,*APT] #d 
,! ,TRIAL1 ,P>T #a3 ,! ,GALLIC ,COCK 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,OTTO ,RUHLE 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,I 

,! ,GALLIC ,COCK 

,M>X'S ,9TRODUCTION TO A ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,HEGELIAN ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,RI<T1 PUBLI%$ 9 ! 0,DEUTS*-,FRANZOSIS*E ,JAHRBU*]0 9 ! YE> #a#h#d#c1 CLOS$ ) ! PROPHETIC WORDS3 0,:5 ALL ! 9T]NAL CONDITIONS HAVE BE5 FULFILL$1 ! DAY ( ! ,G]MAN UPRIS+ WILL BE H]ALD$ BY ! CR[+ ( ! ,GALLIC COCK40 

,T[>DS ! 5D ( ! =TIES1 ! 09T]NAL CONDITIONS0 HAD1 9 ! CASE ( ,FRANCE1 BE5 SO F> FULFILL$ ?AT ! ,GALLIC COCK C\LD1 BY ITS CR[+1 GIVE ! SIGNAL = A REVOLUTION4 

,FROM #ahde ONW>DS1 ! ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES 9 :I* ! ,FR5* WORK]S & PETTY B\RGEOIS W]E 9VOLV$1 HAD BE5 CONT9UALLY 9CREAS+4 ,! POTATO DISEASE & A FAILURE ( O!R CROPS HAD L$ TO SC>CITY & TO A RISE 9 ! PRICES ( ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE1 '& ! CONSEQU5T H>D%IPS SEEM$ TO BE 9T5SIFI$ BY ! %AMELESS WAY 9 :I* ! UPP] T5 ?\S& W]E CELEBRAT+ ORGIES ( EXTRAVAGANCE4 ,! G5]AL UNRE/ WAS 9CREAS$ BY A GREAT 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CRISIS1 BEG9N+ 9 ,5GL&1 & SOON EXT5D+ TO ! ,CONT95T4 0,=E%AD[$ 9 ! AUTUMN ( #ahde BY ! WIDESPREAD FAILURE ( RAILWAY SPECULATORS1 PO/PON$ DUR+ ! YE> #ahdf BY A NUMB] ( 9CID5TAL FACTORS 7SU* AS ! IMM95CE ( ! REPEAL ( ! ,CORN ,LAWS71 IT WAS F9ALLY 9AUGURAT$ 9 #ahdg BY ! BANKRUPTCY ( A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT M]CANTILE H\SES 9 ,LONDON1 BY ! 9SOLV5CY ( ! AGRICULTURAL BANKS1 & BY ! CLOS+ D[N ( FACTORIES 9 ! ,5GLI% 9DU/RIAL REGIONS4 444 ,9 ,P>IS1 AN ADDITIONAL \TCOME ( ! 9DU/RIAL CRISIS WAS ?AT A NUMB] ( MANUFACTUR]S & :OLESALE TRAD]S1 BE+ UNABLE 9 EXI/+ CIRCUM/ANCES TO DO ANY MORE BUS9ESS 9 =EIGN M>KETS1 W]E =C$ BACK 9TO ! HOME M>KET4 ,!Y SET UP GREAT E/ABLI%M5TS ( !IR [N1 & ! COMPETITION ( !SE RU9$ L>GE NUMB]S ( GROC]S & O!R %OPKEEP]S4 ,H5CE !RE W]E MANY BUS9ESS FAILURES AMONG ?IS SECTION ( ! ,P>ISIAN B\RGEOISIE1 & ?AT ACC\NTS = ITS REVOLUTION>Y ATTITUDE 9 ,FEBRU>Y40 7,M>X47 

,AT ?IS JUNCTURE1 !RE=E1 ! B\RGEOISIE WAS KE5LY 9T]E/$ 9 EFFECT+ ! OV]?R[ ( ! F9ANCIAL >I/OCRACY2 BUT IT DREAD$ ! MASSES1 :OSE SUPPORT WAS NE$$ TO D[N ! F9ANCI]S4 ,IT KNEW H[ MU* UND]GR\ND WORK HAD BE5 GO+ ON ?R\<\T ! DAYS ( ! B\RGEOIS MON>*Y1 = IT HAD ITSELF FUR!R$ MANY ( !SE SUBT]RANEAN MA*9ATIONS4 ,IT WAS 9CL9$ TO OV]E/IMATE ! /R5G? & ! POLITICAL MATURITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & WAS AFRAID LE/1 9 ! EV5T ( A REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T1 ! RE9S MI<T SLIP \T ( ITS H&S4 ,IT !RE=E 5DEAVOR$1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 TO BR+ AB\T A *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T )\T CALL+ 9 ! AID ( ! MASSES4 

,IT OP5$ AN ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN 9 ! HOPE ( SECUR+ A P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY4 ,S9CE ,JULY #a#h#d#g1 IT HAD HELD ALL OV] ,FRANCE A NUMB] ( NOISY FE/IVALS ( RE=M1 PUBLIC D9N]S :]E1 BETWE5 C\RSES1 ! *ANCES ( A 0DRY REVOLUTION0 W]E DISCUSS$4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 ?IS TYPICALLY B\RGEOIS WAY ( C>RY+ ON A POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS RUN BY ! F9ANCIAL >I/OCRACY1 :OSE AIM IT NECESS>ILY WAS TO C\NT]ACT ! 5DEAVORS ( ! OPPOSITION1 HAD A POOR H& TO PLAY4 ,GUIZOT & ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,*AMB]S ADOPT$ AN UNCOMPROMIS+ ATTITUDE1 & BLUNTLY REFUS$ TO L[] ! PROP]TY QUALIFICATION1 TO 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( P>LIAM5T>Y SEATS1 & TO 9AUGURATE O!R RE=MS ?AT W]E DEM&$4 ,?IS /UBBORNNESS FANN$ ! FLAMES ( DISCONT5T4 ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE TRI$ TO >RE/ ! SPREAD ( ! CONFLAGRATION BY =M+ A LIB]AL M9I/RY1 BUT ! 5DEAVOR CAME TOO LATE4 ,9 A TRICE1 ! FIRE ( REVOLUTION HAD BUR/ ?R\< ! RO(1 & ! ,GALLIC COCK WAS CR[+ ITS SIGNAL TO AN ATT5TIVE WORLD4 

,:5 ! REVOLUTION BROKE \T1 ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E TAK5 BY SURPRISE4 ,FROM A DI/ANCE1 !Y HAD BE5 UNABLE TO RECOGNIZE ! SPE$ & ! 9T5SITY ( REC5T DEVELOPM5TS1 OR TO ALL[ = ! FACTORS :I* PROV$ DECISIVE AT ! LA/ MOM5T4 ,EV5 9 ,P>IS1 :]E ,5GELS HAD BE5 ON A VISIT 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#d#h1 ! ATTITUDE ( ! WORK]S 9 G5]AL & ?AT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 9 P>TICUL> WAS CALCULAT$ TO 5C\RAGE SKEPTICISM AS TO ! POSSIBILITIES ( AN UPHEAVAL4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #a#d?1 ,5GELS WROTE TO ,M>X3 0,! ,LEAGUE IS 9 A BAD WAY H]E4 ,NEV] HAVE ,I SE5 SU* G5]AL DR[S9ESS1 NEV] HAVE !SE FELL[S BE5 SO HOPELESSLY DIVID$ BY PETTY JEAL\SIES4 ,WEITL+]Y & ,PR\DHONI/]Y >E ! F9AL EXPRESSION ( !SE BLOCKHEADS' VITAL RELATIONS1 & !RE IS NO?+ TO BE MADE ( !M4 ,SOME >E TYPICAL ,/RAUB+]1 ELD]LY J\RNEYM52 BUT O!RS >E BUDD+ PETTY B\RGEOIS4 ,A CLASS :I* LIVES1 IMMIGRANT ,IRI% FA%ION1 BY UND]CUTT+ ! ,FR5* 9 ! MATT] ( WAGES1 IS UTT]LY HOPELESS4 ,I %ALL MAKE ONE MORE EF=T1 BUT IF ?AT FAILS ,I %ALL AB&ON ?IS K9D ( PROPAG&A40 ,AMONG ! BETT] KN[N LEAD]S1 ONLY ,FLOCON1 A PETTY-B\RGEOIS DEMOCRAT1 FAVOR$ ! COMMUNI/ CAUSE2 BUT EV5 HE WAS AFRAID ?AT ! OP5 UNFURL+ ( ! COMMUNI/ BANN] W\LD DO MORE H>M ?AN GOOD AS F> AS ! SPREAD ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS WAS CONC]N$4 ,:5 ,5GELS RETURN$ TO ,BRUSSELS ON ,JANU>Y #c#a/1 HE WAS GREATLY DISC\RAG$4 

,?REE WEEKS LAT]1 ! REVOLUTION BEGAN4 ,!RE W]E /REET RIS+S 9 ,P>IS2 ! WORK]S TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE1 MANN$ ! B>RICADES1 HELD !IR [N AGA9/ A MURD]\S FIRE = TWO DAYS1 OV]?REW ! ,GUIZOT M9I/RY1 BURN$ ! ?RONE 9 FRONT ( ! ,JULY ,COLUMN 9 ! ,PLACE DE LA ,BA/ILLE1 & DROVE ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE & HIS M9I/]S \T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#d?1 A PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T WAS APPO9T$2 &1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! MASSES1 ?\< RELUCTANTLY1 A REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$4 ,L$RU-,ROLL91 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ,FLOCON1 & ,ALB]T 7A WORK+ MAN71 W]E AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 :I* ON ,M>* #a/ SUMMON$ ,M>X TO ,P>IS 9 A LETT] SIGN$ BY ,FLOCON4 

,AT ! FIR/ NEWS ( ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 9 ,LONDON HAD HA/5$ TO TRANSF] ITS P[]S TO ! ,BRUSSELS GR\P4 ,BUT1 AS ,5GELS TELLS US1 ! NEWS ( ?IS DECISION ONLY REA*$ ,BRUSSELS AFT] A /ATE ( SIEGE HAD BE5 DECL>$ 9 ?AT CITY1 & :5 ! SOLDI]S W]E TAK+ EXTREME MEASURES TO SUPPRESS MEET+S & *ECK ! ACTIVITIES ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ABOVE ALL IT WAS DIFFICULT = =EIGN]S TO ASSEMBLE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 = DAYS ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ! RE/ ( !M1 HAD BE5 EAG] TO SET \T = ,P>IS4 ,IT WAS DECID$ !RE=E TO DISSOLVE ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 & TO 5TRU/ FULL P[]S TO ,M>X1 :O WAS 9/RUCT$ TO GET A NEW COMMITTEE TOGE!R AS SOON AS HE REA*$ ,P>IS4 ,H>DLY HAD ?IS RESOLUTION BE5 PASS$1 9 ,M>X'S [N DWELL+1 :5 ! POLICE MADE A RAID1 >RE/$ HIM & HIS WIFE1 KEPT !M 9 ! LOCK-UP = ! NI<T1 & DEPORT$ !M NEXT DAY4 ,!Y W5T AT ONCE TO ,P>IS4 

,9 ,P>IS1 ! REVOLUTION HAD R\S$ TO ACTIVITY ! :OLE G5]AL /AFF ( SOCIALI/ SECT>IANS & MIRACLE WORK]S4 ,L\IS ,BLANC WAS 5DEAVOR+ TO SECURE ! ADOPTION ( ! R$ FLAG AS NATIONAL EMBLEM1 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NATIONAL WORK-%OPS4 ,PR\DHON1 :ILE CONDEMN+ ANY IDEA ( ,/ATE-SOCIALI/ EXP]IM5TS1 WAS DEM&+ 0! ORGANIZATION ( CR$IT & SPECULATION40 ,BAKUN9 WAS CONT9UALLY ADVOCAT+ FUR!R RIS+S1 SO ?AT ,CAUSSIDI]E1 ! B>RICADE PREFECT1 EXCLAIM$ 9 DESPAIR3 0,:AT A MAN6 ,! FIR/ DAY1 HE IS WOND]FUL2 ! SECOND DAY1 HE \<T TO BE %OT60 ,O!RS :O1 ?\< !IR HEADS W]E /UFF$ FULL ( !ORIES & PROGRAMS1 HAD NO S*EMES = PRACTICAL APPLICATION1 CLAMOR$ = ! HELP ( ! ,/ATE 9 ! REALIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEA4 ,YET O!RS 7AS ,L]\X WROTE TO ,CABET7 W]E 9QUIR+ H[ IT MI<T BE POSSIBLE TO F\ND A REPUBLIC ?AT W\LD BE FREE FROM SOCIALI/ TA9T4 ,MEAN:ILE1 9 ! FIR/ DELIRIUM ( SUCCESS1 TREES ( LIB]TY W]E BE+ JUBILANTLY SET UP 9 ! B\LEV>DS1 :ILE EV]YBODY WAS S++ ! ,M>SEILLAISE1 JO9+ 9 PROCESSIONS1 & LETT+ (F FIREWORKS4 

,! =EIGN WORK]S 9 ,P>IS1 ?R[N \T ( EMPLOYM5T & H>D PUT TO IT = A SUBSI/5CE1 GAVE READY E> TO ,H]WE<'S FOOLI% PROPOSAL ?AT !Y %\LD =M !MSELVES 9TO LEGIONS TO FI<T ON BEHALF ( LIB]TY 9 !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES4 ,! GOV]NM5T ADOPT$ ! S*EME1 EV5 AS IT HAD ACCEPT$ ! PLAN ( E/ABLI%+ NATIONAL WORK%OPS4 ,JU/ AS1 9 ! LATT] CASE1 ! AU?ORITIES HOP$ ?AT ! FAILURE ( ! WORK%OPS W\LD DISCR$IT ,L\IS ,BLANC ) ! MASSES2 SO1 9 ! MATT] ( ! LEGIONS1 !Y HOP$ ?AT1 BY SUPPLY+ FUNDS TO ! LEGION>IES1 !Y W\LD FREE ,P>IS ( A NUMB] ( 9CONV5I5T =EIGN]S AT COMP>ATIVELY LITTLE CO/4 ,H]WE<'S 9FLAMMABLE TEMP]AM5T MADE HIM LAY ESPECIAL /RESS ON ! =MATION ( A ,G]MAN LEGION4 ,ONCE AGA9 7AS AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( HIS ,G$I*TE E9ES ,LEB5DIG57 HE HAD BECOME ! H]O ( ! H\R1 OLD & Y\NG FLOCK$ TO HIM1 TOOK UP >MS1 & CLAMOR$ = M>*+ ORD]S4 ,AMONG ! Y\NGE/ ( HIS VOLUNTE]S WAS ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T1 N[ TW5TY-TWO YE>S OLD4 ,A MEMB] ( ! ,G]MAN ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETY ( ,ZURI*1 HE HAD HA/5$ TO ,P>IS TO TAKE P>T 9 ! FI<T+4 

,M>X REA*$ ,P>IS ON ,M>* #d?4 ,AS LUCK W\LD HAVE IT1 ,5GELS WAS \T ( FUNDS1 & C\LD NOT JO9 HIS FRI5D UNTIL ,M>* #b#e?4 ,ON ,M>* #f?1 ,M>X ALREADY APPE>$ 9 ! POLITICAL >5A4 ,AT A HUGE MEET+1 HE FELL F\L ( ,H]WE<'S OP]A-B\FFE S*EME1 SUBJECT+ IT TO A COLD & BIT+ CRITICAL ANALYSIS4 ,TO LEAD A LEGION TO ,G]MANY W\LD MEAN1 HE SAID1 AN 9VITATION TO ! ,PRUSSIAN REACTION>IES TO CRU% ! REVOLUTION4 ,! LEGIONS W\LD NOT HAVE AN E>?LY *ANCE AGA9/ ! >M$ =CES ( ,PRUSSIA1 ,AU/RIA1 & ,RUSSIA4 ,H]OISM W\LD BE ( NO AVAIL4 ,IF ! LEGIONS DID ANY S]VICE1 IT W\LD ONLY BE TO ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE1 :I* W\LD BE FRE$ FROM ! NI<TM>E CAUS$ BY ! PRES5CE ( REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS FROM ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,9 FACT1 ! IDEA ( F\ND+ ! LEGIONS WAS ! \TCOME ( B\RGEOIS 9SPIRATION2 & ,H]WE<1 9 ?IS MATT]1 WAS ONLY A CATSPAW ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,C>RI$ AWAY BY HIS ZEAL & BY ! IMPETUS ( HIS [N >GUM5TS1 ,M>X IGNOR$ ! %\TS ( ?OSE :O TAUNT$ HIM ) C[>DICE & EXPRESS$ !IR 9DIGNATION AT ! LAPSE 9TO DEMAGOGY TO :I* HE WAS ALWAYS 9CL9$ AT SU* MOM5TS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! MEET+ C\LD NOT )/& HIS OB/9ATE 9SI/5CE1 & ! PROMPT VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,VI5NA & ,B]L9 MADE ANY ?\<T ( A REVOLUTION>Y 9VASION ( ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA \T ( DATE4 ,NONE ! LESS1 ,H]WE< L$ A TROOP ( WORK]S TO ,G]MANY4 ,! LITTLE =CE WAS CUT TO PIECES 9 ! C\RSE ( ! ,BAD5 RIS+1 ?US %[+ ! ACCURACY ( ,M>X'S =ECA/4 

,9 FULFILLM5T ( HIS COMMISSION1 ,M>X SET TO WORK )\T DELAY AT ! =MATION ( A NEW C5TRAL COMMITTEE = ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,IT CONSI/$ ( ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,WOLFF1 & ! MEMB]S ( ! ,LONDON C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 :O HAD ALSO MADE !IR WAY TO ,P>IS4 ,!REUPON1 A MANIFE/O DRAFT$ BY ,M>X WAS ISSU$1 COMPRIS+ ! 0,DEM&S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,G]MANY10 9 SEV5TE5 PO9TS3 A DECL>ATION ?AT ,G]MANY WAS A ONE & UNDIVID$ REPUBLIC2 PAYM5T ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEPUTIES2 A G5]AL >M+ ( ! POPULATION2 NATIONALIZATION ( ! ROYAL & SEIGNORIAL E/ATES1 ! RAILWAYS1 ! CANALS1 ! /EAM%IPS1 ! M9ES1 ETC42 ! TAK+ OV] ( MORTGAGES BY ! ,/ATE2 A RE/RICTION ( ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE2 ! 9TRODUCTION ( /EEPLY GRADUAT$ TAXATION ( 9COMES & ! ABOLITION ( TAXES LEVI$ UPON ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE2 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NATIONAL WORK%OPS2 FREE $UCATION2 ETC4 ,! FOCUS ( POLITICAL ACTIVITY WAS A NEWLY F\ND$ COMMUNI/ CLUB1 :OSE *IEF AIM IT WAS1 AID$ BY ,FLOCON1 TO S5D A NUMB] ( ,G]MAN REVOLUTIONI/S ACROSS ! FRONTI]1 ?AT !Y MI<T FO/] ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION1 LEAD IT1 & GA9 POLITICAL CONTROL ( IT4 ,WOLFF W5T TO ,BRESLAU1 ,S*APP] TO ,NASSAU1 & ,/EPHAN ,BORN TO ,B]L94 

,! UP%OT ( ?IS MANEUV] WAS1 ( C\RSE1 TO DEPRIVE ! ,P>ISIAN MOVEM5T ( ITS MO/ CAPABLE & TRU/WOR?Y MEMB]S4 ,! FEW ?AT W]E LEFT BEH9D C\LD NOT POSSIBLY COPE ) ! MULTIPLICITY ( TASKS WAIT+ TO BE P]=M$1 ( PROBLEMS ?AT PRESS$ = SOLUTION4 ,) ! BE/ WILL 9 ! WORLD1 ?OSE :O REMA9$ C\LD NOT DO MORE ?AN LAY D[N G5]AL DIRECTIVES & =MULATE \TLOOKS4 ,AS ,5GELS PUTS IT1 FROM ! MOM5T :5 ! CAUSES :I* HAD MADE A SECRET SOCIETY NECESS>Y CEAS$ TO BE OP]ATIVE1 ! SECRET SOCIETY CEAS$ TO HAVE ANY SIGNIFICANCE4 

,:ILE 9 ,FRANCE EVOLUTION WAS PURSU+ ITS 9EVITABLE C\RSE1 :ILE ! REVOLUTION WAS WORK+ \T ITS ESS5TIAL NATURE AS A M]E RE/RATIFICATION )9 ! B\RGEOISIE1 ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD !IR GAZE DIRECT$ T[>DS ,RH9EL&1 ! SEAT ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY & ! GREAT B\RGEOISIE1 ! PLACE :]E1 AS 9DICAT$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ! REVOLUTION MU/ ASSUME ITS RIPE/ =M & BE> ITS BE/ FRUIT4 

,9 ! BEG9N+ ( ,APRIL1 ! TWO LEFT ,P>IS1 & HA/5$ TO ,G]MANY4 

,! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 

,! FLAMES ( ! REVOLUTION1 SWEEP+ ACROSS ,S\? ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA1 HAD ALSO REA*$ ,PRUSSIA4 

,9 ,BAD51 ,WURTEMB]G1 & ,BAV>IA1 ! REVOLUTION HAD S+$ ! FACES ( C\NTLESS BIGWIGS2 9 ,VI5NA1 ! CRUMBL+ $IFICE ( ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE HAD GONE UP 9 SMOKE2 9 ,B]L91 A REVOLUTION>Y /ORM HAD RAG$ 9 ,M>*4 

,TO BEG9 )1 ,FR$]ICK ,WILLIAM ,I,V HAD IMAG9$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD COME TO A RESPECTFUL HALT BE=E REA*+ ,PRUSSIA1 & HE HAD !RE=E SE5 NO NE$ = BE/IRR+ HIMSELF 9 ! WAY ( GRANT+ CONCESSIONS & 9AUGURAT+ CIVIL LIB]TIES4 ,HE HAD SUMMON$ ! ,UNIT$ ,DIET 9 ORD] ?AT ?IS BODY MI<T VOTE HIM ! MONEY HE NE$$--MONEY :I* ,RO?S*ILD REFUS$ TO SUPPLY )\T ! SANCTION ( ! E/ATES4 ,?IS1 HE ?\<T1 W\LD BE SUFFICI5T TRIBUTE TO ! SPIRIT ( ! AGE4 

,! LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOIS OPPOSITION HAD US$ BRAVE WORDS TO BEG9 )2 BUT HAD BEAT A RETREAT ON P]CEIV+ ?AT 9 ,P>IS1 AS ! \TCOME ( ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION1 MANUAL WORK]S & SOCIALI/S W]E %>+ 9 ! P[]S ( GOV]NM5T4 ,EVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 HAD CONT9U$ ITS M>*1 LEAV+ ! B\RGEOIS OPPOSITION BEH9D4 ,TAK+ ACTION 9 DEFAULT ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 WORK]S & PETTY B\RGEOIS HAD SET FREE ! =CES ( A NEW AGE4 

,! B\RGEOISIE CONTEMPLAT$ ?IS NEW DEVELOPM5T ) AL>M4 ,ITS GAZE WAS ANXI\SLY FIX$ UPON ! ?REAT5+ GE/URES ) :I* ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT1 9 ! NAME ( ! REVOLUTION1 WAS VOIC+ ITS SOCIAL DEM&S4 ,ESPECIALLY AL>M+1 ESPECIALLY DAMP+ TO B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM1 WAS ! FACT ?AT 9 ,FRANCE ! V]Y =M ( GOV]NM5T :I* ! B\RGEOISIE WI%$ TO SET UP 9 ,G]MANY HAD N[ BE5 OV]?R[N1 & HAD BE5 OV]?R[N BY M5 :O APPE>$ TO BE ! 5EMIES ( PROP]TY1 ORD]1 RELIGION1 & ALL B\RGEOIS POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEALS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 T]RIFI$ AT ! POSSIBILITIES ( ! FUTURE1 S\<T REFUGE 9 ! >MS ( ! NOBILITY & ! MON>*Y4 ,! COMPROMISE ?AT 5SU$1 DECID$ ! FATE ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION4 

,IT DECID$ ALSO ! FATE ( ! ,G]MAN REPUBLIC4 ,9 ! 5?USIASM ( ! FIR/ SUCCESSES 9 ,M>*1 :5 BOLD ILLUSIONS W]E RIFE1 ! RADICAL LEAD]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAD REG>D$ AS SELF-EVID5T ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A REPUBLIC4 ,?IS WAS TO BE ! \TCOME ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ASS]TION R\S$ AN APPROV+ E*O 9 ! WIDE/ CIRCLES4 

,BUT :5 ! FUMES ( 9TOXICATION HAD EVAPORAT$1 :5 ! REVOLUTION>Y HONEYMOON WAS WAN+1 !RE WAS A *ANGE ( SC5E4 ,! PHILI/9ES DEM&$ 0! CLOSE ( ! REVOLUTION02 ! AU?ORITIES DECL>$ ?AT TRANQUILITY WAS ! FIR/ ( CIVIL DUTIES2 ! B\RGEOISIE RAIS$ A CLAMOR AGA9/ 0=EIGN]S0 & 0DI/URB]S ( ! PEACE40 ,REVOLUTION HAD BECOME A CRIME2 REPUBLIC WAS TANTAM\NT TO 0ROBB]Y1 MURD]1 & A ,RUSSIAN 9VASION40 ,JUNG1 WRIT+ FROM ,COLOGNE1 HAD ALREADY TOLD ,M>X AB\T ?IS *ANGE ( MOOD2 & :5 9 ,APRIL ,BAKUN9 PASS$ ?R\< ,COLOGNE1 HE NOTIC$ ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE WAS 0DESPAIR+LY REJECT+ ! REPUBLIC40 ,DRONKE WROTE FROM ,FRANK=T ?AT ANY ONE :O DECL>$ HIMSELF A COMMUNI/ WAS 9 DANG] ( BE+ /ON$4 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 !RE=E1 W]E UND] NO ILLUSIONS AS TO ! NATURE ( ! POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E :I* AWAIT$ !M 9 ,G]MANY4 ,NEV]!LESS !Y C>RI$ \T !IR 9T5TION4 0,9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! TIME10 WROTE ,5GELS LAT]1 0WE C\LD HAVE NO D\BT ?AT ! DECISIVE /RUGGLE HAD BEGUN1 ?AT IT MU/ BE F\<T TO AN ISSUE DUR+ A LONG REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 :I* W\LD BE M>K$ BY UPS & D[NS1 BUT C\LD 5D 9 NO O!R WAY ?AN 9 ! ULTIMATE VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,5GELS W5T TO ,B>M51 ,M>X TO ,COLOGNE4 ,!IR DESIGN WAS TO REVIVE ! 0,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG10 AS AN ORGAN 9 :I* TO FLY ! BANN] ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ! S5SE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 ,?IS NOTION H>MONIZ$ ) O!R DEMOCRATIC & COMMUNI/ PLANS = ! F\NDATION ( A GREAT DAILY NEWSPAP]4 ,IT WAS F> FROM EASY TO OV]COME ! OB/ACLES :I* RESULT$ FROM ! MULTIPLICITY ( S*EMES4 ,EV5 :5 !SE H9DRANCES HAD BE5 SURM\NT$1 A SUPPLY ( FUNDS = ! 5T]PRISE WAS H>D TO OBTA94 ,B\RGEOIS 9 COM=TABLE CIRCUM/ANCES W\LD NOT HE> A WORD ( ANY DISCUSSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROBLEM1 & KEPT !IR POCKETS TI<TLY BUTTON$4 ,5GELS1 :O /ILL *]I%$ VIVID MEMORIES ( ! COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,WUPP]TAL1 & HAD HOP$ GREAT ?+S FROM !SE 5?USIA/S ( A FEW YE>S BACK1 WAS GREATLY DI%E>T5$ BY ! ACTUALITIES HE 5C\NT]$4 0,! PEOPLE H]E10 HE WROTE TO ,M>X1 0%UN ANY DISCUSSION ( SOCIAL PROBLEMS LIKE ! PLAGUE2 !Y CALL IT 'AGITATION4' ,IF A S+LE COPY ( \R SEV5TE5 PO9TS W]E TO BE CIRCULAT$ H]E1 \R *ANCES W\LD BE UTT]LY RU9$4 ,! B\RGEOIS MOOD IS REALLY CONTEMPTIBLE4 444 ,I CAN'T GET A /IV] \T ( MY GOV]NOR4 ,HE ACTUALLY REG>DS ! ',KOLNIS*E ,ZEITUNG' AS A FIREBR&1 & HE W\LD RA!R %OOT A ?\S& BULLETS AT US ?AN PRES5T US ) A ?\S& ?AL]S40 

,9 ! 5D1 H[EV]1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO %>K UP ! REQUISITE NUMB] ( %>EHOLD]S1 SO ?AT ! PAP] WAS F\ND$1 AL?\< UPON A V]Y 9ADEQUATE F9ANCIAL BASIS4 ,ON ,JUNE #a1 #a#h#d#h1 IT BEGAN PUBLICATION 9 ,COLOGNE AS ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG40 ,! R$ FLAG ( ! REVOLUTION WAS HOI/$4 

,9 ADDITION TO ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ! /AFF CONSI/$ ( ! BRO!RS ,WILHELM & ,F]D9& ,WOLFF1 ,]N/ ,DRONKE1 ,GEORG ,WE]?1 ,F]D9& ,FREILIGRA?1 & ,HE9RI* ,BURG]S4 ,M>X'S SPECIAL TOPIC WAS TO BE ,G]MAN POLITICS1 BUT HE ALSO FUNCTION$ AS $ITOR-9-*IEF1 WIELD+ HIS P[]S ) ! SOV]EIGN CONFID5CE & CLE>HEAD$NESS ( A HI<LY GIFT$ DICTATOR4 ,9 ACTUAL FACT1 HE HAD NO J\RNALI/IC TAL5T1 WROTE LABORI\SLY1 & TOOK A LONG TIME OV] ! COMPOSITION ( HIS >TICLES1 T\*+ !M UP AGA9 & AGA94 ,! EASE & FLU5CY ) :I* ,5GELS C\LD AT ANY TIME COMMIT HIS ?\<TS TO PAP] 9 A =M READY = ! PRESS1 ALWAYS >\S$ ,M>X'S 5VY & ADMIRATION4 ,AS A COMP5SATION1 H[EV]1 HE HAD A SURE 9SI<T1 :I* C\LD NOT BE TR\BL$ OR DIV]T$ BY ANY /RESS ( FEEL+2 AN IMP]TURBABLE JUDGM5T1 :ATEV] ! CONFUSIONS & VICISSITUDES ( ! H\R2 & AN 9VIOLABLE MA/]Y ( ! SITUATION4 ,5GELS1 ( MORE ACCOMMODAT+ TEMP]AM5T1 ONE :OSE COMPREH5SIVE UND]/&+ & IMAG9ATIVE SYMPA?IES MADE HIM A BORN J\RNALI/1 BE+ 9 ADDITION A GOOD L+UI/1 KEPT ! =EIGN PRESS UND] OBS]VATION1 & WAS ESPECIALLY 9T]E/$ 9 ,FR5* & ,BRITI% AFFAIRS4 ,FREILIGRA? CONTRIBUT$ IMPASSION$ LAYS ( REVOLUTION & FRE$OM1 :OSE TONES RES\ND$ ?R\<\T ,G]MANY4 ,! O!R MEMB]S ( ! /AFF FITT$ SO H>MONI\SLY 9TO ! TEAM ?AT ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG10 FROM ! FIR/ NUMB] TO ! LA/1 GAVE AN IMPRESSION ( P]FECT UNITY4 ,?US 9 ALL RESPECTS IT WAS A MODEL REVOLUTION>Y NEWSPAP]4 

,BUT 9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 :5 ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 BEGAN PUBLICATION1 ! REVOLUTION WAS :OLLY LO/ AS REG>DS ! PROLET>IAT1 & ALREADY HALF LO/ AS REG>DS ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?OSE :O HAD LACK$ C\RAGE = ! FI<T :I* MI<T HAVE SAV$ ! REVOLUTION1 HAD N[ AN*OR$ !IR HOPES UPON ! RI<T TO TALK1 ! RI<T TO TURN PHRASES-UPON P>LIAM5T4 ,!Y W]E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT ,G]MAN UNITY & ,G]MAN LIB]TIES W]E TO BE E/ABLI%$ 9 A LEGAL1 ORD]LY1 & MOD]ATE FA%ION1 AT ,FRANK=T1 9 ,/4 ,PAUL'S ,*UR*4 ,ANY D\BTS ON ?IS HEAD W]E UNPATRIOTIC2 ANY FUR!R TALK ( REVOLUTION & B>RICADES WAS CRIM9AL4 

,IT MAY WELL BE SUPPOS$ ?AT ! BUR<]S ( ! GOOD CITY ( ,COLOGNE W]E A<A/ :5 !Y READ ! OP5+ NUMB] ( ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG40 ,!IR LAMBLIKE PIETY WAS SUBJECT$ TO PITILESS MOCK]Y2 !IR PRUD5CE WAS /IGMATIZ$ AS SELFI% C[>DICE2 !IR POLITICAL HOPE1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 WAS RIDICUL$ AS A 0TALK+ %OP10 & AS A 0C\NCIL ( OLD WOM540 ,HALF ! %>EHOLD]S HA/5$ TO )DRAW !IR SUPPORT2 & !RE W]E FI]CE DISPUTES 9 ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 :OSE ORGAN ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE4 

,BUT ! $ITORS W]E NOT TO BE 9TIMIDAT$1 & C\LD NOT BE 9DUC$ TO MODIFY !IR TONE4 ,9 ISSUE AFT] ISSUE1 !Y CONT9U$ !IR UNM]CIFUL ONSLAU<TS ON ! GOV]NM5T1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 ! REACTION1 & ! POLICY ( COMPROMISE4 ,!N CAME ! ,JUNE DAYS 9 ,P>IS4 ,:]EAS ! ,FR5* WORK]S FAIL$ TO GRASP ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS BLOOD BA?1 & :]EAS ! ,G]MAN WORK]S TOOK PRACTICALLY NO NOTICE ( IT1 ,M>X MADE IT ! OCCASION = A BIT+ & 9CISIVE ANALYSIS ( ! CIVIL W>1 :I* DREW NE>] & EV] NE>] 9 ,G]MANY LIKEWISE4 ,UNRES]V$LY ESP\S+ ! CAUSE ( ! ,JUNE FI<T]S1 HE WROTE3 

0,! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE1 ! LA/ (FICIAL VE/IGE ( ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION1 HAS VANI%$ LIKE A MI/-WRAI?4 ,LAM>T9E'S FIREBALLS HAVE TRANS=M$ !MSELVES 9TO ,CAVAIGNAC'S W>-ROCKETS4 

0,?AT FRAT]NITY ( ! TWO OPPOS+ CLASSES 7ONE ( :I* EXPLOITS ! O!R71 ?IS FRAT]NITY :I* 9 ,FEBRU>Y WAS 9-SCRIB$ 9 HUGE LETT]S UPON ALL ! FACADES ( ,P>IS1 UPON ALL ! PRISONS & ALL ! B>RACKS--ITS TRUE & UNSOPHI/ICAT$ & PROSAIC EXPRESSION IS CIVIL W>1 CIVIL W> 9 ITS MO/ T]RIBLE =M1 ! W> BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR4 ,ON ! EV5+ ( ,JUNE #b#e?1 ?IS FRAT]NITY WAS FLAM+ FROM ALL ! W9D[S ( ,P>IS :5 ! ,P>IS ( ! B\RGEOISIE WAS ILLUM9AT$ :ILE ! ,P>IS ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS BURN+ & BLE$+ & LAM5T+4 

0,FRAT]NITY LA/$ JU/ SO LONG AS ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD FRAT]NIZE ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT40 0,! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION WAS A DECOR\S REVOLUTION1 A REVOLUTION MADE BY G5]AL ACCLAIM1 BECAUSE ! OPPOSITIONS :I* 9 IT EXPLOD$ AGA9/ ! MON>*Y W]E UNDEVELOP$1 & SLUMB]$ H>MONI\SLY SIDE BY SIDE2 BECAUSE ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE :I* =M$ ITS REAL BACKGR\ND HAD AS YET WON ONLY AN AIRY EXI/5CE1 ! EXI/5CE ( A PHRASE OR A WORD4 ,! ,JUNE REVOLUTION IS AN 9DECOR\S1 A DETE/ABLE REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE 9 IT SUB/ANCE HAS TAK5 ! PLACE ( PHRASE1 BECAUSE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! REPUBLIC DISCLOS$ ! HEAD ( ! MON/] :5 IT REMOV$ ! SP>KL+ GUISE ( ! CR[N4 

0',ORD]' WAS ,GUIZOT'S WAT*WORD4 ',ORD] REIGNS 9 ,W>SAW1' SAID ,SEBA/IANI1 ! ,GUIZOT91 :5 ! ,POLES W]E CRU%$ BY ! ,RUSSIANS4 ',ORD]6' %\TS ,CAVAIGNAC1 ! BRUTAL E*O ( ! ,FR5* ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY & ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE4 ',ORD]6' RATTLES HIS GRAPE-%OT1 AS IT M[S D[N ! PROLET>IAT4 

0,NOT ONE ( ! C\NTLESS REVOLUTIONS MADE BY ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE S9CE #a<i WAS AN ATTACK UPON ORD]1 = !Y LEFT UNT\*$ ! DOM9ION ( CLASS1 ! SLAV]Y ( ! WORK]S1 B\RGEOIS ORD]--:ILE *ANG+ AGA9 & AGA9 ! POLITICAL =M ( ?IS DOM9ION & ?IS SLAV]Y4 ,BUT ,JUNE LAID H&S UPON B\RGEOIS ORD]4 ,WOE1 !RE=E1 TO ,JUNE60 

,?IS >TICLE1 APPE>+ ON ,JUNE #b#i?1 >\S$ 9T5SE 9DIGNATION AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY4 ,WRA? FLAM$ UP AGA9/ ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG10 & ESPECIALLY AGA9/ ,M>X4 ,! 0,KREUZZEITUNG0 DEM&$ ?AT ! AU?ORITIES %\LD TAKE ACTION AGA9/ ?IS 0,*IMBORAZO IMPUD5CE10 & ! ,M9I/RY = ,JU/ICE 9/RUCT$ ! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR TO 9T]V5E4 

,UNAFFRI<T$1 ! J\RNAL CONT9U$ ITS CAMPAIGN4 ,N[ ! SECOND HALF ( ! %>EHOLD]S CUT (F SUPPLIES1 BUT ! MEMB]S ( ! $ITORIAL /AFF R5\NC$ !IR SAL>IES1 ?AT ! PAP] MI<T BE ABLE TO C>RY ON4 ,!Y DREW !IR BELTS TI<T]4 ,M>X SACRIFIC$ ! REMA9D] ( HIS LITTLE PROP]TY4 0,/ICK TO ! GUNS60 WAS ! DEFIANT WAT*WORD4 ,! TASK ( ! DEMOCRATIC PRESS1 SAID !SE /ALW>TS1 WAS TO CONT9UE FI<T+ = ! REVOLUTION SIDE BY SIDE ) ! PROLET>IAT UNTIL VICTORY OV] ! REACTION HAD BE5 A*IEV$4 

,9 ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 

,:ILE ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG10 UND] ! EGIS ( ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 WAS =G+ ! /EEL ( ! REVOLUTION1 ?OSE MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE :O HAD F\ND !IR WAY TO ,COLOGNE W]E BUSILY AT WORK4 ,!Y FELT ?AT !IR REVOLUTION>Y PA/ MADE IT NECESS>Y = !M TO S]VE ! REVOLUTION>Y PRES5T1 & TO DO SO 9 ! FRONT RANK4 ,!IR ACTIVITIES W]E MA9LY DEVOT$ TO ORGANIZATION & TO ORAL PROPAG&A4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE WAS 9 POOR CASE AT ! TIME :5 ! REVOLUTION BROKE \T 9 ,G]MANY4 ,PASS+ ?R\< ,COLOGNE ON HIS WAY FROM ,P>IS TO ,BRESLAU1 ,WILHELM ,WOLFF REPORT$ ?AT 9 ,COLOGNE ! LEAGUE WAS 0VEGETAT+40 ,FROM ,B]L9 CAME TID+S ?AT ! LEAGUE WAS 9 A BAD WAY1 ?AT ! GR\P !RE HAD 0AB\T TW5TY MEMB]S1 :O HOLD TOGE!R1 BUT )\T ANY SORT ( =M40 ,9 ,BRESLAU !RE WAS 0NO ORGANIZATION40 ,NO LESS UNSATISFACTORY W]E ! REPORTS FROM O!R T[NS & PROV9CES4 ,DRONKE WAS DELI<T$ :51 ON ,MAY #e?1 HE WAS ABLE TO SAY ?AT HE HAD F\ND$ A COMMUNE 9 ,COBL5Z1 5ROLL+ F\R MEMB]S2 ?AT 9 ,FRANK=T HE HAD WON OV] 0TWO V]Y EFFICI5T P]SONS1 ) HOPES ( O!RS02 BUT HE ADD$ ?AT !RE WAS NO PROSPECT ( SETT+ ! LEAGUE AFOOT 9 ,HANAU & ,KASSEL2 & ?AT 9 ,MA9Z1 ! CONDITION ( ! LEAGUE WAS 0COMPLETELY AN>*ICAL40 

,?US ! ORGANIZATION WAS LIKE A %IP :I* HAS SPRUNG A LEAK1 & 9 :I* ALL H&S MU/ MAN ! PUMPS4 ,S*APP] & ,MALL HAD JO9$ ,M>X 9 ,COLOGNE1 &1 ) ?IS CITY AS HEADQU>T]S1 HAD BEGUN TO F\ND WORK]S' SOCIETIES ?R\<\T ,RH9EL& & ,WE/PHALIA1 HOP+ TO ORGANIZE !SE IMPORTANT PROV9CES SUCCESSFULLY4 ,!Y HAD A TW(OLD AIM3 TO E/ABLI% PLAT=MS = REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY2 & TO W9 READ]S = ! 0,RHE9IS*E40 ,9 ! ,WUPP]TAL1 TOO1 ,5GELS WAS BUSI$ UPON SIMIL> WORK4 

,!SE DO+S C\LD NOT FAIL TO ATTRACT ! ATT5TION ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,AL?\< !RE W]E EI<T ?\S& M5 /ATION$ 9 ,COLOGNE1 ! GOV]NM5T DID NOT ?9K ! G>RISON L>GE 5\< TO MA9TA9 ORD]4 ,TRU/Y RE9=CEM5TS W]E DRAFT$ 9TO ,RH9EL& FROM ! EA/]N PROV9CES4 ,9 VIEW ( ! G5]AL LE?>GY1 H[EV]1 & ( ! WIDESPREAD RELUCTANCE TO TAKE UP >MS1 !RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( A LOCAL UPRIS+ ON ! ,RH9E4 ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E /RONGLY OPPOS$ TO HO!AD$ 9SURRECTIONISM1 :I* C\LD ONLY PLAY 9TO ! 5EMY'S H&S4 ,NONE ! LESS1 S9CE !RE WAS LIKELIHOOD ( A C\P D'ETAT1 !Y DID NOT HIDE !IR VIEWS AS TO :AT ! PEOPLE \<T TO DO 9 ?AT CASE4 

,! PRACTICAL C\NT]P>T TO !SE !ORETICAL DISQUISITIONS WAS ?AT A GREAT OP5-AIR MEET+ WAS HELD 9 ,COLOGNE1 & ?AT AT ?IS MEET+ ,HE9RI* ,BURG]S VOIC$ ! POLICY ( ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG40 ,A RESOLUTION PROPOS$ BY ,5GELS & S5T TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,B]L9 DEM&$ ?AT ?AT BODY1 9 ! EV5T ( AN ATTEMPT TO DISSOLVE OR SUPPRESS IT1 %\LD DO ITS DUTY BY OP5 RESI/ANCE1 EV5 IF ! AU?ORITIES %\LD ATTEMPT TO /OP ITS SITT+S BY >M$ =CE4 

,A SECOND PUBLIC MEET+1 EV5 MORE L>GELY ATT5D$1 HELD 9 A FIELD NE> ,WORR+5-ON-!-,RH9E1 GAVE EXPRESSION TO LIKE S5TIM5TS4 ,IT WAS A NOTEWOR?Y DEMON/RATION 9 ANO!R RESPECT1 = IT WAS ATT5D$ BY ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE1 A Y\NG MAN ( TW5TY-?REE1 AS LEAD] ( A DELEGATION FROM ,DUSSELDORF4 ,9 ?AT T[N1 ,LASSALLE WAS AN ACTIVE MEMB] ( ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY4 ,HE HAD S5T NEWS ITEMS & >TICLES TO ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG10 & HAD 9 ?IS WAY KEPT 9 CLOSE T\* ) ITS $ITORIAL BO>D4 ,N[ HE SAW ,5GELS 9 ! FLE% = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,M>X1 :O HAD =FEIT$ HIS CIVIL /&+ AS A ,PRUSSIAN SUBJECT & WAS 9 DANG] ( DEPORTATION1 WAS NOT PRES5T1 AL?\< HE HAD BE5 ! MOV+ SPIRIT4 ,HE DID NOT WI% TO GIVE ! AU?ORITIES A PRETEXT4 

,SOON1 H[EV]1 !RE W]E DI/URBANCES1 :I* GAVE OCCASION = ! MILIT>Y TO 9T]V5E4 ,S*APP]1 ,MOLL1 & ,H]MANN ,BECK] 7A Y\NG B>RI/]1 & 9 LAT] DAYS MAYOR ( ,COLOGNE71 W]E >RE/$4 ,A /ATE ( SIEGE WAS DECL>$1 & ! PUBLICATION ( ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 WAS PROHIBIT$4 ,5GELS1 ,WILHELM ,WOLFF1 & ,DRONKE1 :O HAD BE5 ESPECIALLY ACTIVE 9 ! MOVEM5T1 KNEW ?AT IF >RE/$ !Y W\LD HAVE TO S]VE LONG T]MS ( IMPRISONM5T1 & !Y !RE=E KEPT \T ( ! WAY4 ,WOLFF W5T TO ! ,PALAT9ATE4 ,5GELS HURRI$ TO ,B>M5 TO DE/ROY HIS CORRESPOND5CE !RE1 & !N1 AFT] A VIOL5T SC5E ) HIS FA!R1 FL$ ) ,DRONKE TO ,BRUSSELS4 ,H]E BO? M5 W]E >RE/$1 & W]E ESCORT$ OV] ! ,FR5* FRONTI]4 ,AFT] A BRIEF /AY 9 ,P>IS1 ,5GELS W5T ON TO ,SWITZ]L&4 

,M>X /AY$ 9 ,COLOGNE1 & CONT9U$ TO PUBLI% ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E0 9 DEFIANCE ( ! ORD] ( SUPPRESSION1 COLLABORAT+ ) ,LASSALLE1 :O HAD TAK5 P>T 9 ! ,COLOGNE CONGRESS ( ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY AT :I* ,M>X WAS LIKEWISE ONE ( ! DELEGATES4 ,!IR AIM WAS TO 9DUCE ! CONGRESS TO ADOPT ! REVOLUTION>Y L9E ADVOCAT$ BY ,M>X4 ,! LATT]'S ASPECT & DEMEANOR ON ?IS OCCASION HAVE BE5 DESCRIB$ BY ,C>L ,S*URZ1 !N N9ETE5 YE>S ( AGE1 PRES5T AT ! CONGRESS 9 ! COMPANY ( ,GOTTFRI$ ,K9KEL4 0,M>X WAS !N A MAN ( ?IRTY1 & WAS ALREADY ! RECOGNIZ$ *IEF ( A SOCIALI/ S*OOL4 ,HE WAS /URDILY BUILT1 ) A BROAD =EHEAD1 RAV5-BLACK HAIR1 A HUGE BE>D1 & D>K1 SP>KL+ EYES1 SO ?AT HE ATTRACT$ G5]AL ATT5TION4 ,I HAD BE5 TOLD ?AT HE WAS A MAN ( GREAT ]UDITION1 & S9CE ,I KNEW V]Y LITTLE ( HIS SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DISCOV]IES & !ORIES1 ,I WAS EAG] TO HE> ! WORDS ( WISDOM ?AT W\LD1 ,I SUPPOS$1 FALL FROM ! LIPS ( SO CELEBRAT$ A MAN4 ,I WAS GREATLY DISAPPO9T$4 ,:AT ,M>X SAID WAS 7UNQUE/IONABLY7 WEI<TY1 LOGICAL1 & CLE>4 ,BUT NEV] HAVE ,I SE5 ANY ONE :OSE MANN] WAS MORE 9SUFF]ABLY >ROGANT4 ,HE W\LD NOT GIVE A MOM5T'S CONSID]ATION TO ANY OP9ION ?AT DIFF]$ FROM HIS [N4 ,HE TREAT$ ) OP5 CONTEMPT EV]Y ONE :O CONTRADICT$ HIM4 ,>GUM5TS ?AT W]E NOT TO HIS TA/E W]E ANSW]$1 EI!R BY MORDANT S>CASMS UPON ! SPEAK]'S LAM5TABLE IGNORANCE1 OR ELSE BY CA/+ SUSPICION UPON ! MOTIVES ( HIS ADV]S>Y4 ,I %ALL NEV] =GET ! SCORNFUL TONE 9 :I* HE UTT]$ ! WORD 'B\RGEOIS1' AS IF HE W]E SPEW+ IT \T ( HIS M\?2 & HE /IGMATIZ$ AS 'B\RGEOIS1' BY :I* HE MEANT TO IMPLY ! EMBODIM5T ( PR(\ND MORAL DEGRADATION1 EV]Y ONE :O V5TUR$ TO CONTRADICT HIM4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,M>X'S PROPOSALS W]E REJECT$2 ?AT ?OSE :OSE FEEL+S HE HAD W\ND$ BY HIS (F5SIVE MANN] W]E 9CL9$ TO VOTE 9 FAVOR ( EV]Y?+ :I* RAN C\NT] TO HIS WI%ES2 & ?AT1 F> FROM W9N+ NEW ADH]5TS1 HE REPELL$ MANY :O MI<T HAVE BE5 9CL9$ TO SUPPORT HIM40 

,! PORTRAIT IS UNFLATT]+1 BUT MAY WELL HAVE BE5 FAIRLY ACCURATE1 = IT H>MONIZES ) O!R P]SONAL DESCRIPTIONS ( ,M>X4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 ,LIEUT5ANT ,TE*[ PORTRAY$ HIM 9 ALMO/ ID5TICAL WORDS4 

,!RE IS NO USE BLAM+ A MAN = HIS *>ACT]4 ,ALL WE >E 5TITL$ TO 9F] FROM !SE DESCRIPTIONS IS ?AT ,M>X1 DESPITE HIS ?IRTY YE>S1 HIS EXT5SIVE A*IEVEM5TS1 & HIS REPUTATION AS A MAN ( LE>N+ & A POLITICIAN1 WAS /ILL :AT HE HAD BE5 9 Y\?1 ONE FI<T+ TO SECURE RECOGNITION1 ONE D\BTFUL AS TO HIS PRE/IGE4 ,HIS >ROGANCE1 HIS SELF-CONCEIT1 HIS DOGMATISM & DISPUTATI\SNESS & IRRITABILITY1 MU/ REVEAL !MSELVES TO EV]Y ONE :O UND]/&S HUMAN NATURE AS MASKS = A LACK ( SELF-CONFID5CE1 UND] /RESS ( :I* HE WAS P]PETUALLY TRY+ TO AV]T ! DANG] ( EXPOSURE4 ,HE C\LD NOT LI/5 QUIETLY TO AN OPPON5T1 BECAUSE HE WAS AFRAID ?AT HIS OPPON5T MI<T GET ! BETT] ( HIM IF ALL[$ TO CONT9UE4 ,HE HAD TO %\T D[N EV]Y HO/ILE OP9ION BECAUSE HE WAS HAUNT$ BY SPECTRAL D\BTS LE/ ?IS OP9ION %\LD GA9 ADH]5TS & LEAVE HIM UNSUPPORT$4 ,HE TRI$ TO DISCR$IT HIS ADV]S>IES BECAUSE HE HOP$ ?AT P]SONAL ONSLAU<TS W\LD %AKE ! VALIDITY ( OPPOS+ >GUM5TS4 ,HE C\LD NOT TOL]ATE RIVALS BECAUSE HE WAS P]PETUALLY TORTUR$ ) ! DREAD LE/ IT %\LD BECOME APP>5T 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R ?AT NOT HE1 BUT HIS RIVAL1 WAS ! ABLE/ ( ! ABLE1 ! MO/ EFFICI5T ( ! EFFICI5T1 ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S4 

,?IS DOM9E]+ BEHAVIOR WAS ANIMAT$ BY ! UNCONSCI\S CONVICTION ?AT HE W\LD BE ABLE TO OV]AWE ! TIMID AMONG HIS OPPON5TS4 ,:5 HE MADE FUN ( ! OP9IONS ( O!RS1 HE WAS TRY+ TO =TIFY ! S5SE ( HIS [N SUP]IORITY4 ,:5 HE CR[N$ HIMSELF ) ANTICIPATORY LAURELS1 HE DID SO 9 ! BELIEF ?AT ?IS W\LD 5SURE HIS TRIUMPH1 & 5TITLE HIM TO WE> ! LAUREL CR[N4 

,ONLY ONE P]SON W\LD ,M>X ALL[ TO EXPRESS OP9IONS--,5GELS4 ,! SOLE REASON = HIS TOL]ANCE 9 ?IS QU>T] WAS ?AT HE C\LD RELY ON BE+ ABLE TO USE ,5GELS' REM>KABLE TAL5TS = HIS [N PURPOSES AS A DICTATOR1 )\T ,5GELS EXPECT+ ANY RETURN1 OR ?ANKS1 OR GRANT ( EQUALITY4 ,AS LONG AS A COLLABORATOR WAS A WILL+ S]VANT1 HE C\LD WORK ON ! BE/ ( T]MS ) ,M>X4 ,BUT :5 ?IS COLLABORATOR EXPRESS$ AN OP9ION ( HIS [N1 OR CLAIM$ ! RI<T TO ASS]T HIS [N WILL AGA9/ ?AT ( ,M>X1 ! FAT WAS 9 ! FIRE4 ,M>X WAS A TYPICAL AU?ORIT>IAN4 

,!SE DICTATORIAL WAYS ( HIS W]E A P]5NIAL DI/RESS TO EV]Y ONE :O CAME )9 ! SPELL ( HIS FASC9AT+ P]SONALITY4 ,NO ONE SUFF]$ MORE ?AN ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,HE C\LD NOT BREA! FREELY EXCEPT 9 SITUATIONS :]E ! LOAD ( AMBITION TRANS=M$ 9TO ANXIETY HAD BE5 LIFT$1 & :]E ! S5SE ( 9F]IORITY MASQU]AD+ AS SUP]IORITY WAS 9 ABEYANCE4 ,:5 ?IS HAPP5$1 HE WAS TRANS=M$4 ,HE BECAME UNPRET5TI\S1 G5TLE1 T5D]1 CORDIAL1 SELF-SACRIFIC+1 & K9D4 

,SU* AMIABILITY1 ( C\RSE1 C\LD NOT SUFFICE HIM = ! P]=MANCE ( ! COLOSSAL TASKS TO :I* HIS LIFE HAD BE5 DEVOT$4 ,ONE :O WAS TO WORK = ! :OLE ( MANK9D1 TO LOOK =W>D ?R\< ! C5TURIES1 & TO W9 A WORLD1 MU/ BE A MAN :OSE FLANKS W]E 9CESSANTLY BLOODI$ BY ! SPURS ( A SUP]HUMAN /IMULUS4 

,COLLAPSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

,/EP BY /EP1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION HAD GA9$ GR\ND1 & HAD GA!R$ ITS =CES4 ,BUT ! REACTION>IES /ILL HESITAT$ TO /RIKE ! DECISIVE BL[4 ,AT L5G? ! HAPP5+S 9 ,VI5NA %[$ !M ?AT !Y W]E /RONG 5\< TO CRU% ! REVOLUTION4 

,9 ! 5D ( ,AUGU/1 ,M>X HAD VISIT$ ,VI5NA1 TO C\NSEL ! REVOLUTION>Y MEMB]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & TO RECRUIT ! WORK]S ON BEHALF ( A UNIT$ FRONT AGA9/ ! REACTION4 ,HIS ATTEMPTS W]E UNSUCCESSFUL1 & ! SECOND CONGRESS ( ! DEMOCRATS1 HELD 9 ,B]L91 WAS ( NO AVAIL4 ,VI5NA WAS LEFT TO ITS FATE4 ,9 ! ,OCTOB] DAYS1 ! SOLDI]S GOT POSSESSION ( ! T[N1 DESPITE A VIGOR\S DEF5SE4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #i?1 ,ROB]T ,BLUM HAD TO FACE A FIR+ SQUAD4 

,ON ! EV5+ ( ?IS MEMORABLE DAY1 ! DEMOCRATS ( ,COLOGNE HELD A GREAT PUBLIC MEET+4 ,:ILE IT WAS 9 PROGRESS1 ,M>X 5T]$ ! HALL1 & READ A TELEGRAM TO ?OSE PRES5T3 0,9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,M>* LAW1 ,ROB]T ,BLUM HAS BE5 %OT 9 ,VI5NA40 ,A YELL ( WRA? FROM ! ASSEMBLY WAS ! ANSW]1 A CRY :I* E*O$ ?R\<\T ,G]MANY4 

,BUT ! AU?ORITIES 9 ,B]L9 KNEW ?AT BAYONETS >E /RONG] ?AN CRIES & TE>S4 ,LEAV+ S5TIM5T TO ! PETTY B\RGEOIS & ! WORK]S1 !Y RELI$ ON =CE4 ,! DRESS REHE>SAL 9 ,VI5NA WAS FOLL[$ BY ! PUBLIC P]=MANCE1 ! C\P D'ETAT4 ,! NEWLY APPO9T$ ,BR&5BURG M9I/RY1 :I* REPLAC$ ! HESITANT ,PFUEL M9I/RY1 SUSP5D$ ! CON/ITUTION1 DISP]S$ ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 DIS>M$ ! MILITIA1 & DECL>$ A /ATE ( SIEGE4 ,NO ONE MOV$ A F+] TO RESI/4 ,NEV] HAD A REVOLUTION A MORE PITIFUL 5D4 

,AT ! LA/ MOM5T1 9DE$1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 JU/ BE=E DISP]S+ UND] ! PRESSURE ( ,WRANGEL'S GR5ADI] GU>DS1 HAD--AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ EXPULSION1 & 9 LIEU ( G5U9E H]OISM--DECID$ ON A G5]AL REFUSAL TO PAY TAXES4 

,?IS WAS A ?RU/ 9 ! AIR1 BUT ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 TRI$ TO TURN IT TO ACC\NT4 ,IT ISSU$ AN APPEAL TO ALL CITIZ5S1 URG+ !M TO ORGANIZE AGA9/ ! AU?ORITIES4 ,UPON ?IS 9/IGATION1 ! DEMOCRATIC CIRCLE COMMITTEE ISSU$ A PROCLAMATION DRAFT$ BY ,M>X1 ,S*APP]1 & ,S*NEID]1 ADVOCAT+ ! PREP>ATION ( >M$ RESI/ANCE4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO LEVY TAXES WAS 0TO BE C\NT]$ BY EV]Y K9D ( RESI/ANCE02 FUR!R1 ! ,L&/URM MU/ BE ORGANIZ$ EV]Y:]E TO REPEL ! FOE2 IMPECUNI\S P]SONS W]E TO BE 0SUPPLI$ ) >MS & AMMUNITION AT ! CO/ ( ! COMMUNITY1 OR BY VOLUNT>Y CONTRIBUTIONS02 IF ! AU?ORITIES %\LD REFUSE TO C>RY \T ! DECISION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 COMMITTEES ( PUBLIC SAFETY W]E TO BE NOM9AT$4 ,( C\RSE ?IS PROCLAMATION WAS NOT WOR? ! PAP] ON :I* IT WAS PR9T$4 ,! C[>DICE ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 !IR DISC\RAG+ EXAMPLE1 & !IR 9NUM]ABLE EXHORTATIONS ON BEHALF ( LAW & ORD]1 HAD HAD ! DUE EFFECT4 ,! MASSES REMA9$ 9CORRIGIBLY OB$I5T & RESPECTFUL AT A TIME :5 DISOB$I5CE & DISRESPECT W]E !IR ONLY HOPE4 ,! UP%OT WAS ?AT ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION WAS SUCCESSFUL ALL ALONG ! L9E4 

,! ONLY CONCRETE RESULT ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,RH5I% REVOLUTIONI/S WAS ?AT ,LASSALLE WAS >RE/$ 9 ,DUSSELDORF2 & ?AT ,M>X1 AS $ITOR-9-*IEF ( ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG10 ,5GELS AS HIS ASSOCIATE1 & ,KORFF AS PUBLI%] ( ! PAP]1 W]E PROSECUT$ = ADVOCAT+ >M$ RESI/ANCE TO ! MILIT>Y & CIVIL AU?ORITIES4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #h1 #a#h#d#i1 ! CASE WAS HE>D BE=E A ,COLOGNE JURY4 ,M>X MADE A BRILLIANT SPEE* 9 DEF5SE4 ,HIS FIR/ PO9T WAS A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ATTEMPT TO PUNI% HIM UND] LAWS :I* ! GOV]NM5T HAD LONG S9CE TORN UP BY ITS C\P D'ETAT4 ,HE W5T ON TO %[ H[ ! BELIEF ?AT SOCIETY RE/S UPON LAW1 ITSELF RE/S UPON A LEGAL FICTION4 ,9 REALITY1 LAW RE/S ON SOCIETY1 & ! ,CODE ,NAPOLEON BECOMES A SCRAP ( PAP] AS SOON AS IT CEASES TO CORRESPOND TO SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,TO CONCLUDE1 HE PASSIONATELY ADVOCAT$ ! RI<T ( ! PEOPLE TO REVOLT :5 ITS ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES HAVE FAIL$ TO C>RY \T !IR M&ATES4 0,IF ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY DOES NOT FULFILL ITS M&ATE1 IT HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,!N ! PEOPLE 5T]S ON ! /AGE 9 ITS [N P]SON1 & SETS TO WORK ) ITS [N PL5IPOT5TI>Y P[]S4 ,IF ! ?RONE MAKES A C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 ! PEOPLE HAS ! RI<T TO ANSW] ) A REVOLUTION40 ,?IS SPEE*1 :I* RANKS 9 REVOLUTION>Y LIT]ATURE AS A CLASSICAL EXAMPLE ( A SPEE* = ! DEF5SE1 HAD A P[]FUL EFFECT4 ,! C\RT1 :I* TWO DAYS E>LI] HAD ACQUITT$ ,M>X ( A *>GE ( LIBEL1 ACQUITT$ HIM ON ! PRES5T C\NT LIKEWISE4 ,! =EMAN ( ! JURY1 9 ! NAME ( HIS COLLEAGUES1 ?ANK$ ! ACCUS$ = HIS 9T]E/+ & 9/RUCTIVE SPEE*4 

,?REE MON?S LAT]1 ,LASSALLE'S CASE CAME UP = TRIAL 9 ,DUSSELDORF4 ,H]E1 TOO1 ! ACCUS$ WAS ACQUITT$4 ,LASSALLE HAD PREP>$ A SPEE* = ! DEF5SE1 A SPEE* :I* HAS ALSO BECOME FAM\S4 ,IT HAD BE5 PR9T$ 9 ADVANCE1 & ! JUDICIAL AU?ORITIES1 HAV+ GOT W9D ( ! MATT]1 DECID$ TO SIT 9 CAM]A4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,LASSALLE REFRA9$ FROM DELIV]+ ! ORATION4 

,9VIGORAT$ BY HIS TRIAL1 ,M>X CONT9U$ HIS CAMPAIGN 9 ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG40 ,DUR+ ! SIX MON?S ( ITS EXI/5CE1 ?IS J\RNAL HAD DONE AN IMM5SE AM\NT ( WORK1 CONTRIBUT+ 9 UNEXAMPL$ FA%ION TO ! >\S+ & CL>IFY+ ( PEOPLE'S M9DS4 ,NOT CONT5T TO D5\NCE ! FUTILITY ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y PROCE$+S 9 ,B]L9 & ,FRANK=T1 TO CRITICIZE ! ,CAMPHAUS5-,HANSEMANN M9I/RY UNSP>+LY1 TO MAKE MOCK ( ! BACKW>DNESS & C[>DICE ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE 9 POLITICAL MATT]S1 & TO EXPOSE ! REACTION>IES PITILESSLY AS ! ADVOCATES ( A 0POLICY ( CONCILIATION--! 0,RHE9IS*E0 HAD ADVOCAT$ A REVOLUTION>Y W> AGA9/ ,RUSSIA1 HAD >D5TLY ESP\S$ ! CAUSE ( ,POL&1 HAD SUPPORT$ ! W> TO ANNEX ,S*LESWIG-,HOL/E9 AS A NATIONAL ONE1 HAD PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! TRUCE ( ,MALMO1 HAD DISCUSS$ ! ,VI5NA AFFAIR1 & HAD VOIC$ ITS HE>TFELT SYMPA?Y ) ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY IT HAD CRITICIZ$ ,BAKUN9'S DEMOCRATIC PANSLAVISM1 HAD PUBLI%$ ,WILHELM ,WOLFF'S >TICLES ON ! ,SILESIAN MILLI>DS1 & HAD BEGUN ! PUBLICATION ( ,M>X'S ,BRUSSELS LECTURES ON ,WAGE ,LABOR & ,CAPITAL1 9 ORD] TO DEMON/RATE ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 0:I* =M ! MAT]IAL F\NDATION ( CONTEMPOR>Y CLASS /RUGGLES & NATIONAL W>S40 

,!RE WAS ONE WEAK SPOT 9 ! MULTIF>I\S & EXT5SIVE PROGRAM ( ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG40 ,! PAP] GAVE V]Y 9ADEQUATE 9=MATION REG>D+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T DUR+ ! REVOLUTION4 ,NOT TO SAY ?AT !RE WAS PRACTICALLY NO REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T AT ?AT TIME4 ,NO D\BT1 EV5 9 ! L>GE T[NS1 ! WORK]S W]E /ILL UNDEVELOP$ POLITICALLY4 ,!Y FOLL[$ 9 ! WAKE ( ! LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC *ATT]]S ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 OR W]E HANG]S-ON BEH9D ! CR[D ( HALF-HE>T$ REVOLUTION>Y SP\T]S1 SPECULATORS1 & CONFUSIONI/S--! SCUM :I* HAD RIS5 TO ! TOP 9 !SE TR\BL\S TIMES4 ,/ILL1 !RE W]E PL5TY ( WORK]S PREP>$ TO SUPPORT ! REVOLUTION4 ,WRIT+ TO ,M>X FROM ,B]L91 ,/EPHAN ,BORN SAID3 0,! PROLET>IAT IS REVOLUTION>Y ?R\< & ?R\<4 ,EV]Y:]E ,I AM ORGANIZ+ ITS DISP]S$ =CES 9TO A CONC5TRAT$ /R5G?4 ,H]E ,I AM1 SO TO SAY1 AT ! HEAD ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 444 ,9 ,JUNE WILL APPE>1 UND] MY $ITOR%IP1 ! FIR/ NUMB] ( A LABOR J\RNAL1 ',DAS ,VOLK4' ,I KN[ PL5TY ( PEOPLE1 & HAVE GOOD HOPES ( SUCCESS40 ,BORN DID ACTUALLY SUCCE$ 9 E/ABLI%+ A 0,WORK]S' ,BRO!RHOOD0 ( CONSID]ABLE SIZE4 ,?IS BODY 9AUGURAT$ /RIKES1 F\ND$ TRADE UNIONS & PRODUCTIVE COOP]ATIVES1 & MADE A FAIR AM\NT ( NOISE 9 ! WORLD1 SO ?AT ITS 9FLU5CE EXT5D$ F> BEYOND ,B]L91 TO ,LEIPZIG1 TO ,DRESD51 & EA/W>D ( ! ,ELBE4 

,! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 HAD RE/RICT$ ITS CAMPAIGN ( AGITATION TO ! LEFT-W+ B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 9 ! BELIEF ?AT ROOM = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A PURELY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM C\LD ONLY BE SECUR$ BY PRELIM9>Y POLITICAL /RUGGLES ON ! P>T ( B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT ! /R5G? ( ! WORK]S WAS NOT YET GREAT 5\< TO AFFECT ! ISSUE4 ,BUT ! MORE ! HOPES BAS$ UPON !SE TACTICS W]E FRU/RAT$ BY ! C[>DICE & TREA*]Y ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! MORE WAS ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 =C$ 9TO ! WORK+-CLASS CAMP4 ,A MOVEM5T 9 ?IS LATT] DIRECTION BECAME ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL AFT] ! DECAY ( ! DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION 9 ,RH9EL&1 & AFT] ! COMPLETE FAILURE ( ! DEMOCRATS TO COPE ) ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 

,ON ,APRIL #a#e1 #a#h#d#i1 ,M>X1 ,WILHELM ,WOLFF1 ,S*APP]1 & ,H]MANN ,BECK] ANN\NC$ !IR RESIGNATION FROM ! DEMOCRATIC CIRCLE COMMITTEE3 0,WE CONSID] ?AT ! EXTANT ORGANIZATION ( ! DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES 9CLUDES SO MANY HET]OG5E\S ELEM5TS ?AT ! ADOPTION ( APPROPRIATE TACTICS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,\R OP9ION IS ?AT !RE \<T TO BE A CLOS] UNION ) WORK+-CLASS SOCIETIES1 S9CE !SE >E COMPRIS$ ( HOMOG5E\S ELEM5TS40 

,SIMULTANE\SLY ! ,COLOGNE ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETY SEC$$ FROM ! ,UNION ( ,RH5I% ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETIES4 ,! SEC$]S' PLAN WAS TO SUMMON ALL ! WORK]S' SOCIETIES ( ! ,RH9E PROV9CE TO A CONGRESS1 CALL$ = ,MAY #f?1 & TO 5T] 9TO COMMUNICATION ) ! 0,WORK]S' ,BRO!RHOOD10 :I* HAD SUMMON$ A CONGRESS ( ALL ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' SOCIETIES 9 ,LEIPZIG4 

,TO PROVIDE AN ECONOMIC BASIS = ?IS TACTICAL MOVE1 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,APRIL ,M>X SET \T ON A T\R 9 ! HOPE ( SECUR+ FUNDS4 ,! 0,RHE9IS*E'S0 F9ANCES W]E EXHAU/$1 ,M>X'S [N PROP]TY HAD BE5 ALL US$ UP1 & ! %>EHOLD]S HAD )DRAWN !IR MONEY4 ,?US ! POSITION ( ! NEWSPAP] WAS DESP]ATE4 ,BE=E ,M>X GOT BACK1 A MORTAL BL[ HAD BE5 /RUCK FROM ANO!R QU>T]1 A BL[ DIRECT$ AGA9/ BO? ! J\RNAL & ITS $ITOR-9-*IEF4 

,ON ,MAY #a#h?1 ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ ANN\NCEM5T3 0,A LITTLE :ILE AGO1 ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES RECEIV$ 9/RUCTIONS FROM ,B]L9 TO DECL>E A /ATE ( SIEGE ONCE MORE 9 ,COLOGNE4 ,! 9T5TION WAS TO USE ! P[]S ( M>TIAL LAW = ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ',NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1' BUT UNEXPECT$ DIFFICULTIES W]E 5C\NT]$4 ,!REUPON ,HIS ,MAJE/Y'S GOV]NM5T APPLI$ TO ! LOCAL MAGI/RATES1 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ! SAME 5D BY MEANS ( >BITR>Y >RE/S4 ,H]E !RE WAS A *ECK [+ TO ! LEGAL SCRUPLES ( ! MAGI/RATES1 JU/ AS !RE HAD TWICE BE5 A *ECK BE=E [+ TO ! GOOD S5SE ( ! ,RH5I% JURIES4 ,! AU?ORITIES1 !RE=E1 HAD1 AS A LA/ RES\RCE1 TO AVAIL !MSELVES ( !IR POLICE P[]S4 ,ON ,MAY #a#f?1 ! FOLL[+ ORD] WAS S]V$ UPON \R $ITOR-9-*IEF1 ,K>L ,M>X3 ',9 ITS REC5T ISSUES1 ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 HAS PUBLI%$ MORE & MORE DEF9ITE 9CITATIONS TO CONTEMPT ( ! EXI/+ GOV]NM5T1 TO ! =CIBLE OV]?R[ ( ?AT GOV]NM5T1 & TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SOCIALI/ REPUBLIC4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! HOSPITALITY .<6.> :I* HE HAS SO SC&AL\SLY ABUS$ IS )DRAWN FROM ! $ITOR-9-*IEF1 ,DR4 ,K>L ,M>X2 & 9 AS MU* AS HE HAS NOT SECUR$ P]MISSION = FUR!R RESID5CE 9 !SE ,/ATES1 HE IS 9/RUCT$ TO QUIT !M )9 TW5TY F\R H\RS4 ,%\LD HE FAIL TO COMPLY ) ?IS DEM& VOLUNT>ILY1 HE IS TO BE =CIBLY DEPORT$4'0 

,?US IT WAS ?AT ! LA/ NUMB] ( ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG0 WAS PUBLI%$ ON ,MAY #a#i1 #a#h#d#i4 ,IT WAS PR9T$ 9 R$ 9K1 & WAS HEAD$ BY ,FREILIGRA?'S FAM\S POEM 0,NOT AN ,OP5 ,?RU/ 9 ,OP5 ,FI<T40 ,A SUM ( FIFTE5 HUNDR$ ?AL]S BORR[$ FROM A C]TA9 ,H]R ,H5ZE1 TOGE!R ) ! MONEY RECEIV$ FROM SUBSCRIPTIONS1 FROM ! SALE ( ! PRESSES1 & SO ON1 WAS DEVOT$ TO ! PAYM5T ( ! NEWSPAP]'S LIABILITIES TO COMPOSITORS1 MA*9I/S1 PAP] M]*ANT1 BOOKKEEP]S1 CORRESPOND5TS1 & O!R MEMB]S ( ! /AFF4 ,FRAU ,M>X SOLD :AT REMA9$ ( !IR POSSESSIONS1 9CLUD+ SOME OLD FAMILY PLATE1 & ) !IR ?REE LITTLE *ILDR5 %E & H] HUSB& W5T ABROAD TO FACE A LIFE ( POV]TY4 

,ALL WAS LO/6 

,FLI<T 9TO ,POV]TY 

,= ,M>X1 ,COLOGNE HAD BE5 ! FIR/ /AGE 9 HIS REVOLUTION>Y C>E]4 

,! P]IOD ( PREP>ATION & CL>IFICATION :I* 9TRODUC$ HIM TO POLITICAL LIFE1 HAD BE5 FOLL[$ BY A P]IOD ( TRIAL4 ,HIS !ORETICAL ACQUIREM5TS1 HIS PRACTICAL EFFICI5CY1 HIS P]SONAL C\RAGE--ALL HAD BE5 PUT TO ! TE/4 ,! TE/ HAD BE5 SUCCESSFULLY )/OOD4 

,HE HAD FOLL[$ ! L9E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE ) PITILESS CL>ITY & UNAMBIGUITY4 ,HE HAD FAC$ & SURM\NT$ OB/ACLES ) SKILL1 5]GY1 & 5DURANCE4 ,UNDISMAY$1 & AT GREAT P]SONAL CO/1 HE HAD DEFI$ ALL DANG]S & 9CONV5I5CES4 

,HE HAD PREF]R$ AN HONORABLE DEFEAT TO LAODICEAN COMPROMISE4 

,IT WAS P>T ( ! MAN'S SPIRITUAL MAKEUP ?AT 7WILLY-NILLY1 & UNCONSCI\SLY = ! MO/ P>T7 HIS BEHAVIOR %\LD HAVE 9CREAS$ EV]Y DIFFICULTY1 COMPLICAT$ EV]Y CONFLICT1 ANNIHILAT$ EV]Y POSSIBILITY ( PEACEFUL UND]/&+4 

,?AT WAS :Y HE WAS N[ COMPELL$ TO /RA9 HIS =CES TO ! UTT]MO/1 TO MAKE ILLIMITABLE SACRIFICES = ! CAUSE1 TO ATTEMPT ! 9CR$IBLE4 

,ONLY ?US C\LD HE ACQUIRE ! TITANIC 9TELLECTUAL /ATURE & DEVELOP ! UNPREC$5T$ QUALITIES NE$$ = ! WORK :I* HE P]CEIV$ TO BE HIS HI/ORIC MISSION4 

,BEYOND QUE/ION1 AS A MAN & A *AMPION1 HE HAD MADE GOOD 9 ,COLOGNE4 

,:E!R & TO :AT EXT5T ! IDEAS EMBODI$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O W\LD PROVE PRACTICAL POLITICS1 W\LD BE MADE MANIFE/ TO 9QUIR]S ( A LAT] DAY4 ,! SETTLEM5T ( ?IS ACC\NT1 ! DRAFT+ ( ?IS POLITICAL 9V5TORY1 WAS NOT A MATT] ( IMM$IATE CONC]N4 ,:AT WAS ( IMM$IATE CONC]N WAS DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 

,BUT :51 IMM$IATELY AFT] HIS EXPULSION FROM ,RH9EL&1 ,M>X W5T ) ,5GELS TO ,FRANK=T1 IT BECAME OBVI\S ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,FRANK=T WAS NOT ! PLACE = SU* ACTION4 ,9 ?IS C\NCIL ( ,G]MAN PUSILLANIMITY HE F\ND OV]:ELM+ CONFIRMATION ( :AT HE HAD ONCE WRITT5 9 ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG03 0,!RE IS NO LACK ( GOOD WILL1 C]TA9LY2 :AT IS LACK+ IS C\RAGE60 

,!RE WAS /ILL A FA9T HOPE ?AT 9 ,S\? ,G]MANY1 :]E ! /RUGGLE = A CON/ITUTION HAD DEVELOP$ 9TO A G5]AL 9SURRECTION1 ! CAUSE ( ! REVOLUTION MI<T /ILL BE SAV$4 ,M>X & ,5GELS HA/5$ ?I!R2 BUT :5 !Y CAME TO ,MANNHEIM & ,K>LSRUHE1 !Y F\ND ?AT ! REVOLUTION !RE HAD GOT 9TO ! H&S ( A FEW PHILI/9ES RUN MAD1 HAD TAK5 ! =M ( LYN* LAW1 & HAD ALREADY COME TO NAU<T4 ,9 ,K>LSRUHE1 ! PETTY B\RGEOIS HAD *AS$ ! GR& DUKE AWAY & HAD SEIZ$ P[]4 ,!N1 T]RIFI$ AT !IR [N C\RAGE1 !Y P]PETRAT$ ONE IMBECILITY AFT] ANO!R1 & W]E ONLY TOO PLEAS$ 9 ! 5D :5 ,LOR5Z ,BR5TANO1 ! P9*-BECK DICTATOR1 REE/ABLI%$ LAW & ORD]1 & 9CULCAT$ A R5EW$ RESPECT = AU?ORITY4 ,9 ! ,PALAT9ATE !RE HAD BE5 A MELL[] K9D ( REVOLUTION4 ,!RE1 W9E HAD PLAY$ A MORE IMPORTANT P>T ?AN GUNP[D]1 & ! 9TOXICATION ( LIB]TY HAD F\ND EXPRESSION 9 BIBUL\S EXPLOITS :I* W]E EXCUS$ AS MANIFE/ATIONS ( 5?USIASM = ! REVOLUTION4 

,M>X SAW ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ TO BE DONE H]E4 ,HIS NEXT ?\<T WAS1 ,P>IS4 ,9 ,KAIS]SLAUT]N1 HE HAPP5$ UPON ! DEPUTY D',E/] ( ,COLOGNE1 A PROM95T MEMB] ( ! DEMOCRATIC C5TRAL COMMITTEE4 ,D',E/] SUPPLI$ HIM ) A M&ATE TO REPRES5T ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY 9 CONV]SATIONS ) ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ,LEFT ( ! ,FR5* ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,P>IS4 ,ON HIS WAY ?I!R1 ?R\< ,FRANK=T1 HE FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,HESSIAN SOLDI]Y1 :O REG>D$ HIM AS ONE ( ! LOCAL 9SURRECTIONI/S4 ,AFT] TWO DAYS' >RE/1 H[EV]1 HE WAS SET AT LIB]TY1 & W5T HOTFOOT TO ,P>IS4 

,5GELS HAD RETURN$ TO ,KAIS]SLAUT]N1 :]E HE WAT*$ ! V9\S REVOLUTION = A :ILE4 ,:5 ! ,PRUSSIAN =CES >RIV$1 HE BECAME ADJUTANT TO ,LIEUT5ANT ,WILLI*1 :O WAS LEAD+ A TROOP ( ,PALAT9E VOLUNTE]S4 ,BUT 9 ! ,PALAT9ATE ! 9SURRECTION WAS SPE$ILY SUPPRESS$1 JU/ AS IT HAD BE5 9 ,BAD54 ,SOME ( ! REBELS F\ND !IR WAY 9TO ! CASEMATES ( ! =TRESS ( ,RA/ATT1 :ILE O!RS W]E LUCKY 5\< TO ESCAPE ACROSS ! ,SWISS FRONTI]4 ,5GELS WAS ONE ( ?OSE :O REA*$ NEUTRAL T]RITORY4 ,9 ,B]NE1 HE MET ,/EPHAN ,BORN2 & 9 ,G5EVA HE HAD HIS FIR/ 5C\NT] ) ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T4 ,FROM ,VEVEY HE WROTE TO ,M>X4 ,! LATT] HAD REA*$ ,P>IS SAFELY4 ,:5 HE >RIV$ !RE1 ) HIS FAMILY1 HE WAS P5NILESS1 & HE F\ND TO HIS DISMAY ?AT ! ,FR5* CAPITAL WAS 9 ! FULL SW+ ( REACTION4 ,! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* HAD MET ON ,MAY #b#h1 #a#h#d#i1 WAS UND] ! CONTROL ( A MON>*ICAL MAJORITY4 ,! B\RGEOIS REPUBLICANS HAD LO/ HEAVILY AT ! POLLS1 RETA9+ NO MORE ?AN #e SEATS \T ( #g#e4 ,! LEFT OPPOSITION1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 & ! RADICAL PETTY B\RGEOIS1 HAD #b SEATS4 ,!Y W]E KN[N AS ! ,M\NTA91 & W]E REG>D$ AS ! 9H]ITORS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION4 ,IT WAS ) !M ?AT ,M>X WAS TO GET 9TO T\*4 

,L$RU-,ROLL9 WAS ! P>LIAM5T>Y LEAD] ( ?IS FRACTION4 ,HIS FOLL[]S COMPRIS$ ! /RATUM ( %OPKEEP]S1 PETTY TRAD]S1 VICTUAL]S1 & SMALL MA/]S1 :O HAD COLLAPS$ SO IGNOM9I\SLY AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION4 ,! L>GE CAPITALI/S HAD SPE$ILY MOPP$ UP !IR SCANTY POSSESSIONS1 !IR POOR SAV+S1 & L>GE NUMB]S ( !M HAD GONE BANKRUPT4 ,?IS HAD OP5$ !IR EYES TO ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,JUNE DAYS1 & !Y HAD GONE OV] TO ! OPPOSITION4 ,WI%+ TO REGA9 POPUL>ITY1 !Y HAD1 UND] ,L$RU-,ROLL9'S LEAD]%IP1 MADE OV]TURES TO ! WORK]S1 JO9$ 9 BANQUETS ( RECONCILIATION1 DRAFT$ A UNIT$ PROGRAM1 SET UP ELECTORAL COMMITTEES & APPO9T$ C&IDATES--9 A WORD1 !Y HAD 5T]$ 9TO A =MAL ALLIANCE4 ,AS ,M>X PUT ! MATT]1 0! REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( ! SOCIALI/ DEM&S ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS BLUNT$1 & !SE DEM&S W]E GIV5 A DEMOCRATIC GLOSS4 ,CONV]SELY1 9 ! CASE ( ! DEMOCRATIC DEM&S ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 ! PURELY POLITICAL =M WAS EFFAC$1 & !Y W]E MADE TO SEEM AS SOCIALI/IC AS POSSIBLE40 ,! POLITICAL AMALGAM ?US CON/ITUT$ WAS GIV5 ! NAME ( 0SOCIAL DEMOCRACY02 & ITS PECULI> *>ACT]I/ICS W]E MANIFE/$ 9 P>LIAM5T1 9ASMU* AS !SE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS DEM&$ DEMOCRATIC & REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS1 NOT 9 ORD] TO ABOLI% ! TWO EXTREMES ( CAPITAL & WAGE LABOR1 BUT 9 ORD] TO COMB9E !M 9TO A H>MONY4 ,!IR AIM WAS TO REMODEL SOCIETY DEMOCRATICALLY1 TO EFFECT A SOCIAL RE=M )9 ! CONF9ES ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS SY/EM4 ,AN ATTACK MADE BY ,L$RU-,ROLL9 ON ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE BECAUSE ! LATT] HAD 9FR+$ ! LIB]TIES ( AN O!R NATION BY HIS MILIT>Y 9VASION ( ,ITALY1 GAVE OCCASION = WIDESPREAD DEMON/RATIONS1 :I* W]E SUPPRESS$ BY ! >MY4 

,A FI]CE P]SECUTION ( ALL LIB]AL ELEM5TS FOLL[$4 ,L$RU-,ROLL91 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 & O!RS1 FL$ TO ,LONDON4 ,NOR WAS ,M>X ALL[$ TO /AY 9 ,P>IS2 &1 BE+ ABSOLUTELY )\T FUNDS1 HE HAD TO LEAVE HIS FAMILY BEH9D4 ,9 HIS WIFE'S DI>Y1 OCCURS ! 5TRY3 0,WE SP5T A MON? 9 ,P>IS1 & !N \R VISIT WAS CUT %ORT4 ,ONE MORN+ A POLICE S]GEANT :OSE ACQUA9TANCE WE HAD ALREADY MADE CAME TO 9=M US ?AT ,K>L 'ET SA DAME' MU/ QUIT ,P>IS )9 TW5TY-F\R H\RS4 ,! AU?ORITIES W]E K9D 5\< TO SAY ?AT WE MI<T1 IF WE PLEAS$1 TAKE UP \R RESID5CE AT ,VANNES 9 ,MORBIHAN4 ,( C\RSE WE HAD NO TA/E = EXILE 9 SU* A PLACE1 & ,I GOT TOGE!R MY FEW POOR POSSESSIONS 9 ORD] TO SEEK A SAF] PORT 9 ,LONDON4 ,K>L HAD HA/5$ ?I!R BE=E US40 ,!RE WAS NE$ = HA/E 9 ! MATT] ( F9D+ A NEW HOME1 SEE+ ?AT ! WRIT] WAS EXPECT+ ! BIR? ( H] F\R? *ILD )9 A FEW WEEKS4 

,! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,REVUE0 

,AT ?AT TIME1 ,5GL& WAS ! *IEF HAV5 ( REFUGE = POLITICAL EXILES4 ,ITS HOSPITALITY WAS EXT5D$ TO REVOLUTIONI/S FROM ALL L&S--FROM ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 ,HUNG>Y1 ,ITALY1 ,POL&1 & ,RUSSIA4 ,H]E REFUGEES C\LD F9D SAFE H>BORAGE4 ,?US ,5GL& E>N$ ! HONORABLE TITLE ( 0,MO!R ( ! ,EXILES10 AT ?IS P]IOD :5 ! =CES ( REACTION W]E TRIUMPHANT ?R\<\T ! CONT95T ( ,EUROPE4 

,! ,M>X FAMILY WAS POV]TY-/RICK5 ON >RIVAL 9 ,LONDON1 :]E !Y SETTL$ 9 A FURNI%$ ROOM 9 ,CAMB]WELL4 ,M>X /ILL HAD A SMALL FRAGM5T ( L&$ PROP]TY 9 ,TREVES1 & ! SALE ( ?IS SUPPLI$ A PITTANCE ON :I* !Y W]E ABLE TO LIVE = ! FIR/ FEW MON?S4 ,BUT IT WAS ESS5TIAL TO F9D SOME P]MAN5T MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD4 

,IT SEEM$ TO ,M>X SELF-EVID5T ?AT HIS FUTURE OCCUPATION W\LD BE1 P5 9 H&1 TO S]VE ! CAUSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,HIS FIR/ ?\<T1 !RE=E1 WAS TO F\ND A P]IODICAL :I* %\LD AIM AT CONC5TRAT+ ALL ! =CES ( ! REVOLUTION1 %\LD UND]TAKE A CRITICAL /UDY ( ! MI/AKES MADE DUR+ ! REC5T REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 & %\LD HELP TO EXCOGITATE A MORE SUCCESSFUL PLAN ( CAMPAIGN = ! FUTURE4 ,HE REG>D$ IT AS ABSOLUTELY C]TA9 ?AT )9 A FEW MON?S ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION W\LD RESUME ITS C\RSE4 ,AS ( OLD1 ! SP>K W\LD COME FROM ,FRANCE1 & W\LD SET ! WORLD AFLAME4 

,9 A LETT] TO ,5GELS1 ,M>X SKET*$ HIS PLAN4 ,HE PROPOS$ TO $IT FROM ,LONDON A POLITICO-ECONOMIC MON?LY1 ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,REVUE10 EA* NUMB] ( :I* WAS TO CONTA9 AB\T EI<TY PAGES4 ,FUNDS = ?IS UND]TAK+ W]E TO BE OBTA9$ BY F\ND+ A JO9T-/OCK COMPANY4 ,! 0,REVUE0 W\LD BE PR9T$ 9 ,HAMBURG1 & FROM ?AT CITY ITS DI/RIBUTION WAS TO TAKE PLACE4 ,! PURPOSE BE+ 0TO EX]T A CONT9U\S & P]MAN5T 9FLU5CE ON PUBLIC OP9ION10 ! P]IODICAL WAS TO BE ISSU$ MORE FREQU5TLY AS TIME W5T ON4 ,9DE$1 0AS SOON AS CIRCUM/ANCES MAKE IT POSSIBLE = ME TO RETURN TO ,G]MANY10 ! MON?LY 0,REVUE0 WAS TO BECOME A DAILY NEWSPAP]4 

,5GELS1 :O WAS EAG] TO REVIVE ! FIRES ( ! REVOLUTION1 MADE NO OBJECTION4 ,HE WAS /ILL 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 BUT DET]M9$ TO REJO9 ,M>X 9 ,LONDON4 ,TO AVOID ! CAT*POLLS 9 ,FRANCE & ,BELGIUM1 HE W5T BY SAIL+ %IP FROM ,G5OA TO ,LONDON1 :]E HE >RIV$ 9 ,AUGU/4 

,! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,REVUE10 H[EV]1 WAS ILL-/>R$1 JU/ AS ! 0,DEUTS*-,FRANZOSIS*E ,JAHRBU*]10 ,M>X'S FIR/ V5TURE ( ! K9D1 HAD BE54 ,!RE WAS A S]I\S LACK BO? ( FUNDS & ( COPY4 ,IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R MANY %>ES W]E SUBSCRIB$1 & C]TA9LY ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD TO SUPPLY ALMO/ ! :OLE ( ! LIT]>Y MAT]IALS4 ,! FIR/ ISSUE HAD BE5 PLANN$ = ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#h#e1 BUT ! MANUSCRIPTS = ?IS NUMB] DID NOT REA* ,HAMBURG UNTIL ,FEBRU>Y4 

,M>X HAD P5N$ A DE> SI<T$ & EXHAU/IVE /UDY ( ! ,FR5* ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION1 & ?IS WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ?REE ISSUES ( ! 0,REVUE10 UND] ! TITLE ,KLASS5KAMPFE 9 ,FRANKREI* .<,CLASS ,/RUGGLES 9 ,FRANCE.>4 ,5GELS WROTE A LONG ACC\NT ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL CAMPAIGN 9 ,G]MANY & ! RIS+S 9 ,BAD5 & ! ,PALAT9ATE4 ,?IS ALSO RAN = ?REE NUMB]S4 ,9 ADDITION1 ,5GELS CONTRIBUT$ AN EXT5SIVE ESSAY ON ! ,PEASANT ,W> 9 ,G]MANY1 :I* OCCUPI$ ALMO/ ! :OLE ( A D\BLE NUMB]4 ,FROM HIM1 TOO1 CAME A %ORT ESSAY ON ! ,T5 ,H\RS ,BILL 9 ,5GL&4 

,9 ALL1 !RE W]E F\R S+LE NUMB]S ( ! 0,REVUE10 & F9ALLY A D\BLE NUMB] 9 ,NOVEMB]4 ,DUR+ A P]IOD :I* HAD CEAS$ TO BE REVOLUTION>Y1 !RE WAS NO SCOPE = A REVOLUTION>Y P]IODICAL1 & NO *ANCE ( A LONG LIFE4 ,PEOPLE DID NOT WI% TO LI/5 TO ! VOICE ( A CRITIC OR A C\NSELOR4 ,!Y HAD HAD 5\< ( REVOLUTION1 HAD GONE BACK TO WORK1 W]E ON ! LOOK \T = *ANCES ( MAK+ MONEY1 DESIR$ ORD] & TRANQUILITY4 ,! B\RGEOIS1 A%AM$ ( !IR PASS+ REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM1 W]E BUSI$ 9 !IR C\NT+-H\SES1 BANKS1 & FACTORIES1 DEVOT+ !MSELVES TO ! LUCRATIVE OCCUPATION ( UPBUILD+ CAPITALISM4 ,! PETTY B\RGEOIS ?ANK$ ,GOD ?AT !Y HAD ESCAP$ ) NO?+ WORSE ?AN A DRUBB+4 ,! WORK]S1 GRUMBL+1 EXHAU/$1 BUT RESIGN$ ON ! :OLE1 PUT !IR NECKS BACK UND] ! YOKE ( VICTORI\S CAPITAL4 ,?US IT WAS ?AT ! >TICLES 9 ! 0,REVUE10 ADMIRABLE ?\< !Y W]E AS LIT]>Y EX]CISES1 >\S$ NO E*OES4 ,!Y W]E !ORIES ) NO POSSIBILITY ( PRACTICAL APPLICATION2 REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T 9 A WORLD DEVOID ( REVOLUTION>Y REALITY4 

,M>X HAD COME TO ! CONCLUSION 0?AT ! COMM]CIAL CRISIS ( #ahdg HAD BE5 ! REAL MO!R ( ! ,FEBRU>Y & ,M>* REVOLUTION40 ,IT WAS 9EVITABLE1 !RE=E1 ?AT1 :5 ! CRISIS CAME TO AN 5D 9 ! MIDDLE ( #a#h#d#h1 ! =CES ( ! REVOLUTION %\LD DECL9E4 ,BUT ,M>X WAS TOO NE> TO ! EV5TS TO SEE ?IS CLE>LY1 & 9 ! BEG9N+ ( #ahe HE WAS /ILL C\NT+ UPON ! LIKELIHOOD ( A SPE$Y REVIVAL ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,AS LATE AS ,APRIL #a#h#e#a1 EV5 ! ,PRUSSIAN GOV]NM5T OP9$ ?AT 0DUR+ ! NEXT F\R WEEKS A R$ REVOLUTION WILL BREAK \T 9 ,FRANCE1 & WILL SPREAD TO ,G]MANY40 ,BUT ,M>X WAS TAK5 ABACK :5 ! NEWS ( GREAT DISCOV]IES ( GOLD 9 ,CALI=NIA REA*$ ,EUROPE4 ,9 ! SECOND ISSUE ( ! 0,REVUE0 HE ALLUD$ TO ! 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE ( ?IS DISCOV]Y1 & TO ! BEG9N+ ( A P]IOD ( FL\RI%+ TRADE4 ,BY ! SUMM] ( #a#h#e1 HAD COME ! CRU%+ CONVICTION ?AT ! PROSPECT ( A REVOLUTION 9 ,EUROPE HAD BE5 9DEF9ITELY PO/PON$4 ,9 ! CLOS+ NUMB] ( ! 0,REVUE0 HE WROTE3 0,!RE CAN BE NO TALK ( A REAL REVOLUTION 9 SU* A TIME AS ?IS1 :5 G5]AL PROSP]ITY PREVAILS1 :5 ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY >E FL\RI%+ AS LUXURIANTLY AS IS POSSIBLE )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS4 ,SU* A REVOLUTION CAN ONLY TAKE PLACE 9 P]IODS :5 !SE TWO FACTORS1 ! MOD]N =CES ( PRODUCTION & ! B\RGEOIS =MS ( PRODUCTION1 >E 9 ANTAGONISM EA* TO ! O!R40 

,CALI=NIAN GOLD HAD SAV$ ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL4 ,?IS WAS A FACT :I* MADE ALL MANIFE/OS 9OP]ATIVE1 ALL PROCLAMATIONS VA91 ALL REVOLUTION>Y HOPES FUTILE4 

,IT WAS A ROCK1 MOREOV]1 UPON :I* ! %IP ( ! 0,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,REVUE0 WAS WRECK$4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ LEFT BUT TO W9D UP ! AFFAIR4 

,SPLIT 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 

,NOT ALL REVOLUTIONI/S1 H[EV]1 %>$ ! CONVICTION ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 9DEF9ITELY PO/PON$4 ,AT ANY RATE1 MANY REVOLUTIONI/S FAIL$ TO RECOGNIZE ?IS AT ! DATE :5 ,M>X HAD BEGUN TO ADVOCATE ! LIQUIDATION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,?OSE :O W]E /ILL HOPEFUL1 C\LD NOT UND]/& ,M>X2 !Y BECAME SUSPICI\S ( HIM2 !Y REG>D$ HIM AS A R5EGADE1 & OP5LY OPPOS$ HIM4 

,IT WAS C]TA9LY DIFFICULT = P]SONS :O LACK$ ,M>X'S & ,5GELS' !ORETICAL 9SI<T TO UND]/& SO SUDD5 A *ANGE 9 \TLOOKS & TACTICS4 ,=1 UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY1 ,M>X HAD MADE NO SECRET ( HIS OP9ION ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS DOSE AT H&4 

,9 ! 5D ( #ahdi & ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#e1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE HAD BE5 RECON/RUCT$1 ) ,LONDON AS C5T]4 ,ONE ( ! ORIG9AL MEMB]S ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 ,MOLL1 HAD FALL5 9 ! SKIRMI% ON ! ,MURG2 BUT ,S*APP] & ,BAU] W]E /ILL 9 ! L& ( ! LIV+4 ,WILLI*1 :O HAD L$ ! ,BAD5ESE VOLUNTE]S ) ,5GELS AS HIS ADJUTANT1 WAS A NEW MEMB] ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE4 ,9 ,M>* #a#h#e1 ?IS COMMITTEE ISSU$ TO ! ,LEAGUE AN ADDRESS P5N$ BY ,M>X1 DESCRIB+ ! POLITICAL SITUATION1 & SPECIFY+ :AT \<T TO BE ! BEHAVIOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! EXPECT$ REVOLUTION4 

0,! REVOLUTION IS IMM95T4 ,IT MAY BE BR\<T AB\T BY AN 9DEP5D5T RIS+ ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT1 OR BY AN ATTACK ON ! P>T ( ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y ,BABEL40 

0,! RELATION%IP ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LABOR P>TY TO ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY IS AS FOLL[S3 IT JO9S =CES ) ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY AGA9/ ! FRACTION :OSE OV]-?R[ IT AIMS AT EFFECT+2 BUT IT OPPOSES BO? ! ONE & ! O!R 9 MATT]S IT WI%ES TO E/ABLI% ON ITS [N ACC\NT40 

0,:]EAS ! DEMOCRATIC PETTY B\RGEOIS WI% TO BR+ ! REVOLUTION TO AN 5D AS SPE$ILY AS POSSIBLE :ILE SATISFY+ !IR [N CLAIMS1 IT IS \R 9T]E/ & \R AIM TO MAKE ! REVOLUTION P]MAN5T1 UNTIL ALL ! MORE OR LESS POSSESS+ CLASSES HAVE BE5 DEPRIV$ ( P[]1 UNTIL ! PROLET>IAT HAS A*IEV$ ! CONQUE/ ( ! P[]S ( ,/ATE1 & UNTIL ! ASSOCIATION ( ! PROLET>IANS1 NOT 9 ONE C\NTRY ALONE1 BUT 9 ALL ! LEAD+ C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD1 HAS ADVANC$ SO F> ?AT COMPETITION BETWE5 ! PROLET>IANS ( !SE V>I\S C\NTRIES HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/1 & UNTIL AT LEA/ ! MO/ IMPORTANT PRODUCTIVE =CES HAVE BE5 CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( PROLET>IANS4 ,IT CANNOT BE \R CONC]N TO PALLIATE CLASS OPPOSITIONS1 = WE WI% TO ABOLI% CLASSES2 IT CANNOT BE \R CONC]N TO IMPROVE EXTANT SOCIETY1 = WE WI% TO F\ND A NEW ONE40 

0,FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T ( VICTORY1 ?OSE :OM WE %ALL HAVE TO REG>D ) SUSPICION WILL NOT BE ! MEMB]S ( ! CONQU]$ REACTION>Y P>TY1 BUT ?OSE :O BELONG TO ! P>TY ) :I* WE HAVE BE5 ALLI$1 ?OSE :O WILL TRY TO EXPLOIT \R JO9T VICTORY ON !IR [N ACC\NT ALONE40 

,) ?IS ADDRESS1 BAS$ ON ! BELIEF ?AT A REVOLUTION WAS IMM95T1 ,BAU] WAS S5T TO ,COLOGNE1 & SECUR$ !RE AN ABUNDANCE ( ADH]5TS4 ,\T ( =M] MEMB]S ( ! ,LEAGUE & =M] MEMB]S ( ! ,WORK]S' ,BRO!RHOOD F\ND$ BY ,/EPHAN ,BORN1 !RE WAS CON/ITUT$ A NEW ORGANIZATION :I* BEGAN 0TO PLAY A LEAD+ P>T0 9 ! WORK]S' SOCIETIES1 PEASANTS' SOCIETIES1 & GYMNA/IC SOCIETIES4 ,:5 EMISS>IES FROM ,SWITZ]L& 7DISPAT*$ AT ?IS TIME BY A 0C5TRAL BUREAU ( ! ,G]MAN EMIGRANTS0 ORGANIZ$ BY ,/RUVE1 ,SIGEL1 ,S*URZ1 & O!RS7 ATTEMPT$ TO RECRUIT ,G]MAN WORK]S1 !Y F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO REPORT ?AT 0ALL ! UTILIZABLE =CES >E ALREADY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,LEAGUE40 

,BUT ! SUMM] ( #ahe CAME & W5T1 & !RE HAD BE5 NO REVOLUTION4 ,! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( ! DAY HAD FAVOR$ A LUXURIANT DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE1 :I* HAD BE5 ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES ( ! GOV]NM5T 9 ORD] TO SECURE POLITICAL ADVANCEM5T4 ,! PETTY B\RGEOISIE HAD RETIR$ FROM ! POLITICAL /AGE4 ,! /ORMY WAVES ( ! REVOLUTION HAD BY N[ BECOME M]E RIPPLES1 PLA%+ G5TLY ON ! S&S ( ,PRUSSIA4 

,?AT WAS :Y1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! SUMM] ( #a#h#e1 ,M>X AB&ON$ HIS HOPES ( A SECOND REVOLUTION4 ,BUT HE C\LD F9D FEW TO FOLL[ HIM 9 ?IS *ANGE ( MOOD4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL REFUGEES 9 ,LONDON1 ! MA9 SUPPORT]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 W]E IMPATI5TLY EXPECT+ ! REVIVAL ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y W]E IMPOV]I%$1 !Y W]E HOMESICK1 !Y W]E TIR$ ( PASSIVITY1 !Y LONG$ = BATTLE & V5GEANCE4 ,S9CE NO?+ BUT A REVOLUTION C\LD HELP !M1 !Y BELIEV$ 9 A REVOLUTION4 ,!IR WI%ES & HOPES COLOR$ !IR PICTURE ( ! POLITICAL SITUATION2 !IR AFFECTS FALSIFI$ ! LOGIC ( HI/ORY4 ,?US !IR REVOLUTION>Y APPETITES W]E :ETT$1 &1 %>P-SET1 !Y W]E READY TO SIT D[N AT ! REVOLUTION>Y BO>D LONG AFT] EV]Y?+ HAD BE5 EAT54 0,! =CIBLE DEFEAT ( A REVOLUTION10 WROTE ,M>X SUBSEQU5TLY1 ) REF]5CE TO ?IS P]IOD1 0LEAVES 9 ! M9DS ( ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 P>TICIPATORS1 & ESPECIALLY ( ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 UPROOT$ FROM HOME & CA/ 9TO EXILE1 A CONDITION ( %OCK ?ANKS TO :I* EV5 EFFICI5T P]SONALITIES BECOME1 SO TO SAY1 M5TALLY 9CAPABLE = A %ORT] OR LONG] TIME4 ,!Y CANNOT ADAPT !MSELVES TO ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY2 !Y >E UNWILL+ TO SEE ?AT ! =M ( ! MOVEM5T HAS *ANG$4 ,?AT IS :Y !Y WI% TO 5GAGE 9 CONSPIRATORIAL ACTIVITIES1 TO PLAY AT REVOLUTION-MONG]+1 9 A WAY :I* IS COMPROMIS+ BO? TO !MSELVES & TO ! CAUSE !Y HAVE ESP\S$40 

,WE CAN READILY UND]/& ?AT SU* M5 AS ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ,L$RU-,ROLL91 ,MAZZ9I1 ,KOSSU?1 ,RUGE1 ,WILLI*1 ETC4--:OSE :OLE REVOLUTION>Y PA/ HAD BE5 DEVOT$ TO 9AUGURAT+ REVOLUTION>Y \TBREAKS & CONSPIRACIES1 OR :O1 BE+ COMMUNI/S ON EMOTIONAL RA!R ?AN RATIONAL GR\NDS1 W]E 9ACCESSIBLE TO >GUM5T W]E PRONE TO REG>D ,M>X'S *ANGE ( FRONT AS ! EXPRESSION ( H]ESY1 POLTROON]Y1 OR TREASON4 ,?IS M+L+ ( ROMANTICISM & MORALITY1 ( S5TIM5TALISM & BL9DNESS T[>DS HI/ORICAL REALITY1 POISON$ ! DISCUSSIONS 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 ) ! RESULT ?AT >GUM5T DEG5]AT$ 9TO P]SONAL ABUSE1 & ,WILLI* ACTUALLY *ALL5G$ ,M>X TO A DUEL4 ,! UNHAPPY \TCOME ( ALL ?IS WAS ?AT ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#h#e1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE SPLIT UP4 ,ON ,M>X'S SIDE W]E ,5GELS1 ,BAU]1 ,ECC>IUS1 ,PF&]1 & ,CONRAD ,S*RAMM4 ,9 ! OPPOS+ P>TY W]E ,WILLI*1 ,S*APP] 7,M>X'S OLD COMPANION-9->MS71 ,LEHMANN1 & ,FRANKEL4 ,! PROPOSAL = SEP>ATION CAME FROM ,M>X1 & WAS SUPPORT$ BY HIM 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS3 0,! M9ORITY HAS A DOGMATIC \TLOOK 9/EAD ( A CRITICAL ONE1 AN IDEALI/ \TLOOK 9/EAD ( A MAT]IALI/ ONE4 ,IT MAKES M]E WILL ! MOTIVE =CE ( ! REVOLUTION1 9/EAD ( ACTUAL RELATIONS4 ,:]EAS WE SAY TO ! WORK]S3 ',Y\ WILL HAVE TO GO ?R\< FIFTE5 OR TW5TY OR FIFTY YE>S ( CIVIL W>S & 9T]NATIONAL W>S1 NOT ONLY 9 ORD] TO *ANGE EXTANT CONDITIONS1 BUT ALSO 9 ORD] TO *ANGE Y\RSELVES & TO R5D] Y\RSELVES FIT = POLITICAL DOM9ION'2 Y\1 ON ! O!R H&1 SAY TO ! WORK]S3 ',WE MU/ ATTA9 TO P[] AT ONCE1 OR ELSE WE MAY JU/ AS WELL GO TO SLEEP4' ,:]EAS WE DRAW ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' ATT5TION TO ! UNDEVELOP$ CONDITION ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 Y\ GROSSLY FLATT] ! NATIONAL S5TIM5T & ! CLASS PREJUDICES ( ! ,G]MAN H&ICRAFTSM51 :I* IS ( C\RSE F> MORE POPUL>4 ,JU/ AS ! DEMOCRATS HAVE SANCTIFI$ ! WORD 'PEOPLE1' SO Y\ SANCTIFY ! WORD 'PROLET>IAT4' ,LIKE ! DEMOCRATS1 Y\ SUBORD9ATE REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T TO REVOLUTION>Y PHRASEMAK+40 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,$UCATIONAL ,SOCIETY 9 ,LONDON WAS ALMO/ UNIT$ 9 SUPPORT ( ! M9ORITY4 ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S !RE=E )DREW FROM IT4 ,BUT ,GREAT ,W9DMILL ,/REET1 :]E IT HAD ITS HEADQU>T]S1 CONT9U$ = A LONG TIME TO PLAY A CONSID]ABLE P>T 9 ! DISCUSSIONS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 & 9 ! LETT]S !Y EX*ANG$2 = ,M>X WAT*$ ALL ! DO+S ( ! SOCIETY ) CLOSE ATT5TION & 9T]E/1 KEPT HIMSELF 9=M$ AS TO :AT WAS GO+ ON1 & PASS$ ON ! NEWS TO ,5GELS1 :O HAD QUITT$ ,LONDON1 BE+ ONCE MORE AT WORK AS BOOK-KEEP] 9 HIS FA!R'S ,MAN*E/] FACTORY4 ,BUT :AT ,M>X HAD TO SAY AB\T HIS SOMETIME ASSOCIATES WAS FULL ( BITT]NESS4 ,HE WAS ESPECIALLY MORTIFI$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y *AMPIONS FROM ABROAD1 LIKE ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ,L$RU-,ROLL91 ,MAZZ9I1 ETC41 & ! ,*>TI/ LEAD]S1 LIKE ,H>NEY1 ,]NE/ ,JONES1 & ,FE>GUS ,O',CONNOR1 %\LD BE 9 ! OPPOS+ CAMP AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< HE HAD VOLUNT>ILY )DRAWN FROM ! SOCIETY1 HE CONDUCT$ HIMSELF AS IF HE HAD BE5 EXPELL$ FROM IT4 

,! CONF9$ CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* !SE IMPOV]I%$ REFUGEES HAD TO LIVE1 & ! HEAT$ POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E :I* SURR\ND$ !M1 MADE !IR CIRCLE 7AS ,5GELS SAID7 0A S*OOL ( TITTLE-TATTLE & BACK-BIT+ 444 AN 9/ITUTE 9 :I* EV]Y ONE :O DOES NOT BREAK AWAY FROM IT P]=CE BECOMES A FOOL1 A DONKEY1 & A COMMON RASCAL40 ,M>X1 !RE=E1 CAME TO LEAD A MORE & MORE ISOLAT$ LIFE4 ,WRIT+ TO ,5GELS1 HE DECL>$ ?AT ?IS WAS CONG5IAL TO HIM4 0,I LIKE ! PUBLIC1 AU!NTIC ISOLATION 9 :I* WE TWO1 Y\ & ,I1 N[ F9D \RSELVES44 ,IT H>MONIZES V]Y WELL ) \R POSITION & \R PR9CIPLES4 ,! SY/EM ( MUTUAL CONCESSIONS1 ( HALF-MEASURES TOL]AT$ FROM COMPLAISANCE1 & ! NE$ = %\LD]+ BE=E ! PUBLIC ONE'S %>E 7AS A MEMB] ( ! P>TY7 ( RESPONSIBILITY = ALL ! ABSURDITIES ( !SE DONKEYS-->E ?+S OV] & DONE )40 ,5GELS REJO9$3 0,WE HAVE AT L5G? ONCE MORE--! FIR/ TIME = SO LONG--! *ANCE ( %[+ ?AT WE DO NOT WANT POPUL>ITY1 DO NOT REQUIRE ! SUPPORT ( ANY P>TY 9 ANY C\NTRY2 & ?AT \R POSITION IS TOTALLY 9DEP5D5T ( SU* RUBBI%4 ,H5CE=W>D WE >E RESPONSIBLE TO \RSELVES ALONE2 & :5 ! MOM5T COMES 9 :I* !SE G5TRY HAVE NE$ ( US1 WE %ALL BE ABLE TO DICTATE \R [N CONDITIONS4 ,TILL !N1 AT ANY RATE1 WE CAN HAVE TRANQUILITY4 ,NO D\BT1 ALSO1 A MEASURE ( LONEL9ESS4440 

,?US ! RESULT ( ! DISPUTES 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE WAS1 AS F> AS ,M>X WAS CONC]N$1 ?AT HE CUT HIMSELF (F COMPLETELY FROM COMMUNAL WORK1 R$UC$ HIS SPH]E ( ACTIVITY TO ! SMALLE/ POSSIBLE RADIUS1 & BECAME COMPLETELY ISOLAT$4 ,HIS ONLY CONTACTS W]E ) ,5GELS1 :O WAS SETTL$ 9 ,MAN*E/]1 & A SMALL NUMB] ( DEVOT$ FRI5DS1 OR RA!R PUPILS & DISCIPLES4 ,HE WAS K+ 9 HIS [N C\NTRY1 BUT A K+ ) SC>CELY ANY SUBJECTS4 ,?IS RETREAT 9TO ISOLATION MI<T HAVE 5D$ TRAGICALLY1 HAD IT NOT ALSO BE5 A RETREAT TO LABOR4 

,HIS FIR/ TASK WAS TO SAVE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE = ! ,CONT95T4 ,) ?IS 5D 9 VIEW1 ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ,COLOGNE4 ,HE9RI* ,BURG]S1 ,H]MANN ,BECK]1 ,F]D9& ,FREILIGRA?1 & ! PHYSICIAN ,ROL& ,DANIELS1 TOOK OV] ! LEAD]%IP4 ,M>X HAD S5T 9/RUCTIONS ?AT 0CITIZ5 ,L4 ( ,DUSSELDORF0 WAS ALSO TO BE ON ! COMMITTEE2 BUT ,ROES]1 A CIG>-MAK] BY TRADE1 WROTE TO SAY ?AT ! 9/RUCTIONS HAD BE5 DISREG>D$1 0BECAUSE WE HAVE HAD ?IS SAME CITIZ5 .<,LASSALLE.> UND] CLOSE OBS]VATION H]E1 & HAVE DISCOV]$ ?AT HE CONT9UES TO *]I% >I/OCRATIC PR9CIPLES1 & IS LESS CONC]N$ ?AN HE \<T TO BE = ! G5]AL WELF>E ( ! WORK]S40 

,9 ,COLOGNE1 ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE DID GOOD WORK = SIX MON?S4 ,!N ! POLICE TOOK ACTION1 & MADE A L>GE NUMB] ( >RE/S4 ,AN IMPORTANT CRIM9AL TRIAL FOLL[$4 

,! TRIAL ( ! COMMUNI/S 9 ,COLOGNE REPRES5TS ! CONCLUD+ *APT]1 NOT ONLY ( ! HI/ORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 BUT ALSO ( ! PRACTICAL REVOLUTION>Y PHASE 9 ! LIFE ( ,K>L ,M>X4 

,! ,TRIAL ( ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,COLOGNE 

,AFT] ! SUPPRESSION ( ! RIS+ 9 ,BAD51 ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM ( ,PRUSSIA1 ! 0C>TRIDGE PR9CE10 RECALL$ FROM ,5GL& BY ! REACTION1 HAD 0REORGANIZ$0 ! ,BAD5ESE >MY4 ,HE HAD BECOME ! BRA9 & ! >M ( ! REACTION1 = ! K+1 /ILL T]RIFI$ BY HIS MEMORIES ( ! DREADFUL DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION1 DID NOT V5TURE1 AS YET1 TO COME 9TO ! OP5 AS *AMPION ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM DID EV]Y?+ HE C\LD TO 0REORGANIZE10 NOT ONLY ! >MY1 BUT ALSO ! CON/ITUTION1 ! ADM9I/RATION1 ! LAW C\RTS1 PUBLIC OP9ION1 AS !Y W]E BE=E ! ,M>* DAYS4 ,HE 9T]V5$ 9 AFFAIRS ( ,/ATE BY WRIT+ A MEMORIAL UPON ! REVISION ( ! CON/ITUTION :I* ! K+ HAD BE5 =C$ TO GRANT2 & 9 LIKE MANN] HE >BITR>ILY 9T]F]$ ) ! C\RSE ( JU/ICE :5 ! LAW C\RTS FAIL$ TO1 DEAL ) REVOLUTIONI/S AS H>%LY AS HE WI%$4 

,AMONG ! 9SURG5TS TAK5 PRISON] BY ! ,PRUSSIANS 9 ! SKIRMI% ON ! ,MURG1 WAS ! POET ,GOTTFRI$ ,K9KEL1 :O HAD S\<T AS MUSKETE] UND] ! COMM& ( ,WILLI*1 & HAD BE5 W\ND$ 9 ! HEAD BY A %OT1 ?\< NOT SEV]ELY4 ,TRI$ BY A C\RT M>TIAL COMPOS$ ( ,PRUSSIAN (FIC]S1 HE WAS CONDEMN$ TO LIFELONG IMPRISONM5T 9 A =TRESS4 ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM CONSID]$ ! S5T5CE TOO L5I5T1 & DEM&$ ?AT ,K9KEL %\LD BE S5T5C$ TO DEA?4 ,9 ?IS MATT]1 H[EV]1 HE WAS OPPOS$1 NOT ONLY BY ! M9I/RY1 BUT ALSO BY PUBLIC OP9ION1 = ! G5]AL VIEW WAS ?AT ! S5T5CE ( LIFELONG IMPRISONM5T WAS EXCESSIVE4 ,9 ! 5D1 H[EV]1 ! JUDGM5T ( ! C\RT M>TIAL WAS CONFIRM$1 EXCEPT ?AT ! K+1 FOLL[+ ! ADVICE ( ! M9I/RY1 *ANG$ ! IMPRISONM5T 9 A =TRESS 9TO ORD9>Y IMPRISONM5T4 

,?IS WAS NOT1 AS IT SEEM$1 AN 9T5SIFICATION ( ! PUNI%M5T1 BUT AN ALLEVIATION4 ,!RE W]E TWO K9DS ( IMPRISONM5T 9 A =TRESS3 0,FE/UNG%AFT0 7DET5TION 9 A =TRESS71 ! USUAL PUNI%M5T = G5TLEM5 (F5D]S2 & 0,FE/UNGSBAU/RAFE0 7PUNI%M5T 9 A =TRESS BY WORK ON ! =TIFICATIONS1 ETC471 ONE ( ! MO/ DETE/ABLE B>B>ITIES 9 ! MILIT>Y CODE4 ,IT WAS ! LATT] TO :I* ,K9KEL HAD BE5 CONDEMN$4 ,! PUBLIC1 H[EV]1 DID NOT UND]/& ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO1 & REG>D$ ! K+'S COMMUTATION ( ! S5T5CE AS A REACTION>Y MEASURE4 ,!RE WAS A LIVELY AGITATION1 9 :I* ! B\RGEOISIE TOOK P>T1 EXPRESS+ L\D 9DIGNATION4 ,! G5]AL ANG] WAS 9CREAS$ :5 ,K9KEL1 9 PRISON1 WAS PUT TO =C$ LABOR & WAS REFUS$ ! PRIVILEGES USUALLY ACCORD$ TO POLITICAL (F5D]S4 ,! MOVEM5T ON HIS BEHALF BECAME A POPUL> ONE1 A SORT ( ,K9KEL CULT4 ,AMID ! RUMPUS1 PEOPLE OV]LOOK$ ! FATE ( ! NUMB]LESS VICTIMS ( ! ,M>* RIS+ :O HAD NOT ! ADVANTAGE ( BE+ POETS & MEMB]S ( ! CULTUR$ CLASSES2 !Y =GOT1 TOO1 ?AT BE=E ! C\RTS ,K9KEL HAD CUT A POOR FIGURE4 

,9 ! 0,REVUE10 ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD TAK5 A /RONG L9E AGA9/ HIM4 ,TOO /RONG1 P]HAPS1 = ,K9KEL HAD NOT BETRAY$ ! CAUSE ( FRE$OM1 BUT1 BE+ ( AN EMOTIONAL TEMP]AM5T1 HAD M]ELY LET HIS TONGUE RUN AWAY ) HIM4 ,BESIDES1 !RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION BUT ?AT HE HAD F\<T ON BEHALF ( LIB]TY1 & WAS N[1 9 PRISON1 BE>+ ! BRUNT ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,= !SE REASONS1 ! >TICLE 9 ! 0,REVUE0 >\S$ FI]CE WRA? 9 ! B\RGEOIS CAMP1 & CONSID]ABLE DISCONT5T EV5 9 REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLES4 ,! 5D ( ! ,K9KEL AFFAIR WAS ?AT ! PRISON]1 AID$ 9 ESPECIAL BY HIS FRI5D ,C>L ,S*URZ1 ESCAP$ FROM ,SP&AU PRISON1 FL$ TO ,LONDON1 & GOT 9 T\* !RE ) ! SECTION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE CONTROLL$ BY ,WILLI* & ,S*APP]4 

,AS F> AS ,M>X & HIS FRI5DS W]E CONC]N$1 ! ,K9KEL AFFAIR HAD A FUR!R CONSEQU5CE4 ,! K+1 ANG]$ BY ! PRISON]'S ESCAPE1 DET]M9$ TO TAKE V5GEANCE ON ! B\RGEOISIE BY REL5TLESS P]SECUTION ( ! LIB]AL OPPOSITION4 ,TO BEG9 )1 H[EV]1 ! OBJECT ( ATTACK WAS TO REMA9 CONCEAL$1 & PUBLIC ATT5TION WAS TO BE DIV]T$ BY %>P MEASURES AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/S4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #a#a1 #a#h#e1 ! K+ WROTE TO HIS M9I/]1 VON ,MANTEUFFEL1 AS FOLL[S3 0,DE> ,MANTEUFFEL3 ,I HAVE JU/ READ ! REPORT ON ,K9KEL'S ESCAPE4 ,?IS HAS PUT 9TO MY HEAD AN IDEA :I* ,I WILL NOT CLASS AMONG ! BRI<TE/4 ,NAMELY1 :E!R ,/IEB] W\LD NOT BE ! BE/ P]SON TO DIS5TANGLE ! WEB ( ! CONSPIRACY ON BEHALF ( LIB]TY1 & TO PROVIDE ! ,PRUSSIAN PUBLIC ) ! LONG & RI<TLY DESIR$ SPECTACLE ( DISCOV]$ & 7ABOVE ALL7 PUNI%$ CONSPIRACY4 ,PU% ON1 !RE=E1 ) ,/IEB]'S APPO9TM5T1 & LET HIM TRY HIS H&4 ,I ?9K ! IDEA IS FRUITFUL1 & ,I LAY GREAT /RESS UPON ITS PROMPT REALIZATION4 444 ,FR$]ICK ,WILLIAM40 

,?IS SAME ,/IEB] WAS A DISCR$IT$ TOOL ( ! POLICE1 A MAN :OM ,H9KELDEY1 *IEF SUP]9T5D5T ( ! ,B]L9 POLICE1 HAD N[1 MU* AGA9/ HIS WILL1 TO MAKE *IEF ( ! POLITICAL POLICE4 ,?US WAS ,/IEB] 5ABL$ TO TRY HIS H& AT A CAMPAIGN ON BEHALF ( ! ?RONE1 ! ALT>1 ! MA9T5ANCE ( LAW & ORD]4 

,9 ,HAUPT1 A ,G]MAN REFUGEE 9 ,LONDON & A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 HE F\ND A TRAITOR TO GIVE HIM HIS FIR/ 9SIDE KN[L$GE4 ,!N1 AMONG HIS NUM]\S SPIES & AG5TS1 HE DISCOV]$ TWO :O C\LD DO HIM YEOMAN'S S]VICE BY !IR CUNN+ & UNSCRUPUL\SNESS4 ,ONE ( !SE WAS A SOMETIME CIG>-MAK] 9 ,DRESD51 ,KRAUSE BY NAME1 :O HAD S]V$ V>I\S T]MS ( IMPRISONM5T1 & WAS N[ LIV+ 9 ,LONDON UND] ! ALIAS ( ,*>LES DE ,FLEURY1 REPUT$ TO BE A CITY M]*ANT1 & ACTUALLY A SPY ON ! COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! O!R1 ,HIRS*1 :O HAD BE5 A COMM]CIAL CL]K 9 ,HAMBURG1 & WAS LIKEWISE A RECIDIVI/1 WORK$ UND] ,FLEURY 9 ,LONDON AS PROVOCATIVE AG5T4 ,TO GET ! REQUISITE MAT]IALS = !IR *IEF1 !Y HAD TO BREAK OP5 DESKS1 COMMIT BURGL>IES1 /EAL PAP]S1 MAKE FALSE DECL>ATIONS1 CON/RUCT PSEUDO-CONSPIRACIES1 =GE DOCUM5TS1 COMMIT P]JURY1 UND]TAKE BRIB]Y & CORRUPTION1 9DUCE PEOPLE TO BE> FALSE WITNESS--9 A WORD1 PRACTICE ALL ! >TS PROP] TO ! TRADE ( POLICE SPIES4 

,YET IT WAS NOT UNTIL A YE> HAD ELAPS$ S9CE ,FR$]ICK ,WILLIAM HAD WRITT5 ! LETT] JU/ QUOT$1 NOT UNTIL ,NOVEMB] #a#h#e#a1 ?AT IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO >RE/ ! TAILOR ,NO?JUNG 9 ,LEIPZIG4 ,9 ! RAID ON HIS H\SE1 ! ONLY ?+S ( IMPORTANCE DISCOV]$ W]E3 A COPY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 :I* C\LD BE B\<T AT ANY BOOKSELL]'S2 ! RULES & REGULATIONS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE2 TWO PUBLICATIONS ( ! ,LEAGUE2 & A FEW PRIVATE ADDRESSES4 ,?IS LI/ ( ADDRESSES 5ABL$ ! POLICE TO FOLL[ UP ,NO?JUNG'S >RE/ BY >RE/+ 9 ,COLOGNE3 ,BURG]S ! J\RNALI/1 ,ROES] ! CIG>-MAK]1 ,DR4 ,H]MANN ,BECK]2 ?REE M$ICAL PRACTITION]S1 ,DR4 ,ROL& ,DANIELS1 ,DR4 ,ABRAHAM ,JACOBY1 & ,DR4 ,KLE92 A *EMI/ NAM$ ,OTTO1 A CL]K NAM$ ,]H>D1 ! TAILOR ,LESSN]1 & ANO!R WORK+MAN NAM$ ,REIFF4 ,F]D9& ,FREILIGRA? HAD REMOV$ TO ,LONDON1 & ?US ESCAP$ >RE/4 ,BY !SE >RE/S1 ,/IEB] HAD LAID ! F\NDATION = ! 0LONG & RI<TLY DESIR$ SPECTACLE0 :I*1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! K+'S WI%1 WAS N[ TO BE /AG$4 ,ALL ?AT WAS NE$$ WAS TO FURBI% UP EVID5CE ( ! CONSPIRACY ?AT WAS TO BE DISCOV]$ & PUNI%$4 

,!RE WAS ABSOLUTELY NO?+ ( A S]I\S *>ACT] ) :I* TO *>GE ! ACCUS$4 ,!Y W]E MEMB]S ( A SECRET ORGANIZATION1 BUT ?IS WAS NOT PROHIBIT$ BY ,RH5I% LAW4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! AIM ( ! SECRET ORGANIZATION WAS TO C>RY ON A P]FECTLY LEGAL POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 ! ,M>XI/ TR5D BE+ DI/+UI%$ 9 ?IS MATT] FROM ! TR5D ( ,WILLI* & ,S*APP]1 :O W]E 9CL9$ TO CONSPIRATORIAL MA*9ATIONS4 0,S9CE ! COLLAPSE ( ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h10 WRITES ,M>X1 0! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T HAD CONT9U$ TO EXI/ ONLY 9 ! =M ( !ORETICAL PROPAG&A1 RE/RICT$ TO A N>R[ CIRCLE1 & PROPAG&A AS TO :OSE PRACTICAL 9NOCU\SNESS ! ,PRUSSIAN GOV]NM5T WAS UND] NO ILLUSIONS = A MOM5T4 444 ,SOME ( ! SECRET SOCIETIES DID DIRECTLY AIM AT OV]?R[+ ! EXTANT ,/ATE P[]4 ,?IS WAS JU/IFI$ 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E ! PROLET>IAT HAD BE5 CONQU]$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 & :]E AN ATTACK UPON ! EXI/+ GOV]NM5T CO9CID$ ) AN ATTACK ON ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,ANO!R SECTION ( ! SECRET SOCIETIES AIM$ AT =M+ ! PROLET>IAT 9TO A P>TY1 )\T CONC]N+ !MSELVES AB\T ! EXTANT GOV]NM5TS4 ,?IS WAS NECESS>Y 9 SU* C\NTRIES AS ,G]MANY1 :]E ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT W]E JO9TLY SUBORD9ATE TO !IR SEMIFEUDAL GOV]NM5TS1 SO ?AT A VICTORI\S ONSLAU<T UPON ! EXI/+ GOV]NM5TS W\LD NOT BREAK ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE OR ( ! SO-CALL$ MIDDLE CLASSES1 BUT W\LD NECESS>ILY HELP !SE TO P[]4 ,NO D\BT H]E1 LIKEWISE1 ! MEMB]S ( ! PROLET>IAN P>TY W\LD P>TICIPATE ANEW 9 A REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! /ATUS QUO2 BUT IT WAS NOT !IR BUS9ESS TO PREP>E ! WAY = ?IS REVOLUTION40 

,BUT ! POLICE PAID NO HE$ TO SU* DI/9CTIONS4 ,!Y NE$$ A CONSPIRACY1 A S5SATIONAL PROSECUTION1 A ,/ATE TRIAL2 & !Y TURN$ !IR KN[L$GE ( ! SPLIT 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 !IR P]SONAL ACQUA9TANCE ) MEMB]S ( ?IS BODY1 & ! DOCUM5TS !Y HAD SEIZ$1 TO ACC\NT 9 ORD] TO CREATE AN APPROPRIATE ATMOSPH]E = ! DRAMA !Y WI%$ TO /AGE4 ,IF !Y C\LD NOT F9D :AT !Y WANT$1 !Y W]E PREP>$ TO 9V5T IT4 ,/ILL1 LUCK WAS AGA9/ !M4 ,DESPITE ALL !IR DOMICILI>Y VISITS1 9T]CEPTIONS ( LETT]S1 WIDESPREAD 9QUIRIES1 & IMPRISONM5T ( ! ACCUS$ = MON?S P5D+ TRIAL1 !Y C\LD NOT DISCOV] MAT]IALS = ! S5SATIONAL AFFAIR !Y HOP$ TO MANUFACTURE4 ,MON? AFT] MON?1 !Y HAD TO PO/PONE BR++ ! CASE 9TO C\RT4 ,!IR SE>* = EVID5CE TO CONNECT ! ACCUS$ ) A CONSPIRACY1 A PLAN = ASSASS9ATION1 OR A S*EME ( 9SURRECTION1 HAD BE5 FRUITLESS4 

,AT L5G?1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#e#b1 ,/IEB] ?\<T HE HAD COLLECT$ 5\< TO BEG9 ! TRIAL4 ,BUT ! C\RSE ( ! AFFAIR WAS UNPROSP]\S4 ,EV]Y HE ( ! PROSECUTION WAS DISCLOS$1 EV]Y FALSIFICATION ( ! M9IONS ( ! LAW WAS REVEAL$1 EV]Y MOVE ( ,/IEB] & HIS SPIES WAS SUCCESSFULLY C\NT]$4 ,M>X & HIS FRI5DS 9 ,LONDON W]E DO+ !IR UTMO/ 9 ! HOPE ( TRANS=M+ ! TRIAL FROM A BL[ DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T 9TO A TREM5D\S DEFEAT ( ! POLICE1 ! JUDICIAL AU?ORITIES1 & ! GOV]NM5T4 ,AL?\< ! POLICE1 ! PO/AL S]VICE1 & ! PRESS HAD JO9$ =CES AGA9/ HIS WORK ( 5LI<T5M5T1 HE WAS ABLE TO ATTA9 HIS 5D4 ,FRAU ,M>X WROTE 9 A PRIVATE LETT]3 0,MY HUSB& HAS TO WORK ALL DAY & F> ON 9TO ! NI<T1 = ! PRO(S ( FALSIFICATION HAVE TO BE ELABORAT$ H]E 9 ,LONDON4 ,EV]Y DOCUM5T HAS TO BE WRITT5 SIX OR EI<T TIMES OV]1 & !N S5T TO ,G]MANY BY V>I\S R\TES1 BY WAY ( ,FRANK=T1 ,P>IS1 ETC41 = ALL LETT]S DIRECT$ TO MY HUSB&1 & ALL LETT]S S5T H5CE TO ,COLOGNE1 >E OP5$ & 9T]CEPT$4 ,! :OLE ?+ HAS N[ BECOME A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! POLICE ON ! ONE H&1 & MY HUSB& ON ! O!R1 SEE+ ?AT EV]Y?+1 EV5 ! CONDUCT ( ! DEF5SE1 IS ?R[N UPON HIS %\LD]S4 444 ,WE HAVE A REGUL> (FICE E/ABLI%$ H]E4 ,TWO OR ?REE ( US WRITE2 O!RS RUN MESSAGES2 O!RS SCRAPE P5NIES TOGE!R1 SO ?AT ! WRIT]S CAN KEEP !MSELVES ALIVE1 & CAN FURNI% PRO(S ( ! SC&AL\S BEHAVIOR ( ! (FICIAL WORLD40 

,:5 ,/IEB]1 AS DESP]ATE AS A TRAPP$ FOX1 SAW ?AT HIS CAUSE WAS PRACTICALLY LO/1 HE PLAY$ HIS LA/ TRUMP1 PRODUC+ AS EVID5CE ( ! CONSPIRATORIAL ACTIVITIES ( ! ACCUS$ ! M9UTE BOOK ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,BUT IT SPE$ILY BECAME APP>5T ?AT ?IS EXHIBIT WAS A =G]Y4 ,IT WAS RECORD$ 9 ! M9UTES ?AT ! MEET+S ( ! 0,M>X ,P>TY0 9 ,LONDON HAD ALWAYS OCCURR$ ON ,?URSDAYS1 :]EAS S9CE ,JANU>Y #aheb !Y HAD BE5 HELD ON ,W$NESDAYS2 IT RE PORT$ ! MEET+S AS HAV+ BE5 HELD AT ! OLD HEADQU>T]S1 :]EAS1 S9CE ! SAME DATE1 !Y HAD BE5 TRANSF]R$ TO NEW HEADQU>T]S2 IT %[$ ?AT ! M9UTES W]E SIGN$ BY ,H4 ,LIEBKNE*T1 :]EAS ,LIEBKNE*T 7:O1 BY ! WAY1 DID NOT SIGN ! M9UTES AT ALL7 WAS CALL$ ,WILHELM4 ,M>X %[$ ?AT ! PROVOCATIVE AG5T ,HIRS* HAD = SIX OR EI<T MON?S1 WEEK AFT] WEEK1 BE5 CONCOCT+ ?IS M9UTE BOOK 9 ! ROOM & UND] ! EYES ( HIS *IEF ,FLEURY 9 ,LONDON4 0,9 ! ROOM ABOVE ,FLEURY WAS LIV+ ! ,PRUSSIAN POLICE LIEUT5ANT ,GREIF1 :O KEPT WAT* ON ,FLEURY & 9SPIR$ HIS ACTIVITIES4 ,GREIF SP5T P>T ( EV]Y DAY AT ! ,PRUSSIAN EMBASSY1 :]E HE HIMSELF WAS SUP]VIS$ & SUPPLI$ ) 9SPIRATION4 ,?US ! ,PRUSSIAN EMBASSY WAS ! ORIG9AL HO?\SE 9 :I* ! =G$ M9UTE BOOK RIP5$40 

,! CASE = ! PROSECUTION COLLAPS$4 ,:5 ,/IEB]1 AMID A FLOOD ( SUBT]FUGES1 FALSEHOODS1 & P]JURIES1 HAD ADMITT$ ?AT ! ALLEG$ M9UTE BOOK WAS A M]E NOTEBOOK1 ! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR CEAS$ TO CLAIM ?AT ! DOCUM5T HAD EVID5TIAL VALUE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT WAS ESS5TIAL ?AT ! ACCUS$ %\LD BE F\ND GUILTY1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE SU* W]E ! K+'S WI%ES1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE 7AS1 DUR+ ! PROSECUTION1 ,H9KELDEY WROTE TO ! EMBASSY 9 ,LONDON7 0! :OLE EXI/5CE ( ! POLITICAL POLICE HANGS UPON ! ISSUE ( ?IS TRIAL40 ,9 ! 5D1 ! GUILT ( ! ACCUS$ WAS CONSID]$ TO BE PROV$ BECAUSE !Y HAD SECRETLY DIFFUS$ ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 PR9CIPLES ?AT 5DANG]$ ! ,/ATE4 ,= ?IS CRIME--:I* WAS NOT A CRIME AT ALL1 SEE+ ?AT EV]Y ONE :O WI%$ C\LD ACQUA9T HIMSELF ) ! CONT5TS ( A DOCUM5T :I* HAD BE5 OP5LY PR9T$ & SOLD--! ACCUS$ RECEIV$ SAVAGE S5T5CES4 ,NO?JUNG1 ,BURG]S1 & ,ROES] W]E CONDEMN$ TO SIX YE>S' IMPRISONM5T 9 A =TRESS2 ,REIFF1 ,OTTO1 & ,BECK]1 TO FIVE YE>S2 ,LESSN]1 TO ?REE YE>S4 ,! O!RS1 ALL ( :OM HAD BE5 9 PRISON = EI<TE5 MON?S P5D+ TRIAL1 W]E ACQUITT$4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS S5T5CE WAS 0TO DISPEL = EV] ! SUP]/ITI\S FAI? 9 TRIAL BY JURY1 A FAI? :I* /ILL FL\RI%$ 9 ,RH5I% ,PRUSSIA4 ,PEOPLE REALIZ$ ?AT TRIAL BY JURY IS TRIAL BY A C\RT ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 A C\RT E/ABLI%$ 9 ORD] TO BRIDGE OV] ! GAPS 9 ! LAW BY ! BREAD? ( ! B\RGEOIS CONSCI5CE40 

,M>X ELABORAT$ ! MAT]IALS RELAT+ TO ! TRIAL 9TO A BOOKLET1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,! :OLE $ITION WAS SEIZ$ ON ! ,G]MAN FRONTI]4 ,!N ! WORK WAS REISSU$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E IT ATTRACT$ CONSID]ABLE ATT5TION1 & CAUS$ MU* DI/RESS TO SOME ( ! REFUGEES1 :O HAD REMOV$ ACROSS ! ,ATLANTIC S9CE ! >RE/S HAD TAK5 PLACE4 ,ESPECIALLY DOES ?IS REM>K APPLY TO ,WILLI*4 ,HE HAD = A CONSID]ABLE TIME BE5 9 CLOSE P]SONAL T\* ) ,FLEURY1 & HAD RECEIV$ MONEY FROM ?AT SPY4 ,ON REA*+ ,AM]ICA1 ,WILLI* HAD 5T]$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES S]VICE4 ,9 ORD] TO COV] UP ! DUBI\S P>T HE HAD PLAY$ 9 ! AFFAIR1 HE PUBLI%$ DIATRIBES AGA9/ ,M>X 9 ,AM]ICAN J\RNALS1 & ,M>X ANSW]$ !SE 9 A LITTLE ESSAY 5TITL$ ,D] ,RITT] VOM $ELMUTIG5 ,BEWUS/SE9 .<,! ,KNI<T ( ! ,MAGNANIM\S ,SPIRIT.>4 ,ONE ( ! RESULTS ( ! TRIAL ( ! COMMUNI/S 9 ,COLOGNE1 A TRIAL :I* HAD 9T5SIFI$ ! MUTUAL 5MITIES ( ! REFUGEES1 WAS ! F9AL BREAKUP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE4 

,M>X )DREW FROM PUBLIC PROPAG&A1 & BURI$ HIMSELF 9 SCI5TIFIC /UDY4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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