,ITALY ,AFT] #aiah 

#aidc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,M>IE ,L\ISE ,B]N]I 

,TEXT 3 

,I4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b#a 

,! ,ITALIAN PEOPLE PLAY$ AN UN5?USIA/IC P>T DUR+ ! LA/ W>4 ,!Y HAD BE5 /RONGLY IMPREGNAT$ ) SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ IDEAS & !Y SAW 9 ! W>1 NOT A /RUGGLE = DEMOCRACY1 BUT ANO!R IMP]IALI/ CONFLICT4 ,! LEFT-W+ P>TIES DID NOT BETRAY !IR 9T]NATIONALI/ IDEALS AS OP5LY AS !Y DID 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 ,A SECTION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY OPPOS$ ! W> ?R\<\T :ILE ! GREAT MAJORITY GAVE IT ONLY LUKEW>M SUPPORT4 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T REFUS$ TO TAKE P>T 9 ! IMP]IALI/ BLOODBA? & CONSI/5TLY OPPOS$ ! W>4 

,! RUL+ CLASS1 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 SOME SUPPORT FROM ! ,ITALIAN PEOPLE1 HAD TO BRIBE !M ) PROMISES2 !Y ASSUR$ ! WORK]S ?AT !Y W\LD GET BETT] CONDITIONS AFT] ! W> & ?AT !Y W\LD GIVE ! L& TO ! PEASANTS4 ,BUT :5 PEACE CAME !Y %[$ NO WILL+NESS TO KEEP !IR PROMISES4 ,! C\NTRY F\ND ITSELF EXTREMELY WEAK5$4 ,IT HAD LO/ ONE MILLION M5 9 ! W>1 & ?OSE :O CAME BACK F\ND NO WORK TO DO4 ,MEAN:ILE ! CO/ ( LIFE HAD GONE UP TREM5D\SLY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD DONE WELL \T ( ! W> & WAS MORE SURE ( ITSELF & >ROGANT ?AN EV]2 9 P>TICUL> ! AGR>IANS 7! L&$ B\RGEOISIE7 W]E RESOLV$ TO DO !IR UTMO/ TO PREV5T ! PEASANTS FROM GA9+ ANY CONCESSIONS4 ,9 #aiai ! :OLE C\NTRY WAS SEE?+ ) DISCONT5T4 ,! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 TIR$ ( WAIT+ = ! IMPROVEM5TS PROMIS$ !M1 BEGAN TO TAKE MATT]S 9 !IR [N H&S4 ,! B\RGEOIS & NATIONALI/ ELEM5TS W]E FRU/RAT$ BY ! ,ALLIES' D5IAL ( ANY %>E ( ! W> BOOTY TO ,ITALY4 ,JU/ AS 9 ,G]MANY ! ,V]SAILLES TREATY WAS ! /EPP+ /ONE = ! ,NAZIS1 9 ,ITALY IT =M$ A BASIS = FASCISM4 

,/RIKES1 LOOT+ ( %OPS1 OCCUPATION ( ! L& BEGAN 9 A SPORADIC & UNORGANIZ$ WAY4 ,! G5]AL ELECTIONS :I* TOOK PLACE ON ! #a#f? ( ,NOVEMB] #aiai GAVE ! ,SOCIALI/S #b1#h#d#f1#e#i#c VOTES :ILE ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES RECEIV$ ?REE & A HALF MILLION VOTES4 ,! NEW LIB]AL GOV]NM5T %[$ ITSELF 9COMPET5T BO? TO RESOLVE ! 9T]NAL ECONOMIC PROBLEM & TO GA9 ,ITALY T]RITORIAL AGGR&IZEM5T R\ND ! DIPLOMATIC TABLES4 ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 RESOLV$ 9 ONE ?+ & ?AT WAS TO CRU% ANY WORK]S' REVOLT4 ,IT CREAT$ A ROYAL GU>D :I* M]CILESSLY CRU%$ ALL DEMON/RATIONS & /RIKES4 

,BUT 9 SPITE ( ! GOV]NM5T'S REPRESSION1 ! MOVEM5T ( /RIKES 9T5SIFI$ ITSELF4 ,IT WAS M]ELY DUE TO ! ECONOMIC SITUATION & TO ! DISPROPORTIONATE 9CREASE 9 ! CO/ ( LIFE4 ,BUT ALREADY 9 ,APRIL #aib ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE ( ,TUR9 %[$ ?AT ! WORK]S WANT$ MORE ?AN ECONOMIC GA9S & ?AT !Y AIM$ AT CONTROLL+ ! 9DU/RIES :I* BELONG$ TO ! PEOPLE BY RI<T1 BECAUSE !Y HAD BUILT !M ) !IR TOIL & BECAUSE !Y W]E WORK+ !M4 ,! ,TUR9 WORK]S SET UP FACTORY C\NCILS & DECL>$ !IR 9T5TION TO CONTROL ! FACTORIES !MSELVES4 ,ALL OV] ,ITALY /RIKES ( SYMPA?Y TOOK PLACE & ! RAILWAY WORK]S REFUS$ TO MOVE ! TROOPS :I* ! GOV]NM5T WANT$ TO S5D TO SUPPRESS ! REVOLT4 ,! /RIKE LA/$ T5 DAYS & WAS F9ALLY CRU%$ BY OV]:ELM+ =CES ( REPRESSION ?R\< ITS HAV+ BE5 UNABLE TO OBTA9 SUFFICI5T SUPPORT FROM ! RE/ ( ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S4 ,ALREADY WE SEE 9 ! ,TUR9 /RIKE ! WAV]+ & UNC]TA9 ATTITUDE :I* ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! TRADE UNIONS 7,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR7 W]E TO PLAY ALL ?R\< !SE YE>S ( REVOLT4 ,:5EV] ! WORK+-CLASS %[$ ! DESIRE TO OV]?R[ CAPITALI/ OPPRESSION1 !Y US$ ALL !IR P[] TO PREV5T !M FROM DO+ SO4 ,:ILE ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S APPEAL$ TO ! ,ITALIAN PEOPLE TO SUPPORT ! 0,BUR9 WORK]S BY /RIK+ & BY ALL O!R MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL1 ! SOCIALI/S REFUS$ TO SUPPORT !M BY CALL+ A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! SOCIALI/ ORGAN ,AVANTI1 9 ITS ,MILAN $ITION1 EV5 EXPRESS$ REGRET ?AT ! /RIKE %\LD HAVE TAK5 PLACE4 

,WORK]S' /RIKES & EXPROPRIATION ( ! L& BY ! WORK]S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,S\? ( ! P59SULA1 CONT9U$4 ,UNABLE TO MA9TA9 ORD] ! ,NITTI GOV]NM5T FELL & WAS REPLAC$ BY A NEW LIB]AL GOV]NM5T ) ,GIOLITTI1 AN OLD SLY POLITICIAN AT ITS HEAD1 & ) ! SOCIALI/ ,LABRIOLA AS M9I/] ( LABOR4 ,! PEOPLE %[$ !IR OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]NM5T BY 9CREAS$ DEMON/RATIONS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT TOOK PLACE AT ,ANCONA1 A PORT ON ! ,ADRIATIC COA/1 :]E POPUL> RIOTS TOOK PLACE & A REGIM5T DE/9$ TO ,ALBANIA REFUS$ TO EMB>K4 ,9 SOLID>ITY ) ! MUT9Y A G5]AL /RIKE TOOK PLACE 9 ! SURR\ND+ PROV9CES & 5D$ ONLY :5 ! GOV]NM5T PROMIS$ TO AB&ON ! PROTECTORATE ( ,ALBANIA4 

,ON ! #b#h? ( ,AUGU/ ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES BY ! METAL WORK]S ALL OV] ,ITALY BEGAN4 ,! DIRECT CAUSE WAS ! REFUSAL ( ! 9DU/RIALI/S TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE A COLLECTIVE CONTRACT ( WORK :I* HAD BE5 =C$ ON !M BY ! /RIKES ( ,AUGU/-,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#i1 & TO RAISE WAGES 9 PROPORTION TO ! CO/ ( LIV+4 ,AFRAID ?AT ! POLICE W\LD COME TO ! HELP ( ! B\RGEOISIE & OCCUPY ! FACTORIES1 ! WORK]S TOOK POSSESSION ( !M !MSELVES4 ,9 VA9 DID ! GOV]NM5T1 ?R\< ITS LABOR M9I/] ,LABRIOLA1 ATTEMPT A RECONCILIATION4 ,! WORK]S REFUS$ ALL COMPROMISE4 

,! WORK]S %[$ ?AT ! AIM ( ! /RIKES WAS NOT M]ELY TO OBTA9 AN 9CREASE 9 WAGES4 ,9 MANY P>TS !Y >M$ !MSELVES TO DEF5D ! FACTORIES !Y HAD SEIZ$1 !Y =M$ WORK]S' C\NCILS TO ASSURE ! PROP] RUNN+ ( 9DU/RY1 & ! ,F$]ATION ( ,COOP]ATIVES PAID ! WAGES4 ,! MOM5T SEEM$ RIPE TO DEAL A F9AL BL[ TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & E/ABLI% WORK]S' CONTROL ALL OV] ,ITALY4 ,! 5?USIASM & MILITANCY ( ! MASSES WAS AT ITS HEI<T4 ,AFT] A YE> ( LOCAL /RIKES & CONFLICTS ! PEOPLE HAD 9 AN UNIT$ EF=T MANIFE/$ !IR RESOLUTION TO GET RID ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,BUT BO? ! SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/ LEAD]%IP W]E AFRAID ( REVOLUTION4 ,! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y PRETEXTS W]E PUT =W>D4 ,ITALY HAD NO COAL1 NO IRON1 NOR 5\< :EAT TO SUFFICE TO ITSELF1 A REVOLUTION W\LD BE B\ND TO FAIL4 ,EV5 ,L59 ?\<T ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD BE PREMATURE & TOLD ,ANGELICA ,BALABAN(F1 ! OLD SOCIALI/ MILITANT1 ?AT ,ITALY C\LD NOT MAKE A REVOLUTION BECAUSE %E LACK$ COAL & RAW MAT]IALS6 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! RE=MI/ TRADE UNIONS 9/EAD ( FOLL[+ ! MASSES & HELP+ !M TO /RIKE D[N ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM LO/ !MSELVES 9 FUTILE CONTROV]SIES & ONLY (F]$ ! WORK]S EMPTY RESOLUTIONS4 ,ON ! #d? & #e? ( ,SEPTEMB] ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7:O W]E AFFILIAT$ 9 ! SAME WAY AS !Y >E 9 ?IS C\NTRY7 MET & DECID$ TO 9T5SIFY ! /RUGGLE1 BUT !N DID NO?+4 ,A WEEK LAT] !Y MET AGA9 & ADOPT$ ! SOLUTION ADVOCAT$ BY ! TRADE UNION SECRET>Y3 TO GET \T ( ! FACTORIES & ATTACK ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ITS C5TRAL ORGAN3 ! /ATE4 

,?IS F9E PIECE ( SOCIALI/ SOPHI/RY HAD ! MO/ T]RIBLE CONSEQU5CES = ! ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( A REIGN ( REACTION :I* L$ /RAI<T TO FASCISM4 

,ON ! #a#e? ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 DELEGATES FROM ! WORK]S & 9DU/RIALI/S MET1 UND] ! PRESID5CY ( ! PRIME M9I/]1 ,GIOLITTI1 AT ,TUR94 ,HE PROPOS$ ! =MATION ( A COMMISSION ( SIX MEMB]S REPRES5T+ ! ,CONF$]ATION ( ,9DU/RY & SIX MEMB]S REPRES5T+ ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 :I* W\LD E/ABLI% A SORT ( CONTROL ON ! 9DU/RY4 ,NO COMPROMISE WAS REA*$ AT FIR/ BECAUSE ( ! 9TRANSIG5T ATTITUDE ( ! CAPITALI/S4 ,BUT :5 ! NEGOTIATIONS W]E RESUM$ 9 ,ROME A COMPROMISE WAS >RIV$ AT4 ,?IS S*EME WAS A CLEV] MOVE ON ! P>T ( ! A/UTE PREMI]4 ,! FACTORIES W]E EVACUAT$1 ! WORK]S LO/ ALL !IR P[] & ! PROJECT$ LAW WAS =GOTT5 9 SOME PIGEONHOLE4 ,BUT :ILE ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S FELT BETRAY$1 WEAK5$ & HOPELESS1 ! B\RGEOISIE PREP>$ ITSELF TO PREV5T A SIMIL> EXP]I5CE FROM OCCURR+ AGA94 ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES :I* C\LD HAVE M>K$ ! D[NFALL ( ! RUL+ CLASS WAS ON ! CONTR>Y ! SIGNAL = ! CAPITALI/S TO RALLY !IR =CES4 ,!Y BEGAN TO LOOK = A MAN :O W\LD GIVE !M A /RONG GOV]NM5T CAPABLE TO CRU% ANY ATTEMPT ( REVOLT ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S4 

,! FASCI/S UND]/OOD ?AT ! MOM5T TO ACT HAD COME4 ,ON ! #b#a/ ( ,NOVEMB] #aib !Y LAUN*$ !IR FIR/ ATTACK AGA9/ WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,FROM ,BOLOGNA ! FASCI/ (F5SIVE SPREAD TO ! ,PO VALLEY4 ,9 ! MEANTIME ! GOV]NM5T REORGANIZ$ ! POLICE1 & ! ROYAL GU>D WAS RECRUIT$ AMONG ! Y\? & WELL TRA9$4 ,! =CES ( REACTION CAME CLOS] TOGE!R2 CAPITALI/S1 ROYALI/S1 CL]ICALS1 >MY M5 JO9$ H&S4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY DID NOT OR W\LD NOT SEE ! FASCI/ DANG]4 ,IT M]ELY CONC]N$ ITSELF ) 9T]NAL DISCUSSIONS1 BE+ ATTACK$ & SPLIT BY ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,COMMUNI/S :O W]E /ILL 9 ! P>TY AT ! TIME4 ,IT WAS !N ! MO/ IMPORTANT & /RONGLY ORGANIZ$ P>TY 9 ,ITALY4 ,IT C\NT$ ALMO/ A QU>T] ( A MILLION MEMB]S & ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR C\NT$ #b MILLIONS4 ,IT HAD #aef MEMB]S 9 ,P>LIAM5T & #b1#a#f#b COMMUNES .<I4E41 MUNICIPALITIES.> W]E ADM9I/]$ BY SOCIALI/S4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS =M$ AFT] ! ,CONGRESS ( ,LE<ORN ON ! #a#e? ?R\< #b? ,JANU>Y #aiba :5 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ! #ba CONDITIONS IMPOS$ BY ,MOSC[4 ,ITS MA9 AIM WAS NOT TO FI<T REACTION BUT TO ATTACK ! SOCIALI/S :O1 LIKE ,S]RATI1 HAD REFUS$ TO BECOME ! S]VILE TOOLS ( ! ,KREML94 ,! ,C4,P4 WAS =M$ ( MANY DI%ONE/ ELEM5TS :O HAD ACCEPT$ ! DISREPUTABLE ROLE ( BREAK+ UP LONG E/ABLI%$ P>TIES & SL&]+ OLD WORK+-CLASS LEAD]S 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 ! FAVORS & MONEY :I* ,MOSC[ BE/[$ UPON ITS FAI?FUL S]VANTS4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S HAD PL5TY ( REASONS TO CRITICIZE RE=MI/ SOCIALI/ LEAD]S LIKE ,S]RATI BUT !Y DID NOT *OOSE TO C>RY ON ! CONTROV]SY ON !ORETICAL OR TACTICAL GR\NDS4 ,) !IR N[ ,WELL-KN[N ME?ODS1 !Y TRI$ TO DISCR$IT !M1 BY ATTEMPT+ TO BLACK5 !IR PRIVATE LIVES1 !Y US$ SL&] & BLACKMAIL1 PROVOCATEURS & SPIES4 ?IS ONLY WEAK5$ & DEMORALIZ$ ! WORK+ CLASS SO ?AT ! GR[? ( ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,ITALY WAS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! RISE ( FASCISM4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION HAD 9SPIR$ ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S4 ,AT ! EXAMPLE ( !IR ,RUSSIAN COMRADES !Y HAD =M$ WORK]S' C\NCILS1 !Y HAD DECL>$ A G5]AL /RIKE TO PROTE/ AGA9/ 9T]V5TION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT ,L59 & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL DE/ROY$ ! 9SPIRATION ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION HAD GIV5 ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S4 ,SEE+ ?AT !Y C\LD NOT CONTROL ! ,ITALIAN WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL SET AB\T DISORGANIZ+ & SMA%+ !M4 ,:5 ,L59 DI$ ,]RICO ,MALATE/A WROTE 9 ! AN>*I/ DAILY ,UMANITA ,NOVA3 0,L59 IS DEAD1 LONG LIVE ,LIB]TY60 ,HE WAS EXPRESS+ ! JUDGM5T ( HI/ORY4 

,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAD ALWAYS HAD A /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ! ,ITALIAN MASSES4 ,ITS F$]ALI/ *>ACT] APPEAL$ TO A C\NTRY :I* HAD BE5 ONLY REC5TLY UNIT$ & :]E ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T WAS WEAK & UNPOPUL>4 ,ITS RECOGNITION ( ! IMPORTANT ROLE :I* ! PEASANTS %\LD PLAY 9 A REVOLUTION WON IT ! SUPPORT ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! 9FLU5CE :I* ,BAKUN9 EX]T$ WAS FELT LONG AFT] HIS DEA?4 ,! ,ITALIAN SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ALWAYS REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ,M>X'S DICTATOR%IP4 ,! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T :I* WAS =M$ BY ! =M] AN>*I/ ,&REA ,CO/A WAS = A LONG TIME 9FLU5C$ BY ! ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IANISM ( ! AN>*I/S & WAS1 UND] !IR 9FLU5CE1 MU* MORE READY TO TAKE P>T 9 DIRECT ACTION ?AN ITS ,G]MAN OR ,BRITI% C\NT]P>TS4 

,! AN>*I/S HAD ALSO A /RONG 9FLU5CE AMONG ! ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL :I* GR\P$ ALL ! TRADES LOCALLY & (T5 REMA9$ 9DEP5D5T ( ! TRADE ,UNION ,CONF$]ATION 7,T,U,C74 ,9 #aiab AN>*I/-SYNDICALI/S =M$ !IR [N UNION4 .<#a.> ,IT WAS V]Y ACTIVE 9 #aiad DUR+ ! ,JUNE REVOLT :I* WAS CALL$ ! ,R$ ,WEEK4 ,AT ,ANCONA ON ! #g? ( ,JUNE 9 A CONFLICT ) ! POLICE ?REE WORK]S HAD BE5 KILL$4 ,ANCONA1 A REPUBLICAN & AN>*I/ T[N :]E ,MALATE/A1 !N 9 ,ITALY1 EX]T$ A /RONG 9FLU5CE1 IMM$IATELY DECL>$ A ,G5]AL ,/RIKE4 ,FROM !RE IT SPREAD ALL OV] ,ITALY1 REVOLTS TOOK PLACE AT ,ANCONA1 9 ,ROMAGNA1 ,FLOR5CE & ,NAPLES1 ! >MY FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! PEOPLE1 T[N HALLS W]E OCCUPI$ BY REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! SYNDICALI/S L$ ! REVOLT BUT ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR GAVE ! ORD] TO ITS MEMB]S TO RESUME WORK4 

,( ! ACTIVITY ( ! .<,ITALIAN.> ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION1 ,>M&O ,BOR<I .<#b.> :O WAS ITS SECRET>Y FROM #aiai WRITES 79 A LETT]73 

0,DUR+ #d YE>S FROM #aiai TO #aibb \R ACTION WAS ONE ( A VANGU>D NOT ONLY ( !ORY BUT ( ACTION4 ,WE (T5 TRI$ & WE SOMETIMES SUCCE$$ 9 PUTT+ ! LEAD]S ( ! .<,G5]AL.> ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 9 FRONT ( ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS1 ( S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,BUT WE DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 BREAK+ ! TUTELAGE 9 :I* ! RE=MI/ LEAD]S HELD ! MASSES40 

,& HE ADDS3 

0,I /ILL ?9K ?AT A REVOLUTION 9 ,ITALY AT ?AT TIME WAS NECESS>Y LIKE A NATURAL BIR? & ?AT ! ABORTION :I* RESULT$ WAS A CATA/ROPHE4 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 ETC4 W\LD HAVE ALT]$ !IR C\RSE & ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE W\LD HAVE SE5 ?+S V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ,MUSSOL9I40 

,! ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION WAS AT ! HEAD ( ALL ! /RIKES & MOVEM5TS ( REVOLT1 AS ALSO WAS ! ,AN>*I/ ,UNION4 ,!Y DID NOT C>RY ON 9 A SECT>IAN WAY4 ,:5 ! WORK+-CLASS WAS /RUGGL+ = ! DEF5SE ( ITS [N 9T]E/S IT JO9$ SOCIALI/S & TRADE-UNIONI/S 9 ! FI<T1 TRY+ TO C>RY IT AS F> AS IT WAS POSSIBLE4 

,:ILE ! MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY LEFT IT1 DISC\RAG$ BY ITS RE=MI/ ATTITUDE1 ! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION GREW RAPIDLY & REA*$ MORE ?AN HALF A MILLION4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #aiba ! CLEAVAGE BETWE5 ! WORK+-CLASS & ! B\RGEOISIE HAD REA*$ ITS CLIMAX4 ,ON ONE SIDE /OOD ! WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS C\NT+ MILLIONS ( MEMB]S B\ND TO RE=MI/ LEAD]S & A REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/-AN>*I/ M9ORITY UNABLE TO DRAW BEH9D ITSELF ! MASSES4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ! LIB]AL & ,CA?OLIC P>TIES RESOLV$ TO DEF5D BY ALL MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL ! 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,MUSSOL9I BECAME !IR TOOL2 ) A H&FUL ( FASCI/S1 ! PROTECTION ( ! POLICE & ! COMPLICITY ( ! GOV]NM5T HE WAS ABLE 9 A FEW YE>S TO DISB& ! WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS & CONQU] P[]4 

,I,I4 ,! ,RISE ( ,FASCISM 9 ,ITALY 

,! ,ITALIAN WORK]S C\LD DUR+ ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES 9 ,AUGU/-,SEPTEMB] #aib HAVE SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO DEAL A F9AL BL[ TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y FAIL$ TO DO SO & FROM ?AT MOM5T !Y F\<T A RETREAT+ BATTLE AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASS & ! RAPIDLY GR[+ FASCI/ DANG]4 ,! GOV]NM5T BEGAN TO IMPRISON WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS :ILE FASCI/ HOOLIGANS C\LD ACT ) COMPLETE IMPUNITY4 ,MUSSOL9I BEGAN AN ORGANIZ$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 !IR (FICES W]E BURN$1 !IR C5T]S DE/ROY$1 !IR MEMB]S MURD]$4 

,! MEASURE ( ! GOV]NM5T'S >BITR>Y P[] WAS GIV5 :5 ,GIOLITTI1 !N PRIME M9I/]1 ORD]$ ,>M&O ,BOR<I1 ! AN>*I/ SECRET>Y ( ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION1 & ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ! OLD AN>*I/ MILITANT1 TO BE >RE/$4 ,! WORK]S HAD BE5 TOO DEMORALIZ$ BY ! DEFEAT :I* FOLL[$ ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES TO PUT UP ANY S]I\S OPPOSITION4 ,! SITUATION WAS DIFF]5T 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b2 !N ! GOV]NM5T HAD TRI$ TO >RE/ ,MALATE/A AT ,TOMBOLA1 A LITTLE T[N NE> ,LE<ORN4 ,IMM$IATELY ALL ! MAJOR T[NS ( ,TUSCANY DECL>$ A G5]AL /RIKE & ! RAILWAYM5 DECID$ TO /OP ! TRA9S 9 ! :OLE ( C5TRAL ,ITALY4 ,BE=E !Y C\LD DO SO ,MALATE/A WAS RELEAS$4 

,AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S ALL OV] ,ITALY ORGANIZ$ DEMON/RATIONS & /RIKES 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 ! LIB]ATION ( !IR COMRADES BUT !Y RECEIV$ NO SOLID>ITY FROM ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! ORGAN ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ,AVANTI61 PUBLI%$ 9 L>GE TYPE ! FOLL[+ APPEAL3 0,WE BEG \R WORK+ COMRADES MO/ E>NE/LY TO PAY NO ATT5TION TO ANY APPEALS = ACTION UNTIL SU* APPEALS %ALL HAVE BE5 DULY PASS$ BY ! ,P>TY'S C5TRAL ORGANS & BY ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS COMPET5T TO DEAL ) !M40 ,ALL ! P>TY LEAD]S DID 9 ORD] TO %[ !IR SOLID>ITY T[>DS ,MALATE/A & ,BOR<I WAS TO DECIDE ?AT A ONE H\R /RIKE 9 PROTE/ %\LD BE CALL$6 

,?ANKS TO ! COMPLICITY ( ! ,SOCIALI/ RE=MI/ ORGANIZATIONS ! GOV]NM5T WAS ABLE TO KEEP ,MALATE/A & ,BOR<I 9 PRISON = N9E MON?S4 ,:5 !Y W]E RELEAS$ ! REACTION>Y MOVEM5T HAD GA9$ SU* TREM5D\S GR\ND ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS UNABLE TO REACT4 

,ON ! #a#e? ( ,MAY #aiba ! GOV]NM5T DECID$ TO DISSOLVE ,P>LIAM5T & TO CALL NEW ELECTIONS4 ,ELECTIONS 9 SU* A P]IOD ( UNRE/ SPELT CIVIL W> & ! GOV]NM5T WAS WELL AW>E ( IT4 ,IT US$ !M 9 ORD] TO PRECIPITATE ! CRU%+ ( ! LEFT-W+ MOVEM5TS4 ,ALL OV] ,ITALY ACTS ( VIOL5CE TOOK PLACE2 ! ,FASCI/S TOOK ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO 9T5SIFY !IR ATTACKS4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY RETA9$ H[EV] ! SAME NUMB] ( VOTES AS IT HAD RECEIV$ AT ! PREVI\S ELECTIONS1 :ILE ,MUSSOL9I1 TOGE!R ) #c ,NATIONALI/ & ,FASCI/ DEPUTIES1 5T]$ P>LIAM5T4 ,! ,AVANTI DECL>$ ?AT FASCI/ REACTION HAD BE5 BURI$ UND] AN AVALAN*E ( R$ VOTES BUT 9 REALITY ! 9ITIATIVE ALREADY BELONG$ TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR REFUS$ TO TAKE ACTION AGA9/ ! FASCI/S & ! ,SOCIALI/ P>LIAM5T>Y GR\P ADOPT$ POLICY ( WAIT & SEE4 ,!Y REFUS$ TO JO9 ! GOV]NM5T1 BUT !Y EQUALLY REFUS$ TO ACT AGA9/ IT4 ,:ILE !IR LEAD]S SAT TI<T 9 !IR COM=TABLE >M*AIRS ! WORK]S W]E FAC$ BY UNEMPLOYM5T1 RIS+ PRICES1 GOV]NM5T REPRESSION & FASCI/ PROVOCATIONS4 

,ON ! #f? ( ,JULY #a#i#b#a1 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO UNIFY ! WORK+-CLASS =CES & TO MEET ! FASCI/S ) MORE ?AN WORDS4 ,A PACT ( ,PROLET>IAN ,ALLIANCE WAS SIGN$ 9 ,ROME BY WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS & A WORK]S' MILITIA ! ,>DITI ROSSI WAS =M$4 .<#c.> ,! ,SOCIALI/S ONLY GAVE IT LUKEW>M SUPPORT2 !Y DECL>$ 9 !IR PAP] ,AVANTI6 ?AT IT WAS NO USE TRY+ TO USE =CE AGA9/ ! OV]:ELM+ =CES ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,SOCIALI/-,FASCI/ ,PACT 

,UNWILL+ TO USE =CE1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>RY PREF]R$ TO RESORT TO 9TRIGUE & COMPROMISE4 ,ON ! #cRD ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#a1 9 ! (FICE ( ! ,PRESID5T ( ,P>LIAM5T ! ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]S SIGN$ A PEACE TREATY ) ! FASCI/S4 ,!Y PROMIS$ TO COOP]ATE TO PREV5T ANY ACTS ( VIOL5CE & REPRISALS & TO RESPECT EA* O!R'S RI<T TO PROPAG&A & ORGANIZATION4 ,SOCIALI/ & ,FASCI/ LEAD]S %OOK H&S ACROSS ! BODIES ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S ASSASS9AT$ BY ,MUSSOL9I'S H5*M54 

,?IS PACT WAS A CLEV] MOVE ON ! P>T ( ,MUSSOL9I TO GA9 TIME & TO 9CREASE & ORGANIZE HIS =CES4 ,= A FEW MON?S ,FASCI/ VIOL5CE DECREAS$ BUT ?IS DID NOT LA/ LONG4 ,:ILE ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]S SEV]ELY REM9D$ ! RANK & FILE TO RESPECT ! PACT1 ,MUSSOL9I R5EW$ HIS ATTACKS4 ,AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS ( ,ROME 9 ,JANU>Y #aibb ! PEASANTS' & WORK]S' DELEGATES FROM ! REGIONS 9VAD$ BY ! ,FASCI/S BR\<T HUNDR$S ( PRO(S ( ! FACT ?AT ! ,FASCI/ ,P>TY HAD NOT RESPECT$ ! PACT4 ,!Y TALK$ ( !IR BURN$ BUILD+S1 ( ! COOP]ATIVES DE/ROY$1 ( !IR MURD]$ COMRADES1 & !Y ASK$ = ACTION1 BUT ! ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]%IP REMA9$ UNMOV$ & DECL>$ ITS UN%AKABLE FAI? 9 P>LIAM5T>Y TACTICS4 

,LA/ ,ATTEMPT ,TO ,RESI/ 

,ANO!R ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO COORD9ATE ! WORK+-CLASS =CES4 ,A ,WORK]S' ,ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION & ,RAILWAY ,UNION WAS =M$4 ,ITS AIM WAS 0TO OPPOSE ! ALLIANCE ( WORK]S' =CES TO ! COALITION ( ! REACTION40 ,?IS ALLIANCE MI<T HAVE BE5 ABLE TO /OP ! RISE ( FASCISM BUT IT CAME TOO LATE1 :5 ! WORK+ CLASS WAS DEMORALIZ$1 WEAK5$ & DIVID$4 

,! ,WORK]S' ,ALLIANCE MADE1 H[EV]1 A LA/ ATTEMPT TO OPPOSE ,FASCISM4 ,ON ! #c#a/ ( ,JULY #a#i#b#b1 IT DECL>$ A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! /RIKE WAS SUCCESSFUL & COMPLETE BUT ! /REETS BELONG$ TO ! ,FASCI/S4 ,AFT] ?REE DAYS ( /RIKE !Y />T$ TO ATTACK2 !Y W]E DEFEAT$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y T[NS ( ,P>MA & ,=LI BUT !Y W]E VICTORI\S 9 ,MILAN & ! /RIKE F9I%$ ) A DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! FASCI/ ONSLAU<T CONT9U$4 ,FROM ! ,PO VALLEY ! ATTACK SPREAD TO ,TUSCANY & TO ! ,PUGLIA4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S W5T ON ADVOCAT+ A RETURN TO LEGAL MEANS1 TO FAIR COMPETITION BETWE5 P>TIES4 ,! CLIMAX ( NAIVETE WAS REA*$ :5 ! SOCIALI/ DEPUTY ,FILIPPO ,TURATI CALL$ ON ! K+ TO BR+ HIM ! WI% ( ! PROLET>IAT = LIB]TY & TO REM9D HIM ?AT HIS DUTY WAS TO DEF5D ! CON/ITUTION TO :I* HE HAD TAK5 ! OA?4 ,! K+'S ANSW] WAS A FEW DAYS AFT]W>DS TO CALL ,MUSSOL9I TO P[]6 

,! ,M>* ,ON ,ROME 

,MUSSOL9I1 ONCE HAV+ HELP$ TO DEFEAT ! WORK]S1 SET HIMSELF TO CONQU] P[]4 ,HE HAD TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( ! BIG CAPITALI/S & ROYALTY1 :O1 ONCE ! REVOLUTION>Y DANG] PASS$1 MI<T HAVE WI%$ TO ?ANK HIM & DISMISS HIM4 ,BY A S]IES ( 9TRIGUES & BY DECL>+ HIMSELF PREP>$ TO ACCEPT & DEF5D ! K+ 7:OM HE HAD ALWAYS ATTACK$7 ,MUSSOL9I MANAG$ TO GET ! SUPPORT ( ! CAPITALI/S1 :O GAVE HIM #b MILLIONS TO PREP>E ! ,M>* ON ,ROME1 & ( ! ROYAL FAMILY4 ,SURE ( HIS GR\ND1 ,MUSSOL9I DECL>$ FROM ,NAPLES ON ! #b#d? ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#b3 0,IF !Y DO NOT GIVE US P[] WE %ALL TAKE IT BY M>*+ ON ,ROME40 

,! GOV]NM5T BY ?AT TIME HAD RESIGN$ BUT ON LE>N+ ( ,MUSSOL9I'S DECL>ATION ( W> IT PUBLI%$ A DECREE PUTT+ ! C\NTRY 9 A /ATE ( SIEGE4 ,ALL CIVIL AU?ORITY HAD TO BE SURR5D]$ TO ! >MY :I* TOOK /EPS TO PREV5T ANY >M$ PUTS* ON ! P>T ( ! ,FASCI/S4 ,MUSSOL9I HAD ONLY LIMIT$ =CES AT HIS DISPOSAL & IF ! >MY HAD OPPOS$ HIM HE W\LD HAVE BE5 LO/4 ,BUT ! K+ CAME TO HIS RESCUE4 ,HE REFUS$ TO SIGN ! DECREE PUTT+ ! C\NTRY UND] /ATE ( SIEGE4 ,9/EAD HE CALL$ ,MUSSOL9I TO ,ROME TO =M A NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,MUSSOL9I 0M>*$ ON ,ROME0 COM=TABLY 9/ALL$ 9 A SLEEP+ C>4 

,BY ! #c? ( ,OCTOB] HE HAD =M$ HIS GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ,ROME HIS TROOPS M>*$ BE=E ! K+ & ! ROYAL FAMILY2 ALL OV] ,ITALY HIS FOLL[]S CELEBRAT$ ) NEW VIOL5CE4 ,P>LIAM5T DID NOT PUT UP ANY OPPOSITION2 IT HAD BE5 TAK5 BY SURPRISE & ONCE AGA9 IT DECID$ TO WAIT = EV5TS4 

,MUSSOL9I IMM$IATELY TOOK MEASURES 9 FAVOR ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,ALL LEGISLATION FAVORABLE TO ! WORK]S WAS REPEAL$4 ,MEAN:ILE ,FASCI/ T]RORISM 9CREAS$4 

,ON ! #a#h? ( ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#b1 #ab WORK]S W]E MASSACR$ 9 ,TUR94 ,! ORGANIZ] ( ! 5G9E]+ WORK]S1 ,PIETRO ,F]R]O1 AN AN>*I/1 WAS KILL$4 .<#d.> ,EV]Y:]E SOCIALI/S1 AN>*I/S1 SYNDICALI/S W]E MURD]$ UND] ! V]Y EYES ( ! POLICE :O NEV] TOOK ANY /EPS AGA9/ ! ,FASCI/S4 

,FROM ! ,M>* ON ,ROME TO ,MATTEOTTI'S MURD] 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b#d1 ,MUSSOL9I CONSOLIDAT$ HIS =CES4 ,HE MANAG$ TO CONFUSE & FOOL ,P>LIAM5T ) CLEV] SPEE*ES :I* KEPT EV]YBODY GUESS+ AS TO :AT HIS 9T5TIONS W]E4 ,MEAN:ILE HIS B&S C>RI$ ON A M]CILESS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! LA/ WORK+-CLASS BA/IONS4 ,! ELECTION :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ,APRIL #aibd ONLY GAVE ! ,FASCI/S ANO!R EXCUSE = VIOL5CE4 ,9 ,P>MA1 ! ,SOCIALI/ C&IDATE ,PICC99I WAS ASSASS9AT$4 

,MATTEOTTI'S ,MURD] 

,ON ! #a? ( ,JUNE #a#i#b#d1 ,GIACOMO ,MATTEOTTI1 A SOCIALI/ DEPUTY1 WAS KIDNAPP$ 9 FULL DAYLI<T 9 ,ROME4 ,?IS MURD] C\LD HAVE BE5 JU/ ANO!R ANONYM\S FASCI/ CRIME IF A MAN HAD NOT TAK5 ! NUMB] ( ! C> :]E ,MATTEOTTI HAD DISAPPE>$ & REPORT$ TO ! POLICE4 ,MATTEOTTI'S BODY WAS NOT F\ND UNTIL AFT] ?REE MON?S ( SE>*ES BUT ! 9QUE/ L$ ! POLICE TO ! GOV]NM5T'S DOOR/EP4 ,MUSSOL9I 9 ORD] TO CLE> HIMSELF ACCUS$ ALL HIS COLLABORATORS2 ONE AFT] ! O!R3 ,ROSSI1 ,F9ZI1 ,G5]AL DE ,BONO & ,DUM9I4 ,!Y DEF5D$ !MSELVES BY ACCUS+ HIM4 ,NO D\BT C\LD BE LEFT AS TO ,MUSSOL9I'S HAV+ ORD]$ ! MURD]4 ,PUBLIC OP9ION WAS >\S$4 ,FASCI/ ME?ODS W]E WELL KN[N & ,MATTEOTTI'S NAME WAS JU/ ONE MORE 9 A LONG LI/ ( FASCI/ CRIMES BUT ?IS WAS A UNIQUE CASE1 :]E ! POLICE HAD BY ACCID5T F\ND ! MURD]]S & :]E ,MUSSOL9I'S H& WAS CLE>LY %[N4 ,IT MI<T HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE TO />T A MOVEM5T AT ?AT TIME :I* W\LD HAVE OV]?R[N ,MUSSOL9I'S GOV]NM5T4 ,WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS PROPOS$ TO DECL>E A G5]AL /RIKE BUT ! SOCIALI/ P>LIAM5T>Y GR\P ?\<T SU* ACTION UNWISE4 ,9/EAD IT ISSU$ A DECL>ATION CONDEMN+ ! MURD]4 

,AGA9 9 ,JANU>Y #aibe ,MUSSOL9I'S GOV]NM5T SEEM$ ON ! PO9T ( COLLAPSE4 ,ROSSI1 :O WAS IMPLICAT$ 9 ,MATTEOTTI'S MURD]1 ,WROTE A MEMOR&UM ON ! ME?ODS US$ BY ,MUSSOL9I TO CRU% HIS POLITICAL OPPON5TS4 ,AFT] SU* REVELATIONS TWO CAB9ET M9I/]S FELT COMPELL$ TO RESIGN4 ,9/EAD ( ALL[+ A GOV]NM5TAL CRISIS TO TAKE PLACE & A NEW CAB9ET TO BE =M$ ! K+ HA/5$ TO ACCEPT TWO FASCI/ M9I/]S :OM ,MUSSOL9I PROPOS$ TO REPLACE ! O!RS4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#e1 ,MUSSOL9I PUBLI%$ HIS V]SION ( ! MURD]1 ! KIDNAPP+ WAS M]ELY A JOKE1 ! MURD]1 AN ACCID5T4 

,! POPUL> REACTION TO ,MATTEOTTI'S MURD] :I* PUT ,MUSSOL9I'S POSITION 9 P]IL MADE HIM REALIZE H[ QUICKLY HE HAD TO ACT TO PREV5T PUBLIC OP9ION FROM EXPRESS+ ITSELF4 ,ALL ?R\< #a#i#b#e1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] ,ZANIBONI'S ATTEMPT ON ,MUSSOL9I'S LIFE1 MEASURES W]E TAK5 TO SUPPRESS ! RI<T ( ASSOCIATION & ! LIB]TY ( ! PRESS4 

,! ONLY EXPRESSIONS REVOLT TOOK FROM N[ ON .<W]E 9.> ! =M ( 9DIVIDUAL ACTIONS AGA9/ ,MUSSOL9I & HIS ACOLYTES & ( UND]GR\ND PROPAG&A4 ,9 BO? FIELDS ! AN>*I/S %[$ C\RAGE & 9ITIATIVE4 ,\T ( SEV5 ATTEMPTS AGA9/ ,MUSSOL9I'S LIFE1 F\R W]E C>RI$ \T BY AN>*I/S4 

,LESSONS TO BE ,DRAWN 

,! EV5TS :I* L$ TO ,MUSSOL9I'S CONQUE/ ( P[] CLE>LY %[ ?AT RE=MI/ & LEGAL ME?ODS >E ( NO AVAIL 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ REACTION & ,FASCISM4 ,! RUL+ CLASS IS ONLY PREP>$ TO ADH]E TO LEGALITY1 TO RESPECT !IR [N RULES ( ! GAME1 AS LONG AS IT SUITS !M4 ,:5 !IR SITUATION IS 9 DANG] !Y USE VIOL5CE1 CORRUPTION & ASSASS9ATION4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 ,ITALY MADE ! MI/AKE ( ?9K+ ?AT ! CAPITALI/S & ! ,FASCI/ LEAD]S W\LD BE PREP>$ TO ACCEPT FAIR COMPETITION BETWE5 P>TIES1 ?AT !Y W\LD RESPECT PEACE TREATIES1 ?AT !Y W\LD BE MOV$ BY APPEALS TO DEC5CY & HONE/Y4 ,ALL ?R\< ?OSE SEV5 YE>S ( CONFLICT !Y PLAY$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,!Y CONT9U$ TO RELY ON ELECTION RESULTS :5 ! ,FASCI/S HAD BRUTALLY DECL>$ ?AT IF !Y W]E NOT GIV5 P[] !Y W\LD CONQU] IT1 REVOLV] 9 H&4 ,:ILE ,SOCIALI/S SCRUPUL\SLY RESPECT$ A GOV]NM5T SOLD TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ! ,FASCI/S DID NOT HESITATE TO ASSASS9ATE ! ,SOCIALI/ C&IDATES :OM !Y C\LD NOT SIL5CE1 AS = EXAMPLE DUR+ ! ,APRIL #aibd ELECTIONS :5 ! ,SOCIALI/ C&IDATE ,PIC99I WAS KILL$ BY ! ,FASCI/S4 ,!Y KEPT RELY+ ON ! NUMB] ( SEATS !Y HAD 9 P>LIAM5T AS ! SURE/ GU>ANTEE AGA9/ ,FASCISM1 :5 IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ,MUSSOL9I RELI$ MORE ON POLITICAL 9TRIGUES & >M$ =CE ?AN ON DEMOCRATIC ME?ODS4 ,AFT] ! #a#e? ( ,MAY #aiba ELECTIONS ! ,NATIONALI/S & ,FASCI/S HAD #c DEPUTIES :ILE ! ,SOCIALI/S HAD #a* MEMB]S & ! ,COMMUNI/S #a#e1 BUT ?IS DID NOT CORRESPOND TO ! REAL BALANCE ( =CES4 ,! ,FASCI/S HAD ! GOV]NM5T1 ! POLICE & 9 SOME CASES ! >MY ON !IR SIDE2 !Y C\LD UPSET ANY MAJORITY ! ,SOCIALI/S HAD 9 ,P>LIAM5T4 ,IF ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S HAD RELI$ MORE ON !IR CLASS WEAPONS1 /RIKES & 9SURRECTION1 RA!R ?AN ON ! VOT+ PAP]1 !Y W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 DEFEAT$2 ,IF1 :5 !Y OCCUPI$ ! FACTORIES1 !Y HAD TAK5 CONTROL ( ! 9DU/RIES RA!R ?AN RELY+ ON ! GOV]NM5T TO GIVE !M CONTROL1 !N ! RISE ( ,FASCISM W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE4 

,! AN>*I/S ADVOCAT$ ALL ?R\< ! /RIKES AN EXPANSION ( ! MOVEM5T & ,MALATE/A'S SPEE* TO ,MILAN FACTORY WORK]S AFT] !Y HAD RETURN$ TO WORK %[S ?AT HE FULLY GRASP$ ! TRAGIC CONSEQU5CES ?IS COMPROMISE ) ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD HAVE = ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S4 ,?IS IS H[ HE DESCRIB$ ! PACT BETWE5 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR & ! ,EMPLOY]S ,ASSOCIATION3 

0,Y\ :O >E CELEBRAT+ AS A GREAT VICTORY ! SIGNATURE 9 ,ROME ( ?IS AGREEM5T >E DECEIV+ Y\RSELVES4 ,9 REALITY ! VICTORY BELONGS TO ,GIOLITTI1 TO ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 :O F9D !MSELVES SAV$ FROM ! PRECIPICE OV] :I* !Y HAD BE5 HANG+444 

0,TO SPEAK ( VICTORY :ILE ! ,ROME AGREEM5T PUTS Y\ BACK ONCE MORE UND] ! EXPLOITATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 IS A LIE4 ,IF Y\ GIVE UP POSSESSION ( ! FACTORIES1 DO SO ) ! CONVICTION ?AT Y\ HAVE LO/ A GREAT BATTLE1 & ) ! FIRM 9T5TION ( RESUM+ ! /RUGGLE AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY & PURSU+ IT TO ! 5D4 ,Y\ WILL !N DRIVE ! EMPLOY]S FROM ! FACTORIES & Y\ WILL NOT ALL[ !M TO RE5T] UNTIL !Y COME 9 AS WORKM5 ON AN EQUALITY ) Y\RSELVES1 CONT5T TO LIVE BY WORK+ = !MSELVES & O!RS4 ,NO?+ IS LO/ PROVID$ Y\ DO NOT DELUDE Y\RSELVES ) ! FALLACY ?AT Y\ HAVE GA9$ A VICTORY4 ,! FAM\S DECREE AS TO ! CONTROL ( ! FACTORIES IS TO DUPE Y\1 = IT WILL T5D TO ! CREATION ( A NEW CLASS ( EMPLOYES .<I4E41 (FICIALS OR BUREAUCRATS.>1 :O1 ?\< SPRUNG FROM Y\R BOSOM1 WILL NOT DEF5D Y\R 9T]E/S BUT ! NEW SITUATION CREAT$ = !M & IT WILL T5D ALSO TO H>MONIZE Y\R 9T]E/S ) ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE--! 9T]E/S ( ! WOLF ) ?OSE ( ! LAMB4 

0,DO NOT BELIEVE ?OSE ( Y\R LEAD]S :O MOCK Y\ BY PUTT+ (F ! REVOLUTION FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,! ,REVOLUTION6 ,Y\ Y\RSELVES HAVE TO MAKE IT :5EV] ! OPPORTUNITY PRES5TS ITSELF1 )\T WAIT+ = ORD]S ?AT NEV] COME1 OR1 IF !Y DO COME1 ONLY 9/RUCT Y\ TO GIVE UP ! FI<T4 ,HAVE CONFID5CE 9 Y\RSELVES1 HAVE FAI? 9 Y\R FUTURE1 & Y\ WILL CONQU]40 

,! ,SOCIALI/S DISPLAY$ ! SAME LACK ( REVOLUTION>Y REALISM :5 ! WORK+ CLASS CAME TO BE ATTACK$ BY ! ,FASCI/ HOOLIGANS4 ,!Y RELI$ UPON ! POLICE :I* W\LD NEV] DEF5D !M NOR PROSECUTE ! ATTACK]S4 ,AN ATTEMPT 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION WAS MADE :5 A K9D ( WORK]S' DEF5SE CORPS WAS =M$ BUT IT NEV] REA*$ ! P[] & EFFICI5CY (1 SAY1 ! ,IRI% ,CITIZ5 ,>MY4 .<#e.> ,NO S]I\S EF=TS W]E MADE TO DEF5D WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 BUILD+S OR ,LEFT-W+ NEWSPAP] PRESSES4 ,:5 ! ,AVANTI BUILD+ WAS BURNT 9 ,MILAN BY ! ,FASCI/S1 NO ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO DEF5D IT 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT SU* AN ATTACK HAD TO BE EXPECT$ AT ANY MOM5T4 ,IT IS ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE TO ?9K ?AT AN ORGANIZATION ) TWO MILLION MEMB]S %\LD HAVE ITS PROP]TY DE/ROY$ )\T ANY DEF5SE BE+ PUT UP4 ,! ,FASCI/S W]E A V]Y SMALL M9ORITY2 !IR /R5G? LAY 9 ! FACT ?AT !Y KNEW ! POLICE W\LD NOT MOLE/ !M4 ,IF ! WORK]S HAD RESI/$ 9 AN ORGANIZ$ WAY !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO CRU% ! ,FASCI/ REVOLT 9 ! BUD4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S DEF5SE W\LD HAVE BE5 EQUALLY USEFUL :5 /RIKES TOOK PLACE4 ,! WORK]S W]E ABLE TO /AGE G5]AL /RIKES :I* COV]$ ! :OLE C\NTRY & LA/$ SEV]AL DAYS4 ,BUT !Y LEFT ! /REETS TO ! ,FASCI/S1 :O1 :ILE !Y C\LD NOT BREAK ! /RIKE1 W]E ABLE TO BURN UNION BUILD+S & ATTACK & MURD] ,SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ MILITANTS4 ,UNLIKE !M1 ! ,DUBL9 WORK]S UND]/OOD ?AT DANG] & ?AT IS :Y !Y =M$ !IR [N DEF5SES DUR+ ! #aiac ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]S' /RIKE4 

,! LACK ( WORK]S' DEF5SES WAS P>TLY DUE TO ! LACK ( UNITY AMONG ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S4 ,:ILE ! B\RGEOISIE PRES5T$ A UNIT$ FRONT AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS ! WORK]S' P>TIES LO/ !MSELVES 9 5DLESS SQUABBLES4 

,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T UND]/OOD ! DANG] ( DISUNITY & ALWAYS ADVOCAT$ JO9T ACTION AGA9/ GOV]NM5T REPRESSION & ,FASCISM4 ,AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,UNION HELD AT ,BOLOGNA1 ,JULY #a TO #d1 #a#i#b1 A UNION ( RANK-&-FILE MEMB]S BELONG+ TO ALL P>TIES WAS ADVOCAT$4 ,FRE$OM1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b#i1 GIVES ! FOLL[+ REPORT ( ! DISCUSSION :I* TOOK PLACE & ( ! RESOLUTION :I* WAS ADOPT$4 

0,A DISCUSSION TOOK PLACE ON ! PROBLEM ( ! UNIT$ FRONT ( ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT1 :I* IS DIVID$ ON ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD 9TO ! RE=MI/ .<,G5]AL.> ,CONF$]ATION .<( ,LABOR.>1 ! .<,ITALIAN.> ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION1 & ! V]Y CLASS-CONSCI\S ,CA?OLIC ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,POLITICALLY1 ! WORK]S BELONG EI!R TO ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ) ITS DIFF]5T W+S1 FROM ! RE=MI/S TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>LIAM5T>IANS1 OR TO ! EXTREMELY REVOLUTION>Y ,REPUBLICANS & ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,! ,CA?OLIC ,PEOPLE'S ,P>TY IS ALSO V]Y /RONG4 ,BESIDES !SE !RE EXI/ 9NUM]ABLE AUTONOM\S GR\PS ( ALL T5D5CIES4 ,DISS5SIONS HAVE HI!RTO /OOD 9 ! WAY ( UNIT$ ACTION4 ,MALATE/A HAS REPEAT$LY PO9T$ \T ! GREAT NE$ = UNIT$ ACTION AMONG ALL P>TIES4 ,9 SEV]AL LOCALITIES !RE IS TODAY ALREADY A COMMON UNIT$ FRONT1 :IL/ 9 O!RS ! ATTA9M5T ( ?IS OBJECT IS DIFFICULT & EV5 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! FOLL[+ RESOLUTION WAS PASS$3--! ,CONGRESS AU?ORIZES & ADVISES ! =MATION ( SMALL LOCAL ,GR\PS ( ,ACTION1 \TSIDE ! P>TIES & EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! DIFF]5T LOCALITIES1 CONSI/+ ( ALL ?OSE ELEM5TS :I* WILL DECL>E !MSELVES READY TO GO 9TO ACTION AT ! FIR/ DECID$ OPPORTUNITY1 & TO FI<T ) ALL !IR MEANS AGA9/ ! EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS4'0 

,:5 ONE /UDIES ! HI/ORY ( ,HITL]'S RISE TO P[] ONE IS /RUCK BY ! FACT ?AT ! ,G]MAN WORK]S LE>N$ NO?+ FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,H[ LONG >E WORK]S ALL OV] ! WORLD GO+ TO COMMIT ! SAME MI/AKES1 MAK+ ! SACRIFICES ( !IR COMRADES USELESS & BR++ T]RIBLE SUFF]+S UPON !MSELVES8 .<#f.> 

.<#a.> ,A REF]5CE TO ! ,ITALIAN ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION 7,UNIONE ,S9DACALE ,ITALIANA7 :I* WAS =M$ 9 ,MOD5A BY UNIONS & TRADES C\NCILS PREVI\SLY AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,B]N]I USES ! BETT]-KN[N EXPRESSION ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL ASSOCIAT$ ) PRE-W> ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM RA!R ?AN ! ,ITALIAN ,CAM]E DEL ,LAVORO74 ,AS ,B]N]I NOTES1 IT SWIFTLY GREW DUR+ ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO BUT CALLS BY IT & ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,UNION = A UNIT$ FRONT W]E REJECT$ DUR+ ?IS P]IOD & 9 ! RISE ( FASCISM4 ,IT CONT9UES TO ORGANIZE WORK]S TO ?IS DAY & REMA9S A MEMB] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION4 7,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW ,$ITOR7 

.<#b.> ,>M&O ,BOR<I 7#a#h#h#b-#a#i#f#h7 WAS AN ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ :O JO9$ ! MOVEM5T AT ! AGE ( #a#f4 ,A LONG-/&+ UNION MILITANT1 HE WAS ELECT$ SECRET>Y ( ! ,ITALIAN ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION & $IT$ ITS NEWSPAP] ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE4 ,HE VISIT$ REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA 9 #aib & PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 SYNDICALI/ OPPOSITION TO ,BOL%EVISM BO? 9 ,ITALY & 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,RETURN+ TO ,ITALY1 HE F\<T AGA9/ ! RISE ( FASCISM BE=E BE+ =C$ 9TO EXILE 9 #a#i#b#c4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,ITALY AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & REJO9$ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 7,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW ,$ITOR7 

.<#c.> ,ALSO KN[N AS ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO1 ?IS WAS A MILITANT ANTI-FASCI/ GR\P F\ND$ AT ! 5D ( ,JUNE #aiba TO RESI/ ! RISE ( FASCISM & ! VIOL5CE ( ITS ,BLACK%IRT P>AMILIT>IES 7SQUADRI/I74 ,IT GR\P$ REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 SOCIALI/S1 COMMUNI/S1 AN>*I/S & REPUBLICANS1 AS WELL AS SOME =M] MILIT>Y (FIC]S4 ,:ILE 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S JO9$ & SUPPORT$ IT1 ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO WAS NOT SUPPORT$ BY EI!R ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY OR ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY4 ,9 CONTRA/1 BO? ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,UNION & ,ITALIAN ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION SUPPORT$ ! ORGANIZATION4 7,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW ,$ITOR7 

.<#d.> ,PIETRO ,F]R]O 7#a#h#i#b-#a#i#b#b7 WAS AN AN>*I/ ACTIVE 9 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR4 ,HE WAS ELECT$ SECRET>Y ( ! ,TUR9 SECTION ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,METAL ,WORK]S ,EMPLOYES 9 #aiai & PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! /RIKES & FACTORY OCCUPATIONS DUR+ ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b4 ,ON #ah ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#b1 HE WAS KILL$ BY FASCI/ GANGS AS P>T ( !IR ?REE-DAY T]ROR CAMPAIGN 9 ,TUR9 :I* SAW #bb LABOR MILITANTS MURD]$4 ,AFT] BE+ TORTUR$1 HE WAS TI$ TO A TRUCK & DRAGG$1 PRESUMABLY /ILL ALIVE1 AT FULL SPE$ ?R\< ! ,CORSO ,VITTORIO ,EMANUELE BE=E HIS UNRECOGNIZABLE CORPSE WAS DUMP$ AT ! FOOT ( ! /ATUE ( ,K+ ,VITTORIO ,EMANUELE ,I,I4 7,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW ,$ITOR7 

.<#e.> ,! ,IRI% ,CITIZ5 ,>MY WAS A SMALL GR\P ( >M$ TRADE UNION VOLUNTE]S FROM ! ,IRI% ,TRANSPORT & ,G5]AL ,WORK]S' ,UNION 7,I,T,G,W,U7 =M$ BY ,JAMES ,L>K91 ,JAMES ,CONNOLLY & ,JACK ,:ITE4 ,IT >OSE AS A RESULT ( ! ,DUBL9 LOCK\T ( ,AUGU/ #aiac TO ,JANU>Y #aiad :5 ,IRI% EMPLOY]S TRI$ TO BREAK ! SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5C$ ,I,T,G,W,U4 ,! ,DUBL9 ,METROPOLITAN ,POLICE REGUL>LY ATTACK$ /RIK]S & !IR MEET+S 7TWO W]E BEAT5 TO DEA? & >\ND #e 9JUR$ AT A RALLY ON #ca ,AUGU/74 ,?IS /ATE VIOL5CE PROMPT$ ,L>K9 TO CALL = A WORK]S' MILITIA TO BE =M$ TO PROTECT !MSELVES AGA9/ ! POLICE4 ,! ,IRI% ,CITIZ5 ,>MY WAS =M$ ON #bc ,NOVEMB] #aiac & = ! DURATION ( ! LOCK-\T WAS >M$ ) HURL+ /ICKS & BATS TO PROTECT WORK]S' DEMON/RATIONS FROM ! POLICE4 ,ON #bd ,APRIL #a#i#a#f1 #bb ( ITS MEMB]S TOOK P>T 9 ! ,EA/] ,RIS+ AGA9/ ,BRITI% RULE ( ,IREL&4 7,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW ,$ITOR7 

.<#f.> ,= MORE DETAILS ( ! ROLE ( LIB]T>IANS 9 ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO 70,TWO ,R$ ,YE>S07 & ! RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM1 SEE SECTION ,A4#e4#e 70,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,ITALIAN ,FACTORY ,OCCUPATIONS07 9 VOLUME #a ( ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q 7,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#h74 7,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW ,$ITOR7 

7,S\RCE 3#a#i#d#c1 ,SEPTEMB]1 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW _?#h#a1 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW1 ,SCANN$ FROM ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW _?#h#a1 ,W9T]1 #b#b#a1 PAGE #a#b1 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,W> ,COMM5T>Y3 ,= ,AN>*ISM1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d#c4 ,NOTES ADD$ BY ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW $ITOR47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidb 3 ,ITALY ,AFT] #aiah -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,SEPTEMB] #f1 #bba 3 ,ITALY ,AFT] #aiah -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,ITALY ,AFT] #aiah -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/