,JAMES ,BURNHAM'S 0,! ,MOD]N ,MA*IAVELLIANS0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,HOME PAGE2 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,NEW ,ESSAYS1 ,VOL4 ,V,I NO4 #d1 #a#i#d#c2 
,PRO($3 & CORRECT$ BY ,GE(F ,TRAU<1 ,AUGU/ #b#e4 

,! ,MOD]N ,MA*IAVELLIANS4 ,BY ,JAMES ,BURNHAM4 ,JOHN ,DAY ,CO41 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#d#c4 

,JAMES ,BURNHAM'S SECOND ATTEMPT TO PURGE HIMSELF ( ! 
MISUND]/OOD ,M>XISM ( HIS E>LI] YE>S IS SLI<TLY MORE SUCCESSFUL ?AN HIS 
FIR/ EF=T1 ,! ,MANAG]IAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! LATT] BOOK1 HE 
/ILL TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! PROBLEM ( P[] 9 ECONOMIC T]MS1 AL?\< NO 
LONG] FROM ! SOCIAL PO9T ( VIEW ( ,M>X BUT FROM ?AT ( ! TE*NOCRATS4 
,NEV]!LESS1 HE 9SI/$ ?AT NOT ! POLITICIANS1 BUT ?OSE :O CONTROL ! 
MEANS ( PRODUCTION DIRECTLY1 >E ! REAL RUL]S ( SOCIETY4 ,9 ! PRES5T 
BOOK HE F9DS ?AT 9 ADDITION TO ! ECONOMIC !RE >E SEV]AL O!R MODES ( 
ANALYZ+ EV5TS1 ?AT ONE CAN REA* APPROXIMATELY ! SAME CONCLUSIONS AB\T 
HI/ORY FROM ANY NUMB] ( QUITE DIFF]5T APPROA*ES4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 DOES 
NOT RECONCILE HIS =M] OP9ION ?AT P[] MU/ BE EXPLA9$ 9 
TE*NICAL-ECONOMIC T]MS - ?AT ECONOMICS IS ! DET]M9ATIVE ( 
POLITICS - ) HIS PRES5T ,MA*IAVELLIAN PO9T ( VIEW1 :I* DEALS ) 
! /RUGGLE = P[] 9 PURELY POLITICAL T]MS4 

,BURNHAM BEG9S HIS EXPOSITION ( P[] POLITICS ) ,DANTE 9 ORD] TO 
DEMON/RATE :AT ! ,MA*IAVELLIANS >E NOT4 ,9 ,DANTE'S WRIT+ HE 
DISCOV]S A DIVORCE BETWE5 ITS =MAL & ITS REAL MEAN+4 ,AL?\< ! REAL 
MEAN+ IS !RE1 IT IS R5D]$ IRRESPONSIBLE S9CE IT IS NOT SUBJECT TO OP5 
& DELIB]ATE 9TELLECTUAL CONTROL4 ,HI<-M9D$ WORDS ( =MAL MEAN+ >E 
US$ TO >\SE PASSION1 PREJUDICE & S5TIM5TALITY 9 FAVOR ( DISGUIS$ REAL 
AIMS4 ,?IS ME?OD CANNOT S]VE ! TRU?1 YET ?R\<\T HI/ORY & D[N TO 
! PRES5T IT IS CONSI/5TLY US$ TO DECEIVE PEOPLE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! 
MI<TY4 

,! ,MA*IAVELLIANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 PROCE$ SCI5TIFICALLY2 !Y CALL A 
SPADE A SPADE4 ,LIKE ,DANTE1 ,MA*IAVELLI1 TOO1 PURSU$ A PRACTICAL GOAL4 ,BUT HE 
DID NOT FOOL HIMSELF1 NOR O!RS1 AS TO ! *>ACT] ( ! GOAL NOR AS TO ! 
MEANS TO BE US$ TO A*IEVE IT4 ,HE DIVORC$ POLITICS FROM E?ICS 9 ! S5SE 
?AT EV]Y SCI5CE MU/ BE DIVORC$ FROM E?ICS OR1 RA!R HE DIVORC$ POLITICS 
FROM TRANSC5D5TAL E?ICS 9 ORD] TO LOCATE BO? E?ICS & POLITICS 9 ! 
REAL WORLD ( SPACE & TIME & HI/ORY4 ,HE US$ WORDS NOT TO EXPRESS HIS 
EMOTIONS & ATTITUDES1 BUT 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !IR MEAN+ C\LD BE TE/$ 
& UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( ! REAL WORLD4 ,& HE F\ND ?AT POLITICS IS ! 
/RUGGLE = P[] AMONG M54 

,?\< IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ,MA*IAVELLI WAS (T5 SCI5TIFIC BY 9/9CT & 
IMPULSE RA!R ?AN DESIGN1 ! MOD]N ,MA*IAVELLIANS - ,MOSCA1 ,MI*ELS1 
& ,P>ETO - HAVE AN ALTOGE!R CLE> UND]/&+ ( SCI5TIFIC ME?OD4 
,!Y >E FULLY CONSCI\S ( :AT !Y >E DO+ & ( ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 
AN >T & A SCI5CE4 ,MOSCA1 LIKE ALL ,ME*IAVELLIANS1 ,BURNHAM SAYS1 REJECTS ANY 
MONI/IC VIEW ( HI/ORY BECAUSE SU* !ORIES DO NOT ACCORD ) ! FACTS4 ,9 
HIS SE>* = TRU? - :I* IS ! PURPOSE ( ALL ,MA*IAVELLIANS - 
,MOSCA DISCOV]S AS ! PRIM>Y & UNIV]SAL SOCIAL FACT ! EXI/5CE ( TWO 
0POLITICAL CLASSES10 A RUL+ CLASS - ALWAYS A M9ORITY 
- & ! RUL$4 ,& HE BELIEVES ?AT NOT ONLY HAS ?IS ALWAYS BE5 & 
IS N[ ! CASE1 BUT ?AT IT ALWAYS WILL BE4 

,BE=E DEAL+ ) ,MI*ELS & ,P>ETO1 ,BURNHAM F9DS IT NECESS>Y TO SAY A 
FEW ?+S AB\T ,SOREL & ! FUNCTION ( MY? & VIOL5CE4 ,SOREL1 A 
SYNDICALI/1 ?\<T ?AT IF ! SOCIALI/S W]E TO TAKE OV] 
GOV]NM5TAL P[]1 ?IS W\LD LEAD NOT TO SOCIALISM BUT M]ELY TO ! 
SUB/ITUTION ( A NEW ELITE AS RUL] OV] ! MASSES4 ,?IS FITS HIM 9TO ! 
,MA*IAVELLIANS4 ,H[EV]1 HE ?\<T ?AT A REAL REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM C\LD BE 
C>RI$ \T ) ! HELP ( AN ALL-EMBRAC+ MY?1 :I* W\LD >\SE ! 
MASSES TO UNCOMPROMIS+ ACTION4 

,A TRUE ,MA*IAVELLIAN1 ,BURNHAM CONT9UES1 SEP>ATES SCI5TIFIC QUE/IONS 
CONC]N+ ! TRU? AB\T SOCIETY FROM MORAL DISPUTES OV] :AT TYPE ( 
SOCIETY IS MO/ DESIRABLE4 ,?US ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS MAKES NO ATTEMPT TO (F] A 
0NEW SY/EM0 BUT M]ELY TRIES TO PROMOTE UND]/&+4 ,HE DEALS 
) ! NATURE ( ORGANIZATION 9 RELATION TO DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,M>XI/S 
BELIEVE ?AT ! ELIM9ATION ( ECONOMIC 9EQUALITIES WILL LEAD TO ! 
ATTA9M5T ( G5U9E DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT !Y FAIL TO DEMON/RATE ! POSSIBILITY 
( ORGANIZ+ A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,! ,MA*IAVELLIANS1 ,BURNHAM SAYS1 AGREE ) 
! ,M>XI/S' NEGATIVE CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM BUT1 ON ! BASIS ( 
EVID5CE FROM HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE1 !Y HOLD ! ,M>XI/ GOAL TO BE 
UNATTA9ABLE4 ,SOCIAL LIFE CANNOT DISP5SE ) ORGANIZATION4 ,& BY A /UDY ( 
ORGANIZATION1 P>TICUL>LY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 ,MI*ELS F\ND ?AT A T5D5CY 
T[>D OLIG>*Y IS 9H]5T 9 ORGANIZATION ITSELF & IS ?US A NECESS>Y 
CONDITION ( LIFE4 ,! ME*ANICAL1 TE*NICAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 & CULTURAL 
CONDITIONS ( ORGANIZATION REQUIRE LEAD]%IP1 & GU>ANTEE ?AT ! LEAD]S 
RA!R ?AN ! MASS %ALL EX]CISE CONTROL4 ,! AUTOCRATIC T5D5CIES >E 
NEI!R >BITR>Y NOR ACCID5TAL NOR TEMPOR>Y1 BUT 9H]5T 9 ! NATURE ( 
ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS IRON LAW ( OLIG>*Y HOLDS GOOD = ALL SOCIAL 
MOVEM5TS & ALL =MS ( SOCIETY4 ,IT MAKES IMPOSSIBLE ! DEMOCRATIC IDEAL ( 
SELF-GOV]NM5T4 

,P>ETO IS ! LA/ ( ! ,MA*IAVELLIANS 9T]PRET$ BY ,BURNHAM4 ,P>ETO1 HE 
SAYS1 DISAV[S ANY PURPOSE O!R ?AN TO DESCRIBE & CORRELATE SOCIAL FACTS4 
,TO UND]/& ,P>ETO'S G5]AL ANALYSIS ( SOCIETY1 ONE MU/ BE CLE> 
AB\T ! DI/9CTIONS HE MAKES BETWE5 0LOGICAL0 & 
0NON-LOGICAL0 CONDUCT4 ,A MAN'S CONDUCT IS 
0LOGICAL0 :5 HIS ACTION IS MOTIVAT$ BY A GOAL OR PURPOSE 
DELIB]ATELY S\<T AFT]1 :5 ?AT GOAL IS POSSIBLE1 & :5 ! /EPS TAK5 
TO REA* ! GOAL >E 9 FACT APPROPRIATE = REA*+ IT4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 ANY ONE 
OR MORE ( ! CONDITIONS = LOGICAL CONDUCT >E NOT PRES5T1 ! ACTIONS >E 
!N NON-LOGICAL4 ,RECALL+ ! DISP>ITY BETWE5 ! 0=MAL0 GOAL 
& ! 0REAL0 GOAL DISCUSS$ 9 CONNECTION ) ,DANTE1 ONE CAN SAY 
?AT :]E ?IS DISP>ITY EXI/S ACTION IS NON-LOGICAL4 ,9 LOGICAL ACTIONS1 ! 
=MAL GOAL & ! REAL GOAL >E ID5TICAL4 ,!RE EXI/S1 H[EV]1 A T5D5CY 
TO LOGICALIZE ! NON-LOGICAL4 

,?IS LEADS TO ! CONCEPTS ( RESIDUES & D]IVATIONS US$ BY ,P>ETO4 ,MAN1 
,P>ETO SAYS1 IS PREEM95TLY A V]BAL ANIMAL4 ,PECULI> & DECEPTIVE PROBLEMS 
>ISE 9 CONNECTION ) HIS CONDUCT :I* IS V]BAL BUT AT ! SAME TIME 
NON-LOGICAL4 ,EXAM9+ ?IS K9D ( CONDUCT1 ,P>ETO DISCOV]S 9 IT A SMALL 
NUMB] ( RELATIVELY CON/ANT FACTORS :I* *ANGE LITTLE OR NOT AT ALL FROM 
AGE TO AGE4 ,!SE FACTORS HE CALLS 0RESIDUES40 ,ALONG ) !SE 
!RE >E O!R FACTORS :I* *ANGE RAPIDLY & :I* DIFF] FROM AGE TO AGE 
& FROM NATION TO NATION4 ,!SE V>IABLE FACTORS HE CALLS 
0D]IVATIONS40 0,RESIDUE0 SIMPLY MEANS ! /ABLE1 
COMMON ELEM5TS :I* WE MAY DISCOV] 9 SOCIAL ACTIONS1 ! NUCLEUS1 SO TO 
SPEAK1 :I* IS LEFT OV] :5 ! V>IABLE ELEM5TS >E /RIPP$ AWAY4 
,RESIDUES >E DISCOV]$ BY COMP>+ & ANALYZ+ HUGE NUMB]S ( SOCIAL 
ACTIONS4 ,!Y CORRESPOND TO SOME FAIRLY P]MAN5T HUMAN IMPULSES1 9/9CTS1 OR 
S5TIM5TS4 ,P>ETO1 ,BURNHAM 9=MS US1 IS CONC]N$ NOT SO MU* ) ! 
QUE/ION ( :]E RESIDUES COME FROM AS ) ! FACT ?AT SOCIAL ACTIONS MAY 
BE ANALYZ$ 9 T]MS ( !M1 :ATEV] !IR ORIG94 

,RESIDUES MAY BE DIVID$ 9TO DIFF]5T CLASSES AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! 9/9CT 
= COMB9ATIONS1 GR\P-P]SI/5CIES1 SELF-EXPRESSION1 SOCIALITY1 9TEGRITY ( 
! 9DIVIDUAL & HIS APPURT5ANCES1 & ! SEX RESIDUE4 ,!SE =M ! 
RELATIVELY UN*ANG+ NUCLEI ( NON-LOGICAL CONDUCT :I* MAKES UP ! GREAT] 
PROPORTION ( HUMAN ACTION4 ,ALONG ) !SE RESIDUES GO ! D]IVATIONS1 ?AT 
IS1 ! V]BAL EXPLANATIONS1 DOGMAS1 DOCTR9ES & !ORIES ) :I* MAN 
CLO!S ! NON-LOGICAL BONES ( ! RESIDUES4 ,CONCRETE !ORIES 9 SOCIAL 
CONNECTIONS >E MADE UP ( RESIDUES & D]IVATIONS4 ,! RESIDUES >E 
MANIFE/ATIONS ( S5TIM5TS2 ! D]IVATIONS COMPRISE LOGICAL REASON+S1 
UNS\ND REASON+S & MANIFE/ATIONS ( S5TIM5TS US$ = PURPOSES ( 
D]IVATIONS4 ,!Y >E MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! HUMAN BE+'S HUNG] = 
?9K+4 ,IF ?AT HUNG] W]E SATISFI$ BY LOGICO-EXP]IM5TAL REASON+S ONLY1 
!RE W\LD BE NO D]IVATIONS4 ,9/EAD WE %\LD GET LOGICO-EXP]IM5TAL 
!ORIES4 

,P>ETO BELIEVES1 H[EV]1 ?AT D]IVATIONS HAVE LITTLE EFFECT 9 DET]M9+ 
IMPORTANT SOCIAL *ANGES4 ,RESIDUES >E ! ABID+1 SIGNIFICANT & 9FLU5TIAL 
FACTOR4 ,! 9FLU5CE ON PEOPLE'S ACTIONS & ON ! C\RSE ( EV5TS 
?AT D]IVATIONS SEEM AT TIMES TO HAVE IS ALWAYS DECEIV+ ! SURFACE 
OBS]V]4 ,BUT ! SEEM+ 9FLU5CE ( ! D]IVATIONS IS 9 REALITY ! 
9FLU5CE ( ! RESIDUE :I* IT EXPRESSES4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! 
0LOGICAL0 REFUTATION ( !ORIES US$ 9 POLITICS NEV] 
ACCOMPLI%ES ANY?+ SO LONG AS ! RESIDUES REMA9 9TACT4 

,DISPUTES OV] ! BE/ =M ( SOCIETY & GOV]NM5T >E D]IVATIONS :I* 
NEV] REA* OBJECTIVE /ABILITY BUT COME & GO ) EV]Y %IFT 9 CULTURAL 
FA%ION & S5TIM5T4 ,SU* DISPUTES1 ACCORD+ TO ,P>ETO1 MAY BE 9T]PRET$ 
9 T]MS ( ! NOTION ( 0SOCIAL UTILITY40 ,& H]E IT IS 
NECESS>Y TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! UTILITY 0( A 
COMMUNITY0 & ! UTILITY 0= A COMMUNITY40 ,! 
FIR/ REF]S TO ! COMMUNITY'S /R5G? & P[] ( RESI/ANCE AS 
AGA9/ O!R COMMUNITIES2 ! SECOND TO A COMMUNITY'S 9T]NAL WELF>E4 
,! FIR/ MAY BE OBJECTIVELY /UDI$4 ,! SECOND1 H[EV]1 IS PURELY SUBJECTIVE 
OR RELATIVE1 S9CE :AT IS 9T]NALLY USEFUL DEP5DS ON :AT ! MEMB]S ( ! 
COMMUNITY WANT4 ,9T]NAL & EXT]NAL UTILITY SELDOM CO9CIDE4 ,BECAUSE A 
COMMUNITY IS SUB-DIVID$ 9TO V>I\S GR\PS1 UTILITY MEANS DIFF]5T ?+S TO 
DIFF]5T PEOPLE4 ,PROGRAMS >E PUT =W>D :I*1 ?\< FAVORABLE ONLY TO A 
P>TICUL> GR\P1 CLAIM TO FAVOR ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,BECAUSE ( ! DISP>ITY 
BETWE5 ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL UTILITY1 IT IS USEFUL = SOCIETY TO MAKE 
PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT !IR [N 9DIVIDUAL HAPP9ESS IS B\ND UP ) 
! ACCEPTANCE ( ! COMMUNITY'S /&>DS4 ,?\< ?IS IS NOT TRUE1 ! 
TRU? IS NOT ALWAYS ADVANTAGE\S TO SOCIETY1 FALSEHOOD OR NONS5SE NOT ALWAYS 
H>MFUL4 ,:E!R ONE OR ! O!R %\LD BE EMPLOY$ CAN BE F\ND \T ONLY BY 
CONCRETE 9VE/IGATION4 

,SUMM+ UP ,P>ETO'S IDEAS1 ,BURNHAM M5TIONS FIVE =CES ?AT MAKE 
SOCIETY :AT IT IS & ?AT BR+ AB\T SOCIAL *ANGES4 #a7 ,! PHYSICAL 
5VIRONM5T2 #b7 RESIDUES2 #c7 ECONOMIC FACTORS2 #d7 D]IVATIONS2 & #e7 ! 
CIRCULATION ( ! ELITES4 ,! LA/ PO9T 9T]E/S ,BURNHAM ! MO/4 ,HUMAN 
BE+S1 HE SAYS1 >E NOT DI/RIBUT$ EV5LY OV] ! SCALE4 ,AT ! TOP !RE 
>E V]Y FEW1 !RE >E CONSID]ABLY MORE 9 ! MIDDLE1 BUT ! OV]:ELM+ 
MAJORITY IS GR\P$ NE> ! BOTTOM4 ,! ELITE IS ALWAYS A SMALL M9ORITY4 
,)9 ! ELITE WE MAY FUR!R DI/+UI% A 0GOV]N+ ELITE0 
FROM A 0NON-GOV]N+ ELITE40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,P>ETO1 ,BURNHAM 
CONT9UES1 ! *>ACT] ( A SOCIETY IS ABOVE ALL ! *>ACT] ( ITS ELITE4 
,! ELITE IS NEV] /ATIC4 ,IF1 9 ! SELECTION ( MEMB]S ( ! ELITE1 !RE 
EXI/$ A CONDITION ( P]FECTLY FREE COMPETITION SO ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL C\LD 
RISE JU/ AS HI< 9 ! SOCIAL SCALE AS HIS TAL5TS & AMBITION P]MITT$1 
! ELITE C\LD BE PRESUM$ TO 9CLUDE1 AT EV]Y MOM5T & 9 ! RI<T ORD]1 
JU/ ?OSE P]SONS BE/ FITT$ = MEMB]%IP 9 IT4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS 
SOCIETY W\LD REMA9 DYNAMIC & /RONG1 AUTOMATICALLY CORRECT+ ITS [N 
WEAKNESSES4 

,BUT SU* CONDITIONS >E NEV] F\ND 9 REALITY4 ,SPECIAL PR9CIPLES ( 
SELECTION1 DIFF]5T 9 DIFF]5T SOCIETIES1 AFFECT ! COMPOSITION ( ! 
ELITE SO ?AT IT NO LONG] 9CLUDES ALL ?OSE P]SONS BE/ FITT$ = SOCIAL 
RULE4 ,WEAKNESSES SET 9 &1 S9CE !Y >E NOT COMP5SAT$ = BY A GRADUAL 
DAY-BY-DAY CIRCULATION1 >E %>PLY CORRECT$ BY SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT FOLL[S 
?AT A RELATIVELY FREE CIRCULATION ( ELITES IS A PR]EQUISITE = A HEAL?Y 
SOCIETY ,O!RWISE SOCIETY IS ?REAT5$ EI!R ) REVOLUTION OR DE/RUCTION 
FROM \TSIDE4 ,( C\RSE1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO KEEP ! ELITE MORE OR LESS 
FLEXIBLE4 ,! K9D ( 9DIVIDUALS ADMITT$ OR EXCLUD$ IS ALSO V]Y 
IMPORTANT1 = ! *>ACT] ( ! SOCIETY IS DET]M9$ NOT ONLY BY ! BASIC 
RESIDUES PRES5T 9 ! 5TIRE POPULATION1 BUT ALSO BY ! 
DI/RIBUTION ( RESIDUES AMONG ! V>I\S SOCIAL CLASSES2 & ?IS 
DI/RIBUTION MAY *ANGE QUITE RAPIDLY4 ,P>ETO'S !ORY ( ! CIRCULATION 
( ! ELITES IS1 9 BRIEF1 A !ORY ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 
& DEG5]ATION4 

,AT ! 5D ( HIS /UDY ( ! ,MA*IAVELLIANS1 :O SPEAK MO/LY = 
!MSELVES1 7AB\T HALF ( ! BOOK CONSI/S ( QUOTATIONS71 ,BURNHAM SUMM>IZES 
HIS F9D+S 9TO A FEW MA9 PR9CIPLES 9 T]MS ( :I* HE !N ANALYZES #a7 
! NATURE ( ! PRES5T HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 #b7 ! MEAN+ ( DEMOCRACY1 & 
#c7 :E!R OR NOT POLITICS CAN BE SCI5TIFIC4 

,I,I 

,BE=E FOLL[+ ,BURNHAM 9 ?IS 5DEAVOR IT MAY BE WELL TO PO9T \T ?AT 
HIS PRES5T RESPECT = ! ,MA*IAVELLIANS MO/ PROBABLY /EMS FROM HIS 
PREVI\S RESPECT = ,M>XISM4 ,HIS 9T]PRETATION ( ,MA*IAVELLI IS1 BY & 
L>GE1 ! LONG-ACCEPT$ ONE ( ,M>XISM OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ( ALL REASONABLE 
PEOPLE4 ,LIKE SCI5CE & 9DU/RY1 POLITICS HAD TO EMANCIPATE ITSELF FROM 
TRANSC5D5TAL E?ICS1 ?AT1 IS1 FROM ! P[] ( ! ,*UR* 9 FEUDALISM4 ,IT 
%\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ALL ! MOD]N ,MA*IAVELLIANS ,BURNHAM DEALS ) HAVE 
BE5 PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,M>X4 ,MO/ ( !IR PR9CIPLES1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 
?AT ONE MU/ DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! WORDS & ! MEAN+S ( PROGRAMS1 ?AT 
ONE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT MO/ SOCIAL ACTIONS >E 0NON-LOGICAL10 ?AT 
!RE >E RUL]S & RUL$1 ?AT POLITICS IS ! /RUGGLE = P[]1 ?AT ! 
ELITE DET]M9ES ! 0*>ACT]0 ( SOCIETY & ?AT ITS RULE IS 
BAS$ UPON =CE & FRAUD1 ?AT IDEOLOGIES SUPPORT ! RUL+ CLASSES1 ?AT 
ELITES CIRCULATE1 ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E 9EVITABLE1 & SO ON - ALL !SE 
IDEAS >E ALSO F\ND 9 ,M>XISM1 ?\< SOMETIMES 9 ANO!R CONNECTION & 
) MORE OR LESS MEAN+ ?AN IS TO BE F\ND 9 ,BURNHAM'S /UDY4 ,IF 
,BURNHAM NEV]!LESS PREF]S ! ,MA*IAVELLIAN V]SION TO ! ,M>XIAN1 IT IS 
= ! SOLE REASON ?AT HE BELIEVES ! =M] TO REPRES5T AN OBJECTIVE 
SCI5CE ( POLITICS & SOCIETY :I* DESCRIBES & CORRELATES OBS]VABLE 
SOCIAL FACTS1 :]EAS ! ,M>XI/S DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT POLITICS CAN BE AN 
OBJECTIVE SCI5CE1 NEUTRAL TO ANY PRACTICAL POLITICAL GOAL4 ,H[EV]1 ONE 
MU/ ALSO DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 ! ,MA*IAVELLIANS' AV[$ AIM & :AT 
!Y >E REALLY DO+4 

,ASIDE FROM ! QUE/ION ( :E!R OR NOT POLITICS CAN BE AN OBJECTIVE 
SCI5CE1 ,BURNHAM'S ,MA*IAVELLIANS DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 MAK+ POLITICS 
SCI5TIFIC4 ,!IR !ORIES >E P>T & P>CEL ( ! IDEOLOGIES ( !IR TIME4 
,?IS MAY BE NOTIC$ LEA/ 9 ,SOREL & ,MI*ELS4 ,BUT IT IS V]Y CLE> 9 ,MOSCA 
& ,P>ETO & W\LD BE APP>5T 9 ,BURNHAM'S 9T]PRETATIONS IF HE HAD 
BE5 LESS TAK5 9 BY ! PREVAIL+ FASCI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,IT IS1 = EXAMPLE1 A 
LITTLE MORE ?AN FAIR TO SAY1 AS ,BURNHAM DOES1 ?AT ,P>ETO WAS LESS CONC]N$ 
) ! QUE/ION ( :]E RESIDUES COME FROM ?AN ) ! FACT ?AT SOCIAL 
ACTIONS MAY BE ANALYZ$ 9 T]MS ( !M1 :ATEV] !IR ORIG94 ,P>ETO 
EXPLA9$ EV]Y SOCIOLOGICAL & PSY*OLOGICAL FACT BY ASSUM+ A SPECIFIC 
9/9CT OR S5SE = IT 9 HUMAN NATURE4 ,HIS VAGU5ESS & AMBIGUITY 9 ?IS 
RESPECT MU/ NOT BE TAK5 = DISREG>D AS TO ! ORIG9 ( ?+S1 BUT RA!R 
AS AN 9DICATION ( ,P>ETO'S [N LIMITATIONS4 

,IT IS1 FUR!RMORE1 NOT POSSIBLE TO UND]/& ,P>ETO BY M]ELY DEAL+ ) 
HIS SOCIOLOGY1 = ! LATT] IS CLOSELY B\ND UP ) HIS ECONOMIC !ORY4 
,P>ETO WAS AN >D5T PROPON5T ( A LIB]AL SY/EM ( ECONOMICS - ! 
ONLY SY/EM :I* HE CONSID]$ LOGICAL & SCI5TIFIC4 ,BUT AS !RE NEV] WAS1 
SAVE AS AN IDEOLOGY1 & NEV] C\LD BE A CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( ECONOMICS SU* 
AS HE CON/RUCT$ 9 HIS M9D1 HE C\LD NOT HELP LOS+ BELIEF 9 ITS 
REALIZATION4 ,BUT NEI!R C\LD HE MAKE HIMSELF ADMIT ITS IMPOSSIBILITY & ?US 
HE CONCLUD$ ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ WRONG ) HIS SCI5TIFIC !ORY1 BUT ?AT 
! UNREASONABLE ATTITUDE :I* OPPOS$ LIB]ALISM WAS TOO /RONG TO BE 
SUCCESSFULLY COMBAT$4 ,\T ( HIS DISAPPO9TM5T CAME HIS !ORY ( NON-LOGICAL 
ACTIONS & !IR UN*ANGEABILITY4 ,HIS ?9K+ ( ! PA/1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT 
5TIRELY WA/$3 IT WAS UTILIZ$ 9 HIS !ORY ( ! CIRCULATION ( ELITES4 
,HIS SOCIOLOGY MAY BE EXPLA9$ AS A BYPRODUCT ( LAISSEZ FAIRE 
IDEOLOGY AT A TIME :51 DUE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 ! FACTS ( ! 
REAL WORLD BEGAN 9CREAS+LY TO CONTRADICT ITS IDEOLOGY1 DEVELOP$ 
E>LI]4 

,DESPITE HIS APP>5T DETA*M5T FROM P>TICUL> POLITICAL 9T]E/S1 
,P>ETO'S 0SCI5TIFIC ATTITUDE0 IS A M]E ILLUSION4 ,HIS 
TREATM5T ( OBS]VABLE FACTS0 IS ON ! SAME LEVEL ?AT MOD]N ECONOMICS 
TREATS ! FACTS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,= APOLOGETIC & 
0PRACTICAL0 REASONS1 B\RGEOIS ECONOMY REJECT$ ! LABOR !ORY ( 
VALUE & TRI$ TO DEVELOP A WORKABLE SUBJECTIVE VALUE !ORY :I* ONLY 
RESULT$1 9 ! 5D1 9 ITS GIV+ UP ALL ATTEMPTS TO EXPLA9 PRICES4 ,! 
GIV5 M>KET PRICES - ! OBS]VABLE FACTS - BECAME ! 
ECONOMI/S' SOLE CONC]N4 ,! VALUE !ORY S]V$ M]ELY DECORATIVE 
PURPOSES4 ,9 ,P>ETO'S SOCIOLOGY1 TOO1 ! AXIOMS ) :I* HE WORKS >E 
ONLY DECORAT$ )1 BUT NOT BAS$ UPON1 ! RESIDUES HE E/ABLI%$4 ,DESPITE 
HIS APP>5T ATTEMPT TO SE>* = ! CAUSES ( SOCIAL CONDUCT1 :AT IS REALLY 
IMPORTANT 9 HIS !ORY >E UNEXPLA9$ ACTIONS1 WITNESS$ & DESCRIB$ BY 
HIM4 

,! CATEGORIES ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS >E ?\<T TO HOLD GOOD = ALL 
MANK9D1 UND] ALL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,9 LIKE MANN] ,P>ETO'S RESIDUES >E 
ALSO UN*ANGEABLES4 ,( C\RSE1 ACTUAL *ANGES CANNOT BE D5I$ BUT1 JU/ AS 9 
! CASE ( ECONOMICS :]E ALL SU* *ANGES LEAVE UNDI/URB$ ! IDEA ( 
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AS A RELATION%IP BETWE5 5DS & SC>CE MEANS SO 9 
,P>ETO'S SOCIOLOGY1 TOO1 ALL *ANGES1 = :ATEV] REASONS1 REMA9 
DET]M9$ BY ! RESIDUES4 

,IF IT W]E NOT = ! PR$ICTIONS MADE BY ! ,MA*IAVELLIANS1 MO/ ( :AT 
!Y SAID C\LD BE ACCEPT$2 9DE$ !RE WAS LITTLE ?AT !Y BR\<T =? 
?AT HAD NOT ALREADY BE5 RECOGNIZ$1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 BY ,M>XISM4 
,NEI!R IS !RE ANY OBJECTION TO ! APPLICATION ( SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS TO 
SOCIAL PROBLEMS - 9 ,BURNHAM'S WORDS TO ! ACCURATE & SY/EMATIC 
DESCRIPTION ( PUBLIC FACTS - NOR TO ! ATTEMPTS TO CORRELATE SETS ( 
!SE FACTS 9 LAWS1 &1 ?R\< !SE CORRELATIONS1 TO ATTEMPT TO PR$ICT1 
) SOME DEGREE ( PROBABILITY1 FUTURE EV5TS4 ,( C\RSE ! WI% & ! 
POSSIBILITY >E TWO DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,9 MANY ( ITS FIELDS SOCIAL SCI5CE 
CANNOT BE EXP]IM5TAL4 ,NO SOCIAL SY/EM IS AS EMPIRICAL AS >E ! NATURAL 
SCI5CES1 NOT TO M5TION ! GREAT & NUM]\S DIFFICULTIES ?AT /& 9 ! 
WAY ( 0OBJECTIVITY0 :I* ! CLASS *>ACT] ( SOCIETY IMPOSES4 
,ACCORD+ TO ,BURNHAM1 PR$ICTIONS AB\T FUTURE EV5TS MU/ BE BAS$ ON EVID5CE 
( ! PA/4 ,ONE C\LD AGREE H]E1 TOO4 ,BUT :AT IS ! EVID5CE ( ! 
PA/8 

,= ,MA*IAVELLI ! PA/ SIMPLY MEANT ?AT POLITICAL LIFE IS NEV] /ATIC 
BUT IS CONT9UALLY *ANG+4 ,DELIB]ATE ACTIONS ( M5 HAVE V]Y LITTLE TO DO 
) ?IS SITUATION1 :I* IS LAID AT ! DOOR/EP ( 0=TUNE40 
,=TUNE REMA9S UNEXPLA9$2 SO ALSO IS ! REASON = POLITICAL LIFE4 ,! 
LATT] IS M]ELY ACKN[L$G$4 ,MA*IAVELLI IS SATISFI$ ) 0POLITICAL 
MAN10 SAYS ,BURNHAM1 JU/ AS ,ADAM ,SMI? WAS ) 0ECONOMIC 
MAN02 NEI!R WAS 9T]E/$ 9 0HUMAN NATURE AS A :OLE40 
,CONTR>Y TO :AT ,BURNHAM SAYS1 H[EV]1 HUMAN NATURE = ,ADAM ,SMI? CONSI/$ 
PRECISELY 9 0! PROP5SITY TO TRUCK1 B>T]1 & EX*ANGE ONE ?+ = 
ANO!R10 & 0POLITICAL MAN0 IS ! :OLE MAN = 
,MA*IAVELLI4 ,= BO? IT WAS NOT ! EVID5CE ( ! PA/ :I* CAUS$ !M TO 
BE CONC]N$ ONLY ) 0POLITICAL MAN0 & 0ECONOMIC 
MAN0 BUT !IR 9T]E/ 9 ! DEVELOP+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & 9 ITS 
PR]EQUISITE1 ! NATION-/ATE4 ,9 REALITY BO? 0POLITICAL MAN0 & 
0ECONOMIC MAN0 W]E ONLY ! RESULTS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION :I* UND]LIE ALL SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,BECAUSE ! REAL EVID5CE ( ! PA/ WAS CONSID]$ NEI!R BY ,MA*IAVELLI 
NOR BY ,ADAM ,SMI?1 !Y HAD TO 9TRODUCE EI!R 0=TUNE0 OR ! 
09VISIBLE H&0 :I* SUPPOS$LY ACCOMPANIES ! SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T1 BAS$1 AS IT WAS1 ON ! PECULI> *>ACT] ( HUMAN NATURE1 
DESCRIB$ AS 0POLITICAL0 OR AS 0ECONOMIC0 MAN4 ,IT WAS 
,M>X :O %[$ H[ UNREAL ?IS K9D ( 0REALISM0 REALLY WAS1 
FIR/1 BY %[+ ?AT ECONOMICS DET]M9E POLITICS &1 SECONDLY1 BY %[+ 
?AT ECONOMICS >E DET]M9$ NOT BY HUMAN NATURE BUT BY SOCIAL RELATIONS :I* 
>ISE 9 CONNECTION ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION4 

,9 COMP>ISON ) PRE-CAPITALI/IC IDEOLOGY1 ! NEW IDEOLOGY ( 
,MA*IAVELLI & ,ADAM ,SMI? WAS1 ( C\RSE1 QUITE REALI/IC4 ,!RE SIMPLY IS NO 
SU* ?+ AS 0REALISM40 ,LIKE EV]Y?+ ELSE1 REALISM1 TOO1 MU/ 
BE CONSID]$ HI/ORICALLY4 ,TO ACCEPT ,MA*IAVELLIAN REALISM AT ! PRES5T TIME 
IS A /EP BACKW>D FROM AN ALREADY E/ABLI%$ SOCIAL REALISM CORRESPOND+ TO 
! PRES5T LEVEL ( G5]AL DEVELOPM5T1 TO A LEVEL ?AT BELONGS TO ! E>LY 
/AGES ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION IT IS AMUS+ TO NOTICE ?AT 
! SAME PEOPLE :O NO LONG] BELIEVE 9 LAISSEZ FAIRE IDEOLOGY N[ 
F9D REFUGE 9 ! /ILL MORE PRIMITIVE =M ( ?AT SAME IDEOLOGY1 NAMELY1 9 
,MA*IAVELLIANISM4 ,SU* A GREAT RETREAT CANNOT1 ( C\RSE1 BE REG>D$ AS AN 
ATTEMPT TO CONSID] ! EVID5CE ( ! PA/4 ,IT IS PLA9LY AN ATTEMPT TO LE>N 
FROM ! EVID5CE AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! POLITICIANS ( ! ,R5AISSANCE4 

,TO BE SURE1 :5 ,M>X %[$ ?AT ECONOMICS DET]M9E POLITICS1 HE WAS 
DEAL+ ) A P>TICUL> /AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T - ITS 
LAISSEZ FAIRE /AGE - DUR+ :I* BUS9ESS & NOT NAK$ =CE 
F\ND EMPHASIS4 ,?IS /AGE HAD BE5 PREC$$ BY POLITICAL /RUGGLES 9 :I* 
BUS9ESS SEEM$ TO PLAY A SECOND>Y ROLE4 ,BUT AS ,ROB]T ,A4 ,BRADY REC5TLY 
EXPRESS$ IT1 0! NATURAL FRAME ( REF]5CE ( [N]%IP IS1 & HAS 
BE5 FROM ! BEG9N+1 AS CLE>LY POLITICAL AS ECONOMIC1 AS OBVI\SLY 
',MA*IAVELLIAN' AS ',RIC>DIAN'40 ,:AT B\RGEOIS 
ECONOMY UND]/OOD AS 0ECONOMICAL0 9 DI/9CTION TO 
0POLITICAL0 WAS ?AT ! EX*ANGE ME*ANISM ITSELF E/ABLI%$ A 
SOCIAL ORD] :I*1 SAVE = EXT]NAL PURPOSES1 MADE POLITICAL 9T]F]5CES 
QUITE UNNECESS>Y4 ,& 9 FACT1 AFT] ! POLITICAL BASIS = AN NATIONAL 
ECONOMY HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ BY WAY ( W>S & REVOLUTIONS & F>-REA*+ 
/ATE-9T]F]5CES !RE CAME A TIME = ! =EMO/ CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 :5 
POLITICS WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY SUBORD9AT$ TO ! NE$S ( BUS9ESS1 :5 ! 
/ATE WAS 9 FACT ! S]VANT ( CAPITAL4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,M>X C\LD 
SPEAK ( ! DET]M9ATION ( POLITICS BY ECONOMICS4 

,H[EV]1 BY CONSID]+ ! ATTEMPTS TO E/ABLI%1 DEF5D1 OR EXP& ! 
NATIONAL BASIS ( CAPITALI/IC ECONOMICS ONE CAN ALSO SPEAK ( ! 
SUBORD9ATION ( ECONOMICS TO POLITICS4 ,IF ONE IS 9T]E/$ ONLY 9 A DEF9ITE 
PHASE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T UND] P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ONE MAY SPEAK ( 
! PR$OM9ANCE ( 0POLITICS0 OR ! PR$OM9ANCE ( 
0ECONOMICS0 9 DET]M9+ NATIONAL POLICY4 ,BUT IF ONE SPEAKS ( 
CAPITALISM 9 G5]AL1 SU* A DI/9CTION CAN NO LONG] BE MADE1 SAVE = ! 
ME?ODOLOGICAL REASON ( %[+ MORE CLE>LY DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! SAME 
?+4 

,9T]NALLY1 TOO1 A DI/9CTION MAY BE MADE BETWE5 ECONOMICS & POLITICS1 
DEP5D+ UPON :E!R OR NOT ! SOCIAL FRICTIONS1 CAUS$ BY ! CLASS 
*>ACT] ( SOCIETY1 DEM& ! EMPLOYM5T ( DIRECT =CE4 ,AT TIMES ECONOMIC 
CONTROL SUFFICES1 AT O!R TIMES IT MU/ BE SUPPLEM5T$ BY OP5 T]ROR4 ,YET1 
= A CONSID]ABLE L5G? ( TIME1 ! DIRECT USE ( =CE AGA9/ ! WORK]S 
WAS ! EXCEPTION1 NOT ! RULE4 ,! CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WAS 
5\< TO GU>ANTEE ! UNDI/URB$ EXPLOITATION ( LABOR BY CAPITAL4 ,! 
CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY WAS /RONG 5\< TO KEEP ! POLICE-BUDGET L[4 

,BY SAY+ ?AT ECONOMY DET]M9ES POLITICS1 ,M>X %[$ :AT BEH9D 
,MA*IAVELLIANISM4 ,BUT HE ALSO %[$ :AT WAS BEH9D ,MA*IAVELLIANISM & ! 
CAPITALI/ ECONOMY BY PO9T+ \T ?AT HI/ORY WAS ! HI/ORY ( CLASS 
/RUGGLES DET]M9$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION1 
:I* 9CLUDE BO? TE*NICS & SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! SUM TOTAL ( ! 
RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION10 ,M>X WROTE1 0CON/ITUTE ! ECONOMIC 
/RUCTURE ( SOCIETY - ! REAL F\NDATION ON :I* RISE LEGAL & 
POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURES & TO :I* CORRESPOND DEF9ITE SOCIAL 
CONSCI\SNESS40 ,DEF9ITE SY/EMS ( ECONOMICS SU* AS FEUDALISM & 
CAPITALISM :I* DET]M9E ! POLITICS ( !IR TIME1 >E 9 TURN DET]M9$ 
- JU/ AS !SE POLITICS >E 9SEP>ABLY CONNECT$ ) ! ECONOMIC 
/RUCTURE 9 :I* !Y OP]ATE - BY ! =CES ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION 9 
:I* ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D *>ACT]IZES ITSELF4 

,?IS IS ! REASON = ,BURNHAM'S *>GE ?AT ,M>XISM IS A MONI/IC 
!ORY1 RELAT+ EV]Y?+ TO ! LA/ CAUSE ( MAT]IALI/IC ECONOMICS 
,H[EV]1 ,M>X'S CONCEPT ( HI/ORY IS BO? MONI/IC & PLURALI/IC1 
DEP5D+ UPON :AT IS TO BE 9VE/IGAT$4 ,:5 ,BURNHAM'S ,MA*IAVELLIANS1 
,MOSCA = EXAMPLE1 REJECT ,M>XISM BECAUSE ( ITS MONI/IC ASPECT1 HIS [N 
PLURALI/IC !ORY ( HI/ORY IS PLURALI/IC ONLY BECAUSE HE /OPS AT A 
DEF9ITE PO9T ( 9VE/IGATION4 ,BECAUSE LIKE ALL CAPITALI/ !ORETICIANS1 HE 
REFUSES TO RECOGNIZE ! M]ELY HI/ORICAL *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS1 
HE IS NOT ABLE TO GO BEYOND ! SUP]FICIAL 9VE/IGATION ( SURFACE PH5OM5A4 
,LIKE ,P>ETO'S1 ,MOSCA'S IDEAS >E BAS$ UPON SOME CON/ANT 
PSY*OLOGICAL LAWS4 ,BUT ! VALIDITY ( !SE PSY*OLOGICAL LAWS CANNOT BE 
DEMON/RAT$4 ,:AT REMA9S ( HIS !ORY >E ! SO-CALL$ 0SOCIAL 
=CES0 :I* /& = ALL HUMAN ACTIVITIES ) SIGNIFICANT & 
POLITICAL 9FLU5CE1 SU* AS ?OSE CONNECT$ ) W>1 RELIGION1 L&1 LABOR1 
MONEY1 $UCATION1 SCI5CE1 TE*NOLOGICAL SKILL1 & SO =?4 ,!SE 
0SOCIAL =CES0 ACC\NT = ,MOSCA'S !ORY ( G5]AL SOCIAL 
BEHAVIOR1 :I* IS !N BOIL$ D[N TO AN 9VE/IGATION ( POLITICS4 ,! :OLE 
5DEAVOR F9ALLY YIELDS NO?+ BUT ?IS - ?AT ! /RATIFICATION ( 
SOCIETY 9TO RUL]S & RUL$ IS UNIV]SAL & P]MAN5T4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ,P>ETO1 TOO1 SPEAKS ( FIVE =CES ?AT MAKE SOCIETY :AT 
IT IS & ?AT ACC\NT = ITS *ANGES4 ,FIR/1 !RE IS ! PHYSICAL 
5VIRONM5T4 ,NO !ORY ( HI/ORY DISREG>DS 5VIRONM5T1 ?AT IS1 GEOGRAPHIC 
& CLIMATIC FACTORS1 EI!R UTILIZ$ OR COMBAT$ BY MAN4 ,)\T C]TA9 RAW 
MAT]IALS1 FUR!RMORE1 C]TA9 TE*NICAL & SOCIAL RELATIONS C\LD NOT HAVE 
BE5 POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ! EXI/5CE ( !SE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES ALONE DOES 
NOT EXPLA9 !IR UTILIZATION4 ,! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T IS A NECESS>Y 
CONDITION = SOCIAL HI/ORY1 BUT DOES NOT EXPLA9 IT4 ,! SECOND FACTOR IS 
RESIDUES1 D]IV$ FROM A LONG-REJECT$ 9/9CT PSY*OLOGY4 ,!SE WE HAVE 
ALREADY DISCUSS$4 ,! ?IRD >E ECONOMIC FACTORS4 ,AS AN 9DEP5D5T =CE1 
!Y MAKE NO S5SE 9 HIS !ORY4 ,P>ETO1 AS WE KN[1 CONSID]$ ECONOMIC 
!ORY AS LOGICAL & SCI5TIFIC4 ,IT BELONGS ?US TO ! D]IVATIONS1 :I* 
PLAY NO REAL P>T 9 HI/ORY1 DET]M9$ AS IT IS BY RESIDUES4 ,!RE REMA9S 
! FIF? FACTOR3 ! CIRCULATION ( ELITES1 ?AT IS1 ! CAPITALI/ !ORY ( 
ECONOMIC COMPETITION EXPRESS$ 9 POLITICAL T]MS4 ,AS SU* ?IS FACTOR1 TOO1 
BELONGS TO ! D]IVATIONS4 ,?US ! PLURALI/IC APPROA* BOILS D[N TO A 
MONI/IC PSY*OLOGICAL !ORY ( HI/ORY4 

,M>XISM HAS NO OBJECTION TO DEAL+ SEP>ATELY ) ! 0SOCIAL 
=CES0 5UM]AT$ BY ,MOSCA & TO CONSID]+ !IR 9FLU5CE UPON 
SOCIETY & UPON ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,P>ETO1 ,M>XISM HOLDS 
?AT 0D]IVATIONS10 ?AT IS1 SCI5TIFIC !ORIES & IDEOLOGIES1 
>E 9 ONE S5SE REAL =CES 9 HI/ORY4 ,BECAUSE 9 CLASS SOCIETIES ALL FACTORS 
>E1 SO TO SPEAK1 P>TLY REAL & P>TLY IDEOLOGICAL1 = ALL PRACTICAL 
PURPOSES ,M>XISM CANNOT RE/RICT ITSELF TO ! UND]LY+ CAUSE ( ALL ! 
SEP>ATE MOVEM5TS & IDEAS ?AT BR+ AB\T *ANGES 9 ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE 
& SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,IT DEALS ) ! 0LOGICAL0 AS WELL AS ) 
! 0NON-LOGICAL40 ,BUT 9/EAD ( M]ELY SEP>AT+ !M1 ,M>XISM 
9QUIRES 9TO ! REASON = !IR BE+ & DISCOV]S ?AT HI/ORY HAS BE5 
NOT ONLY ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 M5 & NATURE BUT ALSO1 )9 ?IS SETT+1 ! 
/RUGGLE BETWE5 M5 & M54 ,! LATT] /RUGGLE IS BAS$ ON POSITIONS ) 
RESPECT TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 = ONE CAN EXPLOIT & RULE ONLY BY 
EXPLOIT+ ! LABOR ( O!RS & BY RUL+ OV] ! LABOR]S4 

,BY RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ! D\BLE *>ACT] ( ALL ACTIVITY & ?\<T /EMS 
FROM SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO SEE ?R\< ! DIFF]5T 
FETI%ISM ?AT DIFF]5T SOCIETIES ADH]E TO AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 ,ONE CAN AT 
ONCE ADMIRE ,MA*IAVELLI'S ATTEMPT TO RID POLITICS ( TRANSC5D5TAL 
E?ICS OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 DESPITE ALL ! 9CONSI/5T & 9COH]5T 
V]BIAGE ACCOMPANY+ ,MOSCA'S & ,P>ETO'S IDEAS1 AGREE ) !IR 
RE-DISCOV]Y ?AT SOCIETY IS DIVID$ 9TO RUL]S & RUL$4 ,M>XISM1 H[EV]1 
IS NOT 9T]E/$ M]ELY 9 ! RECOGNITION & CLASSIFICATION ( SOCIAL FACTS4 
,IT WANTS TO *ANGE ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,BE+ CRITICAL ( ALL ?AT EXI/S 
GIVES IT ! 9C5TIVE TO SE>* AS ?OR\<LY AS POSSIBLE = ! REASONS = 
PREVI\S SOCIAL *ANGES 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO BASE ITS HYPO!SES ON ! 
EVID5CE ( ! PA/ & PRES5T4 ,IT WAS ?IS REVOLUTION>Y S]I\SNESS :I* 
L$ TO ,M>X'S PR$ICTIONS1 ! CORRECTNESS ( :I* IS N[ ALMO/ 
G5]ALLY ACKN[L$G$ - AT LEA/ AS F> AS ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T IS 
CONC]N$4 ,! CONNECTION BETWE5 CLASS /RUCTURE1 ECONOMICS1 POLITICS1 & 
IDEOLOGY :I* IS BR\<T TO LI<T 9 HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM & 9 ! !ORY 
( ! FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES HAS1 9DIRECTLY1 ALSO F\ND RECOGNITION1 ?\< 
9 A P]V]T$ CAPITALI/IC =M1 9 ! PRES5T VOGUE ( ,MA*IAVELLIANISM1 
SEMANTICS1 PSY*OLOGY1 POSITIVISM1 & 9 ! GR[+ CYNICISM G5]ALLY4 

,IT WAS ! CLASS-APPROA*1 ?AT IS1 ! SE>* = ! WEAKNESSES ( 
PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY1 :I* MADE ,M>XISM DIFF] FROM B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS1 
SOCIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY4 ,:OEV] DOES NOT WANT TO *ANGE SOCIETY1 WILL LOOK 
= ITS /RONG PO9TS4 ,BO? APPROA*ES UND\BT$LY T5D SOME:AT T[>DS A 
DI/ORT$1 ONE-SID$ PICTURE ( SOCIETY & ITS POSSIBILITIES4 ,BUT HI/ORY 
ITSELF CORRECTS IT AGA94 ,EA* SIDE1 ( C\RSE1 ALWAYS DESIRES TO SE CLE>LY 
BO? ! WEAKNESS & ! /R5G? ( ! ADV]S>Y BUT1 ASIDE FROM ! P[] 
( IDEOLOGY1 ! DE>? ( EMPIRICAL DATA 9 ! SOCIAL FIELD MAKE ?IS QUITE 
DIFFICULT4 ,:AT CAN BE GA9$ >E APPROXIMATIONS ( ! TRUE /ATUS ( SOCIETY 
AT ANY P>TICUL> TIME4 ,& H]E ! EVID5CE PO9TS TO ! SUP]IORITY ( ! 
,M>XIAN APPROA*4 

,SOCIETY IS 9 CONT9U\S FLUX2 TO SOME DEGREE ALL ITS *ANGES AFFECT ITS 
UND]LY+ SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASIS4 ,AT C]TA9 TIMES ! *ANGES BR+ ! 
UND]LY+ RELATIONS 9TO %>P] RELIEF2 AT O!R TIMES !Y CL\D !M /ILL 
FUR!R4 ,! RE/LESSNESS ( SOCIETY ITSELF PREV5TS ,M>XISM FROM CRY/ALLIZ+ 
9TO A DOGMA4 ,:]E IT BECAME A DOGMA IT CEAS$ TO BE ,M>XISM & TURN$ 9TO 
AN IDEOLOGY TO COV] UP AN UN-,M>XIAN PRACTICE4 ,AS AN IDEOLOGY IT HAS BE5 
ATTACK$ & AS SU* IT NE$ NOT BE DEF5D$4 ,BUT AS A REALI/IC !ORY = ! 
/RUGGLE AGA9/ PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY IT HAS F\ND NO SUB/ITUTE4 ,!RE IS NO 
O!R SCI5TIFIC !ORY CONC]N$ ) GOALS ?AT PRESUPPOSE ! DE/RUCTION ( 
PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS ?US NO !ORY SO CRITICAL AS ,M>XISM4 ,& IT IS 
PRECISELY ! LACK ( CRITICISM :I* PREV5TS ! NON-,M>XIAN SCI5TI/ FROM 
GO+ BEYOND ! SUP]FICIALLY GIV5 FACTS & :I* MAKES HIM1 :]EV] HE 
TRIES TO DO SO1 9DULGE 9 MY/ICISM G>B$ 9 SCI5TIFIC PHRASEOLOGY4 

,M>XISM AS A DOGMA MU/ BE REJECT$4 ,A ,M>XI/ WILL !RE=E APPRECIATE ! 
WORK ( ,SOREL & ,MI*ELS 9 SO F> AS !Y %$ LI<T UPON REALITY D>K5$ BY 
DOGMATISM4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 9VE/IGAT$ BY ,SOREL & 
,MI*ELS1 R\<LY P>ALLEL$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( LIB]AL CAPITALISM4 ,! RAPID 
9CREASE ( EXPLOITATION ALL[$ = BO? SUFFICI5T PR(ITS = CAPITAL 
ACCUMULATION & ! BETT]M5T ( PROLET>IAN LIV+ CONDITIONS 9 ! 
ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,! LABOR MOVEM5T CEAS$ TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y 
=CE4 ,IT BECAME A P>T ( CAPITALISM1 ONE CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTION AMONG O!RS4 
,BO? ! POLITICAL & ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ( LABOR *ANG$ 9TO 
ORD9>Y 5T]PRISES1 SUPPORT+ & P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! EXPLOITATION ( 
LABOR4 ,M>XISM S]V$ AS ! IDEOLOGY :I* HID ?IS FACT1 JU/ AS IT S]VES 9 
,RUSSIA TODAY TO COV] UP ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR BY ! PRIVILEG$ UND] 
/ATE-CAPITALISM4 

,SOREL & ,MI*ELS WITNESS$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,SOREL ?\<T ?AT IT HAD 
SOME?+ TO DO ) POLITICAL P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 :I* HE CONSID]$ AN 
IMPOSSIBLE WAY TO REA* SOCIALISM4 ,IT W\LD M]ELY *ANGE ! P]SONNEL ( ! 
/ATE APP>ATUS BUT W\LD NOT AFFECT ! LOT ( ! WORK]S4 ,HE ALSO ?\<T 
?AT ! 0SCI5TIFIC0 APPROA* ( ! SOCIALI/S1 BE+ A P>T ( 
! B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY ( SCI5CE1 WAS ! WRONG APPROA* = ! SOLUTION ( 
SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,?IS SCI5CE WAS ABLE TO DESCRIBE ?+S1 BUT UNABLE TO ALT] 
!M4 ,IT C\LD NEV] LEAD TO ACTIONS P[]FUL 5\< TO *ANGE SOCIAL 
CONDITIONS4 ,A SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 9 HIS OP9ION1 NE$S IDEAS :I* GU>ANTEE 
SUCCESS 9 ADVANCE ( ITS /RUGGLE - A MY?1 SO TO SPEAK1 :I*1 ?\< 
NOT A /RICTLY SCI5TIFIC !ORY1 IS NEV]!LESS NOT >BITR>Y BUT ABLE TO 
DIRECT 5]GIES T[>DS ! SOLUTION ( SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,! P>TICUL> MY? HE 
ADVOCAT$ WAS ! MY? ( ! G5]AL-/RIKE1 = ?IS MY?1 HE ?\<T1 WAS 
CAPABLE ( 9CORPORAT+ 9 ITSELF ALL ! IDEAS ?AT W]E NE$$1 & ACTUALLY 
B\ND UP1 ) CLASS NECESSITIES & ! DESIRES ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT WAS 9 
! /RIKE ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE F\ND ITS %>PE/ & TRUE/ EXPRESSION1 9 
:I* ! 9T]E/S & FEEL+S ( ! WORK]S CAME MO/LY TO ! =E4 ,9 ! 
/RIKE1 FUR!RMORE1 !Y W]E DIRECTLY 5GAG$1 NOT M]ELY REPRES5T$ AS 9 
! SO-CALL$ POLITICAL ACTIONS ( ?AT TIME4 ,A REAL G5]AL /RIKE C\LD WORK 
AS ! LEV] :I* W\LD DISLODGE CAPITALISM4 ,IT C\LD NOT1 H[EV]1 BE BR\<T 
AB\T 9 A PURELY RATIONALI/IC MANN]4 ,IT MU/ BE 9ITIAT$ & C>RI$ ON 
) A DEEP CONVICTION ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES ?AT IT W\LD SUCCE$ & 
SOLVE !IR PROBLEMS 9 ORD] TO >\SE ! MAXIMUM ( PROLET>IAN SOLID>ITY1 
ACTIVITY & /R5G?4 

,SOREL WAS RI<T 9 HIS CRITICISM ( ! /ATE-SOCIALISM ( ! ,SECOND 
,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BUT ! SAME CRITICISM C\LD BE MADE1 & WAS MADE1 FROM A 
,M>XIAN PO9T ( VIEW4 ,ONE DID NOT NE$ TO BE A 0,MA*IAVELLIAN0 TO 
RECOGNIZE ?AT ! POLITICAL SUCCESS ( ! SOCIALI/S W\LD NOT LEAD TO 
SOCIALISM BUT M]ELY TO A *ANGE ( POLITICIANS 9 ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,?IS 
WAS QUITE OBVI\S FROM ! BEHAVIOR ( ! SOCIALI/S )9 CAPITALISM4 ,BUT 
,SOREL'S ROAD WAS NOT A ROAD TO SOCIALISM EI!R4 ,! 
0ECONOMIC0 ORGANIZATIONS1 SYNDICALI/ OR O!RWISE1 SUCCUMB$ TO 
! GR[+ P[] ( CAPITAL JU/ AS MU* AS ! POLITICAL W+ ( ! LABOR 
MOVEM5T DID4 ,! 0G5]AL /RIKE0 C\LD NOT BE MADE 9TO AN 
ALL-EMBRAC+ MY?1 ABLE TO BECOME A SOCIAL =CE /RONG 5\< TO DE/ROY 
CAPITALISM1 = MY?-MAK+1 TOO1 IS A CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY4 ,CONTROLL+ ! 
MEANS ( PRODUCTION & DE/RUCTION1 CAPITALISM CONTROLS ALSO ! MAK+ ( 
MY?S & IDEOLOGIES4 ,TO PROPAGATE A MY? OR TO UTILIZE SCI5CE 9 ORD] TO GET 
! MASSES 9TO MOTION = ! ABOLI%M5T ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY >E EQUALLY 
UNREALI/IC4 

,BEH9D ! IDEAS ( SOCIALI/S & SYNDICALI/S !RE WAS F9ALLY NO MORE 
?AN ! CAPITALI/ LIB]AL IDEOLOGY ITSELF1 ?AT IS1 ! ILLUSION ?AT 
CAPITALISM W\LD L>GELY REMA9 A COMPETITIVE1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 PLANLESS1 
UNCOORD9AT$ SY/EM1 BY VIRTUE ( :I* IT WAS POSSIBLE TO BUILD SOME?+ NEW 
9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 ,DID NOT CAPITALISM1 TOO1 DEVELOP )9 ! FRAMEWORK 
( FEUDALISM8 ,! HOPE ( BE+ ABLE TO UTILIZE LIB]ALISM = ! CLASS 
PURPOSES ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS EV5 /RONG] 9 ! SYNDICALI/S ?AN 9 ! 
SOCIALI/S4 ,! SYNDICALI/S COMBAT$ 0,M>XISM0 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT 
ASPIR$ TO CONTROL ! /ATE1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT HAD NO REAL OBJECTIONS TO ! 
C5TRALIZ+ =CES ( CAPITALISM & 9T5D$ TO MAKE ! /ATE ! CONTROLL] 
( ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS C5TRALISM1 ! SYNDICALI/S ?\<T1 
W\LD FO/] EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,!Y FAVOR$ ! DEC5TRALIZATION 
( P[] & PRODUCTION4 ,A K9D ( NON-CAPITALI/IC LAISSEZ FAIRE 
SY/EM WAS TO 9SURE SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! V>I\S UNIONS OR SYNDICATES4 ,IT 
MU/ ALSO BE NOT$ H]E ?AT SYNDICALISM FL\RI%$ BE/ 9 ?OSE NATIONS :]E 
! C5TRALIZATION PROCESS ( CAPITAL WAS ONLY 9 ITS 9FANCY1 :]E NUM]\S 
SMALL 5T]PRISES DOM9AT$1 :]EAS 9 ! HI<LY-DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/IC 
NATIONS SOCIALI/ UNIONS PR(ESS$ TO %>E ! C5TRALIZ+ IDEAS ( ! 
SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 

,! 0,MA*IAVELLIAN0 9 ,SOREL1 ( :I* ,BURNHAM SPEAKS1 DID NOT 
PREV5T HIS FALL+ VICTIM TO ! IDEOLOGY ( LIB]AL CAPITALISM4 ,! MORE 
,MA*IAVELLIAN HE TRI$ TO BE ! MORE HE SUCCUMB$ TO IT4 ,! ,M>XI/S AT LEA/ 
RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! CAPITALI/ C5TRALIZATION PROCESS HAD ITS BASIS NOT ONLY 9 
CAPITALI/ COMPETITION BUT ALSO 9 ! 9CREAS+ SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION 
BY ! SPREAD+ ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR UND] CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS1 BY ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY & ! WORLD-WIDE EXPANSION ( ! 
CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* CREAT$ NOT ONLY A DIFF]5T RELATION%IP 
BETWE5 M5 & M5 BUT ALSO A DIFF]5T RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAN & NATURE4 
,IF CAPITALI/ COMPETITION CAN BE *ANG$1 IT MU/ BE *ANG$ 9 A MANN] :I* 
DOES NOT CONTRADICT ! NECESSITIES ( ! 9CREAS+ SOCIALIZATION ( 
PRODUCTION4 ,) ! COM+ ( CAPITALISM1 FUR!RMORE1 C5TRALIZATION OR 
DE-C5TRALIZATION 9 ! DIRECTION & USE ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION CEAS$ TO 
BE A DEBATABLE QUE/ION1 = CAPITALISM ALWAYS MEANS ! CONTROL OV] MORE 
MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY ALWAYS RELATIVELY FEW] M54 ,A NEW SOCIETY CAN ONLY BE A 
SOCIETY 9 :I* NEI!R C5TRALISM NOR DE-C5TRALISM PLAYS ANY IMPORTANT P>T1 
9 :I* ! PRODUC]S ORGANIZE !IR PRODUCTION RATIONALLY 9 ACCORDANCE ) 
! REAL NE$S ( SOCIETY )\T BE+ TOO MU* CONC]N$ ) QUE/IONS ( 
ORGANIZATION - :]E ORGANIZATION IS M]ELY A P>T ( ! PRODUCTION & 
DI/RIBUTION PROCESS LIKE ANY O!R MA*9E1 FACTORY1 OR MAT]IAL 5T]+ 
PRODUCTION1 & NOT SIMULTANE\SLY A QUE/ION ( P[] & PRIVILEGE4 

,9 ANY CLASS SOCIETY1 ORGANIZATION HAS TWO FUNCTIONS3 TO SECURE ! LIFE ( 
SOCIETY & TO SECURE ! POSITION ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,! HI/ORY ?AT ! 
,MA*IAVELLIANS DEAL ) IS ! HI/ORY ( CLASS SOCIETIES4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT 
?AT ! EVID5CE ( ! PA/ SUGGE/S AN IRON LAW ( OLIG>*Y BAS$ 
ON ! SOCIAL NE$ = ORGANIZATION :I* ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS SPEAKS (4 ,SOCIAL LIFE 
CANNOT DISP5SE ) ORGANIZATION1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT FROM ?IS IT DOES NOT FOLL[ 
?AT SOCIAL LIFE CANNOT DISP5SE ) CLASSES4 ,IT MAY NOT BE ABLE TO DISP5SE 
) CLASSES UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS4 ,BUT CONDITIONS CAN BE *ANG$4 
,SPECIFICALLY1 UND] CONDITIONS ( A SOCIAL PRODUCTION :I* IS UNABLE TO 
SATISFY ! NE$S ( ! PEOPLE1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO 5VISION MOD]N SOCIETY AS 
A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE EXI/ 9 
POT5TIAL ABUNDANCE1 CLASSES MAY CO-EXI/4 ,YET IT IS NOT IMPOSSIBLE TO 5VISION 
SU* A SOCIETY AS CLASSLESS4 

,IT IS C]TA9LY NOT SCI5TIFIC TO CONCLUDE FROM ! EVID5CE ( EXP]I5CE 
?AT NO NEW EXP]I5CES >E POSSIBLE4 ,FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ORGANIZATIONS 9 
CLASS SOCIETIES1 ONE CANNOT DRAW ! CONCLUSION ?AT ORGANIZATIONS CANNOT BE 
0DEMOCRATIC10 :ATEV] ! CONDITIONS4 ,ORGANIZATION BY ITSELF HAS 
NO MEAN+2 IT HAS MEAN+ ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) SOCIAL ACTIVITY & WILL 
MEAN DIFF]5T ?+S = DIFF]5T ACTIVITIES 9 DIFF]5T SOCIETIES4 ,MI*ELS' 
CONCEPT ( ORGANIZATION IS A TIMELESS CONCEPT1 MORE CRUDE BUT ( ! SAME ORD] 
AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ,HANS ,KELS5'S TIMELESS CONCEPT ( LAW OR1 = ?AT 
MATT]1 ! TIMELESS ECONOMIC CATEGORIES ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY4 ,!SE TIMELESS 
CONCEPTS1 H[EV]1 HAVE !IR SOLE JU/IFICATION 9 ME?ODOLOGY4 ,!Y MAY OR 
MAY NOT HELP 9 UND]/&+ ! HI/ORICALLY-CONDITION$ & CLASS-DET]M9$ 
REAL LAW1 REAL ORGANIZATION1 REAL ECONOMY & SO =?4 ,BUT NO DIRECT 
CONCLUSIONS ) REG>D TO PA/ & PRES5T REALITIES & ! POSSIBILITIES ( 
! FUTURE CAN BE DRAWN FROM !SE G5]AL CONCEPTS4 ,! ATTEMPTS TO AB/RACT 
POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EMS FROM TIME & SPACE 9 ORD] TO F9D ELEM5TS 
COMMON TO ALL TIMES & ALL PEOPLE >E MADE1 ( C\RSE1 TO 5ABLE B\RGEOIS 
SOCIAL SCI5TI/S TO PROCE$ 9 !IR FIELD ) ! 0OBJECTIVITY0 
?AT ! NATURAL SCI5TI/S EMPLOY 9 !IR FIELDS4 ,YET EV5 IF SU* COMMON 
ELEM5TS HAVE BE5 F\ND1 !Y MU/ /ILL BE TAK5 UP ANEW 9 !IR 
SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL SETT+4 ,!RE !Y TAKE ON A NEW *>ACT] 9 
NE$ ( SPECIAL 9VE/IGATION1 = !Y NEV] EXI/ BY !MSELVES4 

,MI*ELS ADVANCES SOME ME*ANICAL & TE*NICAL REASONS = ! IMPOSSIBILITY 
( 0DEMOCRACY0 9 ORGANIZATION4 ,ALL ( !M1 H[EV]1 REF] TO 
DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS UND] LIB]AL CAPITALISM4 ,HIS EXP]I5CES 9 
?IS FIELD HE (F]S AS EVID5CE = HIS POSITION ?AT ALL ORGANIZATIONS1 AT 
ALL TIMES1 EV5 ! 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY0 ( SOCIALISM1 >E BY 
NECESSITY ALWAYS OLIG>*IC4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T ?AT ! LABOR 
ORGANIZATIONS1 9VE/IGAT$ BY ,MI*ELS1 HAD BE5 ?OR\<LY CAPITALIZ$1 SO 
?AT !IR /RUCTURE DID NOT DIFF] FROM ! /RUCTURE ( SO-CALL$ B\RGEOIS 
DEMOCRACY4 ,P>ETO'S !ORY ( ! CIRCULATION ( ELITES IS A RE-/ATEM5T 
( ! !ORY ( CAPITALI/ COMPETITION 9 POLITICAL T]MS1 :]EAS 9 
,MI*ELS' !ORY ! EXP]I5CES ) B\RGEOIS POLITICAL DEMOCRACY =M 
! SOLE CONT5T ( HIS SEEM+LY TIMELESS CONCEPT ( ORGANIZATION4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,MI*ELS ! NE$ = ORGANIZATION & ! ME*ANICS ( 
ORGANIZATION MAKE A CLASSLESS & DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 O!R 
WORDS1 SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF PREV5TS A REAL SOCIALITY4 ,BUT ONE CANNOT DEAL ) 
ORGANIZATION P] SE4 ,!RE WAS1 = EXAMPLE1 A PRE-CAPITALI/ DIVISION 
( LABOR :I* DIFF]$ FROM ! DIVISION ( LABOR UND] CAPITALISM :I* WILL 
DIFF] FROM ! DIVISION ( LABOR UND] SOCIALISM4 ,TO REPEAT1 = 
ME?ODOLOGICAL REASONS ONE MAY DEAL ) ! DIVISION ( LABOR P] SE4 
,YET1 9 ORD] TO MAKE /ATEM5TS REF]R+ TO ! WORLD ( FACTS1 ONE MU/ 
RETURN FROM ?IS AB/RACT 9VE/IGATION TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR UND] SPECIFIC 
CONDITIONS1 AT A P>TICUL> TIME4 ,!RE=E1 :5 ,BURNHAM SAYS ?AT A 
,MA*IAVELLIAN WILL BE 0SCI5TIFIC10 ?AT IS1 WILL BE SATISFI$ ) 
0! SY/EMATIC DESCRIPTION ( PUBLIC FACTS & ! ATTEMPT TO CORRELATE 
SETS ( !SE FACTS 9 LAWS2 &1 ?R\< !SE CORRELATIONS1 ATTEMPT TO 
PR$ICT1 ) SOME DEGREE ( PROBABILITY1 FUTURE EV5TS10 ! FACTS HE 
CAN DEAL ) >E NOT ! TIMELESS CONCEPTS ) :I* ! ,MA*IAVELLIANS 
OP]ATE - SU* AS ,MA*IAVELLI'S 0POLITICAL MAN10 
,MOSCA'S 0CON/ANT PSY*OLOGICAL LAW10 ,SOREL'S 
EV]-NECESS>Y 0FUNCTION ( MY?10 ,MI*ELS' 0IRON LAW 
( OLIG>*Y10 & ,P>ETO'S 0RESIDUES0 - BUT ! 
PREVAIL+ FACTS ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* ! PR$ICTIONS >E MADE4 

,A CLOS] 9VE/IGATION ?AN ,BURNHAM'S ( ! ,MA*IAVELLIAN PR9CIPLES 
WILL LEAD TO ! RECOGNITION ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 D]IV$ NOT FROM DISCOV]$ 
P]MAN5T & UNIV]SAL LAWS OP]AT+ 9 ALL SOCIETIES BUT FROM ! OBS]VABLE 
FACTS ?AT *>ACT]IZE ! CAPITALI/ =M ( SOCIETY4 ,TO DISCOV] !SE 
CAPITALI/IC LAWS IS TO DISCOV] SOME ( ! SECRETS ( CAPITALISM'S 
/R5G? & P]SI/5CY1 BUT NOT ! P]MAN5CY ( EXPLOITATION & CLASS 
RULE4 ,?IS :OLE 5DEAVOR S]VES EI!R AS AN APOLOGY = CAPITALISM :I*1 
AFT] ALL1 APPE>S N[ TO BE DO+ ONLY :AT IS UNAVOIDABLE1 OR IT EXPRESSES 
! PSY*OLOGICAL /ATE ( DESPAIR ?AT SPREADS 9 ! TURMOIL ( CRISIS :5 
! FIR/ ACTIONS AGA9/ CAPITALISM >E !MSELVES /ILL ( A CAPITALI/IC 
*>ACT]4 

,! ,MA*IAVELLIAN IDEOLOGY IS F9ALLY NO?+ BUT ! POLITICAL EXPRESSION 
( ! PREVAIL+ FETI%ISM ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,9 CAPITALISM IT IS ONLY 
AT ! PO9T ( EX*ANGE1 ON ! M>KET1 ?AT ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( 
PRODUCTION CAN ASS]T ITSELF4 ,! RESULT ( ! M>KET & PRICE FLUCTUATIONS1 
:I* DET]M9E ! =TUNES & MIS=TUNES ( 9DIVIDUALS1 IS ?AT ! SOCIAL 
MOVEM5T ( ! PRODUC]S TAKES ON ! =M ( A MOVEM5T ( ?+S :I* RULE 
! PRODUC]S4 ,H]E ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION MA/]S MAN1 9/EAD ( BE+ 
MA/]$ BY HIM4 ,! IDEA ( ! IMP]SONAL & AUTOMATIC *>ACT] ( ! 
ECONOMIC ORD] CREAT$ BY ! EX*ANGE ME*ANISM IS C>RI$ OV] TO O!R 
FIELDS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,IT REAPPE>S 9 ! 0POLITICAL LAWS0 ( 
,MA*IAVELLIANISM1 :I* ALSO SUPPOS$LY CONTROL ! BEHAVIOR ( M51 & 9 ! 
UNALT]ABLE 0LAWS ( ORGANIZATIONS0 :I* SUBJECT M5 TO !IR 
RULE4 ,BUT JU/ AS ! EX*ANGE RELATIONS1 :I* CONTROL M51 >E ( MAN'S 
[N CREATION1 SO ! POLITICAL LAWS & ! LAWS ( ORGANIZATION1 TOO1 >E ( 
MAN'S [N MAK+4 ,IF M5 MADE !M1 !Y CAN UNMAKE !M4 ,IF1 BY VIRTUE 
( !IR [N ACTIONS1 M5 >E N[ MA/]$ BY ECONOMICS1 POLITICS & 
ORGANIZATIONS1 !Y MAY COME TO MA/] DIRECTLY & CONSCI\SLY !IR SOCIAL 
PROBLEMS BY DIFF]5T ACTIONS4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ,MA*IAVELLIAN !ORY REFLECTS ! :OLE HI/ORICAL 
DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,EV]Y P>TICUL> /AGE 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T 
GAVE A P>TICUL> TWI/ TO ,MA*IAVELLIANISM1 BUT IT REMA9$ ?R\<\T1 M]ELY 
A SPECIAL WAY ( EXPRESS+ ! RUL+ CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,! FETI%ISM ( 
COMMODITY PRODUCTION & ! FALSE CONSCI\SNESS TO :I* IT GIVES RISE CANNOT 
BE 5D$ %ORT ( ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM4 ,CAPITALISM1 H[EV]1 IS 
DIS9TEGRAT+4 ,! PRES5T VOGUE ( ,MA*IAVELLIANISM IS EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT 
?AT ! M>KET ME*ANISM1 ! BASIS ( CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY HAS CEAS$ TO 
FUNCTION AS IT DID BE=E4 ,) ! GR[? ( MONOPOLY & ) 9CREAS+ 
/ATE-CONTROL1 IT BECOMES MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE ! OLD IDEOLOGY 
) ! NEW FACTS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! MOD]N ,MA*IAVELLIANS TRY TO OV]COME 
! DIFFICULTY BY A *ANGE ( T]M9OLOGY4 ,:AT HI!RTO HAS BE5 EXPRESS$ 
L>GELY 9 ECONOMIC T]MS IS N[ EXPRESS$ ONCE MORE 9 POLITICAL LANGUAGE4 
,AL?\< IT DOES NOT MATT] :AT K9D ( T]M9OLOGY IS US$1 !RE /ILL 
EXI/S 9DECISION AS TO :I* ONE TO *OOSE4 ,& ?IS BR+S US BACK TO ,BURNHAM 
:O1 9 HIS E>LI] ,MANAG]IAL ,REVOLUTION1 TRI$ TO F9D ! 
ECONOMIC MEAN+ ( CONTEMPOR>Y FASCISM1 BUT IS N[ QUITE READY TO DISREG>D 
ALL BUT ! POLITICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS ( ?IS 0NEW0 & 
ALSO 0V]Y OLD0 ,MA*IAVELLIAN MOVEM5T4 

,I,I,I 

,FROM HIS NEWLY ACQUIR$ ,MA*IAVELLIAN PO9T ( VIEW1 ,BURNHAM ANALYZES FIR/ 
! NATURE ( ! PRES5T HI/ORICAL P]IOD4 ,IT IS /ILL ! ,MANAG]IAL 
,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS REVOLUTION1 HE SAYS1 0WAS 9 FACT ANTICIPAT$ & ITS 
G5]AL C\RSE PR$ICT$ BY ! MOD]N ,MA*IAVELLIANS MORE ?AN A G5]ATION 
AGO40 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS NOT SO4 ,ALL ?AT ,MOSCA1 ,MI*ELS1 & ,P>ETO 
0PR$ICT$0 WAS ?AT !RE ALWAYS WILL BE RUL]S & RUL$1 & 
?AT A TRULY SOCIALI/IC SOCIETY IS AN IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,?IS VIEW1 AS EV]YONE 
KN[S1 WAS %>$ BY ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9 ALL NATIONS4 ,IT WAS 
*ALL5G$ ONLY BY ?OSE :O OPPOS$ CAPITALISM4 

,?IS ,MA*IAVELLIAN 0PR$ICTION10 FUR!RMORE1 HAS BE5 PROV5 
0TRUE0 ONLY = PEOPLE :O ASS]T ?AT ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 
*ANGES 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY W]E ( AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ NATURE ?AT HAVE 
L$ TO NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS & A NEW =M ( SOCIETY4 ,)\T ?IS ASS]TION 
! 0PR$ICTION0 W\LD BE MEAN+LESS4 ,IT W\LD AM\NT TO SAY+ 
?AT CAPITALISM CONSI/S ( RUL]S & RUL$4 ,NOBODY EV] D\BT$ ?AT4 
,H[EV]1 ,BOL%EVISM1 ,FASCISM1 & ,NAZISM >E TRANS=MATIONS ( CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY :I* HAVE LEFT 9TACT ITS BASIC RELATION%IP1 ?AT IS1 ! DIVORCE ( 
! WORK]S FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! CONSEQU5T EXPLOITATION ( ! 
MANY BY ! FEW4 ,!SE TRANS=MATIONS CANNOT PROVE ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( 
SOCIALISM & ! CORRECTNESS ( ! ,MA*IAVELLIAN PO9T ( VIEW4 ,!Y W]E 
DESIGN$ FROM ! FIR/ EI!R TO SAFEGU>D ! EXI/+ BASIC CAPITALI/ 
RELATION%IPS OR1 9 BACKW>D NATIONS1 TO 9/ALL !M MORE SECURELY 9 ORD] 
TO C\NT]ACT ! ONSLAU<T ( IMP]IALISM4 ,! ,MA*IAVELLIAN 
0PR$ICTION0 CONSI/S ( NO?+ MORE ?AN ! EMPTY /ATEM5T ?AT 
SOCIALISM IS NOT POSSIBLE BECAUSE IT IS NOT H]E4 

,= ,BURNHAM1 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAS ! RE/RICT$ MEAN+ ( A 
0COMP>ATIVELY RAPID %IFT 9 ! COMPOSITION & /RUCTURE ( ! ELITE 
& 9 ! MODE ( ITS RELATION TO ! NON-ELITE40 ,YET EV5 9 ?IS 
RE/RICT$ S5SE ONE CANNOT DEF9E ! PRES5T FASCI/ MOVEM5T AS A 
REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T =1 ?\< 9 %IFTS ! COMPOSITION & /RUCTURE ( 
! ELITE1 IT DOES NOT ALT] ! MODE ( ! RELATION ( ! ELITE TO ! 
NON-ELITE4 ,BECAUSE ?IS LATT] RELATION IS NOT *ANG$1 ,BURNHAM HAS TO CONF9E 
HIMSELF TO ! MORE SUP]FICIAL ASPECTS ( ! CONDITIONS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,HE 
NAMES AS ! 0PR9CIPAL0 ONE ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! 
9/ITUTIONS & ! TE*NOLOGY ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION 9 HIS VIEW1 
H[EV]1 IS M]ELY ! RESULT ( ! 9CAPACITIES ( ! OLD ELITE2 !Y >ISE 
NOT FROM ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION BUT FROM ! DEG5]ATION ( ! 
RUL+ CLASS :I*1 9/EAD ( BE+ SELF-CONFID5T & REALI/ICALLY BRUTAL1 
BECOMES CULTURAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL & 9T]E/$ 9 ! PURSUIT ( S5SU\S 
PLEASURES4 ,& ALSO BECAUSE ?IS ELITE REFUSES TO ASSIMILATE ! NEW UP-/>TS 
CLAMOR+ = P[]4 

,! NEW ELITE1 N[ 9 =MATION1 WILL 9CLUDE ELEM5TS ( ! OLD4 ,BUT ! 
NEW ELITE - SPECIFICALLY1 ! MANAG]S ( 9DU/RY & 
PR(ESSIONAL SOLDI]S - WILL DOM9ATE SOCIETY & DET]M9E FUTURE 
EV5TS4 ,! :OLE CONT5T ( ! 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 N[ 9 
PROGRESS CONSI/S1 = ,BURNHAM1 9 ! FACT ?AT ! MANAG]S HAVE GA9$ MORE 
P[] 9 DET]M9+ ! POLICY ( P>TICUL> 5T]PRISES1 TRU/S1 & C>TELS 
?AN !Y POSSESS$ PREVI\SLY1 & 9 ! FACT ?AT BECAUSE ( ! W> ! 
PR(ESSIONAL SOLDI] CAME TO ! =E4 ,H[EV]1 AS ,ROB]T ,S4 ,LYND HAS PUT IT1 
0BEH9D ! FICTION ( ! 'MANAG] CLASS' 444 /&S ! 
SAME OLD P[]4 ',! VOICE IS ,JACOB'S VOICE1 BUT ! H&S >E ! 
H&S ( ,ESAU'40 ,! SOLDI]S & MANAG]S ( ,BURNHAM'S 
0WORLD REVOLUTION0 TOGE!R ) ALL O!R CAPITALI/IC GR\PS & 
9T]E/S >E NOT \T TO MAKE A REVOLUTION2 RA!R1 !Y /RIVE TO PREV5T A 
POSSIBLE REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,( C\RSE FROM A 
,MA*IAVELLIAN1 ?AT IS1 FROM A CAPITALI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 ! *ANGE ( ! 
ELITE IS EV]Y?+ & ! REAL SOCIAL MOVEM5T NO?+1 = CAPITALI/ICALLY 
ONE CAN ASS]T ONESELF ONLY 9 A 0REVOLUTION0 :I* 9VOLVES NO 
MORE ?AN A *ANGE ( ! ELITE4 ,9 A REVOLUTION :I* ATTEMPTS TO 5D ! 
0CIRCULATION ( ELITES10 ,MA*IAVELLIANISM CANNOT S]VE AS A GUIDE 
TO ACTION4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION CAN NEV] BE 
0,MA*IAVELLIAN40 ,IT CAN1 H[EV]1 APPRECIATE ,MA*IAVELLI AS A 
B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONI/ 9 POLITICS4 ,BUT ,BURNHAM'S 0MOD]N 
,MA*IAVELLIANS0 DO NOT ?9K & ACT AS ,MA*IAVELLI DID1 ?AT IS1 AS A 
REVOLUTION>Y =CE \T TO DE/ROY A CONS]VATIVE =CE4 ,!IR WORLD IS NOT 
,MA*IAVELLI'S 0REAL WORLD ( SPACE & TIME & HI/ORY40 
,!Y >E M]ELY APOLOGI/S ( CAPITALISM1 = ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION IS LONG 
PA/4 ,TODAY A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T IS EXCLUSIVELY ( ! NON-ELITE1 OR IT IS 
NOT REVOLUTION>Y4 ,! !ORY ( ! NON-ELITE1 H[EV]1 IS /ILL BE/ 
DEVELOP$ 9 ,M>XISM4 ,& ?US ! L9E ( REVOLUTION>Y ?9K+ DOES NOT LEAD 
FROM ,MA*IAVELLI TO ,MOSCA1 ,MI*ELS & ,P>ETO1 BUT FROM ,MA*IAVELLI TO 
,M>X4 

,DEMOCRACY IS ! SECOND PROBLEM ,BURNHAM DEALS )4 ,HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE 
=CES US1 HE SAYS1 TO CONCLUDE ?AT DEMOCRACY1 9 ! S5SE ( 
0SELF-GOV]NM5T10 IS AN IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,! PSY*OLOGICAL 
T5D5CIES & TE*NICAL CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 AS %[N BY ! 
,MA*IAVELLIANS1 R$UCE DEMOCRACY TO A MY?1 =MULA1 OR D]IVATION4 ,AS A MY? 
IT HELPS1 ( C\RSE1 TO MAKE ! RUL+ M9ORITY SECURE & TO PREV5T ! 
DIS9TEGRATION ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,AS A =MULA1 DEMOCRACY IS US$ TODAY 
TO /R5G!N ! 9T]NATIONAL TR5D T[>DS ,BONAP>TISM4 ,BUT IT IS WRONG TO 
?9K1 HE ADDS1 ?AT ,BONAP>TISM VIOLATES ! =MULA ( DEMOCRACY2 IT IS 
RA!R ! LOGICAL & HI/ORICAL CULM9ATION ( ! DEMOCRATIC MY?4 

,DEMOCRACY CAN1 H[EV]1 BE DEF9$ 9 O!R T]MS ?AN ?AT ( 
SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,IT CAN BE DEF9$1 ,BURNHAM SAYS1 AS A SY/EM 9 :I* 
0LIB]TY0 EXI/S1 ?AT IS1 0JURIDICAL DEF5SE0 OR ! 
0RI<T TO OPPOSITION40 ,SO DEF9$1 DEMOCRACY IS NOT A MY?4 ,9 ?IS 
S5SE IT IS A NECESS>Y CONDITION ( SCI5TIFIC ADVANCE & ! ONLY EFFECTIVE 
*ECK ON ! P[] ( ! GOV]N+ ELITE1 = ONLY P[] CAN RE/RA9 
P[]4 

,?IS DEF9ITION IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! NECESS>Y ONE = ,MA*IAVELLIANISM4 
,)\T IT1 ! !ORY ( ! 0CIRCULATION ( ELITES0 W\LD HAVE NO 
BASE TO RE/ UPON4 ,IF !RE W]E NOT ! RI<T TO OPPOSITION1 !RE W\LD BE NO 
NEW ELITE ABLE TO OPPOSE ! OLD4 ,& ALSO ! 0PLURALI/IC VIEW0 
( HI/ORY W\LD SUFF] GREATLY IF !RE W]E NOT A NUMB] ( 0SOCIAL 
=CES0 9 SOCIETY1 F\<T OR US$ BY ! OPPOS+ ELITES4 ,& ?US IT 
TURNS \T ?AT A 0TRUE ,MA*IAVELLIAN0 MU/ DEF5D 
0LIB]TY0 AS AGA9/ ! C5TRALI/IC T5D5CIES 9 ! PREVAIL+ 
SOCIETY4 ,BEH9D ,BURNHAM'S REASON+ /ILL /&S ! SAME OLD LAISSEZ 
FAIRE IDEOLOGY4 

0,LIB]TY0 IS POSSIBLE ONLY1 HE SAYS1 IF NO S+LE =CE AMONG 
! V>I\S 0SOCIAL =CES0 5UM]AT$ BY ,MOSCA BECOMES /RONG 
5\< TO SWALL[ UP ! RE/4 ,TO BE SURE1 HE ADMITS ?AT PRES5T-DAY 
DEVELOPM5T T5DS TO DE/ROY ! BASIS = SOCIAL OPPOSITION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE 
IS NOT 0YET CONV9C$ ?AT FRE$OM 444 IS IMPOSSIBLE40 
,PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ PROP]TY RI<TS 9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 EV5 UND] 
TRU/ & MONOPOLY CONDITIONS1 HE SAYS1 0W]E A SUFFICI5T FRAGM5TATION 
( ECONOMIC P[] TO PROVIDE A BASIS = LIB]TY40 ,COMPLETE /ATE CONTROL 
( ALL ECONOMIC P[] DE/ROYS ?IS BASIS4 ,BUT ONE DOES NOT NE$ TO DEF5D ! 
FIR/ 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! SECOND1 = !RE >E O!R MEANS ?AN CAPITALI/ 
PROP]TY RI<TS TO PREV5T C5TRALIZATION4 ,! /ATE ITSELF1 ,BURNHAM SUGGE/S 
VAGUELY1 C\LD BE DEC5TRALIZ$ OR ORGANIZATIONS ALONG SYNDICALI/ & 
CORPORATIVE L9ES C\LD BE 9/ITUT$4 

,TO MAKE ! DEF5SE ( ,MA*IAVELLIAN 0DEMOCRACY0 MORE TO ! 
TA/E ( ! NON-ELITE1 ,BURNHAM DISCOV]S F9ALLY ?AT 0?R\< A CURI\S 
& 9DIRECT R\TE BY WAY ( FRE$OM1 WE RETURN TO SELF-GOV]NM5T1 :I* WE 
W]E UNABLE TO DISCOV] BY ANY DIRECT PA?40 ,! EXI/5CE ( AN 
OPPOSITION 9 SOCIETY1 HE SAYS1 9DICATES A CLEAVAGE 9 ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,9 A 
SOCIETY ) PUBLIC OPPOSITION1 ! CONFLICT )9 ! RUL+ CLASS CANNOT BE 
SOLV$ )9 ! RUL+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,S9CE RULE DEP5DS UPON ! ABILITY TO 
CONTROL ! EXI/+ SOCIAL =CES1 ! OPPOSITION SEEKS TO DRAW =CES TO ITS 
SIDE4 ,IT MU/ PROMISE C]TA9 B5EFITS TO V>I\S GR\PS &1 :5 9 P[]1 IT 
MU/ KEEP SOME ( !SE PROMISES4 ,& ?US ! 0MASSES1 BLOCK$ BY ! 
IRON LAW ( OLIG>*Y FROM DIRECTLY & DELIB]ATELY RUL+ 
!MSELVES1 >E ABLE TO LIMIT & CONTROL1 9DIRECTLY1 ! P[] ( !IR 
RUL]S40 ,?IS TRICKY BUS9ESS IS1 ( C\RSE1 ONLY ANO!R =MULATION ( 
,HEGEL'S 0CUNN+ ( REASON0 & ( ,ADAM ,SMI?'S 
09VISIBLE H&40 ,& UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES !SE IDEAS 
CONTA9 SOME TRU?1 = ! ABS5CE ( REGULATION IS ITSELF A K9D ( 
REGULATION1 & ! V>I\S LIMITATIONS ?AT BESET ! ACTIONS ( ! RUL+ 
CLASS GIVE TO ITS BEHAVIOR A C]TA9 DIRECTION4 ,YET IT IS PLA9 NONS5SE TO SAY 
?AT ! MASSES CONTROL !IR RUL]S BECAUSE !Y >E CONTROLL$ BY !M4 

,TO MAKE PROMISES & TO KEEP PROMISES >E TWO DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,AT TIMES ! 
=M] 0,M>XI/0 9 ,BURNHAM RECOGNIZES ?AT 0! G5]AL 
PATT]N ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS DET]M9$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE & BY 
O!R FACTORS QUITE BEYOND ! LIKELIHOOD ( HUMAN CONTROL40 ,AT O!R 
TIMES1 H[EV]1 HE =GETS ?AT !RE >E OBJECTIVE LIMITS TO ! ACTIONS ( 
M5 & ! ACTIONS ( ELITES4 ,AT ANY RATE1 HE DOES NOT TR\BLE HIMSELF TO F9D 
\T 9 :AT SITUATIONS ! LIFE-CONDITIONS ( ! NON-ELITE MAY BE IMPROV$ BY 
WAY ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! \T-ELITE & ! 9-ELITE1 & UND] :AT 
CONDITIONS ! /RUGGLE ( ELITES IS UNABLE TO AFFECT ! LIFE ( ! MASSES 9 
O!R WAYS ?AN NEGATIVE ONES4 ,BUT )\T SU* CONCRETE 9VE/IGATION1 ! 
IDEA ( ! 09DIRECT RULE0 ( ! MASSES CAN S]VE ONLY 
IDEOLOGICAL PURPOSES4 ,IT SWEET5S ! 0BITT] TRU?0 ?AT MA/]S 
!RE MU/ BE1 & IT SOO!S ! CONSCI5CE ( ! ELITE :I*1 AFT] ALL1 
APPE>S N[ AS ! S]VANT ( ! PEOPLE4 

,WE COME N[ TO ! LA/ QUE/ION RAIS$ BY ,BURNHAM3 ,CAN POLITICS BE 
SCI5TIFIC8 ,! QUE/ION ITSELF HE F9DS AMBIGU\S4 ,BE=E IT CAN BE ANSW]$1 
HE SAYS1 IT MU/ BE RESOLV$ 9TO SEV]AL MORE PRECISE QUE/IONS1 #a7 CAN !RE 
BE A SCI5CE ( POLITICS & SOCIETY1 #b7 CAN ! MASSES ACT SCI5TIFICALLY 9 
POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 & #c7 CAN ! ELITE1 OR SOME SECTION ( ! ELITE1 ACT 
SCI5TIFICALLY8 

,! FIR/ QUE/ION HE ANSW]S ) YES1 = ALL ?AT IS NE$$ H]E1 HE 
SAYS1 IS ! RECORD+ & SY/EMATIZATION ( OBS]VABLE EV5TS1 FROM :I* 
G5]ALIZATIONS & HYPO!SES CAN BE D]IV$ & :I* CAN BE TE/$ ?R\< 
PR$ICTIONS AB\T FUTURE EV5TS4 ,?AT A SOCIAL & POLITICAL SCI5CE IS 
POSSIBLE HE DEMON/RATES ) ACADEMIC RESE>*ES 9 SU* FIELDS AS MORTALITY1 
DISEASES1 C]TA9 ECONOMIC FACTS1 SUICIDE1 CRIME1 LIT]ACY & SO ON4 ,! WORK 
( ! ,MA*IAVELLIANS & SOME F9D+S ( ,M>X HE ALSO (F]S 9 SUPPORT ( 
HIS AFFIRMATIVE ANSW]4 

,ONE CANNOT D5Y ?AT ! APPLICATION ( SCI5TIFIC ME?OD TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS 
HAS YIELD$ SOME RESULTS4 ,9DE$1 AS ,PEGUY ONCE SAID1 UND] CAPITALISM ONE 
KN[S MORE & MORE AB\T LESS & LESS4 ,SCI5CE HAS 9CREAS$ ! KN[L$GE ( 
DETAILS4 ,BUT ?IS KN[L$GE1 TOO1 L>GELY S]VES ! RUL+ CLASS & ! 
SOCIETY IT CALLS ITS [N4 ,LIKE EV]Y?+ ELSE 9 CAPITALISM1 SCI5CE IS P>TLY 
REAL & P>TLY IDEOLOGICAL4 ,S9CE ?IS IS SO IT IS NOT 0NEUTRAL0 
BUT1 LIKE ANY O!R ACTIVITY1 MA*9E1 OR ORGANIZATION IT HAS ! TW(OLD 
PURPOSE ( MAK+ SOCIAL LIFE SECURE 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! LIFE ( ! RUL+ 
CLASSES SECURE4 ,IT CAN FUNCTION ONLY 9 ?IS D\BLE S5SE OR IT IS REJECT$ AS 
SUBV]SIVE & ?US AS 0UNSCI5TIFIC40 ,TO BE SURE1 9 C]TA9 
FIELDS ( SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION ! TWO-FOLD *>ACT] ( SCI5CE1 ?\< 
NEV] TOTALLY ABS5T1 IS ALMO/ COMPLETELY HIDD54 ,BUT 9 REG>D TO POLITICAL 
& SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 IT IS NOT SCI5CE ?AT RULES BUT CLASS 9T]E/S4 

,! SECOND QUE/ION- :E!R OR NOT ! MASSES CAN ACT 
SCI5TIFICALLY- ,BURNHAM ANSW]S 9 ! NEGATIVE4 ,TO ?9K SCI5TIFICALLY1 
HE SAYS1 MEANS TO CONSCI\SLY SELECT REAL GOALS & TO TAKE ! PROP] 
PRACTICAL /EPS = REA*+ ?OSE GOALS4 ,SCI5TIFIC PROC$URE1 HE SAYS1 9 
ANSW] TO HIS LA/ QUE/ION1 IS POSSIBLE = SECTIONS ( ! ELITE4 ,! 
IGNORANCE ( ! MASSES AS TO ! ME?ODS ( ADM9I/RATION & RULE1 ! FACT 
?AT !Y MU/ SP5D !IR 5]GIES ON ! B>E MAK+ ( A LIV+1 A LACK ( 
AMBITION & RU?LESSNESS & SO ON1 PREV5TS ! MASSES FROM ACT+ 
SCI5TIFICALLY4 ,IT IS DIFF]5T ) ! ELITE4 ,COMPRIS+ SECTIONS SMALL] 
?AN ! L>GE MASS GR\PS1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ELITE KN[ ALL AB\T 
ADM9I/RATION & RULE2 !Y DO NOT HAVE TO MAKE !IR [N LIV+ & HAVE ! 
TIME TO CULTIVATE !IR POLITICAL SKILL4 ,!Y >E AMBITI\S & RU?LESS & 
?US ABLE TO PROCE$ LOGICALLY4 

,= ,BURNHAM IT IS A 0REALI/IC GOAL0 TO /AY 9 OR TO 5T] ! 
ELITE4 0,REAL MEANS0 TO REA* ?IS GOAL >E =CE & FRAUD4 ,AS F> 
AS POLITICS IS CONC]N$1 O!R GOALS & O!R MEANS >E NON-LOGICAL1 = 
SOCIETY IS =EV] CONDEMN$ TO BE DIVID$ BETWE5 RUL]S & RUL$4 ,! 
CRIT]ION = LOGICAL BEHAVIOR IS SUCCESS4 ,9DIVIDUALS1 HE SAYS1 CAN 0BY 
DELIB]ATE SCI5TIFIC MEANS1 RISE 9TO ! V]Y TOP RANK ( SOCIAL & 
POLITICAL P[]40 ,BUT !Y MU/ TAKE ! APPROPRIATE /EPS TO SECURE 
!IR P[] & PRIVILEGE4 ,!Y MU/ NOT FALL VICTIMS TO MY?S BUT PROCE$ 
SCI5TIFICALLY AS PREVI\SLY DESCRIB$4 ,A 0LOGICALLY ACT+0 RUL+ 
CLASS IS A BLESS+ = ! RUL$1 = !RE IS (T5 0A C]TA9 
CORRELATION BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( ! RUL]S & ! 9T]E/S ( ! 
RUL$40 ,SU* RUL+ ELITE WILL NOT FAIL TO KEEP ITS RANKS OP54 ,?IS TOO1 
B5EFITS SOME ( ! RUL$ & 0P]MITS A GREAT] EXPANSION ( CREATIVE 
SOCIAL 5]GIES40 ,TO KEEP ! RANKS OP5 IS 0LIB]TY0 & 
?IS 0LIB]TY0 IS A SAFEGU>D AGA9/ BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION 444 
& A PROTECTION AGA9/ REVOLUTION40 

,! GI/ ( ,BURNHAM'S WRIT+ CONSI/S ( A PLEA1 DIRECT$ AT ! 
RUL+ CLASS 9 ! SO-CALL$ DEMOCRATIC NATIONS1 TO LE>N FROM ! EXAMPLE ( 
,BOL%EVISM1 ,FASCISM1 & ,NAZISM :AT TO DO & :AT NOT TO DO 9 ORD] TO /AY 
9 P[]4 ,! 0,MA*IAVELLIAN WAY0 IS TO DEF5D 
0FRE$OM40 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 ALSO A WAY TO DE/ROY IT4 ,IF IT CAN DO 
BO? EQUALLY WELL1 IT IS 9DEP5D5T ( A P>TICUL> =M ( SOCIETY OR A 
DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL P]IOD4 ,IT IS !RE=E M]ELY 9CONSI/5T ( ,BURNHAM TO 
MA9TA9 ?AT A TRUE ,MA*IAVELLIAN %\LD ADAPT HIS ACTIONS 0TO ! BROAD 
PATT]N ( SOCIAL *ANGE E/ABLI%$ BY FACTORS BEYOND DELIB]ATE HUMAN 
CONTROL40 ,IF !SE 0BROAD PATT]N0 *ANGE A LIB]AL 9TO A 
FASCI/ SOCIETY1 A ,MA*IAVELLIAN MU/ ALSO *ANGE FROM A DEF5D] TO A 
DE/ROY] ( 0FRE$OM40 ,BUT IF HIS ACTIONS >E DET]M9$ BY SOCIAL 
*ANGES 9DEP5D5T ( ! ACTIONS ( M51 !N1 :ATEV] A ,MA*IAVELLIAN DOES 
WILL BE DET]M9$ NOT BY HIS 0SCI5TIFIC0 & DELIB]ATE ACTIVITY1 
BUT 9/EAD1 ?IS SO-CALL$ 0SCI5TIFIC0 & DELIB]ATE ACTIVITY 
WILL BE DET]M9$ BY UNCONTROLLABLE SOCIAL *ANGES4 ,BURNHAM'S >GUM5T1 
F9ALLY1 BOILS D[N TO HIS ADMISSION ?AT1 ?\< ! ,MA*IAVELLIANS DO NOT 
KN[ :AT MAKES = SOCIAL *ANGE1 !Y HAVE LE>N$ NEV]!LESS ?AT ALL 
PREVI\S *ANGES DID NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT SOME PEOPLE RUL$ & O!RS W]E 
RUL$4 ,!RE=E1 ! SM>T MAN WILL BE A LIB]AL ) ! LIB]ALS & A 
FASCI/ ) ! FASCI/1 BUT HE WILL ALWAYS TRY TO BE ON TOP4 

,AL?\<1 ACCORD+ TO ,BURNHAM1 0LOGICAL ACTIONS0 OP5 ! WAY 
9TO ! ELITE1 !Y DO NOT 9SURE LEAD]%IP4 ,9 ORD] TO USE & CONTROL ! 
MASSES1 ! LEAD]S MU/ /OOP TO !IR LEVEL ( NON-LOGICAL ?9K+4 
0,! POLITICAL LIFE ( ! MASSES & ! COHESION ( SOCIETY10 HE 
SAYS1 0DEM& ! ACCEPTANCE ( MY?S40 ,! LEAD]S MU/ PR(ESS 
BELIEF 9 MY?S - 9 %ORT1 !Y MU/ LIE1 = ( C\RSE !Y KN[ 
BETT]4 ,S9CE IT IS H>D TO LIE CONT9U\SLY1 ! LI>S (T5 FALL VICTIM TO 
!IR [N LIES4 ,! DECEIV]S DECEIVE !MSELVES4 ,!Y CEASE TO BE 
0SCI5TIFIC0 & 9 CONSEQU5CE ! :OLE SOCIETY SUFF]S4 ,! 
0MO/ %ATT]+ CRISIS ( RECORD$ HI/ORY10 :I* WE >E 
EXP]I5C+ TODAY1 IS AN EXAMPLE ( :AT HAPP5S :5 AN ELITE CEASES TO BE 
SCI5TIFIC ) ! LIE4 ,H[EV]1 ALL IS NOT YET LO/4 ,BURNHAM /ILL BELIEVES 
?AT \R SOCIETY WILL 0SOMEH[0 SURVIVE1 BECAUSE \T ( ITS PRES5T 
CRISIS A NEW ELITE ( BETT] SCI5TI/S & GREAT] LI>S MAY EM]GE :O 
P]HAPS CAN /ABILIZE SOCIETY ONCE MORE4 

,ALL ?AT CAN BE SAID AB\T ,BURNHAM'S 0SCI5CE0 IS ?AT IT 
YIELDS NO MORE ?AN A FEW ORD9>Y OBS]VATIONS AS TO ! 
0*>ACT]0 ( ! ELITE & A RE-/ATEM5T ( ! LONG-KN[N 
DIFF]5CE BETWE5 REALITY & IDEOLOGY4 ,! 0LOGIC0 ( ! ELITE 
& ! 0NON-LOGIC0 ( ! MASSES IS ( C\RSE ID5TICAL ) ! 
RELATION%IP BETWE5 [N]S & NON-[N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 
APPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY A SPECIAL CLASS1 ! DIVISION ( 
LABOR1 & ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION & COMM]CE G5]ALLY CREAT$ A 
P>TICUL> SOCIAL RELATION%IP :I* GAVE RISE TO ! PREVAIL+ IDEOLOGY4 
,BECAUSE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E NOT DIRECTLY ! PRODUC]S' TOOLS = 
MAK+ A LIV+1 BUT /& AP>T FROM & OPPOS$ TO !M AS CAPITAL1 
PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT CAPITAL IS NE$$ TO SECURE ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIETY4 ,! 
WORK]S F9D IT NECESS>Y = !IR EXI/5CE4 ,! CAPITALI/S >E CONV9C$ 
?AT )\T !M1 WORK & LIFE C\LD NOT BE C>RI$ ON4 ,BECAUSE 
CLASS-DIVISION PROHIBITS ! DIRECT COORD9ATION ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION TO SOCIAL 
NE$S1 ! 9DIRECT & R\ND-AB\T COORD9ATION :I* IS SEEM+LY BR\<T 
AB\T BY WAY ( ! M>KET1 OR BY WAY ( 0PLANN+0 = CLASS 
PURPOSES1 CREATES ! ILLUSION ?AT ! M>KET OR ! 0PLANN]S0 
>E NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = ! SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 NOT EV5 
?AT 0ORD]0 :I* CAN BE DISCOV]$ 9 CAPITALISM IS BR\<T AB\T 
BY WAY ( EX*ANGE OR BY WAY ( MONOPOLI/IC PLANN+1 BUT - & 9 SPITE 
( !SE FACTORS - BY UND]LY+ SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION :I* ! 
B\RGEOIS M9D REFUSES TO UND]/&4 ,IT IS BR\<T AB\T BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( 
! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION :I* LEAD TO CRISES & :I* HELP TO OV]COME 
!M1 BUT :I* MAKE IT 9CREAS+LY MORE DIFFICULT TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS BY 
WAY ( EXI/+ CLASS RELATIONS4 ,! NE$S ( SOCIETY & ! 9T]E/S ( ITS 
RUL]S HAVE DIV]G$ MORE & MORE1 UNTIL SOCIETY F9DS ITSELF CON/ANTLY 9 
CRISIS CONDITIONS4 ,UNABLE TO SOLVE ?IS CONTRADICTION BASICALLY BY 5D+ ! 
CLASS RELATION%IP1 IT APPE>S TO ! B\RGEOIS M9D AS A M]E1 ?\< 
CONT9U\S1 POLITICAL /RUGGLE = P[] POSITIONS4 ,H5CE ! MOD]N 
,MA*IAVELLIANS4 ,IF = ,P>ETO ! ORD9>Y CAPITALI/ COMPETITION WAS A 
0CIRCULATION ( ELITES10 ! 0REVOLUTION0 ( :I* HE 
SPEAKS IS ONLY ! ORD9>Y CRISIS OCCURR+ 9 CAPITALISM4 

,! PREVAIL+ IDEOLOGY RESULTS FROM EXI/+ CLASS RELATIONS4 ,IT HOLDS SWAY 
OV] BO? RUL]S & RUL$4 ,9 CAPITALISM ! RUL]S HAVE ! ADVANTAGES4 ,?AT 
IS :Y !Y RULE4 ,!Y HAVE !M BY VIRTUE ( !IR CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION4 ,TO MAKE ?IS CONTROL SECURE1 !IR RULE IS EXT5D$ OV] ! MEANS 
( DE/RUCTION4 ,! WORK]S HAVE NO?+ BUT !IR LABOR P[] &1 AT TIMES1 
!IR P[]LESS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!IR BEHAVIOR IS NECESS>ILY 
0NON-LOGICAL0 BECAUSE1 LACK+ ! MEANS TO REA* OBJECTIVES 
FAVORABLE TO !MSELVES1 !Y HAVE NO SU* OBJECTIVES4 ,!IR ACCEPTANCE ( ! 
RUL+ IDEOLOGY 9DICATES !IR LACK ( P[]4 ,! RUL+ CLASS1 ON ! O!R 
H&1 HAS ALL ! P[]4 ,IT CAN AF=D TO ADH]E TO ANY IDEOLOGY4 ,G5]ALLY1 IT 
ACCEPTS ! OBVI\S ONE :I* GR[S \T ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,IT 
CAN ALSO BE 0SCI5TIFIC10 ?AT IS1 RECOGNIZE :]E ITS REAL P[] 
LIES4 ,IT CAN BE AW>E ( ! FUNCTION ( IDEOLOGY & ALSO ( ! FACT ?AT 
IDEOLOGIES >E P]I%ABLE4 ,BUT :E!R ! RUL]S >E 0SCI5TIFIC10 
OR 0DECEIV$ DECEIV]S10 9 ANY CASE !Y HAVE ! P[] & 
EX]CISE IT 9 !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,AT TIMES1 ( C\RSE1 !Y MAY TRU/ TOO 
MU* TO ! =CE ( IDEOLOGY1 OR NEGLECT NECESS>Y IDEOLOGICAL 
0RE=MS10 OR FAIL TO COORD9ATE IDEOLOGY PROP]LY ) MILIT>Y 
& ECONOMIC 9/RUM5TS ( CLASS RULE4 ,& !N !Y MAY BE PU%$ ASIDE BY 
O!R POLITICIANS RID+ 9 ON ! CRE/ ( MOVEM5TS1 BREAK+ ?R\< ! 
ACTUAL & IDEOLOGICAL B\ND>IES ?AT 5CLOSE ! MASSES4 ,OR ! 5TR5*$ 
RUL]S MAY BE =C$ TO %>E !IR P[] ) ! UP/>TS :O >E READY TO 
REPLACE !M4 

,! 0LOGIC0 ( ! RUL]S IS1 H[EV]1 NO MORE ?AN A FUNCTION 
( !IR P[]1 JU/ AS ! 0NON-LOGIC0 ( ! MASSES /EMS FROM 
!IR LACK ( P[]4 ,IF ! SITUATIONS W]E REV]S$1 SO W\LD ! DI/RIBUTION 
( 0LOGIC0 BETWE5 RUL]S & RUL$ BE REV]S$4 ,A SUCCESSFUL 
REVOLUTION BY A SUPPRESS$ CLASS WILL 0PROVE0 ?AT ! DEFEAT$ DID 
NOT ACT 0SCI5TIFICALLY40 ,! NEW CLASS 9 P[] WILL HAVE 
0LOGIC0 ON ITS SIDE4 ,SO IT HAS BE5 9 ALL B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS 9 
:I* ONE GR\P ( EXPLOIT]S WAS PU%$ \T ( P[] BY ANO!R GR\P4 ,! 
B\RGEOIS ]A WAS ! 0]A ( 5LI<T5M5T10 OR 
0RATIONALISM40 ,YET IT DID NOT SOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( SOCIETY1 NOT 
EV5 ! PROBLEMS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 ! NAME ( 0SCI5CE0 IT 
SPREAD A NEW K9D ( *AOS ALL OV] ! WORLD4 

,! CONTROLL]S >E CONTROLL$ BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC =CES BEYOND !IR 
COMPREH5SION4 ,!Y >E NOT M]ELY 0DECEIV$0 BY !IR [N 
HOME-MADE MY?S1 BUT SUBJECT$ TO ! SOCIAL AN>*Y :I* !Y CANNOT 5D 
)\T 5D+ !IR [N EXI/5CE AS A RUL+ CLASS4 ,BE+ P[]LESS 9 ! 
FACE ( ! REAL PROBLEMS :I* PLAGUE SOCIETY - DESPITE ALL !IR P[] 
OV] ! MASSES - ! RUL]S1 TOO1 F9D REFUGE 9 IDEOLOGY :I* SOME ( 
!IR SPOKESM5 N[ PREF] TO CALL 0SCI5CE40 

,IF ! EVID5CE ( ! PA/ %[S ANY?+1 IT %[S ?AT MAN HAS *ANG$ 
MANY ?+S - HIS SURR\ND+S1 HIS LIFE CONDITIONS1 & HIMSELF4 ,UNTIL 
N[ HE HAS LEFT UNDI/URB$ ! CLASS DIVISION ( SOCIETY4 ,TO DO AWAY ) ?IS 
RELATION%IP PRE-SUPPOSES ! REMOVAL ( MANY OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( A 
RATIONAL SOCIETY1 =EMO/ AMONG !M AN 9SUFFICI5T SOCIAL PRODUCTIVITY4 
,H[EV]1 MORE & MORE ( !SE OB/ACLES >E DISAPPE>+2 ! TIME SEEMS NE> 
:5 ANO!R DECISIVE SOCIAL *ANGE MAY BE BR\<T AB\T4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ( ?IS 
?AT ! RUL+ CLASS /RIVES H>D] ?AN EV] TO SAFEGU>D ! CLASS NATURE ( 
SOCIETY4 ,BUT ! MORE 0SCI5TIFIC0 IT BECOMES 9 ORD] TO SECURE 
ITS [N EXI/5CE1 ! MORE IT DISRUPTS ! CONDITIONS ( CLASS RULE ,YET ITS 
5ORM\S (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALITY MAKES IT APPE> 
/RONG] ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,! P[]LESS 9 SOCIETY >E MORE ?AN EV] 
CONSCI\S ( !IR WEAKNESS1 !Y B5D !IR HEADS /ILL L[]4 ,! FRI<T5$ 
9TELLECTUALS RU% =W>D TO SWE> NEW ALLEGIANCE TO ! DOM9ANT P[]S4 ,9 
ORD] TO MA9TA9 SOME SORT ( SELF-RESPECT !Y DO NOT HESITATE TO REPRES5T 
!IR FE> AS 0SCI5TIFIC 9SI<T40 ,YET ALL ! :ILE1 ! 
CONTRADICTION BETWE5 CLASS RULE & SOCIAL NE$S IS GR[+4 

,! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E /ILL 9 ! H&S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,BUT TO 
KEEP !M !RE1 ! MEANS ( DE/RUCTION >E N[ PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( ! 
MASSES4 ,) SU* MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL1 !Y CAN N[ HAVE OBJECTIVES4 ,!Y 
CAN BECOME 0LOGICAL0 & 0SCI5TIFIC40 ,9 TIMES ( 
GREAT SOCIAL CRISIS IDEOLOGIES WE> AWAY QUICKLY2 NEW ONES CAN H>DLY BE 
DEVELOP$ FA/ 5\< TO TAKE FULL POSSESSION ( M5'S M9DS & TO COV] 
UP & MAKE BE>ABLE ! REALITY ( PRES5T-DAY EXI/5CE1 :I* HAS AS ITS 
5DS DEA? & DE/RUCTION4 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 
OR ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCE1 MAY ALL[1 OR =CE1 ! MASSES TO ACT 9 
ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,IF !Y DO1 !Y CAN ABOLI% CLASSES1 = 
HI/ORY IS MADE NOT BY SOME M51 BUT BY ALL M54 ,IF SOME M5 TRY ONCE MORE TO 
R$UCE = !IR [N N>R[ PURPOSES ! COM+ MASS MOVEM5TS DIRECT$ AGA9/ 
EXI/+ P[]S1 !Y MAY ONCE AGA9 SUCCE$4 ,YET !Y CANNOT SUCCE$ 9 
T]M9AT+ ! SOCIAL CRISIS :I* HAS ITS BASIS1 F9ALLY1 9 NO?+ BUT ! 
NEGLECT$ NE$ = ABOLI%+ CLASS RELATIONS 9 ORD] ?AT ! EXI/+ 
PRODUCTIVITY MAY BE UTILIZ$ = ! WELF>E ( ALL4 ,BUT !N AGA9 !Y MAY 
NOT SUCCE$1 BECAUSE ! GAP BETWE5 !IR N>R[ GOAL & ! REAL SOCIAL 
NECESSITIES IS ALREADY TOO WIDE4 ,IT MAY PROVE IMPOSSIBLE TO 5D ! PRES5T 
SLAU<T] ( M5 BY M5 9 ANY O!R WAY ?AN BY ! ABOLITION ( ALL SPECIAL 
9T]E/S & PRIVILEGES4 ,:ATEV] HAPP5S1 !RE IS NO S+LE VALID REASON = 
ASSUM+ ?AT CLASSES CANNOT BE ABOLI%$4 ,9/EAD !RE >E MANY VALID REASONS 
= BELIEV+ ?AT ! ABOLITION ( CLASS RELATIONS WILL SOLVE SOME ( ! 
PRES5T'S MO/ URG5T PROBLEMS4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,JAMES ,BURNHAM'S 0,! ,MOD]N ,MA*IAVELLIANS0 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,JAMES ,BURNHAM'S 0,! ,MOD]N ,MA*IAVELLIANS0 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/