,K>L ,KORS*3 ,HIS ,CONTRIBUTION TO ,REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,TEXT 3 ,S\RCE3 ,ANTI-,BOL%EVIK ,COMMUNISM ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 PUBLI%$ BY ,M]L9 ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#h2 ,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c2 ,PRO(READ3 BY ,*RIS ,CLAYTON #b#f4 ,K>L ,KORS* WAS BORN 9 #ahhf 9 ,TO/$T 9 ! ,LUNEBURG] ,HEA? & DI$ 9 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,MASSA*USETTS1 9 #a#i#f#a4 ,! SON ( A MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILY1 HE ATT5D$ ! ,GYMNASIUM 9 ,ME9+5 & /UDI$ LAW1 ECONOMICS1 SOCIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY 9 ,J5A1 ,MUNI*1 ,B]L9 & ,G5EVA4 ,BECOM+ A ,DOCTOR ,JURIS ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,J5A 9 #a#i#a#a1 HE SP5T ! YE>S FROM #aiab TO #aiad 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 9 ! /UDY & PRACTICE ( ,5GLI% & ,9T]NATIONAL ,LAW4 ,! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> BR\MY = ! NEXT F\R YE>S4 ,TWICE W\ND$1 DEMOT$ & PROMOT$ ACCORD+ TO ! %IFT+ POLITICAL SC5E1 HE EXPRESS$ HIS [N ANTI-W> ATTITUDE BY 5T]+ ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY4 ,:ILE /UDY+ LAW1 ,K>L ,KORS* RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ TO PROCE$ TO ITS UND]LY+ MAT]IAL BASE1 TO ! /UDY ( SOCIETY4 ,A SOCIALI/ BE=E ! W>1 HE BECAME A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ DUR+ ! DEBACLE4 ,) ! M]G] ( ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#b#a1 ,KORS* BECAME A COMMUNI/ REPRES5TATIVE 9 ! ,?UR+IAN ,DIET1 A ,M9I/] ( JU/ICE 9 ! %ORT-LIV$ ,LABOR ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,/ATE ( ,?UR+IA &1 F9ALLY1 FROM #aibd TO #a#i#b#h1 A MEMB] ( ! ,G]MAN ,REI*/AG4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD HE WROTE EXT5SIVELY ON ! CURR5T POLITICAL & !ORETICAL ISSUES ?AT AGITAT$ ! RADICAL PO/W> LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,HE BECAME ! $ITOR ( ! !ORETICAL ORGAN ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ,DIE ,9T]NATIONALE1 & SOON !REAFT] $IT$ & WROTE = ! OPPOSITIONAL PAP]1 ,KOMMUNI/IS*E ,POLITIK4 ,DISSATISFACTION ) ! 9CREAS+LY OPPORTUNI/IC C\RSE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL AFT] #a#i#b#a1 & AN ACQUA9TANCE )1 & UND]/&+ ( ,M>XIAN !ORY SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( MO/ ( ! PROM95T P>TY !ORETICIANS BR\LY CONFLICT ) ! (FICIAL BOL%EVIK P>TY-IDEOLOGY & L$ TO A P>T+ ( WAYS 9 #a#i#b#f4 ,HE N[ BECAME ! SPOKESMAN ( ! RADICAL LEFT-W+ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,5TS*I$5E ,L9KE7 :I* WAS /ILL )9 ! P>TY BUT1 BECAUSE ( ! *>ACT] ( ?IS ORGANIZATION1 WAS ALREADY REG>D$ AS AN 5EMY ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AFT] #aibh ,KORS* CONT9U$ HIS POLITICAL ACTIVITY \TSIDE ANY DEF9ITE ORGANIZATIONAL FRAME4 ,HE W5T ON TO WRITE = PUBLICATIONS ACCESSIBLE TO HIM1 PREP>$ A NEW $ITION ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL1 TRAVEL$ & LECTUR$ 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES1 & WROTE A /UDY ( ,K>L ,M>X = A ,BRITI% PUBLI%]'S S]IES DEAL+ ) MOD]N SOCIOLOGI/S4.<#a.> ,) ,HITL]'S COM+ TO P[] 9 #a#i#c#c1 ,KORS* WAS =C$ TO LEAVE ,G]MANY4 ,HE W5T TO ,5GL&1 = A %ORT P]IOD TO ,D5M>K & !N EMIGRAT$1 9 #a#i#c#f1 TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,ASIDE FROM A TEA*+ 5GAGEM5T 9 ,NEW ,ORLEANS1 HE SP5T HIS ,AM]ICAN YE>S 9 ! PURSUIT ( ,M>XIAN !ORY4 ,AS 9 ,G]MANY1 SO 9 ,AM]ICA1 HIS MA9 9FLU5CE WAS ?AT ( ! $UCATOR1 ( ! ,LEHR]1 AS HE WAS RESPECTFULLY CONSID]$ BY HIS FRI5DS4 ,AN 5CYCLOP$IC KN[L$GE & KE5NESS ( M9D DE/9$ HIM = ?IS P>TICUL> ROLE EV5 ?\< HE W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ TO BE 9 ! 'MID/ ( ?+S'1 9 ! ACTUAL /RUGGLES = ! WELF>E & EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ) :I* HE ID5TIFI$ HIMSELF4 ,! QUALITY ( HIS M9D & HIS MORAL 9TEGRITY SET HIM AP>T1 & EXCLUD$ HIM FROM ! OPPORTUNI/IC HU/LE = POSITIONS & PROM95CE *>ACT]I/IC ( BO? ! ACADEMIC WORLD & ! (FICIAL LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?AT HIS DEA? REMA9$ ALMO/ UNNOTIC$ MAY BE REG>D$ AS A F9AL VALIDATION ( HIS CONVICTION ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM CAN ONLY EXI/ 9 CONJUNCTION ) A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,A ,CRITIC ( ,KAUTSKY ,! IMPACT ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 & EV5 MORE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION BR\XISM & ! ,WE/]N LABOR MOVEM5TS 9TO VIOL5T ]UPTION4 ,AL?\< SPLIT ON !ORETICAL L9ES 9TO A SO-CALL$ 'REVISIONI/' W+1 HEAD$ BY ,$U>D ,B]N/E91 & AN 'OR?ODOX' W+1 REPRES5T$ BY ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ! W> REVEAL$ ?AT BO? !SE SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC T5D5CIES COV]$ AN ID5TICAL RE=MI/IC1 CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ & SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC ACTIVITY4 ,! M>G9AL LEFT-W+ ELEM5TS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & !IR MO/ VOCAL REPRES5TATIVES1 ,L59 9 ,RUSSIA & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9 ,G]MANY1 CEAS$ TO OP]ATE )9 ! %AD[ ( ,M>XIAN 'OR?ODOXY' BY DEM&+ A R5EWAL ( ! LONG-LO/ UNITY ( SOCIALI/ !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,:]EAS 'REVISIONISM'1 BECAUSE ( ITS TOTAL REJECTION ( ,M>XISM1 WAS NO PROBLEM = ! RADICAL SOCIALI/1 ,KAUTSKY'S 'OR?ODOXY' REQUIR$ A TWO-FOLD /RUGGLE AGA9/ SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY & ITS APP>5T JU/IFICATION 9 ,M>XI/ T]MS4 ',BACK TO ,M>X' BECAME ! SLOGAN ( ?IS /RUGGLE 9 ORD] TO UTILIZE SOCIALISM'S RADICAL TRADITION = ! NEW 5DEAVORS ( A REVITALIZ$ LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ',:AT IS ,M>XISM' WAS ALSO P]T95T S9CE BO? ! DISCIPLES & ! 5EMIES ( ,KAUTSKY'S 'OR?ODOXY' APPEAL$ TO ! WORK ( ,M>X4 ,& H[ F>1 & 9 :AT RESPECT1 WAS ! ,M>XISM ( ,M>X'S TIME RELEVANT UND] ! *ANG$ CONDITIONS ( ! NEW C5TURY8 ,! REVOLUTION>Y CONDITIONS 9 ! WAKE ( ! W> BR\XIAN !ORY4 ,FROM #aibb TO #a#i#b#e1 ,KORS* WROTE A S]IES ( ESSAYS.<#b.> AGA9/ ,KAUTSKY'S 'OR?ODOXY' & URG$ RE/ORATION ( ,M>XISM'S REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T4 ,KORS* RETURN$ TO A SY/EMATIC1 CRITICAL ANALYSIS.<#c.> ( 'DOCTR9AIRE ,M>XISM' ON ! PUBLICATION ( ,KAUTSKY'S ,! ,MAT]IALI/IC ,CONCEPTION ( ,HI/ORY 9 :I* ! AU?OR HIMSELF AB&ON$ HIS E>LI] 'OR?ODOX' PO9T ( VIEW4 ,AL?\< ,KAUTSKY'S T]M9OLOGY REMA9$ L>GELY UN*ANG$1 HIS 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,M>XIAN TEXT N[ OP5LY AID$ ! REVISIONI/ EMASCULATION ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,HIS IDEAS ) REG>D TO DEVELOPM5T1 SOCIETY1 ! /ATE1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE & REVOLUTION1 AS ,KORS* PO9T$ \T1 S]V$ ! B\RGEOISIE RA!R ?AN ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS F\ND ITS DEF9ITE !ORETICAL EXPRESSION 9 ,KAUTSKY'S ATTEMPT TO REPRES5T ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY AS AN 9DEP5D5T 'SCI5CE' :I* WAS NOT NECESS>ILY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,= ,KORS* ?IS IMPLI$ ! TRANS=MATION ( ,M>XISM 9TO A M]E IDEOLOGY :I*1 BY NOT RECOGNIZ+ ITS [N PRECONDITIONS1 IMAG9ES ITSELF AS A 'PURE SCI5CE'4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL =M ?AT ! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM ( ,M>X CAME TO DOM9ATE ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 & IT WAS 9 ?IS =M ?AT IT LO/ ITS REVOLUTION>Y MEAN+4 ,NOT)/&+ ! DESIGNATION 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM' AS AGA9/ ! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S1 ,M>XISM1 ACCORD+ TO ,KORS*1 IS NOT A 'SCI5CE' & CANNOT BECOME A 'SCI5CE' 9 ! B\RGEOIS S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL1 = 9/ANCE1 IS NOT POLITICAL ECONOMY BUT ! 'CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY' FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,LIKEWISE1 ) REG>D TO ALL O!R ASPECTS ( ! ,M>XIAN SY/EM1 IT IS CONC]N$ NOT ) SUPPLANT+ B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY1 HI/ORY OR SOCIOLOGY ) A NEW PHILOSOPHY1 HI/ORY OR SOCIOLOGY1 BUT ) ! CRITICISM ( ! :OLE ( B\RGEOIS !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,IT HAS NO 9T5TION ( BECOM+ A 'PURE SCI5CE' BUT UNCOV]S ! 'IMPURE' IDEOLOGICAL & CLASS-CONDITION$ *>ACT] ( B\RGEOIS SCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY4 ,9 HIS Y\? ,M>X ACCEPT$ A PHILOSOPHICAL /&PO9T :I* HE HIMSELF1 9 A LAT]-DEVELOP$ T]M9OLOGY1 *>ACT]IZ$ AS AN IDEOLOGICAL POSITION FROM :I* HE HAD TO FREE HIMSELF4 ,FROM IDEOLOGICAL CRITICISM HE PROCE$$ TO ! 'CRITICISM ( IDEOLOGY' & FROM !RE TO ! 'CRITIQUE' ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,! MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 I4E4 ,M>X'S PROPOSITION ?AT 0! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY CON/ITUTES A REAL F\NDATION ON :I* RISE LEGAL & POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURES & TO :I* CORRESPOND DEF9ITE =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS01 WAS GA9$ NOT FROM A SCI5TIFIC OR PHILOSOPHICAL ATTEMPT TO DISCOV] 'G5]AL LAWS ( SOCIAL *ANGE' BUT FROM ! MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & ITS IDEOLOGY4 ,M>XISM1 9 ,KORS*'S VIEW1 CON/ITUTES NEI!R A POSITIVE MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPHY NOR A POSITIVE SCI5CE2 & ALL ITS PROPOSITIONS >E SPECIFIC1 HI/ORICAL & CONCRETE1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ?AT >E APP>5TLY UNIV]SAL4 ,EV5 ! DIALECTICAL PHILOSOPHY ( ,HEGEL1 ! CRITICISM ( :I* =M$ ! />T+ PO9T ( ,M>X'S [N DEVELOPM5T1 CANNOT PROP]LY BE UND]/OOD EXCEPT 9 CONNECTION ) SOCIAL REVOLUTION & NOT !N AS A PHILOSOPHY ( REVOLUTION 9 G5]AL1 BUT ONLY AS ! CONCEPTUAL EXPRESSION ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,AS SU* IT DOES NOT REFLECT ! 5TIRE PROCESS ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 BUT ONLY ITS CLOS+ PHASE1 AS 9DICAT$ BY ITS RECONCILIATION ) ! IMM$IATELY-GIV5 REALITY4 ,) ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS A ?+ ( ! PA/1 ! DIALECTICAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! REAL DEVELOPM5T & ! DEVELOPM5T ( IDEAS LO/ ITS MEAN+ = ! B\RGEOISIE2 NOT SO1 H[EV]1 = ! PROLET>IAN CLASS SUBJECT$ TO !IR RULE & EXPLOITATION4 ,JU/ AS B\RGEOIS !ORY CANNOT TRANSC5D ! SOCIAL PRACTICE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 EXCEPT 9 IDEALI/-IDEOLOGICAL FA%ION1 SO IT C\LD NOT GO BEYOND1 BUT ONLY AWAY FROM ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY4 ,IT C\LD NOT DISCOV] ! RATIONAL K]NEL )9 ITS MY/IFY+ HULL1 NOR SUBJECT IT TO A MAT]IALI/IC CRITIQUE :I* W\LD LAY B>E1 ) PREVAIL+ CLASS RELATIONS1 ! HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,?IS WAS POSSIBLE ONLY FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 FROM ITS ACTUAL OPPOSITION TO B\RGEOIS CLASS SOCIETY4 ,! DIALECTICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 !N1 9VOLV$ ! :OLE HI/ORICAL PROCESS :I* />T$ ) ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION & CULM9AT$ 9 ! IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHY ( ,HEGEL1 ONLY TO BR+ =? ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ITS !ORETICAL EXPRESSION 9 ,M>XISM4 ,?IS WAS NOT ! !ORY ( A PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T ?AT HAD DEVELOP$ ON ITS [N BASIS1 BUT A !ORY ?AT HAD JU/ EM]G$ FROM ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION & :I*1 !RE=E1 9 CONT5T & =M1 /ILL C>RI$ ! BIR?M>KS ( B\RGEOIS-REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,NEI!R ,M>X NOR ,5GELS D5I$ ! HI/ORICAL CONNECTION BETWE5 !IR MAT]IALI/IC !ORIES & B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY1 :I* ALSO CONNECTS ! B\RGEOIS ) ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ?IS CONNECTION DOES NOT IMPLY1 SO ,KORS* RELATES 9 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY1 ?AT SOCIALI/ !ORY 9 ITS FUR!R 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T RETA9S ITS PHILOSOPHICAL *>ACT]1 NOR ?AT ! ,JACOB9ISM ( B\RGEOIS-REVOLUTION>Y !ORY REMA9S AN ASPECT ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,9 FACT1 ,M>X & ,5GELS CEAS$ TO CONSID] !IR MAT]IALI/IC POSITION AS A PHILOSOPHICAL ONE & SPOKE ( ! 5D ( ALL PHILOSOPHY4 ,BUT :AT !Y MEANT !REBY1 ACCORD+ TO ,KORS*1 WAS NOT A M]E PREF]5CE = ! V>I\S POSITIVE SCI5CES TO PHILOSOPHY4 ,RA!R1 !IR [N MAT]IALI/IC POSITION WAS ! !ORETICAL EXPRESSION ( AN ACTUALLY-OCCURR+ REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS :I* W\LD ABOLI% B\RGEOIS SCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY BY ABOLI%+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS :I* F\ND !IR IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSION 9 B\RGEOIS SCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY4 ,AL?\< ONE ( ,M>X'S ,!SES ON ,FEU]BA* /ATES ?AT 0! PHILOSOPH]S HAVE ONLY 9T]PRET$ ! WORLD 9 V>I\S WAYS2 ! PO9T1 H[EV]1 IS TO *ANGE IT01 ?IS *ANGE ITSELF IS BO? !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL4 ,9 ,KORS*'S 9T]PRETATION IT IS ?US IMPOSSIBLE TO IGNORE PHILOSOPHY & EQUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO REMOVE ! PHILOSOPHICAL ELEM5TS ( ,M>XISM4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS ALSO A PHILOSOPHICAL /RUGGLE1 EV5 IF ! REVOLUTION>Y PHILOSOPHY HAS NO O!R FUNCTION ?AN ?AT ( P>TAK+ 9 ! *ANG+ ( ! EXI/+ WORLD4 ,KORS* HELD ?AT ,M>X'S MAT]IALISM1 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ,FEU]BA*'S AB/RACT NATURAL MAT]IALISM WAS & HAS ALWAYS REMA9$ A HI/ORICAL1 DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM1 I4E4 A MAT]IALISM 9CORPORAT+1 COMPREH5D+ & ALT]+ ! TOTALITY ( ! HI/ORICALLY-GIV5 SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,! RELATIVE NEGLECT ( PHILOSOPHY ON ! P>T ( ! MATURE ,M>X DOES NOT AFFECT HIS RECOGNITION ?AT IDEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY >E REAL SOCIAL =CES :I* MU/ BE OV]COME BO? ON !IR [N GR\NDS & BY A *ANGE 9 ! CONDITIONS ?AT !Y RELATE TO4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ITS ,AFT]MA? ,K>L ,KORS*'S FRE% CONC]N ) ! RELATION BETWE5 ,M>XISM & PHILOSOPHY SPRANG NOT FROM A SPECIFIC 9T]E/ 9 PHILOSOPHY BUT RA!R FROM ! NE$ & DESIRE TO FREE ! PREVAIL+ ,M>XISM FROM ITS IDEOLOGICAL & DOGMATIC 5CUMBRANCES4 ,IT WAS A !ORETICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y TR5D RELEAS$ BY W> & REVOLUTION2 = ,M>XISM1 :I* ILLUM9ATES ! DIALECTICAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS & ITS MAT]IAL BASE1 IS APPLICABLE TO ,M>XISM ITSELF & TO ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ SURPRIS+ 9 ! FACT ?AT ! ,M>XISM ( #ahdh & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O WAS SOME?+ O!R ?AN ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T :I* DEVELOP$ TOGE!R ) AN EXP&+ CAPITALISM -- 9 A NON-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ( LONG DURATION :I* CAME TO ITS TEMPOR>Y 5D ONLY ) ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,M>XI/ 'REVISIONISM' WAS M]ELY ! !ORY ( A NON-REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE & ,M>XI/ 'OR?ODOXY' WAS A !ORY DIVORC$ FROM ALL PRACTICE1 :I* ?US S]V$ AS AN 9DIRECT1 IDEOLOGICAL SUPPORT ( B\RGEOIS RE=MISM4 ,! NEW REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION SAW ITSELF RE/OR+ ORIG9AL ,M>XISM4 ,9 ,KORS*'S VIEW1 ?IS C\LD ONLY BE AN APP>5T & IDEOLOGICAL RE/ORATION :I* W\LD NOT ELIM9ATE ! NE$ = A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XI/ !ORY & PRACTICE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL SITUATION 9 :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T F\ND ITSELF4 ,YET AS A FIR/ ATTEMPT TO COMBAT ! NON-REVOLUTION>Y & !RE=E C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE ( ! RE=MI/ MOVEM5T1 ! ,M>XISM ( ,M>X WAS AN ADVANCE BY RAIS+ ANEW ! QUE/IONS ( REVOLUTION & ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T F\Y WILL ( ! CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT TO 5D CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,EV5 IF1 ) REG>D TO ,RUSSIA1 !RE EXI/$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ A WIDE & APP>5TLY UNBRIDGEABLE GAP BETWE5 ! SOVIET IDEA & ! POSSIBILITY ( ITS REALIZATION1 ?IS WAS NO REASON NOT TO ATTEMPT A REVOLUTION>Y SOLUTION 9 NATIONS MORE =TUNATE 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/ %\LD SUCCE$ IT W\LD1 P]HAPS1 PROVIDE ! V]Y CONDITIONS = A SOCIALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 9DU/RIALLY LESS-ADVANC$ NATIONS4 ,LIKE ALL REVOLUTION>IES ( ! TIME1 ,KORS* SID$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION BY SID+ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S 9 ,G]MANY & ELSE:]E4 ,BY #a#i#b#a1 H[EV]1 ! PO/W> REVOLUTION>Y WAVE BEGAN TO SUBSIDE & ) IT ! HOPE = WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/ WAS B\ND TO AFFECT ! *>ACT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION :OSE NATIONAL RE/RICTIONS1 :ATEV] ITS E>LY 9T]NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS1 LIMIT$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIALITIES & TURN$ IT1 F9ALLY1 9TO ONE P>TICUL> ASPECT ( ! 9T]NATIONAL C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,! BOL%EVIK REGIME 9 ,RUSSIA C\LD MA9TA9 ITSELF ONLY BY DO+ CONCRETELY :AT IT WAS IDEOLOGICALLY OBLIG$ TO D5Y1 NAMELY1 TO EXP& & EXT5D ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,S9CE ?IS HAD NOT BE5 ! ORIG9AL GOAL ( BOL%EVISM1 ! GOAL ITSELF N[ /OOD REVEAL$ AS A M]E IDEOLOGICAL ONE1 UNRELAT$ TO ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMIC /RUCTURE & TO ! CLASS =CES )9 IT1 & AS SU* IT CONT9U$ TO EXI/4 ,M>XISM AS IDEOLOGY S]V$ ! NON-,M>XIAN PRACTICE ( TRANS=M+ ,RUSSIA 9TO A MOD]N CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES IT WAS NO SURPRISE ?AT ,KORS*'S ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY %\LD DI/URB NOT ONLY ,KAUTSKY & HIS DISCIPLES BUT ! BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGI/S AS WELL4 ,TO APPLY ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY TO ,M>XISM ITSELF WAS TO UNMASK ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( ! :OLE ( ! EXI/+ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! QUICKLY-E/ABLI%$ COMMON FRONT AGA9/ ,KORS*'S WORK REVEAL$ ?AT ! ,L59I/ MOVEM5T WAS /ILL P>T & P>CEL ( ,KAUTSKY'S 'OR?ODOXY'4 ,& JU/ AS ,KAUTSKY'S IDEOLOGICAL ADH]5CE TO ! 'F9AL AIMS' ( SOCIALISM ONLY S]V$ ,B]N/E9'S 'AIMLESS' RE=MISM1 SO ,L59'S DOGMATISM C\LD ONLY FUNCTION AS ! FALSE CONSCI\SNESS ( A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,IDEOLOGI/S ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL DECL>$ ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY A 'REVISIONI/ H]ESY'4 ,S9CE !Y ACCEPT$ ,L59'S & ,KAUTSKY'S 'OR?ODOXY' AS ,M>XISM !Y W]E ( C\RSE RI >\ND ,KORS*'S WORK1 :I* WAS APP>5TLY /RICTLY !ORETICAL1 SOON TOOK ON A MORE POLITICAL *>ACT]4 ,COMMUNI/ /RATEGY 9 ! PO/W> WORLD1 :I* EMBRAC$ P>TICIPATION 9 SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5TS :]E POSSIBLE & REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S :5 OPPORTUNE1 SUFF]$ A DECISIVE DEFEAT 9 ! ,G]MAN POLITICAL OCCURR5CES ( #a#i#b#c4 ,?IS L$ TO NEW 9T]NAL CRISES 9 ! COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,!RE W]E RII\S NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS & ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,DEVIATIONS FROM ! (FICIAL1 EV5 ?\< %IFT+1 P>TY-L9E BY ONE OR ANO!R GR\P1 W]E ATTACK$ NOT ONLY AS TACTICAL DIFF]5CES BUT AS DIGRESSIONS FROM ,M>XISM ITSELF4 ,KORS*'S CRITICISM ( COMMUNI/ POLICIES AFT] ! #aibc EV5TS WAS CONSID]$ A CONSEQU5CE ( ! 'H]ETICAL' POSITION DISPLAY$ 9 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY4 ,BUT NOT BE=E #aibf W]E ,KORS* & HIS GR\P ACTUALLY EXPELL$4 ,FROM ! VANTAGE PO9T ( #aibf ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> APPE>$ AS FEEBLE AS !Y ACTUALLY HAD BE54 ,BUT CAPITALISM WAS F> FROM BE+ /ABILIZ$ & A NEW REVOLUTION>Y WAVE REMA9$ A POSSIBILITY4 ,TO PREP>E = IT REQUIR$1 9 ,KORS*'S VIEW.<#e.>1 A %>P5+1 NOT A S(T5+1 ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & A GREAT] DET]M9ATION TO W9 POLITICAL P[]4 ,BUT :ILE ! POSSIBILITY ( A NEW RIS+ WAS NOT EXCLUD$1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION GA9$ /R5G?4 ,ALL ! ANTI-COMMUNI/ =CES FROM ! REACTION>Y ,RIY SOLUTION ( ! EXI/+ CRISIS CONDITIONS4 ,!Y F\ND 9 ! BOL%EVIK NE$ TO MA9TA9 & CONSOLIDATE ! P>TY'S P[] 9 ,RUSSIA & 9 ! WORLD AT L>GE AN UNDESIR$ BUT EFFECTIVE ALLY4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T BECAME A POLITICAL 9/RUM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE & ?US CEAS$ BE+ A REVOLUTION>Y =CE 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE4 ,TO SUBORD9ATE 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNISM TO ,RUSSIA'S NATIONAL NE$S1 SO IT APPE>$ TO ,KORS*1 WAS TO REPEAT ! P]=MANCE ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ON ! EVE ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> -- SACRIFIC+ PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM TO NATIONAL IMP]IALISM4 ,IT N[ NO LONG] MADE S5SE TO CRITICIZE BOL%EVIK POLICY 9 DETAIL1 = :AT DET]M9$ ?IS POLICY WAS NOT A MI/AK5 READ+ ( ! REAL SITUATION ) RESPECT TO PROLET>IAN ASPIRATIONS1 OR ! ABS5CE ( SU* ASPIRATIONS2 NOR WAS IT DET]M9$ BY A WRONG !ORY :I* C\LD BE CORRECT$ BY WAY ( DISCUSSION4 ,RA!R1 IT F\ND ITS DIRECT S\RCE 9 ! SPECIFIC & CONCRETE NE$S ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE1 ITS ECONOMY1 ITS NATIONAL 9T]E/S1 & 9 ?OSE ( ITS NEW RUL+ CLASS1 ! BOL%EVIK DECISION-MAK]S & !IR L>GE BUREAUCRATIC RET9UE4 ,PROLET>IAN COMMUNISM HAD TO DISSOCIATE ITSELF FROM ,RUSSIA & ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL AS1 PREVI\SLY1 IT HAD TO BREAK AWAY FROM SOCIAL-RE=MISM & ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,) ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 & = ! TIME BE+1 PROLET>IAN COMMUNISM ITSELF WAS DOOM$4 ,! COMB9$ IDEOLOGICAL & ACTUAL P[]S ( TRADITIONAL CAPITALISM1 ITS SOCIAL-RE=MI/ SUPPORT]S1 & ,RUSSIA'S /ATE-CAPITALISM 9 ,M>XIAN DISGUISE W]E MORE ?AN 5\< TO DE/ROY A REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY NOT YET ABLE TO ACKN[L$GE DEFEAT4 ,NO ATTEMPT WAS MADE BY ,KORS* OR HIS NEW FRI5DS 9 ! SO-CALL$ ULTRA-LEFT COMMUNI/ GR\P+S.<#f.> TO ADVOCATE ! CAPTURE OR ! RE=M ( ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 OR TO L9E UP ) ONE OR ! O!R ( ! BOL%EVIK FACTIONS FIATUS 9 SUPPORT ( ONE OR ANO!R TACTICAL MOVE TO SAFEGU>D ! BOL%EVIK REGIME4 ,:AT WAS IMPORTANT TO ,KORS*1 H[EV]1 WAS AN EM]G+ PROLET>IAN OPPOSITION TO ! NEW BOL%EVIK /ATE-CAPITALI/1 OR /ATE-SOCIALI/1 =M ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,AS REG>DS ,RUSSIA1 IT WAS ! WORK]S OPPOSITION1 KN[N UND] ! NAME ( ONE ( ITS F\ND]S1 ,SAPRONOV1 ) :I* ,KORS* E/ABLI%$ CONTACT BECAUSE IT /RESS$ ! CLASS *>ACT] ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,?IS GR\P REALIZ$ ?AT ITS FITY1 AMONG ! WORK]S G5]ALLY4 ,BUT ALONG ) ALL O!R OPPOSITIONAL GR\PS1 ! WORK]S OPPOSITION1 TOO1 FELL VICTIM TO ! RIS+ ,/AL9I/ T]ROR4 ,PROLET>IAN ,SELF-DET]M9ATION ,:AT ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL FAIL$ TO COMPLETE1 NAMELY1 TRANS=M+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9TO ORGANIZATIONS CONTROLL+ ! WORK]S1 WAS N[ COMPLET$ BY ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,PROLET>IAN SELF-DET]M9ATION W\LD HAVE TO ASS]T ITSELF AGA9/ ALL EXI/+ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS :E!R ( AN ECONOMIC OR A POLITICAL *>ACT]4 ,! TRADITIONAL POLITICAL P>TY ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 AS WELL AS TRADEUNIONISM 9 ITS CRAFT OR 9DU/RIAL =M1 W]E N[ MANIPULATIVE 9/RUM5TS 9 ! H&S ( HUGE LABOR BUREAUCRACIES ?AT ID5TIFI$ !IR SPECIAL 9T]E/S ) ! SOCIAL /ATUS QUO1 OR W]E BECOM+ GOV]NM5T 9/ITUTIONS ( CONTROL & DEP5D5CE4 ,IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS 9 :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS1 UND] 5TIRELY DIFF]5T CONDITIONS1 HAD SET !IR HOPES = ! DEVELOPM5T ( PROLET>IAN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 C\LD NO LONG] BE REG>D$ AS EMANCIPATORY =CES4 ,RA!R1 !Y HAD BECOME NEW & ADDITIONAL =MS ( PROLET>IAN 5SLAVEM5T4 ,H[EV] RELUCTANTLY -- DUE TO ! ABS5CE ( NEW & MORE ADEQUATE ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE -- ,KORS* N[ CAME TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! 5D+ ( CAPITALISM PRESUPPOSES & 9VOLVES 5D+ TRADITIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 SO F> AS !SE ORGANIZATIONS /ILL 5JOY$ APPROBATION BY WORK]S1 ?IS ITSELF 9DICAT$ TO :AT EXT5T PROLET>IAN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS WAS LACK+4 ,MANIFE/ATIONS ( PROLET>IAN 9DEP5D5CE ?R\< DIRECT ACTIONS = WORK+ CLASS OBJECTIVES1 H[EV] FLEET+ & LOCALIZ$ AT FIR/1 ,KORS* N[ P]CEIV$ AS SO MANY SIGNS PO9T+ TO A REVIVAL ( PROLET>IAN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS )9 ! TOTALIT>IAN EXPANSION ( AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROLS OV] ALWAYS L>G] SPH]ES ( ! SOCIAL LIFE4 ,:]E 9DEP5D5T WORK+ CLASS ACTIONS W]E /ILL TO BE F\ND1 REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM WAS NOT DEAD4 ,NOT IDEOLOGICAL ADH]5CE TO ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E BUT ACTIONS BY ! WORK+ CLASS ON ITS [N BEHALF WAS ! DECISIVE PO9T = ! REBIR? ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,?IS TYPE ( ACTION WAS TO SOME EXT5T /ILL ! PRACTICE 9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,KORS* TURN$ TO ! AN>*I/S )\T GIV+ UP HIS ,M>XI/ CONCEPTIONS2 NOT TO ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS AN>*I/S ( LAISSEZ FAIRE IDEOLOGY1 BUT TO ! AN>*I/ WORK]S & POOR PEASANTS ( ,SPA9 :O HAD NOT YET SUCCUMB$ TO ! 9T]NATIONAL C\NT]-REVOLUTION :I* N[ C\NT$ AMONG ITS SYMBOLS ! NAME ( ,M>X AS WELL4 ,AN>*ISM F\ND ITS PLACE 9 ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E1 IF ONLY1 AS IS SOMETIMES CLAIM$1 TO PACIFY ! AN>*I/ ELEM5TS :O %>$ 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! AN>*I/ EMPHASIS ON FRE$OM & SPONTANEITY1 ON SELF-DET]M9ATION1 &1 !RE=E1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 ON ACTION RA!R ?AN IDEOLOGY1 ON SOLID>ITY MORE ?AN ON ECONOMIC 9T]E/ W]E PRECISELY ! QUALITIES ?AT HAD BE5 LO/ TO ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ITS RISE TO POLITICAL 9FLU5CE & P[] 9 ! EXP&+ CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,IT DID NOT MATT] TO ,KORS* :E!R HIS AN>*I/ICALLY-BIAS$ 9T]PRETATION ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM WAS TRUE TO ,M>X OR NOT4 ,:AT MATT]$1 UND] ! CONDITIONS ( TW5TIE?-C5TURY CAPITALISM1 WAS TO RECAPTURE !SE AN>*I/ ATTITUDES 9 ORD] TO HAVE A LABOR MOVEM5T AT ALL4 ,!RE WAS ! CLOSE/ CONNECTION1 ,KORS* PO9T$ \T1 BETWE5 ,RUSSIAN TOTALIT>IANISM & ,L59'S CONVICTION ?AT WORK+ CLASS SPONTANEITY HAD TO BE FE>$1 NOT FO/]$ -- ?AT IT WAS ! FUNCTION ( NON-PROLET>IAN LAY]S ( SOCIETY -- ! 9TELLIG5TSIA -- TO C>RY REVOLUTION>Y AW>5ESS 9TO ! MASSES1 :I* W]E UNABLE TO BECOME CLASS CONSCI\S ON !IR [N ACCORD4 ,BUT ,L59 ONLY SPELL$ \T1 & ADAPT$ TO ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS1 :AT HAD S9CE BE5 LONG1 IF SIL5TLY1 ACCEPT$ 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 I4E4 ! RULE ( ! ORGANIZATION OV] ! ORGANIZ$ & ! CONTROL ( ! ORGANIZATION BY ITS LEAD+ HI]>*Y4 ,! ,B\RGEOIS & ! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTIONS ,! IDEAS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION -- FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE1 REASON & DEMOCRACY -- C\LD NOT BE REALIZ$ 9 B\RGEOIS CLASS SOCIETY4 ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY WAS ?US AT ONCE A PROGRAM ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION T[>DS ! ABOLITION ( SOCIAL CLASS RELATIONS4 ,IT DID NOT MATT] ?AT ! L>G] P>T ( ! WORLD HAD /ILL TO EXP]I5CE1 OR F\ND ITSELF1 9 ! ?ROES ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS4 ,:]E SU* REVOLUTIONS HAD BE5 SUCCESSFUL !Y ALSO CREAT$ !IR [N NEGATION 9 ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION WAS NOT ! 5D BUT ! BEG9N+ ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION '9 P]MAN5CE'1 ?AT IS1 UNTIL IT CEAS$ TO BE AN 9/RUM5T ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,H[ LONG ?IS PROCESS W\LD TAKE WAS NOT PR$ICTABLE4 ,?IS DEP5D$ ON ! GR[? ( CLASS AW>5ESS & ! 9T5SITY ( ! ACTUAL /RUGGLES ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,YET ! EXI/5CE ( SU* AW>5ESS1 & PROLET>IAN /RUGGLES = WORK+ CLASS OBJECTIVES EV5 )9 ! CONF9ES ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 JU/IFI$ ! PR$ICTION ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION AS ! F9AL PRODUCT ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,MEAN:ILE1 H[EV]1 ! WORLD BELONG$ TO ! B\RGEOISIE & ! REVOLUTION>Y FUNCTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ) RESPECT TO BO? !ORY & PRACTICE1 W]E /RICTLY & EXCLUSIVELY CRITICAL -- CRITICAL EV5 ( ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 = CAPITALISM WAS CONSID]$ ! PRE-CONDITION ( SOCIALISM4 ,BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM WAS HA/5$ & ITS LIFE-SPAN %ORT5$ BY ! SIMULTANE\S GR[? ( WORK+ CLASS 9ITIATIVE & PROLET>IAN CLASS ACTIONS4 ,:5EV] IT WAS NECESS>Y TO SUPPORT B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 IT WAS ONLY TO GA9 A />T+ PO9T = ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,& TO DO SO )\T M]ELY S]V+ ! B\RGEOISIE REQUIR$ A P]SI/5T & CLE> CLASS CONSCI\SNESS :I* DID NOT LOSE SIX HIMSELF AID$ & ABETT$ B\RGEOIS MOVEM5TS ( A NATIONAL & DEMOCRATIC NATURE DID NOT CONTRADICT HIS !ORY ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION BUT M]ELY 9DICAT$ ! /ILL-EXI/+ GAP BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS & ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 BETWE5 ! CREATION & ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( #ahdh & ! CONSEQU5T CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T UND] C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y AUSPICES DID NOT PREV5T ! RISE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?IS MOVEM5T1 :I* ORIG9AT$ )9 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ADAPT$ ITSELF TO ! NON-REVOLUTION>Y CONDITIONS RESULT+ FROM A COMPROMISE ( ! EM]G+ CAPITALI/ CLASS ) ! /ILL SEMI-FEUDAL /ATE4 ,BUT EV5 9 C\NTRIES :]E ! GOV]NM5T WAS ONLY ! EXECUTIVE ( ! RUL+ CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ! DEVELOP+ LABOR MOVEM5T DID NOT DISPLAY A REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,M>X'S EXPECTATIONS4 ,! POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ! ,M>X ( #ahdh HAD NO REAL BE>+ UPON CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS 9 AN ADVANC$ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,IT MADE ROOM = A SOCIAL-RE=MI/ PROGRAM EMBELLI%$ ) ,M>XIAN IDEOLOGY :]EV] ! TRADITIONS ( #ahdh W]E HONOR$4 ,M>X'S SUPPORT ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS WAS NOT A TACTICAL MOVE TO GA9 CONTROL ( !SE REVOLUTIONS & TO TRANS=M !M 9TO PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS & SOCIALISM1 BUT WAS A REAL SUPPORT ( AN UPCOM+ CLASS :I*1 BY ITS EM]G5CE1 GAVE RISE ALSO TO ITS C\NT]P>T1 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 & ?US ASSUR$ A NEW REVOLUTION BY VIRTUE ( ITS [N SUCCESS4 ,?IS SUPPORT WAS B\ND TO ! CONDITIONS ( CONT95TAL ,EUROPE 9 #ahdh & HAD NO MEAN+ \TSIDE !SE CONDITIONS4 ,! ,M>X ( ,CAPITAL & ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL NO LONG] SAW ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! SPE>HEAD ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION BUT SAW IT AS EXCLUSIVELY CONC]N$ ) ITS [N WORK+ CLASS AIMS 9 ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* WAS NO LONG] 9 OPPOSITION1 BUT 9 CONTROL1 ( ! FEUDAL RESIDUE4 ,?IS WAS APP>5TLY NOT TRUE = ,RUSSIA4 ,H]E ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS SEEM$ ANALOG\S TO ?OSE PREVAIL+ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,BO? ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT FAC$ NOT ONLY ! SEMI-FEUDAL CONDITIONS ( ,CZ>ISM BUT ALSO ! NON-SOCIALI/IC ASPIRATIONS ( ! PEASANT MASSES4 ,A SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS NONE!LESS AT H&4 ,BUT IT WAS NEI!R A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE1 NOR A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ! TRADITION ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< IT CONTA9$ ELEM5TS ( BO?1 IT WAS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 A PEASANT REVOLUTION 9 A NATION CAPITALI/ICALLY-BACKW>D BUT ALREADY UND] ! CONTROL ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD M>KET & ?US EMBROIL$ 9 & P>TAK+ ( ALL ! CAPITALI/IC & IMP]IALI/IC1 AS WELL AS ! SOCIALI/IC ACTIVITIES & UPHEAVALS ?AT CON/ITUTE NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS4 ,AL?\< ,L59 CONCEIV$ ( ! EXPECT$ ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC1 ! ACTUAL REVOLUTION ( #aiag WAS T]M$ 'PROLET>IAN' BECAUSE ! BOL%EVIKS SUCCE$$ 9 GA9+ CONTROL OV] ! /ATE2 & ! BOL%EVIKS W]E A ,M>XI/ P>TY4 ,! SL[LY-E/ABLI%$ TOTALIT>IAN RULE ( ! P>TY OV] ! :OLE ( SOCIETY WAS PRES5T$ AS ! 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' EV5 ?\< ! PROLET>IAT AS A DOM9ANT CLASS HAD FIR/ TO BE CREAT$ BY ! =C$ TRANS=MATION ( BACKW>D ,RUSSIA 9TO A MOD]N 9DU/RIAL /ATE4 ,! 9T]VAL BETWE5 ! \TBREAK ( REVOLUTION & ! TAK+ ( P[] BY ! BOL%EVIKS WAS VIEW$ AS ! TRANSITION FROM ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC TO ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION OR1 RA!R1 AS ! COMPRESSION ( B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAN 9TO ONE REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS1 AS ! ELIM9ATION ( A :OLE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TAL /AGE BY POLITICAL MEANS1 ! CREATION ( ! PROLET>IAT & ( ! PRE-CONDITIONS ( SOCIALISM NOT ?R\< CAPITALI/ CLASS RELATIONS BUT BY WAY ( ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY & ! DIRECT P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,?IS WAS AN 5TIRELY NON-,M>XIAN POSITION :I*1 H[EV]1 C\LD BE JU/IFI$ BY CONCEIV+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION NOT AS A NATIONAL AFFAIR BUT AS P>T ( A WORLD-REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS :I*1 IF SUCCESSFUL1 W\LD EMBRACE ! LESS-DEVELOP$ REGIONS ( ! WORLD TOGE!R ) ! SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES1 JU/ AS PREVI\SLY1 CAPITALISM HAD BR\IATIONS1 9TO A CAPITALI/ICALLY-DET]M9$ WORLD ECONOMY4 ,SO LONG1 !N1 AS !RE EXI/$ ! POSSIBILITY ( ITS WE/W>D EXT5SION1 ! ,L59I/ ATTEMPT TO DRIVE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION BEYOND ITS OBJECTIVE LIMITATIONS WAS 9 CON=MITY ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( A ,WE/]N PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,)\T ?IS REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 ?IS WAS NO LONG] TRUE4 ,BUT MOVEM5TS ( ! SCOPE ( ! BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION MAY BE DE/ROY$ BUT !Y CANNOT BE RE-CALL$4 ,ONCE 9 P[]1 ?IS P[] HAS TO BE SECUR$ AT ALL CO/S1 = ! ALT]NATIVE IS NOT RETREAT BUT DEA?4 ,& /AY+ 9 P[] WAS TO ACCEPT ! ,M>XI/ TRU? ?AT SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE =CES DET]M9E SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS & !RE) POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURES1 NOT VICE V]SA4 ,:AT 9 O!R NATIONS HAD BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE HAD N[ TO BE DONE BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S1 I4E4 ! CREATION ( CAPITAL BY WAY ( 'PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION' & ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?AT ?IS WAS DONE )\T GIV+ UP ! ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY IS NO?+ TO BE WOND]$ AT1 = 9 CAPITALISM1 TOO1 ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY DOES NOT REFLECT ACTUALLY-EXI/+ CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS ! FUNCTION ( IDEOLOGIES TO COV] UP & TO JU/IFY AN UNPALATABLE SOCIAL PRACTICE4 ,! PURPOSE ( ?IS DIGRESSION IS TO COND5SE ,KORS*'S IDEAS & ATTITUDES LAID D[N 9 A NUMB] ( >TICLES ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN1 ! B\RGEOIS1 & ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,JU/ AS ,M>X HAD TO ADJU/ HIMSELF TO ! REALITY ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION & ITS AFT]MA?1 EV5 ?\< HE SAW CAPITALISM AS ONLY AN 9T]M$I>Y /AGE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS :I* W\LD F9D ITS SOLUTION 9 SOCIALISM1 SO ,KORS*1 & EV]YONE ELSE1 HAD TO TAKE A /& ON ! QUE/IONS POS$ BY ! BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION & BY ITS PECULI>LY NON-,M>XIAN *>ACT]4 ,SO LONG AS CONDITIONS MADE IT POSSIBLE TO HOPE = A REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/ -- A P]IOD CO9CID+ ) ! SO-CALL$ 'H]OIC' P]IOD ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ) W>-COMMUNISM & CIVIL-W> -- ! /& TO TAKE WAS OBVI\S4 ,TO OPPOSE ! BOL%EVIK REGIME UND] !N-EXI/+ CIRCUM/ANCES WAS TO JO9 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION NOT ONLY 9 ,RUSSIA BUT EV]Y:]E4 ,:ATEV] ! M5TAL RES]VATIONS1 ! SUPPORT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS A NECESSITY = ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,ONLY :5 ! BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES TURN$ AGA9/ !IR [N & ! REVOLUTIONI/S ( ! ,WE/ -- & 9DIRECTLY BUT EFFECTIVELY SU$ = PEACE ) ! CAPITALI/ WORLD -- WAS IT POSSIBLE TO TURN AGA9/ ! BOL%EVIK REGIME )\T SIMULTANE\SLY AID+ 9T]NATIONAL C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< ,M>XISM C\LD ELUCIDATE CONDITIONS SU* AS EXI/$ 9 PRE-BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA & O!R CAPITALI/ICALLY BACKW>D C\NTRIES1 IT C\LD NOT PROVIDE A PROGRAM ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION = !IR REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,ITS RELEVANCE WAS RE/RICT$ TO ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 CAPITALI/ICALLY-ADVANC$ NATIONS & H]E ! REVOLUTION DID NOT /IR2 :]E IT DID1 IT FAIL$4 ,BUT :]E A SOCIAL REVOLUTION SUCCE$$1 ?\< IT WAS NOT ( A PROLET>IAN *>ACT]1 IT TOOK ITS IDEOLOGY FROM ,M>XISM1 = ! IDEA ( REVOLUTION WAS IRRETRIEVABLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4 ,IT ?US BECAME NECESS>Y TO DISSOCIATE !SE REVOLUTIONS FROM PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM & TO ?AT 5D CIRCUMSCRIBE ! TRUE & LIMIT$ MEAN+ ( ,M>XIAN DOCTR9E4 ,M>XI/ ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ,ALL ,M>XI/ PROPOSITIONS1 ,KORS* PO9T$ \T1 0REPRES5T ONLY AN HI/ORICAL \TL9E ( ! RISE & DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & HAVE UNIV]SAL VALIDITY BEYOND ?AT ONLY 9 ! SAME WAY 9 :I* EV]Y ?OR\< EMPIRICAL KN[L$GE ( NATURAL & HI/ORICAL.<#g.> =M APPLIES TO MORE ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL CASE CONSID]$4 ,M>XISM OP]ATES ?US ON 0TWO LEVELS ( G5]ALITY2 AS A G5]AL LAW ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! =M ( SO-CALL$ HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 & AS A P>TICUL> LAW ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & ( ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ORIG9AT+ FROM IT40.<#h.> ,& H]E IT IS NOT CONC]N$ ) ! 0EXI/+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9 ITS AFFIRMATIVE /ATE1 BUT ) ! DECL9+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY AS REVEAL$ 9 ! DEMON/RABLY OP]ATIVE T5D5CIES ( ITS BREAK+-UP & DECAY40.<#i.> ,BY BE+ AN EFFECTIVE CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL WAS1 ( C\RSE1 ALSO A CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMIC SCI5CE4 ,BUT 9 ! LIKET ME*ANISM & ! EXPLOITATIVE CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS1 ! SCI5CE ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY HAS ONLY DESCRIPTIVE & IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS4 ,NO MATT] H[ H>D IT MAY /RIVE = PRACTICAL APPLICABILITY1 ITS V]Y /RUCTURE AS AN '9DEP5D5T' SCI5CE DEPRIVES IT ( SUCCESS4 ,DESPITE ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC *>ACT] ,M>XI/ !ORY DOES NOT 9T5D TO 5RI* ECONOMIC SCI5CE BUT WANTS TO DE/ROY IT ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS :I* ?IS SCI5CE TRIES TO JU/IFY & DEF5D4 ,M>XISM WANTS TO UND]/& CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ONLY 9 SO F> AS SU* UND]/&+ AIDS 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALISM2 IT IS NEV] 'OP]ATIONAL' 9 ! B\RGEOIS S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,NEI!R CAN ?IS ECONOMIC SCI5CE 0:I* ! PROLET>IAN CLASS 9H]IT$ FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 BY A M]E ELIM9ATION ( ITS 9H]5T B\RGEOIS BIAS & A CONSI/5T WORK+ \T ( ITS PREMISES1 BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A !ORETICAL WEAPON = ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION04.<#a.> ,TO 5D ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR 0ONE MU/ NOT APPLY A DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATION ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS BUT RA!R1 ?R\< A REAL *ANGE 9 SOCIETY1 BR+ AB\T A PRACTICAL SITUATION 9 :I* ITS ECONOMIC LAWS WILL CEASE TO HOLD GOOD & ?US ! SCI5CE ( ECONOMICS WILL BECOME VOID ( CONT5T & ULTIMATELY VANI% ALTOGE!R04.<#a#a.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,KORS*1 ,M>X'S ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPLIES SOLELY TO B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS4 ,CAPITAL PRODUCTION IS NOT A RELATION BETWE5 M5 & NATURE1 0BUT A RELATION BETWE5 M5 & M5 BAS$ ON A RELATION BETWE5 M5 & NATURE04 ,M>X'S ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RESE>*1 :I* ULTIMATELY TRANSC5D$ ALL PHASES & =MS ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 PROV$ 0! MO/ G5]AL IDEAS & PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY TO BE M]E FETI%ES DISGUIS+ ACTUAL SOCIAL RELATIONS1 PREVAIL+ BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & CLASSES )9 A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL EPO* ( ! SOCIOECONOMIC =MATION04 .<#a#b.> ,!RE WAS NO WAY TO REA* ! CLASSLESS SOCIETY %ORT ( OV]COM+ ! FETI%I/IC SOCIAL RELATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & A TRULY SOCIALI/ SOCIETY C\LD NOT BE BAS$ ON ! 'LAW ( VALUE'4 ,KORS*'S PRECISE DEL9EATION ( ,M>X'S SOCIAL & ECONOMIC !ORIES OPPOSES ATTEMPTS TO LOOK UPON ,M>XISM AS A M]E PHASE 9 AN UNBROK5 CONT9UITY ( ECONOMIC !ORY1 AS WELL AS 5DEAVORS TO UTILIZE ',M>XIAN ECONOMICS' = SOCIALISM4 ,M>XIAN ',PHILOSOPHY' ,! PR9CIPLE ( SPECIFICATION APPLIES EQUALLY WELL TO ,M>XIAN 'PHILOSOPHY'4 ,NOT)/&+ ,M>X'S UNQUE/ION$ ACCEPTANCE ( ! G5ETIC PRIORITY ( EXT]NAL NATURE TO ALL HI/ORICAL & HUMAN EV5TS1 ,M>XISM1 ACCORD+ TO ,KORS*1 IS PRIM>ILY 9T]E/$ ONLY 9 ! PH5OM5A & 9T]-RELATION ( HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL LIFE -- :]E IT CAN 5T] AS A PRACTICAL1 9FLU5TIAL =CE4 ,! 9FLATION ( DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM 9TO AN ET]NAL LAW ( COSMIC DEVELOPM5T1 :I* ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS 9ITIAT$ & ,L59 COMPLET$1 IS 5TIRELY =EIGN TO ,M>XISM4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT IT WAS 9TRODUC$ BY ,5GELS 9DICATES ! E>LY TRANS=MATION ( ! !ORY ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9TO A ,WELTANS*AUUNG 9DEP5D5T ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL =M IT C\LD BE US$ = O!R ?AN /RICTLY PROLET>IAN PURPOSES & WAS SO US$ BY ,L59 & ! '9TELLIG5TSIA' 9 !IR /RUGGLE TO MOD]NIZE ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 ,MOREOV]1 BECAUSE ,M>X'S MA9 9T]E/ AT ! TIME ( HIS [N REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY WAS C5T]$ ON ! CREATION ( A POLITICAL-REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 ,L59'S EMPHASIS ON ! P>TY AS AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT APPE>$ TO BE H>MONI\S ) REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,& ?\< ,M>X SPOKE ( ! ULTIMATE DE/RUCTION ( FETI%I/IC CAPITAL PRODUCTION BY A FULLY CONSCI\S & DIRECT SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 HIS PRON\NCEM5TS 9 ?IS RESPECT REMA9$ OPAQUE4 ,!Y C\LD BE UND]/OOD 9 V>I\S WAYS1 P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE ,M>X RECOGNIZ$ ! TRANS=MATION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM NOT AS ONE REVOLUTION>Y ACT BUT AS A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS :I*1 = SOME TIME1 W\LD /ILL EXHIBIT MANY *>ACT]I/ICS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! PLANN$ ECONOMY CONTROLL$ FROM ABOVE1 ! NEW /ATE-APP>ATUS :I* REALIZ$ P>TY DICTATOR%IP -- ALL ?IS1 :5 SE5 AS TRANSITORY /AGES T[>DS A /ATELESS & SELF-DET]M9$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 C\LD WELL APPE> TO CON=M TO ,M>XIAN !ORY4 ,= AT ?IS PO9T ,M>X'S SCI5TIFIC MAT]IALISM *ANG$ 9TO UTOPIAN EXPECTATIONS4 ,! FACT ?AT ,L59'S 'OR?ODOXY' & ITS REVOLUTION>Y APPLICATION C\LD BE ( S]VICE TO A HI/ORICALLY-MODIFI$ BUT NEV]!LESS CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION 9DICAT$ ?AT ! ,M>XISM EVOLV$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS & ! E>LY LABOR MOVEM5T HAD NOT BE5 ABLE TO RID ITSELF ( ITS B\RGEOIS 9H]ITANCE4 ,:AT 9 ,M>XIAN !ORY & PRACTICE (T5 APPE>$ AS ANTI-B\RGEOIS PROV$ TO BE ASSIMILABLE BY ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,:AT SEEM$ TO BE A ROAD TO SOCIALISM L$ TO A NEW TYPE ( CAPITALISM4 ,:AT 9 ,M>XIAN P]SPECTIVE SEEM$ TO TRANSC5D CAPITALISM TURN$ \T TO BE A NEW WAY ( P]PETUAT+ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION4 ,KORS*'S CRITICISM ( ,M>XIAN 'OR?ODOXY'1 & ( ,L59ISM 9 P>TICUL>1 ?US BECAME A CRITICISM ( ,M>XISM ITSELF & !RE)1 ( C\RSE1 A SELF-CRITICISM4 ,G5]ALLY1 ! REACTION ON ! P>T ( ACADEMIC ,M>XI/S TO ! FAILURE ( ,M>XISM WAS TO CEASE BE+ ,M>XI/S4 ,SOME COM=T$ !MSELVES BY SEE+ 9 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ,M>XISM AS A SEP>ATE S*OOL ( ?\TS 9TO ! V>I\S B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CES A GREAT TRIUMPH ( ,M>X'S G5IUS4 ,O!RS M]ELY DECL>$ ,M>XISM PASSE1 ALONG ) ! LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM & ALL O!R ASPECTS ( ! ,VICTORIAN AGE4 ,:AT !Y OV]LOOK$1 ( C\RSE1 AS ,KORS* PO9T$ \T1 WAS ?AT ! ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS ( ! WORK+S ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & ( ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T IS AS P]T95T AS EV]1 & ?AT NONE ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT BESET ,M>X'S WORLD HAVE CEAS$ BESETT+ ! WORLD ( TODAY & >E VISIBLY DRIV+ IT T[>DS ITS [N DE/RUCTION4 ,!Y M]ELY NOTICE ?AT AT ?IS JUNCTURE !RE IS NO EVID5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE & ?AT1 !RE=E1 !RE WILL NOT BE SU* A PROLET>IAT TOMORR[4 ,BUT ! PROLET>IAT NOT ONLY EXI/S BUT 9CREASES ALL OV] ! GLOBE ) ! CAPITALI/IC 9DU/RIALIZATION ( HI!RTO-UND]-DEVELOP$ NATIONS4 ,IT GR[S ) ! FUR!R CLASS POL>IZATION 9 ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES 9 ! WAKE ( ! REL5TLESS & POLITICALLY-5=C$ CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,EV5 IF1 9 SOME C\NTRIES1 & = ! TIME BE+1 ! SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS PROCESS MAY /ILL BE ALLEVIAT$ BY AN EXTRAORD9>Y 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVITY1 MAK+ = SOCIAL /ABILITY1 ?IS 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVITY IS ITSELF LIMIT$ BY PREVAIL+ CLASS RELATIONS4 ,9 BRIEF1 ALL CAPITALI/IC CONTRADICTIONS REMA9 9TACT & REQUIRE O!R ?AN CAPITALI/IC SOLUTIONS4 ,ALL ?AT ! PRES5T P]IOD ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION PROVES AS F> AS ,KORS* WAS CONC]N$ IS ?AT ! EVOLUTION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAD NOT REA*$ ITS UTT] HI/ORICAL LIMITS :5 LIB]AL CAPITALISM & RE=MI/ SOCIALISM REA*$ ! LIMITS ( !IR EVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES4 ,= ,KORS*1 ALL ! IMP]FECTIONS ( ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y !ORY :I*1 9 RETROSPECT1 >E EXPLA9ABLE BY ! CIRCUM/ANCES \T ( :I* IT >OSE1 DO NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT ,M>XISM REMA9S SUP]IOR TO ALL O!R SOCIAL !ORIES EV5 TODAY1 DESPITE ITS APP>5T FAILURE AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS ?IS FAILURE :I* DEM&S NOT ! REJECTION ( ,M>XISM BUT A ,M>XIAN CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM1 ?AT IS1 ! FUR!R PROLET>ISATION ( ! CONCEPT ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!RE WAS NO D\BT 9 ,KORS*'S M9D1 ?AT ! P]IOD ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION IS HI/ORICALLY LIMIT$ LIKE EV]Y?+ ELSE -- ?AT ! NEW SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE =CES EMBODI$ 9 A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION W\LD RE-ASS]T !MSELVES & F9D A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ADEQUATE TO !IR PRACTICAL TASKS4 #aifb #a ,*APMAN @& ,HALL1 #ai* #b ,COLLECT$ UND] ! TITLE ,M>XISMUS UND ,PHILOSOPHIE1 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#i#c4 7,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY1 SEP>ATELY1 WAS PUBLI%$ FIR/ 9 #a#i#b#c7 #c ,DIE ,MAT]IALI/IS*E ,GES*I*TSAUFFASSUNG1 ,E9E ,AUSE9&]SETZUNG MIT ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#i#b#i4 #d ,! DEBATE 9CLUD$ ,GEORGE ,LUKACS' ,HI/ORY & ,CLASS ,CONSCI\SNESS1 #a#i#b#c1 :I*1 LIKE ,KORS*'S WORK1 WAS CONSID]$ AN IDEALI/ DEVIATION FROM ,M>XISM4 #e ,K4 ,KORS*1 ,D] ,WEG D] ,KOM9T]N1 ,B]L91 #a#i#b#f4 #f ,KOMMUNI/IS*E ,>BEIT] ,P>TEI1 ,ALLGEME9E ,>BEIT] ,UNION1 & ! POLITICAL GR\PS ASSOCIAT$ ) ,F4 ,PFEMPF]T1 ,O4 ,RUHLE1 & ! J\RNAL ,DIE ,AKTION4 #g ,9TRODUCTION TO ,DAS ,KAPITAL1 ,B]L91 #a#i#c#c1 P4#c#c4 #h ,IBID4 #i ,K4 ,KORS*1 ,:Y ,I AM A ,M>XI/1 ,MOD]N ,MON?LY1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,VOL4 ,I,X1 ,NO4 #b1 P4#h#h4 #a ,K4 ,KORS*1 ,K>L ,M>X1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#c#h1 P4#i4 #aa ,IBID41 P4#i#a4 #ab ,IBID41 P4#a#a#d4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,K>L ,KORS*3 ,HIS ,CONTRIBUTION TO ,REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,K>L ,KORS*3 ,HIS ,CONTRIBUTION TO ,REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/