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,A*IEVEM5T1 ,P>T #a3 ,F\NDATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,OTTO ,RUHLE 

,TEXT 3 

,A*IEVEM5T 
,P>T ,I 

,F\NDATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 

,! 9T]NATIONAL EXHIBITION HELD 9 ,LONDON DUR+ ! YE> #ahfb WAS A R5DEZV\S AT :I* WORLDWIDE CAPITALISM WAS GIV5 AN OPPORTUNITY ( PUBLICLY DEMON/RAT+ ITS WEAL? & ITS A*IEVEM5TS4 

,BE=E ! A/ONI%$ EYES ( ! 9T]NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE1 ! LORDS ( COMM]CE1 ! MAGNATES ( F9ANCE1 & ! K+S ( 9DU/RY1 PUFF$ UP ) ! PRIDE ( SUCCESS1 DISPLAY$ ! TREM5D\S RESULTS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,NOT ONLY DID !Y EXHIBIT !IR MA*9ES1 RAW MAT]IALS1 ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION1 TE*NICAL DISCOV]IES1 & /ATI/ICAL TABLES2 BUT !Y ALSO ASSEMBL$ AT ?IS C5T] ( PROGRESS !IR TE*NICIANS1 MA/]S ( WORKS1 & MANUAL OP]ATIVES1 :OSE ZEAL WAS TO BE /IMULAT$ BY ! SPECTACLE1 ?AT !Y MI<T BE SPURR$ ON TO FIT !MSELVES = ! TASKS ( ! DAY & TO MAKE !MSELVES MORE EFFICI5T = ! PURPOSES ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,9 ,PRUSSIA & O!R P>TS ( ,G]MANY1 ! S5D+ ( WORK+-CLASS DELEGATES TO ,LONDON WAS ! \TCOME ( PRIVATE 5T]PRISE2 BUT FROM ,FRANCE DELEGATES W]E DISPAT*$ UND] (FICIAL AUSPICES & ) GOV]NM5T SUPPORT4 ,PR\DHON WAS AN 5EMY ( ! ,BONAP>TI/ REGIME1 & ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON WI%+ TO UND]M9E HIS 9FLU5CE ) ! PROLET>IAT WAS NOT CONT5T TO EXT5D AN AMNE/Y TO NUM]\S WORK]S :O HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ 9 CONNECTION ) /RIKES OR = 9FR++ ! DRACONIAN LAWS AGA9/ COMB9ATION2 BUT WAS ALSO ACTIVE 9 PROMOT+ ! DISPAT* ( A WORK+-CLASS DELEGATION TO ! ,LONDON EXHIBITION4 ,A SPECIAL ELECTORAL BUREAU WAS 9/ALL$1 TWO HUNDR$ DELEGATES W]E *OS51 ! CO/ ( S5D+ !M WAS DEFRAY$ FROM PUBLIC FUNDS & BY SUBSCRIPTIONS2 & 9 ORD] ?AT ! ACTIVITIES ( ! DELEGATION MI<T BE FREELY REPORT$ AT PUBLIC MEET+S ( ! WORK]S1 ! RELEVANT PASSAGES 9 ! LAWS :I* =BADE SU* MEET+S W]E TACITLY SUSP5D$4 

,IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! ,FR5* & ,G]MAN DELEGATIONS1 9 !IR VISIT TO ,LONDON1 %\LD COME 9TO CONTACT ) ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONI/S1 %\LD BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! ,BRITI% UNIONS1 & ?US D]IVE AGITATORIAL IMPETUS = !IR WORK 9 !IR [N L&S4 ,! ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONS HAD A DIRECT 9T]E/ 9 PROMOT+ SU* CONTACTS1 = ! ,BRITI% WORK]S1 :5EV] ! CLASS W> 5T]$ UPON AN ACTIVE PHASE1 W]E S]I\SLY 9JUR$ BY ! BLACKLEG COMPETITION ( =EIGN WORK]S :OM ! CAPITALI/S US$ TO %IP ACROSS ! ,*ANNEL ON SU* OCCASIONS4 ,!Y HOP$1 BY 5LI<T5+ !IR CONT95TAL BRE?R51 & BY PROMOT+ ! ORGANIZATION ( !SE1 TO PUT AN 5D TO /RIKE-BREAK+ ( ?IS K9D4 ,DUR+ ! EXHIBITION1 !RE=E1 !Y DID EV]Y?+ !Y C\LD TO 5C\RAGE AN 9T]NATIONAL EX*ANGE ( IDEAS AMONG ! WORK]S1 BE+ ESPECIALLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! ,P>ISIAN DELEGATES4 

,S9CE #a#h#f1 ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T HAD 9 ,5GL& BE5 ADVANC+ ) RAPID /RIDES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,LONDON4 ,NOT ONLY W]E WID] & EV] WID] CIRCLES ( ! WORK]S BE+ ORGANIZ$1 BUT ! ORGANIZ$ ,BRITI% WORK]S W]E MODIFY+ !IR ATTITUDE T[>DS ! PROBLEM ( POLITICAL ACTION4 ,:]EAS HI!RTO IT HAD BE5 A PR9CIPLE ( ! TRADE UNIONS TO IGNORE POLITICS1 P>LIAM5T>ISM & ELECTIONS1 ! ,AMALGAMAT$ ,SOCIETY ( ,5G9E]S1 ! ,AMALGAMAT$ ,SOCIETY ( ,C>P5T]S1 & ! ,LADIES ,%OEMAK]S' ,SOCIETY1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP RESPECTIVELY ( ,WILLIAM ,ALLAN1 ,ROB]T ,APPLEG>?1 & ,GEORGE ,ODG]1 W]E N[ BEG9N+ TO 9T]E/ !MSELVES 9 POLITICAL PROBLEMS & POLITICAL ACTION4 ,A WORK+-CLASS NEWSPAP]1 ! 0,BEEHIVE10 $IT$ BY ,GEORGE ,POTT]1 FAVOR$ ?IS *ANGE ( POLICY BY ITS ADVOCACY4 ,ECC>IUS1 A TAILOR FROM ,?UR+IA1 :O HAD BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ! ,JU/ & !N ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 & HAD = A LONG TIME BE5 ,M>X'S RI<T-H& MAN1 DID HIS UTMO/ TO PROMOTE ! EXPANSION ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL FIELD1 ) ! DESIGN ( F\ND+ AN 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS TO HIM1 9 ESPECIAL1 ?AT ! =MATION ( EFFECTIVE TIES BETWE5 ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONISM & ! =EIGN LABOR DELEGATIONS TO ! EXHIBITION WAS DUE4 

,IT IS PROBABLE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! 9T]E/ ( ! ,FR5* & ,G]MAN LABOR DELEGATES W\LD SOON HAVE COOL$1 HAD NOT ! G5]AL POLITICAL SITUATION ON ! ,CONT95T HELP$ TO FAN ! FLAMES4 ,! P>ALYZ+ REACTION ( ! FIFTIES WAS N[ SP5T4 ,CAPITALISM1 = ! PURPOSES ( ITS [N DEVELOPM5T1 NE$$ FRE] & MORE MOBILE WORK+-CLASS ELEM5TS1 & = ?IS REASON IT HAD BE5 NECESS>Y TO MITIGATE ! PRESSURE ( CZ>I/1 ,BONAP>TI/1 & ,BISM>CKIAN POLICY4 ,! FL[]S ( LIB]TY W]E BLOSSOM+ ONCE MORE4 ,LASSALLE1 9 HIS LETT]S TO ,M>X1 HAD REF]R$ TO ! NEW VITAL IMPETUS ?AT WAS MANIFE/+ ITSELF EV]Y:]E 9 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ,ITALY & ,HUNG>Y1 ! MOVEM5TS = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE HAD BECOME ACTIVE ONCE MORE1 DIFFUS+ A /IMULANT 9FLU5CE4 

,! ,POLI% RIS+ ( '#h#f#c OP5$ A NEW V5TILAT+ %AFT = ! ACCUMULAT$ 5]GIES ( ! MOVEM5T ON BEHALF ( FRE$OM4 0,?IS MU* IS C]TA910 WROTE ,M>X TO ,5GELS UND] DATE ,FEBRU>Y #a#c1 #ahfc 0?AT ! ]A ( REVOLUTION HAS AT L5G? BE5 REOP5$ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! G5]AL PO/URE ( AFFAIRS IS GOOD4 ,BUT ! *E]FUL DECEPTIONS & ! ALMO/ *ILDLIKE 5?USIASM ) :I* WE ACCLAIM$ ! REVOLUTION BE=E ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#d#h1 >E OV] & DONE )4 ,OLD COMRADES HAVE PASS$ AWAY1 O!RS HAVE BACKSLIDD5 OR BE5 CORRUPT$1 &1 AS YET AT LEA/1 !RE IS NO SIGN ( ANY NEW GR[?4 ,MOREOV]1 WE KN[ N[ H[ GREAT A P>T /UPIDITY PLAYS 9 REVOLUTIONS1 & H[ !Y >E EXPLOIT$ BY ROTT]S4 ,ONE MAY HOPE ?AT ?IS TIME ! LAVA WILL FL[ FROM EA/ TO WE/1 & NOT 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION40 ,:51 9 ! C\RSE ( ! ,POLI% RIS+1 ,PRUSSIAN SOLDI]S W]E US$ AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION1 ?IS WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 0A COMB9ATION :I* COMPELS US TO RAISE \R VOICES40 ,! ,WORK]S' ,$UCATIONAL ,SOCIETY C]TA9LY \<T TO ISSUE A MANIFE/O4 0,Y\ MU/10 WROTE ,M>X TO ,5GELS1 0WRITE ! MILIT>Y PORTION--?AT :I* CONC]NS ,G]MANY'S MILIT>Y & POLITICAL 9T]E/ 9 ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ,POL&4 ,I WILL WRITE ! DIPLOMATIC PORTION40 

,! ,POLI% RIS+ SPE$ILY COLLAPS$1 BUT ! IDEA MOOT$ BY ,M>X TOOK DUE EFFECT4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,LONDON WORK]S S5T ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S A MANIFE/O !Y HAD DRAFT$ 9 FAVOR ( ! ,POLES1 & ASK$ !IR ,FR5* COMRADES TO TAKE JO9T ACTION4 ,!REUPON ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S S5T A DELEGATION TO ,LONDON1 HEAD$ BY ,TOLA91 :O HAD BE5 LABOR C&IDATE AT ! REC5T ELECTIONS 9 ,P>IS4 ,?IS DELEGATION P>TICIPAT$ AT A MEET+ HELD 9 ,/4 ,JAMES' ,HALL 9 HONOR ( ! ,POLES4 ,AT ?IS MEET+ A COMMITTEE ( ,BRITI% WORK]S WAS APPO9T$1 TO S5D A FRAT]NAL ADDRESS TO ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S & TO >RANGE = A SUBSEQU5T MEET+4 ,! SECOND MEET+ WAS HELD AT ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,HALL ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#h1 #a#h#f#d1 HAV+ BE5 SUMMON$ BY ,ODG]1 *AIRMAN ( ! ,LONDON ,TRADES ,C\NCIL1 & ,CREM]1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,BUILD+ ,WORK]S' ,UNION4 ,REPORT+ TO ,5GELS1 ,M>X SAID3 0,A C]TA9 ,LE ,LUBEZ WAS S5T TO ME1 TO ASK IF ,I W\LD COME ON BEHALF ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S1 W\LD F9D A ,G]MAN WORK] TO SPEAK AT ! MEET+1 & SO ON4 ,I SUGGE/$ ,ECC>IUS1 :O DID SPL5DIDLY1 & ,I ASSI/$ AS A LAY FIGURE ON ! PLAT=M4 ,I KNEW ?AT ON ?IS OCCASION REAL =CES W]E PRES5T1 BO? FROM ,LONDON & FROM ,P>IS1 & ,I !RE=E DECID$ TO WAIVE MY USUAL RULE1 :I* IS TO REFUSE ALL SU* 9VITATIONS4 

0,AT ! MEET+1 :I* WAS PACK$ \T 7= MANIFE/LY !RE IS N[ A REVIVAL ( ! WORK+ CLASSES71 ,MAJOR ,WOLFF 7,?URN & ,TAXIS1 ,G>IBALDI'S ADJUTANT7 REPRES5T$ ! ,LONDON ,UNION ( ,ITALIAN ,WORK]S4 ,IT WAS DECID$ TO F\ND AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 :OSE ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL IS TO SIT 9 ,LONDON1 ACT+ AS 9T]M$I>Y = ! WORK]S' SOCIETIES 9 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 & ,5GL&4 ,9 #a#h#f#e1 A G5]AL WORK+-CLASS CONGRESS IS TO BE SUMMON$ 9 ,BELGIUM4 ,AT ! MEET+1 A PROVISIONAL COMMITTEE WAS APPO9T$1 ,ODG]1 ,CREM]1 & MANY O!RS1 9 P>T SOMETIME ,*>TI/S1 SOMETIME ,[5I/S1 ETC41 = ,5GL&2 ,MAJOR ,WOLFF1 ,FONTANA1 & O!R ,ITALIANS1 = ,ITALY2 ,LE ,LUBEZ1 ETC41 = ,FRANCE2 ,ECC>IUS & MYSELF1 = ,G]MANY4 ,! COMMITTEE WAS EMP[]$ TO CO-OPT AS MANY MEMB]S AS IT LIKES4 

0,SO F>1 SO GOOD4 ,I ATT5D$ ! FIR/ SITT+ ( ! COMMITTEE4 ,A SUB-COMMITTEE 7( :I* ,I AM A MEMB]7 WAS APPO9T$ TO DRAFT A DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES & PROVISIONAL RULES4 ,BE+ 9DISPOS$1 ,I WAS UNABLE TO ATT5D ! SITT+ ( ! SUBCOMMITTEE & ! SUBSEQU5T MEET+ ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,AT !SE TWO MEET+S1 9 MY ABS5CE1 ?IS WAS :AT HAPP5$3 

0,MAJOR ,WOLFF H&$ 9 A RULES & CON/ITUTION 7/ATUTES7 TRANSLAT$ FROM ?OSE ( ! ,ITALIAN WORK+M5'S ASSOCIATIONS 7:I* HAVE A C5TRAL ORGANIZATION1 BUT >E1 AS APPE>$ LAT]1 ESS5TIALLY ASSOCIAT$ MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES72 ?IS HE ?\<T WAS SUITABLE = USE BY \R NEW ASSOCIATION4 ,I SAW ! ?+ LAT]4 ,IT WAS OBVI\SLY BOT*$ UP BY ,MAZZ9I1 & Y\ WILL KN[ )\T MY TELL+ Y\ 9 :AT SORT ( SPIRIT & :AT K9D ( PHRASEOLOGY ! ESS5TIAL QUE/ION1 ! LABOR PROBLEM1 WAS TREAT$4 ,ALSO ! PROBLEMS ( NATIONALITY W]E DRAGG$ 9 BY ! E>S4 ,9 ADDITION1 A SOMETIME ,[5I/1 ,WE/ON1 AN AMIABLE & WOR?Y MAN1 SUBMITT$ A PROGRAM ( UNSPEAKABLE L5G? & FULL ( UNUTT]ABLE CONFUSION4 

0,AT ! NEXT MEET+ ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 ! SUBCOMMITTEE WAS 9/RUCT$ TO REMODEL ,WE/ON'S PROGRAM & ,WOLFF'S RULES & REGULATIONS4 ,WOLFF DEP>T$ TO ATT5D ! CONGRESS ( ! ,ITALIAN ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION AT ,NAPLES1 & TO ASK ?IS BODY TO AFFILIATE TO ! ,LONDON C5TRAL ASSOCIATION4 

0,ANO!R MEET+ ( ! SUB-COMMITTEE1 :I* ,I AGA9 FAIL$ TO ATT5D1 HAV+ BE5 NOTIFI$ TOO LATE4 ,TO ?IS WAS PRES5T$ A 'DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES' & AN ELABORATION ( ,WOLFF'S RULES & REGULATIONS DRAFT$ BY ,LE ,LUBEZ1 :I* WAS ADOPT$ BY ! SUB-COMMITTEE TO LAY BE=E ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL MET ON ,OCTOB] #a#h?4 ,S9CE ,ECC>IUS HAD WRITT5 TO W>N ME ?AT !RE WAS DANG] 9 DELAY1 ,I TURN$ UP1 & WAS TRULY T]RIFI$ TO HE> ! GOOD ,LE ,LUBEZ READ \T A HORRIBLY WORD$1 BADLY WRITT51 & UTT]LY RAW =EWORD1 :I* PR(ESS$ TO BE A DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES4 ,MAZZ9I PEEP$ ?R\< IT ALL1 CRU/$ OV] ) VAGUE RAGS ( ,FR5* SOCIALISM4 ,SUB/ANTIALLY1 ! ,ITALIAN RULES & REGULATIONS W]E ADOPT$4 ,:ATEV] !IR FAULTS MAY BE1 !Y HAVE A QUITE REM>KABLE AIM1 ?AT ( E/ABLI%+ A SORT ( C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 7( C\RSE ) ,MAZZ9I 9 ! BACKGR\ND7 ( ! ,EUROPEAN WORK+ CLASSES4 ,I PLAY$ ! P>T ( MOD]ATE OPPOSITION2 &1 AFT] L5G?Y DISCUSSIONS1 ,ECC>IUS PROPOS$ ?AT ! SUBCOMMITTEE %\LD SUBJECT ! :OLE ?+ TO 'RE-$IT+4' ,! 'PR9CIPLES' CONTA9$ 9 ,LE ,LUBEZ'S DECL>ATION W]E1 H[EV]1 ACCEPT$4 

0,TWO DAYS LAT]1 ON ,OCTOB] #b?1 !RE WAS A MEET+ 9 MY H\SE1 ATT5D$ BY ,CREM] = ! ,BRITI%1 ,FONTANA 7,ITALIAN71 & ,LE ,LUBEZ--,WE/ON C\LD NOT COME4 ,I HAD NOT AS YET HAD ! PAP]S 7,WOLFF'S & ,LE ,LUBEZ'S7 9 MY H&S1 & !RE=E HAD BE5 UNABLE TO PREP>E ANY?+2 BUT ,I HAD MADE UP MY M9D ?AT IF ,I C\LD PREV5T IT NOT A L9E ( ! ?+ %\LD BE LEFT4 ,TO GA9 TIME1 ,I PROPOS$ ?AT BE=E '$IT+' ! =EWORD1 WE %\LD 'DISCUSS' ! PROPOSITIONS4 ,?IS WAS AGRE$4 ,IT WAS ONE 9 ! MORN+ BE=E ! FIR/ ( =TY PROPOSITIONS WAS ADOPT$4 ,CREM] SAID 7AT MY 9/IGATION73 ',WE HAVE NO?+ TO PUT BE=E ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 :I* IS TO MEET ON ,OCTOB] #b#e?4 ,WE MU/ PO/PONE IT UNTIL ,NOVEMB] #a/4 ,! SUB-COMMITTEE CAN MEET ON ,OCTOB] #b#g?1 & TRY TO COME TO A DEF9ITE CONCLUSION4' ,?IS PROPOSAL WAS ACCEPT$1 & ! 'PAP]S' W]E 'LEFT' = ME TO LOOK ?R\<4 

0,I SAW ?AT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE ANY?+ \T ( ! DOCUM5T4 ,9 ORD] TO JU/IFY ! V]Y REM>KABLE WAY 9 :I* ,I 9T5D$ TO RE$IT ! ALREADY 'VOT$ PR9CIPLES1 ,I WROTE AN ,ADDRESS TO ! ,WORK+ ,CLASSES 7:I* WAS NOT 9 ! ORIG9AL PLAN72 A SORT ( RETROSPECT ( :AT HAD HAPP5$ TO ! WORK+ CLASSES S9CE #a#h#d#e4 ,UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT ALL FACTUAL MATT]S W]E CONTA9$ 9 ?IS ,ADDRESS1 & ?AT WE NE$ NOT SAY ! SAME ?+S ?RICE OV]1 ,I MODIFI$ ! 9TRODUCTION1 CUT \T ! DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES1 & F9ALLY R$UC$ ! F\R & TW5TY PROPOSITIONS TO T54 ,9 SO F> AS 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS >E M5TION$ 9 ! ,ADDRESS1 ,I REF] TO C\NTRIES & NOT TO NATIONALITIES2 & ,I D5\NCE ,RUSSIA1 NOT ! M9OR ,/ATES4 ,MY PROPOSALS W]E ALL ADOPT$ BY ! SUB-COMMITTEE4 ,ONLY ONE ?+1 ,I HAD TO PL$GE MYSELF TO 9S]T 9 ! PREAMBLE TO ! RULES TWO PHRASES AB\T 'DUTY' & 'RI<T'2 ALSO AB\T TRU?1 MORALITY1 & JU/ICE--BUT !Y >E ALL SO PLAC$ ?AT !Y CANNOT DO ANY H>M4 

0,AT ! SITT+ ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 MY ,ADDRESS1 ETC41 W]E ADOPT$ ) GREAT 5?USIASM 7UNANIM\SLY74 ,! DISCUSSIONS AB\T PR9T+1 & SO ON1 WILL TAKE PLACE NEXT ,TUESDAY4 ,LE ,LUBEZ HAS A COPY ( ! ,ADDRESS = TRANSLATION 9TO ,FR5*1 & ,FONTANA ONE = TRANSLATION 9TO ,ITALIAN 7& !RE IS A WEEKLY1 ! ',BEEHIVE1' $IT$ BY ! TRADE UNIONI/ ,POTT]1 A SORT ( ',MONITEUR'74 ,I MYSELF AM TO TRANSLATE ! ?+ 9TO ,G]MAN4 

0,IT WAS V]Y DIFFICULT TO >RANGE MATT]S SO ?AT \R VIEWS %\LD APPE> 9 A =M :I* W\LD MAKE !M ACCEPTABLE TO ! PRES5T /&PO9T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! SAME PEOPLE WILL 9 A FEW WEEKS BE HOLD+ JO9T MEET+S ) ,BRI<T & ,COBD5 ON BEHALF ( AN EXT5SION ( ! SUFFRAGE4 ,IT WILL BE SOME TIME BE=E ! REAWAK5$ MOVEM5T WILL P]MIT ( ! OLD BOLDNESS ( SPEE*4 ,WE MU/ HE /RONG 9 ! SUB/ANCE1 BUT MOD]ATE 9 ! =M40 

,SO MU* = ,M>X'S REPORT TO ,5GELS4 ,5\< TO ADD ?AT ! *AIRMAN ( ! PROVISIONAL ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL WAS ,ODG]1 & ITS VICE-*AIRMAN ,ECC>IUS4 ,IT WAS TO HAVE ITS HEADQU>T]S 9 ,LONDON4 ,?AT IS ALL ! NOTEWOR?Y 9=MATION ?AT CAN BE GIV5 AS TO ! F\ND+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 

,SUMM>IZ+ ! MATT]1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS REQUISITE = ! F\NDATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E FURNI%$ BY ! G5]AL SITUATION2 ?AT ! SUBJECTIVE /IMULUS PROCE$$ FROM ! TRADE UNIONS2 & ?AT ! 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]%IP & ! FURNI%+ ( A POLITICAL OBJECTIVE CAME FROM ,M>X4 

,! ,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS 

,! ,ADDRESS1 ,PREAMBLE1 & ,PROVISIONAL ,RULES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION IS EXTANT 9 ! ORIG9AL ,5GLI% TEXT ?AT WAS ADOPT$ BY ! ,ASSOCIATION1 BUT ,M>X'S ,G]MAN V]SION ( ?IS ORIG9AL HAS NOT COME D[N TO US4 

,! FIR/ V]SION PUBLI%$ 9 ,G]MAN WAS ! WORK ( ,J4 ,B4 VON ,S*WEITZ]1 ,LASSALLE'S SUCCESSOR 9 ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S4 ,IT APPE>$ 9 #a#h#f#d1 9 ! SECOND & ?IRD ISSUES ( ! 0,SOZIALDEMOKRAT10 ! ORGAN ( ! UNION4 

,9 #a#h#f#f1 ,J4 ,T4 ,BECK]1 :O HAD FL$ TO ,SWITZ]L& AFT] ! RIS+ 9 ! ,PALAT9ATE & ,BAD51 & HAD SETTL$ D[N 9 ! ,SWISS REPUBLIC1 PUBLI%$ ANO!R ,G]MAN V]SION ( ! ,ADDRESS 9 ! 0,VORBOTE10 ISSU$ 9 ,G5EVA AS ! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ! ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ GR\P ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,TWO YE>S LAT] /ILL1 ,WILHELM ,EI*H(F1 9 ,DIE ,9T]NATIONALE ,>BEIT]ASSOCIATION1 A BOOK PUBLI%$ 9 ,B]L91 GAVE YET ANO!R TRANSLATION ( ! ,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS1 DESCRIB$ AS 0AS FAI?FUL A R5D]+ AS POSSIBLE40 ,S9CE !SE TRANSLATIONS DIFF]$ 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 CONTA9+ ]RORS AS WELL AS CONFLICT+ 9T]PRETATIONS1 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY SUBSEQU5TLY PUBLI%$ AN AU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION1 MADE BY ,LUISE ,KAUTSKY UND] HIS SUP]VISION4 

,9 ! PREFACE TO ?IS TRANSLATION ,KAUTSKY PO9TS \T ?AT 9 ,M>XI/ LIT]ATURE ! ,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS HAS A SIGNIFICANCE1 AS F> AS EXPOSITION ( PROGRAM IS CONC]N$1 SECOND ONLY TO ?AT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 ,BUT ?\< ! TWO DOCUM5TS AGREE 9 FUNDAM5TALS1 ! ,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS HAS A V]Y DIFF]5T VISAGE FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 

,:5 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O MADE ITS WAY 9TO ! WORLD ) ALL ! SPL5DOR ( A M\NT$ PURSUIVANT1 ,M>X WAS ADDRESS+ HIMSELF TO A *OICE GR\P ( WORK+-CLASS 9TELLECTUALS1 :O W]E TO =M A PROPAG&I/ SOCIETY ( P]SONS C>EFULLY TRA9$ 9 MATT]S ( !ORY1 P]SONS :O1 9 ! =?COM+ REVOLUTION1 W\LD SEIZE ! LEAD]%IP1 & W\LD CONDUCT ! MOVEM5T =W>D T[>DS ITS GOAL4 ,9 ! 9T]IM1 SEV5TE5 YE>S HAD PASS$ AWAY4 ,! HOPES ( REVOLUTION HAD NOT BE5 FULFILL$4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y \TBUR/ ( #ahdh HAD BE5 FOLL[$ BY A WIDESPREAD REACTION1 & BY A =MIDABLE DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAD MADE COMMON CAUSE ) ! VE/IGES ( ! FEUDALI/ P[]S1 & ! TWO HAD CON/ITUT$ A FIRM FRONT4 ,AGA9/ !SE UNIT$ =CES1 NO HEADWAY C\LD BE MADE BY A SMALL GR\P ( TRI$ & TRU/Y REVOLUTIONI/S BACK$ UP ONLY BY A BL9D FOLL[+ ( ! MASSES4 ,:AT WAS NE$$ N[ WAS A SPONTANE\S MASS MOVEM5T ( ?OSE :O W]E ?OR\<LY WELL 9=M$ REG>D+ ME?ODS & AIMS4 ,! ,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS WAS DESIGN$ TO PROVIDE SU* A MASS MOVEM5T ) PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES & IMM$IATE TASKS4 ,?US IT SUB/ITUT$ CONCRETE DEMON/RATIONS = 5?USIA/IC IMPETUS1 & PROVID$ A SOB]LY DRAWN MAP ( ! NE>E/ SECTIONS ( ! R\TE = A SPL5DIDLY CONCEIV$ HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE4 

,! ,ADDRESS BEG9S ) A DRA/IC & OV]:ELM+LY P[]FUL BUT CONCISE /ATEM5T ( ! CONTRA/S *>ACT]I/IC ( CAPITALI/ EVOLUTION3 EXUB]ANT WEAL? AMONG ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 & T]RIBLE POV]TY AMONG ! NON-POSSESS+4 0,! TOTAL IMPORT & EXPORT TRADE ( ,5GL& HAD GR[N 9 #ahfc TO ,G,B,P#d#d#c1#i#e#e11 AN A/ONI%+ SUM1 AB\T ?REE TIMES ! TRADE ( ! COMP>ATIVELY REC5T EPO* ( #a#h#d#c4 444 ,FROM #ahdb TO #a#h#e#b1 ! TAXABLE 9COME ( ! C\NTRY 9CREAS$ BY SIX P] C5T2 9 ! EI<T YE>S FROM #ahec TO #a#h#f#a1 IT HAS 9CREAS$ FROM ! BASIS TAK5 9 #ahec TW5TY P] C5T4 444 ',?IS 9TOXICAT+ AUGM5TATION ( WEAL? & P[]1' ADDS ,MR4 ,GLAD/ONE1 'IS 5TIRELY CONF9$ TO CLASSES ( PROP]TY4'0 ,?AT WAS ONE SIDE ( ! M$AL4 ,H]E WAS ! OBV]SE3 0,! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS CAUS$ AN 9QUIRY TO BE MADE 9TO1 & A REPORT TO BE PUBLI%$ UPON1 TRANSPORTATION & P5AL S]VITUDE4 ,\T CAME ! MURD] 9 ! BULKY BLUE-BOOK ( #a#h#f#c1 & PROV$ IT WAS BY (FICIAL FACTS & FIGURES1 ?AT ! WOR/ ( ! CONVICT$ CRIM9ALS1 ! P5AL S]FS ( ,5GL& & ,SCOTL&1 TOIL$ MU* LESS & F>$ F> BETT] ?AN ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S ( ,5GL& & ,SCOTL&4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT ALL4 ,:51 CONSEQU5TLY UPON ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,AM]ICA1 ! OP]ATIVES ( ,LANCA%IRE & ,*E%IRE W]E ?R[N UPON ! /REETS1 ! SAME ,H\SE ( ,LORDS S5T TO ! MANUFACTUR+ DI/RICTS A PHYSICIAN COMMISSION$ TO 9VE/IGATE 9TO ! SMALLE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( C>BON & NITROG51 TO BE ADM9I/]$ 9 ! *EAPE/ & PLA9E/ =M1 :I*1 ON AN AV]AGE1 MI<T JU/ SUFFICE TO 'AV]T />VATION DISEASES4' 444 ,HE F\ND 444 ?AT QUANTITY PRETTY NE>LY TO AGREE ) ! SCANTY N\RI%M5T TO :I* ! PRESSURE ( EXTREME DI/RESS HAD ACTUALLY R$UC$ ! COTTON OP]ATIVES 444 & 444 ?AT ! SILK WEAV]S1 ! NE$LEWOM51 ! KID GLOV]S1 ! /OCK+ WEAV]S1 & SO =?1 RECEIV$1 ON AN AV]AGE1 NOT EV5 ! DI/RESS PITTANCE ( ! COTTON OP]ATIVES1 NOT EV5 ! AM\NT ( C>BON & NITROG5 'JU/ SUFFICI5T TO AV]T />VATION DISEASES4' 444 ,AS REG>DS ! EXAM9$ FAMILIES ( ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION1 IT APPE>$ ?AT MORE ?AN A FIF? W]E ) LESS ?AN ! E/IMAT$ SUFFICI5CY ( C>BONACE\S FOOD1 ?AT MORE ?AN ONE-?IRD W]E ) LESS ?AN ! E/IMAT$ SUFFICI5CY ( NITROG5\S FOOD 444 ,! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION ( ,5GL& .<! RI*E/ DIVISION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM WAS CONSID]ABLY ! WOR/ F$2 BUT EV5 ! AGRICULTURAL WRET*ES ( ,B]K%IRE1 ,OX=D%IRE1 & ,SOM]SET%IRE F>E BETT] ?AN GREAT NUMB]S ( SKILL$ 9DOOR OP]ATIVES ( ! ,EA/ ( ,LONDON40 ,SU* WAS ! PICTURE 9 ,5GL&1 ! EXEMPL>Y L& ( CAPITALISM--A HORRIBLE CONTRA/ BETWE5 SUP]FLUITY & />VATION4 ,BUT 0) LOCAL COLORS *ANG$1 & ON A SCALE SOME:AT CONTRACT$1 ! ,5GLI% FACTS REPRODUC$ !MSELVES 9 ALL ! 9DU/RI\S & PROGRESSIVE C\NTRIES ( ! ,CONT95T4 ,9 ALL ( !M !RE HAS TAK5 PLACE1 S9CE #a#h#d#h1 AN UNHE>D-( DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY1 & AN UNDREAM$-( EXPANSION ( IMPORTS & EXPORTS4 ,9 ALL ( !M '! AUGM5TATION ( WEAL? & P[] 5TIRELY CONF9$ TO CLASSES ( PROP]TY' WAS TRULY '9TOXICAT+' 444 ,EV]Y:]E ! GREAT MASS ( ! WORK+ CLASSES W]E S9K+ D[N TO A L[] DEP?1 AT ! SAME RATE AT LEA/ ?AT ?OSE ABOVE !M W]E RIS+ 9 ! SOCIAL SCALE4 ,9 ALL C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE IT HAS N[ BECOME A TRU? DEMON/RABLE TO EV]Y UNPREJUDIC$ M9D1 & ONLY D5I$ BY ?OSE :OSE 9T]E/ IT IS TO H$GE O!R PEOPLE 9 A FOOL'S P>ADISE1 ?AT NO IMPROVEM5T ( MA*9]Y1 NO APPLIANCE ( SCI5CE TO PRODUCTION1 NO CONTRIVANCES ( COMMUNICATION1 NO NEW COLONIES1 NO EMIGRATION1 NO OP5+ ( M>KETS1 NO FREE TRADE1 NOR ALL !SE ?+S PUT TOGE!R1 WILL DO AWAY ) ! MIS]IES ( ! 9DU/RI\S MASSES2 BUT ?AT1 ON ! PRES5T FALSE BASE1 EV]Y FRE% DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( LABOR MU/ T5D TO DEEP5 SOCIAL CONTRA/S & PO9T SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS40 

,HAV+ GIV5 ?IS DEMON/RATION ( ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SITUATION1 ! ,ADDRESS TURNS TO CONSID] ! POLITICAL SITUATION4 0,AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h1 ALL P>TY ORGANIZATIONS & P>TY J\RNALS ( ! WORK+ CLASSES W]E1 ON ! ,CONT95T1 CRU%$ BY ! IRON H& ( =CE2 ! MO/ ADVANC$ SONS ( LABOR FL$ 9 DESPAIR TO ! TRANSATLANTIC REPUBLIC2 & ! %ORT-LIV$ DREAMS ( EMANCIPATION VANI%$ BE=E AN EPO* ( 9DU/RIAL FEV]1 MORAL M>ASM1 & POLITICAL REACTION4 ,! DEFEAT ( ! CONT95TAL WORK+ CLASSES1 P>TLY [$ TO ! DIPLOMACY ( ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T1 ACT+ !N AS N[ 9 FRAT]NAL SOLID>ITY ) ! ,CAB9ET ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 SOON SPREAD ITS CONTAGI\S EFFECTS TO ?IS SIDE ( ! ,*ANNEL4 ,:ILE ! R\T ( !IR CONT95TAL BRE?R5 UNMANN$ ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASSES1 & BROKE !IR FAI? 9 !IR [N CAUSE1 IT RE/OR$ TO ! L&LORD & ! MONEY-LORD !IR SOME:AT %AK5 CONFID5CE4 ,!Y 9SOL5TLY )DREW CONCESSIONS ALREADY ADV]TIS$4 ,! DISCOV]IES ( NEW GOLD L&S L$ TO AN IMM5SE EXODUS LEAV+ AN IRREP>ABLE VOID 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,BRITI% PROLET>IAT4 ,O!RS ( ITS =M]LY ACTIVE MEMB]S W]E CAU<T BY ! TEMPOR>Y BRIBE ( GREAT] WORK & WAGES1 & TURN$ 9TO 'POLITICAL BLACKS4' ,ALL ! EF=TS MADE AT KEEP+ UP1 OR REMODEL+1 ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T FAIL$ SIGNALLY1 ! PRESS ORGANS ( ! WORK+ CLASS DI$ ONE BY ONE ( ! APA?Y ( ! MASSES1 &1 9 PO9T ( FACT1 NEV] BE=E SEEM$ ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS SO ?OR\<LY RECONCIL$ TO A /ATE ( POLITICAL NULLITY40 

,ONLY TWO GREAT HAPP5+S HAD LI<T5$ ! D>KNESS ( ?IS GLOOMY P]IOD1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ,T5 ,H\RS ,BILL AFT] A ?IRTY YE>S' /RUGGLE1 F\<T ) MO/ ADMIRABLE P]SEV]ANCE1 A /RUGGLE 9 :I* ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASSES HAD TURN$ TO ACC\NT A TEMPOR>Y FEUD BETWE5 ! L&LORDS & ! MONEY-LORDS2 :ILE ! O!R R$EEM+ FEATURE HAD BE5 ! F\NDATION ( ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T BY A FEW BOLD 9NOVATORS1 ! ,RO*DALE PIONE]S4 0,! ,T5 ,H\RS ,BILL WAS NOT ONLY A GREAT PRACTICAL SUCCESS1 IT WAS ! VICTORY ( A PR9CIPLE4 444 ,BUT !RE WAS 9 /ORE A /ILL GREAT] VICTORY ( ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( LABOR OV] ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( PROP]TY4 ,WE SPEAK ( ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T1 ESPECIALLY ! COOP]ATIVE FACTORIES40 ,! GREAT VALUE ( ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T WAS ?AT IT DID NOT REPRES5T ! \TCOME ( A CASUAL FAVORABLE TURN 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y SITUATION1 BUT WAS ! EXPRESSION ( A DELIB]ATE1 SPONTANE\S1 & FULLY CONSCI\S ATTEMPT TO OV]?R[ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,H]E9 IS DISCLOS$ ! FACT ?AT 0LIKE SLAVE LABOR1 LIKE S]F LABOR1 HIR$ LABOR IS BUT A TRANSITORY & 9F]IOR =M1 DE/9$ TO DISAPPE> BE=E ASSOCIAT$ LABOR PLY+ ITS TOIL ) A WILL+ H&1 A READY M9D1 & A JOY\S HE>T40 

,EXP]I5CE HAS 9DE$ %[N ?AT 0H[EV] EXCELL5T 9 PR9CIPLE1 & H[EV] USEFUL 9 PRACTICE1 COOP]ATIVE LABOR1 IF KEPT )9 ! N>R[ CIRCLE ( ! CASUAL EF=TS ( PRIVATE WORKM51 WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO >RE/ ! GR[? 9 GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION ( MONOPOLY1 TO FREE ! MASSES1 NOR EV5 P]CEPTIBLY TO LI<T5 ! BURD5 ( !IR MIS]IES4 444 ,TO SAVE ! 9DU/RI\S MASSES1 COOP]ATIVE LABOR \<T TO BE DEVELOP$ TO NATIONAL DIM5SIONS1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 TO BE FO/]$ BY NATIONAL MEANS4 444 ,TO CONQU] POLITICAL P[] HAS !RE=E BECOME ! GREAT DUTY ( ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,!Y SEEM TO HAVE COMPREH5D$ ?IS1 = 9 ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 & ,FRANCE1 !RE HAVE TAK5 PLACE SIMULTANE\S REVIVALS1 & SIMULTANE\S EF=TS >E BE+ MADE AT ! POLITICAL REORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+M5'S P>TY4 ,ONE ELEM5T ( SUCCESS !Y POSSESS--NUMB]S2 BUT NUMB]S WEI< ONLY 9 ! BALANCE IF UNIT$ BY COMB9ATION & L$ BY KN[L$GE4 ,PA/ EXP]I5CE HAS %[N H[ DISREG>D ( ?AT BOND ( BRO!RHOOD :I* \<T TO EXI/ BETWE5 ! WORKM5 ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 & 9CITE !M TO /& FIRMLY BY EA* O!R 9 ALL !IR /RUGGLES = EMANCIPATION1 WILL BE *A/IS$ BY ! COMMON DISCOMFITURE ( !IR 9COH]5T EF=TS40 

,AFT] REF]R+ TO ! W> AGA9/ ,NEGRO SLAV]Y 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 TO ! ,RUSSIAN CONQUE/ ( ,CAUCASIA1 & TO ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,POLI% RIS+ BY ,RUSSIAN >MIES1 ! ,ADDRESS GOES ON TO SAY ?AT !SE ?+S 0HAVE TAU<T ! WORK+ CLASS ! DUTY TO MA/] !MSELVES ! MY/]IES ( 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS2 TO WAT* ! DIPLOMATIC ACTS ( !IR RESPECTIVE GOV]NM5TS2 TO C\NT]ACT !M1 IF NECESS>Y1 BY ALL MEANS 9 !IR P[]2 :5 UNABLE TO PREV5T1 TO COMB9E 9 SIMULTANE\S D5UNCIATIONS1 & TO V9DICATE ! SIMPLE LAWS ( MORALS & JU/ICE1 :I* \<T TO GOV]N ! RELATIONS ( PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS1 AS ! RULES P>AM\NT ( ! 9T]C\RSE ( NATIONS4 ,! FI<T = SU* A =EIGN POLICY =MS P>T ( ! G5]AL /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES40 

,! FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS ( ! ,ADDRESS >E REIT]AT$ 9 ! ,PREAMBLE TO ! ,PROVISIONAL ,RULES1 9 A MORE CONC5TRAT$ =M4 ,H]E WE READ 0?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES MU/ BE CONQU]$ BY ! WORK+ CLASSES !MSELVES2 ?AT ! /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES MEANS1 NOT A /RUGGLE = CLASS PRIVILEGES & MONOPOLIES1 BUT = EQUAL RI<TS & DUTIES & ! ABOLITION ( ALL 'CLASS RULE4' ,?AT ! ECONOMICAL SUBJECTION ( ! MAN ( LABOR TO ! MONOPOLIZ] ( ! MEANS ( LABOR1 ?AT IS1 ! S\RCES ( LIFE1 LIES AT ! BOTTOM ( S]VITUDE 9 ALL ITS =MS1 ( ALL SOCIAL MIS]Y1 M5TAL DEGRADATION1 & POLITICAL DEP5D5CE2 ?AT ! ECONOMICAL EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES IS !RE=E ! GREAT 5D TO :I* EV]Y POLITICAL MOVEM5T \<T TO BE SUBORD9ATE AS A MEANS2 ?AT ALL EF=TS AIM+ AT ?AT CONCRETE 5D HAVE HI!RTO FAIL$ FROM ! WANT ( SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! MANIFOLD DIVISIONS ( LABOR 9 EA* C\NTRY1 & FROM ! ABS5CE ( A FRAT]NAL BOND ( UNION BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASSES ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES2 ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR IS NEI!R A LOCAL1 NOR A NATIONAL1 BUT A SOCIAL PROBLEM1 EMBRAC+ ALL C\NTRIES 9 :I* MOD]N SOCIETY EXI/S1 & DEP5D+ = ITS SOLUTION ON ! CONCURR5CE1 PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL1 ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ C\NTRIES40 

,!SE IMPORTANT CONSID]ATIONS ONCE MORE GIVE PLA9 EXPRESSION TO ! MEAN+ & ! AIMS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AL?\< ! ,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS LAYS SO MU* /RESS UPON ! ,T5 ,H\RS ,BILL & ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T AS IMM$IATE AIMS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ?IS N[ISE IMPLIES ?AT ! DOCUM5T REPRES5TS A TR5D 9 FAVOR ( R5\NC+ REVOLUTION & RETURN+ TO RE=MI/ ME?ODS4 ,NO?+ C\LD HAVE BE5 FUR!R FROM ! AU?OR'S M9D ?AN ! IDEA ( REG>D+ AN OPPORTUNI/ 5DEAVOR TO FULFILL IMM$IATELY PRACTICAL DEM&S AS A PANACEA = ! MIS]IES ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! AIM ( ! ,ADDRESS WAS1 RA!R1 TO MAKE ! WORK]S AW>E ( ! NE$ = 9T]NATIONAL COHESION1 & TO DO ?IS BY LAY+ /RONG EMPHASIS UPON CONCRETE PRACTICAL 9T]E/S2 SEE+ ?AT ! COMP>ATIVELY AB/RACT >GUM5TATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O HAD BE5 PRACTICALLY )\T 9FLU5CE UPON ! 9TELLIG5CE & ! WILL ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9CITEM5T ( ! WORK]S ( ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 & ,SPA9 TO JO9 =CES 9 A LIV+ SOLID>ITY2 ! 5LI/+ ( ,*>TI/S1 ,[5I/S1 ,PR\DHONI/S1 ,BLANQUI/S1 ,MAZZ9I/S1 & ,LASSALLI/S BY A PROGRAM :I* W\LD NOT (F5D OR EXCLUDE ANY ( !M--!SE W]E ! FUNDAM5TAL MOTIFS & AIMS ( ! ,ADDRESS4 ,BO? 9 =M & CONT5T1 IT WAS ADMIRABLY DESIGN$ TO A*IEVE ITS 5D4 

,! ,T[] ( ,BABEL 

,S9CE ! ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT ABSORB 9TO ITS [N /RUCTURE ! WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! V>I\S C\NTRIES1 BUT LEFT !M 9TACT AS 9DEP5D5T /RUCTURES1 IT SOON COMPRIS$ A MOTLEY MOSAIC ( GR\PS1 TR5DS1 S*OOLS1 & CAMPS2 & IT HAD TO CONDUCT ITS AFFAIRS 9 A MULTIPLICITY ( LANGUAGES1 AS AT ! ,T[] ( ,BABEL AFT] ! CONFUSION ( TONGUES4 

,NOT ONLY HAD ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 EV]Y C\NTRY ITS [N SPECIFIC NATIONAL IMPR9T2 BUT FUR!R1 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 !RE EXI/$ CONFLICT+ TYPES ( ORGANIZATION & MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,5GL&1 = 9/ANCE1 !RE W]E /ILL TO BE F\ND CONSID]ABLE VE/IGES ( ,[5I/ UTOPISM1 :I* HAD DEG5]AT$ 9TO FREE?9K+ SECT>IANISM4 ,!RE W]E ALSO ! RELICS ( ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD N[ FALL5 9TO HOPELESS DECAY4 ,AMONG ! TRADE UNIONI/S1 AL?\< COLLECTIVI/ IDEAS W]E GA9+ GR\ND1 9DIVIDUALI/ NOTIONS W]E /ILL DOM9ANT1 SO ?AT !RE WAS A /RANGE MI%MA% ( DOCTR9E4 ,WOR/ ( ALL1 AS ! ,WEBBS PO9T \T 9 !IR ,HI/ORY ( ,TRADE ,UNIONISM1 ! LEAD]S ( ! MOVEM5T W]E UNAW>E ?AT !Y W]E TRY+ TO COMB9E 9COMPATIBLES4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONI/S1 MOREOV]1 LIKE ! ,*RI/IAN SOCIALI/S L$ BY ,K+SLEY & ,MAURICE1 W\LD NOT HE> A WORD ( POLITICAL ACTIVITY ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S4 ,NOR W]E ?+S ANY BETT] 9 ,FRANCE4 ,!RE1 ,F\RI]I/S & ,CABETI/S CONT9U$ TO 5JOY A POPUL>ITY ?AT WAS LONG OV]RIPE4 ,L\IS ,BLANC'S S*EME = NATIONAL WORK%OPS HAD /ILL NUM]\S SUPPORT]S2 & ,BLANQUI'S FUTILE POLICY ( EXTEMPORIZ$ 9SURRECTIONISM HAD NOT CEAS$ TO ATTRACT P]SONS ) A FONDNESS = ACTION 9 SEASON & \T ( SEASON4 ,BUT AMONG ALL ! PROGRAMS ?AT COMPET$ = POPUL> SUPPORT1 ,PR\DHON'S S*EME = GETT+ RID ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & LIB]AT+ EV]Y ONE PEACEFULLY1 BY MEANS ( A PEOPLE'S BANK SECUR$ ! /RONGE/ SUPPORT4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ! UTOPIAN IDEAS ( ,WEITL+ W]E /ILL FL\RI%+ AMID ! MORIBUND TRADITIONS ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS RADICALISM ( #a#h#d#h4 ,BUT 9 ! =EGR\ND H]E1 F> MORE IMPOS+ ?AN ALL ! RE/1 /OOD ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S1 5JOY+ WIDESPREAD POPUL>ITY :I* HAD BE5 >TIFICIALLY 9FLAT$ BY ,LASSALLE'S SKILL AS AN AGITATOR4 ,S9CE ,LASSALLE'S DEA?1 H[EV]1 ITS 9FLU5CE HAD BEGUN TO DECL9E1 [+ TO ! CIVIL W> BETWE5 ?OSE :O ADH]$ TO ! MASCUL9E TR5D UND] ,S*WEITZ] & ?OSE :O ADH]$ TO ! FEM99E TR5D UND] ,C\NTESS ,HATZFELD4 ,9 ,ITALY1 ! NATIONALI/-MY/ICAL REPUBLICANISM ( ,MAZZ9I WAS CLOSELY AK9 TO ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM ( ,BAKUN94 ,SWITZ]L&1 F9ALLY1 WAS ! HAPPY HUNT+-GR\ND ( CANTONAL P>TICUL>ISMS4 

,NOT ?AT MO/ ( ! GR\PS & ORGANIZATIONS JU/ M5TION$ BELONG$ AS YET TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BUT IT WAS TO BE =ESE5 ?AT :5 !Y DID JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ! RESULT W\LD BE A MAD CONFUSION ( IDEAS1 A *AOS ( CONFLICTS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM 9TO A MON/ROSITY4 

,M>X RECOGNIZ$ !SE DANG]\S POSSIBILITIES1 & !RE=E MADE IT HIS BUS9ESS TO 5SURE ?AT ! OPPOS+ \TLOOKS %\LD NOT =?) F9D EXPRESSION 9 ! PUBLICITY ( A CONGRESS1 BUT ?AT !IR DISCUSSION %\LD BE RE/RICT$1 TO BEG9 )1 )9 ! N>R[ LIMITS ( A MORE OR LESS CONFID5TIAL CONF]5CE4 

,HE WAS AID$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! PROGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 AT FIR/1 WAS ANY?+ BUT RAPID4 ,9DE$1 ! BEG9N+S W]E ON A V]Y SMALL SCALE4 ,AFT] CONSID]ABLE HESITATION1 A FEW TRADE UNIONS 9 :I* PROPAG&A WORK HAD BE5 C>RI$ ON = A CONSID]ABLE TIME HAD DECID$ TO ADH]E4 ,= ! RE/1 ! ORGANIZATION CONTA9$ ONLY 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S1 :O W]E GR\P$ 9 SECTIONS4 ,EV5 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! GR[? ( ! MEMB]%IP LAGG$ BEH9D EXPECTATIONS4 ,! FIR/ TO JO91 O!R ?AN ,5GLI%1 W]E ! MEMB]S ( ! ,ITALIAN ,WORK+M5'S ,CLUB 9 ,LONDON4 ,!N CAME ?REE ,G]MAN WORK]S' SOCIETIES1 AMONG !M ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,$UCATIONAL ,SOCIETY4 ,A WORK+-CLASS SOCIETY = ! SUPPORT ( ,POLI% REFUGEES ALSO AFFILIAT$4 ,9 ,SWITZ]L& A FEW SECTIONS W]E =M$4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 AL?\< FIFTY ?\S& COPIES ( ! ,ADDRESS W]E CIRCULAT$1 !RE WAS NO MORE ?AN A FEEBLE RESPONSE4 ,AFT] ! LAPSE ( A YE>1 ! GR[? ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD /ILL BE5 SO 9ADEQUATE ?AT ITS VOICE C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 EXPECT$1 AT A CONGRESS1 TO PRODUCE ! DESIR$ POLITICAL EFFECT4 ,ON ,M>X'S 9ITIATIVE1 !RE=E1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL DECID$ ?AT ! CONGRESS PLANN$ = ,BRUSSELS 9 #ahfe %\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A CONF]5CE 9 ,LONDON4 

,! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE WAS HELD FROM ,SEPTEMB] #be TO #b#i1 #a#h#f#e4 ,BRITI% LABOR WAS REPRES5T$ BY ,ODG]1 ,CREM]1 ,H[ELL1 ,:EEL]1 ,DELL1 & ,WE/ON4 ,FROM ,FRANCE CAME ,TOLA91 ,LIM\S91 ,V>L91 ,FRIBORG1 ,S*ILY1 & ,CL>ION2 FROM ,BRUSSELS1 ,CES> DE ,PAEPE1 A QUALIFI$ M$ICAL MAN1 WORK+ AS A COMPOSITOR4 ,SWITZ]L& HAD S5T ,J4 ,P4 ,BECK] = ! ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ & ,DUPLEIX = ! ,FR5*-SPEAK+ SECTION4 ,BESIDES ?IS1 ! CONT95TAL WORK]S W]E REPRES5T$ BY DELEGATES FROM ! RESPECTIVE NATIONAL SOCIETIES 9 ,LONDON3 ,G]MANY1 BY ,LESSN] & ,S*APP]2 ,ITALY BY ,MAJOR ,WOLFF2 ,POL& BY ,BOBCZYNSKI4 ,F9ALLY1 ! FOLL[+ W]E PRES5T AS CORRESPOND+ MEMB]S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL3 ,M>X = ,G]MANY1 ,JUNG = ,SWITZ]L&1 & ,DUPONT = ,FRANCE4 ,ECC>IUS RE9=C$ ! ,G]MAN REPRES5TATIVES1 BE+ PRES5T AS VICE-*AIRMAN ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 

,! G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,CREM]1 REPORT+ = ,5GL&1 SAID ?AT AS YET ONLY A V]Y SMALL P>T ( ! TRADE UNIONS HAD BE5 WON OV] TO SUPPORT ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 HE SAID1 GOOD REASON TO HOPE ?AT1 9 VIEW ( ! REC5TLY OP5$ CAMPAIGN ON BEHALF ( AN EXT5SION ( ! SUFFRAGE 7A CAMPAIGN :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD 5]GETICALLY SUPPORT71 A CONSID]ABLE ACCESSION ( MEMB]%IP W\LD BE SECUR$4 ,! REPORTS FROM ,FRANCE W]E LITTLE MORE 5C\RAG+1 & ! WRANGL+ BETWE5 ! ,FR5* DELEGATES GAVE SUFFICI5T EXPLANATION = ! FAILURE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,9 ,SWITZ]L&1 ON ! O!R H&1 ?ANKS TO ! 9DEFATIGABLE & ABLE RECRUIT+ WORK ?AT HAD BE5 C>RI$ ON BY ,BECK]1 A NUMB] ( L>GE WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS HAD COME 9TO BE+1 BUT ?IS RESULT WAS LESS 5C\RAG+ ?AN IT MI<T O!RWISE HAVE BE5 BECAUSE ,BECK] WAS SO OBVI\SLY NO?+ MORE ?AN A RE=MI/4 ,! SAME T5D5CY T[>DS RE=MISM1 FO/]$ 9 ESPECIAL BY ! ,PR\DHONI/ TR5D ( SO MANY ( ! ,FR5*1 & COMPLICAT$ BY ! G5]AL CONFUSION ( IDEAS1 WAS MANIFE/ ?R\<\T ! DISCUSSIONS4 ,NO MATT] :E!R ! TOPIC ( DEBATE WAS ! ,POLI% QUE/ION1 ! RELIGI\S PROBLEM1 OR ! DESIRABILITY ( SPE$ILY HOLD+ A G5]AL CONGRESS--IRRECONCILABLE OP9IONS W]E VOIC$1 9COMPATIBLE PR9CIPLES W]E ADVOCAT$ ) VIOL5CE ON BO? SIDES1 & A SITUATION DEVELOP$ :I* REPRES5T$ ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( 9T]NATIONAL H>MONY4 

,CONFLICTS1 ,CRISES1 ,/RUGGLES 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION PROCE$$ ALONG L9ES :I* SOON MADE ,M>X 0= PRACTICAL PURPOSES ! HEAD ( ! CONC]N40 

,?IS 9VOLV$ = HIM A TREM5D\S EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY & TIME1 :I* W]E EAT5 UP BY MEET+S1 CORRESPOND5CE1 & NEGOTIATIONS4 ,HIS DAYS ]E LONG PROV$ TOO %ORT1 & HE HAD TO /EAL TIME FROM ! NI<T4 ,DUR+ !SE YE>S1 HE WAS 5GAG$ 9 WRIT+ ,CAPITAL1 HIS GREAT WORK ON POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,?IS 9VOLV$ EXT5SIVE /UDIES1 :I* W]E P]PETUALLY BE+ 9T]RUPT$ BY ! SITT+S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL & ITS SUBCOMMITTEES4 ,! NEWSPAP] >TICLES ON :I* HE WAS DEP5D5T = DAILY BREAD REMA9$ UNWRITT51 & AGA9 & AGA9 HE GRUMBL$ AB\T 0! 5ORM\S WA/E ( TIME10 & ! 0FREQU5T 9T]RUPTIONS40 ,5GELS1 LIKEWISE1 :OM ,M>X HAD (T5 TO CALL UPON = HELP1 OCCASIONALLY LO/ PATI5CE4 0,! NEW MOVEM5T10 HE WROTE ANGRILY1 0MAKES ME SWEAT ABOM9ABLY4 ,IT IS ! DEVIL & ALL :51 HAV+ WRITT5 ! LIVELONG DAY = ONE'S BUS9ESS1 ONE HAS TO GO ON WRIT+ AFT]W>DS TILL ONE OR TWO 9 ! MORN+ = ! P>TY & PUBLI%]S & SO ON40 ,YET ALL ! :ILE ! MOVEM5T WAS EXP&+2 WAS DEM&+ MORE 5]GY1 CLOS] SUP]VISION1 KE5] P>TICIPATION2 W\LD GIVE ITS DIRECTORS NO RE/4 

,WORSE /ILL1 FROM DAY TO DAY ! AFFAIR SEEM$ MORE & MORE UNSATISFACTORY1 [+ TO ! 9NUM]ABLE QU>RELS1 JEAL\SIES1 & FACTION FI<TS ) :I* ! 9N] LIFE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS CONVULS$4 0,I HAD SAID TO MYSELF10 WROTE ,5GELS1 0?AT A NAIVE FRAT]NITY W\LD NOT LA/ LONG 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 444 ,!RE WILL C]TA9LY BE A LOT MORE PHASES ( ! K9D1 :I* WILL CO/ Y\ A GREAT DEAL ( TIME40 ,9 ACTUAL FACT1 BRAWLS W]E UNCEAS+4 ,N[ IT WAS ! ,FR5* :O W]E TAK+ UP ! CUDGELS AGA9/ ! BRA9-WORK]S1 & W]E READY TO TE> ONE ANO!R'S EYES \T BECAUSE ( DIFF]5CES UPON ! RELIGI\S PROBLEM2 N[ ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ,POLI% QUE/ION GAVE RISE TO VIOL5T DISPUTES2 N[ EMBITT]$ /RUGGLES RAG$ R\ND ! P]IODICAL1 ! 0,COMMONWEAL?10 :I* HAD BE5 APPO9T$ ! (FICIAL ORGAN ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & APPE>$ TO BE TOO MU* 9CL9$ TO ESP\SE A B\RGEOIS RE=MI/ \TLOOK2 N[ !RE WAS A FI<T BETWE5 ,ODG] & ,POTT]1 ! $ITOR ( ! 0,BEEHIVE10 A FI<T :I* ?REAT5$ TO BECOME A PUBLIC SC&AL2 N[ IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO EXPEL MEMB]S :O HAD GRAVELY 9FR+$ ! RULES1 OR HAD PUBLI%$ FALSE REPORTS CONC]N+ ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,SO IT W5T ON1 MON? AFT] MON?4 ,ONCE1 :5 ,M>X RETURN$ FROM A J\RNEY1 HE WROTE TO ,5GELS3 0,?IS EV5+ ,I WAS AT A SITT+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AGA9 = ! FIR/ TIME AFT] ?REE WEEKS4 ,9 ! 9T]IM1 !RE HAS BE5 A REVOLUTION4 ,LE ,LUBEZ & ,D5\AL HAVE RESIGN$1 ,DUPONT HAS BE5 APPO9T$ ,FR5* SECRET>Y4 ,[+ TO ! 9TRIGUES ( ,LE ,LUBEZ & ESPECIALLY ( ,MAJOR ,WOLFF 7:O IS A TOOL ( ,MAZZ9I71 ! ,ITALIAN DELEGATES ,LAMA & ,FONTANA HAVE RESIGN$4 ,! PRETEXT IS ?AT ,LE=T 7:O HAS ALSO 9 ! 9T]IM DECL>$ HIS 9T5TION TO RESIGN7 IS TO RETA9 HIS PO/ AS G5]AL DEF5D] ( ! ,P>ISIAN PRESS4 ,! ,ITALIAN ,WORK+M5'S ,CLUB HAS NOT )DRAWN FROM ! ORGANIZATION1 BUT NO LONG] HAS A REPRES5TATIVE ON ! ,C\NCIL4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ?R\< ! 9/RUM5TALITY ( ,BAKUN91 ,I PROPOSE TO C\NT]M9E ,SIGNOR ,MAZZ9I 9 ,FLOR5CE4 ,! ,5GLI% ,BOOTMAK]S' ,UNION1 ) A MEMB]%IP ( FIVE ?\S&1 HAS JO9$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL :ILE ,I HAVE BE5 AWAY40 ,5GELS1 9 HIS ANSW]1 EXPRESSES ! HOPE ?AT 0! RUMPUS WILL SOON COME TO AN 5D40 ,HIS HOPE WAS NOT DE/9$ TO BE FULFILL$1 =1 ) 9NUM]ABLE V>IATIONS1 ! RUMPUS W5T ON = WEEKS1 MON?S1 YE>S4 ,AS SOON AS ONE CONFLICT HAD BE5 MITIGAT$ OR SETTL$1 TWO NEW ONES W\LD BREAK \T ELSE:]E4 

,9ASMU* AS1 :ATEV] ,M>X MAY HAVE BE51 HE WAS NOT A PEACEMAK]1 HIS 9FLU5CE T5D$ RA!R TO 9T5SIFY ?AN TO MITIGATE !SE FRICTIONS & QU>RELS4 ,! EFFECT HE HAD 9 ?IS RESPECT WAS AGGRAVAT$ BY ! UN=TUNATE CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT YE>S ( BODILY 9DISPOSITION HAD MADE HIM IRRITABLE & BITT]4 ,HE HAD LONG SUFF]$ FROM LIV] TR\BLE1 TO :I* ( LATE AN OB/9ATE T5D5CY TO BOILS HAD BE5 SUP]ADD$1 SO ?AT = MANY YE>S ?IS PA9FUL AILM5T WAS BREAK+ \T N[ 9 ONE P>T ( HIS BODY & N[ 9 ANO!R1 H9D]+ HIS WORK1 & (T5 R$UC+ HIM TO DESPAIR4 ,HIS LETT]S TO ,5GELS >E FULL ( COMPLA9TS & \TBUR/S ( WRA? ON ?IS ACC\NT4 0,I AM TORM5T$ ) ! OLD EVIL 9 V>I\S & MO/ 9CONV5I5T P>TS1 SO ?AT IT IS V]Y H>D = ME TO SIT40 444 0,I HAVE SP5T ! GREAT] P>T ( A WEEK 9 B$ BECAUSE ( A C>BUNCLE40 444 0,TO MY EXTREME DISGU/1 AFT] BE+ UNABLE TO SLEEP ALL NI<T1 ,I DISCOV]$ ?IS MORN+ TWO MORE FIR/-CLASS BOILS ON MY *E/40 444 0,I AM WORK+ N[ LIKE A DRAY-HORSE1 SEE+ ?AT ,I MU/ MAKE ! BE/ USE ( ALL ! TIME AVAILABLE = WORK1 & ! C>BUNCLES >E /ILL !RE1 ?\< !Y >E N[ GIV+ ME ONLY LOCAL TR\BLE1 & >E NOT 9T]F]+ ) MY BRA940 444 0,?IS TIME IT WAS REALLY S]I\S--! FAMILY DID NOT KN[ H[ S]I\S4 ,IF IT RECURS AS BADLY ?REE OR F\R TIMES MORE1 IT WILL BE ALL UP ) ME4 ,I HAVE WA/$ AMAZ+LY1 & AM /ILL DAMNABLY WEAK NOT 9 ! HEAD BUT 9 ! TRUNK & LIMBS4 444 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ( BE+ ABLE TO SIT UP4 ,BUT1 :ILE LY+ D[N1 ,I HAVE BE5 ABLE1 AT 9T]VALS1 TO KEEP ON DIGG+ AWAY AT MY WORK40 

,5GELS HAD AGA9 & AGA91 EV] MORE URG5TLY1 BEGG$ ,M>X 0TO DO SOME?+ REASONABLE1 ?AT Y\ MAY RID Y\RSELF ( ?IS TYRANNY ( BOILS40 ,HE ASK$ ! ADVICE ( DOCTORS1 /UDI$ M$ICAL LIT]ATURE1 S5T HIS FRI5D PRESCRIPTIONS4 ,M>X C\LD NOT MAKE UP HIS M9D TO UND]GO ME?ODICAL TREATM5T4 ,HE LACK$ TIME & MONEY1 WAS AFRAID ( =FEIT+ HIS E>N+S1 & WAS LOA! TO LEAVE ! MOVEM5T TO ITSELF AT SO CRITICAL A TIME4 ,BUT :51 9 ! W9T] ( #a#h#f#e-#a#h#f#f1 ! BOILS GREW CONT9UALLY MORE TR\BLESOME1 ,5GELS WROTE MORE S]I\SLY ?AN EV]3 0,NO ONE CAN P]MAN5TLY 5DURE ?IS *RONIC FI<T ) C>BUNCLES1 )\T M5TION+ ?AT SOON] OR LAT] Y\ MAY HAVE ONE ASSUM+ SU* A =M ?AT IT WILL S5D Y\ TO ! DEVIL4 ,:AT WILL HAPP5 !N TO Y\R BOOK & Y\R FAMILY8 ,Y\ KN[ ?AT ,I AM READY TO DO ANY?+ 9 MY P[]1 &1 9 ?IS EXTREME 9/ANCE1 EV5 MORE ?AN ,I W\LD RISK 9 O!R CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,DO BE REASONABLE1 !N1 OBLIGE ME & Y\R FAMILY TO ?IS EXT5T AT LEA/1 ?AT Y\ WILL HAVE ME?ODICAL TREATM5T4 ,:AT W\LD HAPP5 TO ! :OLE MOVEM5T IF ANY?+ W5T WRONG ) Y\8 444 ,I CAN GET NO RE/ BY DAY OR BY NI<T UNTIL Y\ HAVE GOT OV] ?IS TR\BLE40 

,M>X /ILL HESITAT$4 ,BUT AT L5G? ! ILLNESS MADE IT ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE = HIM TO WORK4 ,HE HAD BECOME SO IRRITABLE ?AT HE DID NOT V5TURE TO GO TO SITT+S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 F9D+ IT 0B>ELY POSSIBLE TO RETA9 ! /ORMS )9 '! LIMITS ( PURE REASON1' & BE+ MU* MORE 9CL9$ TO BUR/ =? ) UNDUE VIOL5CE40 ,HE !RE=E DECID$1 9 ,M>* #a#h#f#f1 TO SP5D A FEW WEEKS AT ,M>GATE1 5JOY+ ! B5EFITS ( SEA AIR & SEA BA?+4 

,F\R WEEKS RELAXATION & *ANGE ( AIR SET HIM UP ONCE MORE4 ,AL?\<1 AFT] HIS RETURN1 HE SUFF]$ 9 BRIEF SUCCESSION FROM A BAD COLD1 FROM 9FLU5ZA1 & FROM RHEUMATISM1 HE WAS AT ANY RATE FREE FROM ! C>BUNCLES4 

,BUT HE WAS NOT FREE FROM ! MAT]IAL EMB>RASSM5TS BY :I*1 ?R\<\T ?AT W9T]1 HE HAD BE5 TR\BL$ ALMO/ AS MU* AS BY ! ILLNESS4 

,HIS WORK = ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7:I* WAS1 ( C\RSE1 UNREMUN]AT$71 HIS EXP5DITURES UPON PO/AGE1 TRAVEL TO MEET+S1 M9OR J\RNEYS1 DOCTOR & M$IC9ES1 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! FALL+-(F 9 HIS FEES = NEWSPAP] >TICLES1 HAD COMPLETELY UPSET HIS TOTT]+ F9ANCES4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #ahfe HE WROTE DESPAIR+LY TO ,5GELS3 0,= ! LA/ TWO MON?S ,I HAVE BE5 LIV+ ON ! PAWN%OP1 :ILE SUFF]+ FROM ACCUMULAT$ & EV] MORE 9TOL]ABLE APPEALS FROM DUNS4 ,Y\ WILL NOT BE SURPRIS$ AT ! /ATE ( MY F9ANCES :5 Y\ BE> 9 M9D3 FIR/1 ?AT ?R\<\T ?IS TIME ,I HAVE NOT E>N$ A P5NY2 &1 SECONDLY1 ?AT ! M]E LIQUIDATION ( MY DEBTS & ! FURNI%+ ( ! H\SE CO/ AB\T ,G,B,P#e4 ,I HAVE KEPT AN ACC\NT D[N TO ! LA/ F>?+1 = IT SEEM$ 9CR$IBLE TO ME H[ ! MONEY WAS RUNN+ AWAY4 ,ADD ?AT FROM ,G]MANY1 :]E ,GOD KN[S :AT HAS BE5 SPREAD ABROAD1 ALL POSSIBLE ANT$ILUVIAN DEM&S HAVE BE5 MADE4 444 ,I ASSURE Y\ ?AT ,I W\LD RA!R HAVE MY ?UMB CUT (F ?AN WRITE ?IS LETT] TO Y\4 ,IT IS CRU%+ TO BE DEP5D5T = HALF A LIFETIME4 ,! ONLY ?\<T :I* CONSOLES ME IS ?AT WE >E RUNN+ A JO9T BUS9ESS 9 :I* ,I GIVE MY TIME TO ! !ORETICAL SIDE ( ! MATT] & TO P>TY AFFAIRS40 ,5GELS1 SYMPA!TIC AS EV]1 & ALWAYS READY TO HELP1 PROMPTLY S5T ,G,B,P#e1 FOLL[+ ?IS UP ) ,G,B,P#a#e1 ,G,B,P#b1 & ,G,B,P#a4 ,MEAN:ILE ,J5NY HAD FALL5 SICK1 & HAD TO BE S5T = *ANGE ( AIR TO ! C\NTRY4 ,M>X1 GO+ TO VISIT H]1 F\ND H] /ILL V]Y ILL2 HE HAD HIS PORTMANTEAU /OL51 & WROTE TO ,5GELS = MONEY4 ,! L&LORD HAD CALL$1 HAD TALK$ ( DI/RA9T1 & ( CANCEL+ ! LEASE4 0,! L&LORD'S VISIT WAS FOLL[$ UP BY ?AT ( ! RE/ ( ! PACK1 P>TLY 9 P]SON1 & P>TLY 9 ! =M ( ?REAT5+ LETT]S4 ,I F\ND MY WIFE SO DESP]ATELY ILL ?AT ,I HAD NOT ! C\RAGE TO TELL H] ! TRUE /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,I REALLY DON'T KN[ :AT TO DO60 ,5GELS ANSW]$ BY RETURN ( PO/ ) A REMITTANCE ( ,G,B,P#a1 & ! ASSURANCE3 0,I AM TRY+ TO ?9K \T WAYS ( PROVID+ AT LEA/ 9 9/ALLM5TS = ! O!RS40 ,!N1 LETT] AFT] LETT]1 ,G,B,P#e1 A ,*RI/MAS PRES5T1 ,G,B,P#a#e1 ,G,B,P#b1 & ,G,B,P#a1 & F9ALLY ! FUNDS = ! VISIT TO ,M>GATE4 

,TO ?IS P]IOD BELONGS A TEMPTATION TO :I* A REF]5CE MU/ BE MADE1 BECAUSE IT SUBSEQU5TLY PLAY$ A P>T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,ONE DAY ,M>X RECEIV$ FROM ,LO?> ,BU*]1 FRI5D & EXECUTOR ( ,LASSALLE1 ! (F] ( A WELL-PAID POSITION ON ! /AFF ( ! 0,/AATSANZEIG]0 9 ,B]L94 ,9 RETURN = HIS SAL>Y1 HE WAS TO SUPPLY A MON?LY REPORT UPON ! MOVEM5TS ( ! MONEY M>KET & ! COMMODITY M>KET4 ,M>X1 NOT 9 G5]AL SCRUPUL\S AB\T ! *OICE ( ! NEWSPAP]S TO :I* HE CONTRIBUT$1 WAS QUICK TO SUSPECT ?AT ,BISM>CK LURK$ BEH9D ! (F]4 ,AT ?IS JUNCTURE ,BISM>CK WAS /RONGLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! IDEA ( GETT+ 9TO POLITICAL T\* ) ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,HE HAD TRI$ TO W9 OV] ,LASSALLE TO SUPPORT HIS POLICY2 HAD ACTUALLY WON OV] ,C\NTESS ,HATZFELD2 & ,M>X 7]RONE\SLY7 BELIEV$ ?AT HE HAD ALREADY GOT ,H]R VON ,S*WEITZ] UND] HIS SPELL4 ,AFT] DISCUSS+ ! MATT] ) ,5GELS1 ,M>X LEFT ! (F] UNANSW]$4 ,NOT LONG AFT]W>DS1 ,LO?> ,BU*] 5T]$ OP5LY 9TO ,BISM>CK'S S]VICE1 & COMPIL$ ! DRAFT ( ! ,ANTI-,SOCIALI/ ,LAW4 ,DUR+ ! WOR/ DAYS ( ! P]SECUTION ( ! SOCIALI/S 9 ,G]MANY1 ,M>X PUBLI%$ ,LO?> ,BU*]'S LETT]4 ,IT WAS US$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS AS A WEAPON 9 !IR CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,BISM>CK1 = !Y DECL>$ ?AT HE WANT$ TO MAKE FRI5DS ) ! WORK]S :5 HE NE$$ !M AS PAWNS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE2 & TREAT$ !M AS 5EMIES :5 HE NO LONG] HAD ANY USE = !M1 OR F\ND !M 9 ! WAY ( HIS POLICY4 

,:ILE ,BU*]'S LETT] WAS CALCULAT$ ONLY TO 9CREASE ! DEPRESS+ EFFECT ( ?IS DEPRESS+ P]IOD1 ! ADVANCE N[ MADE BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL C\LD NOT BUT PROMOTE A RECOV]Y ( SPIRITS4 0,AS REG>DS ! ,LONDON UNIONS10 WROTE ,M>X TO ,5GELS1 0EV]Y DAY WE HAVE FRE% ACCESSIONS1 SO ?AT BY DEGREES WE >E BECOM+ A P[]40 ,5GELS ANSW]$ ) DELI<T3 0,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION HAS REALLY1 9 A V]Y %ORT TIME & ) V]Y LITTLE FUSS1 CONQU]$ A VA/ T]RITORY4 444 ,AT ANY RATE Y\ HAVE GA9$ SOME?+ \T ( ! TIME Y\ HAVE SP5T ON IT40 

,/ILL1 ?IS OBJECTIVE GR[? WAS BUT POOR COMP5SATION = ! CRISIS ?AT RAG$ )94 ,ALL WAS GO+ AWRY 9 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL2 EV]Y:]E RIVALRY1 JEAL\SY1 HO/ILITY PREVAIL$4 ,CREM] WAS FI<T+ ,ECC>IUS4 ,LE ,LUBEZ WAS 9TRIGU+ AGA9/ ! ,G]MANS4 ,MAJOR ,WOLFF WAS AT W> ) ,JUNG4 ,! ,MAZZ9I/S W]E >M+ !MSELVES AGA9/ DOCTR9AL CONTROL BY ?OSE :OM !Y /IGMATIZ$ AS TYRANTS4 ,9 ! (FICIAL ORGAN1 :I* WAS DEP5D5T UPON 0B\RGEOIS FUNDS10 & !RE=E LACK$ ! REQUISITE 9DEP5D5CE1 POLITICAL & COMM]CIAL RIVALRIES CULM9AT$ 9 SOME?+ ?AT WAS LITTLE BETT] ?AN A DOG-FI<T4 0,I HAVE %[N ! UTMO/ PATI5CE 9 ?IS AFFAIR10 SAID ,M>X1 0HOP+ ?AT ! WORK]S W\LD MAKE A PU% TO C>RY IT ON !MSELVES 9DEP5D5TLY1 & ALSO BECAUSE ,I DID NOT WI% TO BE A SPOIL-SPORT40 

,NOT)/&+ !SE 9T]NAL DISS5SIONS1 ! PUBLIC SIDE ( ! MOVEM5T WAS SUCCESSFUL4 ,A HUGE MEET+ 9 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,HALL ON BEHALF ( ! EXT5SION ( ! SUFFRAGE WAS 5TIRELY UND] ! 9SPIRATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,WRIT+ TO ,5GELS AB\T ! FRAN*ISE DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,LONDON1 9AUGURAT$1 AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,RUSSELL GOV]NM5T 79 :I* ,GLAD/ONE WAS ! LEAD+ SPIRIT71 AGA9/ ! PROCRA/9ATORY POLICY ( ,DISRAELI1 ,M>X SAID3 0,IT IS REALLY AMAZ+ COMP>$ ) ANY?+ SE5 9 ,5GL& S9CE #a#h#d#d1 & :OLLY ! WORK ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 444 ,?IS %[S H[ DIFF]5T IT IS :5 ONE WORKS BEH9D ! SC5ES & DISAPPE>S FROM ! PUBLIC EYE1 AS COMP>$ ) ! DEMOCRATIC MANN] ( ASSUM+ IMPORTANT AIRS 9 PUBLIC & DO+ NO?+ AT ALL40 

,TRUE ?AT BEH9D ! SC5ES !RE WAS /ILL A GREAT DEAL TO DO4 0,! CURS$LY TRADITIONAL *>ACT] ( ALL ,5GLI% MOVEM5TS1 A LUKEW>M RE=MISM1 COQUETT+ & COMPACT+ (T5 5\< ) B\RGEOIS RADICALISM1 HAD !IR WAY1 & QU5*$ ! E>LY FIRE ( ! MOVEM5T40 ,AS ,J4 ,P4 ,BECK] ONCE WROTE TO ,JUNG1 !RE WAS 0LACK+ AMONG ! ,5GLI% WORK]S A SPICE ( REVOLUTION>Y SALT1 :I* MI<T HAVE R\S$ !M FROM ! SLUMB] ( LEGALISM40 ,OR1 AS ,M>X COMPLA9$3 0,9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,SWITZ]L& 7EV5 H]E & !RE 9 ,G]MANY1 & ACTUALLY 9 A SPORADIC WAY 9 ,AM]ICA71 ! SOCIETY HAS MADE GREAT & CONT9U\S PROGRESS4 ,9 ,5GL&1 ! RE=M MOVEM5T1 :I* WE CALL$ 9TO LIFE1 HAS NE>LY MADE AN 5D ( US4 ,?AT W\LD NOT MATT]1 W]E IT NOT ?AT ! ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS HAS BE5 SUMMON$ = ! 5D ( ,MAY .<#a#h#f#f.>4 ,= ! ,5GLI%1 A FAILURE ( ! CONGRESS W\LD BE V]Y MU* TO !IR TA/E4 ,BUT = US6 ,IT W\LD MAKE US LUDICR\S 9 ! SI<T ( ,EUROPE60 

,M>X WAS V]Y MU* AFRAID LE/ ! CONGRESS %\LD BE A FAILURE1 = HE KNEW ?AT ! MOVEM5T WAS NOT YET SUFFICI5TLY RIP5$ TO COPE ADEQUATELY ) SU* A PUBLIC TE/4 ,HE DEBAT$ ! ADVISABILITY ( GO+ TO ,P>IS1 9 ORD] TO ADVISE ! COMRADES !RE1 :O W]E URG+ ?AT ! CONGRESS %\LD BE HELD )\T DELAY1 ?AT A PO/PONEM5T WAS ESS5TIAL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE WAS WELL AW>E ?AT ! :OLE FUTURE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD BE IMP]IL$ %\LD IT NOT BE HELD4 ,5GELS AGRE$ ) HIM3 0,IT IS ( M9OR IMPORTANCE :E!R ! CONGRESS PASSES ANY GOOD RESOLUTIONS2 ! ESS5TIAL ?+ IS ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO OP5 SC&AL4 ,BESIDES1 ANY DEMON/RATION ( ! K9D W\LD BE A DISCR$IT--AS F> AS WE >E CONC]N$4 ,& BE=E ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE8 ,I HOPE IT C\LD BE AVOID$4 444 ,/ILL1 ,I W\LD ADVISE Y\ ON NO ACC\NT TO GO TO ,P>IS = ?IS REASON4 444 ,! POLICE W\LD TAKE PROMPT ACTION4 444 ,! :OLE AFFAIR IS NOT WOR? ! RISK4 444 ,BETT] /AY :]E Y\ >E 9 ,M>GATE1 GETT+ \T 9 ! FRE% AIR AS MU* AS Y\ CAN4 ,:O KN[S H[ SOON Y\ WILL HAVE NE$ ( ALL Y\R /R5G?80 

,ULTIMATELY1 AT ! WI% ( ! ,SWISS SECTIONS1 ! CONGRESS WAS PO/PON$ TILL ! AUTUMN ( #a#h#f#f4 ,M>X DID NOT ATT5D IT1 WI%+ TO HAVE 0NO P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY = ITS MANAGEM5T40 ,?IS PROV$ TO HAVE BE5 NE$LESS DISCRETION1 = ! CONGRESS WAS BY NO MEANS A ,EUROPEAN SC&AL4 ,V]Y MU* ! CONTR>Y4 ,IT WAS AN EV5T ( ,EUROPEAN IMPORTANCE4 ,= SIX DAYS IT WAS ! C5T] ( 9T]E/ 9 ! POLITICAL WORLD1 PASS+ WEI<TY RESOLUTIONS1 ESPECIALLY UPON SOCIAL TOPICS & LABOR PROTECTION LAWS1 CONC]N+ :I* ,M>X HAD P5N$ A MEMORIAL & C>EFULLY $IT$ ! RESOLUTIONS4 

,:ILE ,M>X ?US HAD REASON TO BE WELL PLEAS$ ) ! ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS NEXT YE>'S CONGRESS1 HELD AT ,LAUSANNE FROM ,SEPTEMB] #b TO ,SEPTEMB] #h1 #a#h#f#g1 >\S$ GREAT ANXIETY 9 HIS M9D4 ,AT ,G5EVA ! ,FR5* ,PR\DHONI/S HAD SU/A9$ A DEFEAT1 GA9+ EXP]I5CE :I* L$ !M TO MAKE BETT] PREP>ATIONS = ,LAUSANNE4 ,!Y FLOOD$ ! ,LAUSANNE ,CONGRESS ) PROPOSALS & DISCUSSIONS1 & SUCCE$$ 9 C>RY+ A NUMB] ( ,PR\DHONI/ RESOLUTIONS4 ,M>X WAS AT ?IS TIME :OLLY IMM]S$ 9 F9I%+ ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL4 ,NOT ONLY DID ?AT MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE = HIM TO ATT5D ! CONGRESS1 BUT HE HAD BE5 UNABLE TO PREP>E ! AG5DA1 AS HE HAD DONE 9 ! CASE ( ,G5EVA4 ,COMM5T+ ON ! PROCE$+S1 HE WROTE TO ,5GELS3 0,AT NEXT YE>'S CONGRESS 9 ,BRUSSELS1 ,I %ALL MAKE IT MY BUS9ESS TO GIVE !SE JACKASSES ( ,PR\DHONI/S !IR QUIETUS4 ,ON ?IS OCCASION1 ,I HAVE BE5 EXTREMELY DIPLOMATIC1 NOT WI%+ TO 9T]V5E P]SONALLY BE=E MY BOOK IS PUBLI%$1 OR UNTIL \R ORGANIZATION HAS /RUCK ROOTS4 ,BESIDES1 9 ! (FICIAL REPORT ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 7DESPITE ALL !IR EF=TS1 ! ,P>ISIAN *ATT]]S C\LD NOT PREV5T \R REELECTION71 ,I %ALL GIVE !M A GOOD LA%+4 ,MEAN:ILE1 \R SOCIETY HAS MADE GREAT /RIDES =W>D4 ,! WRET*$ ',/>1' :I* WANT$ TO IGNORE US ALTOGE!R1 DECL>ES 9 A LEAD+ >TICLE ?AT WE >E MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! ,PEACE ,CONGRESS4 ,S*ULZE-,DELITZS* WAS UNABLE TO PREV5T HIS WORK]S' SOCIETY 9 ,B]L9 FROM AFFILIAT+ TO US4 ,! ,5GLI% PIGDOGS AMONG ! TRADE UNIONI/S1 = :OM WE W]E TOO 'ADVANC$1' >E FLOCK+ TO US4 444 ,:5 ! NEXT REVOLUTION 7:I* IS P]HAPS NE>] ?AN IT SEEMS7 COMES1 WE %ALL HAVE ?IS P[]FUL 5G9E 9 \R H&S4 ,COMP>E ?AT ) ! RESULTS ( ! MA*9ATIONS ( ,MAZZ9I & ! RE/ ( !M DUR+ ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S6 ,& ?IS )\T ANY FUNDS6 ,DESPITE1 TOO1 ! 9TRIGUES ( ! ,PR\DHONI/S 9 ,P>IS1 ,MAZZ9I 9 ,ITALY1 & ! JEAL\S ,ODG]1 ,CREM]1 & ,POTT] 9 ,LONDON1 ) ,S*ULZE-,DELITZS* & ! ,LASSALLI/S 9 ,G]MANY1 TO BOOT6 ,WE HAVE GOOD REASON TO BE SATISFI$60 

,BUT ! MORE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ATTRACT$ PUBLIC ATT5TION1 ! MORE AL>M$ WAS ! B\RGEOISIE TO WITNESS ! GR[? ( A HO/ILE P[] ?US DEVELOP+ AGA9/ IT4 ,! AU?ORITIES MOBILIZ$ !IR =CES & TOOK ACTION3 9 ,5GL&1 ON ! OCCASION ( AN ,IRI% CONSPIRACY1 ) :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ]RONE\SLY SUPPOS$ TO HE CONNECT$2 9 ,FRANCE1 UND] A LAW :I* =BADE ! =MATION ( SOCIETIES ) MORE ?AN TW5TY MEMB]S2 9 ,BELGIUM1 AFT] A DISPUTE BETWE5 M9]S & M9E[N]S 9 ! ,*>L]OI DI/RICT1 A DISPUTE 9 :I* !RE HAD BE5 BLOOD%$4 ,!SE ATTACKS H[EV]1 S]V$ MA9LY TO /R5G!N ! PRE/IGE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,DUR+ ! GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5T :I* SPREAD ACROSS ! ,CONT95T FROM #ahff TO #a#h#f#h1 ! B\RGEOISIE CAME TO REG>D ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS A DREAD SPECT]4 ,ITS 9FLU5CE WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE AT WORK 9 EV]Y ACTIVE LABOR MOVEM5T2 ITS H& WAS SUSPECT$ BEH9D EV]Y /RIKE1 EV]Y RIS+1 ALL WORK+-CLASS POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,F]D9& ,TONNIES TELLS US ?AT 9 HIS BOYHOOD ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS LOOK$ UPON AS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! ,R$ ,P]IL4 ,! NEWSPAP]S W]E FILL$ ) REF]5CES TO ?IS SECRET P[]1 ) P>AGRAPHS AB\T ITS UNLIMIT$ COMM& ( MONEY4 ,M>X WAS REPRES5T$ AS ! S9I/] PROTAGONI/ ( A WORLDWIDE CONSPIRACY4 ,MO/ ( ! *ATT]1 ( C\RSE1 WAS GROSS EXAGG]ATION1 ! \TCOME ( FE>4 ,?IS MU*1 H[EV]1 WAS TRUE1 ?AT ! ORGANIZATION--DESPITE ITS 9T]NAL DISS5SIONS1 DESPITE ITS URG5T LACK ( FUNDS1 DESPITE ! APA?Y & ! MISUND]/&+ & ! TIMIDITY IT HAD TO 5C\NT]--/EADILY GREW 9 PRE/IGE & IMPORTANCE UND] ,M>X'S GUIDANCE & 9SPIRATION4 ,:AT ,M>X HAD SAID AB\T ! ,LAUSANNE ,CONGRESS1 ?AT ! MA9 ?+ WAS ?AT IT %\LD BE HELD1 & ?AT :AT HAPP5$ AT ! CONGRESS MATT]$ V]Y LITTLE1 APPLI$ /ILL MORE TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS A :OLE4 ,ITS VALUE1 ITS IMPORTANCE1 DID NOT DEP5D UPON ITS ACTUAL DO+S OR A*IEVEM5TS1 BUT UPON ! M]E FACT ( ITS EXI/5CE4 

,S*WEITZ] & ,LIEBKNE*T 

,IT CANNOT BUT SEEM /RANGE ?AT ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S1 :I* AFT] ,LASSALLE'S DEA? HAD BECOME ! LEAD+ LABOR ORGANIZATION ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 %\LD NOT HAVE BE5 9 T\* ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL & %\LD NOT HAVE BE5 REPRES5T$ AT ANY ( ! CONGRESSES4 

,! REASON WAS1 ABOVE ALL1 ?AT ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S HAD1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ,LASSALLE'S DEA?1 PASS$ UND] 9COMPET5T LEAD]%IP1 & BE5 DEVA/AT$ BY A W> ( SUCCESSION4 ,BUT SUBSEQU5TLY1 :5 ! W+ ( ! ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS UND] ! CONTROL ( ,J4 ,B4 VON ,S*WEITZ] HAD BECOME ABLE TO UND]TAKE S]I\S & POSITIVE POLITICAL ACTIVITIES1 !RE WAS /ILL NO ATTEMPT TO COLLABORATE ) ,M>X4 ,M>X HIMSELF HAD AN 9V9CIBLE DISLIKE = ?IS ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD BE5 F\ND$ BY ,LASSALLE4 ,HIS AV]SION TO ,LASSALLE HAD BE5 TRANSF]R$ TO ,S*WEITZ]1 & WAS A B>RI] TO ANY SORT ( ALLIANCE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !RE HAD BE5 A P]SONAL QU>REL BETWE5 ,M>X & ,S*WEITZ]1 ! \TCOME ( A TRIFL+ MATT]4 ,! 0,SOZIALDEMOKRAT10 ! ORGAN ( ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S1 $IT$ BY ,S*WEITZ]1 HAD PR9T$ AN ITEM ( ,P>IS CORRESPOND5CE FURNI%$ BY ,MOSES ,HESS 9 :I* D\BT WAS ?R[N ON ! TRU/WOR?9ESS ( ,TOLA91 A LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,P>IS4 ,?IS WAS BUT ONE ( ! C\NTLESS 9TRIGUES *>ACT]I/IC ( ! LIFE ( ! REFUGEES4 ,M>X \<T TO HAVE BE5 L5I5T1 SEE+ ?AT1 :5 HE WAS $IT+ ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG10 HE HAD GIV5 PUBLICITY TO A SIMIL> SL&] ON ,BAKUN91 BUT HE WAS NOT 9CL9$ TO BE L5I5T :]E ,S*WEITZ] WAS CONC]N$4 ,HE M>%AL$ HIS HEAVY >TILL]Y1 NOT ONLY DEM&+ SATISFACTION1 BUT MAK+ ! ACCUSATION AGA9/ ,TOLA9 ! EXCUSE = ABRUPTLY & RUDELY BREAK+ (F HIS [N RELATIONS ) ! 0,SOZIALDEMOKRAT40 ,HE DECL>$ ?AT ! TR5D ( ! PAP] WAS ANTIPA!TIC TO HIM4 ,HIS D\BTS ( ,S*WEITZ] RIP5$ TO V5OM\S SUSPICIONS4 ,WRIT+ TO ,5GELS1 ,M>X SAID ?AT HE REG>D$ ,S*WEITZ] AS 0IRRECLAIMABLE1 & PROBABLY 9 SECRET UND]/&+ ) ,BISM>CK40 ,HE WANT$ TO CUT ADRIFT FROM ,S*WEITZ] AT ANY PRICE4 ,HE W5T ON TO SAY3 0,AS LONG AS ?IS ,LASSALLI/ BUS9ESS HAS ! UPP] H& 9 ,G]MANY1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WILL MAKE NO PROGRESS !RE40 ,HE WAS GO+ MU* TOO F>1 9 HIS ANG]1 = ,S*WEITZ] NOT ONLY )DREW ! *>GE ?AT HAD BE5 MADE AGA9/ ,TOLA91 BUT (F]$ TO LAY BE=E ! CONGRESS ( ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S A RESOLUTION EXPRESS+ AGREEM5T ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & A DET]M9ATION TO S5D DELEGATES TO ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS4 ,BUT ,M>X IGNOR$ ?IS PR(F] ( FRI5D%IP4 ,HE W\LD HAVE NO?+ MORE TO DO ) ,S*WEITZ] & ! ,LASSALLI/ ORGANIZATION4 0,S9CE WE HAVE TO BREAK ) ! FELL[1 WE HAD BETT] DO IT IMM$IATELY10 HE WROTE TO ,5GELS4 ,! LATT]1 ANSW]+ 9 ! SAME /RA91 SAID2 0,! LONG] WE DAWDLE ALONG ) HIM1 ! DEEP] WE %ALL GET 9 ! MIRE4 ,! SOON] ! BETT]40 ,M>X & ,5GELS !REUPON S5T ! 0,SOZIALDEMOKRAT0 A /ATEM5T TO ! EFFECT ?AT !Y HAD NOT = A MOM5T FAIL$ TO RECOGNIZE ! DIFFICULTIES ( ! SITUATION1 & HAD NEV] ASK$ ! NEWSPAP] TO PUT =W>D ANY DEM&S UNSUITABLE TO ! M]IDIAN ( ,B]L94 ,BUT !Y HAD REPEAT$LY ASK$ ?AT ! 0,SOZIALDEMOKRAT0 %\LD USE AGA9/ ! M9I/RY & ! FEUDAL ABSOLUTI/S A LANGUAGE NO LESS BOLD ?AN ?AT :I* IT US$ AGA9/ ! PROGRESSIVES4 ,! TACTICS ADOPT$ BY ! 0,SOZIALDEMOKRAT0 MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = !M TO CONT9UE COLLABORAT+ ) IT4 ,!IR VIEWS CONC]N+ ,PRUSSIAN MON>*ICAL GOV]NM5TAL SOCIALISM1 & CONC]N+ ! ATTITUDE :I* \<T TO BE ASSUM$ BY ! LABOR P>TY T[>DS SU* HUMBUG1 HAD BE5 EXPRESS$ AS LONG AGO AS #ahdg 9 ! 0,DEUTS*E ,BRUSSEL] ,ZEITUNG40 ,!Y W]E /ILL PREP>$ TO SUBSCRIBE TO EV]Y WORD ( ! DECL>ATION !Y HAD !N PUBLI%$4 

,?US )\T 9QUIRY & )\T A %AD[ ( PRO(1 !Y IMPLI$ ?AT ! 0,SOZIALDEMOKRAT0 WAS SECRETLY WORK+ H& 9 H& ) ,BISM>CK1 & WAS 5DEAVOR+ TO BR+ AB\T AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 ?IS MATT]1 ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E DO+ A GROSS 9JU/ICE TO ,S*WEITZ]4 ,HE HAD NEV] DREAM$ ( 5T]+ 9TO A CONSPIRATORIAL ALLIANCE ) ,BISM>CK4 ,AS ,MEHR+ %[S1 ONE CANNOT F9D 9 ! 0,SOZIALDEMOKRAT0 A S+LE L9E SUGGE/+ A PACT ) ! GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ! PROGRESSIVES4 ,! FIVE >TICLES CONC]N+ ! ,BISM>CK M9I/RY PUBLI%$ BY ,S*WEITZ] 9 ! 0,SOZIALDEMOKRAT10 ! >TICLES UPON :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS BAS$ !IR /ATEM5T1 HAD A V]Y DIFF]5T COMPLEXION = ONE :O WAS ACTUALLY BE>+ ! HEAT & BURD5 ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 & UPON :OM IT WAS 9CUMB5T TO AVAIL HIMSELF ( *ANCE HAPP5+S 9 ! OPPOS+ >MY & TO TURN !SE TO ACC\NT ON BEHALF ( ! PROLET>IAT--?AN = ONE :O LIV$ 9 EXILE F> FROM ! FI<T+ L9E1 & CONTEMPLAT$ ! FRAY ?R\< A DI/ORT+ ATMOSPH]E4 

,S*WEITZ] WAS A MAN ( 9DEP5D5T 9TELLIG5CE & /RONG *>ACT]1 FILL$ ) POLITICAL E>NE/NESS & 9SPIR$ ) A S5SE ( REVOLUTION>Y RESPONSIBILITY4 ,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT ,M>X REG>D$ HIM 7LIKE ,LASSALLE7 AS A DANG]\S COMPETITOR1 AS ONE :O WI%$ TO ASSUME ! POLITICAL ROLE :I* ,M>X HAD RES]V$ = HIMSELF4 ,! DET]M9ATION TO DISCR$IT HIM1 MAKES IT EXTREMELY PROBABLE ?AT SU* A S5SE ( RIVALRY EXI/$ 9 ,M>X'S M9D1 9 ! UND] LEVELS ( CONSCI\SNESS AT LEA/4 ,= NOT ONLY DID ,M>X TAKE AN ]RONE\S VIEW ( ,S*WEITZ]'S P]SONAL *>ACT]2 HE ALSO W5T A/RAY 9 HIS E/IMATE ( ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S4 ,AL?\< ?IS HAD N[ BECOME AN IMPOS+ ORGANIZATION1 ,M>X P]SI/$ 9 REG>D+ IT AS AN OBSCURE & ECC5TRIC SECT>IAN MOVEM5T1 DEVOT$ TO ! ADVOCACY ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC 9T]E/S4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 9 ?IS WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! MATT]1 HE WAS SUPPORT$ BY ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T4 

,LIEBKNE*T1 :O S9CE #ahfb HAD BE5 LIV+ 9 ,B]L91 HAD ALREADY PLAY$ A /RANGE P>T 9 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ,M>X & ! 0,SOZIALDEMOKRAT40 ,HE WAS ON ! /AFF ( ! 0,SOZIALDEMOKRAT10 & HAD ACTUALLY SUB-$IT$ ! COLUMN 9 :I* ! (F5SIVE P>AGRAPH AB\T ,TOLA9 HAD APPE>$4 ,9/EAD ( TRY+ TO P\R OIL ON TR\BL$ WAT]S1 ,LIEBKNE*T %[$ HIMSELF COMPLETELY WANT+ 9 TACT & COMRADELY FEEL+4 ,HE WAS HIMSELF P]SONALLY EMBROIL$ ) ,S*WEITZ]1 & ?IS L$ HIM1 NOT ONLY TO IGNORE HIS DUTY TO CLE> UP ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,M>X & ,S*WEITZ]1 BUT ACTUALLY 7WE MAY SUPPOSE7 TO 9T5SIFY ! TR\BLE BY ! TONE ( HIS LETT]S TO ,LONDON4 ,= 9/ANCE1 WE READ 9 A LETT] FROM ,M>X TO ,5GELS3 0,ACCORD+ TO ,LIEBKNE*T1 ! ONLY REASON :Y ,S*WEITZ] HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO SELL HIMSELF TO ,BISM>CK IS ?AT HE W\LD HAVE HAD TO DO SO ?R\< ! 9/RUM5TALITY ( ?AT OLD ,HATZFELD WOMAN40 ,?IS %[S ! EVIL ATMOSPH]E 9 :I* GOSSIP & 9TRIGUE W]E FL\RI%+4 

,LASSALLE1 YE>S BE=E1 HAD WRITT5 FI]CELY & CONTEMPTU\SLY CONC]N+ ! P>T PLAY$ BY ,LIEBKNE*T 9 ! ,VOGT AFFAIR4 ,9 A LETT] TO ,M>X P5N$ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#f1 HE SAID3 0,H[ 9 ! WORLD CAN Y\--/RAITLAC$ AS Y\ RI<TLY >E 9 O!R RESPECTS1 BR+ Y\RSELF TO HAVE ASSOCIATIONS ) ANY ONE :O WRITES 9 ! ',AUGSBURG] ,ALLGEME9E ,ZEITUNG'8 ,Y\ SAY1 9DE$1 ?AT !Y ALL DO IT1 ?AT !Y CONTRIBUTE TO ALL NEWSPAP]S )\T DI/9CTION ( T9T1 & ?AT Y\ W\LD BE A SOLIT>Y EXCEPTION4 ,?IS BAD CU/OM DOES NOT AFFECT ! MATT]4 ,IF !Y DO1 !Y >E ALL UND] ! SAME CONDEMNATION4 444 ,I AM AFRAID Y\R TIES ) ,LIEBKNE*T >E NOT TRANSI5T OR ISOLAT$40 ,M>X HIMSELF :O HAD BE5 9 CLOSE T\* ) ,LIEBKNE*T DUR+ ! LATT]'S /AY 9 ,LONDON1 WAS 9CESSANTLY CRITICIZ+ HIS PUPIL'S POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 9 ,B]L94 ,9 LETT]S TO ,5GELS1 ,M>X SAYS ?AT ,LIEBKNE*T IS 0DILATORY10 A 0BLOCKHEAD02 ?AT ,LIEBKNE*T MAKES 0MANY BLUND]S02 0(T5 GOES A/RAY40 ,9 G5]AL1 ,M>X HAD A POOR OP9ION ( ,LIEBKNE*T'S 9TELLIG5CE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,M>X CONT9U$1 ) 9DEFATIGABLE 9DULG5CE1 TO BACK UP ,LIEBKNE*T & TO EXCUSE HIS ]RORS4 ,HE NE$$ ,LIEBKNE*T AS A TOOL AGA9/ ,S*WEITZ]2 & ,LIEBKNE*T1 :OLLY DEVOT$ TO ,M>X1 UNRUFFL$ BY ! MO/ VEHEM5T SCOLD+S1 HAD NO OBJECTION TO BE+ MISUS$ 9 ?IS FA%ION4 

,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ,LIEBKNE*T WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,B]L94 ,HE W5T TO ,LEIPZIG1 JO9$ =CES ) ,BEBEL1 & 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! LATT] F\ND$ AT ,EIS5A* 9 #ahfi ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,IT N[ BECAME PLA9 ?AT EV]Y?+ :I* ,M>X BLAM$ ,S*WEITZ] =1 REALLY1 ON CLOSE EXAM9ATION1 APPLI$ TO ,LIEBKNE*T4 ,! LATT]1 ?\< ,M>X'S [N PUPIL1 WAS 5ORM\SLY EXCELL$ BY ,S*WEITZ] 9 ! COMPREH5SION & ELABORATION ( ,M>X'S IDEAS UPON SOCIALI/ !ORY & SOCIALI/ POLITICS4 ,S*WEITZ] $IT$ HIS NEWSPAP] 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O & ! ,ADDRESS1 &1 AS A MEMB] ( ! ,NOR? ,G]MAN ,REI*/AG1 SOMETIMES ASK$ ,M>X'S ADVICE UPON DIFFICULT POLITICAL PROBLEMS4 ,LIEBKNE*T1 ON ! O!R H&1 9 ! 0,DEMOKRATIS*ES ,WO*5BLATT10 ADVOCAT$ A P>TICUL>I/ & CONFUS$ BR& ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS SOCIALISM1 :I* P]PETUALLY CONFLICT$ ) ,M>XIAN PR9CIPLES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE REMA9$ ,M>X'S FAVORITE *ILD1 :ILE ,S*WEITZ] WAS TREAT$ AS :IPP+-BOY4 

0,I ?9K Y\ MU/ HAVE MADE MANY A WOR?Y MAN Y\R 5EMY :O MI<T HAVE BE5 ONE ( Y\R ADH]5TS10 ,LASSALLE HAD ONCE SAID REPROA*FULLY TO ,M>X4 ,S*WEITZ] WAS AMONG ! NUMB] ( !SE 0WOR?Y M50 :OM UNJU/ SUSPICION & MORTIFY+ COLDNESS DROVE \T ( ! WORK]S' CAMP1 AL?\< ) ALL ! P[]S ( HIS 9TELLIG5CE & ALL HIS SYMPA?IES HE E>NE/LY DESIR$ ,M>X'S FRI5D%IP & ALLIANCE4 

,CAUSELESS SUSPICION HAS CL\D$ ,S*WEITZ]'S NAME EV5 9 ! TOMB4 ,AL?\< !RE WAS NEV] ANY?+ QUE/IONABLE OR UNSAVORY AB\T HIS BEHAVIOR OR HIS POLITICAL ACTIVITIES1 AL?\< NO WORDS OR DE$S ( HIS CAN BE QUOT$ ?AT T5D TO %[ HE WAS ANY?+ BUT A ?OR\<LY HONE/ SOCIALI/1 AL?\< !RE IS NOT A BLEMI% ON HIS REVOLUTION>Y ESCUT*EON1 HE IS /ILL CURR5TLY SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BE5 DI%ONE/1 TO HAVE BE5 SOLD TO ! O!R SIDE4 ,MEHR+ UND]TOOK TO PLEAD HIS CAUSE1 & ,MEHR+'S DEMON/RATION ( ,S*WEITZ]'S FUNDAM5TAL HONE/Y W\LD BE CONV9C+ TO ANY IMP>TIAL TRIBUNAL4 ,NEV]!LESS 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 IT IS G5]ALLY BELIEV$ ?AT ,S*WEITZ] PLAY$ FALSE1 BECAUSE SU* WAS ,M>X'S OP9ION4 

,BAKUN9 

,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 WAS >RE/$ 9 #ahdd 9 ,SAXONY AFT] ! ,DRESD5 RIS+1 & WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,9/EAD ( EXECUT+ HIM1 H[EV]1 ! ,SAXON AU?ORITIES H&$ HIM OV] TO ! ,AU/RIANS1 BY :OM HE WAS TRI$ ONCE MORE1 & AGA9 S5T5C$ TO DEA?4 ,YET AGA9 HE ESCAP$ ! EXTREME P5ALTY1 & 9 #ahea ! ,AU/RIANS H&$ HIM OV] TO ,RUSSIA4 ,FROM !N UNTIL #aheg HE WAS IMPRISON$ 9 ! =TRESS ( ,/4 ,PET] & ,/4 ,PAUL1 & WAS AFT]W>DS S5T TO ,SIB]IA4 ,ESCAP+ !NCE 9 #a#h#f#a1 HE MADE HIS WAY BACK TO ,EUROPE ?R\< ,JAPAN & ,AM]ICA4 ,REA*+ ,LONDON 9 ! 5D ( #a#h#f#a1 HE GOT 9TO T\* ) HIS COMPATRIOTS ,H]Z5 & ,OG>Y(F1 & WROTE >TICLES = ,H]Z5'S 0,KOLOKOL10 AL?\< HE WAS NOT 9 SYMPA?Y ) ! MOD]ATE TONE ( ?AT P]IODICAL4 ,H]E IS ,BAKUN9'S [N ACC\NT ( :AT HE LE>N$ 9 ,LONDON3 

0,:ILE ,I WAS HAV+ A F> FROM AMUS+ TIME 9 ,G]MAN & ,RUSSIAN =TRESSES & 9 ,SIB]IA1 ,M>X & ,CO4 W]E P$DL+1 CLAMOR+ FROM ! H\SETOPS1 PUBLI%+ 9 ,5GLI% & ,G]MAN NEWSPAP]S1 ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE RUMORS AB\T ME4 ,!Y SAID IT WAS UNTRUE TO DECL>E ?AT ,I HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ 9 A =TRESS1 ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,CZ> ,NI*OLAS HAD RECEIV$ ME ) OP5 >MS1 HAD PROVID$ ME ) ALL POSSIBLE CONV5I5CES & 5JOYM5TS1 ?AT ,I WAS ABLE TO AMUSE MYSELF ) LI<T WOM5 & HAD AN ABUNDANCE ( *AMPAGNE TO DR9K4 ,?IS WAS 9FAM\S1 BUT IT WAS ALSO /UPID4 444 ,H>DLY HAD ,I >RIV$ 9 ,LONDON1 :5 AN ,5GLI% NEWSPAP] PUBLI%$ A /ATEM5T BY A C]TA9 ,URQUH>T1 A TURCOPHILE & A SEMI-IMBECILE1 TO ! EFFECT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T HAD APP>5TLY S5T ME TO ACT AS A SPY4 ,I ANSW]$ 9 A NEWSPAP]1 *ALL5G+ ! ANONYM\S CALUMNIATOR TO NAME HIMSELF1 & PROMIS+ HIM ?AT ,I W\LD ANSW] HIM1 NOT P5 9 H&1 BUT ) A H& )\T ! P54 ,HE LEFT MATT]S !RE1 & ,I WAS NOT TR\BL$ ANY MORE40 

,9 ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#f#c1 ,BAKUN9 W5T TO ,SW$51 HIS AIM BE+1 FROM ?AT PLAT=M TO /IR UP A REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,LONDON 9 ! 5D ( ! SAME YE>1 & !N W5T ON TO ,ITALY4 ,9 ,AUGU/ #a#h#f#d1 HE VISIT$ ,SW$5 ONCE MORE1 & 9 ,OCTOB] WAS BACK 9 ,LONDON4 ,BE=E LEAV+ AGA9 = ,ITALY1 HE HAD AN 9T]VIEW ) ,M>X4 ,AB\T ?IS HE WROTE3 0,AT ?AT TIME ,I HAD A LITTLE NOTE FROM ,M>X 7IT IS /ILL AMONG MY PAP]S71 9 :I* HE ASK$ ME :E!R HE C\LD COME TO SEE ME ! NEXT DAY4 ,I ANSW]$ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 & HE CAME4 ,WE HAD AN EXPLANATION4 ,HE SWORE ?AT HE HAD NEV] SAID OR DONE ANY?+ AGA9/ ME2 ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE HAD ALWAYS BE5 MY TRUE FRI5D1 & HAD RETA9$ GREAT RESPECT = ME4 ,I KNEW ?AT HE WAS LY+1 BUT ,I REALLY NO LONG] BORE ANY GRUDGE AGA9/ HIM4 ,! R5EWAL ( ! ACQUA9TANCE%IP 9T]E/$ ME MOREOV]1 9 ANO!R CONNECTION4 ,I KNEW ?AT HE HAD TAK5 A GREAT P>T 9 ! F\NDATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,I HAD READ ! MANIFE/O WRITT5 BY HIM 9 ! NAME ( ! PROVISIONAL ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 A MANIFE/O :I* WAS WEI<TY1 E>NE/1 & PR(\ND1 LIKE EV]Y?+ ?AT CAME FROM HIS P5 :5 HE WAS NOT 5GAG$ 9 P]SONAL POLEMIC4 ,9 A WORD1 WE P>T$1 \TW>DLY1 ON ! BE/ ( T]MS1 AL?\< ,I DID NOT RETURN HIS VISIT40 

,WE ALSO HAVE ,M>X'S ACC\NT ( ?IS MEET+4 ,UND] DATE ,NOVEMB] #d1 #a#h#f#d1 HE WROTE TO ,5GELS3 0,BAKUN9 WI%ES TO BE REMEMB]$ TO Y\4 ,HE HAS LEFT = ,ITALY TODAY4 ,I SAW HIM YE/]DAY EV5+ ONCE MORE1 = ! FIR/ TIME AFT] SIXTE5 YE>S4 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ,I LIK$ HIM V]Y MU*1 MU* BETT] ?AN BE=E4 ,HE SAID ?AT AFT] ! FAILURE 9 ,POL& HE %\LD 9 FUTURE CONF9E HIMSELF TO P>TICIPATION 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,ON ! :OLE HE IS ONE ( ! FEW P]SONS :OM ,I F9D NOT TO HAVE RETROGRESS$ AFT] SIXTE5 YE>S1 BUT TO HAVE DEVELOP$ FUR!R4 ,I HAD A TALK ) HIM ALSO AB\T ,URQUH>T'S D5UNCIATIONS40 

,BAKUN9'S RESOLVE TO DEVOTE HIMSELF H5CE=W>D TO ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T EXCLUSIVELY1 & HIS CONVICTION AS TO ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 MADE HIM REG>D IT AS DESIRABLE TO BE ON GOOD T]MS ) ,M>X ONCE MORE4 ,( C\RSE ?IS W5T RA!R AGA9/ ! GRA94 ,BETWE5 ! OLD-TIME FRI5D%IP & ITS R5EWAL !RE HAD BE51 NOT ONLY ! S]IES ( CALUMNIES CIRCULAT$ AB\T ,BAKUN9 & ! P]IOD ( HIS IMPRISONM5T & EXILE1 BUT ALSO A DEPLORABLE DISPUTE ) ,M>X ?ANKS TO :I* ,BAKUN91 FROM ! BEG9N+ ( HIS REVOLUTION>Y C>E]1 HAD BE5 FLECK$ ) ! SUSPICION ( BE+ A SPY4 ,H]E IS ,BAKUN9'S /ORY ( ?AT MATT]3 

0,9 ! YE> #ahdh ,M>X & ,I HAD A DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION1 & ,I MU/ SAY ?AT HE WAS F> MORE 9 ! RI<T ( IT ?AN ,I4 ,9 ,P>IS & ,BRUSSELS HE HAD F\ND$ A SECTION ( ,G]MAN COMMUNI/S & HAD1 9 ALLIANCE ) ! ,FR5* & A FEW ,5GLI% COMMUNI/S1 SUPPORT$ BY HIS FRI5D & 9SEP>ABLE COMRADE ,5GELS1 F\ND$ 9 ,LONDON ! FIR/ 9T]NATIONAL ASSOCIATION ( COMMUNI/S ( V>I\S L&S4 444 ,I MYSELF1 ! FUMES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE HAV+ GONE TO MY HEAD1 HAD BE5 MU* MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ! NEGATIVE ?AN 9 ! POSITIVE SIDE ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 HAD BE51 ?AT IS TO SAY1 MU* MORE CONC]N$ ) ! OV]?R[ ( ! EXTANT ?AN ) ! QUE/ION ( ! UPBUILD+ & ORGANIZATION ( :AT WAS TO FOLL[4 ,BUT !RE WAS ONE PO9T 9 :I* ,I WAS RI<T & HE WAS WRONG4 ,AS A ,SLAV1 ,I WANT$ ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,SLAV RACE FROM ! ,G]MAN YOKE4 ,I WANT$ ?IS LIB]ATION TO BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS TO SAY BY ! DE/RUCTION ( ! REGIME ( ,RUSSIA1 ,AU/RIA1 ,PRUSSIA1 & ,TURKEY1 & BY ! REORGANIZATION ( ! PEOPLES FROM BEL[ UPW>DS ?R\< !IR [N FRE$OM1 UPON ! F\NDATION ( COMPLETE ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY1 & NOT ?R\< ! P[] ( ANY AU?ORITY1 H[EV] REVOLUTION>Y IT MI<T CALL ITSELF1 & H[EV] 9TELLIG5T IT MI<T 9 FACT BE4 

0,ALREADY AT ?IS DATE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 \R RESPECTIVE SY/EMS 7A DIFF]5CE :I* N[ SEV]S US 9 A WAY ?AT ON MY SIDE HAS BE5 V]Y C>EFULLY ?\<T \T7 WAS WELL M>K$4 ,MY IDEAS & ASPIRATIONS C\LD NOT FAIL TO BE V]Y DISPLEAS+ TO ,M>X4 ,FIR/ ( ALL BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT HIS [N2 SECONDLY BECAUSE !Y RAN C\NT] TO ! CONVICTIONS ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S2 & F9ALLY BECAUSE1 BE+ A ,G]MAN PATRIOT1 HE W\LD NOT ADMIT !N1 ANY MORE ?AN HE DOES TODAY1 ! RI<T ( ! ,SLAYS TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ! ,G]MAN YOKE--= /ILL1 AS ( OLD1 HE ?9KS ?AT ! ,G]MANS HAVE A MISSION TO CIVILIZE ! ,SLAVS1 ?IS MEAN+ TO ,G]MANIZE !M :E!R BY K9DNESS OR BY =CE4 

0,TO PUNI% ME = BE+ SO BOLD AS TO AIM AT REALIZ+ AN IDEA DIFF]5T FROM & 9DE$ ACTUALLY OPPOS$ TO HIS1 ,M>X !N REV5G$ HIMSELF AFT] HIS [N FA%ION4 ,HE WAS $ITOR ( ! ',NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1' PUBLI%$ 9 ,COLOGNE4 ,9 ONE ( ! ISSUES ( ?AT PAP] ,I READ 9 ! ,P>IS CORRESPOND5CE ?AT ,MADAME ,GEORGE ,S&1 ) :OM ,I HAD =M]LY BE5 ACQUA9T$1 WAS SAID TO HAVE TOLD SOME ONE IT WAS NECESS>Y TO BE CAUTI\S 9 DEAL+ ) ,BAKUN91 = IT WAS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT HE WAS SOME SORT ( ,RUSSIAN AG5T40 

,ACCORD+ TO A /ATEM5T PUBLI%$ BY ,M>X ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#h#e#c1 9 ! ,LONDON NEWSPAP] ! 0,MORN+ ,ADV]TIZ]10 ON ,JULY #e1 #a#h#d#h1 ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 HAD RECEIV$ TWO LETT]S FROM ,P>IS1 ONE FROM ! ,HAVAS ,BUREAU1 & ! O!R 0FROM A POLITICAL REFUGEE0--,M>X DID NOT WI% TO GIVE HIS NAME1 BUT WAS REF]R+ TO ,DR4 ,EW]BECK1 ! SOMETIME LEAD] ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ! ,JU/4 ,BO? !SE LETT]S CONTA9$ AN ALLEGATION TO ! EFFECT ?AT ,GEORGE ,S& POSSESS$ LETT]S COMPROMIS+ ,BAKUN91 0%[+ ?AT HE HAD REC5TLY BE5 9 COMMUNICATION ) ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T40 

,BAKUN9 WRITES ( ?IS3 0,! ACCUSATION WAS LIKE A TILE FALL+ FROM A RO( UPON MY HEAD1 AT ! V]Y TIME :5 ,I WAS FULLY IMM]S$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 & IT COMPLETELY P>ALYZ$ MY ACTIVITIES = SEV]AL WEEKS4 ,ALL MY ,G]MAN & ,SLAV FRI5DS F\<T %Y ( ME4 ,I WAS ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN TO CONC]N HIMSELF ACTIVELY ) REVOLUTION>Y WORK1 & IT IS NE$LESS = ME TO TELL Y\ :AT FEEL+S ( TRADITIONAL MI/RU/ W]E ACCU/OM$ TO >ISE 9 WE/]N M9DS :5 ! WORDS ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONI/ W]E M5TION$4 ,9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 !RE=E1 ,I WROTE TO ,MADAME ,S&40 

,BAKUN9'S P]SONAL PECULI>ITIES & HIS MODE ( LIFE GAVE A GOOD DEAL ( COLOR TO ALL ?IS GOSSIP & SUSPICION4 ,HE WAS ( >I/OCRATIC BIR?1 ( /RIK+ APPE>ANCE2 HIS DO+S HAD CAUS$ A GREAT DEAL ( TALK2 NOBODY C\LD UND]/& H[ IT WAS HE HAD SO MU* MONEY TO PLAY AB\T )2 HE HAD HIS F+]S 9 ALL K9DS ( QUE] CONSPIRATORIAL PIES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN EMBASSY1 :I* KEPT HIM UND] CLOSE OBS]VATION1 FOLL[$ ITS USUAL POLICY ( BROADCA/+ SUSPICIONS AB\T HIM1 HOP+ !REBY TO UND]M9E HIS PRE/IGE 9 REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLES4 ,WRIT+ 9 ! 0,NEUE ,OD]-,ZEITUNG10 ,BAKUN9 DECL>$ ?AT JU/ BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( ! DEFAMATORY /ATEM5T 9 ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG10 LIKE RUMORS HAD BE5 CIRCULAT$ 9 ,BRESLAU1 ?AT !Y HAD EMANAT$ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN EMBASSY1 & ?AT ! BE/ WAY 9 :I* HE C\LD REFUTE !M W\LD BE BY AN APPEAL TO ,GEORGE ,S&4 

,!REUPON ,GEORGE ,S& WROTE TO ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 UND] DATE ,AUGU/ #c1 #a#h#d#h3 0,Y\R CORRESPOND5T'S /ATEM5TS >E UTT]LY FALSE1 & HAVE NOT ! REMOTE/ SEMBLANCE ( TRU?4 ,I HAVE NO ATOM ( PRO( ( ! 9S9UATIONS :I* Y\ HAVE TRI$ TO DISSEM9ATE AGA9/ ,H]R ,BAKUN91 :OM ! LATE MON>*Y BANI%$ FROM ,FRANCE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,I HAVE NEV] BE5 AU?ORIZ$ TO EXPRESS ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ( ! LOYALTY ( HIS *>ACT] & ! C&OR ( HIS OP9IONS40 ,BY ?IS DECL>ATION ,BAKUN9 WAS FULLY REHABILITAT$4 

,NEV]!LESS1 SUSPICION CONT9U$ TO ATTA* TO HIM4 ,FIFTE5 YE>S LAT]1 9 ,DECEMB] #a#h#f#c1 :5 HE WAS TRAVEL+ ?R\< ,FRANCE ON ! WAY TO ,SWITZ]L&1 A ,BASLE NEWSPAP] /IRR$ UP ! ,POLI% REFUGEES AGA9/ HIM BY MA9TA9+ ?AT1 ?R\< HIS REVOLUTION>Y 9TRIGUES1 HE HAD 9VOLV$ MANY ( !IR FELL[ C\NTRYM5 9 DISA/]1 :ILE HIMSELF ALWAYS REMA9+ IMMUNE4 ,DUR+ HIS /AY 9 ,ITALY1 HE WAS P]PETUALLY BE+ ATTACK$ & CALUMNIAT$ 9 LIKE MANN] BY NUM]\S ,G]MAN P]IODICALS4 

,M>X1 TOO1 /ILL REG>D$ ,BAKUN9 ) MU* SUSPICION1 & NEV] MISS$ A *ANCE ( SPEAK+ AGA9/ HIM4 ,) REF]5CE TO ,S]NE1 A ,RUSSIAN :OM HE BELIEV$ TO BE AN ADVIS] ( ,BAKUN91 HE SAID3 0,I WANT$ 9=MATION FROM ?IS Y\NG MAN REG>D+ ,BAKUN94 ,S9CE1 H[EV]1 ,I DO NOT TRU/ ANY ,RUSSIAN1 ,I PUT MY QUE/ION 9 ?IS WAY3 ',:AT IS MY OLD FRI5D ,BAKUN9 7,I DON'T KN[ IF HE IS /ILL MY FRI5D7 DO+8'--& SO ON1 & SO ON4 ,S]NE C\LD F9D NO?+ BETT] TO DO ?AN COMMUNICATE MY LETT] TO ,BAKUN91 & ,BAKUN9 AVAIL$ HIMSELF ( ! CIRCUM/ANCE TO EXCUSE A S5TIM5TAL 5TREE60 

,?IS 0S5TIM5TAL 5TREE0 NOT ONLY R$\ND$ TO ,BAKUN9'S CR$IT1 NOT ONLY %[$ HIS GOOD FEEL+ & HIS 9SI<T1 BUT DES]V$ A BETT] RECEPTION FROM ,M>X ?AN ! BIT+ CYNICISM & ! D]OGATORY 9SOL5CE ) :I* IT WAS 5C\NT]$ 7CYNICISM & 9SOL5CE :I* W]E ONLY MASKS = EMB>RASSM5T74 0,Y\ ASK :E!R ,I AM /ILL Y\R FRI5D10 WROTE ,BAKUN94 0,YES1 MORE ?AN EV]1 MY DE> ,M>X1 = ,I UND]/& BETT] ?AN EV] H[ RI<T Y\ W]E TO WALK ALONG ! BROAD ROAD ( ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION1 TO 9VITE US ALL TO FOLL[ Y\1 & TO D5\NCE ALL ?OSE :O W&]$ (F 9TO ! BYWAYS ( NATIONALI/ OR EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL 5T]PRISE4 ,I AM N[ DO+ :AT Y\ BEGAN TO DO MORE ?AN TW5TY YE>S AGO4 ,S9CE ,I =MALLY & PUBLICLY SAID GOOD-BYE TO ! B\RGEOIS ( ! ,B]NE ,CONGRESS1 ,I KN[ NO O!R SOCIETY1 NO O!R MILIEU ?AN ! WORLD ( ! WORK]S4 ,MY FA!RL& IS N[ ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :OSE *IEF F\ND] Y\ HAVE BE54 ,Y\ SEE1 !N1 DE> FRI5D1 ?AT ,I AM Y\R PUPIL--& ,I AM PR\D TO BE ?IS4 ,I ?9K ,I HAVE SAID 5\< TO MAKE MY P]SONAL POSITION & FEEL+S CLE> TO Y\40 

,BAKUN9 HONE/LY 5DEAVOR$ TO BE ON GOOD T]MS ) ,M>X1 & TO AVOID FRICTION4 ,BUT HE C\LD NOT 5T]TA9 CORDIAL S5TIM5TS = ,M>X4 ,! TWO M5 DIFF]$ TOO MU* 9 M5TAL /RUCTURE1 9 !ORETICAL TR5DS1 & 9 FUNDAM5TAL ATTITUDES T[>DS ! REVOLUTION>Y PROBLEM1 = ?IS TO BE POSSIBLE4 ,BAKUN9 LOV$ ! PEASANTS2 DETE/$ 9TELLECTUALISM & AB/RACT SY/EMS ) !IR DOGMATISM & 9TOL]ANCE2 HAT$ ! MOD]N ,/ATE1 9DU/RIALISM1 & C5TRALIZATION2 HAD ! MO/ 9T5SE DISLIKE = ,JUDAISM & ALL ITS WAYS1 :I* HE REG>D$ AS IRRITABLE1 LOQUACI\S1 UNDULY CRITICAL1 9TRIGU+1 & EXPLOITATIVE4 ,EV]Y?+ = :I* HE HAD AN 9/9CTIVE ABHORR5CE1 EV]Y?+ :I* >\S$ 9 HIM SPIRITUAL REPUGNANCE & ANTAGONISM1 WAS = HIM 9CORPORAT$ 9 ,M>X4 ,HE F\ND ,M>X'S OV]WE5+ SELF-E/EEM 9TOL]ABLE4 

0,M>X LOV$ HIS [N P]SON MU* MORE ?AN HE LOV$ HIS FRI5DS & APO/LES10 WROTE ,BAKUN9 9 A COMP>ISON BETWE5 ,M>X & ,MAZZ9I2 0& NO FRI5D%IP C\LD HOLD WAT] AGA9/ ! SLI<TE/ W\ND TO HIS VANITY4 ,HE W\LD F> MORE READILY =GIVE 9FIDELITY TO HIS PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIALI/ SY/EM4 ,?AT HE W\LD REG>D AS A PRO( ( /UPIDITY1 OR AT LEA/ AS AN 9DICATION ( ! M5TAL 9F]IORITY ( HIS FRI5D1 & IT W\LD ONLY AMUSE HIM4 ,SU* A FRI5D W\LD P]HAPS EV5 BE MORE DE> TO HIM1 S9CE IT WAS N[ OBVI\S ?AT HE C\LD NOT BE A RIVAL1 C\LD NOT DISPUTE ! TOPMO/ GR\ND ) HIMSELF4 ,BUT ,M>X WILL NEV] =GIVE A SLI<T TO HIS P]SON4 ,Y\ MU/ WOR%IP HIM1 MAKE AN IDOL ( HIM1 IF HE IS TO LOVE Y\ 9 RETURN2 Y\ MU/ AT LEA/ FE> HIM1 IF HE IS TO TOL]ATE Y\4 ,HE LIKES TO SURR\ND HIMSELF ) PYGMIES1 ) LACKEYS & FLATT]]S4 ,ALL ! SAME1 !RE >E SOME REM>KABLE M5 AMONG HIS 9TIMATES4 

0,9 G5]AL1 H[EV]1 ONE MAY SAY ?AT 9 ! CIRCLE ( ,M>X'S 9TIMATES !RE IS V]Y LITTLE BRO!RLY FRANKNESS1 BUT A GREAT DEAL ( MA*9ATION & DIPLOMACY4 ,!RE IS A SORT ( TACIT /RUGGLE1 & A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! SELF-LOVES ( ! V>I\S P]SONS CONC]N$2 & :]E VANITY IS AT WORK1 !RE IS NO LONG] PLACE = BRO!RLY FEEL+4 ,EV]Y ONE IS ON HIS GU>D1 IS AFRAID ( BE+ SACRIFIC$1 ( BE+ ANNIHILAT$4 ,M>X'S CIRCLE IS A SORT ( MUTUAL ADMIRATION SOCIETY4 ,M>X IS ! *IEF DI/RIBUTOR ( HONORS1 BUT IS ALSO ! 9V>IABLY P]FIDI\S & MALICI\S1 ! NEV] FRANK & OP51 9CIT] TO ! P]SECUTION ( ?OSE :OM HE SUSPECTS1 OR :O HAVE HAD ! MIS=TUNE ( FAIL+ TO %[ ALL ! V5]ATION HE EXPECTS4 

0,AS SOON AS HE HAS ORD]$ A P]SECUTION1 !RE IS NO LIMIT TO ! BAS5ESS & 9FAMY ( ! ME?OD4 ,HIMSELF A ,JEW1 HE HAS R\ND HIM 9 ,LONDON & 9 ,FRANCE1 & ABOVE ALL 9 ,G]MANY1 A NUMB] ( PETTY1 MORE OR LESS ABLE1 9TRIGU+1 MOBILE1 SPECULATIVE ,JEWS 7! SORT ( ,JEWS Y\ CAN F9D ALL OV] ! PLACE71 COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES1 BANK CL]KS1 M5 ( LETT]S1 POLITICIANS1 ! CORRESPOND5TS ( NEWSPAP]S ( ! MO/ V>I\S %ADES ( OP9ION1 9 A WORD1 LIT]>Y GO-BETWE5S1 JU/ AS !Y >E F9ANCIAL GO-BETWE5S1 ONE FOOT 9 ! BANK1 ! O!R 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :ILE !IR RUMP IS 9 ,G]MAN P]IODICAL LIT]ATURE4 444 ,!SE ,JEWI% M5 ( LETT]S >E ADEPTS 9 ! >T ( C[>DLY1 ODI\S1 & P]FIDI\S 9S9UATIONS4 ,!Y SELDOM MAKE OP5 ACCUSATION1 BUT !Y 9S9UATE1 SAY+ !Y 'HAVE HE>D--IT IS SAID--IT MAY NOT BE TRUE1 BUT1' & !N !Y HURL ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE CALUMNIES 9 Y\R FACE40 

,DESPITE ! DE/RUCTIVE ANALYSIS CONVEY$ 9 ! =EGO+ PASSAGE1 ,BAKUN9 HAD A PR(\ND RESPECT = ,M>X'S 9TELLECTUAL ABILITIES & SCI5TIFIC EFFICI5CY4 ,:5 HE READ ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL HE WAS AMAZ$1 & PROMPTLY SET TO WORK UPON TRANSLAT+ IT 9TO ,RUSSIAN4 ,WRIT+ TO ,H]Z51 HE SAID3 0,= FIVE-&-TW5TY YE>S ,M>X HAS S]V$ ! CAUSE ( SOCIALISM ABLY1 5]GETICALLY1 & LOYALLY1 TAK+ ! LEAD ( EV]Y ONE 9 ?IS MATT]4 ,I %\LD NEV] =GIVE MYSELF IF1 \T ( P]SONAL MOTIVES1 ,I W]E TO DE/ROY OR DIM9I% ,M>X'S B5EFICIAL 9FLU5CE4 ,/ILL1 ,I MAY BE 9VOLV$ 9 A /RUGGLE AGA9/ HIM1 NOT BECAUSE HE HAS W\ND$ ME P]SONALLY1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! ,/ATE SOCIALISM HE ADVOCATES40 

,?IS /RUGGLE WAS SOON TO BREAK \T4 ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY 5\<1 ! FLAMES BLAZ$ UP ON ACC\NT ( A P]SONAL DISPUTE4 0,AT ! ,PEACE ,CONGRESS 9 ,G5EVA10 REPORTS ,BAKUN91 0! VET]AN COMMUNI/ ,BECK] GAVE ME ! FIR/1 & AS YET ! ONLY1 VOLUME ( ! EXTREMELY IMPORTANT1 LE>N$1 PR(\ND1 ?\< V]Y AB/RACT WORK ,CAPITAL4 ,!N ,I MADE A T]RIBLE MI/AKE2 ,I =GOT TO WRITE TO ,M>X 9 ORD] TO ?ANK HIM4 444 ,I DID NOT HA/5 TO ?ANK HIM1 & TO PAY HIM A COMPLIM5T UPON HIS REALLY \T/&+ BOOK4 ,OLD ,PHILIP ,BECK]1 :O HAD KN[N ,M>X = A V]Y LONG TIME1 SAID TO ME1 :5 HE HE>D ( ?IS =GETFULNESS3 ',:AT1 Y\ HAV5'T WRITT5 TO HIM YET8 ,M>X WILL NEV] =GIVE Y\6'0 ,AL?\< ,BAKUN9 F\ND IT H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT ?IS P]SONAL SLI<T1 H[EV] UNP>DONABLE A DISC\RTESY1 C\LD BE 0! CAUSE ( ! RESUMPTION ( HO/ILITIES10 A LETT] FROM ,FRAU ,M>X TO ,PHILIP ,BECK] %[S ?AT ?IS MU/ ACTUALLY HAVE BE5 ! CASE4 0,HAVE Y\ SE5 OR HE>D ANY?+ ( ,BAKUN98 ,MY HUSB& S5T HIM1 AS AN OLD ,HEGELIAN1 HIS BOOK--NOT A WORD OR A SIGN4 ,!RE MU/ BE SOME?+ UND]NEA? ?IS6 ,ONE CANNOT TRU/ ANY ( !SE ,RUSSIANS2 IF !Y >E NOT 9 ! S]VICE ( ! ,LITTLE ,FA!R 9 ,RUSSIA1 !N !Y >E 9 ,H]Z5'S S]VICE H]E1 :I* AM\NTS TO MU* ! SAME ?+40 

,A DUEL BETWE5 ! TWO TITANS HAD BECOME 9EVITABLE4 ,IT WAS F\<T 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ( :I* ,BAKUN9 HAD BECOME A MEMB] A FEW MON?S BE=E ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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