,IS ,TE*NOLOGY ,NEUTRAL8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,TEXT 3 

,?,I,S ,I,S ,A VITAL QUE/ION = REVOLUTION>IES3 IF TE*NOLOGY IS NEUTRAL1 !N A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION WILL SOLVE ! PROBLEMS CAUS$ BY ! OP]ATION ( EXI/+ TE*NOLOGIES1 SU* AS ! OPPRESSIV5ESS ( WORKPLACES1 ! DANG]1 POLLUTION & SOCIAL DISLOCATION ( TRAFFIC & ! 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE4 ,DAMAGE TO ! 5VIRONM5T AS A RESULT ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T IS NOT NEW4 ,9 PRE-,*RI/IAN TIMES VA/ =E/S W]E R$UC$ TO PLA9S BY HUMAN AGRICULTURE1 = EXAMPLE4 ,:AT IS NEW IS ! GLOBAL SCALE ( ! R\T9E1 DAILY DAMAGE TO AIR 7POLLUTION71 L& 7POISON+ @& LOSS ( SOIL71 & WAT] 7POLLUTION @& DR\<T74 

,FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTION1 ! WORK+ CLASS WORLDWIDE1 HAV+ SEIZ$ CONTROL ( WORKPLACES1 L& & /REETS1 W\LD DIRECT CURR5T TE*NOLOGY TO B5EFIT ! ! VA/ MAJORITY 7! WORK+ CLASS7 RA!R ?AN ! T9Y RUL+ CLASS M9ORITY1 AS AT PRES5T4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 TE*NOLOGY IS A SOCIAL 9/ITUTION ) 9H]5T QUALITIES :I* 5HANCE OR LIMIT_/DAMAGE HUMAN ABILITIES & HEAL? 7& ?AT ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T71 !N WORK]S WILL HAVE TO WEI< UP ! PROS & CONS ( DIFF]5T TE*NOLOGIES4 ,PEOPLE WILL HAVE TO DECIDE -- ?R\< ! NEW PO/ REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS WORK]-NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES ETC -- :I* TE*NOLOGIES TO USE 7E4G BIKES1 TRAMS71 :I* TO ADAPT_/LIMIT 7SMALL SCALE-LOCAL SOL> & W9D P[]7 & :I* TO DISC>D 7C>S & NUCLE> FISSION-FUSION74 ,TE*NOLOGY CONSI/S ( ! TOOLS & MA*9ES US$ BY SOCIETY & ! RELATIONS BETWE5 !M IMPLI$ BY !IR USE4 ,IT IS NOT NEUTRAL3! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 7BOSS_/WORK]7 >E REFLECT$ 9 MA*9ES & TOOLS 1 :I* 9T]ACT )1 & RE9=CE SOCIAL PATT]NS E4G ! 'TRANSPORT POOR' RESULT+ FROM C>S & CLASS SOCIETY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! HEIRA*ICAL REGIM5TATION ( WORK]S1 AL?\< IT APPE>+ TO BE A NECESSITY RESULT+ FROM PRODUCTION TE*NOLOGY1 IS BUILT 9TO TE*NOLOGY AS A REFLECTION ( ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 

,CONTROL 

  

,TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION HAS BE5 US$ TO 9CREASE EFFICI5CY & MAXIMIZE PR(ITS1 & TO MA9TA9 & OPTIMIZE ! CONTROL ( BOSSES OV] WORK]S 7BO? 9 & \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE74 ,:]E PR(IT & CONTROL COME 9TO CONFLICT1 CONTROL IS USUALLY PRIORITIZ$1 AS A LOSS ( CONTROL PUTS PR(IT1 & ULTIMATELY ! BOSS CLASS ITSELF1 AT RISK4 

,PRES5T DAY TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY DATES FROM ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION & ! NEW SCI5CE ( ! #a#g? C5TURY4 ,! OLD IDEA ( ! WORLD AS ANIMI/IC 7ALIVE7 & ORGANIC HAD BROK5 D[N4 ,IT WAS REPLAC$ BY A NEW AB/RACT SCI5CE & A NEW MODEL = RUL+ CLASS ORD] 3 ! MA*9E4 ,ORD] WAS ! PR$ICTABLE BEHAVIOR ( EA* P>T )9 A RATIONALLY DET]M9$ SY/EM ( LAWS4 ,P[] CAME FROM ACTIVE HUMAN 9T]V5TION4 ,ORD] & P[] CAME TOGE!R TO MAKE UP CONTROL -- RATIONAL CONTROL OV] NATURE1 SOCIETY & SELF I4E ! DOM9ATION1 EXPLOITATION & DE/RUCTION ( PEOPLE & ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 

,! FACTORY SY/EM & CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION WAS ! RESULT ( ! CLASS RELATIONS ( SOCIETY AS WELL AS TE*NICAL & ECONOMIC FACTORS4 ,! NEW DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO CAPITALI/ & WORK+ CLASSES HAD BEGUN ) ! RISE ( A NEW M]*ANT CLASS LONG BE=E MAJOR ADVANCES 9 PRODUCTIVE TE*NOLOGY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 NEW IDEAS AB\T ! 0IMPORTANCE ( WORK0 EM]G$4 ,PREVI\SLY1 POV]TY WAS SE5 AS AN UNAVOIDABLE EVIL1 & ! POOR AS OBJECTS ( PITY4 ,N[ POV]TY WAS A S91 & POOR PEOPLE W]E VICTIMS ( !IR [N ACTIONS4 

,MANAGEM5T ,NECESSITY 

  

,MA*9ES W]E R>ELY ! REASON = SETT+ UP ! NEW FACTORIES1 :I* W]E A MANAG]IAL1 NOT A TE*NICAL NECESSITY4 ,?OSE REQUIR$ 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION BO? REPLAC$ H& LABOR & ALSO COMPELL$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( PRODUCTION 9TO FACTORIES3 ,>KWRI<T'S ,WAT] ,FRAME 7#a#g#f#h71 ,CROMPTON'S ,MULE 7#a#g#g#d71 ,C>TWRI<T'S ,P[] ,LOOM 7#a#g#h#d7 & ,WATT'S ,/EAM ,5G9E 7#a#g#h#e74 ,SAMUEL ,SMILES 7AU?OR ( ',SELF ,HELP'1 PRECURSOR ( ,?AT*]ISM7 /AT$ ?AT MANUFACTUR]S DID NOT ADOPT MANY ( ! 'MO/ POT5T' SELF-ACT+ TOOLS & MA*9ES UNTIL !Y W]E =C$ TO DO SO BY /RIKES4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#h? C5TURY /RIKES 9 FACTORIES 9 ,MIDL&S T[NS L$ ! [N]S TO COMMISSION A FIRM ( MA*9I/S TO CON/RUCT A SELF-ACT+ MULE AT A CO/ ( ,G,B,P#a#c1 TO AVOID CONC$+ HI<] WAGES4 ,! DREAD$ NEW MA*9E1 PAT5T$ 9 #a#h#c1 WAS *RI/5$ 0,! ,IRON ,MAN0 BY ! MA*9I/S4 ,! FACTORY BAS$ ORGANIZATION ( ! WEAV+ 9DU/RY = EXAMPLE1 DID NOT DEVELOP DIRECTLY FROM A MORE EFFICI5T BASE4 ,MANY ( ! NEW MA*9ES W]E EXP5SIVE1 & W]E ONLY DEVELOP$ & 9TRODUC$ AFT] ! WEAV]S HAD BE5 CONC5TRAT$ 9TO ! FACTORIES1 FOLL[+ GREAT RESI/ANCE4 ,NEW TE*NOLOGY WAS US$ TO SUPPRESS MILITANT WORK]S4 ,= EXAMPLE ! L5G? ( SP9N+ MULES WAS 9CREAS$ TO R$UCE ! NUMB] ( WORK]S REQUIR$1 DISPLAC+ ADULT SP9N]S & 9CREAS+ ! NUMB] ( !IR ASSI/ANTS4 ,?IS WEAK5$ ! FACTORY APPR5TICE SY/EM1 & ! /R5G? & ORGANIZATION ( ! SP9N]S4 ,!SE *ANGES W]E MADE DESPITE BE+ V]Y CO/LY -- ! FACTORY LAY\T (T5 HAD TO BE REPLANN$4 ,!RE WAS HUGE RESI/ANCE TO ! NEW TE*NOLOGY1 & CONSEQU5TLY A V]Y HI< FAILURE RATE AMONG ! E>LY 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,! SUCCESSFUL ONES W]E USUALLY ! BE/ MANAG]S SU* AS ,>KWRI<T1 & (T5 P]=M$ SEV]AL ( ! CAPITALI/ ROLES3 9V5TOR1 9NOVATOR1 MANAG]4 ,MU* ( ! WORK] RESI/ANCE TOOK ! =M ( MA*9E -BREAK+4 ,= SOME WORK]S IT BECAME P>T ( ! G5]AL CLASS /RUGGLE -- AN E/ABLI%$ WAY ( PRESSURIZ+ ! BOSSES1 DIRECT ACTION :I* /IMULAT$ WORK] SOLID>ITY4 ,! WRECK+ ( COAL M9ES DUR+ WIDESPREAD RIOT+ 9 ,NOR?UMB]L& 9 #agd & FRAME BREAK+ 9 ! ,EA/ ,MIDL&S HOSI]Y TRADE >E EXAMPLES4 ,O!R WORK]S1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,LUDDITES1 OPPOS$ BO? ! NEW MA*9ES & ! NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION !Y CREAT$4 ,MA*9ES ?REAT5$ EMPLOYM5T & ! RELATIVE FRE$OM1 DIGNITY & K9%IP ( ! CRAFT WORK]4 ,!RE WAS ALSO WIDESPREAD SUPPORT FROM O!R CLASSES SU* AS F>M]S :O W]E ?REAT5$ BY ! NEW AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y4 ,BETWE5 #ahaa & #ahac ! GOV]NM5T WAS =C$ TO DEPLOY OV] #a#b1 TROOPS TO TACKLE ! ,LUDDITES1 A L>G] =CE ?AN ,WELL+TON'S >MY 9 ,SPA94 ,! ,LANCA%IRE MA*9E WRECK]S ( #ag< & #a< SP>$ SP9N+ J5NIES ( #bd SP9DLES OR LESS 7:I* W]E SUITABLE = DOME/IC PRODUCTION7 & DE/ROY$ L>G] ONES :I* W]E ONLY APPLICABLE 9 FACTORIES4 ,MA*9E BREAK]S WON MANY LOCAL CONFLICTS E4G 9 ,NORFOLK !Y SUCCE$$ 9 KEEP+ UP WAGES = A NUMB] ( YE>S4 ,WRECK+ DE/ROY$ ,JOHN ,KAY'S H\SE 9 #a#g#e#c1 ,H>GREAVE'S SP9N+ J5NIES 9 #a#g#f#h1 ,>KWRI<T'S MILLS 9 #a#g#g#f4 ,DUR+ ! WIDESPREAD SP9N]S /RIKES ( #ahah %UTTLES W]E LOCK$ 9 *APELS & WORK%OPS 9 ,MAN*E/]1 ,B>NSLEY1 ,BOLTON & O!R T[NS4 ,! ,LUDDITES W]E EV5TUALLY DEFEAT$ BY ! GA!R+ POLITICAL MOM5TUM ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 SUPPORT$ BY /RONG MILIT>Y =CES & TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE :I* *ANG$ ! COMPOSITION ( ! LABOR =CE4 0,A NEW G5]ATION HAD .<N[.> GR[N UP :I* WAS 9UR$ TO ! DISCIPL9E & PRECISION ( ! MILL04 

,TODAY 

  

,! NEUTRALITY ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY IS A MY?4 ,SCI5CE IS US$ TO LEGITIMATE P[]1 TE*NOLOGY TO JU/IFY SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,! MY? IS :EEL$ \T :5 TE*NOLOGY COMES UND] FIRE E4G = CAUS+ 9DU/RIAL POLLUTION _/ TRAFFIC CONGE/ION4 ,9ADEQUATE POLICIES OR UND]-DEVELOP$ TE*NOLOGY >E BLAM$ RA!R ?AN ! TE*NOLOGY ITSELF1 SU* AS C>S4 ,! SOLUTION IS ! 0TE*NICAL FIX0 -- MORE ( ! SAME2 ! IRONY IS ?AT ! PROBLEMS :I* TE*NOLOGY IS BE/ ABLE TO SOLVE >E ?OSE :I* HAVE BE5 ISOLAT$ FROM !IR SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,! IDEOLOGY ( 9DU/RIALIZATION MA9TA9S ?AT MOD]NIZATION1 & TE*NOLOGICAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T >E ! SAME4 ,IT IS US$ TO JU/IFY ! PURSUIT ( ECONOMIC GR[? ) ! EMPHASIS ON WEAL? G5]ATION1 RA!R ?AN ITS DI/RIBUTION4 ,SIMIL>LY SOCIETY IS DESCRIB$ 9 PURELY OP]ATIONAL T]MS 9 ORD] TO MASK ! 9EQUALITIES ( WEAL? & P[]4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY IS US$ TO SUPPRESS ! POT5TIALITIES = 9DIVIDUAL-SOCIAL EMANCIPATION (F]$ BY P>TICUL> MA*9ES SU* AS W9D P[] TE*NOLOGY 7I4E SMALL SCALE1 = LOCAL USE & COMMUNITY CONTROLL$71 & TO LEGIMATE !IR USE 9 WAYS :I* >E SOCIALLY & 5VIRONM5TALLY EXPLOITATIVE 7L>GE SCALE W9D F>MS UND] /ATE_/PRIVATE CONTROL SUPPLY+ ! ,NATIONAL ,GRID74 ,TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION IS US$ POLITICALLY1 BUT PRES5T$ 9 NEUTRAL TE*NICAL_/SCI5TIFIC T]MS SU* AS 09CREAS$ EFFICI5CY0 E4G ! 9TRODUCTION ( ASSEMBLY L9E PRODUCTION TE*NIQUES 9TO ! CON/RUCTION 9DU/RY2 AS A 0TE*NICAL SOLUTION0 TO SOCIAL NE$S SU* AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW TRANSPORT SY/EM OR AS ECONOMIC 0RATIONALIZATION0 ( \T ( DATE TE*NOLOGIES E4G ! 9TRODUCTION ( NEW PR9T TE*NOLOGY BY ,RUP]T',DIGG]',MURDO* AT ,WAPP+ :I* L$ TO ! PR9T]S' /RIKE ( #a#i#h#f_/#g4 0,/ABILITY0 IS A*IEV$ BY DISPLAC+ MILITANT WORK]S E4G CONTA9]IZATION :I* WAS BR\<T 9 TO BREAK ! P[] ( DOCKWORK]S4 0,WORK IMPROVEM5T0 S*EMES SU* AS JOB 5RI*M5T ALL[ WORK]S A SAY 9 M9OR DECISIONS TO DIV]T !M FROM KEY >EAS SU* AS PAY & PRODUCTIVITY4 ,9NOVATION IS ALSO US$ AS A ?REAT TO BLACKMAIL SECTIONS ( ! WORK=CE 9TO P>TICUL> TASKS E4G EMPLOY]S (T5 ?REAT5 MA*9E WORK]S ?AT IF !IR DEM&S = EQUAL PAY ) M5 >E MET1 !Y WILL BE REPLAC$ BY MA*9ES4 

,SCI5CE IS EQUALLY CULPABLE 9 MA9TA9+ & RE9=C+ ! /ATUS QUO4 ,9 ! #a#h#h'S ,FR$]ICK ,W9SL[ ,TAYLOR 9V5T$ 0SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T0 OR ,TAYLORISM3 ! PR9CIPLES ?AT MA*9E DESIGN]S APPLI$ TO TOOLS W]E APPLI$ TO MANUAL LABOR TO 9CREASE 0EFFICI5CY0 I4E CONTROL1 PRODUCTIVITY1 EXPLOITATION & PR(IT4 ,TAYLOR'S RESE>* HAS S9CE BE5 %[N TO BE :OLLY UNSCI5TIFIC4 ,HIS TIM$ /UDY TASKS W]E MADE ON AN ATYPICAL ,/AKHANOVITE WORK] *OS5 = HIS L>GE SIZE1 GREAT /R5G? & G5]AL /UPIDITY4 ,! APPROA* WAS BAS$ ON TREAT+ WORK]S AS UN?9K+ & UNFEEL+ MA*9ES4 ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5?USIA/ICALLY TOOK UP ,TAYLORISM 9 PO/-REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA1 ,L59 DESCRIB+ IT AS1 

0A COMB9ATION ( ! REF9$ BRUTALITY ( B\RGEOIS EXPLOITATION & A NUMB] ( ! GREATE/ SCI5TIFIC A*IEVEM5TS 9 ! FIELD ( ANALYZ+ ! ME*ANICAL MOTIONS ( WORK44444WE MU/ SY/EMATICALLY TRY IT \T & ADAPT IT TO \R [N 5DS40 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 EVID5T BELIEF 9 ! NEUTRALITY ( TE*NOLOGY WAS ONE ( ! FACTORS LEAD+ TO ! ABORTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION :I* IS (T5 OV]LOOK$4 ,! JOB 5RI*M5T IDEAS :I* SUP]C$$ ,TAYLORISM >E EQUALLY UNSCI5TIFIC 4 ,!Y RESULT$ FROM ! RECOGNITION ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD NOT AF=D TO IGNORE ! PHYSICAL & M5TAL NE$S ( ! WORK]4 

,\TSIDE POLITICS8 

  

,! OBJECTIVITY ( ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD IS US$ TO MASK ! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY & TO LEGITIMIZE ! POLICIES ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,! ,ROSKILL ,COMMISSION WAS SET UP 9 #aifi TO LOOK AT ! SIT+ ( A ?IRD ,LONDON AIRPORT4 ,! MASSES ( 'EXP]T EVID5CE' %[$ ?AT IT WAS LESS SOCIALLY DAMAG+ TO FLY L\D AIRCRAFT OV] WORK+ CLASS RA!R ?AN MIDDLE CLASS >EAS BECAUSE ( ! DIFF]5T EFFECTS ON PROP]TY VALUES 4 ,TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRAMS >E PRES5T$ AS \TSIDE ! >EA ( POLITICAL DEBATE1 SO ONLY TE*NICAL OBJECTIONS >E ALL[$4 ,(FICIAL 9QUIRIES 9TO ! SIT+ ( ,MOTORWAYS & ,NUCLE> ,P[] ,/ATIONS CAN DISCUSS :]E !Y WILL CAUSE ! LEA/ 5VIRONM5TAL & SOCIAL DI/URBANCE1 BUT NOT :E!R !Y >E NE$$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE OR :OSE 9T]E/S !Y S]VE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! TR5D IS TO PRES5T POLITICS AS A PURELY TE*NICAL ACTIVITY1 ASSESS+ POLITICAL PROGRAMS = !IR A*IEVEM5T 9 T]MS ( ECONOMIC P]=MANCE4 ,?IS APPROA* GOES H& 9 H& ) ! IDEA ( 0! DEA? ( IDEOLOGY_/5D ( HI/ORY04 

,ALT]NATIVE ,TE*NOLOGY 

  

,9 ! #a#i#f'S & '#g'S CRITICISM ( ! DOM9ANT TE*NOLOGICAL =MS L$ TO ! IDEA & 7NECCESS>ILY7 LIMIT$ DEVELOPM5T ( 0ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY04 ,ITS *>ACT]I/ICS >E M9IMAL USE ( NONR5EWABLE RES\RCES2M9IMAL 5VIRONM5TAL 9T]F]5CE1 SUPPORT = REGIONAL_/LOCAL SELF RELIANCE1 & ELIM9ATION ( ! ALI5ATION & EXPLOITATION ( LABOR4 ,EXAMPLES 9CLUD$ 5]GY PRODUCTION FROM 0S(T01 R5EWABLE RES\RCES SU* AS SOL>1 WAVE & W9D P[]4 ,A G5U9E ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY CAN ONLY BE DEVELOP$ ON A SIGNIFICANT SCALE AFT] A REVOLUTION H[EV]1 AS VE/$ 9T]E/S 7 & ! LACK ( ( P[]-MONEY ( ,A4,T PROPON5TS7 W\LD NOT ALL[ IT4 ,?IS IS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! ,BRITI% ,/ATE'S DELIB]ATE SABOTAGE ( PIONE]+ S(T 5]GY TE*NOLOGIES OV] ! LA/ #b DECADES1 P>TICUL>LY WAVE P[]4 ,A T9Y AM\NT ( MONEY HAS BE5 ALLOCAT$ 7 A FEW MILLION P\NDS 9 CONTRA/ TO ! BILLIONS ALLOCAT$ TO ,NUCLE> ,P[] 74 ,?IS FUND+ HAS !N BE5 >BITR>ILY CUT OR SWAPP$ BETWE5 PROJECTS SO !Y 0FAIL04 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON ,MAY #a#c1 #bac FROM WEB4>*IVE4ORG47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,IS ,TE*NOLOGY ,NEUTRAL8 -- ,ADD$4 

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