,JEAN ,MESLI] & 0,! ,G5TLE ,9CL9ATION ( ,NATURE0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MI*AEL ,ONFRAY 

,TEXT 3 

,I4 ,( A ,C]TA9 ,JEAN ,MESLI] 

,H[ A/ONI%+ ?AT ! PREVAIL+ HI/ORIOGRAPHY F9DS NO PLACE = AN A!I/ PRIE/ 9 ! REIGN ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 HE WAS A REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/ & 9T]NATIONALI/1 AN AV[$ MAT]IALI/1 A CONV9C$ H$ONI/1 AN AU!NTICALLY PASSIONATE & V9DICTIVELY1 ANTI-,*RI/IAN PROPHET1 BUT ALSO1 & ABOVE ALL1 A PHILOSOPH] 9 EV]Y S5SE ( ! WORD1 A PHILOSOPH] PROPOS+ A VISION ( ! WORLD ?AT IS COH]5T1 >TICULAT$1 & DEF5D$ /EP BY /EP BE=E ! TRIBUNAL ( ! WORLD1 )\T ANY OBLIGATION TO CONV5TIONAL ,WE/]N REASON+4 

,JEAN ,MESLI] UND] HIS CASSOCK CONTA9$ ALL ! DYNAMITE AT ! CORE ( ! #a#h? C5TURY4 ,?IS PRIE/ ) NO REPUTATION & )\T ANY MEMORIAL FURNI%ES AN IDEOLOGICAL >S5AL ( ! ?\<T ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S RADICAL FACTION1 ?AT ( ! ULTRAS1 ALL ( :OM1 DR9K+ FROM HIS F\NTA91 9NOC5TLY PRET5D TO BE IGNORANT ( HIS V]Y NAME4 ,A NUMB] ( HIS !SES E>N = HIS BORR[]S A REPUTATION ONLY WON BY USURP+ HIS WORK4 ,SUPPRESS$ REF]5CES PREV5T ! REV]5CE DUE TO HIM4 

,HIS WORK8 ,JU/ A S+LE BOOK1 BUT :AT A BOOK6 ,A MON/] ( MORE ?AN A ?\S& MANUSCRIPT PAGES1 WRITT5 ) A GOOSE QUILL P5 UND] ! GLIMM] ( ! FIREPLACE & C&LES 9 AN ,>D5NES VIC>AGE BETWE5 ! SO-CALL$ ,GREAT ,C5TURY & ! ONE FOLL[+1 CALL$ ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 :I* HE 5DORS$1 BY FREQU5T USE ( ! WORD1 ! SEAL$ FATE ( ! #a#h? C5TURY4 ,A H&WRITT5 BOOK1 NEV] PUBLI%$ DUR+ ! LIFETIME ( ITS AU?OR1 PROBABLY READ BY NO ONE O!R ?AN BY ITS CONCEIV]4 ,A BOOK PUT \T ( %APE1 PILLAG$1 TRAVE/I$1 MUTILAT$ AFT] HIS DEA?4 ,A DOOM$ BOOK ( A DOOM$ AU?OR2 A BRILLIANT BOOK BY A BRILLIANT ?9K]4444 

,JEAN ,MESLI] WAS BORN ,JANU>Y #a#e1 #a#f#f#d1 9 ,MAZ]NY 9 ! ,>D5NES4 ,?IS SAME YE> ,L\IS ,X,I,V IS GIV+ FETES AT ,V]SAILLES 9 ! *ATEAU & ! G>D5S4 ,M>VEL\S & GR&IOSE FETES ) SUMPTU\S EXP5DITURES1 ROYAL >ROGANCE1 A ,EUROPEAN DEMON/RATION ( P[] & SELF-SUFFICI5CY4 ,MOLI]E PRODUCES ! FIR/ ?REE ACTS ( ,T>TUFFE !RE4 ,! FA!R 7,L\IS ,X,I,V71 HAS AT HIS DISPOSAL A SECURE WEAL?3 CULTIVATION ( ! L&S & DOME/IC TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 

,9 #af< A PRIE/ 9 HIS NEI<BORHOOD TEA*ES HIM ,LAT9 &1 ) HIS P>5TS' AGREEM5T1 ANTICIPATES1 BY LEAD+ ! *ILD RI<T UP TO ! SEM9>Y1 ?AT HE MI<T ONE DAY TAKE ! ORD]S4 ,JEAN P]=MS HIS /UDIES ADEQUATELY1 )\T MU* PASSION1 & )\T ALLY+ HIMSELF ) HIS FELL[ /UD5TS1 :ILE F9D+ HIS TRUE 9T]E/ 9 READ+ ,DESC>TES4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 HE CLIMBS ! RUNGS ( ECCLESIA/ICAL RANKS3 SUB-DEACON ,M>* #b#i1 #a#f#h#g1 DEACON ,APRIL #a1 #a#f#h#h1 RURAL VIC>1 !N PRIE/ ,JANU>Y #g1 #a#f#h#i1 AT ,ETREPIGNY 9 ! ,>D5NES2 HE SP5DS =TY YE>S 9 ?IS RECTORY1 9 A VILLAGE ( #afe 9HABITANTS4 

,HIS SUP]IORS NOTE HIM WELL4 ,)\T TOO MU* ZEAL1 HE P]=MS ! DUTIES ( HIS JOB1 NOT )\T DI/+UI%+ HIMSELF BY SOME UNEXPECT$ BEHAVIOR3 (T5 HE ASKS NO FEE = ! CELEBRATION ( A M>RIAGE OR = A FUN]AL4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! YE>1 ONCE HIS BOOKS W]E BALANC$1 HE DI/RIBUTES ! RE/ TO ! POOR ( ! COMMUNE4 ,HE LIVES1 IT SEEMS1 REASONABLY WELL ON ! REV5UE ( TWO P>I%ES &1 P]HAPS1 ! R5T = SOME PLOT ( SOIL4 ,IMM]S$ 9 LOCAL LIFE1 HE DOES NOT BEHAVE EXCESSIVELY4 ,HE LIKES HIS P>I%ION]S' K9D ( PEOPLE -- MODE/ PEASANTS1 WORK]S WORN \T BY WORK -- BUT )\T BE+ UNDULY DEMON/RATIVE4 ,\TSIDE ! DUTIES ( HIS VIC>AGE1 HE M$ITATES1 ?9KS1 WRITES1 WORKS AT HIS GREAT WORK & PASSES A L>GE P>T ( HIS TIME /UDY+ ! GREAT MA/]S 9 HIS LIBR>Y3 ,MONTAIGNE1 :OM HE (T5 CITES 9 GREAT DETAIL1 7,LUCILIO7 ,VAN9I1 7,JEAN DE7 ,LA ,BRUY]E1 7,ETI5NE7 ,LA ,BOETIE1 /ILL ! MAJOR 9FLU5CES1 BUT ALSO O!R1 MORE REC5T ?9K]S ) :OM HE CLA%ES 3 7,FRANCOIS7 ,F5ELON1 7,BLAIZE7 ,PASCAL1 7,NICOLAS7 ,MALEBRAN*E4 ,9DE$1 HE GIVES EQUAL TIME TO ! CLASSIC ANCI5TS3 ,S5ECA1 ,TACITUS1 ,TITUS ,LIVIUS 7,LIVY71 ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPHUS4 ,& !N ! LIT]ATURE RELEVANT TO HIS JOB3 ! ,BIBLE4 ,! ,LAT9 PATROLOGY .<LAT] PUBLI%$ AS A MULTI- VOLUME $ITION BY ,JACQUES ,MIGNE -- TR.>1 ! SETTL$ DECISIONS ( ! ,*UR* ,C\NCILS4 

,I,I4 ,AN ,A!I/ ,CURE 

,HIS BIOGRAPHY DOES NOT GLITT]3 ,NEI!R CURE AT ! C\RT1 NOR WORLDLY P>V5U1 NOR ABBE :O FREQU5TS SALONS1 NOR LIB]T9E = M>*IONESS1 /ILL LESS A P[D]$ CURE DANC+ ! GAVOTTE ) ! NOBILITY4 ,TRUE1 WE DO HE> ( ONE OR TWO TRIPS TO ,P>IS1 TRIPS DUR+ :I* HE MI<T1 9DE$1 HAVE MET ,VOLTAIRE OR SOME O!R GREAT P]SON ( HIS EPO* -- BUT :O W\LD GIVE HIS TIME TO A D+Y CURE NEWLY >RIV$ FROM ! ,>D5NES C\NTRYSIDE1 A CURE )\T ! BURN+ AMBITION ( A ,EUG5E ,RA/IGNAC .<FICTIONAL ,BALZAC >RIVI/ -- TR4.>8 

,HIS LIFE1 SO DISCREET ON ! \TSIDE1 CONTRA/S ) ! GL[+ HEAT 9SIDE4 ,A VOLCANO B5EA? A ?ICK LAY] ( ICE4 ,BUT FROM TWO OR ?REE GLANCES AT HIS EXI/5CE1 WE CAT* A GLIMPSE ( ! FURNACE4 ,ANECDOTES REVEAL ! ESS5TIAL4 ,9 ! PHILOSOPHIC LIFE1 EV]Y?+ HAS MEAN+4 ,SU* ?+S APPE> H]E OR !RE4 ,9 FACT1 IT EXPOSES ! MO/ 9TIMATE TO ! LI<T4 ,?US1 HIS G5]OSITY T[>D HIS P>I%ION]S BE>S WITNESS TO A MAN DEVOID ( ! SPIRIT ( LUCRE1 5TIRELY TURN$ TO HIS SPIRITUAL MISSION ( ,BE+1 NOT ,HAV+4 

,BUT1 EQUALLY1 LET US TURN TO ANO!R /ORY3 ! CURE ,MESLI] LIVES ) A Y\NG S]VANT WOMAN4 ,HE IS #c YE>S OLD2 %E IS #b#c4 ,! RELIGI\S C\NCIL =BIDS A Y\NG MAID = A CURE4 ,GO FIGURE :Y6 ,BE=E #d YE>S ( AGE 7! CANONICAL AGE ( CONS5T ( ! *UR* = A WOMAN TO P]=M ?IS WORK71 ! PH]OMONES LEAD ! DANCE6 ,! HI]>*Y ORD]S HIM TO SEP>ATE FROM H]4 ,HE REPLIES ?AT %E IS HIS NIECE444 & REFUSES4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ ! \TCOME ( ?IS AFFAIR1 BUT HE DOES IT AGA91 EXACTLY ON ! SAME GR\NDS3 ?IS TIME HE IS #e#e1 %E1 #a#h4 ,! SAME *UR*LY ANG]1 ! SAME REFUSAL TO OBEY4 ,PUNI%M5T FALLS3 A MON?'S RETREAT 9 A ,REIMS MONA/]Y4 ,DISCREETLY & SECRETLY1 ! CURE HAD TO PRACTICE ! JOY ( FREE LOVE ADVOCAT$ 9 HIS WORK4 

,& !N ?IS O!R ADV5TURE1 A SIGN ?AT ?IS CURE )\T MAT]IAL 9T]E/1 CLOSE TO ! PEOPLE & NOT REFUS+ ! JOY ( Y\?1 KN[S TOO H[ TO %[ HIS AV]SION TO ! PEOPLE ( ! NOBILITY4 ,HIS S]MONS AV[$LY AVOID EV5 A =M ( ! FRANTIC APOLOGIA OR ,CA?OLIC $IFICATION4 ,?IS CURE1 9 A FRAGILE RELATION%IP ) ,GOD1 PRES5TS ! FABLES ( HIS 9/ITUTION AS AN E?NOLOGI/ W\LD AB\T A TRIBE TO :I* HE DOES NOT BELONG3 0,! ,*RI/IANS SAY ?AT10 0,! ,CA?OLICS ?9K ?AT10 0,! DISCIPLES ( ,*RI/ AFFIRM ?AT10 NEV] DOES HE M+LE HIS [N VOICE ) ! CONC]T ( BIGOTS4 

,& ONE S]MON RES\NDS EV5 TODAY -- BECAUSE ,JEAN ,MESLI] CALLS A NOBLE TO ACC\NT4 ,ANTO9E DE ,T\LLY -- WE KN[ HIS NAME ONLY BY HIS NOBLE TITLE -- MI/REATS HIS PEASANTS4 ,! CURE BE=E ! ASSEMBL$ CONGREGATION1 REFUSES TO ADMIT ! LORD TO ! S]VICE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 HE =BIDS HIM FROM RECEIV+ 9C5SE & HOLY WAT]4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE DECL>ES W> ON ! FEUDAL LORD4 

,! NOBLE CALLS ?IS TO ! ATT5TION ( ! BI%OP1 :O1 AS WE MI<T SUSPECT1 TAKES ! SIDE1 AS USUAL1 ( ! BLUE BLOOD4 ,MESLI] IS REPRIM&$1 RECALL$ TO ! OB$I5CE4 ,NO MATT]1 ! FOLL[+ ,SUNDAY HE ASKS HIS P>I%ION]S TO PRAY1 SURELY1 BUT SO ?AT ,GOD MI<T CONV]T ,ANTO9E1 5ABL+ HIM TO RECEIVE GRACE & NOT MI/REAT ! POOR OR ROB ! ORPHAN6 ,= ! PETTY NOBLEMAN PRES5T 9 HIS PEW1 ?IS NEW AFFRONT DOES NOT PASS UNNOTIC$4 ,BACK GOES ! PRIE/ TO ! BI%OP'S (FICE4 ,!REAFT]1 ,MESLI] ACCUMULATES BAD REPORTS4 

,! RELATIONS >E NOT SETTL$ DUR+ ! LIFETIME ( ,T\LLY -- AT HIS 7,T\LLY'S7 DEA?1 ,MESLI] URGES ! PRAY]S ( ! FAI?FUL = ! DECEAS$1 BUT ADDS )\T MALICE ! IMPORTANCE TO PRAY = HIM SO ,GOD W\LD P>DON HIM & P]MIT HIM TO EXPIATE1 9 ! O!R WORLD1 HIS NUM]\S EXTORTIONS D[N H]E AGA9/ ! POOR & ! ORPHANS ( ! COMMUNE ( ,ETREPIGNY4 ,P]SI/5T CURE 4 4 4 

,! 9T5TION APPE>S TO BE LAUDABLE3 TO APPEAL TO ! JUDGM5T ( ,GOD C\LD WELL BE JU/IFI$1 ABOVE ALL ON ! P>T ( A PRIE/1 BUT ?IS PRIE/ BELIEVES 9 NEI!R ,GOD NOR ,DEVIL2 HE ABOM9ATES ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION1 LAU<S LIKE A MADMAN AT ! FABLES ( DEV\T ,*RI/IANS & ! DEV\TLY RELIGI\S1 AS HE SAYS1 ( ! LIFE AFT] DEA?1 ( HELL & ( P>ADISE1 ( ! JUDGM5T ( S9S1 ( ! JUDGM5T ( S\LS3 BECAUSE ! CURE ,MESLI] IS AN A!I/1 ! FIR/ TO AFFIRM SO CLE>LY1 RADICALLY1 & M>K$LY ?AT ,GOD DOES NOT EXI/1 ?AT RELIGION DEP5DS ON FRAUD1 & ?AT A PO/-,*RI/IAN PHILOSOPHY IS NE$$4 

,I,I,I4 ,A ,PHILOSOPHIC ,BOMB 

,:5 ! UN=TUNATE ,JEAN ,MESLI] JO9S 9 DEA? ! >I/OCRAT ( ,ETREPIGNY1 HE LEAVES BEH9D HIM A PHILOSOPHICAL WORK ?AT ONE CAN1 )\T RISK ( EXAGG]ATION1 COMP>E TO A BOMB4 ,9DE$1 ! ,TE/AM5T IS A TIME BOMB4 ,HIS PRECISE TIM+ AIMS TO PRODUCE ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( DAMAGE TO ! T>GETS CLE>LY DEF9$3 ,GOD1 ! ,CA?OLIC RELIGION1 PRIE/S1 MONKS1 ,JESUS ,*RI/1 ! PROPHETS1 ! ,*UR*1 ! AU?ORITIES -- K+S & PR9CES1 EMP]ORS & POPES1 TYRANTS1 NOBLES1 DIV]SE P>ASITES1 PEOPLE ( JU/ICE1 & O!R P[]FUL M5 ( ?IS WORLD4 

,:OM DOES ?IS CURE :O IS NOT EV5 ,CA?OLIC BLESS8 ,! POOR1 ! MIS]ABLE1 ?OSE )\T RANK1 ! VICTIMS1 ! PEASANTS1 ! WORK]S1 ! EXPLOIT$1 ! HUMILIAT$1 ! (F5D$1 BUT ALSO ! WOM51 ! *ILDR51 )\T =GETT+ ?OSE :O FEEL -- ! ANIMALS :O SUBMIT ABOVE ALL TO ! WICK$NESS ( HUMANS4 ,HIS FACTION8 ,! SIDE ( EV]Y LIV+ CREATURE :OSE RI<T TO EXI/ PEACEFULLY & QUIETLY IS D5I$4 

,?IS BOMB AIMS AT AN EXPLOSION & A NEW CLEAN SLATE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! PROPOSAL ( ,JEAN ,MESLI] IS NOT NIHILI/IC4 ,TO DE/ROY1 C]TA9LY1 BUT 9 ORD] TO CON/RUCT OR RECON/RUCT4 ,?IS DRIVE TO BE DONE ) ! OLD WORLD IS SIXTY YE>S AWAY FROM ! FIR/ JOLTS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ACTS AS A PREP>ATORY MOM5T = A NEW WORLD4 ,HIS DIALECTICAL ?\<T -- EV5 IF ! DIALECTIC (T5 GETS LO/ 9 ! DIGRESSIONS ( A ROCOCO EXPOSITION -- BEG9S = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! ,WE/ A PO/-,*RI/IAN ASPIRATION4 ,TO ?9K AGA9/ ,*RI/IAN TEA*+S1 SURELY1 BUT ABOVE ALL AFT] !M4 

,A!ISM DOES NOT CON/ITUTE AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 BUT A BEG9N+1 A NECESS>Y BASE1 AN E?ICAL F\NDATION4 ,MESLI] NEGATES ! PR9CIPLE ( ,GOD 9 ORD] TO >RIVE AT A C>+ MORALITY ( A JOYFUL BODY1 ( HAPPY EXI/5CE1 ( PEACEFUL RELATIONS BETWE5 BE+S & BETWE5 ! SEXES4 ,HIS E?ICAL CONC]N UNFOLDS & DEF9ES HIM AS A POLITICAL COMMUNALI/4 ,?IS UNPUBLI%$ CURE 9V5TS COMMUNISM1 9DE$1 AN>*ISM4 

,! CURE ,MESLI] REMA9S ! MAN ( A S+LE BOOK1 ?IS FAM\S ,TE/AM5T -- ! NAME BY :I* WE KN[ HIM3 9 FACT1 ,MEMOIR ( ! ,?\<TS & ,FEEL+S ( ,JEAN ,MESLI]1 OR1 TO BE MORE PRECISE3 ,MEMOIR ( ! ,?\<TS & ,FEEL+S ( ,J444 ,M444 ,PRIE444 ,CUR444 ( ,E/REP444 & ( ,BAL444 ,ON AN ,EXPOSITION ( ,]RORS & ( ,ABUSES ( ! ,BEHAVIOR & ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,M51 :]E ,WE ,SEE CLE> & ,EVID5T ,DEMON/RATIONS ( ! ,VANITY & ,FALSITY ( ,ALL ! ,GODS & ( ,ALL ! ,RELIGIONS ( ! ,WORLD 9 ,ORD] TO ,BE ,ADDRESS$ TO ,HIS ,P>I%ION]S ,AFT] ,HIS ,DEA? & 9 ,ORD] TO ,S]VE ,AS ,WITNESS ( ,TRU? TO ,!M1 & TO ,ALL ,LIKE ,!M4 ,9 ,HIS ,TE/IMONY TO ! ,PEOPLE4 ,H5CE=? ABRIDG$ AS ,TE/AM5T4 

,HE ALSO LEAVES ANNOTATIONS1 9 HIS [N H&WRIT+1 ( ,! ,DEMON/RATION ( ! ,EXI/5CE ( ,GOD BY 7,FRANCOIS7 ,F5ELON 7KN[N UND] ! TITLE ,ANTI- ,F5ELON7 & ! ,REFLECTIONS ON ,A!ISM ( ! ,JESUIT 7,JEAN DE7 ,T\RNEMIRE1 BUT NO?+ MORE ?AN HIS SCA?+ ATTACK CONTA9S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ACCOMPANY+ HIS BIG MANUSCRIPT1 HE WRITES A LETT] TO ! CURES ( HIS NEI<BORHOOD4 ,9 TW5TY PAGES HE PROPOSES AN EXCELL5T SYN!SIS RA!R MORE ATTRACTIVE ?AN ! ?\S& PAGES ( ! SOME:AT /ODGY ,TE/AM5T4 

,I,V4 ,! ,ESSAYS ( AN ,A!I/ 

,MESLI] WRITES ?IS MANUSCRIPT BY H&1 ) A GOOSE QUILL P51 9 ! FEEBLE LI<T ( A C&LE1 9 ! EV5+1 AFT] ! PRIE/LY OBLIGATIONS4 ,LOOK+ AHEAD1 HE MAKES F\R COPIES TO AVOID ! LOSS ( ! FRUIT ( =TY YE>S ( READ+S1 M$ITATIONS1 ANALYZES1 REFLECTION :]E SOME ILL-9T5TION$ P]SON1 A H5*MAN ( ! ECCLESIA/ICAL HI]>*Y1 C\LD ?R[ ITS BODY 9TO ! HE>?4 

,?IS BOOK REQUIRES T5 YE>S ( CL&E/9E WORK BETWE5 #agai TO #a#g#b#i1 :5 ,MESLI] IS BETWE5 #e & #f YE>S OLD -- ! AGE AT :I* DEA? PUTS A P]IOD TO HIS 5T]PRISE4 ,SURELY1 HE HAS TIME TO F9I% IT1 BUT HE 9DICATES 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS EXPOSITION1 ?AT ) TIME PRESS+ ON HIM1 HE CONFESSES HE HAS WRITT5 9 EAG]NESS & HA/E4 ,PROBABLY PRICK$ BY ! VIOL5T DESIRE TO RESOLVE ! CONTRADICTION :I* HAS CONSUM$ HIM = SO LONG3 HAV+ TO TEA* VA9 & FRIVOL\S PROPOSITIONS :I* HE DOES NOT BELIEVE1 HAV+ TO LIE & TO DECEIVE PEOPLE TO SELL BELIEF 9 ANO!R WORLD1 :I* HE KN[S DOES NOT EXI/444 ,! CURE CONFIDES ?AT ?IS D\BLE ROLE REPELS HIM AT ! DEEPE/ LEVEL4 ,! HUMILIAT+ T5SION IS RESOLV$ 9 ! WORK :I* SUBLIMATES IT4 

,:Y DOES HE NOT R5\NCE !SE FALSITIES DUR+ HIS LIFETIME8 ,9 AN 9CR$IBLE MANN]1 ?IS ,PROME!US KILLS ,GOD ON PAP]1 RAVAGES RELIGIONS1 PUTS TO ! FIRE ALL ! CONV5TIONAL PHILOSOPHIES1 DE/ROYS POLITICAL =TRESSES1 SP>ES NO?+ & NO ONE :O RESEMBLES FROM NE> OR AF> A FIGURE ( AU?ORITY2 HE CONFESSES PLA9LY HIS REASONS3 = NOT R5\NC+ PUBLICLY -- HE WI%ES TO AVOID H>M+ HIS P>5TS1 HIS FAMILY1 HIS NE> ONES4 

,& !N1 PRUD5TLY1 HE ADDS3 TO AVOID ALSO ! ANNOYANCES ASSOCIAT$ ) A PUBLIC RETRACTION4 ,! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* HAS ! PYRE H&Y1 ! 5DUR+ P]SECUTION4 ,! CURE WANTS1 HE WRITES1 TO LIVE TRANQUILLY4 ,MI<T ?IS BE ! PRICE ( ?IS D\BLE GAME -- A D\BLE EGO -- :I* ILLU/RATES SUP]BLY ! LIB]T9E LOGIC SUPPRESS$ ON ! \TSIDE UND] LAWS & CU/OMS ( HIS C\NTRY1 YET 9 ! 9T]IOR ABSOLUTELY FREE1 RADICALLY FREE1 TOTALLY FREE4 

,BUT ?IS T5SION )9 A SOLIT>Y P]SON 9 ! ,>D5NES ) NO HELP FROM ! PHILOSOPHICAL COMMUNITY PRACTIC$ BY B>OQUE LIB]T9ES 9 ,P>ISIAN SALONS1 HAS PROBABLY PRODUC$ UNBE>ABLE PROBLEMS ( CONSCI5CE1 NAMELESS PSY*OLOGICAL GRIEF1 & M5TAL SUFF]+ :I* ONLY ! WRIT+ ( ! ,TE/AM5T -- LIKE A MADMAN CRY+ A VIOL5CE :I* HE KEEPS 9SIDE HIMSELF -- C\LD LITTLE BY LITTLE LESS54 

,! FACT ?AT ! MANUSCRIPT >ISES FROM A DESIRE TO GO BEYOND P]SONAL PSY*OLOGICAL CONTRADICTION DOES NOT 9VALIDATE ITS !SES 4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! =M ( ! WORK BE>S WITNESS TO ! =CES ACT+ BO? AGA9/ ! WRIT+ & AGA9/ ! WRIT]4 ,9 ! MANN] ( ,MONTAIGNE -- (T5 CIT$ & MU* ADMIR$ -- ,MESLI] F9DS HIMSELF 5TIRELY )9 HIS BOOK3 HE MAKES IT1 !N IS MADE BY IT1 HE IS ! MATT] EV5 ( HIS [N BOOK1 HE RELIES ON IT1 HE CON/RUCTS IT 9 SPEAK+ SIL5TLY1 ! ,TE/AM5T8 ,! ,MONTAIGNE ,ESSAYS ( AN A!I/4 

,! PRIE/ )\T ,GOD DIES ,JUNE #bh OR #b#i1 #a#g#b#i4 ,! CADAV] CLE>LY (F5DS ! ,CA?OLIC HI]>*Y1 S9CE !Y HAVE UNSEAL$ ! LETT]S & TAK5 COGNIZANCE ( !SE VOLUM9\S PACKS ( D>K5$ PAGES4 ,! ,*UR* MAKES ! CORPSE DISAPPE>1 IT KN[S H[1 & BURIES ! CURE 9 ! VIC>AGE G>D54 ,NO TOMB1 NO PLAQUE1 NO DI/9CTIVE SIGN4 ,NO NE$ = ! NAME ( ! APO/ATE TO FIGURE ON ! ,CA?OLIC REGI/RY -- ! LOVE ( ONE'S NEI<BORS & ! =GIV5ESS ( S9S HAVE LIMITS 4 4 4 

,9 HIS MAJOR WORK ,MESLI] 5VISAGES HIS PO/MORTEM DE/9Y4 ,COH]5T1 HE KN[S ?AT 9 ?IS /ATE CONSCI5CE F9DS ITSELF ANNIHILAT$ ALONG ) ! MATT] ( ! BRA94 ,!REAFT]1 ALL SUFF]+ BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE4 ,NO?+ HAPP5S AT DEA? EXCEPT DECOMPOSITION4 ,9 ! MANN] ( ,DIOG5ES1 HE /ATES ?AT !Y CAN DO :AT !Y WANT TO DO ) HIS CORPSE3 EAT IT1 COOK IT2 FRICASSEE IT2 BOIL IT1 ROA/ IT1 LITTLE MATT] :AT4 ,SURELY1 HE CANNOT IMAG9E ?AT ! VIC>AGE G>D5 WILL ONE DAY BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! PROP]TY ( ! LORD ( ! MANOR6 ,MESLI] LIES TODAY -- NO ONE KN[S EXACTLY :]E -- 9 ! GR\ND ( DESC5DANTS ( ,ANTO9E DE ,T\LLY6 ,BUT NEI!R ?AT1 NOR ! RE/1 HE NE$ NO LONG] TO BE TRULY ANGRY AT HIM6 

,V4 ,A ,ROCOCO ,>*ITECTURE 

,! ,TE/AM5T PROPOSES NEW PRO(S DEVELOP$ 9 #ig *APT]S ( V>I\S L5G?S & ( PROBLEMATIC >RANGEM5T4 ,ITS /RUCTURE IS NOT EASILY P]CEIV$2 ! CON/RUCTIONS SLIPS AWAY2 ! 9T]NAL >*ITECTURE DOES NOT MANIFE/ ITSELF AT FIR/ GLANCE -- OR AT ! SECOND4 ,P>TS OV]LAP1 SUBJECTS 9T]P5ETRATE4 ,NOT ?AT CL>ITY IS MISS+ -- ! TEXT IS NEV] COMPLEX EV5 AT ! MO/ >DU\S MOM5TS DEAL+ ) MAT]IALI/ ONTOLOGY1 BUT ! ESS5TIAL VANI%ES UND] ! 9CID5TAL4 ,?\<T IS HIDD5 9 ! DEVELOPM5T4 

,! ,TE/AM5T RECALLS AN ORAL PHILOSOPHY 9 ! MANN] ( ! ,ESSAYS ( ,MONTAIGNE3 ! BOOK C\LD HAVE BE5 COPI$ BY DICTATION TO A PATI5T & ABETT+ SCRIBE4 ,READ+ ,MESLI] IS HE>+ HIS IMPRECATION COM+ D[N FROM ! PULPIT FROM :I* HE W\LD HAVE LIK$ TO CONVOKE PO/MORTEM ALL HIS P>I%ION]S4 ,! TEXT RESEMBLES ?AT ( AN 9FLAM$ S]MON1 A GL[+ ,PHILIPPIC1 AN 5DLESS MONOLOGUE1 A FL[+ DISC\RSE :I* NO?+ CAN /OP1 SO GREAT ! ANG] MOTIVAT+ ?IS RADICAL LOGIC4 

,&1 AS 9 ALL SOLILOQUIES1 REPETITION REIGNS1 ! /YLE BECOMES R$UNDANT1 ,MESLI] SPEAKS 9 HIS WRIT+ & BECOMES 9TOXICAT$1 HE USES WORDS REPEAT$LY1 BUT HE ALSO DUPLICATES 5TIRE EXPRESSIONS4 ,HE RECOPIES C]TA9 S5T5CES OR C]TA9 PRO(S4 ,IMPRECATION CONT9UES TO =M ! BASE1 & V>IATIONS >E SOMETIMES SUP]IMPOS$4 ,! 5SEMBLE TRIUMPHS AS A ROCOCO MONUM5T :]E ! 9DISP5SABLE & ! USELESS >E MIX$ ) EXTRAVAGANT OV]LAYS4 

,SURELY ! CA?>TIC FUNCTION ( ! WORK EXPLA9S ITS JUMBL$ NATURE4 ,! DISORD] CONC]NS ONLY ! EXPOSITION ( IDEAS1 ! CON/RUCTION1 ! /RUCTURE -- ! =M4 ,NEV] ! F\NDATION4 ,NO OBSCURITY1 NO NEW WORDS1 NO TA/E = ! HAZY1 SO DE> TO ! PHILOSOPHIC PR(ESSIONALS4 ,! P5 GOES RI<T TO ! GOAL4 ,NO LEFTOV]S FROM CLASSICISM1 NO VOCABUL>Y ( ! PHILOSOPHIC CA/E OR ( ITS ACCOMPLICE1 ! RELIGI\S CULT4 ,MESLI] ?R[S HIMSELF 9TO ! WORK1 RU%ES1 ACCEL]ATES1 HE ACTS LIKE A DRIV5 MAN1 KN[+ AS A PHILOSOPH] ?AT DEA? CAN PREV5T HIM FROM BR++ HIS GREAT WORK TO A CONCLUSION4 

,BUT ! PURIFY+ LOGIC ( WRIT+ DOES NOT EXPLA9 BY ITSELF ! MA9 ALLURE ( ! $IFICE4 ,WE HAVE TO RECKON EQUALLY ) ! SPIRIT ( ! TIMES1 ! ZEITGEI/4 ,! ,TE/AM5T RECALLS ! ROCOCO1 SURELY1 BUT 9 TWO S5SES ( ! T]M3 ! CONV5TIONAL S5SE -- LOAD$1 CR[D$1 LUXURIANT1 PR(USE -- BUT ALSO ! ES!TIC S5SE RELATIVE TO ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,! PHILOSOPH] DOES NOT ESCAPE ! COLOR ( ! TIMES1 A BOOK1 EV5 A DIDACTIC BOOK1 OBEYS ! SAME LAWS AS EV]Y O!R WORK ( >T4 

,:AT DOES ! HI/ORY ( >T TELL US8 ,! ROCOCO IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ORNAM5TAL EXUB]ANCE1 BROK5 OR WAVY L9ES1 ! DIALECTIC PLAY ( CURVES & C\NT]-CURVES1 PR(USION1 ASYMMETRY & ABS5CE ( SYMMETRY1 ! CONT5T /RET*$ \T1 S(T5$1 ! PRES5CE ( ?OSE FAM\S ROCAILLES1 :5CE ROCOCO GETS ITS NAME1 BUT ALSO *ICORY1 V9ES1 & G>L&S444 ,ALL ?AT CORRESPONDS TO ! =M ( ! WORK4 ,LIKE ,MONTAIGNE'S 7B>OQUE7 ,ESSAYS1 :I* PROCE$ FROM LEAPS & CAP]S1 ! 7ROCOCO7 ,TE/AM5T RESULTS 9 A SEMBLANCE ( A ,DIONYSIAN DANCE4 ,APOLLO DOES NOT APPE> !RE1 AT LEA/ 9 ITS /YLE4 

,LET US GO FUR!R & TRY TO DEF9E ROCOCO >*ITECTURAL TE*NIQUE BEYOND JU/ A CUT & DRI$ 9V5TORY4 ,9 >*ITECTURE1 ! MOTIFS ( ROCOCO /YLE >E LOCAT$ 9 PLACES ( ACCESS3 W9D[ OP5+S1 JO9+ TOGE!R ( DISSIMIL> >CS1 TRANSITIONS BETWE5 WALLS & >*WAYS4 ,H5CE ! FRETS & CURVES :I* GO BACK & =? & 5TW9E ) EA* O!R1 BLOTT+ \T ! /RUCTURAL L9ES ( ! BUILD+4 ,! SAME IS TRUE 9 ! CURE'S BIG BOOK3 CITATIONS1 REF]5CES1 REPETITIONS1 RECURR5T MOTIVES COV] OV] ! /AGES ( ! >GUM5T 9 AN EBULLITION :I* CLOGS ! PROGRESSION ( ?\<T4 

,SURELY1 ! EI<T PRO(S CAN EA* BE SUMM$ UP 9 A CLE> S5T5CE1 BUT (T51 ! P>T CONC]N$ ) A S+LE L9E ( SYN!SIS IS %UNT$ TO ! SIDE BY GRAFT+S ON ! TEA*+ /EM4 ,LET US TRY1 ALL ! SAME4 ,FIR/1 PRO( ( FUTILITY & FALS5ESS ( RELIGIONS3 !Y CONTRADICT EA* O!R4 ,SECOND1 FAI? -- BL9D BELIEF -- 5T]S 9TO CONTRADICTION ) ! NATURAL LI<T ( REASON4 ,?IRD1 ! VISIONS ( PROPHETS >E ! WORK ( MADM54 ,F\R?1 PROPHECIES >E NEV] FULFILL$4 ,FIF?1 ,*RI/IAN MORALITY CONTRADICTS ALL ?AT NATURE TEA*ES4 ,SIX?1 ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION ACTS AS ! ACCOMPLICE ( POLITICAL TYRANNIES4 ,SEV5?1 A!ISM IS AN IDEA AS OLD AS ! WORLD4 ,EI<?1 ! S\L IS MORTAL1 AN IDEA ALSO AS OLD AS ! PREVI\S ONE4 

,BUT1 9DE$1 EA* PRO( CONTA9S SOMETIMES A SUMM+ UP ( ?IS OR ?AT O!R ONE1 BITS TAK5 AGA9 9 EXT5SO 9 A DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! CURR5T4 ,SOMETIMES ONE RE-READS 5TIRE PAGES4 ,9 A NE>LY FRACTAL MANN]1 EA* ( ! CONT5TS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( A S+LE MOM5T RECALLS ! TOTALITY ( ! CONT5TS4 ,A SELF-CONTA9$ WORK1 ! ,TE/AM5T FUNCTIONS )9 ITSELF BECAUSE IT DEVELOPS !MES & !ORIZES A VISION ( A COH]5T & SY/EMATIC WORLD -- DESPITE ! APP>5T =MAL *AOS4 

,V,I4 ,9TE/9ES ( ,CURES1 ,GUTS ( ,NOBLES 

,?IS ROCOCO =M CONTA9S NUGGETS4 ,DEEP D[N >E DIAMONDS1 :I* ONE MU/ HAVE ! PATI5CE TO GO LOOK = AT ! CO/ ( A CLOSE1 RIGOR\S1 DET]M9$ READ+4 ,9 ?IS CA/LE ( MULTIPLE ROOMS :]E WE GET LO/ (T5 DUR+ ! FIR/ READ+1 !RE DOES EXI/ A DECIPH]ABLE PROJECT3 AN E?IC ( HAPP9ESS & H[ TO GET !RE3 A POLITICS ( COMMUNALISM4 ,MESLI] 9V5TS & PROPOSES A SOCIAL H$ONISM1 HE PROJECTS 9TO A COLLECTIVE DIM5SION A JUBILATION ?AT = A LONG TIME WAS AN 9DIVIDUAL MATT] -- LET US RECALL ,EPICURUS OR ,MONTAIGNE4 ,& = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY4 

,PEOPLE >E (T5 UNAW>E ?AT A S5T5CE1 HAV+ HAD ITS H\R ( GLORY ON ! WALL 9 ! ,LAT9 ,QU>T]1 ,MAY1 '#f#h1 SPRANG1 DESPITE ITS P>APHRAS+ 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! TIME1 FROM ! FAM\S ,TE/AM5T4 ,ON A WALL ( ! ,SORBONNE A GRAFFITI ANN\NC$3 ,:5 ! LA/ SOCIAL PHILOSOPH] IS /RANGL$ BY ! 9TE/9ES ( ! LA/ BUREAUCRAT1 WILL WE /ILL HAVE PROBLEMS8 ,?IS Y\NG MAN PA9T+ ON ! WALL KNEW ,MESLI] 9 RECALL+ ! PROPOSAL ( A MAN ( ! PEOPLE :O WI%$ ?AT 0ALL ! GREAT ONES ( ! E>? & ALL ! NOBLES MI<T BE HANG$ & /RANGL$ ) ! 9TE/9ES ( ! LA/ PRIE/ 4 4 40 ,! Y\NG MAN :O WROTE HIS CURSES BORR[S IT1 SURELY1 & SIGNS HIS AGREEM5T ) ! PRIE/4 

,! R$ PRIE/ REMA9S 9 ! ANNALS ( HOLY ANG] & P]MAN5T 9DIGNATION4 ,HE REGRETS1 = EXAMPLE1 NOT HAV+ AT HIS DISPOSAL EI!R ! MUSCUL> >MS ( ,H]CULES -- A MODEL = CYNICAL ,GREEKS -- OR HIS CLUB1 OR HIS =CE1 OR HIS C\RAGE 9 TO /UN ! K+S1 ! TYRANTS1 ! PRIE/S -- M9I/]S ( ]ROR & 9IQUITY & ALL ! EXPLOIT]S ( ! PEOPLES ( ! E>? :O PRODUCE SOCIAL 9JU/ICE4 ,TO PURGE ! VICES ( ! WORLD1 !RE IS HIS PROJECT4 #a<i WILL GIVE BODY TO HIS PLAN ) ! \TCOME ?AT WE ALL KN[ 4 4 4 

,! E?ICS ( HAPP9ESS PRESUPPOSES A PRIOR JOB ( DE/RUCTION ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,WELL BE=E ! CULTURAL REVOLUTION ( ,YE> ,I,I ( ! ,REVOLUTION & ! ROBU/ RAGE ( ! ,HEB]TI/S1 ,MESLI] UND]TAKES DE-,*RI/IANIZATION ON IDEOLOGICAL GR\NDS4 ,FROM !M COMES NOT ONLY TOTAL W> AGA9/ ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY1 ,CA?OLIC MORALITY1 BUT ALSO ,C>TESIAN PHILOSOPHY1 :I* HE P]CEIVES QUITE WELL AS ! FELL[ TRAVEL] ( DEV\T ,*RI/IANS4 

,AFT] HAV+ BURN$ ! ,*RI/IAN BOATS1 HE RECON/RUCTS A NEW FLEET3 A MAT]IALI/ ONTOLOGY1 A MORALITY BAS$ ON ?AT ( ,EUDEMUS ( ,RHODES & A PO/-,*RI/IAN PHILOSOPHY4 ,TO :I* HE GIVES A PRAGMATIC DIM5SION BY ELABORAT+ & 9AUGURAT+ A NEW POLITICS3 AFT] A!ISM1 ! PRIE/ 9V5TS1 AMONG A ?\S& O!R ?+S1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 COMMUNISM1 AN>*ISM1 ! 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION1 COLLECTIVE DISOB$I5CE1 PUBLIC WELF>E4 ,! IDEOLOGI/S ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WILL ONLY HAVE TO B5D D[N TO GA!R ! R$ & BLACK FL[]S ( ! ,TE/AM5T4 

,V,I,I4 ,FIRE ,AGA9/ ,DEV\T ,*RI/IANS & ! ,DEV\TLY ,RELIGI\S 

,! CURE ,MESLI] PROPOSES ! FIR/ A!I/ ?9K+ 9 ,WE/]N HI/ORY4 ,TOO (T5 PEOPLE TAKE A!ISM = :AT IT IS NOT4 ,PROTAGORAS' CONCLUSIONS AB\T GODS LEAD US TO SAY NO?+ AB\T !M1 NEI!R :E!R !Y EXI/1 NOR :E!R !Y DON'T EXI/4 ,?AT IS AGNO/IC1 NOT A!I/4 ,EPICURUS1 ,LUCRETIUS1 & ! ,EPICUREANS AFFIRM MULTIPLE GODS1 E/ABLI%$ 9 A SUBTLE MANN]1 SITUAT$ 9 ! BETWE5-WORLDS4 ,?AT IS POLY!ISM1 NOT A!ISM2 ,SP9OZA MA9TA9S ! CO9CID5CE ( ,GOD ) ,NATURE4 7,LUCILIO7 ,VAN9I & 7,GIORDANO7 ,BRUNO ?9K ! SAME4 ,?AT IS PAN!ISM1 NOT A!ISM4 7,PI]RE7 ,*>RON1 7,FRANCOIS DE7,LA ,MO! ,LE ,VAY]1 7,*>LES DE7 ,SA9T ,EVREMOND1 & O!R B>OQUE LIB]T9ES BELIEVE SACRIFIC+ TO ! ,CA?OLIC RELIGION IS NECESS>Y BECAUSE ?AT IS ! RELIGION ( !IR C\NTRY2 !Y AVOID DWELL+ ON ! NATURE ( ,GOD1 BUT DO !Y BELIEVE 9 ,HIM8 ,?AT IS A ,*RI/IANITY TURN$ ,EPICUREAN1 HET]ODOX ) REG>D TO ! ,VATICAN1 SURELY1 BUT NOT A!ISM2 ,VOLTAIRE CRIES \T ! USEFUL & 9DISP5SABLE *>ACT] ( A ,GREAT ,WAT*MAK] 9 VIEW ( ! SUP]B ME*ANISM ( ,NATURE3 ,R\SSEAU AGREES ) ?AT4 ,?AT IS DEISM1 NOT A!ISM4 ,AN A!I/ D5IES CLE>LY ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD2 HE DOES NOT REF9E DEF9ITIONS4 

,A!ISM PROBABLY GOES AGA9/ ! GRA9 = COMMON PEOPLE 9CAPABLE ( !ORIZ+ !IR WORLD VIEW4 ,BUT1 UNLESS ,I AM MI/AK51 ! ,TE/AM5T MANIFE/S = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY ?IS IDEA ( A UNIV]SE RID ( ,GOD1 AN IDEA :I* 9DUCES A COH]5T WORLD VIEW -- IMMAN5T & MAT]IALI/4 ,! EXACT DATE IS UNKN[N1 BUT IT IS SOME:]E BETWE5 #agai & #a#g#b#i4 ,JEAN ,MESLI] WRITES3 0,!RE IS NO ,GOD40 7,I,I1 #a#e7 ,ITE MISSA E/4 7,! ,MASS IS OV]4 -- TR47 

,NOT YET4 ,! MASS IS NOT F9I%$ BECAUSE IT REMA9S TO BE SAID4 ,! BOOK ACTS 9 ! MANN] ( A GREAT A!I/ S]MON 9 AN ADDRESS TO HIS P>I%ION]S ABUS$ BY HIS [N FAULT4 ,9 ! URG5CY ( COM+ TO A CONCLUSION & GETT+ RID ( A GREAT GUILT ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ SO MANY YE>S1 ,MESLI] ACCUMULATES PROPOSITIONS1 ADDS PRO( UPON PRO( AT ! RISK ( SAY+ ONE TIME1 TWO TIMES1 T5 TIMES ! SAME ?+4 ,! BOOK IMPROVISES AS IF IT W]E AN ORAL COMMUNICATION4 ,! TEXT SPEAKS2 ,MESLI] DOES NOT EXPRESS HIMSELF AS ONE W\LD DO 9 A BOOK1 BUT ! BOOK SPEAKS LIKE ! CURE ,MESLI]4 

,TO EV]Y LORD EV]Y HONOR4 ,FIRE ON ,GOD4 ,MESLI] AB&ONS :AT IS SAID CU/OM>ILY AB\T ?IS & DEMON/RATES ?AT !SE MANY DEF9ITIONS CON/ITUTE A TISSUE ( CONTRADICTION4 ,ALL ,*RI/IANS AFFIRM ?AT3 ,GOD IS OMNIPRES5T1 OMNIPOT5T1 OMNISCI5T2 HE CREAT$ ! WORLD & HUMANS1 HE IS ,PROVID5CE4 ,PUTT+ ?IS 9TO P]SPECTIVE ) REALITY PROVES ?AT HE HAS NONE ( !SE QUALITIES4 ,! WORLD ITSELF1 AS ,MESLI] GOES ON TO PROVE1 IS EVID5CE ( ! NONEXI/5CE ( ,GOD4 

,EXAMPLES3 

,GOD'S K9DNESS8 ,:AT %ALL WE MAKE ( ALL ! PLACES 9 ! ,HOLY ,SCRIPTURES :I* %[ HIM AS JEAL\S1 ANGRY1 V9DICTIVE1 AGGRESSIVE1 WICK$1 DEM&+1 UNJU/1 CAPRICI\S1 & ( O!R HUMAN QUALITIES ALL TOO HUMAN8 ,IS IT GOODNESS :5 ,GOD JUDGES M51 9 C]TA9 CASES1 TO ET]NAL DAMNATION1 TO ! FIRE ( HELL =EV] & = SOME UNIMPORTANT S98 ,IS IT GOODNESS ?AT ALL[S EVIL :5 HE C\LD PREV5T IT & PRODUCE ONLY GOOD8 ,COME ON 4 4 4 

,OMNIPOT5T8 ,BUT :]E DOES ALL ! MIS]Y ( ! WRET*$1 ! POV]TY ( ! POOR ON ?IS PLANET COME FROM8 ,:Y DO WICK$ M5 EXI/8 ,H[ DO WE EXPLA9 ! 9V5TION ( EVIL :5 IT W\LD BE SUFFICI5T = ,GOD JU/ NOT TO WANT IT1 !N !RE W\LD BE A P>ADISE ON E>?8 ,& ! EXPLOITATION ( M51 ! SOCIAL 9JU/ICES1 ! :OLE COMPLICITY ( ! P[]FUL ONES ) ! ,*UR*1 :AT JU/IFICATION IS !RE = ALL ?AT8 

,M]CIFUL8 ,SAME REM>KS AS AB\T ,GOD'S K9DNESS3 ?IS ,GOD CREATES A ,HELL1 S5DS UNBAPTIZ$ DEAD *ILDR5 9TO ,LIMBO & DEPRIVES !M ( P>ADISE1 9FLICTS PURGATORY 9 ! CASE ( ! UNDET]M9$2 HE EXPRESSES SO MU* ANG] 9 PUNI%+ BL9DLY1 9 REW>D+ VICE & PUNI%+ VIRTUE1 ?IS ,GOD LOOKS TO BE ! EXACT OPPOSITE ( M]CY 4 4 4 

,9VULN]ABLE1 9ACCESSIBLE8 ,!N :Y IS ,GOD VEX$ IF SOMEONE COMMITS A LIE1 DESIRES HIS NEI<BOR'S WIFE1 IF SOMEONE DOES NOT HONOR HIS FA!R OR HIS MO!R -- M]E TRIFLES H[EV]1 TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION AS JU/IFICATION = HIS ANG]4 ,:AT GOOD DOES IT DO TO 9VOKE HIM1 PRAY TO HIM1 ASK FAVORS ( HIM1 DESIRE HIS 9T]CESSION = \R LITTLE SELF & \R SMALL AFFAIRS1 IF NO COMMUNICATION IS POSSIBLE ) HIM8 

,?IS ,GOD WANTS US TO LOVE HIM1 BUT HE NEV] MANIFE/S HIMSELF4 ,A /RAI<T=W>D1 CLE> & 9CONTE/ABLE APPE>ANCE \<T TO BE 9 HIS P[]4 ,H[ CAN WE LOVE A P[] ?AT WE FE>1 A P[] ?AT MAKES HIMSELF DREAD$1 & ?AT WE F9ALLY COME TO DETE/ HIM SO GREAT IS HIS CRUELTY MANIFE/$ UPON ! MO/ 9NOC5T PEOPLE :O BE> ! BL[S ( FATE8 ,HE WANTS OB$I5CE1 BUT NEV] MAKES HIS WILL CLE>LY KN[N4 

,MESLI] DOES NOT DEVELOP AN ANALYSIS ( ! HUMAN FABRICATION ( ,GOD4 ,HE DOES NOT %[1 LIKE ,FEU]BA*1 ?AT ?IS FICTION IS FABRICAT$ BY M5 :O FE> DEA?1 DREAD NO?+NESS & 9V5T NO MATT] :AT 9 ORD] TO LIVE DESPITE !IR CRAMP$1 LIMIT$1 & F9ALLY BRIEF EXI/5CE4 ,HE DOES NOT EXPLA9 :Y ,GOD IS ! FUNDAM5TAL FICTION ( HUMAN IMPOT5CE TURN$ 9SIDE \T LIKE F+]S ( A GLOVE & V5]AT$ UND] A SOLE P[] AS DESIRABLE P[]S MI<T BE3 PEOPLE CANNOT KN[ ALL1 >E UNAW>E ( ! PSY*OLOGICAL OMNIPRES5CE1 !Y >E BORN1 LIVE1 GR[ OLD1 DIE & DISAPPE> 9TO ! VOID4 ,TO LIVE ) ALL ?IS P[]LESSNESS1 ! SAME PEOPLE V5]ATE OMNIPOT5CE1 OMNISCI5CE1 OMNIPRES5CE1 ! ET]NAL1 ! ONE :O WAS NOT CREAT$1 ! 9CORRUPTIBLE1 ! IMMORTAL GIV5 TO ! QUALITIES ( A DIV9ITY :O IS ONE AS MAN IS ONE4 

,BUT ,MESLI] RECLAIMS A CONT95T NEV] EMB>K$ UPON1 UNEXPLOR$2 WE CANNOT ASK HIM TO F9I% 9 ONE /ROKE & 9 ONE 9/ANT ! A!I/ MONUM5T444 ,HIS NEGATION1 HIS DISMANTL+1 HIS PROPOSITION TO READ ,GOD AS A FICTION -- !RE IS ! ESS5TIAL4 ,DOZ5S ( PHILOSOPH]S POND] ?IS IDEA2 !Y AVOID PROPOS+ IT OP5LY2 !Y COME TO T]MS ) HEAV5 & REASON2 !Y HAVE ! 9TELLIG5CE & ! GOOD S5SE TO COMPOSE /ILL & DESPITE ALL ) ?IS FICTION4 ,IT IS = ,MESLI] TO ANN\NCE = ! FIR/ TIME PHILOSOPHICALLY ! DEA? ( ,GOD4 

,V,I,I,I4 ,! ,FIR/ ,DECON/RUCTION ( ,*RI/IANITY 

,IF ,MESLI] IS ! FIR/ A!I/ PHILOSOPH]1 HE ALSO HOLDS ANO!R GLORI\S TITLE3 HE %9ES EQUALLY 9 ! SKY ( IDEAS = HIS MA/]Y ( ! FIR/ DECON/RUCTION ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,GOD AFT] ALL IS ONE MATT]1 RELIGION ANO!R1 & ! ,*RI/IAN CONCEPT A ?IRD4 ,A!I/1 HE EXCELS ALSO AS AN A!I/IC IDEOLOGUE :O KN[S H[ TO DISMANTLE ! GE>S ( ! ,*RI/IAN MA*9E 9 ORD] TO %[ ITS FICTITI\S *>ACT]4 

,SURELY1 !RE IS A PREC$5T 9 ,RI*>D ,SIMON 7#a#f#c#h-#a#g#a#b7 LIV+ OBSCURELY 9 HIS LIBR>Y1 A ,NORMAN CURE :O DISCOV]S BIBLICAL EXEGESIS & WRITES A GREAT NUMB] ( WORKS1 SOME 9 SEV]AL VOLUMES1 9CLUD+ ?REE MAJOR HI/ORIES CRITICAL ( ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T 9 ITS DIFF]5T V]SIONS & ITS PR9CIPAL COMM5TATORS4 7,JACQUES-,B5IGN7 ,BOSSUET & ! ,JESUITS DID EV]Y?+ TO MAKE LIFE IMPOSSIBLE = ?IS 9CORRUPTIBLE PRIE/ :O BELIEV$ HIMSELF ABLE TO UNITE REASON & ! ,*RI/IAN TEXTS4 ,HE FALLS S]I\SLY ILL444 ,RI*>D ,SIMON DIES ( GRIEF1 !Y SAY2 HIS MANUSCRIPTS >E BURN$444 ,DUR+ ?IS EPO* ,MESLI] GOES ON WORK+ ON HIS MAGNUS OPUS4 

,LIKE ,RI*>D ,SIMON1 ,JEAN ,MESLI] READS SCRUPUL\SLY ?OSE TEXTS CALL$ SACR$1 BUT ) AN ID5TICAL C>E = PAGAN TEXTS4 ,TO READ ! ,GOSPELS LIKE ,TACITUS' ,ANNALS8 ,A MORTAL S9 DUR+ ?IS EPO*4 ,! ,>D5NES CURE HAS AT HIS DISPOSAL ! ,LAT9 ,FA!RS ( ! ,*UR* & ! ,BIBLE 9 HIS LIBR>Y2 HE CAN READ C>EFULLY & E/ABLI%ES ?AT1 9 ! 9SPIR$ TEXTS1 DICTAT$ BY ,GOD1 CONTRADICTION REIGNS2 9 FACT CONTRADICTIONS AB\ND1 ABSURDITIES OV]FL[1 & LIES TEEM4 

,TO BEG9 )1 ,MESLI] AFFIRMS A R>E ?+ DUR+ ?IS EPO*3 ! POLLUTION ( ! S\RCE ( ALL ,*RI/IAN MY?4 ,! ,SCRIPTURES >E NOT RELIABLE4 ,FALSIFI$1 PAT*$ TOGE!R1 & FUNCTION+ ONLY = POLITICAL 9T]E/S1 E/ABLI%$ 9TO AN ALLEG$LY COH]5T CORPUS1 9 ORD] TO GIVE IDEOLOGICAL WEAPONS TO ! TEMPORAL P[] SUPPORT$ BY SPIRITUAL P[]1 ONE CAN GIVE NO CR$IT TO ?IS MY?OLOGY4 

,SA9T ,J]OME SAYS IT HIMSELF444 ,:Y DO WE HAVE H]E ! ,APOCRYPHA1 !RE ! SYNOPTIC GOSPELS8 ,:O DECIDES8 ,ACCORD+ TO :AT CRIT]IA8 ,= :AT REASONS8 ,:AT 9T]E/S8 ,MESLI] REPLIES & PO9TS TO ! DET]M9+ ROLE ( ! ,SYNODS1 ?AT ( ,C>?AGE & ?AT ( ,TR5T2 HE >RANGES !SE ACTS ON HIS DISPLAY TABLES3 !SE >E PR9CES 9 VILE LEAGUE ) ! BI%OPS1 EMP]ORS SUPPORT$ BY CL]GY1 :O MAKE >BITR>ILY !SE DECISIONS :I* =M ! LAW4 

,!SE BOOKS CONTA9 NO?+ SACR$4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! =MIDABLE NUMB] ( R\< E/IMATES1 ( CONTRADICTIONS1 ( IMP]FECTIONS1 ( DEFECTS1 ( ]RORS1 >E ALL WITNESS TO A HUMAN PRODUCTION1 V]Y HUMAN6 ,MESLI] SEES ACT+ 9 C]TA9 LIT]>Y CREATIONS ! SAME PR9CIPLE ?AT ANIMATES FOLKLORE & FICTION3 0/ORIES ( FAIRIES & \R OLD NOVELS10 WRITES ,MESLI]1 PROCE$+ FROM ! SAME WORLD444 HE RECOMM5DS ,ESOP RA!R ?AN ,LUKE1 ,M>K1 OR ,MAT!W6 

,TO ?OSE :O >GUE ( ! P[] ( ALLEGORY & *ALL5GE ! A!I/ CRITICAL EXEGESIS BECAUSE ( ITS SUPPOS$ SIMPLISM1 ! CURE REPLIES 9 CALL+ ATT5TION TO ALLEGORY'S HIDD5 S5SE1 SECOND1 EXTRA- LIT]AL TO !OLOGIANS :O 9SI/ UPON ! ?IRD1 F\R?1 OR N? DEGREE TAK+ UP ) GREAT SUBT]FUGE3 ?IS BAD FAI? APPEAL+ TO ?AT ( ! READ] 9 SOLICIT+ HIS 9T]PRETATIVE FANTASY4 ,?IS FRAUD1 0ANAGOGIC & TROPOLOGICAL0 HE LAYS UP TO ,SA9T ,PAUL1 ?IS 0GREAT TRICK/]0 C>EFUL TO COV] HIS ]RORS & HIS GUESSES BY ?IS 9TELLECTUAL MALICE4 

,V,I,I,I4 ,! ,PLUMS ( ,P>ADISE 

,! SUPPOS$LY HOLY SCRIPTURE COLLECTS ABSURDITIES4 ,H5CE ! MIRACLES ( ! PROPHETS4 ,MESLI] DEVOTES A LONG TIME TO CUTT+ TO PIECES !SE RAV+S ?AT CONTRADICT ! LAWS ( NATURE1 :I* >E ! ONLY RULES RECOGNIZ$ 9 A S\ND UND]TAK+ CONDUCT$ BY ! LI<T ( REASON4 ,:ATEV] HAPP5S MANIFE/S ITSELF 9ELUCTABLY ACCORD+ TO ! NATURAL ORD]4 ,WE CANNOT BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( WALK+ ON WAT]1 ( SPLITT+ ! SEA 9TO TWO1 RESUSCITAT+ ! DEAD1 HEAL+ ! 9CURABLE1 MULTIPLY+ FI%1 *ANG+ WAT] 9TO W9E1 & SO ON )\T EXPOS+ \RSELVES TO RIDICULE4 

,IF SOMEONE TODAY CLAIM$ TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS K9D ( MIRACLE OR TO HAVE BE5 PRES5T AT ONE ( !M1 C]TA9LY HE W\LD BE L$ AWAY TO JO9 O!R MADM51 = HE W\LD BE MAD4 ,!SE EXTRAVAGANCES >E NOT TO BE READ 9 AN ALLEGORICAL S5SE BECAUSE !Y >E PRES5T$ AS PRO( ( DIV9E SUP]NATURAL P[]S4 

,MESLI] PUTS 9TO P]SPECTIVE ! PAGAN TEXTS & ! HOLY TEXTS1 !N %[S ?AT MIRACLES AB\ND 9 EA* CATEGORY AS 9 ! O!R4 ,PHILO/RATUS' ,LIFE ( ,APOLLONIUS ( ,TYANA IS AS VALUABLE AS EI!R ! GOSPEL N>RATOR OR ! APOLOGETIC BOOKS TELL+ AB\T ! LIVES ( SA9TS1 :O1 DECAPITAT$1 KEEP WALK+ ON !IR ROAD1 IMM]S$ 9 A CAULDRON ( BOIL+ OIL1 CONT9UE TO PRAY & PREA* CALMLY1 DISMEMB]$ OR COOK$ ON ! GRILL1 EVISC]AT$ D[N TO ! LA/ 9TE/9E1 KEEP SPORT+ A SMUG SMILE ( ! 9SANE1 C]TA9 ( !IR DE$S4 

,TO :I* HE ADDS !OLOGICAL CONSID]ATIONS3 LET US EV5 ADMIT ! EXI/5CE ( MIRACLES1 :AT W\LD WE HAVE TO CONCLUDE AB\T !M8 ,?AT ?IS ,GOD :O GRANTS HIS FAVORS 9 A R&OM MANN]1 SAV+ ONE BUT REJECT+ ANO!R1 GRANT+ HIS B5EVOL5CE TO ! FIR/ BUT NOT TO ! SECOND1 ?IS ,GOD MU/ BE ( AN UN%AKABLE CRUELTY6 ,ONE :O1 7SEE ABOVE71 CONTRADICTS EV5 ! DEF9ITION ( ,GOD :I* ALWAYS EMPHASIZES ,JU/ICE4 ,TO BECOME CR$IBLE ! MIRACLE \<T TO WORK = EV]YONE1 ALWAYS1 ALL ! TIME1 :I* W\LD DEF9E P>ADISE ON E>?4 ,& WE >E F> FROM IT4 ,C,Q,F,D 7,CE QU'IL FALLAIT DEMONTR]1 ,?AT :I* MU/ BE DEMON/RAT$ -- TR471 WRITES ,SP9OZA4 

,! EXTRAVAGANCES RECORD$ 9 ! ,BIBLE >E NO MORE WOR?Y ( CR$IT ?AN ! MIRACLES4 ,H5CE1 TO HOLD ) ,G5ESIS1 ! PRIMAL P>ADISE1 ! TALK+ S]P5T1 ! /ORY ( ! APPLE -- OR ( ! PLUM1 WRITES ,MESLI] -- ! TREE ( LIFE1 ( KN[L$GE1 A FIR/ MAN & A FIR/ WOMAN1 AN ORIG9AL S91 ITS TRANSMISSION TO ALL ! DESC5DANTS ( ,ADAM & ,EVE4 ,FABLE1 FABLE1 FABLE 4 4 4 

,I,X4 ,A ,SICK ,P]SON NAM$ ,JESUS 

,JEAN ,MESLI] DOES NOT D\BT ! HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE ( ,JESUS4 ,= ?AT1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO WAIT = ,BRUNO ,BAU] 7#a#h#i-#h#b71 A ,HEGELIAN ( ! ,LEFT & HIS ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,SYNOPTIC ,GOSPELS 7#a#h#d#a74 ,BUT HE DOES R$UCE ,JESUS TO A HUMAN CONDITION1 & ( ! %ABBIE/3 ?IS >*-FANATIC1 HE WRITES1 IS EQUALLY MAD1 \T ( HIS M9D1 MIS]ABLY FANATIC1 UNHAPPY ROGUE1 A MAN ( ! ABYSS1 VILE & DESPICABLE1 A P]SON ) ADV5TURES MORE EXTRAVAGANT ?AN ?OSE ( ,DON ,QUIXOTE6 

,HIS ?\<TS >E UNSETTL$4 ,?IS MAN PRET5DS TO COME ON E>? TO R$EEM ?R\< HIS DEA? ! S9S ( ! WORLD1 BUT1 ON ONE H&1 HE %[S HIMSELF 9CAPABLE ( SAV+ HIMSELF FROM ! AGONY ( ! CROSS2 ON ! O!R H&1 S9CE HIS DEA? WE HAVE NOT SE5 EI!R EVIL OR ! PLANET'S NEGATIVITY1 DIM9I%1 AS ANN\NC$4 ,MOREOV]1 ALL HIS PROPHECIES >E VA9 & HAVE NEV] BE5 FULFILL$3 !Y PROVE ! M5TAL DISORD] ( A MAN NOT ( A SON ( ,GOD6 

,SO MANY PRON\NCEM5TS PLAC+ ,JESUS ON ! SIDE ( ! MALICI\S & ! WICK$4 ,BECAUSE TO DECEIVE M5 AB\T !IR FATE1 TO LEAD !M 9TO ]ROR AB\T ?+S AS ESS5TIAL AS ! CONDUCT ( !IR EXI/5CE & !IR FATE AFT] DEA?1 !SE >E CULPABLE LIES & M]IT ! GALL[S4 ,! ME?OD AM\NTS TO METAPHYSICAL FRAUD4 

,HIS MODE ( LIFE EQUALLY BE>S WITNESS AGA9/ HIM3 :Y DID HE1 ?IS RAV+ P]SON1 HAVE TO RUN EV]Y:]E1 TO COME & TO GO ?R\< ALL ! >EAS ( ,JUDEA 9 ORD] TO EVANGELIZE & TRY TO CONV]T TO HIS FABLES ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( PEOPLE8 ,& !N TO SAY ?AT ! ,DEVIL L$ HIM TO A M\NTA9 PEAK 9 ORD] TO TEMPT HIM8 ,IS HE S]I\S8 ,W\LD ALL ?IS BE PROPOS$ BY A MAN EQUIPP$ ) ALL HIS M5TAL FACULTIES8 

,NOTE EV5 HIS MIRACLES4 ,:5 HE SUPPOS$LY ACCOMPLI%ES !SE FAIRY TALES1 WE HAVE TO SEE1 WRITES ,MESLI]1 :AT K9D ( GURU HE PRET5DS TO BE6 ,! FRAGILE PSY*OLOGY ( ?IS MAN EVID5TLY MAT*ES ?AT ( HIS DISCIPLES1 :O >E ALSO ( A DEBILITAT$ M5TAL CON/ITUTION4 ,HIS DE$S =M AN 9CR$IBLE TISSUE ( LIES4 

,?IS P]SON HAS NO REAL CONSI/5CY4 ,HIS DISPOSITION IS DREAM-LIKE4 ,ALL WE NE$ IS TO PAY ATT5TION TO ! ,GOSPELS C>EFULLY4 ,CONTRADICTIONS AB\ND4 ,HI/ORICAL TRU? DOES NOT EXI/4 ,! WITNESSES DISAGREE 9 EV]Y S5SE4 ,EXAMPLES3 ! G5EALOGY ( ,JESUS DIFF]S FROM ONE EVANGELI/ TO ANO!R2 ! FACTS & ! GE/URES1 ! ANECDOTES ( ! 9FANT ,JESUS DO NOT CO9CIDE2 ! L5G? ( TIME ( ! DURATION ( HIS PUBLIC LIFE V>IES2 !RE >E EV5 DIFF]5CES AMONG HIS ACTS AFT] BAPTISM2 & ON ! DETAILS ( HIS FIR/ RETREAT2 EQUALLY ON ! 9CONSI/5CIES 9 ! TIME & MANN] 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL APO/LES FOLL[ HIM2 ON ?AT :I* REALLY HAPP5S DUR+ ! ,LA/ ,SUPP]2 ON ! WOM5 HAV+ FOLL[$ HIM S9CE ,GALILEE2 ON ! NUMB]1 ! PLACE1 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( HIS APP>ITIONS AFT] HIS DEA?2 LIKEWISE AB\T HIS ASC5SION 9TO HEAV52 & !SE AMONG MANY O!R EXAMPLES 4 4 4 

,X4 ,PA/E & ,FL\R ,IDOLS 

,TO BEG9 )1 ! ,*UR* IS A VILE & P]NICI\S SECT4 ,HI/ORIANS ( ! EPO* CONFIRM IT4 ,ITS DOGMAS >E LOAD$ ) RECORDS ( EXTRAVAGANCE3 ! ,HOLY ,TR9ITY1 = EXAMPLE4 ,H[ CAN ?REE PEOPLE MAKE ONE :5 ! ,FA!R 5G5D]S ! ,SON1 H5CE \<T TO PREC$E HIM1 )\T SPEAK+ ( ! ,HOLY ,<O/444 ,?IS BELIEF1 ,MESLI] WRITES1 D5OTES REAL PAGANISM6 

,SAME COMM5T AB\T ! SUPPOS$ MY/]Y ( ! ,EU*>I/4 ,! ,MIDDLE ,AGES AB\NDS ) TEXTS ( PHILOSOPH]S & !OLOGIANS GIV+ LONG & LABORI\S DISS]TATIONS ON ! /ATUS ( ! HO/4 ,) ! HELP ( CASUI/RY1 ONE ASKS ONESELF :AT W\LD BECOME ( IT IF1 = EXAMPLE1 A RAT CAME ALONG TO *EW IT UP ALAS1 OR IF1 DROPP$ 9TO A DIT* -- BY A PRIE/ /AGG]+ TO GIVE EXTREME UNCTION444 DOES IT /ILL REMA9 ! BODY ( ,*RI/8 

,!OLOGY HAS MANY UNSMIL+ DISS]TATIONS ON !SE SUBJECTS -- ALL RESOLV$ BY A S5T5CE ( ! CURE :I* DEF9ES ! HO/ AS 0AN IDOL ( PA/E & FL\R0 US+ ! SAME TITLE AS PAGAN IDOLS ( IRON1 WOOD1 /ONE1 GOLD1 OR SILV] ADOR$ BY ! MO/ BACKW>D PEOPLE ( ANCI5T TIMES4 ,FOLLY6 ,JESUS NEV] ASK$ TO BE WOR%IP$ 9 ?IS BAK]Y =M4 ,9 NO P>T ( ! ,GOSPELS CAN ?IS /UPID SUP]/ITION BE PROV5 OR D$UC$4 

,! ,EU*>I/1 A ,*RI/IAN MY/]Y1 NE$S ,>I/OTLE'S ?\<T TO E/ABLI% ITS PHILOSOPHIC LEGITIMACY4 ,S*OLA/ICISM1 ) ITS CATEGORIES ( SUB/ANCE1 ACCID5TS1 G5]A1 SUB/ANTIAL =MS1 IS ! SOLE AU?ORIZATION ( ?IS ONTOLOGICAL ?REE C>D MONTE :I* P]MITS AFFIRMATION ( ! BREAD REALLY1 NOT SYMBOLICALLY -- 0 LIT]ALLY0 & NOT 0FIGURATIVELY1' =1 TO SPEAK LIKE ,?OMAS ,AQU9AS1 ! BODY ( A MAN DEAD TWO ?\S& YE>S AGO IS ID5TICAL ) ! W9E ORIG9AT+ 9 ,FR5* V9EY>DS1 REAL BLOOD ( ! SAME MAN4 

,ONE UND]/&S :Y ! ,*UR* HAS ALWAYS CONDEMN$ SO /RONGLY MAT]IALI/ ?\<T S9CE = IT ?IS /ORY ( SUB/ANCE & ( ITS ACCID5TS C\NTS = Z]O1 BECAUSE 9 ITS EYES EV]Y?+ 9 ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ! HO/S OR ! *ALICE W9E1 IS R$UC$ TO AN ATOMIC >RANGEM5T PURELY & SIMPLY4 ,A DISCIPLE ( ,EPICURUS CANNOT DEC5TLY BELIEVE 9 ! NONS5SE ( TRANSUB/ANTIATION4 

,WE >E NOT SURPRIS$ ?AT ,MESLI] DEF5DS AS WELL1 9 PROP] LOGIC1 AN EXTREMELY COH]5T MAT]IALI/ !ORY1 :I* IT MI<T BE SAID 9 PASS+1 IS =MULAT$ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ,EPICURUS1 )\T REC\RSE TO HIS ATOMS1 P>TICLES1 TO ! VOID1 TO ! CL9AM5 7DEVIATION OR SW]VE -- TR47 & TO ! :OLE ,EPICUREAN >S5AL1 AN ORIG9AL1 MOD]N MAT]IALI/ !ORY %AMELESSLY APPROPRIAT$ BY ,LA ,METTRIE1 7,ADRI57 ,HELVETIUS1 7,B>ON ,PAUL-,H5RI DE7 ,HOLBA*1 7,M>QUIS ,DONATI5 DE7 ,SADE4 

,X,I4 ,= A ,PO/-,*RI/IAN ,MORALITY 

,?US ,MESLI] UND]M9ES ,*RI/IANITY 9 ITS F\NDATION1 ITS REASONS1 ITS RATIONALE1 ITS LOGIC1 ITS RHETORIC1 ITS BELIEFS1 ITS MY?S1 ITS FABLES3 ,GOD DOES NOT EXI/2 ! SACR$ TEXTS1 PRODUCTS ( =G]S1 CONVEY FABLES2 ,*RI/IANITY IS A FACTORY ( ABSURD FICTIONS 9VOLV+ P>ADISE1 HELL1 ORIG9AL S91 ETC42 ,JESUS IS NOT ! ,SON ( ,GOD1 BUT A MIS]ABLE MADMAN1 HUMAN1 V]Y HUMAN2 ! DOGMAS & MY/]IES ( ! ,HOLY ,TR9ITY TYPE OR ! SACRAM5T LIKE ! ,EU*>I/ PROCE$ FROM ! IDOLATR\S BELIEF ( PAGANS4 ,BUT ,MESLI] ATTACKS1 AS WELL1 ! !ORY ( ,*RI/IAN MORALITY1 :I* HE F9DS P]FIDI\S1 BAD1 AGA9/ NATURE & UNF\ND$4 

,AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ! LOGICAL FANTASIES ( ,HEAV51 HE ATTACKS ! P]NICI\S PRACTICES ( ! ,CA?OLIC WORLD ON E>?4 ,! DECON/RUCTION ( !OLOGY EXP&S 9TO A DECON/RUCTION ( E?ICS4 ,! ,*RI/IAN E?IC IS DEGRAD$ BECAUSE IT IS PEGG$ ON ! COMPULSION ( DEA?1 IT LOVES & *]I%ES MIS]Y1 IT DEVOTES A CULT ( SUFF]+ 9 ! 9SI/5T LOGIC ( ! IMITATION ( ! ,PASSION ( ,*RI/4 ,H[ CAN ANYONE DEF5D A POSITION LIKE ?AT8 

,:Y CONDEMN DESIRES8 ,!SE >E NATURAL AFFECTIONS ( ! FLE% -- 0! G5TLE 9CL9ATION ( ,NATURE40 ,LET US REMA9 9 ! ,*RI/IAN LOGIC3 IF DESIRES EXI/ IT IS 9DE$ BECAUSE ,GOD PLAC$ !M 9TO ! BODY ( M54 ,H[ C\LD HE 5D[ HUMANS ) DESIRE & ASK !M TO DETE/ IT8 ,LET US LEAVE ?IS LOGIC3 ,GOD DOES NOT EXI/1 ONLY NATURE HAS PUT !SE AFFECTIONS 9TO HUMAN FLE%4 ,%E HAS H] GOOD REASONS -- REPRODUCTION ( ! SPECIES1 CONT9UATION ( HUMANITY4 

,! SEXUAL MORALITY DEF5D$ BY ! ,*UR* PREV5TS SEXUALITY \TSIDE M>RIAGE2 & IT CODIFIES V]Y SEV]ELY ! SEXUALITY ( A M>RI$ C\PLE4 ,MESLI] F9DS NO?+ TO CRITICIZE 9 ! FREE USAGE ( ONE'S BODY1 9CLUD+ P>TN]S NOT UNIT$ 9 HOLY SACRAM5T4 ,! H$ONI/ CONTRACT SUFFICES TO LEGITIMIZE ! SEXUAL ACT3 A DESIRE %>$ = A TIME & AGRE$ TO BY BO? P>TIES4 ,TOO MANY BADLY M>RI$ WOM5 SUFF]2 TOO MANY *ILDR5 SUBMIT UND] ! H>D LAW ( M>RI$ P>5TS :O HATE EA* O!R BUT :O REMA9 TOGE!R BECAUSE ! ,*UR* =CES !M TO & ?REAT5S !M ) ,HELL IF !Y DIVORCE4 ,MESLI] DEF5DS A COMMON LAW M>RIAGE1 UND]/OOD AS APT = PRIE/S1 MONKS1 & BRO!RS -- & DIVORCE = A RELATION%IP )\T SEXUAL & S5SUAL FULFILLM5T4 

,NO QUE/ION H[EV] ( A LIC5SE = ! BODY OR = CELEBRAT+ DEBAU*]Y4 ,MESLI] UND]/&S PLEASURE AS A SIMPLE ?+1 NATURAL1 NOT COMPLICAT$4 ,EXCESS DOES NOT SUIT HIM4 ,NO PRUDE1 BUT ALSO NO DEF5D] ( SEIGNORAL LIB]T9AGE ( ! P[]FUL ONES ( ! MOM5T1 ! CURE PROPOSES A FLE% )\T GUILT1 PLAY+ NATURALLY ) ! POT5TIALITIES ( P]MITT$ JOY H]E & N[4 

,NATURE COMM&S3 ONE CANNOT DESIRE :AT GOES AGA9/ IT4 ,AU/]ITY 5DANG]S IT4 ,IF BY *ANCE ONE PRACTIC$ CONT95CE OR *A/ITY1 IF ONE =BADE ONESELF ALL SEXUALITY1 !N ! WORLD WILL GO T[>D ITS RU9 & ITS 5D4 ,! ,*RI/IAN COMM&M5TS >E UNF\ND$ & RIDICUL\S4 ,! MODEL = SEXUALITY IS NONE ! LESS NOT ! ANIMAL1 AS IT IS = CYNICS4 ,= ,MESLI]1 ?9K+ ( B>OQUE LIB]T9ES1 :5 IT COMES TO SEXUALITY1 ONE MU/ SUBMIT TO ! LAWS & CU/OMS ( ONE'S C\NTRY3 ?US ONE WILL NOT AGREE TO 9CE/ OR O!R 5DOGAMIC SEXUALITIES4 ,ON ALT]NATIVE MODALITIES ( SEXUALITY1 HOMOSEXUALITY = EXAMPLE1 ,MESLI] KEEPS SIL5T4 

,! A!I/ CURE FOLL[S ?R\< ) HIS CRITICISM ( ,*RI/IAN MORALITY3 IT IS WRONG ) REG>D TO GRIEF2 IT IS WRONG 9 MATT]S ( SEXUAL MORALITY2 IT IS EQUALLY 9DEF5SIBLE 9 ITS EULOGY ( LOVE = ONE'S FELL[ M54 ,?IS DANG]\S 9VITATION SUPPOSES ?AT M5 & WOM5 \<T TO 5DURE WICK$NESS )\T FL9*+ 4 ,NOT TO RESPOND TO BL[S1 TO (F] ! O!R *EEK1 TO LOVE ONE'S 5EMIES1 !RE IS ?AT :I* JU/IFIES ! P]V]SE ORD] ( ! WORLD4 ,) SIMIL> LOGIC1 ONE CAN GIVE FREE RE9 TO FEUDAL BRUTALITY1 EXPLOITATION ( ! WEAK1 & ASSURE IMPUNITY = ?OSE BEA/S ( PREY :O >E L\TS & LORDS1 P>ASITES ( ! SY/EM1 & O!R TYRANTS ( ! MON>*Y4 

,TO BLESS ?OSE :O CURSE US1 TO P>DON ?OSE :O 9JURE US DAILY UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT ONE DAY 9 ! NEXT WORLD JU/ICE WILL BE R5D]$ ONE V]Y HYPO!TICAL LA/ DAY ( JUDGM5T -- ?IS IS :AT1 H]E & N[1 LEGITIMIZES ! LAW ( ! JUNGLE4 ,! TEXT ( ,BEATITUDES PLAYS A CONS]VATIVE1 C\NT]- REVOLUTION>Y ROLE2 IT 5DORSES ! /ATUS QUO & GIVES ITS BLESS+ TO G5]AL 9JU/ICE4 

,X,I,I4 ,AN ,E?IC ( ,PITY 

,MESLI] DEF5DS ! HUMBLE1 ! HUMILIAT$1 ?OSE )\T /ATUS1 MODE/ PEOPLE1 ! VICTIMS4 ,NOT A/ONI%+ ?AT WE F9D FROM HIS P5 A DEF5SE1 UNPUBLI%$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS BE=E HIM1 ( WOM51 *ILDR5 & ANIMALS1 !SE ?REE GR\PS ( EXPLOIT$ HUMANITY UPON :OM VIOL5CE1 & WICK$NESS1 >E PRIM>ILY CONC5TRAT$ ALONG ) BRUTALITY ( HUSB& AT HIS WIFE1 P>5TS AT *ILDR51 MA/]S AT ANIMALS4 ,WE C\LD />T ) A VIEW ( !SE ?REE VICTIMS ( S]VITUDE4 ,LET US NOT =GET1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ?AT !SE PAGES DATE DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 & HUMANITY IS SUBJECT TO ! EXCLUSIVE :ITE =MULA -- ,EUROPEAN1 MALE1 ,*RI/IAN1 ADULT4 ,IF ,MESLI] WRITES NO?+ AB\T PEOPLE ( COLOR -- JU/ A FEW L9ES 9 PASS+ 9 ! RELATIVI/ SPIRIT ( A 7,FRANCOIS DE7 ,LA ,MO! ,LE ,VAY] -- NO?+ AB\T PEOPLE \TSIDE ,EUROPE1 HE /ILL DEVOTES SIGNIFICANT S5T5CES TO BEAT51 AB&ON$ *ILDR51 TO NEGLECT$ & UNHAPPY WOM5 9 BAD M>RIAGES1 & !N LONG CONV9C+ PAGES FI<T+ AGA9/ ! ,C>TESIAN !SES ( ANIMALS AS MA*9ES 9 FAVOR ( A REAL HUMANITY ( ANIMALS4 ,AT HIS EPO* ! COMBAT DOES NOT EXI/4 

,! ,*RI/IAN POSITION ON ! 9DISSOLUBILITY ( M>RIAGE CAUSES RAVAGES 9 FAMILIES3 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( LEAV+ AN AGGRESSIVE1 VIOL5T1 EVIL SP\SE TRANS=MS LIFE 9TO A NI<TM>E4 ,:5 P>5TS SEP>ATE1 ! *ILDR5 -- ?\< RESCU$ BY 9-LAWS1 GR&FA!RS & GR&MO!RS1 SURROGATES OR TUTORS1 >E NOT PROVID$ ) A BETT] $UCATION4 ,!IR EXP]I5CE & ! BAD EXAMPLES TRANS=M !SE 9DIVIDUALS 9TO ASOCIAL ADULTS4 ,MESLI] HOPES = COMMUNAL $UCATION SUPPORT$ BY PUBLIC FUNDS 9 ORD] TO CONTRIBUTE TO *ILDR5'S $UCATION1 :I* PROMOTES PUBLIC WELF>E4 

,! CURE COMBATS S]VITUDE 9 ALL =MS4 ,CONSI/5T ) HIS MAT]IALISM1 HE POSES ! PROBLEM ( ANIMALS AS A PHILOSOPH] = :OM !RE EXI/S ONLY ONE WORLD ) MULTIPLE V>IATIONS4 ,! MAT]IAL UNITY ( BE+ PREV5TS HIM FROM ?9K+ 9 T]MS ( HI]>*Y1 & ! SUBMISSION & S]VITUDE ?AT COME ) HI]>*Y4 ,?IS READ+ ( IMMAN5CE DOES NOT OPPOSE1 AS DOES ,*RI/IAN ?\<T1 DUALISM TO TRANSC5D5CE1 TWO UNIV]SES1 M5 & WOM51 HUMANS & ANIMALS1 ADULTS & *ILDR51 MALES & FEMALES -- (F]+ ONE POSITIVELY OV] ! O!R4 

,MESLI] CANNOT BE> FIGURES ( EVIL4 ,HIS METAPHYSICAL POSITION SEEMS TO PROCE$ LESS FROM A RATIONAL & REASONABLE DEMON/RATION ?AN FROM A RADICAL 9/9CT1 FROM A VISC]AL RESPONSE TO ! SPECTACLE ( 9JU/ICE & 9IQUITY4 ,9 ! MANN] ( ,MONTAIGNE :O SPEAKS 9 ! FIR/ P]SON & ?9KS UNIV]SALLY1 TAK+ (F FROM AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL ANECDOTES1 ,MESLI] DISCLOSES ?AT HE CAN NOT 5DURE BUT*]S & BUT*]IES4 ,! LIFE ( BLOOD MAKES HIM UNCON=TABLE4 ,&1 :5 IT IS NECESS>Y TO KILL *ICK5S1 PIGEONS1 OR PIGS TO EAT1 HE FEELS A G5U9E AV]SION1 A REAL REPUGNANCE4 

,IF HE %\LD ASS5T TO VEGET>IANISM1 IT W\LD NOT BE AS A RESULT ( 9TELLECTUAL D$UCTIONS1 BUT FROM ?IS V]Y 9CAPACITY TO 5DURE ! SPECTACLE ( GRIEF & ! SUFF]+ ( ANIMALS -- SPR++ FROM HIS FEEL+ = ALL LIV+ BE+S4 ,! SY/EMATIC REFUSAL TO EAT MEAT1 ?\<1 SEEMS TO HIM A SUP]/ITI\S *OICE1 RECALL+ RELIGI\S BIGOTRY1 ! O!R SIDE ( ! CO9 :]E ONE F9DS ! LU/ ( RELIGIONS = ANIMAL HOLOCAU/S TO W9 FAVOR FROM ! GODS4 

,) EQUAL F]VOR1 ,MESLI] FI<TS AGA9/ ?IS B>B>IC CU/OM ( IMMOLATION ( 9NOC5T VICTIMS4 ,H[ C\LD ,GOD1 IF HE EXI/S1 CONS5T TO SO MU* GRATUIT\S DE/RUCTION ( !SE SPECIM5S ( P]FECTION ( HIS CREATION8 ,:AT A NONS5SICAL IDEA TO BELIEVE ?AT ,GOD LIKES GE/URES SIMIL> TO MADNESS48 ,:AT W\LD BE ! S5SE 9 IT8 ,& :Y W\LD SO MU* BLOOD \TP\R$ P]SUADE HIM TO SATISFY HUMAN PRAY]8 

,?IS MAN :O REJOICES 9 RECALL+ A PEASANT'S DESIRE TO /RANGLE ! B\RGEOIS ) ! 9TE/9ES ( PRIE/S1 ?IS REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/ :O DEVOTES V]Y BEAUTIFUL L9ES TO JU/IFY+ TYRANNICIDE UND] ! =M ( A PURE & SIMPLE SLAU<T] ( ! ,K+ = KEEP+ HIS SUBJECTS 9 SLAV]Y1 ?IS A!I/ CURE :O RAVES AGA9/ ! WAVES ( BLOOD P\R$ 9 ! C\RSE ( TOO NUM]\S RELIGI\S C]EMONIES ( IMMOLATION ( BEA/S1 ?IS RADICAL A!I/ IDEOLOGI/ :O DEPLORES JU/ AS MU* ! BLOOD BESPATT]+ ! CROSS ON ,GOLGO?A1 ?IS VOLCANIC PHILOSOPH] CANNOT 5DURE WAT*+ SOMEONE EAT+ A *ICK54 ,HIS MORALITY ( PITY G5]ATES A PITILESS E?IC3 NO PITY = PEOPLE )\T PITY4 ,IS HE WRONG TO ?9K ?IS WAY8 

,X,I,I,I4 ,KICK+ ! ,BACKSIDES ( 7,NI*OLAS7 ,MALEBRAN*E 

,MESLI] DEF5DS NATURE1 ALL ,NATURE4 ,HE *ALL5GES HI]>*ICAL ?\<T &1 TODAY1 W\LD BE S5SITIVE TO ! >GUM5TS ( ANTI-SPECIESI/S :O FI<T A PYRAMIDICAL ORGANIZATION ( NATURE ) MAN AT ! SUMMIT & ! ANIMALS AT ! BASE1 ) ! =M] HAV+ ! LIB]TY TO 9FLICT ON ! LATT] ALL SORTS ( 9HUMAN ACTS3 TO EXPLOIT1 TO TORTURE1 TO M>TYR1 TO KILL1 TO 5?RALL$1 TO 5*A91 TO BEAT D[N1 TO DEV\R4 

,?IS POSITION1 DOM9ANT 9 \R SOCIETY = TWO ?\S& YE>S1 PROCE$S FROM ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN 9CITEM5T 9 ,G5ESIS3 S\LLESS ANIMALS1 UNSCA!D BY ORIG9AL S91 )\T POSSIBILITY ( SURVIVAL1 !SE CREATURES PLAC$ UND] HUMAN RULE1 BEL[ MAN1 ABOVE ! VEGETABLE1 !N ! M9]AL1 !SE CREATURES EXI/ = ! WELF>E ( HUMANS4 ,HUMANS CAN USE !M AS !Y *OOSE TO OBTA9 =CE = WORK1 G5TL5ESS = COMPANY1 FLE% TO CONSUME1 SK9 = CLO?+1 CURR5CY = SACRIFICE = HOLOCAU/S4 ,MESLI]1 AGA91 VITUP]ATES ,*RI/IANITY4 

,AMONG HIS 5EMIES >E ! ,C>TESIAN PHILOSOPH]S -- :OM HE WELL P]CEIVES AS 0! DEV\TLY RELIGI\S40 ,A FAVORITE T>GET IS ,MALEBRAN*E1 :O DEVOTES LONG PAGES 9 ,RESE>* ( ,TRU? TO REVIV+1 PURSU+1 & DEVELOP+ ! !SES PRODUC$ BY ,DESC>TES 9 HIS ,TREATISE ON ,MAN4 ,ANIMALS >E R$UC$ TO AN ASSEMBLY ( :EELS1 PULLEYS1 & SPR+S4 ,!SE ?+S DO NOT ?9K1 DO NOT EXP]I5CE ANY S5TIM5T1 DO NOT COMMUNICATE1 DO NOT FEEL ANY?+1 >E IGNORANT ( LANGUAGE4 ,FROM :I* >ISES ! DIFF]5CE ( RADICAL NATURE BETWE5 M5 & BEA/S4 

,! ANECDOTE IS P]HAPS FALSE1 BUT IT MAKES A PO9T3 ! FAM\S ,FA!R ,MALEBRAN*E1 ORATOR1 AU?OR1 ?US ( FAM\S !SES ON ANIMAL MA*9ES1 IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE KICK$ ! RE> 5D ( A DOG :O WAS PRANC+ 9 ! PRES5CE ( HIS VISITOR4 ,EV5 ?\< APOCRYPHAL1 ! /ORY IS TELL+3 IT SAYS ?AT A PHILOSOPHICAL !SIS JU/IFIES ! BAD TREATM5TS 9FLICT$ UPON ANIMALS4 ,IT LEGITIMIZES ABOVE ALL ! LACK ( REMORSE :5 ANIMALS >E TORTUR$ OR PUT TO DEA?4 

,= HIS P>T1 ,MESLI] UND]TAKES TO KICK ! PHILOSOPHICAL BACKSIDE ( ,MALEBRAN*E4 ,BECAUSE !SE ,C>TESIANS IMAG9E ?AT TO ?9K IS ABOVE ALL1 & ABOVE ALL TO ?9K ?AT ONE ?9KS1 TO KN[ ?AT ONE ?9KS1 !SE ZOOPHOBES CONCLUDE ?AT ANIMALS DO NOT ?9K4 ,BUT ,MESLI] DEF9ES EXACTLY ?AT TO ?9K IS TO RECOGNIZE ! ADJU/M5T ( FLE% TO MODIFICATIONS ( MATT]4 ,M5 & BEA/S1 9 ?IS S5SE1 LIVE BY ! SAME /&>D4 

,! 5EMIES ( MAT]IALISM :O >E ! DISCIPLES ( ,DESC>TES CANNOT RESOLVE ! PROBLEM )\T ! SUBT]FUGE ( DUALI/ SOPHISM ( ?9K+ MATT] AS DI/9CT FROM MATT] AT L>GE4 ,?AT IS :Y ! ,C>TESIANS >E RELIGI\SLY DEV\T & DEV\T ,*RI/IANS3 !IR TWO CONTRADICTORY MODES -- ( :I* ONE IS FICTION444 -- ALL[ !M TO BE P>TISANS ( ! ,CA?OLIC RELIGION4 

,= ,MESLI]1 ANIMALS >E 9DE$ MA*9ES -- JU/ LIKE M56 ,NO?+ DI/+UI%ES !M1 EXCEPT = V>IATIONS 9 >RANGEM5T ( !IR MATT]4 ,NO ?9K+ SUB/ANCE 9 MAN BUT A BRA92 ! SAME AS 9 A NI<T+ALE OR A PIG4 ,EV5 IF ! GRAY MATT] DIFF]S1 ! ESS5TIAL REMA9S3 A BE+ IS R$UC$ TO ! MAT]IALITY ( HIS PHYSIOLOGY1 ! S[ & ! WOR%IP] AT ! ,ORATORY M+LE4 ,! LESSON8 ,BETWE5 M5 & BEA/S !RE EXI/S NO NATURAL DIFF]5CE1 ONLY A DIFF]5CE ( DEGREE4 ,?IS CONCLUSION DEF9ES A MAT]IALI/ ONTOLOGY1 A FIR/ 9 ,FR5* PHILOSOPHY4 

,X,I,V4 ,! ,MASSACRE ( ,CATS 

,JEAN ,MESLI] DEPLORES ?AT ! ,*RI/IAN METAPHYSICS & ! ,C>TESIAN PHILOSOPHY -- SO LIKE EA* O!R AFT] ALL -- (F] ROYAL ROAD = ! WICK$NESS ( M54 ,! CURE AFFIRMS ?AT ANIMALS ?9K1 NOT LIKE M51 C]TA9LY1 BUT ?AT !Y ?9K WELL2 ?AT !Y 5JOY1 SUFF]1 FEEL EMOTION1 COMMUNICATE1 RECIPROCATE1 USE A LANGUAGE4 ,9DE$1 ?IS LANGUAGE IS NOT CON/RUCT$ LIKE \RS1 BUT1 AT LEA/1 ) BEA/S1 ONE DOES NOT F9D ALL ! TREA*]Y1 LIES1 P]FIDIES1 RUSES & SLEI<T ( H& P]MITT$ BY HUMAN LANGUAGE4 

,NO NE$ = LONG DISS]TATIONS1 ! PRACTIC$ EYE ( ! PEASANT SUFFICES4 ,LAU<+1 ! PHILOSOPH] 7,MESLI]7 OPPOSES ! LE>N$ DEMON/RATIONS 9 ! S]VICE ( ,MALEBRAN*E'S FALSE IDEA TO ! GOOD S5SE ( ! PEASANT4 ,:AT DOES ! MAN ( ! FIELDS1 ! MAN ( ! L[] ORD]S1 ! WORK] ( ! E>? ) HIS HORSES OR C[S1 ! F>M] ) HIS C[S & HIS %EEP1 ! CO:]D1 ! SW9E- H]D1 ! %EPH]D -- :AT DO !Y SAY :5 ! PHILOSOPH] (F]S !M ,C>TESIAN DISC\RSE ON BEA/S8 ,!Y LAU< ) A BIG & BEAUTIFUL PHILOSOPHIC LAU<T]6 

,! ,TE/AM5T CONT9UES3 BECAUSE WRONG IDEAS ON ?IS SUBJECT EXI/1 M5 GIVE FREE RE9 TO !IR BAD PASSIONS4 ,H5CE ?OSE MASSACRES ( CATS :I* TRANS=M VICE1 WICK$NESS1 P]V]SION 9TO A V]Y POPUL> SPECTACLE MU* FREQU5T$ AT ?IS EPO*4 ,!SE HY/]ICAL VILLAGE FETES AT :I* PEOPLE ?R[ 9TO ! BLAZE CATS CAPTUR$ = ?IS PURPOSE DEGRAD+ ! HUMANS :O TAKE P>T 9 IT4 0,DETE/ABLE PLEASURES10 0MAD & DETE/ABLE JOY10 HE WRITES4 ,IF HE HAD KN[N ,SP9OZA AT FIR/ H&1 ,MESLI] W\LD HAVE DIAGNOS$ ! 0SAD PASSIONS40 

,X,V4 ,MESLI]1 ! ,COMPLETE ,PHILOSOPH] 

,! PHILOSOPHICAL E/ABLI%M5T AW>DS ! DEGREES & C]TIFICATES ( CON=MITY2 IT HONORS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! IDEALI/S1 ! ,*RI/IANS1 ! CONS]VATIVES1 ! AU?ORS ( A HAZY /YLE1 LOV]S ( AB/RUSE VOCABUL>Y & ( NEOLOGISMS1 /RUNG LIKE PE>LS4 ,MESLI] IS A POOR MAT*1 HE :O FLAUNTS HIS A!ISM CLE>LY1 HIS MAT]IALISM1 HIS COMMUNISM1 ALL 9 A RA!R V]NACUL> LANGUAGE 9 :I* ONE SE>*ES 9 VA9 = ANY TRACE ( ! VOCABUL>Y ( ! PHILOSOPH] TRIBE4 ,& SO MU* BETT] 4 4 4 

,HIS A!ISM WE HAVE SE54 ,N[1 HIS MAT]IALISM4 ,AS ,MESLI] 9NOVATES 9 AFFIRM+ ! NONEXI/5CE ( ,GOD1 HE 9V5TS ALL 9 CREAT+ A ,FR5* MAT]IALISM \T ( :OLE CLO?4 ,C]TA9LY 7,PI]RE7 ,GASS5DI CAME BE=E HIM4 ,WE KN[ ! ,*RI/IAN LIMITS ( ! ATOMISM ( ! CANON ( ,DIGNE3 ALL IS MATT]1 ABSOLUTELY ALL1 EXCEPT = ! S\L444 ,EPICURUS IS 5TIRELY RI<T1 EXCEPT :5 ,*RI/IANITY MAKES HIM WRONG444 ,LET US GRANT IT1 HE DES]VES CR$IT = ! MAT]IALISM 9 QUE/ION4 

,WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ! CURE ,MESLI] LIVES = =TY YE>S 9 ! VIC>AGE ( A LITTLE VILLAGE 9 ! ,>D5NES1 NEV] LEFT4 ,LET US BE CLE> ?AT HE WORKS 9 HIS P]SONAL LIBR>Y ) ONLY A H&FUL ( BOOKS1 LESS ?AN FIFTY2 LET US ADD ?AT HE P]=MS CONSCI5TI\SLY ! ABSORB+ DAILY TASKS ( ! PRIE/1 AT LEA/ ON ! SURFACE4 

,LET US PUT IT DIFF]5TLY3 ,MESLI] DOES NOT FREQU5T ANY WORLDLY ,P>ISIAN SALON LIKE ! ONE1 A FEW YE>S LAT] ( ,B>ON ,HOLBA* :]E ONE W\LD MEET SOMETIMES AT ! SAME TABLE SU* GREAT ?9K]S AS ,HUME1 ,R\SSEAU1 ,CONDORCET1 ,HELVETIUS1 ,VOLTAIRE1 D',ALEMB]T1 ,DID]OT444 ,MESLI] HAS NO /REET HE CAN CROSS TO LEAVE HIS H\SE & F9D HIMSELF 9 A MAGNIFIC5T PUBLIC OR PRIVATE LIBR>Y444 ,MESLI] DOES NOT LIVE ON ! REV5UE ( A TAX COLLECTOR OR ON ! R5T ( ! NOBILITY444 ,ALONE1 )\T REF]5CES & RES\RCES & )\T LEISURE1 ! %E] EXT5T ( HIS WORK ( DISCOV]Y CON/ITUTES A FEAT4 ,LET US IMAG9E :AT ! PRODUCTIONS ( ?IS SPIRIT MI<T HAVE BE5 UND] MORE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS4 

,IT IS ?US ) HIS 9TELLIG5CE ALONE1 HIS P5 & HIS TALL[ C&LES ?AT ,MESLI] )\T COMM5T>IES1 )\T ! SUPPORT ( ! ?\<T ( O!RS1 GR\NDS ! BASIS ( PRECISE & DETAIL$ MAT]IALISM TO COMBAT ! METAPHYSICS ( ,DESC>TES44 ,AS A LONE H]ALD1 ! A!I/ CURE LI<TS ! FIRES ( HIS PHILOSOPHIC ANG] & FIRES ! ONTOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( HIS IMMAN5T METAPHYSICAL POSITION3 ,GOD DOES NOT EXI/2 !RE IS ONLY MATT]4 ,ALL ?AT EXI/S IS A S+LE SUB/ANCE :I* CO9CIDES EXACTLY ) MATT]4 ,)\T HAV+ READ HIM1 ,MESLI] FOLL[S ,SP9OZA'S SW]VE FROM :I* HE PRODUC$ SU* CONSID]ABLE RESULTS3 ! ,FR5* MAT]IALI/ G5EALOGY ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,A S+LE SUB/ANCE3 MATT]4 

,A!ISM 9TELLECTUALLY COMPELS ?IS POSITION4 ,! ONLY OPTION POSSIBLE = EV]Y PHILOSOPH] :O D5IES TRANSC5D5CE1 DUALISM1 SPIRITUALISM1 IDEALISM1 & ALL ! BRIC-A-BRAC ( O!R WORLDS ?AT DEF9E ALL RELIGIONS2 MAT]IALISM OP5S A FRE% AV5UE = PHILOSOPHY3 ! WORLD H]E & N[1 D[N H]E1 ! REAL1 ! CONCRETE1 ! LIFE ( EV]Y DAY4 ,FIR/ ( ALL UND]/& IT1 !N TRANS=M IT4 

,X,V,I4 ,A ,MAT]IALI/ ,ONTOLOGY 

,MESLI]'S MAT]IALI/ ONTOLOGY CON/ITUTES ! C\NT]P>T ( SPIRITUALI/ ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY4 ,GOD DOES NOT EXI/ BECAUSE ONLY ,BE+ EXI/S1 & ,BE+ IS ,NATURE4 ,WE AVAIL \RSELVES ( ?IS C]TITUDE ( ,BE+ BY ! SIMPLE FACT ( BE+4 ,MESLI] PROPOSES A G5RE ( ,DESC>TES' TAUTOLOGICAL 0,COGITO1 ]GO SUM03 IF ,I AM1 ,I CANNOT QUE/ION BE+ -- AT LEA/ ) A PURE GAME ( SPIRIT REPLAC$ BY A ,PYRRHIC GAME4 7,NOTE3 ,PYRRHO WAS A ,GREEK SKEPTIC -- TR47 ,! SOLE ?\<T ( BE+ PROVES BE+4 ,NO NE$ ( METAPHYSICS2 GOOD S5SE SUFFICES4 

,! CURE DOES NOT 5T] 9TO ! DETAIL ( ! CON/ITU5TS ( MATT] ?AT DEF9E BE+4 ,WE DON'T F9D1 ) HIM1 A PHYSICS ( ATOMS1 A DESCRIPTION ( P>TICLES1 A ME*ANICS ( MOLECUL> >RANGEM5TS1 A !OLOGY ( CL9AM5 7DEVIATION73 ! NAME ( ,EPICURUS DOES NOT APPE> 9 ! ,TE/AM5T4 ,LUCRETIUS' ,ON ! ,NATURE ( ,?+S IS NOT F\ND 9 HIS LIBR>Y1 NOR ,EPICURUS' ,LETT]S1 NOR EV5 ANY ,DIOG5ES ,LA]TIUS1 :O W\LD MAKE UP = ?OSE ABS5CES3 ,MESLI] CONCEIVES ! SOLE WORLD1 & HIS MAT]IALISM [ES TO HIS SITUATION ITS /R5G?S & ITS WEAKNESSES -- REVEAL+ HIS ORIG9ALITY & HIS !ORETICAL LIMITS4 

,?IS MATT] IS DEF9$ NEGATIVELY3 IT IS NOT ! EXT5SIVE SUB/ANCE ( ,DESC>TES4 ,9 HIS ,PR9CIPLES ( ,PHILOSOPHY 7#a#f#d#d71 ! PHILOSOPH] ( ,POITI]S /ATES ?AT ! MAT]IAL WORLD ASSUMES L5G?1 BREAD?1 & DEP?2 IT IS 9F9ITELY DIVISIBLE 9 P>TS1 BUT NOT ON ! ATOMIC PR9CIPLE2 ! P>TS DIFF] BY !IR SIZE1 TYPES1 PLACES1 & MOVEM5TS4 ,MESLI] REFUSES ?IS DEF9ITION4 ,MATT] FURNI%ES1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! EXPLANATORY PR9CIPLE ( ! TOTALITY ( ,NATURE4 

,C]TA9LY1 WE C\LD ASK ,MESLI] TO SPECIFY4 ,HE AFFIRMS ! CLE> BUT UNDEF9ABLE PR9CIPLE1 UNDEF9ABLE BECAUSE1 NO MORE ?AN ! EYE CAN SEE ITSELF1 MATT] :I* ?9KS CANNOT SEIZE TO DEF9E ?AT :I* IT ?9KS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT !RE EXI/S A RELATION ( CAUSALITY BETWE5 ! EYE & VISION1 ! LIMBS & ! MOVEM5T1 ! BRA9 & ?\<T1 !RE EXI/S A RELATION BETWE5 MATT] & NATURE1 BUT1 9 ! ACTUAL /ATE ( \R AW>5ESS1 HE /ATES1 ONE CANNOT SAY :AT OR H[4 

,! SAME QUE/IONS CONC]N US TODAY1 BUT HONE/Y )9 ! LIMITS ( REASON IS MORE VALUABLE ?AN /RAI<T=W>D IRRATIONAL DELIRIUM4 ,BETT] AN ADMISSION ( IMPOT5CE TO ! CR$IT ( REASON & ( ! PHILOSOPH] :O RECOGNIZES LIMITS1 ?AN A FALSE REASON :I* HAS REC\RSE TO SOPHISMS1 TO A SPECI\S RHETORIC1 H5CE ! COGITO ( ,DESC>TES4 ,BE=E ,MESLI]1 7,PI]RE7 ,GASS5DI HAD ALREADY OPPOS$ COMMON S5SE TO COGITO1 ?AT MAMMO? ( WORLD PHILOSOPHIC LIT]ATURE4 

,REALITY1 NATURE1 BE+1 MATT]1 !RE IS ! EQUATION ( ! WORLD4 ,WORK+ IT \T FOLL[S COMB9ATIONS1 MOVEM5TS1 CONFIGURATIONS1 MODIFICATIONS1 >RANGEM5TS1 V>IATIONS ( ! CON/ITU5T P>TS ( MATT]4 ,AT ?IS MOM5T IT APPE>S LEGITIMATE TO AFFIRM3 MATT] FEELS1 ?9KS1 REFLECTS1 DESIRES1 LOVES4 ,LET US /OP SAY+3 ,I ?9K1 !RE=E ,I AM2 LET US RECTIFY IT 9/EAD3 MATT] ?9KS1 !RE=E MATT] IS4 

,ALL ?AT EXI/S IS R$UC$ TO A P>TICUL> CONFIGURATION ( MATT]3 LIFE & DEA?1 VIRTUE & VICE1 BEAUTY & UGL9ESS1 HEAL? & SICKNESS1 PLEASURE & GRIEF1 JOY & SADNESS1 /R5G? & WEAKNESS1 ALL ?OSE CON/ITUTE V>IATIONS ON ! MAT]IALI/ !ME4 ,WE >E UNAW>E ( ! REASONS = ?IS RA!R ?AN ?AT1 BUT ?IS & ?AT PROCE$ FROM A WORK+ \T ( MATT]4 ,MESLI] SPEAKS ( 0! CONT9UAL F]M5TATION ( BE+0 )\T FUR!R ELABORATION4 

,)\T SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE -- LIKE EV]Y O!R CURE $UCAT$ 9 ! SEM9>Y -- )\T REF]5CE BOOKS 9 PHYSICS & BIOLOGY AT H&1 )\T RES\RCES TO OBS]VATION ( ! 9F9ITELY SMALL1 )\T CONV]SATION ) FELL[ SCI5TIFIC FRI5DS1 ,MESLI] CAN H>DLY GO FUR!R 9 PO/ULAT+ ! DYNAMIC ( MATT]1 :I*1 EV5 TODAY IS F> FROM HAV+ DELIV]$ ALL ITS SECRETS4 ,FROM HIS METAPHOR ( F]M5TATION1 LET US GRASP A FAULTY APPROXIMATION CONTA9+ ALL ! SAME ! TRU? ( A MAT]IALISM ?AT IS VITAL1 DYNAMIC1 DIALECTIC 7NOT 9 ! POLITICAL S5SE ( ! WORD74 

,TO GIVE SOME ORGANIZATION TO MATT]1 ,MESLI] /ATES ?AT 9 NATURE !RE EXI/S ONLY TIME1 PLACE1 SPACE1 & EXPANSE4 ,TIME HAS NOT BE5 CREAT$ -- EI!R BY ,GOD1 :O DOES NOT EXI/1 OR BY :ATEV] ELSE2 BECAUSE ! V]Y ACT ( CREATION PRESUPPOSES A TIME TO UNFOLD & OCCUR4 ,A P]IOD BE=E TIME MAKES TIME IMPOSSIBLE S9CE NO?+ CAN PREC$E IT -- O!RWISE IT IS ALREADY 9 TIME444 ,TIME HAS BE5 !RE ALWAYS 0LIKE AN 9VISIBLE PO9T :I* IS )\T ANY EXT5SION40 

,PLACE1 SPACE1 & EXPANSE -- ,MESLI] E/ABLI%ES !IR RELATIVE ID5TITY4 ,PLACE8 0,A SPACE OR A LIMIT$ EXPANSE :I* CONTA9S A BODY40 ,SPACE8 0,AN EXPANSE MORE SPACI\S :I* CONTA9S OR :I* CAN CONTA9 SEV]AL BODIES40 ,EXPANSE8 0,A SPACE )\T LIMITS & )\T 5D :I* CONTA9S ALL ! BE+S1 ALL ! PLACES1 & ALL ! IMAG9ABLE SPACES40 ,\TSIDE ( !SE MODALITES ( SPACE1 TIME1 & MATT]2 !RE IS NO?+4 

,FROM ?AT1 LET US CONCLUDE ) ! ,EPICURIANS3 IF ALL IS MATT]1 ?AT 9CLUDES ! S\L4 ,?US ! S\L DIES AT ! SAME TIME AS ! BODY4 ,! BRA91 :I* CONTA9S A P]SON'S WORLD & MAKES CONSCI5CE POSSIBLE1 ALSO DECOMPOSES4 ,& ! WORLD & CONSCI5CE ) IT4 ,NO?+ TO FE>1 !RE=E1 ( DEA? & ( :AT FOLL[S AFT]W>DS4 ,AFT]W>DS8 ,NO?+4 ,MATT] METAMORPHOSES4 ,DEA? IS NOT TO FE>1 ! SOLE SIGNIFICANCE IS ?AT :I* HAS TAK5 PLACE BE=E IT DUR+ LIFE4 ,! MAT]IALI/ ONTOLOGY LEGITIMIZES ! ,EUDEMIAN E?IC :I* IS DEPLOY$ 9 A COMMUNI/ POLITICS4 7,EUDEMUS ( ,RHODES7 

,X,V,I,I4 ,A ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY ( ,EVIL 

,MESLI] CLE>LY DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 ORIG9AL S9 AS ! CAUSE ( EVIL ON ! PLANET4 ,NEGATIVITY DOES NOT COME D[N FROM ! SKY1 IT CLIMBS UP FROM ! E>?4 ,9 CONTEMPOR>Y T]MS1 ONE C\LD SAY ?AT HE FURNI%ES AN E?NOLOGICAL G5EALOGY ( EVIL4 ,HIS V]SION AVOIDS METAPHYSICS1 IGNORES !OLOGY1 & BYPASSES TRADITIONAL ONTOLOGY2 IT (F]S A COH]5T !ORY ( ! MAT]IALI/ & A!I/ OPTION ( ! CURE4 

,:]E DOES EVIL COME FROM8 ,FROM ! FACT ?AT TOO MANY PEOPLE OCCUPY AT ! SAME TIME A TOO SMALL T]RITORY4 ,! SC>CITY 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! N>R[NESS ( ! T]RITORY =CES PEOPLE TO FI<T TO OBTA9 :AT !Y NE$ TO LIVE & TO SURVIVE4 ,ALL MEANS >E GOOD :I* P]MIT PEOPLE TO ASSURE !IR EXI/5CE3 TRICKS1 P]FIDY1 MEANNESS1 VIOL5CE1 & O!R /RATEGIES ( RES\RCEFULNESS4 

,NO D\BT AB\T IT1 ,MESLI] DOES NOT TAKE ! PA?S ( !ODICY 9 ORD] TO JU/IFY EVIL4 ,!RE AGA9 HE SP9S HIS METAPHOR3 EVIL IS NECESS>Y BECAUSE IT P]MITS A K9D ( SOCIAL HOMEO/ASIS 79T]NAL /ABILITY74 ,IF !RE W]E NO MURD]1 MURD] BETWE5 SPECIES1 A DANG]\S PROLIF]ATION ( HUMANS OR O!R ANIMALS W\LD SWALL[ UP SPACE4 ,9 ?IS EQUILIBRIUM1 NO?+ DOM9ATES1 NO ONE HOLDS ! MONOPOLY ( PLUND]1 EV]Y?+ 5DS ) COEXI/5CE 9 A H>MONY P]MITT+ ALL TO BE & TO 5DURE4 

,?IS NATURAL CONCEPTION ( EVIL -- OR ?IS CONCEPTION ( NATURAL EVIL444 -- DOES NOT PRES5T ! FATALI/IC *>ACT] ( ORIG9AL S94 ,IT IS NOT AN 9DELIBLE M>K4 ,! ME*ANISM :I* PRODUCES IT IS R$UC$ TO R$I/RIBUT+1 ON :I* ONE CAN ACT4 ,H5CE1 ! P5URY NATURALLY G5]AT$ BY ! CON/RA9TS ( SPACE CAN VANI% IF ONE ORGANIZES DIFF]5TLY ! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? & PROP]TY4 ,IF !RE EXI/S A /ATE ( NATURE 9 :I* VIOL5CE REIGNS A PRIORI1 = ME*ANICAL REASONS1 A /ATE ( CULTURE CAN REM$Y IT 9 PROPOS+ NEW SY/EMS ( E?OLOGICAL ORGANIZATION1 H5CE SOCIAL COMMUNALISM4 ,SO A POLITICAL WORK%OP CAN COME 9TO BE+ 4 4 4 

,X,V,I,I,I4 ,PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL 

,MESLI] IS 9V5TIVE ALSO ON POLITICAL T]RA9 BECAUSE HE =MULATES = ! FIR/ TIME A SOCIAL & POLITICAL H$ONISM4 ,BE=E HIM1 !RE HAD BE5 ,EUDEMIANISM1 H$ONISM AS WELL1 BUT !Y REMA9$ ABOVE ALL AN AFFAIR ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT'S UP TO EA* P]SON TO FA%ION HIS [N HAPP9ESS & JOY4 ,IF !RE IS A POLITICS ( ! ,EPICUREANS1 CYNICS1 ,CYR5AICS 7= :OM PLEASURE IS ! HI<E/ GOOD -- TR471 IT IS RA!R M>G9AL1 REA*$ 9DIRECTLY BY EXTRAPOLATION1 & C]TA9LY NOT ! C5TRAL ISSUE4 ,MONTAIGNE DOES NOT EXPECT FROM HIS POLITICS A REALIZATION ( HIS [N HAPP9ESS OR EV5 ?AT HIS POLITICS MI<T CONTRIBUTE TO IT4 ,GASS5DI LIKEWISE4 ,BUT ,MESLI]1 DOES4 

,A!I/1 MAT]IALI/1 H$ONI/1 ,MESLI] LOCKS UP HIS SY/EM ) ! PROMOTION ( AN 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNALISM SOME:AT SELF-CONTRADICTORY S9CE IT DEP5DS ON ! VILLAGE CELL1 :ILE AIM+ T[>D A PLANET>Y REVOLUTION4 ,WE HAVE SPOK5 ACCURATELY ( A COMMUNISM & ( A PRE-SOCIALISM1 EQUALLY CORRECT1 OR ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 :I* SEEMS TO ME MORE EXACT4 ,BUT EA* ( !SE T]MS IS US$ TODAY ?R\< ! DE=M+ PRISM ( :AT HAS BECOME ( !SE IDEAS DUR+ TWO C5TURIES ( HI/ORY3 NEI!R ,M>X NOR ,BAKUN91 NEI!R ,5GELS NOR ,PR\DHON1 NEI!R ,L59 NOR ,/AL9 ALL[S US TO UND]/& ,MESLI]'S CONCEPTS2 IT IS BETT] TO READ ,MESLI] 9 HIS [N RI<T & 9 ! CONTEXT ( HIS EPO*4 ,)\T EV] =GETT+ ?AT SEV5TY YE>S SEP>ATE ! FIR/ PAGES ( ! ,TE/AM5T FROM ! FIR/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4444 ,IF ONE JUDGES LESS BY ! OV]T 9FLU5CE ?AN BY ! MAN'S ?\<T REVEAL$ BY ! CURR5T RUNN+ ?R\< HIS TEXT1 ,MESLI] PREP>ES = ?AT REVOLUTION A C5TURY 9 ADVANCE6 ,NO?+ LESS 4 4 4 

,AMONG ! PAGES ( ! WORK1 IF WE SE>* = POLITICAL GEMS TO ORGANIZE !M TOGE!R 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y JEWEL1 WE W\LD BEG9 ) :AT RESEMBLES A PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL4 ,MESLI] PA9TS 9 DETAIL A PICTURE ( PEASANT MANN]S & SUFF]+ UND] ! FEUDAL REGIME ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V1 = :OM HE DOES NOT HAVE WORDS FI]CE 5\< TO PA9T HIM3 GREAT ?IEF1 GREAT CRIM9AL1 GREAT KILL]1 GREAT EXPLOIT]1 GUILTY ( RAVAGES1 C>NAGE1 W>1 USURPATION1 !FTS1 DESOLATION1 NAMELESS 9JU/ICES1 FAM9ES4 ,?R\< ! SIXTY-TWO YE>S ( HIS LONG RULE 7#a#f#d#c-#a#g#a#e7 ! PROV9CES BL$ :ITE EXP]I5C$ NO?+ BUT MIS]Y & POV]TY4 ,EV5 7,FRANCOIS7 ,F5ELON ?\<T SO & WROTE IT 9 A SUBLIME LETT] 4 4 4 

,JEAN ,MESLI] 9V5TS ! VISIBILITY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ON ONE SIDE1 ! PEASANTS1 ! WORK]S1 ! POOR1 ! WRET*$1 ! PEOPLE SUFF]+ AT WORK1 /RANGL$ ) MULTIPLE TAXES & FEES1 M5TALLY1 SPIRITUALLY1 PHYSICALLY1 5SLAV$ EV]Y DAY2 ON ! O!R SIDE1 ! PRIE/S & ! K+S1 ! BI%OPS & ! PR9CES1 ! G5D>MES & ! PEOPLE ( JU/ICE -- HE WRITES1 0PEOPLE ( 9JU/ICE0 & NAMES !M3 NOT>IES1 PROSECUTORS1 LAWY]S1 CL]KS ( ! C\RT1 CONTROLL]S1 /EW>DS ( ! POLICE1 S]GEANTS1 JUDGES1 ! P[]FUL ACCOMPLICES ( (F5D]S -- ! FEE COLLECTORS1 ! TAX COLLECTORS1 & ! O!R 0VILE RATS ( ! CAVE10 ! NOBLES1 ! 0RI* IDL]S10 :O PLAY ) ! GOODS ( ?IS WORLD1 EAT+1 DR9K+1 DANC+1 JOK+1 DIV]T+ !MSELVES & LAU<+ 9 ! SALONS4 ,!SE P[]FUL PEOPLE AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL L&S1 ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL H\SES1 ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL 9H]ITANCES2 !Y LIVE FROM !IR R5TS & FROM TAXES VIOL5TLY LEVI$ ON ! WORK]S -- :I* DOES NOT PREV5T !M FROM ALWAYS WANT+ MORE & MORE4 

,! =M] HAVE NO?+2 ! LATT] EV]Y?+4 ,! =M] >E DEPRIV$ ( ALL & DES]VE EV]Y?+2 ! O!RS CONTROL IT ALL & DES]VE TO HAVE NO?+2 SOON !Y WILL ALSO DES]VE BE+ DISPOSSESS$ ( !IR GOODS4 ,AL?\< GLUTT$ & SAT$1 ! WEAL?Y NOBLES ALSO WANT TO SEE ! POOR GROVEL4 ,?IS SITUATION CREATES HATR$ BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE PRODUCES HATR$ BETWE5 CLASSES4 ,:AT PHILOSOPH] WAS ?9K+ LIKE ?IS AS E>LY AS A LITTLE AFT] #a#g8 ,:AT POT5TIAL REVOLUTION>Y1 LAWY] H]E1 TAX COLLECTOR !RE1 GREAT L&[N] ELSE:]E1 W\LD HAVE ACQUIESC$ TO !SE IDEAS AT ?IS TIME8 ,MESLI] IS A VISION>Y 4 4 4 

,X,I,X4 ,A ,EUDEMIAN ,REPUBLIC 7,EUDEMUS ( ,RHODES7 

,SU* 9/ITUTIONAL 9EQUALITY CONTRADICTS & IS CONTR>Y TO NATURAL EQUALITY4 ,MESLI] BELIEVES 9 NATURAL LAW4 ,NOT ?AT ( ! ,*RI/IANS 7!IR RELIGION TRANS=M$ ! LAWS ( NATURE 9TO ITS [N CULTURAL LAW7 BUT ?AT ( JUDICIAL NATURALI/S -- :OM HE HAS PROBABLY NOT READ4 7,HUGO7 ,GROTIUS1 7,B>ON ,SAMUEL VON7 ,PUF5DORF444 -- ACCORD+ TO :OM PEOPLE NATURALLY BY ! LAW ( LIFE HAVE EA* DAY ! RI<T TO N\RI% !MSELVES1 TO CLO! !MSELVES1 TO H\SE !MSELVES1 TO ASSURE A DEC5T $UCATION = !IR *ILDR51 BUT ALSO TO 5JOY !IR NATURAL LIB]TY1 !N TO WORK = PUBLIC USEFULNESS & ! COMMON WELF>E ( ALL4 

,9 ORD] TO 5D ) ! /ATE ( DEPLORABLE CONDITIONS PRODUC$ BY ! ,FR5* MON>*Y ) ! HELP ( ! ,CA?OLIC CL]GY1 ! LEFTI/ CURE APPEALS TO HUMAN RI<TS & TO ! LAW3 GOOD LAWS CAN MAKE PEOPLE GOOD4 ,IF 9 ! /ATE ( NATURE -- HE DOES NOT USE ?AT EXPRESSION -- PEOPLE SUBMIT TO VIOL5T LAW 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 ! /ATE ( CIVILIZATION \<T BY LAW TO ALL[ ! REALIZATION ( JU/ICE4 ,MESLI] SETS TWO OBJECTIVES3 0PUBLIC WELF>E0 & A PROJECT = 0LIV+ HAPPILY40,O!RWISE KN[N AS A ,EUDEMIAN REPUBLIC4 

,X,X4 ,! ,*UR* ,SUPPORTS ,TYRANTS 

,9 ! LOGIC ( ,MESLI]'S REASON+1 ! ,CA?OLIC *UR* MAKES POSSIBLE ! TYRANNY ( ! K+S & PR9CES ( ! MOM5T4 ,PAUL ( ,T>SUS HAS SAID & SAID AGA93 ALL P[] COMES FROM ,GOD2 TO RESI/ OR REBEL IS TO RESI/ & REBEL AGA9/ ,GOD4 ,! SPIRITUAL P[] ( PRIE/S SUPPORTS ! TEMPORAL P[] ( K+S 9 ORD] TO 5?RALL$ ! PEOPLE4 ,! TONSUR$ HEADS & ! CR[N$ HEADS RELY ON ! ?REAT ( ET]NAL DAMNATION PO/ MORTEM1 & PLAY ON ! EXI/5TIAL FE>S 9 ORD] TO N\RI% S]VITUDE4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! K+S CALL !MSELVES ! 5VOYS ( ,GOD2 !N !Y C>RY \T A DEFT MANEUV] & AFFIRM ?AT !Y >E ACTUAL GODS4 ,S9CE ! CL]GY DO NOT D5Y IT1 & WORSE1 !Y CONFIRM IT1 ! LITTLE PEOPLE1 T]RIFI$ ( ! JUDGM5T ( ,GOD1 HIS ANG] & HIS HABITUAL TAL5T = PUNI%M5T1 >E WILL+ TO KNEEL TO ! PEOPLE ( ! C\RT :O =M ONE S+LE FAMILY4 

,! CURES1 PRIE/S1 ABBOTS1 BI%OPS1 ! POPE1 BUT ALSO ! K+ & ALL HIS C\RT1 !N ! AUXILI>IES 9 ! MO/ BACKW>D CORN]S ( ! PROV9CES ACT TO 9 ORD] TO CREATE1 PRES]VE1 & =TIFY RELIGI\S MY/IFICATIONS4 ,RELIGION EXI/S ONLY ?R\< DECEIT2 IT G5]ATES DECEPTIONS1 POLITICS4 ,! SAB] & ! 9/RUM5T = SPR9KL+ HOLY WAT] MAKE A GOOD PAIR4 ,CA?OLICISM & ! MON>*Y 0GET ALONG ) EA* O!R LIKE TWO PEAS 9 ! POD40 

,MESLI] ATTACKS ! MONKS & ! ABBESSES1 RIDICUL\SLY CLO!D & LIV+ 9 ! ABBEYS :]E MONEY1 FOOD1 & DR9K >E NOT LACK+4 ,! KIT*5 G>D5S & PLEASURE GR\NDS >E MAGNIFIC5T4 ,!IR F>MS G5]ATE BIG PR(ITS4 ,& ?IS HE LABELS 9JU/ICE1 SEE+ H[ !SE P>ASITES 5JOY ALL !IR GOODS BECAUSE !Y PLUND] ?AT :I* 0! GOOD WORK]S \<T TO HAVE40 

,BUT ODDLY 767 ,JEAN ,MESLI] 9DICTS ?OSE :O R5\NCE1 !Y :O LIVE ! MONA/IC LIFE & ! REGUL> & SECUL> PRIE/S -- ABBOTS1 PRIORS1 CANONS -- :ILE HE EXCUSES ! BI%OPS & CURES ( ! C\NTRYSIDE444 ,SURELY !SE PEOPLE ) !IR 9/ITUTION TEA* P]NICI\S FABLES1 P$DLE NONS5SICAL IDEAS1 YET ONE [ES !M AN IMPORTANT ?+3 !Y TRANSMIT VALUES & VIRTUES4 

,MESLI]'S COLLEAGUES TEA* MORALITY1 & ?IS IS A NECESS>Y ?+1 CAPITAL EV51 9 0EV]Y WELL REGULAT$ REPUBLIC40 ,9 SUMMON+ ALL TO GOODNESS1 ! PRIE/S WORK = 0! PUBLIC WELF>E10 H5CE !Y CAN BE SUPPORT$ BY PUBLIC FUNDS BECAUSE !Y M]IT A SAL>Y & >E NOT P>ASITES LIKE ! O!RS444 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION BY 9VIT+ !SE *UR* PEOPLE TO TAKE ! CON/ITUTIONAL OA? 9 #agi WILL SUBSCRIBE TO ?IS SPIRIT6 

,X,X,I4 ,A ,GRAMSCIAN UND] ,L\IS ,X,I,V 

,! LEFTI/ PRIE/ REASONS 9 ?IS WAY AB\T A VIRTU\S REPUBLIC & ( ! NECESSITY = IT TO ACT 9 RELATION ) ?OSE :O >E1 = WANT ( A WORD1 IT IS NOT YET CONV5TIONAL TO CALL ! 9TELLECTUALS -- A NEOLOGISM CREAT$ BY ,CLEM5CEAU AT ! TIME ( ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR444 ,MESLI] SPEAKS ( PEOPLE ( WIT1 ( ORATORS1 ( ! WISE/ & ! MO/ 5LI<T5$ -- A REGUL> PHRASE UND] HIS P54 

,:AT CAN ONE1 :AT \<T ONE TO EXPECT FROM !M8 ,9 ! ,GRAMSCIAN MODEL1 ! REVOLUTION BEG9S BY A MILITANCY ( IDEAS ON A DAILY BASIS3 TO WRITE1 SPEAK1 TALK1 SPREAD VITAL IDEAS3 TO E/ABLI% AN 9V5TORY ( H[ !Y /&1 TO ISOLATE ! CAUSES ( POV]TY & EXPLOITATION1 TO 5LI<T5 ! PEOPLE ON ! FUNCTION+ ( ! FEUDAL MA*9]Y1 TO TELL !M ?AT ONE CAN *ANGE ! ?+S & ! ORD] ( ! WORLD BY A REVOLUTION4 

,! TRAVEL]S ON ! ROAD TO REVOLUTION \<T ABOVE ALL 0TO EXCITE ! PEOPLE TO RESCUE !M FROM ! 9SUPPORTABLE BONDAGE ( TYRANTS40 ,MESLI] BELIEVES 9 0! SOLE LI<T ( HUMAN REASON0 & 9 ! DYNAMIC EFFECTS ( 0NATURAL REASON40 ,C\LD ONLY ONE P]SON1 ALL ALONE1 )\T FRI5DS1 )\T CONNECTIONS1 9 ! DEP?S ( ! ,>D5NES1 9 ! VIC>AGE ( A C\NTRY CURE1 =MULATE ANY BETT] ! IDEAL ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T AS IT WILL APPE> A HALF-C5TURY LAT]8 

,DESPITE HIS ISOLATION1 ! LEFTI/ PRIE/ IS ALREADY SADLY AW>E ( ! ABS5CE ( 9TELLECTUALS ON ! T]RA9 ( REVOLUTION>Y ANG] & !IR ABS5CE FROM ! COMPANION%IP ( ! WRET*$ ( ! E>?4 ,SOME DECADES LAT] ! ULTRAS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T WILL REALIZE HIS !ORETICAL DREAM ) ! ,5RAGES1 ! ,SANS ,CULOTTES1 ! ,HEB]TI/S OR ,HEB]T'S COMPANION 9 >MS ! CURE ,JACQUES ,R\X1 ONE ( ! FAM\S LEFTI/S ( #a#g#h#i1 & V]IFY ,MESLI]'S IDEAS1 ?IS TIME H]E ON E>?1 9 ! /REETS ( ! CITIES1 9 ,P>IS AS 9 ! PROV9CES4 .<,JACQUES ,R\X L$ ! ,5RAGES -- LEFTI/ WORK]S -- 9 FOOD RIOTS 9 #agic -- TR4.> 

,X,X,I,I4 ,:AT ,K9D ( ,REVOLUTION8 

,:AT SORT ( REVOLUTION DOES ! ,TE/AM5T PROPOSE8 ,H[ IS IT TO BE DONE8 ,& TO BR+ AB\T :AT NEW ORD]8 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! ME?OD3 9SURRECTION1 REBELLION1 REFUSAL TO SUBMIT4 ,9 HIS LIBR>Y1 ! CURE ,MESLI] HAS ! 7,LA ,BOETIE'S EXCELL5T #a#e#d#h7 ,DISC\RSE ON ,VOLUNT>Y ,S]VITUDE 9 :I* HE M>KS !SES & IDEAS3 ,A FACT3 P[] EXI/S ONLY ) ! CONS5T ( ?OSE UPON :OM !Y EX]CISE !IR P[]2 A SOLUTION3 /OP GIV+ !M Y\R BLESS+1 !Y WILL FALL IMM$IATELY4 

,! POLITICAL CATEGORICAL IMP]ATIVE ( ,MONTAIGNE'S FRI5D IS CLE>1 & HIS EFFECTIV5ESS =MIDABLE3 0,BE RESOLUTE 9 NO LONG] S]V+ & PRE/O Y\ WILL BE FREE10 ,MESLI] TAKES UP AGA9 ! IDEA3 GIVE NO?+ MORE TO ! RI*1 EXCLUDE !M FROM Y\R SOCIETY1 LEAVE !M \T ( Y\R WORLD 9 REFUS+ TO GIVE !M :AT !Y PRET5D ?AT Y\ [E !M4 ,! CURE DOES NOT SPELL IT \T CONCRETELY1 BUT HE 9V5TS ! CIVIL DISOB$I5CE DE> TO ! HE>T ( ,H5RY ,DAVID ,?OREAU2 /OP PAY+ TAXES1 REFUSE ! FEUDAL R5T1 SAY NO TO ! SALT TAX1 REBEL AGA9/ =C$ LABOR4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT DOES NOT /OP AT ?IS ,BOETIAN DYNAMIC ( RESI/ANCE4 ,MESLI] ADDS TO ?IS FIR/ PHASE ( ACTIVE & DYNAMIC =CE1 ! DELIB]ATE WILL TO UNITE TO OV]TURN E/ABLI%$ ORD] & SMA% ! SEATS ( P[]4 ,9 ?IS L9E ( REASON+1 HE CLE>LY EULOGIZES TYRANNICIDE4 0,/UN OR /AB ALL !SE DETE/ABLE MON/]S & 5EMIES ( HUMANK9D10 HE WRITES444 ,V5GEANCE8 ,NOT AT ALL6 ,9/ALLATION ( A REIGN ( JU/ICE & TRU?4 

,TO ?IS HE L9KS AS WELL ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,FIFTY YE>S BE=E ! ,R\SSEAU'S CRITIQUE ( ,DISC\RSE ,ON ! ,ORIG9 ( ,9EQUALITY ,AMONG ,PEOPLE1 ,MESLI] MAKES PRIVATE POSSESSION & 5JOYM5T ( WEAL? RESPONSIBLE = ALL EVIL4 ,BECAUSE ) IT1 ! MO/ CUNN+1 ! CRAFTIE/1 ! MEANE/ & ! /RONG JO9 =CES TO TRIUMPH OV] ! POOR & DEVELOP MEANS ( EXPLOIT+ !M4 

,ONCE PRIVATE PROP]TY IS ABOLI%$1 COMMON WEAL? WILL BE REALIZ$ -- 0TO 5JOY 9 COMMON40 ,ALL ?AT IS OBTA9$ BY WORK1 ! FRUITS ( PROSP]ITY & ( TAL5T1 WILL BE TREAT$ AS COMMON GOODS ( ! COMMUNE4 ,& ! UNIT AT A BASE8 ,! FAMILY4 ,BUT IT IS A CELL1 A L9K 9 ! *A94 ,BY ITSELF IT DOES NOT CON/ITUTE ! GOAL ( RURAL COMMUNISM BUT ITS ORGANIZ+ K]NEL4 ,! VILLAGE \<T TO CORRESPOND TO ! FAMILY ORGANIZATION4 ,& ! VILLAGES1 ?R\< LEGISLATION TO MA9TA9 PEACE1 CREATE SITUATIONS ( SOCIAL PROSP]ITY & HAPP9ESS 9 COMMON LIFE4 ,IT IS A PREFIGURATION ( ! P]PETUAL PEACE ( ! ,ABBOT ( ,/4 ,PI]RE -- ITSELF ! MODEL ( ,KANT'S NOTION4 

,SOCIAL H$ONISM PROPOSES ! HAPP9ESS ( ALL & ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,NOT AN IDEAL HAPP9ESS1 BUT A REAL ONE1 CONCRETE1 PRAGMATIC3 TO WORK1 BY :I* PEOPLE CAN EAT HEAL?FULLY & SUFFICI5TLY ALL ! TIME1 LIVE & SLEEP 9 A DEC5T & HEAT$ H\SE1 BE N\RI%$1 BE CLO!D1 HAVE ! MEANS TO $UCATE !IR *ILDR51 & BE C>$ = 9 CASE ( ILLNESS4 

,9 A C5TURY 9 :I* PEOPLE SURVIV$ MIS]ABLY FROM DAY TO DAY1 COV]$ ) RAGS1 SLEEP+ 9 /ABLES OR ON ! DUNG ( /RAW MATTRESSES GNAW$ AT BY V]M91 SUBSI/+ 9 P5URY OR FAM9E1 ! EASY T>GETS ( EPIDEMICS1 ( P&EMICS1 9 SU* A C5TURY HAPP9ESS \<T TO BE CONCRETE1 SUSCEPTIBLE ( BE+ REALIZ$ H]E & N[4 ,A LITTLE LAT] ,SA9T-,JU/ WILL SAY ?AT 0HAPP9ESS IS A NEW IDEA 9 ,EUROPE03 ,MESLI] SIGNS ! BIR? C]TIFICATE ( ?IS P[]FUL ?\<T4 

,= LOCAL COMMUNALISM TO EXT5D TO ! UNIV]SAL REQUIRES 9T]NATIONALIZATION4 ,MESLI] ?9KS = ! VILLAGE1 SURELY1 BUT HE DOES NOT CONCEIVE A RESOLUTION ( PROBLEMS SOLELY ON ! LEVEL ( ! VILLAGE ASSOCIATION4 0,I WILL SPEAK FREELY TO ! PEOPLES ( ! E>?10 HE WRITES1 9 9V5T+ TOO ! PR9CIPLE ( EXPORT+ REVOLUTION>Y VALUES TO ! TOTALITY ( ! PLANET4 ,LEON ,TROTSKY WILL ONLY HAVE TO RE-READ 4 4 4 

,A!I/1 DE,*RI/IANIZ]1 AN>*I/1 COMMUNI/1 COMMUNALI/1 MAT]IALI/1 9T]NATIONALI/1 REVOLUTION>Y1 LEFTI/1 & YET /ILL A PHILOSOPH]1 ,JEAN ,MESLI] 9C>NATES 9 HIMSELF ! G5IUS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS SUBLIME CURE GA!RS TOGE!R & CONC5TRATES 9 HIS SOLE P]SONNAGE ! OP5 A!ISM ( ,ANA*>SIS ,CLOOTS1 ! DE,*RI/IANIZ+ PASSION ( ,PI]RE ,DOLIVI]1 ! ,HOM]IC ANG] ( ,HEB]T1 ! REPUBLICAN VIRTUE ( ,SA9T-,JU/1 ! COMMUNISM AMONG EQUALS ( ,BABEUF1 ! REVOLUTION>Y 9CORRUPTIBILITY ( ,ROBESPI]RE1 ! PASSION = JU/ICE ( ,ABBOT ,GREGORY1 ! ,ULTRA RAGE ( 7,JEAN7 ,V>LET1 7,ANTO9E-,FRANCOIS7 ,MOMORO1 OR ,JACQUES ,R\X1 ! 0RELIGION ( ! DAGG]0 7,MI*ELET7 ( ,*>LOTTE ,CORDAY1 ,M>AT'S PASSION = ! PEOPLE1 & ! DESIRE ( 0EQUALITY ( 5JOYM5T0 ( ! ,SANS-,CULOTTES444 ,?AT SU* A MAN HAD EV] EXI/$ -- HUMANITY IS SUDD5LY JU/IFI$6 

,X,X,I,I,I4 ,VOLTAIRE ,ROBS ,CADAV]S 

,JEAN ,MESLI] DIES AT ! 5D ( ,JUNE1 #a#g#a#e4 ,AT HIS RESID5CE !Y DISCOV] ! LETT] LEFT TO PRIE/S & ! MANUSCRIPT ( ! ,TE/AM5T4 ,TILL ?AT DATE1 NO ONE HAD READ IT4 ,?IS TIME BOMB EXI/S 9 F\R COPIES4 ,) TIME1 9 ! MANN] ( ! APO/LES1 !Y >E PASS$ >\ND & !Y MULTIPLY444 ,SOON1 ! ?ICK MANUSCRIPT IS SOLD EXP5SIVELY1 V]Y EXP5SIVELY CL&E/9ELY3 MORE ?AN #ae COPIES >E CIRCULAT+ 9 ,P>IS LESS ?AN FIVE YE>S AFT] ! DEA? ( ! PHILOSOPH]4 

,AMONG M>QUISES1 BANK]S1 & ! BEWIGG$ BLUE BLOODS1 ,VOLTAIRE HE>S ( ?IS TREASURE FROM ,NICOLAS ,?IRIOT1 A FRI5D FROM *ILDHOOD4 ,HE 9DICATES ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS DANG]\S PHILOSOPHICAL OBJECT 9 A LETT] TO HIM DAT$ W9T]1 #a#g#c#e4 ,VOLTAIRE 5TRU/S HIS CORRESPOND5T TO GET A COPY = HIM SO ?AT HE CAN READ IT 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 ,) 5?USIASM1 C]TA9LY1 BUT ) RES]VE1 ALSO4 

,BECAUSE ,VOLTAIRE IS NEI!R ! PHILOSOPH] NOR ! MAN ?AT PEOPLE BELIEVE HIM TO BE1 ,MESLI]'S A!ISM IS REPUGNANT TO HIM2 EV5 MORE SO HIS EMANCIPATORY POLITICS4 ,?IS >TFUL OPPORTUNI/1 FRI5D ( ! P[]FUL1 FLATT]]1 9T]E/$ 9 MORALITY (T5 TO ! PO9T ( FA/IDI\SNESS1 ?IS EGOI/1 ?IS MAN IS A DEI/ YET KEEP+ UP ) ! ,CA?OLIC RELIGION 9 PRIVATE1 A RELATION%IP V]Y MU* CLOS] ?AN ONE MI<T EXPECT FROM ! USUAL BIOGRAPHY ( ! PUBLIC MAN :O HAS BECOME A NATIONAL MONUM5T4 ,HE EVID5TLY DOES NOT LIKE A PRIE/ :O D5IES ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD & ( ALL DIV9ITY2 EV5 MORE HE REVILES ! RADICAL CONDEMNATION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL SY/EM ( ALL RELIGION1 REPEAT$ AT L5G? 9 ! PAGES ( ! ,TE/AM5T2 CLE>LY1 HE DETE/S ! REVOLUTION>Y & COMMUNI/ PROJECT4 

,! AU?OR ( ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,LETT]S BELIEVES 9 ,GOD1 COHABITS ) ,CA?OLICS -- EV51 & ABOVE ALL1 :5 HE SIGNS HIS LETT]S 0,WIPE \T ! 9FAMY0444 -- WRITES PAGES ( A R>E VIOL5CE AGA9/ A!I/S1 IS ANXI\S TO OBTA9 RELICS = ! *UR* HE IS HAV+ BUILT ON HIS PROP]TY AT ,F]NEY1 & TO ?AT 5D S5DS A HUMBLE REQUE/ TO ! ,POPE1 MA9TA9S ON HIS [N FUNDS A *APLA9 = HIS *APEL AT ,CIREY1 & AT ONE TIME 5VISAGES HIS BURIAL 9 A ,CA?OLIC $IFICE BUILT = ?IS PURPOSE 4 

,?IS COV]T BIGOT DOES NOT AT ALL LIKE ,MESLI] AS ONE MI<T ?9K4 

,ALL ! SAME1 ! DEF5D] ( ,CALAS1 ,SIRV51 & O!R WELL KN[N CAUSES CONDUCIVE TO ! %AP+ ( HIS /ATUE1 DOES 9DE$ LOVE LIB]TY1 BUT LIKE A FANCY DRESS OCCASION 9 WORLDLY /YLE4 ,BECAUSE :5 IT IS A MATT] ( ! LIB]TY ( ! PEOPLE1 ( ! LITTLE PEOPLE1 ( ?OSE )\T RANK1 ( ! PEASANTS1 ! C\NTRY PEOPLE1 ( ! PROV9CIALS BL$ :ITE BY HIS FRI5DS ! P[]FUL ONES1 HE CLE>LY SIDES ) ! K+S & ! PR9CES1 ) ! NOBLES & ! BI%OPS4 

,?IS PHILOSOPH] ( SELECTIVE 9DIGNATIONS HAS NO WORDS SEV]E 5\< = ! 0IGNORANT TRAMPS10 ! 0CANAILLE10 ! 0POPULACE0 SO MANY 0CATTLE = :OM A YOKE1 A GOAD1 & A :IP >E NECESS>Y40 ,RELIGION IS NECESS>Y = SLAVES1 NOT = ?9K]S4 ,H[ C\LD ! :OLE WORK ( ! CURE F9D FAVOR 9 HIS EYES8 ,%AMELESS1 ,VOLTAIRE FABRICATES A FALSEHOOD -- TRIMS1 CUTS1 =GETS1 IGNORES &1 UND] HIS P51 ADDS PASSAGES TO MAKE PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT ,MESLI] WAS1 LET US SAY1 A ,VOLTAIREAN6 ,BRAVE1 BUT FOOLH>DY1 HE ATTRIBUTES TO ! GREAT DEAD MAN WORDS :I*1 9 ! M\? ( ANO!R1 P]MIT HIM TO ESCAPE ,CA?OLIC & MON>*I/ CONTUMELY4 ,UND] ! TITLE ( ,EXTRACT ( ! ,S5TIM5TS ( ,JEAN ,MESLI]1 ,VOLTAIRE PUBLI%ES 9 #agfa A CORRUPT FALSIFICATION ( ! WORK ( ,MESLI]4 ,C]TA9LY1 HE PASSES OV] 9 SIL5CE ! A!ISM1 ! MAT]IALISM1 ! COMMUNISM1 ! REVOLUTION :I* MAKES TOO MU* NOISE ALREADY2 HE KEEPS ! CRITIQUE ( RELIGION1 ( MIRACLES1 ( PROPHECIES1 ( SOME ,*RI/IAN DOGMA2 BUT1 ABOVE ALL1 HE FALSIFIES ! PROPOSALS ( ! CURE 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M HIM 9TO AN ADEPT DEI/1 LIKE HIMSELF1 ) A NATURAL RELIGION 444 ,9 CAUDA V55UM 7AS A F9AL BL[71 ,VOLTAIRE CONCLUDES ?IS TEXT 9 /AT+ ?AT ! WORK BE>S ! 0WITNESS ( A DY+ PRIE/ :O ASKS ,GOD'S P>DON40 ,MESLI] ASK+ ,GOD'S P>DON6 ,VOLTAIRE IS RAV+444 ,MORE REPUGNANT ONE CANNOT BE4 

,X,X,I,V4 ,PILLAGES & ,PO/HUM\S ,DE/9Y 

,= A LONG TIME PEOPLE W\LD KN[ ,MESLI] ONLY AS ,VOTAIREAN DRIVEL2 ,VOLTAIRE S5T #c COPIES TO HIS FRI5DS1 !N PAID \T ( HIS [N POCKET = A SECOND1 !N A ?IRD $ITION1 ! EVIL WAS CONSID]ABLE -- ALL ! 9TELLECTUAL GA9 GO+ TO ! ANTICL]ICAL BIGOT4 ,MEAN:ILE1 COPIES ( ! ORIG9AL MANUSCRIPT /ILL EXI/4 7,JULI5 ,(FROY DE7 ,LA ,METTRIE LE>NS ( ANO!R AMONG !M AT ! C\RT ( ,FR$]ICK ,I,I ( ,PRUSSIA4 7,CLAUDE-,ADRI57 ,HELVETIUS & 7,PAUL-,H5RI D'7 ,HOLBA* USE IT1 AVAIL !MSELVES ( IT1 BUT NEV] GIVE A CITATION4 ,! B>ON 7D',HOBA*71 AU?OR ( ,SY/EM ( ,NATURE1 PUBLI%ES AN ABRIDG$ V]SION ( ! WORK 9 #a#g#g#b4 ,HE TITLES IT3 ,! ,GOOD ,S5SE ( ,CURE ,MESLI]1 NOT A WORD TRULY ,MESLI]'S4 ,LIKEWISE ) ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL :O TRIES TO MAKE ! FAM\S WORK KN[N 9 ,! ,CASK ( ,DIOG5ES1 !N PUBLI%ES ,! ,CATE*ISM ( ,CURE ,MESLI] 9 :I* NO?+ ( ! CURE'S IS WRITT5444 ,SADE PILLAGES D',HOLBA* :O BORR[S SO MU* FROM ,MESLI]3 PAGES ( ,SADE'S FIR/ BOOK -- ,DIALOGUE ,BETWE5 A ,PRIE/ & A ,DY+ ,P]SON 7#a#g#h#b7 -- BUT ALSO 9 ,PHILOSOPHY 9 ! ,B\DOIR1 :I* [ES EV]Y?+ TO ! SOLIT>Y ( ! ,>D5NES4 

,! ULTRAS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T C5TURY DR9K AT ?IS S\RCE BUT REMA9 QUIET AB\T !IR DEBT4 ,C]TA9 REVOLUTION>IES1 LESS /+Y1 CITE ! GREAT MAN3 7,SIMON-,NICOLAS-,H5RI7 ,L+UET1 7,CAMILLE7 ,DESM\L9S1 = EXAMPLE4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #agic ,AN>*ASIS ,CLOOTS ASKS ! ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION TO ]ECT A /ATUE 9 ! ,TEMPLE ( ,REASON 7A GROTESQUE DEI/ HOMAGE :I* ,MESLI] PROBABLY W\LD NOT HAVE 5JOY$44474 

,AFT] ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION PEOPLE /OP MISUND]/&+4 ,MESLI] CAN F9ALLY BECOME :AT HE IS3 A!I/ CURE1 REVOLUTION>Y PRIE/1 MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPH]4 ,! 5TIRE TEXT1 )\T RET\*+1 OR FALSIFICATIONS1 APPE>S F9ALLY ?ANKS TO ,RUDOLF ,*>LES D',ABLA+ ,VAN ,GIESS5BURG1 UND] ! NAME ( ,RUDOLF ,*>LES1 9 #ahfd 9 A ?REE VOLUME $ITION AT ,AM/]DAM4 ,! TITLE8 ,TE/AM5T ( ,JEAN ,MESLI]4 

,9 #aiai ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5GRAVE HIS NAME ON AN OBELISK 9 ,MOSC[4 ,MESLI] BECOMES A PRECURSOR ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM 5ROLL$ 9 ! ,SOVIET ADV5TURE6 ,! ,L59I/ EMPIRE REG>DS HIM AS A MAJOR PHILOSOPH] & HE OCCUPIES 9 ,BOL%EVIK HI/ORIOGRAPHY ! PLACE ( ,DESC>TES 9 \RS4 ,H]E IS A NEW HOMAGE JU/ AS UNBECOM+ AS A /ATUE 9 ! ,TEMPLE ( ,REASON6 ,AFT] ! *ECKMAT+ ( ! LIB]T>IAN SAILORS AT ,KRON/ADT BY ! ,BOL%EVIK P[]1 ,MESLI] BECOMES RA!R A MODEL = 9SURRECTION & 9SUBORD9ATION ?AN A COMPANION = ! AU?ORITIES4 ,BECAUSE HE IS & REMA9S A MODEL = ALL 9SURRECTION>Y ?\<T4 ,= ALL ACTION WOR?Y ( ?IS NAME4 ,! SOLE HOMAGE TO :I* HE W\LD PROBABLY CONS5T8 ,?AT PEOPLE READ HIM & BUILD ON HIS WORK4444 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#e1 #bba 3 ,JEAN ,MESLI] & 0,! ,G5TLE ,9CL9ATION ( ,NATURE0 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,JEAN ,MESLI] & 0,! ,G5TLE ,9CL9ATION ( ,NATURE0 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/