,*APT] #e 
,! ,TRIAL1 ,P>T #b3 ,KLASS5KAMPFE 9 ,FRANKREI* 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,OTTO ,RUHLE 

,TEXT 3 

,K>L ,M>X3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,WORKS 
,! ,TRIAL 
,P>T ,I,I 

,KLASS5KAMPFE 9 ,FRANKREI* 

,M>X HAD BE5 PUT TO ! TE/ AS REVOLUTION>Y *AMPION4 ,HE HAD )/OOD ! TE/4 ,MAYBE 9 HIS ZEAL1 9 ! HEAT ( BATTLE1 HE HAD ]R$ ON ! SIDE ( PASSION RA!R ?AN ON ?AT ( MOD]ATION1 HAD BE5 TOO IMPETU\S RA!R ?AN UNDULY CAUTI\S4 ,BUT HE HAD NEV] BL5*$ 9 ! DECISIVE H\R2 HAD NEV] LO/ SI<T ( ! GOAL OR BE5 WANT+ 9 IMPETUS2 HAD NEV] = A MOM5T BE5 LACK+ 9 READ9ESS TO LEAP 9TO ! BREA*4 ,AS A MAN1 HE HAD BE5 TRI$1 & HAD NOT BE5 F\ND WANT+4 

,BUT :AT ( ! CAUSE HE HAD BE5 FI<T+ =8 ,C\LD ?AT RESI/ ! TE/ ( CRITICISM8 

,M>X N[ DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO ANSW]+ ?IS QUE/ION--NOT ONCE1 BUT AGA9 & AGA94 ,HE SET TO WORK ) ! REL5TLESSNESS1 ! ?OR\<NESS1 ! 9CISIV5ESS1 ?AT W]E HIS LEAD+ *>ACT]I/ICS4 

,) ! SCALPEL ( AN ANATOMI/1 HE DISSECT$ HI/ORY1 & DEMON/RAT$ ! RESULT4 

,HIS FIR/ CRITICAL EXAM9ATION1 HIS FIR/ ATTEMPT 0TO EXPLA9 A SECTION ( HI/ORY1 BY MEANS ( ! MAT]IALI/ ME?OD ( 9T]PRETATION1 AS AN EXPRESSION ( ! EXTANT ECONOMIC SITUATION10 TOOK ! =M ( AN ANALYSIS ( ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION 9 ! YE> #a#h#d#h4 ,IT WAS 5TITL$ ,KLASS5KAMPFE 9 ,FRANKREI* .<,CLASS ,/RUGGLES 9 ,FRANCE.>4 

,H]E >E SOME ( ! RESULTS ( HIS 9QUIRY4 

0,9 ! REIGN ( ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE1 :AT RUL$ 9 ,FRANCE WAS NOT ! B\RGEOISIE AS A :OLE1 BUT A SECTION !RE(1 ! SO-CALL$ F9ANCIAL >I/OCRACY1 CONSI/+ ( BANK]S1 /OCK-EX*ANGE MAGNATES1 RAILWAY K+S1 M9E [N]S1 IRONMA/]S1 & SOME ( ! GREAT L&$ PROPRIETORS4 ,!Y OCCUPI$ ! ?RONE2 !Y DICTAT$ ! LAWS ?AT W]E PASS$ BY ! ,*AMB]S2 !Y APPO9T$ ! (FICE HOLD]S1 RANG+ FROM ! M9I/]S ( ,/ATE D[N TO ! M9OR EMPLOYES 9 ! ,TOBACCO ,(FICE40 

0,! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE WAS P>T ( ! (FICIAL OPPOSITION1 & ONLY REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,*AMB]S AS A M9ORITY4 ,ITS OPPOSITIONAL ATTITUDE BECAME 9T5SIFI$ 9 PROPORTION AS ! P[] ( ! F9ANCIAL >I/OCRACY GREW1 & 9 PROPORTION AS 7AFT] ! RIS+S ( #a#h#c#b1 #a#h#c#d1 & #ahci HAD BE5 DR[N$ 9 BLOOD7 IT BELIEV$ ITS [N DOM9ION OV] ! WORK]S TO BE ASSUR$40 

0,! PETTY B\RGEOISIE 9 ALL ITS GRADATIONS1 & ! PEASANT CLASS1 W]E COMPLETELY EXCLUD$ FROM POLITICAL P[]4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! (FICIAL OPPOSITION OR ALTOGE!R \TSIDE ! 'PAYS LEGAL' .<! K+1 HIS M9I/]S1 ! DEPUTIES1 & ! #b1 ELECTORS.>1 W]E ! IDEOLOGICAL REPRES5TATIVES & SPOKESM5 ( ! A=ESAID CLASSES1 !IR PR(ESSORS1 LAWY]S1 DOCTORS1 ETC41 9 A WORD1 !IR SO-CALL$ M5 ( TAL5T40 

0,IT WAS TO ! DIRECT 9T]E/ ( ! RUL+ & LEGISLAT+ SECTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE 7RUL+ & LEGISLAT+ ?R\< ! ,*AMB]S7 ?AT ! ,/ATE %\LD RUN 9TO DEBT4 ,! DEFICIT WAS = !SE G5TRY ! MAT]IAL SUB/RATUM ( !IR SPECULATIVE ACTIVITIES & ! MA9 S\RCE ( !IR 5RI*M5T4 ,EV]Y YE> !RE WAS A NEW DEFICIT1 & EV]Y F\R OR FIVE YE>S !RE WAS A NEW LOAN4 ,EA* NEW LOAN GAVE ! F9ANCIAL >I/OCRACY FRE% OPPORTUNITIES = DIDDL+ A ,/ATE >TIFICIALLY KEPT 9SOLV5T1 & !RE=E COMPELL$ TO DEAL ) ! BANK]S ON V]Y UNFAVORABLE T]MS40 

0,! SECTIONS ( ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE ?AT W]E EXCLUD$ FROM P[] RAIS$ A CLAMOR AB\T CORRUPTION4 444 ,!N CAME WORLDWIDE ECONOMIC HAPP5+S TO HA/5 ! \TBREAK ( G5]AL DISCONT5T1 TO RIP5 DISAFFECTION 9TO REVOLT4 ,!SE W]E3 ! POTATO DISEASE1 A FAILURE ( O!R CROPS1 & A G5]AL COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL CRISIS40 

0,! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 CLIMB+ TO P[] FROM ! ,FEBRU>Y B>RICADES1 NECESS>ILY REPRES5T$ 9 ITS COMPOSITION ! V>I\S P>TIES :I* HAD %>$ 9 ! VICTORY40 

0,! ,FEBRU>Y REPUBLIC HAD FIR/ ( ALL TO COMPLETE ! DOM9ION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 BY ALL[+ ALL ! O!R POSSESS+ CLASSES TO 5T] ! *>M$ CIRCLE ( POLITICAL P[]1 & TO TAKE !IR PLACES 9 IT SIDE BY SIDE ) ! F9ANCIAL >I/OCRACY40 

0,! PROLET>IAT1 :I* HAD IMPOS$ A REPUBLIC ON ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T 7&1 ?R\< ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 ON ! :OLE ( ,FRANCE71 AT ONCE CAME TO ! FRONT AS AN 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL P>TY1 BUT !REBY SUMMON$ ! :OLE ( B\RGEOIS ,FRANCE 9TO ! LI/S AGA9/ IT4 ,:AT IT HAD CONQU]$ WAS A FIELD ON :I* IT C\LD FI<T = ITS REVOLUTION>Y EMANCIPATION1 BUT BY NO MEANS ?AT EMANCIPATION ITSELF40 0,BY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( UNIV]SAL .<MANHOOD.> SUFFRAGE1 ! NOM9AL [N]S :O =M ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! ,FR5*1 ! PEASANTS ?AT IS TO SAY1 HAD BE5 MADE ! >BIT]S ( ! DE/9Y ( ,FRANCE40 

0,BY ACCEPT+ ! BILLS ( EX*ANGE :I* ! OLD B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAD DRAWN ON ! ,/ATE1 ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T HAD RU9$ ITSELF4 ,IT HAD BECOME ! H>ASS$ DEBTOR ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 9/EAD ( CONFRONT+ ?AT SOCIETY AS A M5AC+ CR$ITOR1 AS ONE TO :OM ! REVOLUTION>Y 9DEBT$NESS ( SEV]AL YE>S HAD BECOME PAYABLE40 

0,! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S1 EV5 AS A M]E PHRASE1 WAS N[ AN 9TOL]ABLE DANG] TO ! NEW REPUBLIC1 = IT WAS A P]PETUAL PROTE/ AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( CR$IT1 :I* RE/S UPON ! UNDI/URB$ & UNQUALIFI$ RECOGNITION ( ! EXTANT ECONOMIC CLASS RELATIONS4 ,! WORK]S1 !RE=E1 MU/ BE R$UC$ TO IMPOT5CE40 

0,ONLY 9 ! NAME ( ! REPUBLIC C\LD ! FI<T AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT BE UND]TAK540 

0,9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 ALL ,FRANCE SAT 9 JUDGM5T ON ! ,P>ISIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,PROMPTLY AB&ON+ ! SOCIALI/ ILLUSIONS ( ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION1 ! ,ASSEMBLY PROCLAIM$ ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC1 PURE & SIMPLE4 ,=?) IT EXCLUD$ ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,ALB]T1 ! PROLET>IAN REPRES5TATIVES1 FROM ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES IT N[ PROCE$$ TO APPO9T2 IT REJECT$ ! PROPOSAL TO E/ABLI% A LABOR (FICE AS A SPECIAL DEP>TM5T ( ! GOV]NM5T2 & IT GREET$ ) VOCIF]\S APPLAUSE ,TRELAT'S /ATEM5T1 '! ONLY MATT] ) :I* WE >E CONC]N$ IS TO BR+ LABOR BACK TO ITS OLD CONDITIONS4'0 

0,! WORK]S HAD NO O!R OPTION ?AN BETWE5 />VATION & REBELLION4 ,!IR ANSW] TOOK ! =M ( ! 9SURRECTION ( ,JUNE #b#bND1 ! FIR/ PIT*$ BATTLE BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES 9TO :I* MOD]N SOCIETY IS SEV]$4 ,IT WAS A /RUGGLE = ! MA9T5ANCE OR ! DE/RUCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS ORD]4 ,! VEIL HID+ ! TRUE VISAGE ( ! REPUBLIC HAD BE5 TORN40 

0,FRAT]NITY HAD LA/$ JU/ SO LONG AS ! 9T]E/ ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAD BE5 ABLE TO FRAT]NIZE ) ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT40 

0,CAVAIGNAC DID NOT SIGNIFY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! SWORD OV] B\RGEOIS SOCIETY2 HE SIGNIFI$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! B\RGEOISIE EX]CIS$ BY MEANS ( ! SWORD40 

0,! CON/ITUTION DID NOT SANCTION A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 IT SANCTION$ ! MOM5T>Y VICTORY ( ! OLD SOCIETY OV] ! REVOLUTION40 

0,DECEMB] #a1 #a#h#d#h1 WAS ! DAY ( ! PEASANTS' 9SURRECTION4 ,! ,FR5* PEASANTS' ,FEBRU>Y BEGAN ON ,DECEMB] #a?4 ,! SYMBOL :I* EXPRESS$ !IR 5TRY 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T--CLUMSILY A/UTE1 KNAVI%LY SIMPLE1 CL[NI%LY SUBLIME1 A CALCULAT$ SUP]/ITION1 AN EMOTIONAL BURLESQUE1 A BRILLIANTLY /UPID ANA*RONISM1 A PRACTICAL JOKE ON ! P>T ( UNIV]SAL HI/ORY1 AN UNDECIPH]ABLE HI]OGLYPH = CIVILIZ$ UND]/&+S--?IS SYMBOL BORE UNMI/AKABLY ! PHYSIOGNOMY ( ! CLASS :I* REPRES5TS B>B>ISM )9 ! CONF9ES ( CIVILIZATION4 ,! REPUBLIC HAD ANN\NC$ ITSELF TO ! PEASANTS BY S5D+ A TAX COLLECTOR2 ! PEASANTS ANN\NC$ !MSELVES TO ! REPUBLIC BY S5D+ ! EMP]OR4 ,NAPOLEON WAS ! ONLY MAN :O HAD FULLY REPRES5T$ ! 9T]E/S & ! FANCIES ( ! PEASANT CLASS NEWLY CREAT$ 9 #a#g#h#i40 

0,) ! =MATION ( ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 WAS COMPLET$ ! MANIFE/ATION ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL REPUBLIC1 ?AT IS TO SAY ( ! REPUBLICAN =M ( ,/ATE 9 :I* ! DOM9ION ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS EMBODI$40 

0,) ! (FICIAL RE/ORATION ( ! F9ANCIAL >I/OCRACY1 IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! ,FR5* PEOPLE W\LD ]E LONG BE FACE TO FACE ONCE MORE ) A ,FEBRU>Y #b#d?40 

0,SO RAPIDLY HAD CIRCUM/ANCES BE5 RIP5$ BY ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION1 ?AT ! RE=M]S ( ALL %ADES ( OP9ION1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O REPRES5T$ ! MO/ MODE/ DEM&S ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 HAD TO GR\P !MSELVES R\ND ! BANN] ( ! EXTREME REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 R\ND ! R$ FLAG40 

0,! PROLET>IAT IS GR\P+ ITSELF MORE & MORE R\ND REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM1 R\ND COMMUNISM4 ,?IS SOCIALISM IS ! DECL>ATION ?AT ! REVOLUTION IS P]MAN5T1 ?AT ! CLASS DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS A NECESS>Y TRANSITION TO ! ABOLITION ( CLASS DI/9CTIONS 9 G5]AL1 TO ! ABOLITION ( ALL ! PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS ON :I* CLASS DI/9CTIONS DEP5D1 TO ! ABOLITION ( ALL ! SOCIAL RELATIONS :I* EXPRESS !SE PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS1 TO ! REVOLUTIONIZ+ ( ALL ! IDEAS :I* PROCE$ FROM !SE SOCIAL RELATIONS40 

0,! PROLET>IAT DID NOT ALL[ ITSELF TO BE PROVOK$ 9TO RIOTS1 = IT WAS 5GAG$ 9 MAK+ A REVOLUTION4 444 ,DESPITE ALL 5DEAVORS1 ! SOCIALI/ C&IDATES W]E VICTORI\S4 ,EV5 ! >MY VOT$ = ! ,JUNE 9SURG5TS AGA9/ !IR [N W> M9I/] ,LAHITTE4 ,! ,P>TY ( ,ORD] WAS AS IF ?UND]/RUCK4 444 ,! ELECTION ( ,M>* #a1 #a#h#e6 ,IT WAS ! REV]SAL ( ,JUNE #a#h#d#h4 ,?OSE :O HAD MASSACR$ & TRANSPORT$ ! ,JUNE 9SURG5TS RETURN$ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 BUT ) B[$ HEADS1 9 ! TRA9 ( ! TRANSPORTEES1 & ) ! LATT]'S PR9CIPLES ON !IR LIPS4 ,IT WAS ! REV]SAL ( ,JUNE #a#c1 #a#h#d#i4 ,! ,M\NTA91 :I* HAD BE5 PROSCRIB$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 RETURN$ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 BUT AS ! ADVANCE TRUMPET] ( ! REVOLUTION1 NO LONG] AS ITS COMM&]4 ,IT WAS ! REV]SAL ( ,DECEMB] #a?4 ,NAPOLEON HAD BE5 DISCOMFIT$ ) ! DISCOMFITURE ( HIS M9I/] ,LAHITTE40 

0,M>* #a? WAS A REVOLUTION4 ,BEH9D ! VOTES LAY PAV+ /ONES40 

0,A NEW REVOLUTION IS ONLY POSSIBLE AS ! SEQUEL TO A NEW CRISIS4 ,BUT ! ONE IS AS C]TA9 AS ! O!R40 

,?OSE :O1 :5 !Y REF] TO ,KLASS5KAMPFE 9 ,FRANKREI*1 SPEAK ( ,M>X'S BRILLIANT /YLE1 ( ! =CE ( HIS DESCRIPTIONS1 ( HIS MA/]Y ( SATIRE1 ( ! SPL5DID WAY 9 :I* HE EXHIBITS ! MOVEM5TS ( UNIV]SAL HI/ORY1 & ( ! BOLDNESS ) :I* HE DISCOV]S ! HIDD5 9T]CONNEXIONS ( EV5TS1 >E 9 ! RI<T ( IT4 ,BUT ?IS PRAISE1 S9CE IT IS RE/RICT$ TO =MAL M]ITS1 OV]LOOKS ! MAT]IAL IMPORTANCE ( ! BOOK4 

,:AT GIVES ,KLASS5KAMPFE SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE1 AS ,5GELS PO9T$ \T1 IS ! FACT ?AT H]E = ! FIR/ TIME IS CLE> EXPRESSION GIV5 TO ! =MULA :I* WAS SUBSEQU5TLY TO BECOME ! G5]AL =MULA ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE AS PURSU$ BY ALL P>TIES1 ( ALL SOCIALI/IC TR5DS1 & 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 ,?IS =MULA IS ! APPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY ! PROLET>IAT1 ! ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM & ( CAPITAL & ( !IR MUTUAL RELATIONS4 ,!RE)1 TO QUOTE ,5GELS1 WAS =MULAT$ ! DEM& BY :I* 0MOD]N WORK+-CLASS SOCIALISM IS %>PLY DI/+UI%$1 NOT ONLY FROM ALL ! V>I\S %ADES ( FEUDALI/1 B\RGEOIS1 PETTY-B\RGEOIS1 ETC41 SOCIALISM1 BUT ALSO FROM VAGUE UTOPIAN IDEAS AS TO A COMMUNITY ( GOODS & FROM ! ELEM5T>Y BUT SPONTANE\SLY DEVELOP$ =MS ( WORK+-CLASS COMMUNISM4 ,:51 SUBSEQU5TLY1 ,M>X EXT5D$ ! =MULA TO 9CLUDE APPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( EX*ANGE AS WELL1 ?IS EXT5SION1 :I* IS AN OBVI\S COROLL>Y TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 SIGNIFI$ NO?+ MORE ?AN AN EXPANSION ( ! MA9 PROPOSITION40 

,9 MATT]S ( DETAIL1 ! BOOK IS NOT FREE FROM ]RORS4 ,:5 HE WROTE IT1 ,M>X WAS /ILL UNDULY 9FLU5C$ BY IMPRESSIONS D]IV$ FROM E>LI] REVOLUTIONS2 WAS /ILL1 AS ,5GELS PUTS IT1 0UND] ! SPELL ( PRIOR HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES40 

,! FUNDAM5TAL T9T ( ! REVOLUTIONS FROM #a<i TO #ahc %[S ?R\< 9 ALL ,M>X'S D$UCTIONS4 ,HE IS H]E & !RE BECAUSE1 DESPITE ! DEP? ( HIS 9SI<T1 HIS GRASP ( ECONOMIC CAUSES IS /ILL DEFECTIVE4 ,[+ TO A LACK ( SUFFICI5T /ATI/ICAL 9=MATION1 TRU/WOR?Y REPORTS1 EXHAU/IVE POLITICO-ECONOMIC /UDY1 HE >RIVES AT ! ]RONE\S CONCLUSION ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AS ! LA/ DECISIVE /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,EUROPE1 WILL NECESS>ILY FOLL[ H>D UPON ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL ( #a#h#d#h4 

,WRIT+ 9 #a#h#i#e1 ,5GELS SAID ?AT HI/ORY HAD %[N ?IS ASSUMPTION TO BE AN ILLUSION4 0,IT HAS MADE CLE> TO US ?AT 9 ?OSE DAYS ! CONDITION ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ON ! ,CONT95T WAS F> FROM BE+ RIPE = ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION2 IT HAS PROV$ ?IS BY ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION :I* S9CE #ahdh HAS AFFECT$ ! :OLE ,CONT95T1 HAS 9VOLV$ L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,AU/RIA1 ,HUNG>Y1 & ,POL&2 HAS REC5TLY BEGUN S]I\SLY TO 9FLU5CE ,RUSSIA2 & HAS MADE ( ,G]MANY AN 9DU/RIAL C\NTRY ( ! FIR/ RANK4 ,ALL ?IS HAS OCCURR$ UPON A CAPITALI/ F\NDATION F> WID] ?AN ?AT :I* EXI/$ 9 ! YE> #a#h#d#h4 ,N[1 IT IS ?IS 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION :I* HAS EV]Y:]E = ! FIR/ TIME CL>IFI$ CLASS RELATIONS2 HAS DONE AWAY ) A NUMB] ( 9T]M$IATE CONDITIONS :I* HAD P]SI/$ AS VE/IGES ( ! MANUFACTUR+ P]IOD1 & 9 EA/]N ,EUROPE EV5 AS VE/IGES ( ! GUILD SY/EM2 HAS CREAT$ A TRUE B\RGEOISIE & A TRUE URBAN PROLET>IAT2 & HAS PU%$ !SE TWO CLASSES 9TO ! =EGR\ND ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,?ANKS TO ?IS1 H[EV]1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 !SE TWO GREAT CLASSES1 :I* 9 #ahdh EXI/$ \TSIDE ,5GL& 9 ,P>IS ALONE & A FEW GREAT 9DU/RIAL C5T]S1 HAS N[ BE5 DIFFUS$ ?R\<\T ,EUROPE1 & HAS ATTA9$ AN 9T5SITY :I* WAS /ILL QUITE UN?9KABLE 9 #a#h#d#h40 

,!SE DEFECTS NOT)/&+1 ,KLASS5KAMPFE 9 ,FRANKREI* IS A F9E PIECE ( CRITICAL & ANALYTICAL HI/ORY P5N$ 9 ! LI<T ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,IT IS A BRILLIANT DRAFT = ! COMPLET] /UDY ( ! SAME P]IOD1 = ,M>X'S MA/]PIECE1 ,D] A*TZEHNTE ,BRUMAIRE DES ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE4 

,D] A*TZEHNTE ,BRUMAIRE DES ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE 

,! C\P D'ETAT ( ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON WAS A LOGICAL SEQUEL TO ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION4 ,! IMP]IAL CR[N WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN A PIECE ( !ATRICAL 0PROP]TY10 A SYMBOL ADD$ UND] /RESS ( A DYNA/IC MEGALOMANIAC URGE4 ,M>X1 :O HAD ALREADY DRAWN ATT5TION TO ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! BIZ>RE 9 ,FR5* HI/ORY1 ?ANKS TO :I* 09 ,FRANCE1 ! SIMPLE/ MAN ACQUIRES ! MO/ COMPLICAT$ SIGNIFICANCE10 N[ W5T ON TO %[ 0?AT ! CLASS W> 9 ,FRANCE CREAT$ CIRCUM/ANCES & RELATIONS ?AT 5ABL$ A GROTESQUE M$IOCRITY TO /RUT AB\T 9 A H]O'S G>B40 

,! C\P D'ETAT HAD ALREADY SET A NUMB] ( P5S TO WORK1 JU/IFY+ IT1 CONDEMN+ IT1 OR EXPLA9+ IT4 ,M>X REF]S TO SOME ( !M4 

0,AMONG BOOKS :I*1 ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY ) M9E1 DISCUSS$ ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE'S C\P D'ETAT1 ONLY TWO >E WOR? M5TION+1 ,VICTOR ,HUGO'S ,NAPOLEON LE PETIT2 & ,PR\DHON'S ,C\P D'ETAT40 

,HE GOES ON TO SAY3 

0,VICTOR ,HUGO CONF9ES HIMSELF TO A SCA?+ & BRILLIANTLY WORD$ POLEMIC AGA9/ ! MAN P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = ! C\P D'ETAT4 ,= HIM1 ! 9CID5T RESEMBLES A ?UND]CLAP 9 A CLE> SKY4 ,HE CAN SEE NO?+ BUT ! >BITR>Y ACT ( AN ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL4 ,HUGO FAILS TO REALIZE ?AT HE MAKES ?IS 9DIVIDUAL SEEM GREAT 9/EAD ( SMALL BY ASCRIB+ TO HIM A CAPACITY = P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE )\T P>ALLEL 9 HI/ORY4 ,PR\DHON1 ON ! O!R H&1 TRIES TO %[ ?AT ! C\P D'ETAT WAS ! \TCOME ( AN ANTEC$5T HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT 9 HIS CASE AN EXPOSITION ( ! C\P D'ETAT BECOMES TRANS=M$ 9TO A HI/ORICAL APOLOGY = ! H]O :O EFFECT$ IT40 

,9 CONTRA/ ) !SE WRIT]S1 ,M>X1 ) ! AID ( ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY1 GIVES HIS READ]S AN 9SI<T 9TO ! NATURE ( ! V>I\S 9T]E/S :I* L$ TO ! C\P D'ETAT1 EXPOS+ !IR OP]ATION SO CLE>LY ?AT NOT EV5 ! SLI<TE/ DETAIL CAN RETA9 ITS IDEOLOGICAL MASK4 ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE & HIS POLICY >E UNSP>+LY DISSECT$4 

,?IS BOOK1 FULL ( PR(\ND ?\<T & KE5 VISION1 & WRITT5 9 A BRILLIANT /YLE1 WAS COMPOS$ AT A TIME :5 ,M>X WAS 9 DANG] ( SUCCUMB+ TO ! H>D%IPS ( A REFUGEE'S LIFE4 ,! FAMILY ( SIX OR SEV5 P]SONS WAS PACK$ 9TO TWO SMALL ROOMS1 NOT KN[+ FROM DAY TO DAY :E!R !Y W\LD GET FOOD ON ! NEXT4 ,CLO?+ & %OES HAD BE5 PAWN$4 0,M>X HAD TO KEEP ! H\SE1 = LACK ( A COAT TO GO \T 91 & HAD NO MEAT = D9N]1 AS ! BUT*] HAD REFUS$ FUR!R CR$IT40 ,HE WAS ILL1 & C\LD SEE NO HOPE ( BETT] DAYS4 ,5GELS WAS ONLY A CL]K 9 HIS FA!R'S ,MAN*E/] H\SE2 & ! O!R REFUGEES W]E ALL AS POOR AS *UR* MICE4 

,AT ?IS JUNCTURE1 ,M>X HAD A LETT] FROM HIS OLD FRI5D ,WEYDEMEY]4 ,DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 ,WEYDEMEY] HAD PUBLI%$ A REVOLUTION>Y P]IODICAL 9 ,G]MANY4 ,!N1 SUBJECT TO POLICE P]SECUTIONS & WE>Y ( A HUNT$ LIFE1 HE HAD EMIGRAT$ TO ,AM]ICA4 ,N[ HE WROTE ?AT HE WAS AB\T TO ISSUE A NEW P]IODICAL1 & W\LD LIKE ,M>X TO S5D HIM PAID CONTRIBUTIONS4 ,WEEK BY WEEK1 D[N TO ! MIDDLE ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#e#b1 ,M>X DISPAT*$ >TICLES DEAL+ ) ! HI/ORY ( ! C\P D'ETAT4 

,!N1 9/EAD ( ! EAG]LY EXPECT$ FEES1 CAME NEWS ?AT ! :OLE PLAN ( ! P]IODICAL HAD COME TO GRIEF4 ,!SE UNHAPPY TID+S >RIV$ AT A MOM5T :5 ,M>X'S LITTLE DAU<T] ,FRANCISCA HAD JU/ DI$1 & :5 ,FRAU ,M>X1 IMPECUNI\S AS USUAL1 WAS =C$ TO BORR[ FROM H] NEI<BORS ! SUM NE$$ = FUN]AL EXP5SES4 

,SOON1 H[EV]1 MORE *E]FUL 9TELLIG5CE CAME FROM ,NEW ,YORK4 ,WEYDEMEY] WROTE ?AT HE W\LD BE ABLE TO ISSUE ! P]IODICAL AFT] ALL1 ?\< AS A MON?LY 9/EAD ( A WEEKLY4 ,A COMRADE1 A TAILOR BY TRADE1 :O HAD SAV$ =TY DOLL>S1 WAS PREP>$ TO DEVOTE ! :OLE SUM TO ! V5TURE4 ,TO ?IS NAMELESS ,MAEC5AS WE [E IT ?AT ,M>X'S ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE WAS ABLE TO APPE> 9 ! SECOND ISSUE ( 0,DIE ,REVOLUTION0--A P]IODICAL :OSE EXI/5CE WAS BRIEF4 ,BUT SEV]AL HUNDR$ EXTRA COPIES ( ! SECOND NUMB] W]E PR9T$1 F\ND !IR WAY TO ,G]MANY1 & W]E CIRCULAT$ !RE4 

,9 ! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE1 ,M>X REVIS$ ! OP9ION PUT =W>D 9 ! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLES ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS TO BE EXPECT$ 9 CONNECTION ) ! MOVEM5T ( #a#h#d#h4 ,S9CE WRIT+ ! E>LI] WORK1 HE HAD BE5 5GAG$ 9 PR(\ND] ECONOMIC /UDIES 7C>RI$ ON 9 ,LONDON71 HAD SE5 FUR!R 9TO ! ME*ANISM ( ! PROCESSES ( HI/ORY1 & HAD COME TO CONCLUSIONS :OSE ELABORATION ?REW LI<T ON ! VICTORY ( ! USURP] ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE4 ,! 0ADV5TUR] FROM =EIGN P>TS0 HAD RIS5 TO ! FRONT1 /EP BY /EP1 CLIMB+ ON ! %\LD]S ( 0! TATT]DEMALION PROLET>IAT1 ?AT VAGUE1 DISSOLUTE1 D[N-AT-HEELS & \T-AT-ELB[S RABBLE :I* ! ,FR5* D5OTE BY ! COMPOSITE NAME ( LA ,BOHEME02 UPON !IR %\LD]S1 & UPON ! BACKS ( ! CONS]VATIVE PEASANTS1 :OM PETTY PROPRIETOR%IP HAD 0TRANS=M$ 9TO TROGLODYTES02 & UPON ! BAYONETS ( A DRUNK5 SOLDI]Y1 :OM HE HAD BRIB$ ) BR&Y & SAUSAGES4 ,:AT HAD BE5 ! UP%OT8 

0,! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE ROSE 9 REVOLT AGA9/ ! RULE ( ! WORK+ PROLET>IAT2 ) ! RESULT ?AT IT HAS BR\<T ! SLUM PROLET>IAT 9TO P[]1 ! LOAF]S & TATT]DEMALIONS4 444 ,! B\RGEOISIE KEPT ,FRANCE BREA?LESS 9 AL>M BY TALK+ AB\T ! M5ACE ( ,R$ ,AN>*Y2 ON ,DECEMB] #d?1 ,BONAP>TE GAVE IT A TA/E ( ! FUTURE IT HAD PROPHESI$ :5 HE HAD ! MO/ RESPECTABLE BUR<]S ( ! ,B\LEV>D ,MONTM>TRE & ! ,B\LEV>D DES ,ITALI5S %OT1 :ILE !Y SAT AT !IR W9D[S1 BY ! SOLDI]S ( ! >MY ( ORD]1 :O HAD BE5 MADE HALF DRUNK TO KEEP UP !IR 5?USIASM4 ,! B\RGEOISIE GLORIFI$ ! SWORD2 N[ IT IS TO BE RUL$ BY ! SWORD4 ,IT DE/ROY$ ! REVOLUTION>Y PRESS2 N[ ITS [N PRESS HAS BE5 DE/ROY$4 ,IT SUBJECT$ PUBLIC MEET+S TO POLICE SUP]VISION2 N[ ITS [N DRAW+-ROOMS >E UND] POLICE SUP]VISION4 ,IT DISB&$ ! DEMOCRATIC ,NATIONAL ,GU>D2 N[ ITS [N ,NATIONAL ,GU>D HAS BE5 DISB&$4 ,IT HAD C[$ ! WORK]S BY DECL>+ A /ATE ( SIEGE2 N[ IT IS ITSELF C[$ BY ! SAME WEAPON4 ,IT HAD SUB/ITUT$ C\RTS M>TIAL = TRIAL BY JURY2 N[ ITS [N JURIES >E REPLAC$ BY C\RTS M>TIAL4 ,IT HAD PUT ELEM5T>Y $UCATION UND] ! ?UMB ( ! PRIE/S2 N[ IT IS TO EXP]I5CE CL]ICAL DOM9ION 9 ITS TURN4 ,IT HAD TRANSPORT$ ! WORK]S )\T TRIAL2 N[ ! B\RGEOIS >E TRANS PORT$ )\T TRIAL4 ,IT HAD SUPPRESS$ EV]Y K9D ( SOCIAL /IR BY ! USE ( ALL ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE2 N[ EV]Y SOCIAL /IR 9ITIAT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE IS SUPPRESS$ BY ALL ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,9 ITS PASSION = ITS MONEY-BAGS1 IT HAD REBELL$ AGA9/ ITS [N /ATESM5 & M5 ( LETT]S2 N[ ITS /ATESM5 & M5 ( LETT]S HAVE BE5 SWEPT \T ( ! WAY1 & ITS MONEY-BAGS >E RIFL$ :5 ITS M\? HAS BE5 GAGG$ & ITS P5 BROK540 ,?US WAS ! B\RGEOISIE PUNI%$ = ALL ! S9S IT HAD COMMITT$ AGA9/ ! SPIRIT ( ! REVOLUTION2 & ! 9/RUM5T ( ?IS PUNI%M5T1 ?IS V5GEANCE1 WAS ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE1 ! *OS5 ( ! SMALLHOLD]S4 

,NEV]!LESS3 0,BY ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS SMALLHOLD+ SY/EM ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! PEASANTRY & ! O!R CLASSES ( SOCIETY HAS BE5 TURN$ UPSIDE D[N4 ,UND] ! FIR/ ,NAPOLEON1 ! P>CEL+-\T ( ! L& 5C\RAG$ FREE COMPETITION 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS1 & FAVOR$ ! BEG9N+S ( GREAT 9DU/RY 9 ! T[NS4 ,! PEASANT CLASS WAS AN EMBODI$ & UBIQUIT\S PROTE/ AGA9/ ! L&$ >I/OCRACY1 SO REC5TLY OV]?R[N4 ,! ROOTS1 :I* ! NEW SY/EM ( SMALLHOLD+ /RUCK DEEP 9TO ,FR5* SOIL1 CUT (F ! SUPPLY ( NUTRIM5T UPON :I* FEUDALISM HAD DEP5D$4 ,! L&M>KS ( PEASANT PROPRIETOR%IP W]E ! NATURAL =TIFICATIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ ANY ATTEMPT AT A C\P DE MA9 ?AT MI<T BE MADE BY ! OLD OV]LORDS4 ,BUT 9 ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! FEUDAL EXTORTION] WAS REPLAC$ BY ! URBAN USUR]2 ! OBLIGATIONS ?AT ! FEUDAL SY/EM HAD IMPOS$ UPON ?OSE :O W]E B\ND TO ! SOIL F\ND !IR MOD]N C\NT]P>TS 9 ! OBLIGATIONS TO ! MORTGAGEE2 >I/OCRATIC L&LORDISM HAD BE5 EX*ANG$ = B\RGEOIS CAPITALISM4 ,! PEASANT'S HOLD+ IS /ILL ONLY ! PRETEXT :]EBY ! CAPITALI/ IS 5ABL$ TO DRAW PR(IT1 9T]E/1 & R5T FROM ! L&1 :ILE LEAV+ ! CULTIVATOR TO WRE/ HIS [N WAGES FROM ! SOIL4 ,FR5* AGRICULTURAL L& IS SO HEAVILY BURD5$ ) MORTGAGES ?AT ! 9T]E/ PAID ON !M IS EQUAL TO ! 9T]E/ ON ! ,BRITI% NATIONAL DEBT4 444 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM ( SOCIETY PLAC$ ! ,/ATE AS S5T9EL 9 FRONT ( ! NEWLY CREAT$ PETTY L&HOLD+S1 & MANUR$ !IR SOIL ) LAURELS4 ,TODAY1 ?AT SAME B\RGEOIS SY/EM HAS BECOME A VAMPIRE :I* SUCKS ! BLOOD & M>R[ FROM ! PEASANTS' LITTLE F>MS1 & ?R[S !M 9TO ! ALEMBIC ( CAPITAL4 ,! ,CODE ,NAPOLEON IS N[ NO?+ MORE ?AN ! W>RANT = DI/RA9TS & =C$ SALES4 444 ,! RESULT IS ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEASANTS NO LONG] CO9CIDE1 AS DUR+ ! REIGN ( ! FIR/ ,NAPOLEON1 ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ) ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITAL4 ,!RE IS N[ A CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S4 ,! PEASANTS1 !RE=E1 F9D !IR NATURAL ALLIES & LEAD]S 9 ! URBAN PROLET>IAT1 :OSE MISSION IT IS TO SUBV]T ! B\RGEOIS ORD] ( SOCIETY40 

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

,AGA93 0,B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 LIKE ?OSE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 SPREAD FROM SUCCESS TO SUCCESS2 !Y VIE ) ONE ANO!R 9 ! LU/] ( !IR /AGE EFFECTS2 M5 & ?+S SEEM TO BE SET 9 SP>KL+ BRILLIANTS2 EV]Y DAY IS FILL$ ) EC/ASY3 BUT !Y >E %ORTLIV$2 !IR CLIMAX IS SOON REA*$2 ON ! MORN+ AFT]1 SOCIETY HAS TO PASS ?R\< A LONG FIT ( ! DUMPS2 & ONLY :5 ?AT IS OV] CAN !RE BE A DISPASSIONATE ASSIMILATION ( ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! P]IODS ( /ORM & /RESS4 ,PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS1 ON ! O!R H&1 LIKE ?OSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 >E EV] SELF-CRITICAL2 !Y AGA9 & AGA9 /OP %ORT 9 !IR PROGRESS2 RETRACE !IR /EPS 9 ORD] TO MAKE A FRE% />T2 >E PITILESSLY SCORNFUL ( ! HALF-MEASURES1 ! WEAKNESSES1 ! FUTILITY ( !IR PRELIM9>Y ESSAYS4 ,IT SEEMS AS IF !Y HAD OV]?R[N !IR ADV]S>IES ONLY 9 ORD] ?AT !SE MI<T DRAW R5EW$ /R5G? FROM CONTACT ) ! E>? & RETURN TO ! BATTLE LIKE GIANTS REFRE%$4 ,AGA9 & AGA91 !Y %R9K BACK APPALL$ BE=E ! VAGUE IMM5SITY ( !IR [N AIMS4 ,BUT1 AT LONG LA/1 A SITUATION IS REA*$ :5CE RETREAT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 & :]E ! CIRCUM/ANCES CLAMOR 9 *ORUS3 ',HIC ,RHODUS1 HIC SALTA6 ,H]E IS ! ,ROSE2 DANCE H]E6'0 

,SUFF]+S 9 ,EXILE 

,M>X & HIS FAMILY HAD REA*$ ,LONDON 9 ! 5D ( ,JUNE #a#h#d#i4 ,!Y HAD NO MONEY1 NO OCCUPATION1 NO S\RCE ( HELP4 

,! FUNDS D]IV$ FROM ! SALE ( :AT WAS LEFT ( HIS PROP]TY 9 ,TREVES W]E SOON EXHAU/$4 ,! PUBLICATION ( ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,REVUE0 HAD BE5 A FAILURE4 

,MORE ?AN ONCE ,M>X HAD CONSID]$ ! POSSIBILITY ( SETT+ TO WORK 9 CONJUNCTION ) ,WILHELM ,WOLFF TO SUPPLY SYNDICAT$ CORRESPOND5CE = A FEW DOZ5 ,AM]ICAN J\RNALS1 CORRESPOND5CE 9 :I* HE W\LD DISCUSS ! PROBLEMS ( ,EUROPEAN POLITICS & ECONOMICS4 ,N[1 UNEXPECT$LY1 !RE CAME A *ANCE = J\RNALI/IC ACTIVITY4 ,9 #a#h#d#h1 AT ,COLOGNE1 ,FREILIGRA? HAD 9TRODUC$ HIM TO ,DANA1 ! MANAG+ $ITOR ( ! 0,NEW ,YORK ,TRIBUNE10 !N VISIT+ ,EUROPE4 ,9 #a#h#e#a1 :5 ,DANA ASK$ ,FREILIGRA?1 ONE ( ! ,G]MAN REFUGEES 9 ,LONDON1 TO S5D HIM REPORTS ON ,EUROPEAN POLITICS1 ,FREILIGRA? TURN$ ! (F] OV] TO ,M>X4 

,M>X CAME TO AN UND]/&+ ) ,DANA4 ,TWICE EV]Y WEEK HE WAS TO S5D AN >TICLE DEAL+ ) ,EUROPEAN POLITICS1 & WAS TO RECEIVE = EA* >TICLE A FEE ( TWO P\NDS4 ,?IS GAVE HIM AN OPPORTUNITY = :I* HE HAD LONG BE5 EAG]4 ,N[ HE C\LD BR+ HIS OP9IONS CONC]N+ POLITICAL MATT]S BE=E A L>GE CIRCLE ( READ]S1 & MAKE HIS 9FLU5CE FELT4 ,MOREOV]1 AT A SEASON ( DIRE POV]TY1 :5 HE HAD F\ND ! 0NOCTURNAL TE>S & LAM5TATIONS0 ( HIS WIFE ALMO/ UN5DURABLE1 ! WORK W\LD PROVIDE HIM ) AN 9COME :I* W\LD AT LEA/ KEEP ! WOLF FROM ! DOOR4 

,BUT 9 #a#h#e#a1 ,M>X WAS NOT YET AT HOME 9 ! ,5GLI% TONGUE1 & HE !RE=E HAD TO ASK ,5GELS = HELP4 ,AFT] SOME HESITATION1 ,5GELS AGRE$1 S5T ONE >TICLE AFT] ANO!R1 & 9 ! 5D WROTE ! :OLE S]IES ( >TICLES :I* ,K>L ,KAUTSKY REPUBLI%$ 9 #ahif UND] ! TITLE ,REVOLUTION & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY1 >TICLES SIGN$ BY ,M>X4 ,FROM ! CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,5GELS PUBLI%$ AT A /ILL LAT] DATE BY ,FRANZ ,MEHR+1 WE LE>N ?AT ?IS 9COMP>ABLE FRI5D WAS ,M>X'S READY HELP] 9 ALL POSSIBLE DIFFICULTIES4 ,NOT ONLY WAS HE 9 UNCEAS+ CORRESPOND5CE ) ,M>X UPON POLITICAL1 LIT]>Y1 & P]SONAL TOPICS2 NOT ONLY WAS HE UNTIR+ 9 ! SUPPLY ( PECUNI>Y AID2 BUT HE ALSO UNSELFI%LY DEVOT$ HIS EV5+S1 YE> AFT] YE>1 :5 ! DAY'S WORK WAS OV]1 TO WRIT+ ! NECESS>Y >TICLES = ! 0,NEW ,YORK ,TRIBUNE40 

,AFT] A :ILE1 ,5GELS1 FOLL[+ HIS NATURAL B5T1 CONC5TRAT$ UPON MILIT>Y TOPICS1 :]EAS ,M>X DISCUSS$ ,5GLI% POLITICS 9 !IR 9T]CONNEXION ) ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,?US1 9 HIS >TICLES ON ! ,CRIMEAN W>1 HE DISCLOS$ ! ,ANGLO-,RUSSIAN SLAV]Y :I* WEI<$ SO HEAVILY ON ,EUROPE1 PROV$ FROM ACTS ( P>LIAM5T & BLUE-BOOKS ?AT !RE W]E SECRET DIPLOMATIC TIES BETWE5 ! ,BRITI% & ! ,RUSSIAN CAB9ETS1 /IGMATIZ$ ,LORD ,PALM]/ON AS ! PUR*AS$ TOOL ( CZ>I/ POLICY1 ADOPT$ A DEF9ITE ATTITUDE T[>DS PANSLAVISM1 T[>DS ! ,9DIAN ,MUT9Y1 T[>DS ! ,EA/]N QUE/ION1 T[>DS ! ,ITALIAN W>1 T[>DS ! ,NOR?-,AM]ICAN CIVIL W>1 & SO ON4 

,RYAZAN(F HAS BE5 AT PA9S TO MAKE A C>EFUL EXAM9ATION ( ! FILES ( ! 0,NEW ,YORK ,TRIBUNE0 FROM #aheb TO #a#h#f#b1 9 ORD] TO DISCOV] ! >TICLES CONTRIBUT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4 

,! RESULT HAS BE5 RA!R UNSATISFACTORY1 = MO/ ( ! >TICLES W]E UNSIGN$4 ,! NAME ( ,M>X DOES NOT APPE> 9 ! NEWSPAP] AFT] #a#h#e#e2 & MANY ( ! CONTRIBUTIONS W]E PUBLI%$ AS LEAD+ >TICLES1 ANONYM\SLY4 ,AS ,RYAZAN(F SAYS1 TO BEG9 )1 ,M>X & ,5GELS WROTE EXCLUSIVELY FROM A B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC \TLOOK4 ,ONLY BY DEGREES DID !Y FREE !MSELVES FROM ?IS 9FLU5CE1 & CONSI/5TLY PRES5T A PROLET>IAN /&PO9T4 0,!Y RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! GREAT AIM !Y HAD SET !MSELVES1 ! FREE+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 WAS 9COMPATIBLE 7= ! V]Y REASON ?AT IT NECESSITAT$ ! COLLABORATION ( V>I\S NATIONS7 ') A =EIGN POLICY :I* PURSUES CRIM9AL AIMS1 TAKES ADVANTAGE ( NATIONAL PREJUDICES1 %$S ! BLOOD & WA/ES ! GOODS ( ! PEOPLE 9 PIRATICAL W>S4' ,:ILE ?US PO9T+ \T ! NECESS>Y CONNECTION BETWE5 HOME POLICY & =EIGN POLICY1 & :ILE PROCLAIM+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE TO BE ! LEAD+ PR9CIPLE 9 ALL DOMA9S & ALL PHASES ( ! HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 !Y URG$ ! PROLET>IAT NEV] TO LOSE SI<T ( ! MA*9ATIONS ( SECRET DIPLOMACY1 & TO WORM ITS WAY 9TO ! MY/]IES ( 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS40 

,H5CE ! COLLABORATION ON ! /AFF ( ! 0,TRIBUNE0 WAS = ,M>X A VALUABLE S*OOL ( M5TAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT AS F> AS MAT]IAL B5EFIT WAS CONC]N$1 IT WAS LESS LUCRATIVE ?AN HE HAD BE5 L$ TO EXPECT4 ,DANA WAS CLOSE-FI/$4 ,HE COMMITT$ TO ! WA/EPAP] BASKET NUMB]LESS >TICLES = :I* HE HAD NO USE1 & = :I* HE DID NOT PAY ! AU?OR A C5T4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT ! 9COME FELL F> %ORT ( ANTICIPATIONS4 ,DESPITE ! UTMO/ 9DU/RY1 & DESPITE ! UNFAIL+ HELP ( ,5GELS1 :O WAS CONT9UALLY SUPPLY+ HIM ) >TICLES1 ,M>X WAS UNABLE TO MAKE 5DS MEET4 

,HE & HIS W]E LIV+ 9 EXCRUCIAT+ POV]TY4 ,!Y W]E EV] ON ! $GE ( AN ABYSS4 ,A LETT] P5N$ BY ,FRAU ,M>X DUR+ ?IS P]IOD GIVES A HE>TR5D+ PICTURE ( !IR DI/RESSES4 

0,DE> ,H]R ,WEYDEMEY]3 ,NE>LY A YE> HAS PASS$ S9CE Y\ & Y\R WIFE GAVE ME SO FRI5DLY A RECEPTION1 S9CE Y\ MADE ME SO CORDIALLY AT HOME 9 Y\R H\SE1 & 9 ALL ?AT LONG TIME ,I HAVE NOT GIV5 Y\ ANY SIGN ( LIFE4 444 ,N[ CIRCUM/ANCES =CE ME TO TAKE UP MY P54 ,IT IS TO BEG Y\ ?AT Y\ WILL AS SOON AS POSSIBLE S5D US ANY MONEY ?AT HAS COME OR IS COM+ TO H& FROM ! ',REVUE4' ,WE >E URG5TLY1 MO/ URG5TLY1 9 NE$ ( IT4 ,C]TA9LY NO ONE CAN REPROA* US = HAV+ MADE MU* FUSS AB\T :AT WE HAVE SACRIFIC$ & BORNE = YE>S4 ,! PUBLIC HAS BE5 LITTLE IF AT ALL TR\BL$ ) \R PRIVATE AFFAIRS4 ,9 !SE MATT]S MY HUSB& IS EXTREMELY S5SITIVE1 & HE W\LD MAKE ANY SACRIFICES RA!R ?AN PRACTICE ! >TS ( DEMOCRATIC M5DICANCY1 LIKE GREAT PUBLIC M54 ,BUT HE HAD C]TA9LY LOOK$ TO HIS FRI5DS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE 9 ,COLOGNE1 = 5]GETIC SUPPORT ( HIS ',REVUE4' ,ABOVE ALL1 HE HAD REASON TO EXPECT SU* SUPPORT FROM ?OSE :O W]E ACQUA9T$ ) HIS SACRIFICES ON BEHALF ( ! ',NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG4' ,9/EAD ( ?IS1 ! AFFAIR HAS BE5 BR\<T TO UTT] RU9 BY NEGLECTFUL & DISORD]LY MANAGEM5T1 & IT IS H>D TO SAY :E!R ! PROCRA/9ATION ( ! BOOKSELL] OR ! MANAG] & ACQUA9TANCES 9 ,COLOGNE1 OR ! BEHAVIOR ( ! DEMOCRACY 9 G5]AL1 HAS BE5 ! MO/ DISGRACEFUL4 

0,MY HUSB& IS ALMO/ OV]:ELM$ H]E BY ! PETTIE/ C>ES1 :I* PRESS ON HIM 9 SO DI/URB+ A WAY ?AT ALL HIS 5]GY1 ! QUIET1 CLE>1 TRANQUIL SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS NATURE1 HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 HIS EQUANIMITY 9 !SE DAILY1 H\RLY /RUGGLES4 ,Y\ KN[1 DE> ,H]R ,WEYDEMEY]1 :AT SACRIFICES MY HUSB& MADE = ! NEWSPAP]4 ,HE PAID ?\S&S 9 CA%1 BUY+ IT 7P]SUAD$ TO ?IS /EP BY DEMOCRATIC WOR?IES7 AT A TIME :5 !RE WAS ALREADY V]Y LITTLE PROSPECT ( A SUCCESSFUL CONSUMMATION4 ,= ! SAKE ( ! NEWSPAP]'S POLITICAL HONOR1 & TO SAVE ! CIVIC HONOR ( HIS ACQUA9TANCES 9 ,COLOGNE1 HE TOOK UPON HIMSELF ALL ! BURD5S 444 H&$ OV] HIS :OLE 9COME2 NAY1 9 ! 5D HE BORR[$ ?REE HUNDR$ ?AL]S TO PAY ! R5T ( ! NEW (FICES1 TO PROVIDE >RE>S ( FEES = CONTRIBUTORS1 & SO ON--& !N HE WAS DRIV5 \T BY =CE4 ,Y\ KN[ ?AT WE HAD ABSOLUTELY NO?+ LEFT = \RSELVES4 ,I W5T TO ,FRANK=T TO PAWN MY SILV]-PLATE1 ! LA/ ?+ WE HAD2 9 ,COLOGNE ,I SOLD MY FURNITURE4 ,:5 ! UNHAPPY EPO* ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION BEGAN1 MY HUSB& W5T TO ,P>IS2 ,I FOLL[$ HIM ?I!R ) MY ?REE *ILDR54 ,H>DLY HAD WE REA*$ ,P>IS ?AN WE W]E DRIV5 \T AGA92 ,I & MY *ILDR5 W]E =BIDD5 TO /AY !RE4 ,I FOLL[$ HIM ONCE MORE ACROSS ! SEA4 ,A MON? LAT]1 \R F\R? *ILD WAS BORN4 ,Y\ W\LD NE$ TO KN[ ,LONDON1 & ! CONDITIONS !RE1 TO UND]/& :AT ?AT MEANT3 ?REE *ILDR51 & ! BIR? ( A F\R?4 ,SIMPLY = R5T1 WE HAD TO PAY =TY-TWO ?AL]S A MON?4 ,WE W]E ABLE TO MANAGE = A TIME1 \T ( ! FUNDS WE HAD BR\<T ) US4 ,BUT \R POOR RES\RCES W]E EXHAU/$ :5 ! ',REVUE' WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$4 ,AGREEM5TS NOT)/&+1 MONEY DID NOT COME TO H&2 OR IF IT DID1 IT WAS 9 SU* SMALL SUMS ?AT WE W]E 9 ! MO/ T]RIBLE SITUATION4 

0,LET ME DESCRIBE ONLY ONE DAY ( ?IS LIFE1 AS IT ACTUALLY WAS1 & Y\ WILL SEE ?AT P]HAPS FEW O!R REFUGEES HAVE HAD TO SUFF] AS MU*4 ,S9CE WET-NURSES >E EXCE$+LY EXP5SIVE H]E1 ,I MADE UP MY M9D1 DESPITE T]RIBLE PA9S 9 ! BREA/S & ! BACK1 TO NURSE ! BABY MYSELF4 ,BUT ! POOR LITTLE ANGEL DRANK 9 SO MU* SORR[ ) ! MILK ?AT HE WAS CONT9UALLY FRETT+1 9 VIOL5T PA9 DAY & NI<T4 ,S9CE HE HAS BE5 9 ! WORLD1 HE HAS NOT SLEPT A S+LE NI<T ?R\<1 AT MO/ TWO OR ?REE H\RS4 ,( LATE1 !RE HAVE BE5 VIOL5T SPASMS1 SO ?AT ! *ILD IS CONT9UALLY BETWIXT LIFE & DEA?4 ,:5 ?US AFFLICT$1 HE SUCK$ SO VIGOR\SLY ?AT MY NIPPLE BECAME SORE1 & BL$2 (T5 ! BLOOD /REAM$ 9TO HIS LITTLE M\?4 ,ONE DAY ,I WAS SITT+ LIKE ?IS :5 \R L&LADY SUDD5LY APPE>$4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! W9T] WE HAD PAID H] MORE ?AN TWO HUNDR$ & FIFTY ?AL]S1 & !N IT HAD BE5 AGRE$ ?AT 9 FUTURE WE W]E NOT TO PAY H] BUT H] L&LORD1 :O HAD PUT 9 AN EXECUTION4 ,N[ %E REPUDIAT$ ?IS AGREEM5T1 & DEM&$ ! FIVE P\NDS :I* WE /ILL [$ H]4 ,S9CE WE C\LD NOT PAY ?IS SUM 9/ANTLY1 TWO BROK]S CAME 9TO ! H\SE1 & TOOK POSSESSION ( ALL MY BELONG+S--B$D+1 CLO!S1 EV]Y?+1 EV5 ! BABY'S CRADLE & ! LITTLE GIRLS' TOYS1 SO ?AT ! *ILDR5 WEPT BITT]LY4 ,!Y ?REAT5$ TO TAKE EV]Y?+ AWAY 9 TWO H\RS4 ,IF ?IS HAD HAPP5$1 ,I %\LD HAVE HAD TO LIE ON ! FLOOR1 ) MY FREEZ+ *ILDR5 BESIDE ME1 & ) MY A*+ BREA/4 ,\R FRI5D ,S*RAMM HA/5$ =?) TO SEEK HELP4 ,HE TOOK A CAB1 ! HORSE FELL D[N1 HE JUMP$ \T1 & WAS BR\<T BACK 9TO ! H\SE BLE$+1 ! H\SE :]E ,I WAS LAM5T+ & MY POOR *ILDR5 W]E TREMBL+4 

0,NEXT DAY WE HAD TO LEAVE4 ,IT WAS COLD & RA9Y4 ,MY HUSB& TRI$ TO F9D A LODG+1 BUT AS SOON AS HE SAID WE HAD F\R *ILDR5 NO ONE W\LD TAKE US 94 ,AT L5G? A FRI5D HELP$ US4 ,WE PAID :AT WAS [+1 & ,I QUICKLY SOLD ALL MY B$S & B$D+1 9 ORD] TO SETTLE ACC\NTS ) ! *EMI/1 ! BAK]1 ! BUT*]1 & ! MILKMAN1 :O HAD HE>D ?AT ! BROK]S HAD BE5 PUT 91 & HAD HA/5$ TO S5D 9 !IR BILLS4 ,! B$S & B$D+ ?AT HAD BE5 SOLD W]E LOAD$ ON TO A H&C>T AT ! /REET DOOR--& :AT DO Y\ ?9K HAPP5$ !N8 ,IT WAS LATE 9 ! EV5+1 AFT] SUNSET2 ! ,5GLI% LAW =BIDS ?IS2 ! L&LORD >RIV$ ) POLICEM51 SAY+ ?AT SOME ( HIS GOODS MI<T BE ON ! C>T4 ,)9 FIVE M9UTES1 !RE WAS A CR[D ( TWO OR ?REE HUNDR$ PEOPLE 9 FRONT ( ! DOOR1 ! :OLE MOB ( ,*ELSEA4 ,! B$S HAD TO BE BR\<T 9 AGA91 & C\LD NOT BE S5T TO ! PUR*AS] UNTIL AFT] SUNRISE NEXT MORN+4 ,N[ ?AT ! SALE ( ALL \R POSSESSIONS HAD 5ABL$ US TO PAY \R DEBTS TO ! LA/ P5NY1 ,I REMOV$ ) MY LITTLE D>L+S TO \R PRES5T ADDRESS1 TWO T9Y ROOMS 9 ! ,G]MAN ,HOTEL1 ,LEICE/] ,/REET1 ,LEICE/] ,SQU>E1 :]E !Y W]E GOOD 5\< TO TAKE US 9 = FIVE P\NDS T5 A WEEK4 

0,Y\ MU/ NOT IMAG9E ?AT ,I AM CA/ D[N BY !SE PETTY TR\BLES4 ,I KN[ ONLY TOO WELL ?AT WE >E NOT ! ONLY ONES 5GAG$ 9 SU* A /RUGGLE4 ,I KN[1 TOO1 ?AT ,I AM AMONG ! LUCKY ONES1 AM SPECIALLY FAVOR$1 SEE+ ?AT MY DE> HUSB&1 ! PROP ( MY LIFE1 IS /ILL AT MY SIDE4 ,BUT :AT REALLY CRU%ES ME1 :AT MAKES MY HE>T BLE$1 IS ?AT MY HUSB& HAS TO SUFF] SO MANY PALTRY ANNOYANCES1 ?AT SO FEW HAVE COME TO HIS HELP1 & ?AT HE1 :O HAS WILL+LY & JOYFULLY HELP$ SO MANY O!RS1 %\LD H]E BE LEFT UNAID$4 444 ,! ONE ?+ :I* MY HUSB& MI<T C]TA9LY HAVE EXPECT$ ( ?OSE :O HAVE HAD FROM HIM SO MANY ?\<TS1 SO MU* UPLIFT+1 SO EXT5SIVE A SUPPORT1 WAS ?AT !Y MI<T HAVE DEVOT$ MORE 5]GY TO HIS ',REVUE1' MI<T HAVE %[N MORE P>TICIPATION 9 IT4 ,?IS SMALL ?+1 AT LEA/1 !Y [$ HIM4 444 ,?IS HURTS ME4 ,BUT MY HUSB& ?9KS O!RWISE4 ,NEV]1 NOT EV5 9 \R MO/ T]RIBLE AFFLICTIONS1 HAS HE LO/ HOPE ( ! FUTURE1 HAS HE CEAS$ TO BE *E]FUL2 & HE W\LD BE P]FECTLY CONT5T IF HE C\LD ONLY SEE ME *E]FUL1 & IF \R DE> *ILDR5 C\LD PLAY HAPPILY R\ND !IR BELOV$ MO!R4 ,HE DOES NOT KN[1 DE> ,H]R ,WEYDEMEY]1 ?AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 TO Y\ AT SU* L5G? AB\T \R SITUATION1 SO PLEASE KEEP !SE L9ES TO Y\RSELF40 

,! TRAG$Y ( ?IS LIFE 9 ,LONDON AS A REFUGEE BEGAN 9 TWO SMALL ROOMS :I* ,M>X R5T$ 9 ,DEAN ,/REET1 9 ,JUNE #a#h#e4 ,! LIV+ ROOM1 :I* HAD TO S]VE ! TURN ( SEV5 P]SONS1 WAS AT ONE & ! SAME TIME KIT*51 /UDY1 & RECEPTION ROOM = ! NUM]\S VISITS PAID TO HIM4 ,= REAL /UDY1 !RE=E1 HE HAD TO DEP5D ON ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM ,READ+ ,ROOM1 :]E = MANY YE>S1 DAY AFT] DAY1 HE WORK$ FROM MORN+ TILL NI<T4 

,= ,5GELS1 IT BECAME A MATT] ( C\RSE TO GIVE ,M>X F9ANCIAL AID4 ,AMONG ! ?\S&S ( LETT]S EX*ANG$ BETWE5 ,LONDON & ,MAN*E/]1 !RE IS H>DLY ONE 9 :I* WE DO NOT F9D A FEW WORDS OR A L9E OR TWO AB\T MONEY4 ,SOMETIMES WE READ FROM ,M>X AN \TBUR/ ( DESPAIR OR WRA?1 9 :I* HE ASKS HIS FRI5D = SPE$Y HELP4 ,SOMETIMES IT IS ,5GELS :O1 QUIETLY & /RAI<T=W>DLY1 P5S ! /]EOTYP$ PHRASE3 0,5CLOS$ A PO/ (FICE ORD] = ---- P\NDS40 ,YET AT ?IS TIME ,5GELS WAS BY NO MEANS WELL (F4 ,HE HAD A MOD]ATE SAL>Y1 & HAD FREQU5T DISPUTES ) HIS FA!R & ) ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! FIRM BECAUSE HE WANT$ AN 9CREASE4 ,BESIDES ?IS1 !RE W]E V>I\S TR\BLES4 ,AT ONE TIME1 ! CA%I] WAS %ORT ( MONEY2 AT ANO!R TIME1 ! HEAD CL]K REFUS$ TO SANCTION AN ADVANCE2 AT ANO!R1 ,5GELS' RELATIVES W]E VISIT+ HIM1 & MU/ NOT BE ALL[$ TO KN[ AB\T ! S5D+ ( A REMITTANCE TO ,M>X3 0,MY GOV]NOR HAS BE5 BUZZ+ AB\T H]E = A WEEK10 WRITES ,5GELS TO ,M>X4 0,AT L5G? ,I AM GLAD TO SAY HE HAS DEP>T$1 SO ?AT ,I CAN S5D Y\ ! 5CLOS$ PO/ (FICE ORD] = FIVE P\NDS40 ,AGA93 0,MY BRO!R IS LEAV+ TOMORR[1 & ,I %ALL HAVE PEACE ONCE MORE4 ,I HAVE NOT BE5 ALONE = A MOM5T DUR+ HIS /AY1 & IT WAS SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO S5D Y\ ! BANKNOTE BE=E ,SATURDAY40 

,FROM TIME TO TIME1 !RE CAME FROM ,LONDON EXCEPTIONALLY L\D CRIES ( DI/RESS4 ,UND] DATE ,M>* #c#a1 #a#h#e#a1 WE READ3 0,Y\ KN[ ?AT ON ,M>* #b#cRD ,I HAD TO PAY ,G,B,P#c#a4#aS4 TO OLD ,BAMB]G]1 & ON ! #a#f?1 ,G,B,P#a TO ! ,JEW ,/IEBEL1 ALL AT ! CURR5T RATE ( EX*ANGE4 ,I HAD APPLI$ TO MY MO!R-9-LAW ?R\< ,J5NY4 ,! ANSW] WAS ?AT ,$G> HAD BE5 S5T (F TO ,MEXICO ) ! RE/ ( ,J5NY'S MONEY1 & ,I C\LD NOT RAISE A C5TIME4 ,) ,PIEP]'S AID1 ,I PAID ,/IEBEL HIS ,G,B,P#a ON ,M>* #a#f?4 ,ALL ,I C\LD DO = OLD ,BAMB]G]1 WAS TO GIVE HIM TWO BILLS ( EX*ANGE4 444 ,MY MO!R HAS POSITIVELY ASSUR$ ME ?AT %E WILL PROTE/ ANY BILL DRAWN ON H]4 ,ON ,APRIL #b#a/1 !RE=E1 ,I HAVE ! WOR/ POSSIBLE TO EXPECT FROM OLD ,SIMON ,BAMB]G]1 :O WILL BE FURI\S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 MY WIFE HAS BE5 CONF9$4 ,! CONF9EM5T WAS AN EASY ONE1 BUT %E IS N[ V]Y ILL 9 B$1 FROM S5TIM5TAL RA!R ?AN PHYSICAL REASONS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,I HAVE LIT]ALLY NOT A F>?+ 9 ! H\SE1 ?\< !RE >E PL5TY ( UNPAID BILLS FROM ! SMALL %OPKEEP]S1 ! BUT*]1 ! BAK]1 & SO ON4 ,Y\ WILL AGREE ?AT ! DI% IS AGREEABLY SAUC$1 & ?AT ,I AM DIPP$ UP TO ! E>S 9 A PETTY-B\RGEOIS PICKLE4 ,TO CR[N ALL1 ,I AM ACCUS$ ( EXPLOIT+ ! WORK]S1 & ( /RIV+ TO E/ABLI% A DICTATOR%IP6 ,QUELLE HORREUR6 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT ALL4 ,! FACTORY [N] :O 9 ,BRUSSELS S5T ME MONEY ON LOAN FROM ,TREVES1 WANTS IT BACK AGA91 BECAUSE HIS IRON M9ES >E 9 A BAD WAY4 ,TANT PIS P\R LUI4 ,I CANNOT PAY HIM HIS DUE40 

,IT WAS ,5GELS1 ALWAYS ,5GELS1 :O PROVID$ ADVICE & MONEY1 )\T EV] GR[+ IMPATI5T1 )\T A S+LE REFUSAL4 ,9 LETT] AFT] LETT]1 ! REMITTANCES /REAM$ 9TO ,LON DON1 TO BE EMPTI$ !RE 9TO ! SIEVE ( ! ,DANAIDES1 TO VANI% 9TO ! BOTTOMLESS PIT ( A H\SEHOLD ?AT WAS NOT V]Y WELL MANAG$4 ,AS LATE AS #a#h#e#d1 ,5GELS WAS /ILL 5T]TA9+ TACIT HOPES ( DEVOT+ HIMSELF TO AU?OR%IP1 & ( REMOV+ TO ,LONDON4 ,BUT ! CONVICTION ?AT IF HE DID ?IS HE W\LD NO LONG] BE ABLE TO GIVE ,M>X MAT]IAL HELP1 DET]M9$ HIM TO KEEP HIS NECK UND] ! YOKE ( ! 0DETE/$ COMM]CE40 

,9 ,AUGU/ #a#h#e#a1 ! ,M>X H\SEHOLD WAS ONCE MORE AT GRIPS ) P5URY4 0,Y\ WILL REALIZE10 WROTE ,M>X TO ,WEYDEMEY]1 0?AT MY SITUATION IS A GLOOMY ONE4 ,IT WILL BR+ MY WIFE D[N TO ! GRAVE IF IT LA/S MU* LONG]4 ,! UNCEAS+ TR\BLES1 ! PALTRY /RUGGLES ( LIFE1 >E A P]PETUAL FRICTION4 ,!N !RE IS ! 9FAM\S CONDUCT ( MY ADV]S>IES4 444 ,= MY P>T1 ,I %\LD LAU< AT ! SCUM2 ,I %\LD NOT LET !M DI/URB ME 9 MY WORK = A MOM5T4 ,BUT Y\ WILL UND]/& ?AT MY WIFE1 :O IS ILL1 :O HAS TO 5DURE ! MO/ DISMAL POV]TY FROM MORN+ TILL NI<T1 & :O IS N]V\SLY UPSET1 GETS NONE ! BETT] BECAUSE1 DAY AFT] DAY1 IDIOTIC *ATT]]S BR+ H] ALL ! VAPOR+S ( ! DEMOCRATIC CESSPOOLS40 

,AT ,EA/] #a#h#e#b1 ,M>X'S LITTLE DAU<T]1 BORN 9TO ?IS POV]TY-/RICK5 5VIRONM5T1 QUITT$ AN 9HOSPITABLE WORLD4 ,H]E IS :AT H] MO!R WRITES AB\T ! MATT]3 0,\R POOR LITTLE ,FRANCISCA FELL ILL ) SEV]E BRON*ITIS4 ,= ?REE DAYS ! POOR *ILD /RUGGL$ ) DEA?4 ,%E SUFF]$ SO T]RIBLY4 ,:5 IT WAS OV]1 H] LITTLE BODY RE/$ 9 ! SMALL BACK ROOM1 & WE ALL CAME 9TO ! FRONT ROOM4 ,AT NI<T1 WE LAY D[N ON ! FLOOR4 ,! ?REE O!R *ILDR5 W]E ) US1 & WE WEPT AT ! LOSS ( ! LITTLE ANGEL4 444 ,! DE> *ILD'S DEA? HAPP5$ AT A TIME :5 WE W]E 9 ! DIRE/ NE$4 ,\R ,G]MAN FRI5DS W]E UNABLE TO HELP US4 444 ,]NE/ ,JONES1 :O PAID US A VISIT AT ?IS TIME1 & HAD PROMIS$ TO HELP1 WAS UNABLE TO DO ANY?+4 444 ,9 MY OV]:ELM+ NE$1 ,I HA/5$ TO A ,FR5* REFUGEE :O LIV$ 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 & HAD VISIT$ US NOT LONG BE=E4 ,AT ONCE1 9 ! MO/ FRI5DLY WAY POSSIBLE1 HE GAVE ME TWO P\NDS4 ,) ?IS SUM ,I WAS ABLE TO BUY ! C(F9 9 :I* MY POOR *ILD N[ LIES AT PEACE4 ,%E HAD NO CRADLE :5 %E CAME 9TO ! WORLD1 & = A LONG TIME IT WAS DIFFICULT TO F9D A BOX = H] LA/ RE/+ PLACE40 

,! YE>S FROM #aheb ONW>DS W]E = ,M>X1 POLITICALLY CONSID]$1 ALMO/ 0IDYLLIC YE>S ( PEACE10 = HE HAD NO FUR!R CONFLICTS OR CONTROV]SIES ) OPPON5TS1 HAD )DRAWN FROM POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 & HAD BURI$ HIMSELF 9 SCI5TIFIC WORK4 ,PECUNI>ILY1 H[EV]1 !Y W]E NO BETT] ?AN !IR PR$ECESSORS4 ,CONSID] TWO PASSAGES FROM ! LETT]S ( #a#h#e#c4 0,DE> ,5GELS3 ,I HAVE NOT WRITT5 TO Y\ = A LONG TIME1 NOT EV5 TO ACKN[L$GE ! RECEIPT ( ! FIVE P\NDS1 = MY TIME & MY 5]GIES W]E FULLY 5GAG$ 9 AN 9DESCRIBABLE /EW4 ,ON ,JULY #g? ,I HAD GIV5 A BILL ( EX*ANGE TO ,SPIELMANN4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #c#a/ ! FELL[1 AFT] ,I HAD BE5 TO SEE HIM SEV5 TIMES1 DECL>$ ?AT ! BILL HAD BE5 LO/1 & SO ON4 ,?US ,I HAD BE5 DRAGG+ ALONG = WEEKS1 HAD PAWN$ ! LA/ ?+ PAWNABLE1 & HAD PUT ALL MY CR$ITORS (F UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] #cRD1 HAV+ F5D$ !M AWAY S9CE ,JULY4 ,S9CE ,I HAVE NO RES\RCES BEYOND ! 9COME FROM ! ',TRIBUNE0 Y\ WILL UND]/& MY SITUATION40 ,AGA91 UND] DATE ,OCTOB] #h?3 0,= T5 DAYS WE HAVE BE5 )\T A SON 9 ! H\SE4 ,I HAVE PRO(1 N[1 ?AT ,SPIELMANN HAS *EAT$ ME4 444 ,I MU/ DRAW ANO!R TW5TY-F\R P\NDS40 

,SICKNESS1 LIKE POV]TY1 WAS AN UNCEAS+ GUE/4 ,! DWELL+ WAS UN:OLESOME1 AIRLESS1 & SUNLESS4 ,M>X WAS KEPT 9 B$ = WEEKS BY A DISORD] ( ! LIV]2 A FAMILY TR\BLE1 HE BELIEV$4 ,NOT LONG AFT]W>DS1 HE WROTE TO ,5GELS3 0,MY WIFE IS V]Y ILL1 C\< & LOSS ( WEI<T40 ,ANO!R TIME3 0,MY WIFE IS ILL1 SO IS LITTLE ,J5NY1 & ,L5*5 HAS A SORT ( N]V\S FEV]4 ,I CANNOT S5D = ! DOCTOR1 HAV+ NO MONEY4 ,= ! LA/ EI<T OR T5 DAYS ,I HAVE F$ ! FAMILY UPON BREAD & POTATOES1 BUT ,I D\BT IF ,I CAN RAISE ANY = TODAY4 ,( C\RSE ?IS DIET WAS NOT CALCULAT$ TO IMPROVE MATT]S 9 ! PRES5T CLIMATIC CONDITIONS40 

,!RE WAS GREAT ANXIETY AB\T ! ?IRD *ILD1 ! ONLY SON1 AT ONCE HIS PRIDE & HIS HOPE4 ,LITTLE ,$G> 7NAM$ AFT] ,M>X'S BRO!R-9-LAW7 WAS REM>KABLY TAL5T$1 & TOOK AFT] HIS FA!R 9 HIS LOVE = LE>N+1 = BOOKS4 ,BUT FROM E>LIE/ *ILDHOOD HE WAS SICKLY1 LACK+ 9 VITAL 5]GY1 ! SORT ( PLANT ?AT MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO GR[ :]E LI<T & NUTRIM5T W]E SO 9ADEQUATE4 ,9 #ahee CAME A NEW *ILD ( SORR[1 LITTLE ,ELEANOR1 ! SIX? 9 ! S]IES4 ,KN[N BY ! PET NAME ( ,TUSSY1 %E WAS AT BIR? SO IMMATURE1 SO WEAKLY1 ?AT %E WAS V]Y DIFFICULT TO RE>4 ,F$ EXCLUSIVELY ON MILK UNTIL %E WAS FIVE YE>S OLD1 & MA9LY ON ! SAME DIET UNTIL %E WAS T51 %E GREW PLUMP & HEAL?Y1 & WAS ! D>L+ ( ALL4 

,A FEW MON?S AFT] ,ELEANOR'S BIR?1 ,M>X HAD TO 5DURE ! GREATE/ AFFLICTION ( HIS LIFE4 ,AT ! AGE ( N9E1 ,$G>1 HIS DE> 0,MUS*10 DI$ 9 HIS >MS AFT] SEV]AL WEEKS' ILLNESS4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT]1 ,M>X WROTE TO ,5GELS3 0,! H\SE IS DESOLATE & ORPHAN$ S9CE ! DEA? ( ! DE> *ILD1 :O WAS ITS LIV+ S\L4 ,I CANNOT ATTEMPT TO DESCRIBE H[ WE ALL MISS HIM4 ,I HAVE BE5 ?R\< A PECK ( TR\BLES1 BUT N[ = ! FIR/ TIME ,I KN[ :AT REAL UNHAPP9ESS IS4 ,AS LUCK W\LD HAVE IT1 S9CE ! FUN]AL ,I HAVE BE5 SUFF]+ FROM SU* 9T5SE HEADA*ES ?AT ,I CAN NO LONG] ?9K OR SEE OR HE>4 ,AMID ALL ! MIS]IES ( !SE DAYS1 ! ?\<T ( Y\ & Y\R FRI5D%IP HAS KEPT ME GO+1 & ! HOPE ?AT Y\ & ,I WILL /ILL F9D IT POSSIBLE TO DO SOME?+ WOR? DO+ 9 ! WORLD40 

,A YE> AFT]W>DS1 ,B>ONESS VON ,WE/PHAL5 DI$ 9 ,TREVES4 ,FRAU ,M>X HAD GONE ) H] *ILDR5 TO SIT BY ! MO!R'S DEA?B$4 ,:5 ALL WAS OV]1 !RE WAS A SMALL H]ITAGE = ,FRAU ,M>X1 AM\NT+ TO A FEW HUNDR$ ?AL]S4 ,M>X !REUPON DECID$ TO SEEK A NEW DWELL+4 ,9 ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#e#g1 ! FAMILY SETTL$ 9TO A ROOMI] & HEAL?I] HABITATION1 #i ,GRAFTON ,T]RACE4 ,?IS WAS A RELIEF TO !M ALL1 & ,FRAU ,M>X WAS HAPPY4 0,WE HAVE A REALLY PR9CELY HOME1 COMP>$ ) ! HOVELS WE HAVE LIV$ 9 UP TO N[10 %E WROTE TO A FRI5D4 0,AL?\< ! :OLE FURNI%+S DID NOT CO/ MU* MORE ?AN =TY P\NDS 7SECONDH& RUBBI% PLAY$ A GREAT P>T 9 !M71 \R NEW P>LOR1 TO BEG9 )1 LOOK$ SPL5DID TO ME4 444 ,ITS SPL5DORS DID NOT LA/ V]Y LONG1 = SOON ONE >TICLE AFT] ANO!R F\ND ITS WAY TO ! PAWN%OP4 ,/ILL1 WE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO 5JOY \R B\RGEOIS COM=T40 

,9 ?IS H\SE ANO!R *ILD WAS BORN TO ,M>X1 BUT DID NOT SURVIVE4 ,! CIRCUM/ANCES W]E SO DREADFUL1 & MADE SO T]RIBLE AN IMPRESSION ON ! FA!R1 ?AT = SEV]AL DAYS AFT]W>DS HE WAS ALMO/ BESIDE HIMSELF4 ,9 LETT]S TO ,5GELS HE REF]S TO ! MATT] AGA9 & AGA94 ,HE SAYS ?AT ! RETROSPECT IS SO PA9FUL ?AT HE CANNOT WRITE ANY DETAILS4 

,ALL :O CAME 9TO CLOSE CONTACT ) ,M>X W]E AGRE$ 9 :AT !Y HAD TO SAY AB\T ! T5D]NESS & AFFECTION HE %[$ :]E *ILDR5 W]E CONC]N$4 ,:AT C\LD BE MORE *>ACT]I/IC ?AN ?IS AS REG>DS ! DELICATE MY/]IES ( HIS 9N] LIFE4 ,A VIOL5T1 QU>RELSOME1 CONT5TI\S MAN1 A DICTATOR & A SWA%BUCKL]1 ONE AT FEUD ) ALL ! WORLD & CONT9UALLY AL>M$ LE/ HE %\LD BE UNABLE TO ASS]T HIS SUP]IORITY--NONE ! LESS1 9 ! DEP?S ( HIS S\L1 HE HAD VA/ TREASURES ( G5TL5ESS1 K9DL9ESS1 & CAPACITY = SELF-SACRIFICE4 ,BUT BECAUSE 9 ! UNCONSCI\S HE WAS FILL$ ) ANXIETY LE/ HIS G5TL5ESS & K9DL9ESS MI<T PROVE DISADVANTAGE\S TO HIM1 HE KEPT !M UND] CLOSE GU>D1 & WAS A%AM$ TO DISPLAY TO GR[N-UPS ! BEAUTIES :I* HE REG>D$ AS WEAKNESSES1 & W\LD ONLY DISCLOSE !M 9 A REGION :]E !RE WAS NO /RUGGLE ) ADULT RIVALS1 F> FROM ! GLADIATORIAL COMBATS = MA/]Y & SELF-ASS]TION 9 ! >5A WE CALL LIFE4 ,) *ILDR51 HE C\LD PLAY LIKE A *ILD4 ,9 !IR COMPANY HE ?REW ASIDE AU?ORIT>IANISM AS BURD5SOME >MOR2 WAS NEV] MORTIFI$1 NEV] FRETFUL1 NEV] CONC]N$ TO MA9TA9 HIS PRE/IGE4 ,*ILDR5 CALL$ HIM1 AS HIS 9TIMATE FRI5DS CALL$ HIM1 0,MOHR02 & 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD :]E HE LIV$ HE WAS G5]ALLY KN[N AS 0,DADDY ,M>X10 ! MAN :O ALWAYS HAD A PACKET ( SWEETS 9 HIS POCKET4 

,!RE WAS ONE P]SON BESIDES ,5GELS :O DID MU* TO MITIGATE ! UNSPEAKABLE MIS]IES ( ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,M>X FAMILY 9 EXILE4 ,?IS WAS ! FAMILI> SPIRIT ( ! H\SEHOLD1 ! FAI?FUL ,HEL5E 7,L5*57 ,DEMU?4 ,AN EMBODIM5T ( UNSELFI%NESS1 A C\NT]P>T TO ,PE/ALOZZI'S ,BABELI1 %E HAD 5T]$ ! H\SE ( ! ,B>ONESS VON ,WE/PHAL5 AT ! AGE ( EI<T OR N9E YE>S4 ,:5 ,J5NY M>RI$ ,M>X1 H] MO!R S5T ,L5*5 AWAY ) H] DAU<T] 0AS ! BE/ ?+ ,I CAN S5D Y\40 ,L5*5 W5T ) ! ,M>XES TO ,P>IS1 ,BRUSSELS1 ,COLOGNE1 & ,LONDON2 SAW ! *ILDR5 BORN & DIE2 EXP]I5C$ POV]TY1 HUNG]1 & SORR[ ) ! FAMILY2 C>$ 9DEFATIGABLY = ! *ILDR51 = ! FRI5DS ( ! H\SE1 = 9NUM]ABLE POV]TY-/RICK5 REFUGEES2 S]V$ BREAD AT TABLE :5 EV]Y?+ HAD BE5 PAWN$2 NURS$ ! SICK1 SEW$ & M5D$ F> ON 9TO ! NI<T2 WAS ! 9DISP5SABLE BUTTRESS ( ! H\SEHOLD1 ! GU>DIAN ANGEL ( ! FAMILY1 A P]5NIALLY FL[+ S\RCE ( HELP4 ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T SAYS ( H]3 0,ALL ! SAME1 %E EX]CIS$ A SORT ( DICTATOR%IP4 ,TO ?IS DICTATOR%IP ,M>X YIELD$ LIKE A LAMB4 ,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT NO ONE IS A H]O TO HIS VALET4 ,C]TA9LY ,M>X WAS NOT A H]O TO ,L5*54 ,%E W\LD HAVE SACRIFIC$ H]SELF ON HIS BEHALF2 IF NECESS>Y1 %E W\LD HAVE GIV5 H] LIFE A HUNDR$ TIMES OV] = HIM & ,FRAU ,M>X & ANY ONE ( ! *ILDR5 7& %E DID 9DE$ GIVE H] LIFE = !M71 BUT ,M>X WAS NOT AN IMPOS+ FIGURE = H]4 ,%E KNEW HIM ) ALL HIS :IMSIES & WEAKNESSES1 & %E TWI/$ HIM R\ND H] F+]4 ,NO MATT] H[ IRRITABLE HE MI<T BE1 NO MATT] H[ HE MI<T /ORM & RAGE SO ?AT EV]Y ONE ELSE KEPT AWAY FROM HIM 9 T]ROR1 ,L5*5 W\LD GO 9TO ! LION'S D52 & IF HE RO>$ AT H]1 %E W\LD GIVE HIM SU* A RAT+ ?AT ! LION BECAME AS TAME AS A LAMB40 ,IT WAS FITT+ ?AT ?IS DEVOT$ FRI5D1 :O WAS UNIT$ ) ! ,M>X FAMILY BY A ?\S& SPIRITUAL BONDS1 %\LD 9 DUE C\RSE1 AS BO? ,FRAU ,M>X & ,K>L ,M>X HAD WI%$1 F9D H] RE/+ PLACE 9 ! FAMILY TOMB4 

,ASSOCIATES & ,FRI5DS 

,REPELL$ BY ! UNSAVOR9ESS ( P>TY /RUGGLES1 & FULL ( BITT]NESS T[>DS AN 5VIRON+ WORLD :I* HE FELT TO BE HO/ILE1 ,M>X HAD )DRAWN 9TO ! SOLITUDE ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 

,BUT ! LIFE HE TRI$ TO ESCAPE FOLL[$ HIM 9TO HIS /UDY1 SAT BESIDE HIM AT HIS DESK 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM ,READ+ ,ROOM1 /OOD AT HIS %\LD] :5 HE WAS WRIT+1 & F\ND ISSUE ?R\< HIS P54 ,IT APPE>$ 9 ! VE/URE ( ! POV]TY :I* COMPELL$ HIM TO WRITE >TICLES = ! 0,NEW ,YORK ,TRIBUNE0 UPON ! EV5TS ( ! DAY & UPON POLITICAL PROBLEMS4 ,IT DISCLOS$ ITSELF 9 ! =M ( ! FRI5DS & COMPANIONS-9->MS :O S\<T HIM \T 9 ,LONDON1 ASK$ HIS ADVICE1 APPEAL$ TO HIS POLITICAL 9T]E/4 ,IT DISPLAY$ ITSELF 9 ! =M ( HAPP5+S ON ! POLITICAL FI<T+ FRONT1 HAPP5+S :I* CON/RA9$ HIM TO ADOPT A POSITION1 TO PASS JUDGM5TS1 TO TAKE MEASURES4 

,?US IT CAME TO PASS ?AT LIV+ PRACTICE C\LD NOT BE KEPT AWAY BY !ORETICAL REFLECTION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! TRANSITION FROM A CONTEMPLATIVE & CRITICAL RES]VE TO ACTIVE P>TICIPATION & POSITIVE COLLABORATION WAS EFFECT$ BY SL[ DEGREES4 ,FUNDAM5TALLY1 ,M>X WAS AN UNSOCIAL BE+1 & WAS HAPPIE/ 9 SOLITUDE4 

,DESPITE ?IS TEMP]AM5T1 HE 5T]$ 9TO RELATIONS ) M5 :O AT ?AT TIME W]E PLAY+ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ,5GL&4 ,AMONG !SE MAY BE M5TION$1 ,DAVID ,URQUH>T1 ,GEORGE ,JULIAN ,H>NEY1 & ,]NE/ ,JONES4 

,URQUH>T WAS A ,BRITI% DIPLOMATI/1 A TURCOPHILE :O HAD MADE IT HIS BUS9ESS 9 LIFE TO C\NT]ACT ,RUSSIAN PLANS = WORLD DOM9ION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,EA/4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,URQUH>T1 ,LORD ,PALM]/ON1 ! LEAD+ FIGURE 9 ! ,BRITI% =EIGN POLICY ( ?AT DAY1 HAD BE5 B\<T BY ,RUSSIA4 ,URQUH>T HAT$ ,PALM]/ON ) A DEADLY HATR$2 & ! ,5GLI% LIB]ALS1 TO :OM ,PALM]/ON WAS ! >*-5EMY1 W]E GLAD TO AVAIL !MSELVES ( ALL ! MAT]IALS & >GUM5TS ?AT ,URQUH>T C\LD BR+ =W>D4 ,M>X1 :O WAS LIKEWISE OPPOS$ TO ,PALM]/ON & ! LATT]'S RUSSOPHILE POLICY 7NOT AS A TURCOPHILE1 BUT AS A REVOLUTIONI/71 HAD AN 9T]VIEW ) ,URQUH>T :I* L$ TO P]MAN5T RELATIONS2 & HE WROTE >TICLES = ,URQUH>T'S NEWSPAP] ! 0,FREE ,PRESS0 79 #ahff R5AM$ ! 0,DIPLOMATIC ,REVIEW071 ?\< )\T GETT+ 9TO DOSE T\* ) ! MAN4 ,= ,URQUH>T1 :OM ,M>X DESCRIB$ AS 0A COMPLETE MONOMANIAC10 WAS AN OPPON5T ( ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T1 :]EAS ,M>X WAS 9TIMATE ) ?OSE :O =M$ ! LEFT W+ ( ,*>TISM4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 ! EI<T >TICLES UPON ,LORD ,PALM]/ON CONTRIBUT$ TO ! 0,PEOPLE'S ,PAP]0 9 #a#h#e#c1 >TICLES 9 :I* ,M>X ?REW A GL>+ LI<T ON ! UND]GR\ND TR5DS ( ,ANGLO-,RUSSO-,TURKI% POLICY 9 ! ,BALKANS1 HE MADE USE ( ALL ! 9=MATION :I* ,URQUH>T HAD GA!R$ TOGE!R 9 DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES & 9 ! /UDY ( ! RELEVANT DOCUM5TS4 0,?IS IS A FITT+ OCCASION10 WROTE ,M>X 9 ! SIX? ( !SE >TICLES1 0TO GIVE HIS DUE TO ,MR4 ,DAVID ,URQUH>T1 ! 9DEFATIGABLE ANTAGONI/ = TW5TY YE>S ( ,LORD ,PALM]/ON :O HAS PROV$ HIS ONLY ADV]S>Y--NOT ONE TO BE 9TIMIDAT$ 9TO SIL5CE1 BRIB$ 9TO CONNIVANCE1 *>M$ 9TO SUITOR%IP--:ILE1 :AT ) CAJOL]IES1 :AT ) S$UCTIONS1 ,ALC9A ,PALM]/ON CONTRIV$ TO *ANGE ALL O!R FOES 9TO FOOLS40 

,) ,H>NEY & ,JONES1 ,M>X HAD CLOS] TIES ?AN ) ,URQUH>T4 ,!SE TWO M5 W]E LEAD]S 9 ! ,*>TI/ CAMP1 W]E M5 ( CULTURE1 ?OR\<LY TRU/WOR?Y1 & WIDELY POPUL>4 ,H>NEY WAS A J\RNALI/ ( PROLET>IAN ORIG91 :IL/ ,JONES WAS A LAWY] CONNECT$ BY BLOOD ) ! >I/OCRACY HE DESPIS$4 ,BO? ( !M HAD ! GREATE/ RESPECT = ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y P]SONALITY1 = HIS \T/&+ 9TELLIG5CE1 & = HIS UN]R+ CONSI/5CY4 ,H>NEY HAD DONE GOOD S]VICE BY PUBLI%+1 9 HIS NEWSPAP] ! 0,R$ ,REPUBLICAN10 A TRANSLATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O & ( SOME ( ! 0,RHE9IS*E ,REVUE0 >TICLES4 ,JONES (T5 R5D]$ ! ,M>X FAMILY MU*-NE$$ HELP 9 ITS MAT]IAL DIFFICULTIES4 ,BUT 9 ! QU>RELS AMONG ! REFUGEES1 NEI!R ,H>NEY NOR ,JONES TOOK ,M>X'S SIDE )\T QUALIFICATION1 :I* WAS :AT ,M>X DEM&$4 ,( ,H>NEY1 ,M>X SAID ?AT HE HAD *OS5 = A FOLL[+ SOME ( HIS 7,M>X'S7 P]SONAL 5EMIES2 & ( ,JONES ?AT 0DESPITE HIS 5]GY1 T5ACITY1 & ACTIVITY1 HE SPOIL$ EV]Y?+ BY *>LATANRY1 A TACTLESS GRASP+ AT PRETEXTS = AGITATION1 & A RE/LESS DESIRE TO \TRUN TIME40 ,S9CE BO? ( !M MADE CONCESSIONS TO ! OPPOS+ P>TY1 & %[$ A RES]V$ OR HESITAT+ ATTITUDE 9 SOME ( ! DISPUTES1 ,M>X GAVE !M A LIB]AL TA/E ( ! GALL ) :I*1 9 HIS EBULLITIONS ( IMPETUOSITY1 HE WAS SO APT TO RU9 ! POSSIBILITIES ( 9TIMATE FRI5D%IP & FRUITFUL COMRADE%IP4 

,EV5 9 HIS RELATIONS ) Y\NG ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T1 :O WAS A DAILY GUE/ 9 ! H\SE & A PLAYFELL[ ( ! *ILDR51 !RE WAS A P]IOD ( T5SION & IRRITABILITY1 ) ! RESULT ?AT = A LONG TIME ,LIEBKNE*T1 MO/ RELUCTANTLY1 KEPT ALO(4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! (F5SE WAS ?AT ,LIEBKNE*T HAD NOT BROK5 AWAY FROM ! ,WORK]S' ,$UCATIONAL ,SOCIETY1 BUT HAD E>NE/LY 5DEAVOR$ TO M$IATE BETWE5 ! TWO HO/ILE CAMPS4 ,HIS ATTEMPTS FAIL$1 & IT SOON BECAME PLA9 TO HIM ?AT HE WAS FALL+ BETWE5 TWO /OOLS4 ,!N1 ONE DAY1 HE HAPP5$ UPON ! ,M>X *ILDR5 9 ! /REET4 ,DELI<T$ AT MEET+ !IR FAVORITE PLAYMATE1 !Y W\LD GIVE HIM NO RE/ UNTIL HE W5T HOME ) !M4 ,!Y SMUGGL$ HIM 9TO ! H\SE1 BUT C\LD NOT RE/RA9 !IR REJOIC+S4 ,:5 ,M>X HE>D ! CLAMOR !Y W]E MAK+1 & F\ND ,LIEBKNE*T1 HE /RET*$ \T HIS H& ) A CORDIAL LAU<4 ,NO FUR!R WORD WAS SAID AB\T !IR DIFF]5CES4 

,9 #a#h#e#f1 :5 ! TAILOR ,LESSN]1 :O HAD BE5 ONE ( ?OSE S5T5C$ 9 ! ,COLOGNE COMMUNI/ TRIAL1 CAME TO ,LONDON AFT] SP5D+ F\R & A HALF YE>S 9 PRISON1 HE F\ND ! ,WORK]S' ,$UCATIONAL ,SOCIETY 9 A V]Y POOR WAY1 BUT WAS READY TO GIVE ,LIEBKNE*T ACTIVE ASSI/ANCE 9 ITS REORGANIZATION4 ,! ,K9KEL CLIQUE1 :I* HAD BE5 9 CONTROL1 WAS DRIV5 \T2 A WORK+ PROGRAM WAS DRAWN UP2 & EV5 ,M>X WAS 9DUC$ TO TAKE P>T 9 ! $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES4 ,DUR+ ! W9T] ( #a#h#e#f-#a#h#e#g1 ! SOCIETY WAS AS FL\RI%+ AS EV]2 MANY ( ! OLD MEMB]S REJO9$2 & ! TACTICS ( ! ULTRA-RADICAL HOTSPURS W]E AB&ON$4 ,ONCE MORE ! SOCIETY HAD BECOME A C5T] ( S]I\S & FRUITFUL WORK4 ,M>X DELIV]$ A C\RSE ( LECTURES ON POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ?US RESUM+ HIS ROLE ( #a#h#e-#a#h#e#a4 ,HE EXP\ND$ HIS SUBJECT1 AS ,LIEBKNE*T TELLS US1 9 ! MO/ ME?ODICAL WAY4 ,HE W\LD =MULATE A PROPOSITION1 AS PI?ILY AS POSSIBLE1 & W\LD !N PROCE$ TO ELABORATE IT1 C>EFULLY AVOID+ ANY WORDS OR PHRASES :I* HIS WORK+-CLASS HE>]S MI<T HAVE F\ND IT DIFFICULT TO UND]/&4 ,!N HE W\LD ASK = QUE/IONS4 0,IF !RE W]E NO QUE/IONS1 HE W\LD SUBJECT ! AUDI5CE TO AN EXAM9ATION1 & W\LD DO IT ) SO MU* SKILL ?AT NO GAPS & NO MISUND]/&+S C\LD BE OV]LOOK$40 ,M>X WAS NOT AN ORATOR2 HE LACK$ ! FACULTY ( SPEAK+ EASILY BE=E A CONSID]ABLE AUDI5CE4 ,MOREOV]1 HIS SPEE* WAS RA!R ?ICK1 & HE SPOKE ) A BROAD ,RH5I% ACC5T4 ,:51 AS WAS 9EVITABLE FROM TIME TO TIME1 HE HAD TO DELIV] A SET SPEE*1 HE W\LD DISPLAY PASSIONATE EXCITEM5T1 :I* WAS AN OV]-COMP5SATION = HIS DREAD ( FAILURE4 ,?R\<\T LIFE1 9 ALL IMPORTANT SITUATIONS1 ?IS TITAN1 :O HAD MADE IT HIS TASK TO TURN ! WORLD UPSIDE D[N1 WAS OV]:ELM$ ) A S5SE ( 9ADEQUACY4 ,! WEAK] HE FELT1 ! MORE WAS HE 9CL9$ TO BLU/]4 

,! LI/ ( FRI5DS & COMPANIONS ) :OM ,M>X HAD CLOSE ASSOCIATION 9 ! FIFTIES IS CONCLUD$ :5 ! NAMES ( ,F]D9& ,FREILIGRA? & ,WILHELM ,WOLFF HAVE BE5 M5TION$4 ,:5 ,FREILIGRA? CAME TO ,LONDON & WAS C\RT$ BY REFUGEES REPRES5T+ V>I\S TR5DS & BELONG+ TO V>I\S CAMPS & FACTION1 HE CATEGORICALLY DECL>$ ?AT HE PROPOS$ TO ASSOCIATE 0ONLY ) ,M>X1 & ,M>X'S MO/ 9TIMATE FRI5DS40 ,HE WAS MANAG] ( ! ,LONDON AG5CY ( ! ,G5EVESE ,BANQUE ,G5]ALE ,SUISSE1 & HAD A GOOD 9COME1 BE+ ?US ABLE TO SAY ( HIMSELF ?AT HE WAS LUCKY 5\< TO EAT ! 0BEEF/EAKS ( EXILE40 ,HE WAS LIB]AL 9 FURNI%+ AID TO LESS =TUNATE POLITICAL REFUGEES1 & !1 ,M>XES F\ND 9 HIM A VALUABLE SUPPORT]4 ,WILHELM ,WOLFF1 A CLOSE FRI5D ( ,M>X S9CE ! DAYS ( ! 0,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG10 WAS ! LATT]'S NE>E/ 9TIMATE ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,5GELS4 ,HE WAS ! SON ( A ,SILESIAN HOTEL-KEEP]1 & HAD 9H]IT$ A SMALL PROP]TY FROM HIS FA!R4 ,HE LIV$ UPON ?IS 9 ,5GL& AS BE/ HE C\LD1 SUPPLEM5T+ IT BY OCCASIONAL PAID OCCUPATION4 

,:5 HE DI$ 9 #ahfd ( A /ROKE1 AFT] A LONG ILLNESS1 ,M>X BECAME HIS HEIR4 

,H]R ,VOGT 

,= ,M>X ! FIFTIES1 ! FIR/ DECADE HE SP5T ON ,5GLI% SOIL1 5D$ AS !Y HAD BEGUN1 ) A FEUD4 ,! WIT*'S CAULDRON ( ! REFUGEES WAS BOIL+ OV] ONCE MORE1 & WAS S5D+ =? ! VAPORS ( A PE/IF]\S BREW :I* POISON$ ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ,EUROPE4 

,9 #ahei ,M>X BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 A CONTROV]SY :I* WAS EXTREMELY TRY+ TO HIS N]VES4 ,IT CONC]N$ ! ,VOGT AFFAIR1 :I* ORIG9AT$ AS FOLL[S4 

,= SEV]AL DECADES ! ,ITALIAN B\RGEOISIE HAD BE5 C>RY+ ON A /RUGGLE ON BEHALF ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE & UNITY4 ,BY ITS UNAID$ P[]S1 IT C\LD NOT HOPE )9 ANY REASONABLE TIME TO BR+ ?IS /RUGGLE TO A VICTORI\S ISSUE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOIS HAD H>NESS$ ! K+DOM ( ,S>D9IA TO !IR COA* AS TRACE-HORSE1 BUT ?IS HAD NOT SUFFIC$ TO PULL !M UP ! HILL4 ,!N ,S>D9IA1 :I* N[ =M$ ! NUCLEUS ( ! NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION1 PROMPT$ BY ,CAV\R1 TURN$ TO ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I = >M$ ASSI/ANCE4 ,9 ! TREATY ( ,PLOMBI]ES1 IT WAS AGRE$ ?AT ,S>D9IA & ,FRANCE %\LD MAKE COMMON CAUSE 9 A W> ON ,AU/RIA1 & ?AT ,NICE & ,SAVOY %\LD BE C$$ TO ,FRANCE 9 RETURN = ?IS HELP4 ,! UNIFICATION & 9DEP5D5CE ( ,ITALY W]E TO BE A*IEV$1 NOT BY REVOLUTION1 BUT BY W>4 

,?IS DIPLOMATIC & MILIT>I/ MOVE1 :I* EXCLUD$ REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE1 5C\NT]$ WIDESPREAD OPPOSITION 9 ,ITALY & ELSE:]E4 ,MAZZ9I1 :O AS A REFUGEE 9 ,LONDON WAS ! FA!R ( ALL ! CONSPIRATORIAL SECRET SOCIETIES1 DECL>$ ! TREATY TO BE A DYNA/IC 9TRIGUE1 :I* W\LD SACRIFICE ! 9T]E/S ( ,ITALY TO ! IMP]IALI/ LU/S ( ,NAPOLEON4 ,9 ACTUAL FACT1 ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I WAS LESS CONC]N$ AB\T ! LIB]ATION ( ,ITALY FROM ,AU/RIA ?AN AB\T ! EXPANSION ( ! ,FR5* SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE4 ,! W> WAS DESIGN$1 NOT SO MU* TO DRIVE ,AU/RIA \T ( ,ITALY1 AS TO KEEP ,AU/RIA AWAY FROM ! ,BALKANS1 :]E ,RUSSIA WI%$ TO C>RY \T H] IMP]IALI/ PLANS UNDI/URB$4 ,?US1 = ?OSE :O1 AS REVOLUTIONI/S1 W]E OPPOS$ TO ! POLICY ( ,RUSSIA & ( ,FRANCE1 BUT C\LD NOT FAVOR ! MA9T5ANCE ( ,AU/RIAN DOM9ION 9 ,ITALY--& = ?OSE :O W]E SIMULTANE\SLY CONC]N$ AB\T ,ITALIAN 9T]E/S & ,G]MAN 9T]E/S--IT WAS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO *OOSE A POLITICAL L9E4 

,SOME REG>D$ ! ,ITALIAN W> AS ONLY A PRETEXT BEH9D :I* ,FR5* ,BONAP>TISM & ,RUSSIAN CZ>ISM W]E JO9+ H&S AGA9/ ,G]MANY1 :I* W\LD BE IMPOT5T )\T ,AU/RIA'S HELP4 ,A VICTORY ( ,FRANCE 9 ,ITALY1 !Y SAID1 W\LD MEAN = ,G]MANY ! LOSS ( ! LEFT BANK ( ! ,RH9E1 AS ! \TCOME ( A ,FRANCO-,G]MAN W> :I* W\LD IMM$IATELY FOLL[4 ,!Y !RE=E ADVOCAT$ COMMON ACTION ON ! P>T ( ,PRUSSIA & ,AU/RIA1 TO ATTACK ,NAPOLEON4 ,ANY ONE :O WI%$ TO DEF5D ! ,RH9E MU/ /& BESIDE ,AU/RIA = ! DEF5SE ( ! ,PO4 ,O!R ONLOOK]S W]E FILL$ ) 5?USIASM ON BEHALF ( ! LIB]AL & NATIONALI/ ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,ITALIANS1 :O MU/ BE SUPPORT$ :ATEV] HAPP5$4 ,!Y DECL>$ ?AT ,PRUSSIAN ACTION 9 FAVOR ( ,AU/RIA W\LD RESULT 9 /R5G!N+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 & W\LD BE A CRIME DIRECT$ AGA9/ HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION4 ,9 PETTY-B\RGEOIS CIRCLES1 H[EV]1 ,NAPOLEON HAD SUPPORT]S & DEF5D]S1 :O URG5TLY DESIR$ HIS SUCCESS %\LD ,PRUSSIA JO9 =CES ) ,AU/RIA4 ,9 ,NAPOLEON'S [N VIEW1 NO?+ C\LD BE MORE DANG]\S TO HIS S*EMES ?AN ACTIVE 9T]V5TION ( ,PRUSSIA ON ! SIDE ( ,AU/RIA1 & CONSEQU5TLY1 ?R\< HIS PRESS AG5TS1 HE C>RI$ ON A VIGOR\S PROPAG&A 9 FAVOR ( ,PRUSSIAN NEUTRALITY4 

,9 ,G]MAN NATIONALI/ CIRCLES YET ANO!R VIEW PREVAIL$1 & F\ND CONSID]ABLE SUPPORT4 ,?OSE ( ?IS WAY ( ?9K+ W]E ANTI-,AU/RIAN ON ! GR\ND ?AT IF ,AU/RIA W]E WEAK5$ OR DEFEAT$1 ,PRUSSIA W\LD BE /R5G!N$4 ,?US ! UNIFICATION ( ,G]MANY UND] ,PRUSSIAN HEGEMONY W\LD BE BR\<T NE>] TO REALIZATION4 ,LASSALLE ESP\S$ ?IS VIEW1 & ADVOCAT$ IT VIGOR\SLY 9 HIS PAMPHLET ,D] ITALI5IS*E ,KRIEG UND DIE ,AUFGABE ,PREUSS5S .<,! ,ITALIAN ,W> & ,PRUSSIA'S ,TASKS.>4 ,! ,G]MAN NATION1 HE SAID1 WAS AS KE5LY 9T]E/$ 9 ! OV]?R[ ( ,AU/RIAN DESPOTISM AS 9 ! SUCCESS ( ! ,ITALIAN MOVEM5T = UNIFICATION1 SEE+ ?AT ,AU/RIA WAS ! FOCUS ( REACTION4 ,%\LD ,NAPOLEON MAKE W> ON ,PRUSSIA1 ! :OLE NATION W\LD RISE LIKE ONE MAN4 ,N[1 H[EV]1 ! FAVORABLE MOM5T HAD COME = ,PRUSSIA1 NOT ONLY TO BE NEUTRAL T[>DS ,AU/RIA1 BUT ALSO TO DO 9 ! NOR? :AT ,NAPOLEON WAS DO+ 9 ! S\?4 0,IF ,NAPOLEON ALT]S ! MAP ( ,EUROPE 9 ! S\? 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITIES1 LET US DO ! SAME ?+ 9 ! NOR?4 ,IF ,NAPOLEON FREES ,ITALY1 LET US TAKE ,S*LESWIG-,HOL/E940 

,MU* ! SAME VIEW WAS ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,SWISS PR(ESSOR ,K>L ,VOGT4 ,9 A LETT] TO ,5GELS1 ,M>X SKET*$ ,VOGT'S POLITICAL PROGRAM 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 0,G]MANY GIVES UP H] POSSESSIONS \TSIDE ! ,G]MAN FRONTI]4 ,%E DOES NOT SUPPORT ,AU/RIA4 ,! ,FR5* DESPOTISM IS TRANSITORY1 ! ,AU/RIAN IS P]MAN5T4 ,ALL[ BO? ! DESPOTS TO LET BLOOD 7A C]TA9 PR$ILECTION = ,BONAP>TE IS MANIFE/74 ,G]MANY1 >M$ NEUTRALITY4 ,( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY !RE CANNOT BE1 AS ,VOGT HAS LE>N$ 'FROM TRU/WOR?Y S\RCES1' ANY ?\<T DUR+ \R LIFETIME4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 AS SOON AS ,AU/RIA HAS BE5 RU9$ BY ,BONAP>TE1 !Y WILL SPONTANE\SLY BEG9 AN ALL-,G]MAN MOD]ATE NATIONAL-LIB]AL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! FA!RL&1 & ,VOGT WILL P]HAPS BECOME ,PRUSSIAN C\RT-FOOL TO BOOT40 

,M>X ADOPT$ A V]Y DIFF]5T /&PO9T FROM ,LASSALLE & ,VOGT4 ,BE+ PASSIONATELY OPPOS$ BO? TO ,BONAP>TE & TO CZ>ISM1 HE CONSID]$ ! W> TO BE ! ISSUE ( A ,FRANCO-,RUSSIAN ALLIANCE4 ,9 AN >TICLE 9 ! 0,PEOPLE'S ,PRESS10 ,JONES' NEWSPAP]1 HE LET HIMSELF GO AGA9/ BO? ,LASSALLE & ,VOGT4 ,9 A LETT] TO ,5GELS1 HE WROTE3 0,LASSALLE'S PAMPHLET IS AN 5ORM\S BLUND]4 444 ,AS REG>DS ! 'GOV]NM5TS1' OBVI\SLY1 FROM ALL /&PO9TS1 W]E IT ONLY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! EXI/5CE ( ,G]MANY1 WE MU/ DEM& ( !M ?AT !Y %\LD NOT REMA9 NEUTRAL1 BUT1 AS Y\ RI<TLY SAY1 %\LD BE PATRIOTIC4 ,YET A REVOLUTION>Y PO9T CAN BE GIV5 TO ! AFFAIR SIMPLY 5\<1 BY ?R[+ EV5 MORE EMPHASIS ON ! OPPOSITION TO ,RUSSIA ?AN ON ?AT TO ,B\/RAPA .<,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I.>4 ,?IS IS :AT ,LASSALLE \<T TO HAVE DONE1 AS CONTRA/$ ) ! ANTI-,FR5* CLAMOR ( ! ',NEUE ,PREUSSIS*E ,ZEITUNG4' ,?IS1 TOO1 IS ! PO9T :]E1 9 PRACTICE DUR+ ! CONT9UANCE ( ! W>1 ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5TS WILL ACT TREASONABLY1 & :]E WE CAN SEIZE !M BY ! COLL>40 

,MEAN:ILE1 ,5GELS HAD 9CORPORAT$ HIS [N & ,M>X'S VIEWS 9 A BOOKLET 5TITL$ ,PO UND ,RHE91 :I*1 ?R\< ,LASSALLE'S 9/RUM5TALITY1 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,APRIL #ahei BY ,FRANZ ,DUNCK] ( ,B]L94 

,AT AB\T ?IS DATE1 ,M>X WAS PRIVATELY 9=M$ BY ,K>L ,BL9D1 ! ,BAD5ESE REFUGEE1 ?AT ,VOGT WAS 9 ,NAPOLEON'S PAY1 HAD RECEIV$ L>GE SUMS ( MONEY1 HAD ATTEMPT$ TO BRIBE A J\RNALI/1 & SO ON4 ,9 CONV]SATION1 ,M>X MADE NO SECRET ( ! MATT]2 & AT L5G? IT F\ND ITS WAY 9TO ! ,G]MAN NEWSPAP] 0,DAS ,VOLK10 PUBLI%$ 9 ,LONDON1 TO :I* ,M>X WAS AN OCCASIONAL CONTRIBUTOR4 

,VOGT ANSW]$ ) A FLOOD ( 9VECTIVES1 & />T$ 9 ! ,G]MAN PRESS A FURI\S CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! 0B& ( RUFFIANS10 & ITS 0R+LEAD]1 ,K>L ,M>X40 

,AS *ANCE W\LD HAVE IT1 9 A ,MAN*E/] PR9T+ H\SE1 %ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 ,LIEBKNE*T CAME ACROSS A LEAFLET WRITT5 BY ,BL9D1 CONTA9+ ! LATT]'S REVELATIONS AB\T ,VOGT4 ,LIEBKNE*T S5T A PRO( ( ! LEAFLET TO ! 0,AUGSBURG] ,ALLGEME9E ,ZEITUNG10 ( :I* HE WAS CORRESPOND5T4 ,! SUB/ANCE ( ! LEAFLET WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ?AT J\RNAL & ATTRACT$ WIDESPREAD ATT5TION4 ,VOGT SWORE BY ALL ! GODS ?AT HE WAS ! VICTIM ( A DISGRACEFUL CALUMNY1 & BR\<T A LIBEL ACTION AGA9/ ! NEWSPAP]4 

,! UP%OT WAS V]Y UNSATISFACTORY4 ,BL9D1 :5 CALL$ AS A WITNESS1 WILT$4 ,NO O!R PRO( ( ! ACCUSATION WAS =?COM+4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! *>GE WAS DISMISS$ ON TE*NICAL1 NOT FACTUAL GR\NDS4 ,AL?\< ,VOGT HAD NOT WON HIS CASE LEGALLY1 HE HAD SECUR$ A MORAL VICTORY1 ( :I* HE MADE ! MO/ BE=E ! PUBLIC4 ,AS A FUR!R COMPLICATION1 ,BL9D N[ WROTE TO ! PAP]S DECL>+ ,LIEBKNE*T'S /ORY AB\T ! LEAFLET TO BE A 0MALICI\S 9V5TION40 ,VOGT PUBLI%$ ! %OR?& REPORT ( ! PROCE$+S AT ! TRIAL1 A REPORT :I* TOLD V]Y MU* 9 HIS FAVOR4 ,! G5]AL IMPRESSION PRODUC$ WAS ?AT ,M>X & HIS FRI5DS HAD CIRCULAT$ A BASE CALUMNY4 ,!REUPON ,M>X LO/ PATI5CE4 ,RETURN+ TO ! *>GE1 HE ATTACK$ ,VOGT ) ALL ! WEAPONS AT HIS COMM&4 ,HE S\<T \T WITNESSES2 MADE C>EFUL 9VE/IGATIONS1 EXPLOR$ OLD CORRESPOND5CE2 %>K$ UP MAT]IALS FROM EV]Y QU>T] ( ! WORLD2 PICK$ ,VOGT'S >TICLES TO PIECES1 & %[$ ?AT !Y W]E MADE UP ( CAT*WORDS & COMMONPLACES LIFT$ FROM ,BONAP>TI/ PAMPHLETS2 OP5$ ALL ! SLUICES ( HIS WIT1 HIS SCORN1 HIS PITILESS SATIRE1 9 ORD] TO MAKE ,VOGT APPE> LUDICR\S & CONTEMPTIBLE4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( A YE>1 HE COMPIL$ A VOLUME ( TWO HUNDR$ PAGES1 5TITL$ ,H]R ,VOGT4 ,IT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,LONDON1 BUT HAD SO SMALL A CIRCULATION ?AT IT WAS )\T ANY NOTABLE 9FLU5CE ON PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,! BOOK WAS KILL$ BY ! SIL5CE ( ! PRESS4 ,ONLY ! FEW :O HAD A SPECIAL 9T]E/ 9 ! MATT] READ IT4 ,O!RS W]E REPELL$ BY ITS BULK1 ITS OV]WEI<T+ ) DETAIL1 & ITS PROLIXITY4 ,VOGT HAD TRIUMPH$4 ,! >TILL]Y DIRECT$ AGA9/ HIM HAD MISS$ FIRE4 ,HIS %IELD WAS UNT>NI%$4 

,BUT ELEV5 YE>S LAT]1 DUR+ ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS1 ! >*IVES ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC GOV]NM5T W]E RIFL$ 9 ! ,TUIL]IES4 ,!RE WAS F\ND1 SIGN$ BY ,VOGT1 A RECEIPT = #d1 FRANCS1 PAID OV] TO ?IS MAN ( HONOR 9 ,AUGU/ #a#h#e#i1 \T ( ! ,BONAP>TI/ SECRET-S]VICE FUND4 

,NOT A WORD AB\T ?IS REVELATION F\ND ITS WAY 9TO ! ORD9>Y PRESS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ,M>X HAD BE5 JU/IFI$4 

,CONDEMN$ TO ,P]MAN5T ,EXPATRIATION 

,9 ! YE> #a#h#f#a1 ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM ( ,PRUSSIA CAME TO ! ?RONE1 & AN AMNE/Y WAS DECL>$4 

,IT WAS AN EXTREMELY UNGRACI\S AMNE/Y1 HALF-HE>T$1 RELUCTANT1 PETTY2 0! SCURVIE/ :I* HAS BE5 GRANT$ S9CE #ahdi 9 ANY C\NTRY 7,AU/RIA NOT EXCEPT$710 AS ,M>X WROTE BITT]LY TO ,5GELS4 ,! REFUGEES ( #a#h#d#h-#a#h#d#i W]E GRACI\SLY P]MITT$ TO RETURN1 BUT NOT UNCONDITIONALLY4 ,!Y HAD TO MAKE AN 0(FICIAL0 APPLICATION = ! K+'S CLEM5CY1 :]EUPON ,HIS ,MAJE/Y W\LD BE GUID$ 0BY A REPORT FROM ,\R ,MILIT>Y JU/ICE DEP>TM5T40 

,9 ?IS MATT]1 ,M>X CAME WORSE (F ?AN MO/ ( ! ,G]MAN REFUGEES4 ,IT WAS NOT M]ELY ?AT ! CONDITIONAL AMNE/Y WAS NO GOOD TO HIM1 S9CE HE WAS UNWILL+ TO DEMEAN HIMSELF BY SU+ ,K+ ,WILLIAM'S FAVOR4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HE WAS NO LONG] A ,PRUSSIAN SUBJECT1 & HAD ONLY A REFUSAL TO EXPECT %\LD HE APPLY = RE9/ATEM5T4 ,AS AN ACTUAL FACT1 :5 ,LASSALLE MADE ZEAL\S EF=TS TO SECURE NATURALIZATION PAP]S = ,M>X1 HIS APPLICATIONS W]E REFUS$ ON ! GR\ND ?AT ,M>X WAS 0( REPUBLICAN1 OR AT LEA/ NON-ROYALI/ S5TIM5T40 

,S9CE ,M>X WAS UNABLE TO RECOV] HIS /ATUS AS A ,PRUSSIAN SUBJECT1 HE WAS1 9 EFFECT1 CONDEMN$ TO P]MAN5T EXPATRIATION4 ,= HIM1 H[EV]1 EXPATRIATION IMPLI$ ! LACK ( A MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD1 ECONOMIC 9SECURITY1 9CESSANT POV]TY4 

,AT ! TIME :5 ! AMNE/Y WAS DECL>$1 HIS F9ANCIAL EMB>RASSM5TS HAD AGA9 BECOME EXTREME1 NOT)/&+ ! UNCEAS+ HELP ( ,5GELS & ! FREQU5T CONTRIBUTIONS TO HIS EXP5SES MADE BY ,LASSALLE4 ,! $ITOR ( ! 0,NEW ,YORK ,TRIBUNE0 HAD CUT D[N ! SPACE ALLOTT$ TO HIM1 & HAD = SEV]AL WEEKS /OPP$ PUBLI%+ HIS CONTRIBUTIONS AT ALL4 ,URG5T DEBTS W]E ACCUMULAT+4 0,I DO NOT KN[ H[ ON E>? ,I %ALL GET ON10 HE WROTE TO ,5GELS4 0,TAXES1 S*OOL EXP5SES1 R5T1 ! GROC]1 ! BUT*]1 & ,GOD & ! ,DEVIL ALONE KN[ :AT O!RS1 WILL WAIT NO LONG]40 ,BESIDES1 ,M>X WAS AIL+1 HIS *RONIC LIV] TR\BLE HAV+ LI<T$ UP AGA94 ,FRAU ,M>X HAD JU/ RECOV]$ FROM AN ATTACK ( SMALLPOX1 & ?IS HAD CO/ A LOT ( MONEY4 ,! *ILDR5 HAD BE5 TAK5 C>E ( BY ,LIEBKNE*T1 :ILE ,M>X & ,L5*5 RAN ! H\SE ALONE4 ,ONCE MORE EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE HAD BE5 PAWN$1 & !Y W]E 9 DIRE NE$4 

,!N ,M>X MADE UP HIS M9D TO GO TO ,HOLL&1 & TO ASK AN UNCLE :O LIV$ !RE = HELP ?AT W\LD SAVE HIS FAMILY FROM UTT] RU94 ,5GELS 5C\RAG$ HIM TO ?IS UND]TAK+1 SO ) BORR[$ FUNDS & A FALSE PASSPORT HE MADE HIS 0RAID 9TO ! L& ( MY MAT]NAL =EFA!RS1 TOBACCO1 & *EESE40 

,?IS TIME1 =TUNE SMIL$4 ,HIS UNCLE ,PHILIPS 9 ,ROTT]DAM =K$ \T ,G,B,P#a#f1 :I* W\LD HAVE 5ABL$ ,M>X TO PAY MO/ ( HIS DEBTS4 ,BUT1 N[ ?AT HE HAD MONEY 9 HIS POCKET1 HE HAD NO FANCY = RETURN+ HOME IMM$IATELY4 ,9/EAD1 HE W5T TO VISIT HIS MO!R AT ,TREVES1 & %E1 S9CE 0!RE WAS NO TALK ( READY CA%10 WAS COMPLAISANT 5\< TO TE> UP HIS E>LI] NOTES ( H&4 ,FROM ,TREVES HE MADE HIS WAY TO ,B]L91 :]E HE /AY$ AS ,LASSALLE'S GUE/4 ,HE GOT 9 T\* ) V>I\S FRI5DS1 CL9K$ GLASSES ) ,KOPP51 HAD HIMSELF PHOTOGRAPH$1 MADE >RANGEM5TS = CONTRIBUT+ TO A ,VI5NESE NEWSPAP]1 ATT5D$ 79 ! PRESS GALL]Y7 A SITT+ ( ! ,L[] ,H\SE1 :I* SEEM$ TO HIM 0AN EXTRAORD9>Y MIXTURE ( (FICE & S*OOLROOM10 & TALK$ OV] ) ,LASSALLE ! PLANS = F\ND+ A GREAT NEWSPAP]4 ,HIS G5]AL IMPRESSION ( ,B]L91 :]E 0AN IMPUD5T & FRIVOL\S TONE PREVAIL$10 WAS UNFAVORABLE4 ,ON ! WAY HOME1 HE C>\S$ ) OLD ACQUA9TANCES1 BO? 9 ,ELB]FELD & 9 ,COLOGNE1 & F9ALLY GOT BACK TO ,LONDON AFT] TWO MON?S' ABS5CE4 

,]E LONG HE WAS ON ! ROCKS AGA94 ,)9 A MON? ( HIS RETURN HE WROTE TO ,5GELS SAY+ ?AT ! MONEY HE HAD BR\<T BACK ) HIM WAS ALREADY F9I%$4 ,S9CE APPLICATIONS TO HIS MO!R PRODUC$ 0ONLY AFFECTIONATE PHRASES1 BUT NO CA%10 ,5GELS HAD TO COME TO HIS HELP ONCE MORE4 ,FROM A VISIT TO ,MAN*E/]1 ,M>X BR\<T BACK SOME MONEY ) HIM4 ,!RE FOLL[$ ! USUAL REMITTANCES BY LETT]4 ,BUT 9 ,NOVEMB] HE WAS 9 TR\BLE ONCE MORE3 0,) ! LA/ MONEY Y\ S5T ME ,I PAID ! S*OOL FEES1 SO ?AT ,I MI<T NOT HAVE TO PAY TWO T]MS' FEES 9 ,JANU>Y4 ,! BUT*] & ! GROC] HAVE =C$ ME TO GIVE !M NOTES ( H&4 ,AL?\< ,I DO NOT KN[ H[ ,I %ALL PAY !SE NOTES :5 !Y FALL DUE1 ,I C\LD NOT REFUSE )\T BR++ ! H\SE D[N AB\T MY E>S4 ,I AM 9 DEBT TO ! L&LORD1 ALSO TO ! GRE5GROC]1 ! BAK]1 ! NEWSPAP] MAN1 ! MILKMAN1 & ! :OLE MOB ,I HAD APPEAS$ ) 9/ALLM5TS :5 ,I CAME BACK FROM ,MAN*E/]2 ALSO TO ! TAILOR1 HAV+ HAD TO GET ! NECESS>Y W9T] CLO?+ ON TICK4 ,ALL ,I CAN EXPECT TO RECEIVE AT ! 5D ( ! MON? WILL BE ,G,B,P#c AT MO/1 = !SE 9F]NAL DEVILS ( ! PRESS >E ONLY PR9T+ P>T ( MY >TICLES4 444 ,:AT ,I HAVE TO PAY 79CLUD+ 9T]E/ TO PAWNBROK]S7 AM\NTS TO AB\T ,G,B,P#a4 ,IT IS EXTRAORD9>Y H[1 :5 ONE HAS NO REGUL> 9COME1 & :5 !RE IS A P]PETUAL BURD5 ( UNPAID DEBTS1 ! OLD POV]TY P]SI/5TLY RECURS1 DESPITE CONT9UAL DRIBBLES ( HELP40 

,! 0DRIBBLES ( HELP0 ?AT CAME 9 FROM ,5GELS AM\NT$ TO A V]Y L>GE SUM 9 ! C\RSE ( ! YE>4 ,BUT ,5GELS WAS ONLY A SAL>I$ EMPLOYEE1 KEPT ON %ORT COMMONS BY HIS FA!R1 & ) NO %>E 9 ! PR(ITS ( ! FACTORY4 ,WRIT+ TO ,M>X 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#f#b1 HE SAID3 0,?IS YE> ,I HAVE SP5T MORE ?AN MY 9COME4 ,WE >E S]I\SLY AFFECT$ BY ! CRISIS1 HAVE NO ORD]S1 & %ALL HAVE TO BEG9 WORK+ HALF TIME NEXT WEEK4 ,I %ALL HAVE TO PAY ! ,G,B,P#e TO ,DRONKE 9 A MON?1 & DUR+ ! NEXT FEW WEEKS A YE>'S R5T = MY H\SE FALLS DUE4 ,?IS MORN+1 ,S>AH 7BE DAMN$ TO H]7 /OLE ! MONEY \T ( MY COAT POCKET4 444 ,I AM N[ LIV+ ALMO/ 5TIRELY AT ,M>Y'S1 TO KEEP D[N EXP5SES AS MU* AS POSSIBLE2 UN=TUNATELY1 ,I CANNOT GET ON )\T A H\SE ( MY [N1 OR O!RWISE ,I %\LD REMOVE TO H] PLACE ALTOGE!R40 ,! MORE ,5GELS D5I$ HIMSELF1 & ! MORE HE S5T TO HIS FRI5D1 ! MORE HOPELESS BECAME ! CONDITION ( ! ,M>X H\SEHOLD1 :OSE %IFTLESSNESS SEEM$ IRREP>ABLE4 

0,IT IS SICK5+ TO HAVE TO WRITE TO Y\ 9 ?IS WAY ONCE MORE10 SAID ,M>X APOLOGETICALLY 9 A LETT] UND] DATE ,JUNE #a#h1 #a#h#f#b4 0,YET :AT CAN ,I DO BUT P\R MY MIS]IES 9TO Y\R E>S AGA98 ,MY WIFE SAYS TO ME EV]Y DAY ?AT %E WI%ES %E W]E ) ! *ILDR5 9 ! GRAVE1 & ,I REALLY CANNOT TAKE IT AMISS ( H]1 = ! HUMILIATIONS1 TORM5TS1 & HORRORS ( \R SITUATION >E 9DESCRIBABLE4 ,AS Y\ KN[1 ! FIFTY P\NDS W5T TO ! PAYM5T ( DEBTS1 BUT DID NOT SUFFICE TO SETTLE HALF ( !M4 ,TWO P\NDS = GAS4 ,! PITIFUL SUM FROM ,VI5NA WILL NOT COME 9 BE=E ! 5D ( ,JULY1 & WILL BE DAMN$ LITTLE1 = ! DOGS >E NOT PR9T+ AS MU* AS EV5 ONE >TICLE A WEEK N[4 ,!N ,I HAVE HAD TO MEET FRE% EXP5SES S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ,MAY4 ,I WILL SAY NO?+ AB\T ! REALLY DESP]ATE SITUATION 9 ,LONDON1 TO BE )\T A C5TIME = SEV5 WEEKS1 S9CE ?IS SORT ( ?+ IS *RONIC4 ,/ILL1 Y\ WILL KN[ FROM Y\R [N EXP]I5CE ?AT !RE >E ALWAYS CURR5T EXP5SES :I* HAVE TO BE PAID 9 CA%4 ,AS F> AS ?AT WAS CONC]N$1 WE GOT ON = A TIME BY PAWN+ AGA9 ! ?+S WE HAD TAK5 \T ( PAWN 9 ! 5D ( ,APRIL4 ,= SOME WEEKS1 H[EV]1 ?AT S\RCE HAS BE5 SO UTT]LY EXHAU/$ ?AT LA/ WEEK MY WIFE MADE A VA9 ATTEMPT TO DISPOSE ( SOME ( MY BOOKS4 ,I AM ALL ! MORE SORRY = ! POOR *ILDR5 SEE+ ?AT WE >E SO %ORT 9 ?IS SEASON ( EXHIBITIONS1 :5 !IR ACQUA9TANCES >E AMUS+ !MSELVES1 & :5 !IR ONE T]ROR IS ?AT ANY ONE %\LD VISIT !M & SEE ! NAK$NESS ( \R POV]TY40 ,9 ANO!R LETT] HE WRITES3 0,) ,J5NY IT HAS GONE SO F> ?AT %E FEELS ALL ! PRESSURE & FIL?9ESS ( \R CIRCUM/ANCES1 & ?IS1 ,I BELIEVE1 IS ONE ( ! MA9 CAUSES ( H] BODILY TR\BLES 7,APROPOS6 ,ALL5 ORD]$ W9E = H] YE/]DAY1 & ,I %\LD BE AWFULLY GLAD IF Y\ C\LD S5D A FEW BOTTLES47 ,)\T TELL+ US1 %E W5T TO ,MRS4 ,Y\NG1 TO SEE IF %E C\LD GET AN 5GAGEM5T AT ! !AT]40 

,9 ,JULY #a#h#f#b1 ,LASSALLE SP5T SEV]AL WEEKS 9 ,LONDON4 ,M>X1 WI%+ TO RETURN HIS HOSPITALITY1 HAD 9VIT$ HIM TO /AY 9 ! H\SE4 0,TO BE ABLE TO KEEP UP APPE>ANCES BE=E HIM10 WROTE ,M>X TO ,5GELS1 0MY WIFE HAD HAD TO PAWN PRACTICALLY EV]Y ?+ ?AT WAS NOT NAIL$ D[N40 ,LASSALLE MADE ! BE/ ( ?+S1 BUT WAS1 9 ! 5D1 PR(\NDLY MOV$ :5 HE BECAME AW>E ( ! ABYSSES ?AT HAD BE5 LABORI\SLY & EXIGU\SLY HIDD5 \T ( SI<T4 0,HE REALIZ$ FROM MY DEJECT$ ASPECT ?AT ! CRISIS :I* HE HAD LONG KN[N TO BE IMP5D+ WAS AB\T TO CULM9ATE 9 A CATA/ROPHE4 ,HE QUE/ION$ ME4 ,:5 ,I TOLD HIM H[ ?+S W]E1 HE SAID HE C\LD L5D ME FIFTE5 P\NDS UP TO ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#h#f#c2 & ?AT ,I C\LD DRAW UPON HIM TO ANY AM\NT40 ,M>X WI%$ TO AVAIL HIMSELF ( ?IS (F] =?)1 & TRI$ TO SECURE F\R HUNDR$ ?AL]S1 BUT ,LASSALLE WANT$ ,5GELS' GU>ANTEE1 & ,5GELS1 ?R\< ,FREILIGRA?'S 9/RUM5TALITY1 HAD ! AM\NT COV]$ 9 ,B]L94 ,A FEW DAYS LAT] CAME ANO!R URG5T APPEAL TO ,5GELS3 0,ECC>IUS HAS LO/ ?REE *ILDR5 ONE AFT] ANO!R FROM SC>LET FEV]4 ,!Y >E 9 T]RIBLE /RAITS4 ,BEAT UP A TRIFLE AMONG \R FRI5DS1 & S5D IT TO HIM40 ,SIX DAYS LAT]3 0,S9CE Y\ HAVE JU/ S5T MONEY TO ,ECC>IUS1 AS WELL AS PAY+ ! L>GE SUM = ! ,LASSALLE BILL ( EX*ANGE1 Y\ MU/ BE '/ONY' Y\RSELF4 ,/ILL1 ,I HAVE TO BEG Y\ TO S5D ME A TRIFLE BY ,MONDAY1 = ,I HAVE TO BUY COAL1 & ALSO FOOD4 ,! GROC] HAS REFUS$ ME CR$IT = ?REE WEEKS PA/1 & UNTIL ,I HAVE PAID ! PIG (F ,I MU/ BUY ( HIM = CA%1 IF ,I DO NOT WANT HIM TO SUE ME40 ,& SO ON1 LETT] AFT] LETT]1 WEEK AFT] WEEK4 

,?US ,5GELS WAS 9CESSANTLY DIPP+ HIS H& 9TO HIS POCKET4 ,SOMETIMES1 :5 HE TOOK /OCK ( HIS PAYM5TS1 HE REALIZ$ ?AT !Y W]E F> GREAT] ?AN HE C\LD AF=D1 & ?AT HE WAS LIV+ BEYOND HIS MEANS2 BUT HE NEV] REFUS$ HELP4 ,:5 HIS FA!R DI$1 & HIS POSITION 9 ! FIRM HAD CONSEQU5TLY IMPROV$1 SO ?AT HE HAD A L>G] 9COME1 HE WAS ABLE TO H& OV] MORE CONSID]ABLE SUMS )\T P9*+ HIMSELF UNDULY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 S9CE ,M>X'S CLAIMS ON HIS G5]OSITY CONT9UALLY 9CREAS$1 !RE WAS A /RA9 ON BO? SIDES4 ,9 ! 5D1 JU/ AS T[>DS ! CLOSE ( #ahfb !RE HAD BE5 A BREA* BETWE5 ,M>X & ,LASSALLE 0= F9ANCIAL REASONS10 SO1 E>LY 9 #a#h#f#c1 !RE WAS GRAVE RISK ( A SUDD5 5D TO ! FRI5D%IP BETWE5 ,5GELS & ,M>X4 ,! TR\BLE CAME FROM ,M>X'S SIDE4 

,9 ! BEG9N+ ( ,JANU>Y #a#h#f#c1 OCCURR$ ! DEA? ( ,5GELS' FRI5D ,M>Y ,BURNS1 AN ,IRI% WORK+-CLASS GIRL ) :OM HE HAD BE5 LIV+ 9 A FREE UNION4 ,H] LOSS WAS A BITT] GRIEF TO HIM1 & ON ,JANU>Y #g? HE WROTE TO ,M>X3 0,DE> ,MOHR3 ,M>Y IS DEAD4 ,YE/]DAY EV5+ %E W5T TO B$ E>LY4 ,:5 ,LIZZY W5T UP TO B$ T[>DS MIDNI<T1 %E WAS DEAD ALREADY4 ,QUITE SUDD5LY4 ,HE>T DISEASE1 OR A /ROKE4 ,I DID NOT HE> ( IT TILL ?IS MORN+2 ON ,MONDAY EV5+ %E WAS P]FECTLY WELL4 ,I SIMPLY CANNOT TELL Y\ H[ ,I FEEL AB\T IT4 ,! POOR GIRL LOV$ ME ) ALL H] HE>T40 

,TO ?IS LETT] SO MOV+ 9 ITS SIMPLICITY1 TO ?IS LETT] 9 :I* HIS FRI5D'S TE>S C\LD BE READ BETWE5 ! L9ES1 ,M>X WROTE ! FOLL[+ ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE ANSW]3 0,DE> ,5GELS3 ,! NEWS ( ,M>Y'S DEA? HAS BO? A/ONI%$ & DISMAY$ ME4 ,%E WAS EXTREMELY GOOD-NATUR$1 WITTY1 & MU* ATTA*$ TO Y\4 ,! DEVIL KN[S ?AT !RE IS NO?+ BUT TR\BLE N[ 9 \R CIRCLES4 ,I MYSELF CAN NO LONG] TELL :E!R ,I AM ON MY HEAD OR MY HEELS4 ,MY ATTEMPTS TO RAISE SOME MONEY 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY HAVE FAIL$1 & IT IS ONLY TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT ,G,B,P#a#e W\LD NOT HOLD (F ! AVALAN*E MORE ?AN A WEEK OR TWO4 ,AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT NO ONE WILL GIVE US CR$IT ANY MORE1 EXCEPT ! BUT*] & ! BAK] 7& !Y ONLY TO ! 5D ( ?IS WEEK71 ,I AM H>RI$ = S*OOL EXP5SES1 = R5T1 & BY ! :OLE PACK4 ,! FEW ( !M TO :OM ,I HAVE PAID A LITTLE ON ACC\NT1 HAVE P\*$ IT 9 A TW9KL+1 TO FALL UPON ME ) R$\BL$ VIOL5CE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! *ILDR5 HAVE NO CLO!S OR %OES 9 :I* TO GO \T4 ,9 A WORD1 !RE IS HELL TO PAY4 444 ,WE %ALL H>DLY BE ABLE TO KEEP GO+ = ANO!R =TNI<T4 ,IT IS ABOM9ABLY SELFI% ( ME TO RETAIL ALL !SE HORRORS TO Y\ AT SU* A MOM5T4 ,BUT ! REM$Y IS HOMEOPA?IC4 ,ONE EVIL WILL HELP TO CANCEL ! O!R40 

,AL?\< ,5GELS WAS FAMILI> ) ,M>X'S CYNICISM1 & ) HIS FRI5D'S 9CL9ATION TO MAKE A P>ADE ( COLDNESS1 HE WAS ?UND]/RUCK BY ?IS LETT]4 ,HE HAD NOT EXPECT$ AN \TBUR/ ( S5TIM5T1 BUT HE HAD NOT BE5 PREP>$ = AN ANSW] C\*$ 9 SU* T]MS4 ,IT WAS FIVE DAYS BE=E HE REPLI$1 WRIT+3 0,Y\ WILL F9D IT NATURAL 5\< ?AT ON ?IS OCCASION MY [N TR\BLE & Y\R FRO/Y ATTITUDE T[>DS IT HAVE MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO WRITE TO Y\ SOON]4 ,ALL MY FRI5DS1 9CLUD+ ACQUA9TANCES AMONG ! PHILI/9ES1 HAVE ON ?IS OCCASION1 :I* 9DE$ T\*ES ME %REWDLY1 %[N MORE SYMPA?Y & FRI5D%IP ?AN ,I C\LD HAVE ANTICIPAT$4 ,TO Y\ IT SEEM$ A SUITABLE MOM5T = ! DISPLAY ( ! SUP]IORITY ( Y\R FRIGID WAY ( ?9K+4 ,SO BE IT60 

,?IS CALL TO ORD]1 SO DELICATE1 SO MAGNANIM\S1 BR\<T ,M>X TO HIS S5SES4 ,! CRU/ ( ICE 9 :I* HIS HE>T WAS WRAPP$1 SPE$ILY MELT$1 & )9 A FEW DAYS HE ANSW]$ RUEFULLY3 0,IT WAS V]Y WRONG ( ME TO WRITE Y\ ?AT LETT]1 & ,I REP5T$ IT AS SOON AS IT WAS PO/$4 ,MY WIFE & *ILDR5 WILL CONFIRM ME :5 ,I SAY ?AT ON RECEIPT ( Y\R LETT] ,I WAS AS DEEPLY MOV$ AS BY ! DEA? ( ONE ( MY [N NE>E/ & DE>E/4 ,BUT :5 ,I WROTE TO Y\ 9 ! EV5+1 ,I HAD BE5 DRIV5 DESP]ATE BY ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS AT HOME4 ,! BROK]S W]E 92 ,I HAD A SUMMONS FROM ! BUT*]2 WE HAD NEI!R FIRE NOR FOOD2 & LITTLE ,J5NY WAS ILL 9 B$4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 ,I CAN1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ONLY HELP MYSELF \T BY CYNICISM40 

,5GELS KNEW HIS FRI5D SO WELL ?AT HE C\LD NOT BUT BE AW>E ( ! WEAKNESS1 ! DESP]ATE ANXIETY1 ?AT W]E MASK$ BY ?IS CYNICISM4 ,?\< HE WAS /ILL PR(\NDLY %AK5 BY ! LOSS ( HIS COMPANION1 HE ?ANK$ ,M>X = REPLY+ SO FRANKLY1 & W5T ON TO SAY3 0,I FELT ?AT :5 ,I BURI$ H]1 ,I BURI$ ) H] ! LA/ FRAGM5T ( MY Y\?4 ,Y\R LETT] CAME BE=E ! FUN]AL4 ,I MU/ TELL Y\ ?AT ,I C\LD NOT GET ! LETT] \T ( MY HEAD = A :OLE WEEK1 C\LD NOT =GET IT4 ,NEV] M9D1 Y\R LA/ LETT] HAS MADE UP = IT1 & ,I AM GLAD ?AT 9 LOS+ ,M>Y ,I HAVE NOT AT ! SAME TIME LO/ MY OLDE/ & BE/ FRI5D40 

,AS IF NO?+ HAD HAPP5$1 ,5GELS PROMPTLY TURN$ TO CONSID] :AT HE C\LD DO TO /RAI<T5 \T ! HOPELESSLY DISORD]$ F9ANCES ( ! ,M>X H\SEHOLD4 ,AFT] CA/+ ?IS WAY & ?AT = MEANS ( RAIS+ MONEY1 HE V5TUR$ UPON 0! BOLD C\P0 ( BORR[+ A HUNDR$ P\NDS ON ACC\NT ( ! FIRM1 )\T CONSULT+ HIS P>TN]S4 ,SPE$Y AID WAS ESS5TIAL4 ,M>X HAD ANN\NC$ ?AT HE CONTEMPLAT$ ! DESP]ATE /EP ( GO+ ?R\< ! BANKRUPTCY C\RT1 BREAK+ UP HIS HOME1 GETT+ ! *ILDR5 PLAC$ ELSE:]E1 DISMISS+ ,L5*5 ,DEMU?1 & GO+ ) HIS WIFE 9TO *EAP LODG+S4 0,I CANNOT BE> TO LOOK ON :ILE Y\ C>RY \T Y\R PLAN10 WROTE ,5GELS4 0,/ILL1 Y\ WILL UND]/& ?AT AFT] MY EXCEPTIONAL EF=TS ,I AM ABSOLUTELY CLEAN$ \T1 & ?AT !RE=E Y\ WILL NOT BE ABLE TO C\NT ON ANY?+ FROM ME BE=E ,JUNE #c?40 

,9 ! ,M>X FAMILY1 AFT] ALL ! AGITATIONS1 CONFLICTS1 & CONJUGAL DISPUTES1 !RE N[ PREVAIL$ ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE DELI<T AT ! HAPPY TURN ( EV5TS4 ,BUT ONLY TWO MON?S LAT]1 ,DRONKE HAD TO HELP !M \T ) ,G,B,P#e1 TO :I*1 ) ,5GELS' ASSI/ANCE1 HE ADD$ AN ADDITIONAL ,G,B,P#b 9 ,JULY4 ,AT ODD TIMES 9 BETWE51 ,5GELS CONT9U$ TO S5D SMALL REMITTANCES4 ,:51 9 ,DECEMB] #a#h#f#c1 OLD ,FRAU ,M>X DI$ 9 ,TREVES1 ,5GELS HAD TO SUPPLY A FUR!R ,G,B,P#a 9 ORD] ?AT ,M>X1 :O HAD JU/ BE5 V]Y ILL ) BOILS & WAS /ILL 9 EXTREMELY POOR HEAL?1 C\LD GO TO ! FUN]AL4 ,NO MAN EV] HAD A BETT] FRI5D ?AN ,M>X HAD 9 ,5GELS4 ,NEV] A REPROA*1 NEV] A REFUSAL1 NEV] AN EVASION4 ,TO ! LA/ ( !SE LETT]S1 CLAMOR+ = MONEY & DRA9+ HIS PURSE TO ! DREGS1 HE ANSW]$1 REF]R+ TO ,M>X'S H&WRIT+ 7:I* NO ONE C\LD READ SO WELL AS HE73 0,I WAS DAMN$ GLAD TO SEE Y\R CRABB$ OLD FI/ ONCE MORE40 

,LASSALLE 

,:]EAS = ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! FIFTIES1 ! YE>S ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 W]E A P]IOD *>ACT]IZ$ BY A TREM5D\S ECONOMIC IMPETUS1 = ! PROLET>IAT !Y W]E A P]IOD ( LIMITLESS EXPLOITATION1 :I* ! WORK]S W]E P[]LESS TO RESI/4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( ! DECADE1 H[EV]1 FROM #aheg ONW>DS1 !RE CAME A CRISIS :I* >RE/$ ! VICTORI\S ADVANCE ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,M>X HAD /AK$ ALL HIS REVOLUTION>Y HOPES ON ! PROSPECT ( ?IS CRISIS1 & HE WAS BUBBL+ OV] ) *E]FUL ANTICIPATION :5 ! WAVE ( BANKRUPTCIES1 FAILURES1 >RE/ ( PRODUCTION1 & DIFFICULTY 9 MAK+ 5DS MEET1 SPREAD ACROSS ! ,ATLANTIC FROM ,AM]ICA TO ,5GL&1 & ULTIMATELY OV]:ELM$ ! CONT95T ( ,EUROPE4 0,AL?\< ! CRISIS 9 ,AM]ICA HAS A V]Y UNPLEASANT EFFECT ON \R [N PURSE10 WROTE ,FRAU ,M>X TO ,COMRADE ,S*RAMM 9 ,J]SEY1 0Y\ CAN IMAG9E H[ DELI<T$ ,MOHR IS4 ,HIS OLD CAPACITY = WORK HAS COME BACK1 ) ! OLD FRE%NESS & *E]FULNESS :I* HAVE BE5 9 ABEYANCE = YE>S4 444 ,9 ! DAYTIME1 ,K>L WORKS = DAILY BREAD1 & AT NI<T TO F9I% HIS ,OKONOMIE4 ,N[1 :5 ?IS BOOK IS SO GREATLY NE$$1 ONE MAY HOPE ?AT IT WILL F9D A PUBLI%]40 

,AS ?+S TURN$ \T1 ! CRISIS HAD NOT ! RESULT ANTICIPAT$ BY ,M>X4 ,IT DID NOT RE/ORE ! REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM ( ! WORK]S4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAD BE5 TOO MU* DI%E>T5$ BY ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION AFT] #a#h#d#h2 & ! /IMULAT+ EFFECTS ( ! ECONOMIC CATA/ROPHE1 T]RIBLE AS IT WAS1 W]E 9SUFFICI5T4 ,/ILL1 & ?IS WAS A GA9 ANYH[1 ! WORK]S W]E SC>$ \T ( !IR P>ALYZES1 W]E 9DUC$ TO ?9K ?+S OV]1 & W]E SPURR$ 9TO POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,?AT HAD BR\<T ,LASSALLE 9TO CONTACT ) ,M>X ONCE MORE4 ,:AT ,LASSALLE HAD SAID 9 #a#h#e#b1 NAMELY ?AT 0DUR+ ?IS APP>5T /ILLNESS ( DEA? ! G5U9E ,G]MAN LABOR P>TY WILL BE BORN10 SEEM$ LIKELY1 N[1 TO F9D CONFIRMATION4 

,D[N TO #a#h#e#e1 9 NUM]\S LETT]S1 ,LASSALLE HAD TRI$ TO GET 9TO CLOS] T\* ) ,M>X1 WORK+ = A VIGOR\S EX*ANGE ( IDEAS4 ,AGA9 & AGA91 ) ALL POSSIBLE RESPECT1 & ) ASSURANCES ( ! MO/ FRI5DLY S5TIM5TS1 HE HAD S5T ,M>X 9=MATION CONC]N+ ! POLITICAL SITUATION 9 ,G]MANY2 CONC]N+ HIS [N VIEWS1 EXP]I5CES1 & PROJECTS2 CONC]N+ HIS LIT]>Y UND]TAK+S1 & ! LIKE4 ,HE WAS NEV] TIR$ ( SAY+ H[ MU* HE ADMIR$ ,M>X'S HI/ORICAL ]UDITION1 P5ETRAT+ 9SI<T 9TO ECONOMIC CATEGORIES1 & REVOLUTION>Y IMPETUS4 ,HE HAD WRITT5 5?USIA/IC LETT]S TO ,FRAU ,M>X2 HAD GONE \T ( HIS WAY TO SECURE 9=MATION = ,M>X FROM DIPLOMATIC S\RCES2 HAD F\ND A PUBLI%] = ONE ( ,M>X'S BOOKS2 HAD S5T MONEY 7A :OLE TWO HUNDR$ ?AL]S 9 ! ,NEW ,YE> ( #a#h#e#e72 HAD F\ND ,M>X OP5+S 9 ! PRESS2 HAD BE5 EXUB]ANT 9 PRO(S ( FRI5D%IP4 ,YET ALWAYS ,M>X HAD KEPT HIM AT A DI/ANCE1 HAD BE5 COLDLY UNCIVIL1 HAD BE5 PROVOCATIVE 9 ! ASSUMPTION ( SUP]IORITY4 ,(T5 HE LEFT ,LASSALLE'S LETT]S UNANSW]$2 & :5 HE DID ANSW] !M1 IT WAS DI/ANTLY1 IRRITABLY1 & ) AN OBVI\S LACK ( 9T]E/4 ,HE R>ELY TRI$ TO MASK HIS CONTEMPT BY 9TRODUC+ A FEW CORDIAL WORDS4 

,ALMO/ ALL ,LASSALLE'S LETT]S BEG9 ) A COMPLA9T BECAUSE ,M>X DOES NOT WRITE4 0,:Y DON'T Y\ WRITE TO ME8 ,:Y DO Y\ NEV] LET ME HE> DIRECT FROM Y\8 ,I LE>N FROM O!RS ?AT Y\ HAVE BE5 ?R\< A V]Y BAD TIME1 BUT ?AT N[ ?+S >E A LITTLE BETT]4 ,I WAS SORRY TO LE>N ( Y\R TR\BLES1 = Y\ >E AMONG ! V]Y FEW = :OM ,I REALLY HAVE A WEAKNESS1 & :OM ,I W\LD (T5 BE GLAD TO SEE HELP$ RA!R ?AN MYSELF0 7#a#h#e#a74 ,AGA93 0,AT L5G? ,I HAVE A L9E OR TWO FROM Y\1 A REAL ,*RI/MAS PRES5T4 ,IT WAS SO LONG S9CE ,I HAD HE>D FROM Y\ ?AT ,I HAD POSITIVELY BEGUN TO WOND]0 7#a#h#e#b74 ,& SO ON1 9 SUBSEQU5T YE>S4 

,M>X NEV] GAVE ANY FRANK EXPLANATION ( HIS COLDNESS T[>DS ?IS MAN4 ,LASSALLE WAS NOT 9 ANY WAY TO HIS TA/E4 ,\R M9DS T5D TO REACT ) SYMPA?Y T[>DS ?OSE FROM :OM WE EXPECT ADVANCEM5T & PR(IT1 & ) ANTIPA?Y T[>DS ?OSE FROM :OM WE EXPECT DANG] & LOSS4 ,IT IS FAIRLY OBVI\S ?AT ,M>X MU/ HAVE REG>D$ ,LASSALLE AS A DANG]\S RIVAL 9 ! FIELD :]E BO? M5 W]E AT WORK1 ! FIELD ( POLITICAL !ORY1 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 & ! REVOLUTION4 ,S9CE ,LASSALLE WAS NOT A SECOND ,5GELS1 WAS NOT WILL+ TO PUT HIMSELF 5TIRELY 9TO ,M>X'S H&S1 BUT /RODE =W>D 9DEP5D5TLY T[>DS HIS [N GOAL AS H]O ( ! ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION1 ,M>X WAS NATURALLY CONFIRM$ 9 ?IS S5TIM5T ( HO/ILITY4 ,?AT WAS :Y HIS LETT]S TO ,LASSALLE W]E SO SP>SE1 SO LACONIC1 & SO COLD4 

,LASSALLE'S 5]GIES W]E FULLY 5GAG$ 9 O!R CONC]NS & O!R TASKS4 ,HE SUCCESSFULLY W\ND UP ,C\NTESS ,HATZFELD'S DIVORCE PROCE$+S1 :I* HAD OCCUPI$ MU* ( HIS TIME = YE>S2 WROTE AN EXTREMELY ABLE BOOK ON ,H]ACLITUS1 :I* BR\<T HIM CONSID]ABLE R5[N 9 ! WORLD ( LE>N+2 MADE A J\RNEY TO ,EGYPT1 ,CON/ANT9OPLE1 ,SMYRNA1 & ! ,BALKANS2 &1 0AS ! LA/ ( ! ,MOHICANS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,RH9EL&10 WAS ABLE ULTIMATELY1 AFT] CONSID]ABLE DIFFICULTIES1 & AFT] HUMBUGG+ ! AU?ORITIES BY ! PRET5SE ?AT HE NE$$ SPECIALI/ TREATM5T = AN AFFECTION ( ! EYES1 TO A*IEVE A REMOVAL TO ,B]L94 ,ON ,APRIL #b#f1 #a#h#e#g1 HE WROTE CORDIALLY TO ,M>X3 0,Y\ >E NOT EXIL$1 BUT ,I6 ,Y\ >E LIV+ 9 ! SAME CITY ) NUMB]S ( ! OLD COMPANIONS-9->MS2 :]EAS ,I1 !SE MANY YE>S1 HAVE BE5 LIV+ SO MU* ALONE1 QUITE CUT (F FROM !M ALL4 444 ,?AT IS REALLY V]Y TRY+4 ,IF WE LEAVE \T ( ACC\NT ! WORK+ CLASS1 :OSE HE>T & S5SIBILITIES >E NOT M]ELY AS HEAL?Y & FRE% AS ( OLD1 BUT HAVE GREATLY DEVELOP$ S9CE ?OSE DAYS--AMONG ! SO-CALL$ CULTUR$ PEOPLE !RE /ILL PREVAILS1 & MORE ?AN EV]1 ! SAME TIMIDITY1 ! SAME ANXIETY1 ! SAME T5D5CY TO SKULK 9 ! CORN]1 AS ( OLD4 ,9 ! LONG RUN IT BECOMES AN URG5T NE$ TO REFRE% ONESELF AMONG ?OSE :O >E ( ! SAME WAY ( ?9K+ AS ONESELF & HAVE 5JOY$ ! SAME SORT ( $UCATION4 ,I HAVE BE5 FEEL+ ?IS NE$ = A LONG1 LONG TIME2 SO KE5LY ?AT ,I AM ALMO/ PREP>$ TO SWE> IT WILL DRIVE ME TO ,LONDON NEXT YE>--,I HAVE LONG WI%$ TO COME ?I!R1 ?AT ,I MAY SEE OLD ASSOCIATES ONCE MORE40 

,LASSALLE'S VISIT TO ,LONDON DID NOT M5D MATT]S BETWE5 ! TWO M54 ,!IR CORRESPOND5CE DID NOT BECOME MORE REGUL> OR MORE FRUITFUL4 ,:5 ,LASSALLE S5T ,M>X A COPY ( HIS ,H]ACLITUS1 ! UN=TUNATE FACT ?AT ,M>X HAD TO PAY EXCESS PO/AGE TO ! AM\NT ( TWO %ILL+S1 AT A TIME :5 ?IS SUM WAS ALMO/ ! LA/ HE POSSESS$1 5SUR$ A BAD RECEPTION = ! BOOK4 ,DESPITE ITS COLOSSAL ]UDITION1 ,M>X C\LD NOT ADMIRE IT1 BUT C\LD ONLY MAKE FUN ( IT4 ,WRIT+ TO ,5GELS1 ,M>X SAID ?AT ,LASSALLE MOV$ TO & FRO 09 HIS PHILOSOPHICAL SPANGLE-B$ECK$ ,/ATE ) ALL ! GRACE ( A R\< FELL[ :O HAS = ! FIR/ TIME PUT ON A WELL-FITT+ SUIT40 ,HIS ?ANKS TO ,LASSALLE = ! GIFT W]E EXPRESS$ 9 TWO L9ES1 0CURTLY & COOLLY40 ,LASSALLE WAS W\ND$1 BUT HID ! SM>T1 & MADE NO MOAN ( MORTIFI$ VANITY4 ,9/EAD1 HE P]SI/$ 9 WOO+ ! FRI5D%IP ( HIS SUSPICI\S RIVAL4 ,HE (F]$ TO F9D A PUBLI%] = ! =?COM+ WORK ON ECONOMICS1 & BR\<T PRESSURE TO BE> ON HIS [N PUBLI%] ,FRANZ ,DUNCK]1 UNTIL ! LATT] AGRE$ TO ISSUE ! BOOK1 & TO PAY ,M>X A FEE F> HI<] ?AN WAS CU/OM>Y4 ,M>X TOOK ALL !SE MANIFE/ATIONS ( FRI5D%IP AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 T5D]+ NO ?ANKS = !M1 BUT REG>D+ !M AS A P]FECTLY NATURAL TRIBUTE TO HIS [N ABILITIES4 ,HE WAS ALMO/ A YE> BEH9D TIME 9 ! DELIV]Y ( ! MANUSCRIPT1 & (F]$ NO EXCUSES TO ,LASSALLE = ?IS DELAY1 :I* HAD PUT ,LASSALLE 9 ,DUNCK]'S BAD GRACES4 ,!N1 :5 ,DUNCK] DELAY$ PUBLICATION = A FEW MON?S1 ,M>X LOAD$ ! 9NOC5T ,LASSALLE ) REPROA*ES4 ,HE CONSID]$ ?AT ,LASSALLE WAS WORK+ AGA9/ HIM BEH9D ! SC5ES1 & ?US /RIPP$ ! LA/ VEILS :I* HAD HIDD5 ! JEAL\SY ) :I* HIS [N S\L WAS POISON$4 ,LASSALLE1 H[EV]1 M]ELY WROTE GOOD-NATUR$LY TO ,DUNCK]3 0,M>X IS ! ,M>AT ( \R REVOLUTION4 ,NO WEB ( TREASON CAN BE SPUN BETWIXT HEAV5 & E>?1 BUT ,M>X WILL HAVE =ESE5 ITS SP9N+4 ,9DE$1 HE WILL =ESEE MANY A WEB :I* NO ONE HAS EV] ?\<T ( SP9N+4 ,WELL1 ONE MU/ TAKE ! R\< ) ! SMOO?40 

,9 ! YE> #a#h#e#i1 9 CONNECTION ) ! ,ITALIAN W>1 !RE WAS AN OP5 CONFLICT BETWE5 ,M>X & ,5GELS ON ONE SIDE & ,LASSALLE ON ! O!R4 ,LASSALLE WAS ALWAYS READY TO LE>N FROM HIS FRI5DS2 BUT ALWAYS BR\<T =W>D MAT]IAL CONSID]ATIONS 9 SUPPORT ( HIS OP9ION2 &1 HAV+ DONE SO1 ) DUE MODE/Y HE W\LD ASK = AN ADMISSION ?AT HE HAD BE5 RI<T4 ,ALL HE C\LD GET FROM ,M>X WAS BLUNT CONTRADICTION1 MALEVOL5T SUSPICION1 UNCOMRADELY BEHAVIOR6 ,:ILE WE CANNOT BUT ADMIRE ,LASSALLE = HIS C\RAGE & CONFID5CE1 IT IS PA9FUL TO CONTEMPLATE ,M>X 9 ! ROLE ( ONE :O DEF5DS A CASE 9 A WAY CALCULAT$ TO LOSE IT4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ! C\RSE ( ! ,ITALIAN MOVEM5T REW>D$ ,LASSALLE = ! F9E HUMANITY ( HIS ATTITUDE BY PROV+ HIM TO HAVE BE5 RI<T 9 HIS JUDGM5T4 

,! ,VOGT AFFAIR L$ TO ANO!R CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ,M>X & ,LASSALLE1 A FI]CE & BITT] ONE ?IS TIME4 ,TO ,LASSALLE1 ,BL9D SEEM$ AN 9FAM\S LI>1 :O HAD SCATT]$ ACCUSATIONS )\T HAV+ ANY EVID5CE TO SUB/ANTIATE !M1 & HAD !N BACK$ D[N4 ,LIEBKNE*T1 = HIM1 WAS A NE']-DO-WELL :O1 ?\< PR(ESS+ TO BE A REVOLUTIONI/1 CONTRIBUT$ TO REACTION>Y J\RNALS2 & ,M>X WAS A MAN :O HAD BE5 RA%LY EAG] TO ATTACK1 & !N1 :5 HIS ACCUSATIONS HAD PROV$ UNT5ABLE1 HAD NOT BE5 HONE/ 5\< TO )DRAW !M FRANKLY4 ,9 LONG LETT]S FULL ( 0S9C]E/ & MO/ HE>TFELT FRI5D%IP10 HE PUT HIS VIEWS BE=E ,M>X4 ,:AT DID ,M>X DO8 ,NOT ONLY DID HE %[] VULG> ABUSE ON ,LASSALLE 9 HIS LETT]S TO ,5GELS2 BUT HE HUNT$ UP ! 0MO/ ABOM9ABLE1 MO/ ODI\S 9V5TIONS10 FL++ !M AS *>GES AGA9/ ,LASSALLE--ON :OM HE WI%$ TO REV5GE HIMSELF BECAUSE HE HAD NOT SUCCE$$ 9 EXTORT+ FROM HIM AS MU* MONEY AS HE WANT$4 ,A MAN MU/ HAVE GREAT MAGNANIMITY TO MA9TA9 HIS COMPOSURE 9 FACE ( SU* BEHAVIOR4 ,LASSALLE DID MORE1 QUIETLY EXPLA9+ ?AT ! *>GES W]E MALICI\S CALUMNIES1 & CONT9U+ HIS CORRESPOND5CE ) ,M>X AS IF NO?+ HAD HAPP5$4 ,HE WROTE LONG LETT]S DISCUSS+ IMPORTANT POLITICAL TOPICS2 SUPPORT$ ,M>X 9 ! ACTION = LIBEL :I* ! LATT] BR\<T AGA9/ ! 0,NATIONALZEITUNG02 PROVID$ FUNDS = ! PUBLICATION ( ! BOOK AGA9/ ,VOGT2 & 9 ALL POSSIBLE WAYS %[$ HIMSELF A TRUE FRI5D4 

,?US BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! SIXTIES1 ! TWO M5 W]E ON SUFFICI5TLY FRI5DLY T]MS = ,M>X TO /AY ) ,LASSALLE :5 HE VISIT$ ,B]L94 

,AT ?IS TIME ,LASSALLE'S M9D WAS FULL ( GREAT S*EMES4 ,BE+ EXTREMELY AMBITI\S1 HE WAS ON ! LOOK-\T = SOME FIELD :I* W\LD OP5 EXCEPTIONAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,HIS CLOSE TIES ) ,C\NTESS ,HATZFELD1 :O S9CE H] DIVORCE HAD REGA9$ CONTROL ( H] EXT5SIVE POSSESSIONS1 PROVID$ HIM ) ABUNDANT MEANS = !SE F>-REA*+ 5T]PRISES4 ,LASSALLE'S FIR/ DESIRE WAS TO F\ND A GREAT DAILY NEWSPAP] 9 ,B]L94 ,HE HAD BROK5 AWAY FROM ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS1 & AIM$ AT E/ABLI%+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T UPON A BROAD] F\NDATION1 ( :I* HE W\LD BE ONE ( ! MA9 BUTTRESSES4 ,?IS NEW MOVEM5T WAS TO BE A TRUMP 9 HIS POLITICAL GAME1 & WAS TO BE PLAY$ ) A S5SATIONAL GE/URE4 ,:5 ,M>X WAS 9 ,B]L91 ,LASSALLE TALK$ OV] ) HIM ! QUE/ION ( ! PROPOS$ DAILY NEWSPAP]4 0,IT W\LD1 NO D\BT1 BE OPPORTUNE10 WROTE ,M>X TO ,5GELS AFT] RETURN+ TO ,LONDON1 0IF NEXT YE> WE C\LD ISSUE A NEWSPAP] 9 ,B]L91 MU* AS ,I DETE/ ! PLACE4 ,) ! AID ( ,LASSALLE & O!RS WE C\LD GET TOGE!R TW5TY OR ?IRTY ?\S& ?AL]S4 ,BUT HIC JACET4 ,LASSALLE MADE ME A DIRECT PROPOSAL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE CONFID$ TO ME ?AT HE MU/ ACT ) ME AS $ITOR-9-*IEF4 ',:AT AB\T ,5GELS8' ,I 9QUIR$4 ',WELL1 IF ?REE >E NOT TOO MANY1 ,5GELS CAN JO9 US AS ONE ( ! *IEF $ITORS4 ,BUT Y\ TWO MU/ NOT HAVE MORE VOTES 9 ! MATT] ?AN ,I1 = IF Y\ HAD ,I %\LD ALWAYS BE \TVOT$4' ,AS REASONS :Y HE MU/ HAVE AN EQUAL VOICE 9 ! *IEF-$ITOR%IP HE ALLEG$3 FIR/1 ?AT 9 ! G5]AL VIEW HE WAS MORE CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! B\RGEOIS P>TY1 & C\LD !RE=E MORE READILY SECURE FUNDS2 SECONDLY1 ?AT 9 ?IS V5TURE HE W\LD SACRIFICE HIS '!ORETICAL /UDIES & !ORETICAL REPOSE1' & MU/ GET SOME?+ \T ( IT 9 RETURN4 ,LASSALLE1 BE+ BL9D$ BY ! PRE/IGE HE HAS SECUR$ 9 C]TA9 LE>N$ CIRCLES BY HIS ,H]ACLITUS1 & :I* TOADIES ASCRIB$ TO HIM BECAUSE HE HAS A GOOD CELL> & A GOOD COOK1 IS NATURALLY UNAW>E ?AT AS F> AS ! G5]AL PUBLIC IS CONC]N$ HE IS A DISCR$IT$ MAN4 ,!N WE HAVE TO REMEMB] HIS DISPUTATI\SNESS1 ! WAY 9 :I* HE IS '/ILL 5TANGL$ 9 SPECULATIVE CONCEPTS' 7! FELL[ ACTUALLY DREAMS ( WRIT+ A NEW ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY MULTIPLI$ TO ! SECOND P[]71 HIS 9FECTION ) OLD-S*OOL ,FR5* LIB]ALISM1 HIS OV]BE>+ P51 HIS OBTRUSIV5ESS1 HIS TACTLESSNESS1 & SO ON4 ,LASSALLE MI<T BE ( S]VICE AS A MEMB] ( ! /AFF1 UND] /RICT DISCIPL9E4 ,O!RWISE1 HE W\LD ONLY MAKE US ALL RIDICUL\S4 ,BUT1 AS WILL BE OBVI\S TO Y\1 ! POSITION WAS AN EMB>RASS+ ONE1 9 VIEW ( HIS EXTREMELY FRI5DLY ATTITUDE T[>DS ME4 ,IT WAS H>D TO KN[ :AT TO SAY4 ,I WAS VAGUE1 !RE=E1 & SAID ?AT ,I C\LD DECIDE NO?+ UNTIL ,I HAD CONSULT$ Y\ & ,LUPUS .<,WILHELM ,WOLFF.>40 

,AN ESS5TIAL PRELIM9>Y TO ,M>X'S PROPOS$ REMOVAL TO ,B]L9 WAS ?AT HE %\LD ONCE MORE BE NATURALIZ$ AS A ,PRUSSIAN SUBJECT4 ,LASSALLE HAD UND]TAK5 TO PULL ! NECESS>Y /R+S4 ,HE RAN FROM PILL> TO PO/1 9T]VIEW$ M9I/]S ( ,/ATE1 S5T 9 PETITION AFT] PETITION1 HAD A QUE/ION ASK$ 9 ! ,L&TAG1 & DISPLAY$ ! UTMO/ ZEAL--AT ! V]Y TIME :51 9 LETT]S TO ,5GELS1 ,M>X WAS WRIT+ ( HIM ) CONTEMPT & MOCK]Y4 ,:5 ,LASSALLE PUBLI%$ HIS WORK 9 TWO VOLUMES1 ,SY/EM D] ]WORB55 ,RE*TE .<,SY/EM ( ,ACQUIR$ ,RI<TS.>1 ,M>X FOBB$ IT (F ) A FEW CASUAL OBS]VATIONS1 AL?\< HE KNEW ?AT ,LASSALLE WAS EAG]LY AWAIT+ A DETAIL$ CRITICISM FROM HIS P54 0,I AM REALLY V]Y MU* ANNOY$ AT Y\R WAY ( READ+ MY BOOK10 WROTE ,LASSALLE1 9 JU/IFI$ ILL-HUMOR4 0,IF ,I WRITE SU* A BOOK1 IT IS DONE ) MY BE/ BLOOD & ALL MY N]V\S 5]GY1 AU FOND1 &1 9 ! LA/ RESORT1 ONLY = A V]Y FEW P]SONS4 444 ,SURELY ( !SE FEW1 ANYH[1 ,I MAY EXPECT ?AT A WORK :I* IS ! \TCOME ( SO MU* SELF-M>TYRDOM %ALL AT LEA/ BE READ 9 ! PRECISE ORD] & EVOLUTION ( ! ?\<TS 9 :I* IT WAS WRITT5 BY ! AU?OR40 ,9 DETAIL$ LETT]S1 ,LASSALLE 5DEAVOR$ TO ANSW] ,M>X'S OBJECTIONS1 & TO CORRECT HIS MISUND]/&+S1 BUT IT WAS ALL LOVE'S LABOR LO/4 ,M>X IGNOR$ ! 0S*OOLBOY !ME40 

,9 #a#h#f#b1 ,LASSALLE AT L5G? CAME TO ,LONDON1 &1 UND] V]Y DI/RESS+ CONDITIONS1 WAS A GUE/ 9 ,M>X'S H\SE4 ,S9CE ,LASSALLE HAD ! AIRS ( A GR& SEIGNEUR1 ,M>X FELT ?AT ! POV]TY ( HIS [N H\SEHOLD WAS %[N UP 9 A LUDICR\S LI<T4 ,HIS VANITY WAS T\*$2 HE CONCEIV$ HIMSELF =C$ 9TO AN 9F]IOR POSITION2 & HE GAVE V5T TO HIS FEEL+S 9 \TBUR/S ( SPLE54 0,LASSALLE10 HE WROTE TO ,5GELS1 0IS N[ POS+1 NOT ONLY AS ! GREATE/ ( S*OL>S1 ! PR(\NDE/ ( ?9K]S1 ! MO/ BRILLIANT ( 9VE/IGATORS1 ETC41 BUT ALSO AS A ,DON ,JUAN & A REVOLUTION>Y ,C>D9AL ,RI*ELIEU4 ,HE CONFID$ TO ME & MY WIFE 9 ! UTMO/ CONFID5CE ?AT HE ADVIS$ ,G>IBALDI NOT TO ATTACK ,ROME BUT 444 ALSO ?AT HE HAD REC5TLY BE5 TO SEE ,MAZZ9I1 :O HAD APPROV$ & 'ADMIR$' HIS PLAN4 ,HE PRES5T$ HIMSELF TO !SE PEOPLE AS 'REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS1' & DECL>$ TO !M 7?IS IS LIT]ALLY TRUE67 ?AT HE 7,LASSALLE7 'BY HIS PAMPHLET ON ! ,ITALIAN W> HAD PREV5T$ ,PRUSSIA'S 9T]V5TION1' &1 9 FACT1 'HAD GUID$ ! HI/ORY ( ! LA/ ?REE YE>S4'0 ,9 ANO!R LETT] ,M>X WROTE3 0,LASSALLE ALSO 9=M$ ME ?AT HE W\LD P]HAPS F\ND A NEWSPAP] :5 HE GOT HOME 9 ,SEPTEMB]4 ,I TOLD HIM ?AT = GOOD FEES ,I W\LD SUPPLY HIS PAP] ) ,5GLI% CORRESPOND5CE1 )\T UND]TAK+ ANY RESPONSIBILITY OR POLITICAL P>TN]%IP1 SEE+ ?AT POLITICALLY WE W]E AGRE$ AS TO NO?+ EXCEPT C]TA9 DI/ANT GOALS40 

,! NEWSPAP] S*EME FIZZL$ \T4 ,BUT ,LASSALLE 5T]$ ! POLITICAL >5A1 & PLAC$ HIMSELF AT ! HEAD ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* HE HAD CONJUR$ UP \T ( ! GR\ND BY L\D & FI]Y APPEALS4 ,HE EXP\ND$ HIS LABOR PROGRAM TO ! MANUAL WORK]S ( ,ORANI5BURG1 A SUBURB ( ,B]L94 ,TO ! ,LEIPZIG WORK]S1 :O HAD APPLI$ TO HIM ?R\< ,VAHLTEI*1 ,DAMM]1 & ,FRITZS*E1 HE S5T HIS ,(F5ES ,ANTWORTS*REIB5 .<,OP5 ,ANSW].>4 ,HE SECUR$ PUBLICITY BY HIS SPEE* ON ! CON/ITUTION2 & BY A PROPAG&I/ T\R1 :I* RESEMBL$ A TRIUMPHAL PROCESSION4 ,:5 HE F\ND$ ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S1 HE PROVID$ ! WORK+ CLASS ( HIS NATIVE L& ) ITS FIR/ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 ITS FIR/ CONTACT ) ! VANGU>D ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,M>X'S ATTITUDE T[>DS !SE MULTIF>I\S ACTIVITIES1 :I* IMPLI$ NO?+ LESS ?AN ! AWAK5+ & MOBILIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT = ! TASKS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 WAS ONE ( *ILL RES]VE & SC>CELY CONCEAL$ 5MITY4 ,HE LOOK$ UPON ,LASSALLE AS A SUCCESSFUL RIVAL1 :O ?REAT5$ TO \TDO HIM2 AS 0! FELL[ :O OBVI\SLY BELIEVES HIMSELF TO BE ! MAN :O WILL 5T] 9TO \R H]ITAGE40 ,M>X DID NOT %[ ! SMALLE/ READ9ESS TO RECOGNIZE AT LEA/ ,LASSALLE'S GOOD 9T5TIONS2 DID NOT MAKE ! SLI<TE/ 5DEAVOR TO DO JU/ICE TO ,LASSALLE'S ACTIVITY2 DID NOT MANIFE/ A TRACE ( GLAD RECOGNITION ( ! HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT A BREA* HAD AT L5G? BE5 MADE 9 ! POLITICAL PASSIVITY & 9DIFF]5CE ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,9/EAD1 9 HIS LETT]S TO ,5GELS1 ,M>X CONT9U$ TO DISPLAY 5VY1 MALICE1 & ALL UN*>ITABL5ESS T[>DS ! P]SON & ! DO+S ( ,LASSALLE4 0,?IS FELL[02 0?IS BOOM/]02 0?IS FUTURE DICTATOR ( ! WORK]S02 0!SE COMMONPLACES02 0!SE BORR[$ PHRASES0 0?IS MONUM5TAL >ROGANCE02 0?IS RIDICUL\S ASSUMPTION ( LE>N+ & PREPO/]\S S5SE ( SELF-IMPORTANCE0 0?IS BOT*$ WORK ( A S*OOLBOY1 :O IS 9 A HURRY TO P>ADE HIMSELF AS A LE>N$ MAN & AN 9DEP5D5T 9VE/IGATOR0--SU* >E ! TONES 9 :I* ,M>X PASSES JUDGM5T4 0,S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS YE>1 ,I HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO BR+ MYSELF TO WRITE TO HIM4 ,IT W\LD BE A WA/E ( TIME TO CRITICIZE HIS /UFF4 ,BESIDES1 HE APPROPRIATES EV]Y WORD AS A 'DISCOV]Y' ( HIS [N4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO RUB HIS NOSE 9 HIS PLAGI>IES1 = ,I WILL HAVE NO TRUCK ) \R [N ?+S AFT] HE HAS SME>$ !M ALL OV]4 ,NOR WILL IT DO TO RECOGNIZE !SE PUFF]IES & EXHIBITIONS ( TACTLESSNESS4 ,HE W\LD HA/5 TO TURN ?AT TO ACC\NT4 ,ALL ?AT REMA9S1 !RE=E1 IS TO WAIT UNTIL HIS ANG] BREAKS \T AT LA/4 ,!N ,I %ALL HAVE A F9E ANSW] READY3 ?AT HE ALWAYS REM>KS '?IS IS NOT COMMUNISM1' & SO ON40 ,5GELS S\ND$ ! SAME NOTE3 0,! /ORIES AB\T ,LASSALLE1 & ! SC&AL !Y >E MAK+ 9 ,G]MANY1 >E BEG9N+ TO BECOME DISAGREEABLE4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY TIME ?AT Y\ F9I%$ Y\R BOOK4 444 ,IT IS DISA/R\S ?AT ! MAN %\LD GET A POSITION = HIMSELF 9 ?IS WAY40 

,?AT WAS ! SORE PO9T6 ,LASSALLE WAS MAK+ A POSITION = HIMSELF4 ,A CRIM9AL UND]TAK+1 :I* C\LD ONLY BE ANSW]$ ) 5MITY1 BATTLE1 & ANNIHILATION6 ,M>X1 :O ?R\<\T LIFE WAS FEV]I%LY /RIV+ = ! HI<E/ POSSIBLE A*IEVEM5T1 = SUCCESS1 & = RECOGNITION1 WAS MADE BL9D & CRAZY BY HATR$ = HIS RIVAL4 ,NO LONG] C\LD HE ?9K ( ! JO9T MISSION1 ( ! GREAT HI/ORICAL TASK1 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y AIM4 ,HE C\LD ?9K ( NO?+ BUT PRIORITY1 ! RI<T ( ! FIR/-BORN1 ! TRIUMPH ( UNIQU5ESS1 ! GLORY ( ! ORIG9ATOR1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! VICTOR4 ,?IS HY/]IA ( ! /RUGGLE = P[] F\ND EXPRESSION 9 V5OM\S \TBREAKS4 

,:O CAN D\BT ?AT ,M>X BREA!D MORE FREELY :5 ,LASSALLE WAS KILL$ 9 A DUEL8 ,!RE IS NO WORD ( REGRET1 NO 9DICATION ( A S5SE ( LOSS1 9 ! HE>TLESS & FRIVOL\S WORDS HE WROTE TO ,5GELS :5 ! NEWS CAME4 0,IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT SO NOISY1 SO /IRR+1 SO PU%FUL A MAN %\LD BE AS DEAD AS A DOORNAIL1 & HAVE TO HOLD HIS TONGUE ALTOGE!R40 ,NO?+ BUT PR(\ND HO/ILITY C\LD MAKE ANY ONE SPEAK 9 ?IS WAY ( A COMPANION-9->MS4 

,AT A LAT] DATE1 :5 HATR$ HAD BE5 MITIGAT$ BY TIME1 & :5 NO FUR!R RIVALRY WAS POSSIBLE1 ,M>X WAS ABLE TO APPRAISE ,LASSALLE & HIS WORK 9 A MORE CONCRETE WAY1 ?\< NOT LESS CRITICALLY4 ,WRIT+ TO ,S*WEITZ]1 ,LASSALLE'S SUCCESSOR 9 ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S1 UND] DATE ,OCTOB] #a#c1 #a#h#f#h1 ,M>X SAID3 0,AS REG>DS ! ,LASSALLI/ ,UNION1 IT WAS F\ND$ DUR+ A P]IOD ( REACTION4 ,:5 ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAD BE5 SLUMB]+ 9 ,G]MANY = FIFTE5 YE>S1 ,LASSALLE WAK5$ IT ONCE MORE1 & ?IS WAS HIS IMP]I%ABLE S]VICE4 ,BUT HE MADE GREAT MI/AKES4 ,HE WAS UNDULY 9FLU5C$ BY ! IMM$IATE CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! TIME4 ,HE MADE A SMALL />T+-PO9T 7HIS OPPOSITION TO A DW>F LIKE ,S*ULZE-,DELITZS*7 9TO ! C5TRAL FEATURE ( HIS AGITATION 7,/ATE-HELP V]SUS SELF-HELP74 444 ,= HIM1 ! ,/ATE TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO ! ,PRUSSIAN ,/ATE4 ,?US HE WAS COMPELL$ TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ! ,PRUSSIAN MON>*Y1 ! ,PRUSSIAN REACTION1 & EV5 ! CL]ICALS4 ,) ! DEM& = ,/ATE-HELP ON BEHALF ( ASSOCIATIONS1 HE COMB9$ ! ,*>TI/ DEM& = UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,HE OV]LOOK$ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,G]MAN & ,5GLI% CONDITIONS4 ,ALSO1 FROM ! V]Y />T--LIKE EV]Y ONE :O BELIEVES ?AT HE HAS 9 HIS POCKET A PANACEA = ! SUFF]+S ( ! MASSES--HE GAVE A RELIGI\S SECT>IAN *>ACT] TO HIS AGITATION4 444 ,FUR!RMORE1 BE+ ! F\ND] ( A SECT1 HE REPUDIAT$ ALL NATURAL CONNECTION ) ! E>LI] MOVEM5TS4 ,HE FELL 9TO ! SAME MI/AKE AS ,PR\DHON1 9 ?AT HE DID NOT SEEK HIS CONCRETE F\NDATION 9 ! ACTUAL ELEM5TS ( ! CLASS MOVEM5T1 BUT WI%$ TO PRESCRIBE ITS C\RSE TO ! CLASS MOVEM5T 9 ACCORDANCE ) A DOCTR9AIRE PRESCRIPTION ( HIS [N40 

,M>X'S JUDGM5T ( ,LASSALLE'S MISSION1 :I* IS SUB/ANTIALLY JU/ 9 ?IS RESPECT3 ?AT ,LASSALLE WAS NOT 9 FACT A HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/1 & DID NOT GR\ND HIS !ORY UPON A FUNDAM5TAL KN[L$GE ( ECONOMICS1 BECAME A ONE-SID$ & ]RONE\S JUDGM5T 9 ?IS RESPECT3 ?AT IT WAS COLOR$ ) P]SONAL ANIMUS4 ,& IT BECAME UTT]LY FALLACI\S 9 ?IS RESPECT3 ?AT IT CONTA9$ NO SYLLABLE AB\T ! 5ORM\SLY IMPORTANT FACT ?AT ,LASSALLE 7= :ATEV] REASON & ) :ATEV] PROGRAM7 HAD ACTUALLY APPE>$ 9 HI/ORY1 &1 AT ?IS P>TICUL> EPO*1 HAD CONJUR$ UP ! LABOR MOVEM5T \T ( ! GR\ND4 ,IT IS ( M9OR IMPORTANCE H[ MU* 9 ,LASSALLE'S !ORY & 9 HIS ME?OD ( AGITATION MAY HAVE BE5 S\ND OR UNS\ND1 H[ MU* HE MAY HAVE BORR[$ FROM ,BU*EZ1 TAK5 OV] FROM ,MAL?US1 UND]/OOD 9 ,RIC>DO1 OR MISUND]/OOD 9 ,M>X4 ,! DECISIVE ?+ WAS ?AT HE SUCCE$$ 9 M>%AL+ ! PROLET>IAT 9 A POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T =MATION UPON ! BATTLEFIELD ( HI/ORY4 ,MEHR+ RI<TLY PO9TS \T ?AT AT A LAT] DATE1 :5 ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T BEGAN TO DEVELOP 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,5GELS1 WRIT+ TO ,SORGE AN5T ! CRIT]ION ( A*IEVEM5T 9 A P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL SITUATION1 SAID3 0,! FIR/ GREAT /EP :51 9 ANY C\NTRY1 ! MOVEM5T MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE1 IS ! CON/ITUTION ( ! WORK]S AS AN 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL P>TY1 NO MATT] H[1 SO LONG ONLY AS IT IS A SEP>ATE LABOR P>TY40 ,?AT WAS ! S5SE 9 :I* ,LASSALLE ACT$2 & 9 ?AT S5SE1 ,LASSALLE'S A*IEVEM5T WAS A HI/ORICAL DE$ ( SUPREME IMPORTANCE4 

,MAN ( TRANSC5D5T G5IUS ?\< HE WAS1 ,M>X'S 9SI<T FAIL$ HIM :5 HIS EMOTIONS W]E PR(\NDLY /IRR$ BY ! APPE>ANCE ( A =MIDABLE RIVAL4 ,HE =FEIT$ HIS REVOLUTION>Y 9FALLIBILITY AS SOON AS N]V\S ANXIETY = ! MA9T5ANCE ( HIS P]SONAL PRE/IGE M>R$ HIS DEVOTION TO ! MAT]IAL ADVANCEM5T ( ! CAUSE4 

,M>X WAS NOT A TEAM WORK]4 ,HE WAS NOT A MAN ( COMRADELY SPIRIT1 NOT ONE ( ?OSE :OSE P[]S >E 9T5SIFI$ BY ! S5SE ( LIV+ COMMUNITY ) O!RS4 ,HE WAS NOT A RANK-&-FILE FI<T]4 

,HE C\LD ONLY CREATE AS FIR/ 9 ! FIELD2 C\LD ONLY FI<T AS G5]ALISSIMO2 C\LD ONLY CONQU] :5 ASSIGN$ ! H]OIC ROLE4 ,HE WAS A LONELY EAGLE UPON AN ICEB\ND CRAG4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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