTIL ! F\R? DAY4 ,!N ! DICTATORIAL P[]S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL W]E NOT M]ELY MA9TA9$1 BUT W]E CONSID]ABLY AUGM5T$4 ,?IS WAS DECID$ BY #cf VOTES AGA9/ #f1 ) #ae AB/5TIONS1 AFT] ,M>X HAD MADE A LONG SPEE* 9 FAVOR ( ! *ANGE4 ,!N1 S9CE ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E AFRAID ( ,BLANQUI/ 9FLU5CE 9 ,LONDON1 ! SEAT ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL WAS TRANSF]R$ FROM ,LONDON TO ,NEW ,YORK4 7,! ,FR5* DELEGATES1 GREATLY DISGRUNTL$ BY ?IS1 DECL>$ 9 A PAMPHLET !Y SUBSEQU5TLY ISSU$ ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL 0SUMMON$ TO DO ITS DUTY1 REFUS$4 ,IT EVAD$ ! REVOLUTION1 & TOOK FLI<T ACROSS ! ,ATLANTIC OCEAN407 ,AS REG>DS ! QUE/ION ( POLITICAL ACTION1 A RESOLUTION WAS ADOPT$ DECL>+ ! 0ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A POLITICAL P>TY0 TO BE 09DISP5SABLE10 & DESCRIB+ ! 0CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]0 AS 0! PRIME DUTY ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,A COMMITTEE WAS APPO9T$1 TO SIT 9 CAM]A1 9 ORD] TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! CONFLICT ) ! ,ALLIANCE4 ,?IS COMMITTEE1 AFT] ,GUILLAUME HAD REFUS$ TO APPE> BE=E IT 9 ORD] TO DEF5D ! ,ALLIANCE1 DECL>$ ?AT ?AT BODY HAD BE5 F\ND$ AS A SECRET ORGANIZATION )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ?AT ,BAKUN9 HAD BE5 RESPONSIBLE = ITS F\NDATION1 & ?AT 0,CITIZ5 ,BAKUN9 HAS RESORT$ TO FRAUDUL5T MANEUV]S 9 ORD] TO POSSESS HIMSELF ( O!R PEOPLE'S PROP]TY40 ,! COMMITTEE !RE=E URG$ ! CONGRESS3 07#a7 TO EXPEL ,CITIZ5 ,BAKUN9 FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION2 7#b7 LIKEWISE TO EXPEL ,CITIZ5S ,GUILLAUME & ,S*WITZGUEBEL40 ,:5 ! MOTION = ,BAKUN9'S EXPULSION WAS PUT1 IT WAS C>RI$ BY #bg VOTES AGA9/ #g1 ) #h AB/5TIONS2 & ,GUILLAUME'S EXPULSION WAS C>RI$ BY #be VOTES AGA9/ #i1 ) #i AB/5TIONS4 

,M>X HAD WON ! VICTORY OV] HIS DETE/$ ADV]S>Y4 ,NOT CONT5T ) BREAK+ ! POLITICAL TIES BETWE5 HIMSELF & ,BAKUN91 HE HAD EMPHASIZ$ HIS ANIMUS BY SECUR+ ?AT ,BAKUN9 %\LD BE PUBLICLY /IGMATIZ$ AS AN EMBEZZL]4 ,IT WAS SAID ?AT ,BAKUN9 HAD FAIL$ TO REPAY AN ADVANCE ( ?REE HUNDR$ RUBLES MADE HIM = ! TRANSLATION ( ,CAPITAL 9TO ,RUSSIAN4 ,SU* WAS ! ROPE US$ BY ,M>X TO HANG HIS 5EMY--,M>X :O HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 A ?\S& %ADY F9ANCIAL TRANSACTIONS1 & HAD LIV$ ALL HIS LIFE AS P5SION] ON A FRI5D'S B\NTY4 

,M>X WAS JU/IFI$ 9 PROMOT+ ! ADOPTION ( A POLICY :I*1 HE WAS CONV9C$1 C\LD ALONE LEAD TO ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,HE WAS RI<T1 TOO1 9 9SI/+ ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL MU/ FREE ITSELF FROM ,BAKUN91 SEE+ ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS A DECL>$ OPPON5T ( ?IS POLICY1 & WAS DO+ ALL HE C\LD TO C\NT]ACT IT4 ,BUT ?AT ,M>X1 9 ORD] TO SECURE ?IS CONCRETE TRIUMPH1 %\LD HAVE /OOP$ TO P]SONAL CALUMNY1 IS A CONDEMNATION1 NOT ( ,BAKUN91 BUT ( ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,WE HAVE H]E A DEPLORABLE DEMON/RATION ( ! DISA/R\S TRAIT 9 HIS *>ACT] :I* MADE HIM REG>D ALL ! PROBLEMS ( POLITICS1 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 & ! REVOLUTION1 FROM ! \TLOOK ( !IR BE>+ ON HIS P]SONAL CR$IT4 ,A C\NCIL ( 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>IES1 :OSE MA9 BUS9ESS 9 LIFE IS TO BL[ TO SMI!RE5S ! WORLD ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & B\RGEOIS MORALITY1 IS 9DUC$ BY ITS LEAD] TO PASS A VOTE ( REPROBATION & A S5T5CE ( EXPULSION UPON ONE ( ! MO/ BRILLIANT1 H]OIC1 & FASC9AT+ ( REVOLUTIONI/S ! WORLD HAS EV] KN[N1 ON ! GR\ND ?AT ?IS REVOLUTIONI/ HAS MISAPPROPRIAT$ B\RGEOIS PROP]TY4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO PO9T TO ANY?+ MORE PA9FULLY ABSURD 9 ! :OLE /ORY ( ! HUMAN RACE8 

,A VICTORY ?US SECUR$ C\LD BE> NO FRUIT4 ,N[ ?AT ! NATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS W]E TAK+ %APE AS POLITICAL P>TIES1 & W]E ASSUM+ FUNCTIONS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! POLITICAL SY/EM ( ! EXTANT ,/ATE1 !RE WAS NO LONG] ANY JU/IFICATION = ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,SUBORD9ATION TO ! PURPOSES ( AN EXTRA-NATIONAL C5T] C\LD NOT FAIL1 AT ?IS JUNCTURE1 TO CONFLICT ) ! NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ! LABOR P>TIES1 &1 = ! TIME BE+1 TO PROVE AN OB/ACLE TO !IR DEVELOPM5T4 ,BAKUN9 HAD =ESE5 ?IS4 ,9 A CONTRIBUTION TO ! 0,LIB]TE0 ( ,BRUSSELS1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#g#b1 HE WROTE3 0,I REG>D ,MONSIEUR ,M>X AS AN EXTREMELY E>NE/1 IF NOT ALWAYS P]FECTLY UPRI<T REVOLUTIONI/1 AS ONE :O HONE/LY DESIRES ! UPLIFT+ ( ! MASSES1 & ,I ASK MYSELF H[ HE CAN FAIL TO SEE ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A UNIV]SAL1 COLLECTIVE1 OR 9DIVIDUAL DICTATOR%IP1 :I* IS DESIGN$ TO C>RY \T1 AS IT W]E1 ! WORK ( A *IEF 5G9E] ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 REGULAT+ & GUID+ ! 9SURRECTIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES 9 ALL C\NTRIES MU* AS A MA*9E MI<T--?AT1 ,I SAY1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SU* A DICTATOR%IP W\LD ALONE SUFFICE TO P>ALYZE & FALSIFY ALL POPUL> MOVEM5TS8 ,:AT MAN1 OR :AT GR\P ( M51 H[EV] RI*LY 5D[$ ) G5IUS1 CAN V5TURE TO FLATT] !MSELVES--9 VIEW ( ! 5ORM\S QUANTITY ( 9T]E/S1 TR5DS1 & ACTIVITIES1 :I* >E SO DIFF]5T 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 EV]Y PROV9CE1 EV]Y LOCALITY1 EV]Y OCCUPATION1 & :OSE HUGE 5SEMBLE1 UNIT$ BUT NOT MADE HOMOG5E\S BY A GREAT COMMON ASPIRATION & BY C]TA9 PR9CIPLES :I* HAVE N[ 5T]$ 9TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES1 CON/ITUTES ! COM+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION--:O CAN FLATT] !MSELVES ?AT !Y CAN GRASP & UND]/& ?IS HUGE 5SEMBLE80 

,9DE$1 AS TIME W5T ON1 ! ?READS ( POLITICAL 9T]CONNEXION & REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP :I* HAD BE5 CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E PASS+ MORE & MORE HOPELESSLY \T ( ,M>X'S H&S4 ,! TRANSF]5CE ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TO ,NEW ,YORK PROV$ TO HAVE BE5 AN EGREGI\S ]ROR4 ,9 ,LONDON1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL REMA9$ ACTIVE ONLY AS A HEAP ( RU9S1 = ! MA/]Y ( :I* A SW>M ( DW>F POT5TATES W]E CEASELESSLY BICK]+4 ,M>X B>ELY ESCAP$ ! V5GEFUL DE/9Y ( BE+ EXPELL$4 ,AT L5G?1 :5 ! LA/ CONGRESS BEGAN AT ,G5EVA ON ,SEPTEMB] #h1 #a#h#g#c--A CONGRESS = :I*1 AS ,BECK] SAID 9 A LETT] TO ,SORGE1 HE HAD 0CONJUR$ UP1 \T ( ! GR\ND1 AS IT W]E1 ?IRTE5 DELEGATES0 \T ( ! ?IRTY PRES5T--,M>X HAD TO ADMIT1 NOT ONLY ?AT ! CONGRESS WAS A COMPLETE FIASCO1 BUT ALSO ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD COLLAPS$4 

,BUT ,M>X C\LD NOT BR+ HIMSELF TO RETIRE FROM ! /AGE )\T ?R[+ A LA/ H&FUL ( MUD AT ,BAKUN94 ,! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS HAD 9/RUCT$ ! COMMITTEE ?AT EXAM9$ ! *>GES AGA9/ ,BAKUN9 TO PUBLI% ! RESULTS ( ! 9VE/IGATION4 ,S9CE ! COMMITTEE HAD FAIL$ TO C>RY \T ?IS BEHE/1 ,M>X1 9 CONJUNCTION ) ,5GELS & ,LAF>GUE1 UND]TOOK TO ELABORATE A REPORT4 ,IT WAS PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE ,DIE ,ALLIANZ D] SOZIALI/IS*5 ,DEMOKRATIE UND DIE ,9T]NATIONALE ,>BEIT]-,ASSOZIATION .<,! ,ALLIANCE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION.>1 A MALICI\S PAMPHLET1 9 :I* ALMO/ EV]Y L9E IS A DI/ORTION1 ALMO/ EV]Y ALLEGATION AN 9JU/ICE1 ALMO/ EV]Y >GUM5T A FALSIFICATION1 & ALMO/ EV]Y WORD AN UNTRU?4 ,IT FURNI%ES PITILESS EVID5CE ( ! WAY 9 :I* YE>S ( RIVALRY1 YE>S ( /RUGGLE POISON$ BY VANITY1 HATE1 & ! LU/ = P[]1 HAD CORRUPT$ & DEMORALIZ$ ! G5IUS = CONTROV]SY :I* RADIATES SO MAGNIFIC5TLY FROM ,M>X'S E>LI] WRIT+S4 ,EV5 ,MEHR+1 :O IS 9V>IABLY AN 9DULG5T JUDGE :]E ,M>X IS CONC]N$1 PLACES ?IS WORK 0AT ! L[E/ RANK0 AMONG ALL ?OSE PUBLI%$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4 

,BAKUN91 AN OLD MAN ) ONE FOOT 9 ! GRAVE1 SUFF]+1 DISAPPO9T$1 BROK51 EMBITT]$1 WAS CONT5T TO MEET ! ATTACK ) GRIEV$ RESIGNATION4 ,WRIT+ 9 ! 0,J\RNAL DE ,G5EVE10 HE SAID3 0,?IS NEW PAMPHLET IS A =MAL D5UNCIATION1 A G5D>ME D5UNCIATION DIRECT$ AGA9/ A SOCIETY KN[N BY ! NAME ( ! ,ALLIANCE4 ,URG$ ONW>D BY FURI\S HATR$1 ,MONSIEUR ,M>X HAS NOT BE5 AFRAID TO BOX HIS [N E>S1 BY UND]TAK+ TO EXPOSE HIMSELF BE=E ! PUBLIC 9 ! ROLE ( A SNEAKI% & CALUMNIATORY POLICE AG5T4 ,?AT IS HIS [N AFFAIR2 &1 S9CE HE LIKES ! JOB1 LET HIM HAVE IT4 444 ,?IS HAS GIV5 ME AN 9T5SE LOA?+ ( PUBLIC LIFE4 ,I HAVE HAD 5\< ( IT1 &1 AFT] DEVOT+ ALL MY DAYS TO ! /RUGGLE1 ,I AM WE>Y4 444 ,LET O!R & Y\NG] P]SONS PUT !IR H&S TO ! WORK4 ,= MY [N P>T1 ,I NO LONG] FEEL /RONG 5\<1 & P]HAPS ALSO ,I LACK ! NECESS>Y CONFID5CE TO GO ON TRY+ TO ROLL ! /ONE ( ,SISYPHUS UPHILL AGA9/ ! UNIV]SALLY TRIUMPHANT REACTION4 ,I !RE=E )DRAW FROM ! >5A1 & ASK ONLY ONE ?+ FROM MY DE> CONTEMPOR>IES--OBLIVION40 

,:5 ,BAKUN9 DI$ ON ,JULY #a1 #a#h#g#f1 NO TRACE ( ! ,M>XIAN ,9T]NATIONAL REMA9$4 

,! ,GREAT ,A*IEVEM5T 

,! PA9FUL FEEL+S >\S$ 9 US BY ,M>X'S CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,BAKUN91 & ! MORAL JUDGM5TS WE MAY BE 9CL9$ TO PRON\NCE ON ! =M]'S UNCOMRADELY BEHAVIOR1 MU/ NOT LEAD US A/RAY1 MU/ NOT 9CL9E US TO OV]LOOK H[ IMM5SE AN A*IEVEM5T WAS ! F\NDATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 MU/ NOT BL9D US TO ! FACT ?AT ! APPE>ANCE ( ?AT ORGANIZATION M>KS AN EPO*4 

,! ECONOMIC SITUATION ?AT PREVAIL$ ?R\<\T ,EUROPE 9 ! SIXTIES HAD BR\<T PROLET>IAN MASSES 9TO BE+ EV]Y :]E1 & WAS 9 ITSELF AN 9CITEM5T TO ! WORK]S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! VOIC+ ( A CALL TO >MS WAS ! \TCOME ( ,M>X'S G5IUS1 & ! MOBILIZATION ( ! AWAK5+ =CES BY ! /IMULUS ( 9T]NATIONAL CONTACT WAS A HI/ORIC DE$ :I* WILL ALWAYS REMA9 ASSOCIAT$ ) HIS NAME4 ,9 ! P]SPECTIVE ( HI/ORY1 IT IS ( M9OR IMPORTANCE 9 :AT TONE & 9 :AT RHY?M ! CL>ION CALL WAS S\ND$4 ,ONLY ! *RONICL] NE$ C>E TODAY TO ASC]TA9 H[ MU* 9 ! PROGRAMS & RULES & REGULATIONS ( ! FIR/ LABOR BATTALIONS WAS TRUE OR FALSE1 PRACTICABLE OR IMPRACTICABLE4 ,M>X1 ) CLE> VISION & S\ND 9SI<T1 DISC]N$ ALONG :AT L9ES & 9 ACCORDANCE ) :AT !ORETICAL PR9CIPLES ! ADVANCE MU/ BE MADE2 & ?IS CANNOT BUT 9CREASE ! ADMIRATION WE FEEL = HIS %REWDNESS & HIS BREAD? ( VISION4 ,BY 5]GETICALLY SAFEGU>D+ ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ CONFUSIONS1 DEVIATIONS1 & MISLEAD+S1 HE DID IMM5SE S]VICE1 & SAV$ ! WORK]S FROM MANY DISC\RAGEM5TS & DISAPPO9TM5TS4 ,IF ,M>X W]E TO FULFILL ! TASK :I* HE BELIEV$ TO BE HIS HI/ORIC MISSION1 HE HAD TO TAKE HIS C\RSE /RAI<T AHEAD1 REL5TLESSLY & BRUTALLY1 REG>DLESS ( FEEL+S & S5TIM5TS1 HONOR & MORALITY1 TIES ( FRI5D%IP OR AFFECTION4 ,IF1 9 DO+ ?IS1 HE HAD TO =FEIT MU* :I* IS CONV5TIONALLY REG>D$ AS VIRTU\S1 HAD TO LOSE ! RI<T TO BE CONSID]$ :AT BY TRADITIONAL /&>DS IS SPOK5 ( AS AN E/IMABLE *>ACT]1 HAD TO DISP5SE ) ! ATTRIBUTES ( A F9E HUMAN5ESS--?IS WAS UND\BT$LY ! GREATE/ ( ! MANY SACRIFICES HE HAD TO MAKE 9 ! CAUSE4 ,IT WAS NOT ! AIM ( HIS 5DEAVOR TO BE A MAN ( NOBLE DISPOSITION1 A MAN %9+ ) ALL ! VIRTUES4 ,HIS BUS9ESS WAS1 AMID ! TURMOIL ( ! MOV+ =CES ( HIS AGE1 TO SECURE ! TRIUMPH ( SUBJECT+ !SE =CES TO HIS [N 9TELLECTUAL GUIDANCE & CONTROL4 ,! MATT] AT /AKE WAS ! VICTORY ( HEAD OV] HE>T1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! SUP]IORITY ( ! 9TELLECT 9 ! CONFIGURATION ( LIFE & ! REGULATION ( HUMAN AFFAIRS4 

,H]E91 ,M>X WAS ! MO/ TYPICAL REPRES5TATIVE ( ! EPO* 9 :I* HE ORIG9AT$ & ACT$4 

,! B\RGEOIS ]A IS IDEOLOGICALLY *>ACT]IZ$ BY A SUPREME DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,PREVI\SLY1 9DIVIDUALITY HAD BE5 CAB9$1 CRIBB$1 & CONF9$ BY FAMILY TRADITIONS1 VE/IGES ( FEUDALISM1 COMMUNAL TIES ( ALL K9DS2 BUT AT ! OP5+ ( ! NEW ]A IT WAS DEF9ITIVELY FRE$ BY ! EMANCIPAT+ & ISOLAT+ P[] ( MONEY1 SO ?AT ITS 9DEP5D5CE BECAME B\NDLESS4 ,! PURE EGO1 ABSOLUTE 9DIVIDUALITY1 WAS BORN1 NO LONG] ISOLAT$1 BUT AS A MASS PH5OM5ON4 ,FI*TE1 ! TYPICAL REPRES5TATIVE ( PHILOSOPHICAL 9DIVIDUALISM1 DRANK *AMPAGNE = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HIS LIFE :5 HIS LITTLE SON SAID 0,I0 = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,! EGO IS ! F9AL & UNCONDITIONAL REPUDIATION ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,9DIVIDUALITY BECOMES ! SOLE MA/] ( ! WORLD1 & MIRRORS ITSELF 9 ! IMAGE ( ! DIV9E4 

,BUT ?IS EXTREMITY ( ISOLATION1 9 :I* ALL TIES ) FELL[ M5 >E SEV]$1 IMPLIES ALSO ! UTMO/ P]IL1 & !RE) ! UTMO/ 9SECURITY4 ,! WORLD ( ! COMMUNITY 5C\NT]$ EV]Y DANG] & EV]Y 9SECURITY ) ! 9/RUM5T ( COMMUNAL ACTIVITY4 ,AS ! 9DIVIDUAL AWAK5$1 & CUT LOOSE FROM ! COLLECTIVITY1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = HIM1 S9CE HE HAD TO MA9TA9 HIMSELF AMID GRAVE P]ILS1 TO 9CREASE & DEVELOP )9 HIS [N 9DIVIDUALITY ALL ! =CES ( DEF5SE1 ALL POSSIBLE CAPACITIES = SAFEGU>D+1 EV]Y K9D ( MEANS = KEEP+ HIMSELF GO+4 ,UNTIL N[1 ) ! AID ( AFFECTS1 FEEL+S1 MOODS1 ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( FANTASY1 SUGGE/ION1 & EC/ASY1 9DIVIDUALS HAD BE5 ABLE TO A*IEVE TRANSI5T OR SOMETIMES M]ELY APP>5T COMMUNITY4 ,) ! DEF9ITIVE CON/ITUTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 H[EV]1 ) ! EM]G5CE ( UNCONDITIONAL ISOLATION1 !SE EXP$I5TS CEAS$ TO BE EFFECTIVE4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL1 ?R[N BACK ON HIMSELF1 HAD = HIS MA9T5ANCE TO DISCLOSE & TO APPLY ! LA/ RES]VES ( HIS 5]GY4 ,HE SET ! 9TELLECT FREE1 & MADE ( IT ! *IEF 9/RUM5T ( HIS SAFEGU>D+4 

,?US ! B\RGEOIS PHASE 9AUGURATES ITSELF ) ! APPE>ANCE ( A VIGOR\S TR5D T[>DS 9TELLECTUALIZATION & RATIONALIZATION4 ,9 ! WORLD ( PH5OM5A & RELATIONS1 AS TIME GOES ON1 ! SUPREME QUE/ION IS1 :AT CAN JU/IFY ITSELF BE=E ! TRIBUNAL ( ! 9TELLECT8 ,RELIGION1 HI!RTO HUMAN EXP]I5CE F9D+ EXPRESSION 9 WORKS1 IS RATIONALIZ$ BY ,LU!R TO A B>E FAI?4 ,NATURE1 ! CREATION ( ,GOD & A P>ADISE ( WOND]S & MY/]IES1 IS DISCLOS$ BY SCI5CE1 MEASUR$1 CLASSIFI$1 BR\<T UND] ! DOM9ION ( LAW1 & H&$ OV] TO ! EXPLOITATION ( TE*NIQUE4 ,SOCIETY1 :I* MAN HAS HI!RTO REG>D$ AS A H>MONI\S /RUCTURE ( WILL & WORK1 REQUIREM5T & P]=MANCE1 NECESSITY & ACTION1 IS MADE ! OBJECT ( ! 9VE/IGAT+1 ANALYZ+1 & !ORIZ+ HUMAN UND]/&+2 IS FIX$ AS A SY/EM1 LABEL$ AS AN EVOLUTION>Y PHASE1 & RATIONALIZ$ 9 ! LAW-ABID+NESS ( ITS DYNAMIC4 ,SOCIALISM1 AS ! GREAT HOPE & ! FASC9AT+ DREAM ( A COMPLETE LIB]ATION FROM ! MO/ >DU\S & MO/ WIDELY G5]ALIZ$ NE$S ( LIFE1 SOCIALISM :I* HAS HI!RTO BE5 REG>D$ AS ! \TCOME ( HUMAN SACRIFICE & LABOR1 ! RESULT ( UNSELFI% READ9ESS1 SELF-SACRIFIC+ $UCATION1 NOBLE ZEAL1 & ! B\NDLESS DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ! SPIRITUAL P[]S--?IS SOCIALISM ( ! UTOPI/S1 FANCIFUL 5?USIA/S1 & PURE FOOLS--BECOMES ! OBJECT ( LOGICAL DEMON/RATION1 ! UP%OT ( A HI/ORICAL PROCESS DEVELOP$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) FIX$ LAWS1 SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE FULLY GRASP$ BY ! 9TELLIG5CE1 ! PRODUCT ( A NATURALLY & SCI5TIFICALLY DEMON/RABLE NECESSITY4 

,?US WE PROCE$ FROM ,LU!R BY WAY ( ,FI*TE1 ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ,HUMBOLDT1 & ,D>W91 9 A DIRECT L9E TO ,K>L ,M>X4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 IT IS WOR? REMEMB]+ ?AT ,M>X LIV$ 9 ,5GL&1 :]E ECONOMIC LIFE HAD ALREADY ASSUM$ A HI<LY DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ =M4 ,IT WAS 9 ,BRITA9 ?AT POLITICAL ECONOMY FIR/ CAME 9TO BE+1 AS A TYPICAL SCI5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ AGE4 ,IT WAS !RE ?AT UTILIT>IANISM WOVE A PHILOSOPHICAL MANTLE = CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S4 ,IT WAS !RE ?AT LIB]ALISM WAS BORN AS ! POLITICAL DOCTR9E ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT WAS !RE1 TOO1 ?AT ,M>X FIR/ APPLI$ ! ME?ODS ( B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALISM TO ! /UDY ( SOCIAL HAPP5+S4 ,UND] HIS TREATM5T1 SOCIALISM = ! FIR/ TIME CEAS$ TO BE AN AFFAIR ( FAI?1 HOPE1 FANTASY1 ! DREAM IMAG9ATION2 CEAS$ TO BE A CON/RUCTION ( ! >BITR>Y CREATIVE WILL ( MAN4 ,HIS RATIONALI/ 9VE/IGATION SUPPLI$ GLIMPSES 9TO ! MOVEM5TS ( HI/ORY & ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 JU/ AS ! ANATOMI/'S SCALPEL WAS DO+ 9TO ! FUNCTIONS ( ! BODY1 JU/ AS ! =MULA ( ! MA!MATICIAN WAS DO+ 9TO ! MOSAIC ( NUMB]S1 ! MICROSCOPE ( ! BIOLOGI/ 9TO ! CELL-/RUCTURE ( ! TISSUES1 ! ANALYSIS ( ! *EMI/ 9TO ! MY/]IES ( SUB/ANCE4 ,FEEL+S1 EMOTIONAL HE>T-BEATS1 SPIRITUAL /IRR+S1 & E?ICAL PO/ULATES NO LONG] HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) ! CASE4 ,! REALM ( FANTASY IS EXCLUD$4 ,ORD9>Y HUMANITY IS NO LONG] CURR5T4 ,JU/ AS 9 ! WORLD ( COMMODITIES NO?+ C\NTS BUT CA% PAYM5T1 SO 9 ! WORLD ( SOCIAL =MS & RELATIONS NO?+ C\NTS BUT ! EXACTLY DEMON/RABLE1 ! SCI5TIFICALLY PROV$1 & 9 ! WORLD ( ! IDEOLOGIES NO?+ C\NTS BUT ! CONCEPT AS A CO9 M9T$ BY ! 9TELLECT4 ,9 ?IS WAY SOCIALISM BECOMES ! LA/ L9K 9 A *A9 ( PRO(1 ALL ( :OSE L9KS >E /RUNG TOGE!R 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LAWS ( LOGIC2 BECOMES ! ,Z ( AN ALPHABET BEG9N+ ) ,A2 BECOMES ! PRECIPITATE ( A PROCESS ( F]M5TATION :I* PROCE$S 9 ACCORDANCE ) AN ASC]TA9$ =MULA2 BECOMES ! UNKN[N X ( A PROBLEM :I* CAN BE MA!MATICALLY WORK$ \T4 ,SOCIALISM IS 9 ?IS WAY LIFT$ FROM ! L[L&S ( MY/ICISM1 UTOPISM1 MILL5>IANISM1 & A SIMPLE-M9D$ FAI? 9 SALVATION1 9TO ! SPH]E ( SCI5CE4 ,IT QUITS ! REALM ( RELIGION1 SECT>IAN MAGIC1 *>LATANRY1 & SOCIAL QUACK]Y1 TO BE CONSECRAT$ BY ! APPROVAL ( ! 9TELLECT1 TO BE LEGITIMIZ$ ACADEMICALLY4 ,TAK+ ITS PLACE 9 ! DOMA9 ( EXACT KN[L$GE1 IT IS RANG$ UPON ! SAME LEVEL AS ! NATURAL SCI5CES4 

,SU* WAS ! IMM5SE A*IEVEM5T ( ,M>X--TO HAVE EFFECT$ ?IS SCI5TIFIC 5NOBLEM5T ( SOCIALISM6 ,TO ?AT TASK HE DEVOT$ ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( HIS YE>S1 ! RIPE/ ( HIS 5]GIES1 & ! UTMO/ ( HIS DILIG5CE4 ,TO ! SPH]E ( IMM$IATE PRACTICE1 TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 HE GAVE ONLY P>T ( HIS ATT5TION & 5]GY DUR+ LESS ?AN A DECADE1 :]EAS TO ! P]=MANCE ( HIS TASK 9 ! DOMA9 ( !ORY HE ADDRESS$ HIMSELF ) ! SELF-SACRIFICE & ! 9DEFATIGABILITY ( A WORK] BEE = NE>LY =TY YE>S4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD FULFILL$ ITS ROLE AS VEHICLE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T )9 A V]Y %ORT TIME ( ITS F\NDATION4 

,SOCIALI/ !ORY1 ON ! O!R H&1 AS ! SPIRITUAL F]M5T ( ! MOVEM5T1 HAD ONLY JU/ BEGUN TO GET TO WORK :5 ! MASSES W]E FIR/ SET 9 MOTION4 ,S9CE !N1 OP]AT+ P[]FULLY & UNRE/+LY D[N TO ! PRES5T H\R1 IT HAS HELP$ ! PROLET>IAT TO CLIMB TO A PO9T AT :I* ! WORK]S HAVE BECOME ! DECISIVE FACTOR ( HI/ORY4 

,M>X'S !ORY1 KN[N = %ORT AS ,M>XISM1 TAKES 9DISPUTABLE PREC$5CE ( ALL O!R SOCIALI/ !ORIES1 & HAS HAD A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE UPON ! LIFE & /RUGGLES ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS TODAY ALMO/ ! ONLY DET]M9ATIVE TR5D ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 ALMO/ ! ONLY ONE ?AT IS A*IEV+ REALIZATION 9 A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION4 

,! DRIV+ =CE ( ?IS TR5D IS ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY4 

,! ,MAT]IALI/ ,9T]PRETATION ( ,HI/ORY 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O CONTA9$ ! FIR/ DRAFT ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM--SKET*Y1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT PRECISE4 ,/UDY+ ?IS DRAFT1 WE CAN REALIZE H[ F> ! PLAN TO WRITE A GREAT POLITICO-ECONOMIC WORK ON ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION HAD ALREADY MATUR$4 ,A P>TIAL CONTRIBUTION TO ! C>RY+ \T ( ?IS DESIGN WAS MADE BY ,M>X 9 ! LECTURES ON ,WAGE ,LABOR & ,CAPITAL :I* HE DELIV]$ TO ! ,WORK]S' ,$UCATIONAL ,SOCIETY 9 ,BRUSSELS4 ,DUR+ ! DECADE ?AT FOLL[$1 HIS WORK WAS CONT9UALLY BE+ 9T]RUPT$ BY 9DISPOSITION OR O!R UNFAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 & NOT UNTIL #aheh WAS HE ABLE TO PROCE$ FUR!R ) ! ELABORATION ( HIS MAT]IALS4 ,9 #ahei HE WAS ABLE TO PUBLI% HIS ,KRITIK D] POLITIS*5 ,OKONOMIE4 

,= ! MOM5T1 \R ONLY 9T]E/ 9 ?IS BOOK IS 9 ! PREFACE1 :]E ,M>X1 9 A SURVEY ( ! EVOLUTION ( HIS SCI5TIFIC ?\<T1 PRES5TS ! FIR/ CONNECT$ ACC\NT ( HIS ME?OD ( MAT]IALI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY4 

0,MY /UDY ( ! ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY ( RI<T L$ ME TO UND]/& ?AT LEGAL RELATIONS & =MS ( ,/ATE >E NOT TO BE COMPREH5D$ \T ( !MSELVES1 NOR YET \T ( ! SO-CALL$ G5]AL EVOLUTION ( ! HUMAN M9D1 BUT >E1 RA!R1 ROOT$ 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 :OSE TOTALITY ,HEGEL1 FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( ,5GLI% & ,FR5* EI<TE5?-C5TURY WRIT]S1 SUBSUM$ UND] ! NAME ( 'CIVIL SOCIETY'2 BUT ?AT ! ANATOMY ( CIVIL SOCIETY WAS TO BE S\<T 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY4 444 ,! G5]AL RESULT AT :I* ,I >RIV$1 ! RESULT :I*1 ONCE A*IEV$1 S]V$ AS GUID+ PR9CIPLE ( MY /UDIES1 MAY BE =MULAT$ AS FOLL[S4 ,9 ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION :I* HUMAN BE+S C>RY ON1 !Y 5T] 9TO DEF9ITE RELATIONS :I* >E DET]M9$1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 9DEP5D5T ( !IR WILL--PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS :I* CORRESPOND TO A DEF9ITE EVOLUTION>Y PHASE ( ! MAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,! TOTALITY ( !SE PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS =MS ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY1 ! REAL BASIS UPON :I* A LEGAL & POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURE DEVELOPS & TO :I* DEF9ITE =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS CORRESPOND4 ,! MODE ( PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL LIFE DET]M9ES ! G5]AL *>ACT] ( ! SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL PROCESSES ( LIFE4 ,IT IS NOT ! CONSCI\SNESS ( HUMAN BE+S ?AT DET]M9ES !IR EXI/5CE1 BUT1 CONV]SELY1 IT IS !IR SOCIAL EXI/5CE ?AT DET]M9ES !IR CONSCI\SNESS4 ,AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T1 ! MAT]IAL PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIETY COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! EXI/+ PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS1 OR 7TO EXPRESS ! MATT] 9 LEGAL T]M9OLOGY7 ) ! PROP]TY RELATIONS )9 :I* !Y HAVE HI!RTO MOV$4 ,!SE RELATIONS1 :I* HAVE PREVI\SLY BE5 DEVELOPM5TAL =MS ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 N[ BECOME METAMORPHOS$ 9TO FETT]S UPON PRODUCTION4 ,A P]IOD ( SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS !N BEG9S4 ,CONCOMITANTLY ) ! *ANGE 9 ! ECONOMIC F\NDATION1 ! :OLE GIGANTIC SUP]/RUCTURE IS MORE OR LESS RAPIDLY TRANS=M$4 ,:5 WE CONTEMPLATE SU* TRANS=MATIONS1 WE MU/ ALWAYS DI/+UI%3 ON ! ONE H&1 BETWE5 ! MAT]IAL *ANGES 9 ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 *ANGES :I* CAN BE WAT*$ & RECORD$ ) ALL ! PRECISION PROP] TO NATURAL SCI5CE2 &1 ON ! O!R1 ! LEGAL1 POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 >TI/IC1 OR PHILOSOPHICAL =MS 79 A WORD1 ! IDEOLOGICAL =MS7 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S BECOME AW>E ( ?IS CONFLICT & FI<T IT TO AN ISSUE4 ,JU/ AS LITTLE AS WE =M AN OP9ION ( AN 9DIVIDUAL 9 ACCORDANCE ) :AT HE ?9KS ( HIMSELF1 JU/ SO LITTLE CAN WE APPRAISE A REVOLUTION>Y EPO* 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS [N CONSCI\SNESS ( ITSELF2 = WE HAVE TO EXPLA9 ?IS CONSCI\SNESS AS ! \TCOME ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( MAT]IAL LIFE1 ( ! EXTANT CONFLICT BETWE5 SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE =CES & PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS4 ,NO TYPE ( SOCIAL /RUCTURE EV] P]I%ES1 UNTIL !RE HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ ALL ! PRODUCTIVE =CES = :I* IT HAS ROOM2 & NEW & HI<] =CES ( PRODUCTION NEV] APPE> UPON ! SC5E1 UNTIL ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE REQUISITE = !IR DEVELOPM5T HAVE MATUR$ )9 ! WOMB ( ! OLD SOCIETY4 ,?AT IS :Y MANK9D NEV] SETS ITSELF ANY TASKS :I* IT IS NOT ABLE TO P]=M2 =1 :5 WE LOOK CLOSELY 9TO ! MATT]1 WE %ALL ALWAYS F9D ?AT ! DEM& = ! NEW 5T]PRISE ONLY >ISES :5 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE >E RIPE = ITS SUCCESSFUL P]=MANCE--OR AT ANY RATE HAVE BEGUN TO RIP54 ,9 BROAD \TL9E WE CAN DESCRIBE ! ,ASIATIC1 ! CLASSICAL1 ! FEUDAL1 & ! MOD]N 7CAPITALI/7 =MS ( PRODUCTION1 AS PROGRESSIVE EPO*S 9 ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY4 ,B\RGEOIS RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION >E ! LA/ ( ! ANTAGONI/IC =MS ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION--ANTAGONI/IC1 NOT 9 ! S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL ANTAGONISM1 BUT 9 ! S5SE ( AN ANTAGONISM PROCE$+ \T ( ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL'S LIFE2 NEV]!LESS ! PRODUCTIVE =CES DEVELOP+ )9 ! WOMB ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CREATE SIMULTANE\SLY ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = ! SOLUTION ( ?IS ANTAGONISM4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ) ?IS =MATION ( SOCIETY1 ! PRIMITIVE HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY COMES TO AN 5D40 

,! =EGO+ S5T5CES EMBODY A CLASSICAL /ATEM5T ( ! FUNDAM5TALS ( ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY4 ,! IDEALI/ VIEW1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! PROCESSES ( HI/ORY >E ! \TCOME ( ! UNSE>*ABLE PURPOSES ( ,GOD1 ! EXPRESSION ( ! ACTIVITIES ( AN OBJECTIVE WORLD-SPIRIT1 OR ! A*IEVEM5TS ( H]OIC1 ALMO/ SUP]HUMAN1 DIV9ELY 5D[$ P]SONALITIES1 HAD ?US BE5 SUP]S$$ & DISC>D$4 

,! *ANGE 9 \TLOOKS WAS CONNECT$ ) ! GREAT TRANS=MATION ?AT HAD BE5 TAK+ PLACE 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 A WORLD :]E ALL ?+S W]E ASSUM+ ! =M ( COMMODITIES1 & :]E ALL ! PH5OM5A ( ! M5TAL & SPIRITUAL LIFE W]E ACQUIR+ CIRCUM/ANTIALITY1 IT WAS BECOM+ LESS & LESS POSSIBLE = 0! IDEA0 TO MA9TA9 ITS CR$IT AS ! MOTIVE =CE ( HI/ORY4 ,:5 7AS WAS N[ OBVI\S 9 ,5GL&71 BEH9D ! !SES ( PHILOSOPHY1 ! PO/ULATES ( E?ICS1 & ! DOCTR9ES ( POLITICS1 ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD BE PLA9LY SE5 AT WORK1 IT HAD BECOME NATURAL TO LOOK UPON ECONOMIC 9T]E/S AS ! G5]AL DET]M9ANTS ( ALL HAPP5+S1 ALL *ANGES 9 ! WORLD ( ?\<T1 & ALL ! PHASES ( HI/ORY4 

,DAY BY DAY1 ,M>X'S EXP]I5CES 9 ! 5VIRON+ WORLD TAU<T HIM TO H[ PREPOND]AT+ A DEGREE ECONOMIC FACTORS CONDITION ! LIVES & ACTIVITIES ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,HE WAS ACQUA9T$1 TOO1 ) ! WRIT+S ( ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,ADAM ,SMI?1 :OSE !ORIES BORD]$ ON ?AT ( ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY4 ,SOON1 !RE=E1 IT BECAME CLE> TO HIM ?AT ECONOMICS W]E ! 0MOTIVE =CE0 ( HI/ORY1 9 ?IS S5SE1 ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMIC LIFE BR\<T AB\T *ANGES 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY1 ! =MS ( ! ,/ATE1 SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 IDEOLOGIES1 & IDEALS1 !SE LATT] FOLL[+ ! TRANS=MATIONS ( ! =M]4 ,! *ANGES :I* HUMAN BE+S EFFECT 9 ! WAYS BY :I* !Y SATISFY !IR MAT]IAL NE$S >E ATT5D$ BY *ANGES 9 SOCIAL =MS1 LEGAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ! PR9CIPLES ( ,/ATE1 SCI5TIFIC SY/EMS1 MORAL IDEAS1 >TI/IC IDEALS4 ,TO SIMPLIFY MATT]S 9TO A VIVID =MULA1 ! SOCIAL & IDEOLOGICAL SUP]/RUCTURE ( ANY EPO* IS UPBUILD$ UPON ! ECONOMIC F\NDATION ( ! TIME4 

,?IS F\NDATION IS 9 P>T SUPPLI$ READY-MADE TO M51 AS CLIMATE1 ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL1 WAT] SUPPLY1 ! TREASURES ( ! E>?4 ,ANO!R P>T ( ! F\NDATION CONSI/S ( ! TRADITIONAL TE*NIQUE ) ! AID ( :I* HUMAN BE+S GET TO WORK UPON ! GIFTS & ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( NATURE 9 ORD] TO TURN !SE TO HUMAN ACC\NT4 ,BUT = ?IS IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT HUMAN BE+S %\LD MAKE A FUR!R CONTRIBUTION3 !IR MORE OR LESS DEVELOP$ P[]S ( WORK1 !IR =MATIVE CAPACITIES1 !IR M5TALITY1 !IR LANGUAGE1 !IR P[]S ( M5TAL REPRES5TATION1 !IR M9D4 ,NATURAL =CES & HUMAN =CES CONTRIBUTE TO ! JO9T EFFECT1 & ! CONCRETE EXPRESSION ( BO? COMB9$ COMPRISES ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! G5]AL SIGNIFICANCE ( PRODUCTION1 AS A*IEV$ 9 ! CAULDRON ( PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS BY MEANS ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 IS ! CONTROL ( ! WORLD 9 ! 9T]E/S ( HUMAN BE+S1 & ! SAFEGU>D+ ( MANK9D AGA9/ ! HO/ILE P[]S :I* ?REAT5 ITS EXI/5CE4 ,! =CES ( PRODUCTION & ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION >E 9 A P]PETUAL 9T]PLAY ( MUTUAL DEP5D5CE1 EA* DET]M9+ ! O!R4 ,! =CES ( PRODUCTION >E NOT DEAD MATT]1 & ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION >E NOT A RIGID FRAMEWORK4 ,!IR LIFE FLAMES UP1 !IR =MS >E TRANSMUT$1 !IR CONT5T IS F]TILIZ$1 AS !Y UNCEAS+LY ACT ON ONE ANO!R 9 ! DIALECTICAL PROCESS4 

,! FULFILL]S1 ! EXECUTORS1 ( ?IS PROCESS >E HUMAN BE+S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HUMAN BE+S FULFILL ! PROCESS1 NOT AS LIFELESS MA*9ES1 BUT AS CREATURES ANIMAT$ ) LIV+ CONSCI\SNESS4 

,CONSCI\SNESS RECEIVES ITS DIRECTIVES FROM ! NECESSITIES ( ! PROCESS4 ,9 TURN1 H[EV]1 IT REACTS =MATIVELY & PURPOSEFULLY UPON ! PROCESS4 ,?US ! IDEOLOGICAL LIFE ( MANK9D BECOMES AN IMAGE ( MOBILE REALITY2 & REFLEXES FROM ! IDEOLOGICAL CONT5T ( HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS F9D !IR WAY BACK 9TO REALITY4 ,RELIGION1 SCI5CE1 MORALITY1 POLITICS1 LEGISLATION1 $UCATION1 & >T1 RECEIVE !IR CONT5T & !IR =M FROM ! PROCREATIVE P[] ( ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS & ! ECONOMIC NECESSITIES ( !IR TIME4 ,!Y MAKE PICTURES1 SKET* SY/EMS1 FIX VALUES1 E/ABLI% PO/ULATES2 & !Y 9TRODUCE IDEAS 9TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( M54 ,!N1 ?IS M5TAL WORLD1 ITSELF PRIM>ILY A CONSEQU5CE1 BECOMES 9 ITS TURN A CAUSE4 ,FROM IT !RE RADIATES A MODIFY+1 A =MATIVE1 AN ORD]+ 5]GY1 :I* PLAYS ITS JO9T P>T )9 ! SPH]E ( M5'S LIVES--?AT SPH]E 9 :I* M5 >E P]PETUALLY TRY+ TO SAFEGU>D !IR POSITION4 

,! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION OR CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY HAS NEV] CONSI/$ :OLLY & EXCLUSIVELY ( ! GROSS & COMMONPLACE VIEW ?AT HUNG] ALONE1 EAG]NESS TO SATISFY ! MAT]IAL NE$S ( ! /OMA*1 IS ! DRIV+ =CE ( HI/ORY4 ,BUT ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY C]TA9LY >ISES \T ( ! ELEM5T>Y1 RECOGNITION ?AT HUMAN BE+S 7AS ,5GELS SAID 9 HIS ADDRESS AT ,M>X'S FUN]AL7 0MU/ HAVE FOOD & DR9K1 CLO?+ & %ELT]1 FIR/ ( ALL1 BE=E !Y CAN 9T]E/ !MSELVES 9 POLITICS1 SCI5CE1 >T1 RELIGION1 & ! LIKE40 

,! SUPPORT]S ( ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY HAVE NEV] BE5 SO ONE-SID$ AS TO DECL>E ?AT ECONOMIC =CES >E ! ONLY =CES ?AT MAKE HI/ORY4 ,:AT !Y HAVE ALWAYS1 & MO/ EMPHATICALLY1 CONT5D$ IS ?AT1 AMONG ! FACTORS ( HI/ORY1 ECONOMIC =CES HAVE ! LA/ WORD4 

,! 9ITIATORS ( ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY NEV] ADVOCAT$ ?AT CRUDELY ME*ANICAL =M ( MAT]IALISM1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! MOTIVE =CE ( HI/ORY IS EXCLUSIVELY D]IV$ FROM ! DEAD MAT]IALITY ( ?+S1 SO ?AT !RE CAN BE NO PLACE 9 ! WORLD ( HAPP5+S = ! FUNCTIONS ( ! M9D4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,M>X VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ ! MISLEAD+ HALF-HE>T$NESS & ! METAPHYSICAL SPURI\S 5LI<T5M5T ( SO-CALL$ NATURALISM--AS WE SEE1 9 ESPECIAL1 9 ! ,!SES ON ,FEU]BA*4 ,HE ALWAYS 9SI/$ ?AT1 NOT LIFELESS ?+S1 BUT LIV+ MET >E ! SU/A9]S ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 

,?OSE :O ADVOCAT$ ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY NEV] D5I$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! M9D1 NEV] IGNOR$ ! P[] ( IDEAS1 NEV] UND]-E/IMAT$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! M5TAL OR SPIRITUAL FACTOR 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 :5 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT HI/ORY IS MADE BY HUMAN BE+S1 !Y RECOGNIZ$ 9 !SE HUMAN BE+S ! IMPORTANCE ( ALL HUMAN ATTRIBUTES1 9CLUD+1 !RE=E1 M9D1 9TELLIG5CE1 CONSCI\SNESS1 & IDEAS4 ,:AT !Y W]E UP 9 >MS AGA9/ WAS ! NOTION ?AT ! PH5OM5A ( A PURELY M5TAL WORLD1 AS SET AP>T BY ,G]MAN IDEOLOGI/S 9 ! =M ( AN 0ABSOLUTE IDEA10 A 0MORAL EGO10 OR SOME?+ ( ! K9D1 %\LD BE REG>D$ PRIM>ILY & AB/RACTLY AS ! ESS5TIAL FACTOR ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION4 ,9 !IR VIEW1 NEI!R1 ! IDEA NOR MATT] WAS 09 ! BEG9N+40 ,= !M1 ALL LIFE WAS AN 9SEP>ABLE & ET]NALLY MOBILE 9T]WEAV+ & MUTUAL CONDITION+ ( =CE & MATT]1 COMB9$ 9TO AN 9TEGRAL UNITY4 ,& ! HUMAN BE+ :O CON/ITUT$ ! CORE ( ?IS LIV+ :OLE WAS = !M A SOCIAL HUMAN BE+1 ONE :O HAD C\NTLESS 9T]RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[S4 

,= ! SOCIALI/S ( ! DAYS BE=E ,M>X1 SOCIALISM WAS NOT AN EVOLUTION>Y PRODUCT1 WAS NOT ! \TCOME ( A HI/ORICO-DIALECTICAL PROCESS1 BUT WAS ! REALIZATION ( AN E?ICAL DEM&1 WAS SOME?+ ?AT HAD AN ES!TIC1 A HUMANIT>IAN1 A PHILAN?ROPIC AIM1 WAS A S*EME CON/RUCT$ 9 SOME ONE'S BRA94 ,AS />T+-PO9T = !IR SOCIALISM !Y NE$$ AN E?IC1 A PHILOSOPHY1 A PHILAN?ROPY1 A PSY*OLOGY1 OR AN ES!TIC2 BUT !Y DID NOT NE$ HI/ORY1 DID NOT NE$ ANY SPECIFIC WAY ( CONTEMPLAT+ HI/ORY4 ,= !M IT WAS 5\< TO KN[ ?AT !RE WAS POV]TY1 & ?AT POV]TY WAS DUE TO EXPLOITATION4 ,= !M1 !RE=E1 ! !ORY ( POLITICAL ECONOMY AS /AT$ BY ,RIC>DO WAS AMPLY SUFFICI5T4 ,RIC>DO %[$ ?AT CAPITALISM IS BAS$ UPON EXPLOITATION1 & CONSEQU5TLY UPON 9JU/ICE4 ,) %REWD 9SI<T1 HE ALREADY P]CEIV$ 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ! POT5TIAL ELEM5TS ( S]I\S CONFLICTS1 & HE EV5 LOOK$ =W>D TO ! ULTIMATE COLLAPSE ( ! SY/EM4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE DID NOT DREAM ( TRY+ TO DO AWAY ) ?AT SY/EM4 ,/ILL F>!R FROM HIS SPH]E ( ?\<T WAS ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM W\LD OCCUR AS ! \TCOME ( AN 9T]NAL & 9EVITABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ACT+ 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,TO ,M>X ! PROBLEM PRES5T$ ITSELF 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T WAY4 ,! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY %[$ ?AT ! =MS ( SOCIETY & ! ,/ATE1 SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 HUMAN BEHAVIOR & HUMAN IDEAS1 AS !SE MANIFE/ !MSELVES 9 ! /RUCTURAL 5VIRONM5T *>ACT]I/IC ( A P>TICUL> EPO*1 >E DEP5D5T UPON ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS PECULI> TO ?AT EPO*1 & F9D !RE9 ! CONDITIONS ( !IR REALIZATION4 ,IT WAS !RE=E 9CUMB5T ON ,M>X TO %[ ?AT SOCIALISM WAS A LOGICAL \TCOME ( SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE1 HE HAD TO /UDY ECONOMICS1 ! ECONOMICS ( IS [N DAY1 ! ECONOMICS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 9 :OSE WOMB SOCIALISM WAS DEVELOP+4 ,HIS 9QUIRIES MU/ BE DIRECT$ TO DISCOV]+ :E!R1 \T ( ! EVOLUTION ( CAPITALISM1 !RE W\LD ORGANICALLY & NECESS>ILY >ISE ! ECONOMIC BASIS & !RE) ! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS :I* W\LD MAKE ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIALISM POSSIBLE1 9DE$ 9EVITABLE4 ,HE MU/ RECON/ITUTE SOCIALISM BY MEANS ( HI/ORY & ECONOMICS2 MU/ REPLACE E?ICO-ES!TIC SOCIALISM BY HI/ORICO-ECONOMIC SOCIALISM4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/