,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #c 
,ON ! ORIG9S ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,AU?OR 3 ,*I>A ,BOTTICI 

,TEXT 3 

,ON ! ORIG9S ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 

,PAUL ,B4 ,SMI? 

,:AT CAUS$ ! ,COLLAPSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL8 

,WORK]S WORLDWIDE HAVE ! POT5TIAL TO =M A CLASS ?AT CAN ABOLI% CAPITALISM & ! /ATE4 ,H[EV]1 !RE >E C]TA9 NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = ?IS TO HAPP54 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 WORK]S NE$ A !ORY CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ ! PRES5T4 ,SECONDLY1 !Y NE$ AN ORGANIZATIONAL =M OR =MS ?AT WILL PROVIDE !M ) ! ABILITY TO TAKE P[] 7,TICKT91 #b#f1 P#b#e74 

,PRIOR TO ! F\ND+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 SOCIALI/ GR\PS W]E SEP>AT$ !ORETICALLY & ORGANIZATIONALLY FROM ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ! FIR/ ORGANIZATIONAL =M ?AT COMB9$ !ORIES ( ! NATURE ( CAPITALISM & ITS SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVE -- 9 P>TICUL> ,PR\DHON'S & ,M>X'S -- ) WORK]S' ACTIVE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALISM4 ,IT WILL CONT9UE TO BE ( 9T]E/ TO ?OSE /UD5TS1 9TELLECTUALS & ACTIVI/S :O HAVE SIMIL> PREOCCUPATIONS 9 ! PRES5T & FUTURE4 

,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT NEI!R ! ORGANIZATIONAL =M ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL NOR WORK]S' !ORETICAL AW>5ESS )9 IT WAS SUFFICI5T = CLASS =MATION TO TAKE PLACE4 ,WORK]S DID NOT TAKE P[]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y ! ORGANIZATION SPLIT 9TO TWO GR\PS NEI!R ( :I* SURVIV$ = LONG4 ,?IS WAS A SIGNIFICANT DEFEAT = ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! QUE/ION ?IS ESSAY ADDRESSES IS NOT ONLY H[ DID ?IS HAPP5 BUT ALSO :AT COMB9ATION ( SUBJECTIVE & OBJECTIVE =CES W]E RESPONSIBLE = ?IS DEFEAT4 

,MY AIMS H]E 9CLUDE A DISCUSSION ( ! REC5T HI/ORICAL CONTEXT ?AT HAS 9FLU5C$ P]CEPTIONS ( ! COLLAPSE4 ,I ALSO WANT TO ASK ! QUE/ION :E!R IT IS POSSIBLE TO GIVE A COMPREH5SIVE EXPLANATION ( IT4 ,?IS 5TAILS SOME DISCUSSION ( ME?OD ?AT MI<T BE US$ TO ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ( EXPLANATION4 ,I %ALL SUGGE/ A !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK ?AT MI<T BE US$ TO 9T]PRET ! HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 ,?IS FRAMEWORK RELIES ON AN UND]/&+ ( ! CONCEPT ( CONTRADICTION4 

,! CONTEXT ( 9T]PRETATION 

,IF ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ! FIR/ MAJOR DEFEAT = ! WORK+ CLASS1 LAT] DEFEATS HAVE BE5 UND]/OOD 9 RELATION TO IT4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY ! CASE ) ! DEFEAT ?AT DOM9AT$ ! LA/ C5TURY -- ?AT ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ,/AL9ISM 9 ! =M] ,U,S,S,R & ITS 9FLU5CE WORLDWIDE HAD A PR(\ND EFFECT ON BO? WORK]S' UND]/&+ ( !ORY & ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS !Y ADOPT$4 ,M>XISM CLAIMS TO BE A !ORY ( WORK+ CLASS SELF EMANCIPATION4 ,YET1 DUR+ ! ,COLD ,W>1 IT BECAME ASSOCIAT$ ) TOTALIT>IAN SY/EMS4 ,M>XISM WAS ?\<T ( AS RESPONSIBLE = W>1 FAM9E1 ECONOMIC %ORTAGES & DE/RUCTION 7,TICKT91 #b#f1 P#a#b74 ,! LEFT SUPPORT$ REGIMES UNP>ALLEL$ 9 B>B>ITY1 9EFFICI5CY & 9HUMANITY4 ,LEFT W+ OPPOSITION TO ,/AL9ISM CONC$$ MU* TO IT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S UPHELD ! PROGRESSIVE NATURE ( ! NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY RELATIONS ( ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,!Y ALSO SUPPORT$ CRITICALLY BRUTAL NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS & REGIMES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ,AFRICA & ,ASIA4 ,!ORETICALLY1 ! F> LEFT T5D$ TO BE IGNORANT ( OR COMPROMIS$ BY ! ,/AL9I/ DE/RUCTION ( !ORY MAK+ IT IMPOSSIBLE OR V]Y DIFFICULT = WORK]S TO TAKE AN 9T]E/ 9 OR UND]/& POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,= SOME1 ?IS 5TAIL$ 5TRAPM5T )9 ,AL?USS]'S V]SION ( /RUCTURALI/ SOCIOLOGY4 ,= O!RS1 IT MEANT A RETREAT 9TO S*OLA/IC =MALISM4 

,! *ALL5GE ?AT ! EV5TS ( #aifh HAD TO CAPITALISM MOBILIZ$ A NEW G5]ATION ( Y\NG WORK]S & /UD5TS4 ,MANY ( !SE REJECT$ ,M>XISM AS AN 9H]5TLY OPPRESSIVE SET ( IDEAS4 
,!Y AB&ON$ WORK]S AS A POT5TIAL REVOLUTION>Y CLASS & PROCLAIM$ ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( WOM51 BLACKS & ,GAYS AS ! VANGU>DS ( ! /RUGGLE = HUMAN LIB]ATION4 ,O!RS HELD ON TO ! NOTION ( WORK+ CLASS SELF EMANCIPATION BUT W]E PREOCCUPI$ ) %ORT-T]M WORK]S' /RUGGLES 9 WORKPLACES & COMMUNITIES4 ,SOME ( !SE /RUGGLES W]E P>TIAL VICTORIES BUT MO/ W]E DEFEATS4 ,?IS LEFT MANY ACTIVI/S DEMORALIZ$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIC BETRAYALS ( A ,/AL9IS$ OR SOCIAL DEMOCRATICALLY COMPROMIS$ TRADE UNION LEAD]%IP4 

,A SECTION ( ?IS G5]ATION WAS DRAWN TO AN>*ISM 9 ! =M ?AT IT EM]G$ AT ! TIME ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BAKUN9 APPE>$ PRESCI5T 9 PROCLAIM+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD F9D ITS P]FECTION 9 ,RUSSIA & ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION W\LD BECOME ! 0GUID+ /> = ! SALVATION ( ALL LIB]AT$ HUMANITY0 7,ROSDOLSKY1 #a#i#h#f1 P#a#f#h74 ,MOREOV]1 HIS IDEAS ?AT ALL =MS ( DEMOCRACY W]E OPPRESSIVE RESONAT$ ) ?OSE :O FELT BETRAY$ BY !IR SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC OR ,/AL9I/ ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES4 ,BAKUN9 APPE>$ NOT ONLY TO HAVE PR$ICT$ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 BUT ALSO ITS EVOLUTION 9TO ,/AL9ISM :5 HE >GU$ -- AGA9/ ,M>X -- ?AT WORK]S' ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES W\LD CEASE TO BE WORK]S & ACT 9 !IR [N SELF 9T]E/ AS A BUREAUCRATIC ELITE4 ,BAKUN9'S >GUM5T AGA9/ ! POSSIBILITY ( A CLASSLESS SOCIETY MOLLIFI$ ! DISAPPO9TM5T ( A G5]ATION L$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION & ,EUROPEAN WELF>E /ATES HAD CREAT$ -- ?R\< NATIONALIZATION & FULL EMPLOYM5T -- CLASSLESS SOCIETIES4 

,AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,B]L9 ,WALL 9 #a#i#h#i1 CAPITALISM DECL>$ ITSELF TRIUMPHANT4 ,! SUPPORT+ PROPAG&A PROMOT$ ! LEG5D ?AT ! SUP]MON/]1 ,/AL91 WAS ! *ILD ( ! MON/] ,L594 ,! NEXT LOGICAL /EP WAS TO DECL>E ?AT ! MON/] ,L59 WAS ! *ILD ( ! MON/] ,M>X4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 ,M>X WAS 9H]5TLY AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,HIS AU?ORIT>IANISM CAUS$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AU?ORIT>IANISM WAS 9H]5T TO ,M>XISM4 ,/AL9ISM1 ,L59ISM & ,TROTSKYISM W]E SPAWNS ( ?IS ORIG9AL SE$4 

,DUR+ ! ,COLD ,W>1 !RE W]E TWO ANTAGONI/IC CAMPS ON ! QUE/ION ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE1 !RE W]E ?OSE :O >GU$ ?AT ,M>X WAS TO BLAME4 ,! O!R WAS ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS TO BLAME4 ,BAKUN9 ! MON/] OPPOS$ ,M>X ! MON/]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,HAL ,DRAP]1 AN UNOR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/1 HAS DESCRIB$ ,BAKUN9 AS A DIRTY1 EVIL1 RACI/ SW9DL] 7,DRAP]1 #d1 P#c#c74 ,?IS HAS E*OES ( ! ,/AL9I/ DESCRIPTION ( ,BAKUN9 AS A 0RABID 5EMY ( ,M>XISM0 7,M9UTES1 #e1 P#e#h#h74 ,9 O!R WORDS HE WAS A MAD DOG -- MOREOV] A MAD DOG ) A VIRUS CAPABLE ( 9FECT+ WORK]S' M9DS4 

,TW5TY YE>S AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 BLAM+ EI!R ,BAKUN9 OR ,M>X SEEMS QUE]4 ,! ABS5CE ( A !ORETICAL ACC\NT ( ! COLLAPSE REFLECTS ! POV]TY ( ?IS APPROA*4 ,A SIMPLE MONOCAUSAL EXPLANATION ?AT FOCUSES ON ! ACTIONS ( ONE HI/ORICAL 9DIVIDUAL1 H[EV] P[]FUL & 9FLU5TIAL1 APPE>S AT BE/ 9SUFFICI5T4 ,IT IS MO/ LIKELY P>ANOID & LAZY4 ,?OSE :O /ILL BLAME ,M>X OR ,BAKUN9 7OR BO? ( !SE HI<LY COMPETITIVE M57 DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE GOT ! PO9T4 ,?IS MADE WELL BY ,FRANZ ,MEHR+ :O WROTE 9 HIS #a#i? C5TURY BIOGRAPHY ( ,M>X3 0NO?+ IS MORE UN- ,M>XI/ ?AN ! IDEA ?AT AN UNUSUALLY MALICI\S 9DIVIDUAL 444 C\LD HAVE DE/ROY$ A PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION LIKE ! ,9T]NATIONAL0 7,MEHR+1 P#d#h#c7 ,:AT WAS IT1 !N1 ?AT DE/ROY$ IT8 

,ME?OD 

,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS KN[N AT ! TIME AS ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ?AT SET AS ITS GOAL A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,! LATT] WAS ! MEANS BY :I* WORK]S C\LD BE FRE$ FROM ECONOMIC & POLITICAL =MS ( OPPRESSION4 ,IT LA/$ FROM #ahfd UNTIL #a#h#g#b1 A P]IOD ( EI<T YE>S4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL WELCOM$ ! P>TICIPATION ( ANYONE :O WAS COMMITT$ TO ! PR9CIPLE WORK]S' SELF EMANCIPATION4 

,DESPITE ITS &ROC5TRIC TITLE1 IT NOT ONLY WELCOM$ WOM5 AS MEMB]S BUT UPHELD !IR NE$ = SEP>ATE WOM5'S SECTIONS4 ,ONE ( ! ,AM]ICAN SECTIONS WAS L$ BY TWO SI/]S1 ,VICTORIA ,WOODHULL & ,T5NIE ,CAFL9 7,COLL9S @& ,ABRAMSKY1 P#b#d#i74 ,AT LEA/ ?REE WOM5 ATT5D$ MEET+S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,LONDON REGUL>LY4 ,H>RIET ,LAW WAS ! MO/ VOCAL4 ,%E >GU$ = C5TRAL PLANN+ AS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO ! M>KET 7,COLL9S @& ,ABRAMSKY P#a#e#a74 ,H] PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ATTITUDE ( SOME ( ! MALE MEMB]S TO WOM5 WORK]S IS REGI/]$ 9 ! M9UTES 7,M9UTES1 #b1 P#b#c#i74 ,! ONLY ATTEMPT TO EXCLUDE A SOCIAL GR\P WAS DEFEAT$ AT ! FIR/ CONGRESS 9 ,G5EVA4 ,TOLA91 A ,FR5* ,PR\DHONI/1 MOV$ A MOTION ?AT CAPITALI/S1 PR(ESSIONALS & ANYONE ) A DIPLOMA %\LD BE EXCLUD$ FROM MEMB]%IP4 ,HIS ATTEMPT TO LIMIT MEMB]%IP TO MANUAL WORK]S WAS VOT$ D[N 7,DRAP]1 ,I,I1 PP#e#e#h-#e#e#i74 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL BR\<T TOGE!R AN ALLIANCE ( TRADE UNIONI/S1 MEMB]S ( SOCIALI/1 DEMOCRATIC & REPUBLICAN GR\PS1 FREE?9K]S & MEMB]S ( MUTUALI/ SOCIETIES -- SIMIL> TO CR$IT UNIONS & CO-OP]ATIVES TODAY4 ,SOME ( ITS MEMB]S1 9CLUD+ ,BAKUN91 W]E FREEMASONS4 ,ITS COLLAPSE IS M>K$ BY ! SPLIT ?AT OCCURR$ 9 #ahgb BETWE5 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL L$ BY ,M>X & ! ANTIAU?ORIT>IANS 9SPIR$ BY ,BAKUN94 ,( ! TWO COMPET+ ,9T]NATIONALS1 ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN LA/$ ! LONGE/4 ,?IS WAS = A FUR!R ?REE YE>S UNTIL #a#h#g#f4 

,BAKUN9 JO9$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#h#f#h4 ,A YE> LAT]1 AFT] HE HAD LO/ A MOTION AT ! ,BASLE CONGRESS1 HE DECID$ TO T>GET ,M>X AS AN 5EMY & SPLIT HIS ALLIES AWAY FROM HIM 7,C>R1 PP#c#g- #c#g#a74 ,?IS BEGAN A /RUGGLE = LEAD]%IP4 ,IT WAS A /RUGGLE ?AT NEI!R ,M>X NOR ,BAKUN9 WON4 ,! COLLAPSE WAS A ,PYRRHIC VICTORY = BO? LEAD]S4 ,= ,M>X1 IT MEANT ?AT ! ORGANIZATION HAD BE5 SAV$ FROM CONSPIRATORIAL & T]RORI/ICALLY 9CL9$ 9FLU5CES4 ,= ,BAKUN91 ! ?REAT ( A ,JEWI%- ,G]MANIC CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 DEFEAT$4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( A UNIT$ MOVEM5T = WORK]S' EMANCIPATION HAD BE5 KILL$ (F 9 ! PROCESS4 ,! TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE ,BAKUN9'S FOLL[]S =G$ ) DISAFFECT$ ,5GLI% RE=MI/ TRADE UNIONI/S AGA9/ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL QUICKLY FELL AP>T4 ,BY #a#h#g#g1 IT IS >GUABLE ?AT !RE WAS A FUR!R SPLIT 9 ! ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN ,9T]NATIONAL :5 ,BELGIAN TRADE UNIONI/S CALL$ = A 0,UNIT$ ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS0 TO UNITE ALL ELEM5TS ( ! ,EUROPEAN RADICAL & LABOR MOVEM5TS 7,BRAUN?AL1 P#a#i#b74 

,:AT MI<T C\NT AS A PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION ( ! DIS9TEGRATION & COLLAPSE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL8 ,I CONT5D ?AT IT IS 9SUFFICI5T TO EXPLA9 IT ACCORD+ TO ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN94 ,! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 WAS PALPABLE & IT C]TA9LY PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ! COLLAPSE4 ,H[EV]1 AN OV]EMPHASIS ON !IR SUBJECTIVITY DI/ORTS BO? ! IMPORTANCE ( !IR IDEAS & ! ROLE ?AT IDEAS PLAY 9 HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 

,!SE TWO LEAD]S HAD SUB/ANTIAL POLITICAL & P]SONAL DIFF]5CES4 ,!Y W]E !ORETICALLY & ORGANIZATIONALLY OPPOS$4 ,NOT ONLY DID !Y HAVE OPPOS$ CONCEPTIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ GOAL BUT ALSO ( ! MEANS ( A*IEV+ IT4 ,M>X CALL$ = ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES1 ,BAKUN9 = !IR EQUALIZATION4 
,M>X SUPPORT$ WORK]S 5GAG$ 9 OP51 LEGAL1 POLITICAL ACTIVITY 9CLUD+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALI/ POLITICAL P>TIES CAPABLE ( 5GAG+ )9 ! ELECTORAL PROCESS4 ,BAKUN9 WAS OPPOS$ TO ALL =MS ( POLITICAL ACTIVITY EXCEPT ! IMM$IATE SEIZURE ( P[] & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( COMMUNAL PRODUCTION4 ,M>X >GU$ ?AT ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM REQUIR$ A WORK]S' /ATE CAPABLE ( PLANN+ PRODUCTION & PHAS+ \T ! M>KET4 ,BAKUN9 HELD ?AT ANY SU* /ATE W\LD 5TAIL ! OPPRESSION ( WORK]S BY A BUREAUCRATIC ELITE4 ,M>X WAS A ,JEWI% ,G]MAN COMMUNI/4 ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$ 9 A CONSPIRACY ( ,JEWI% COMMUNI/S & F9ANCI]S & ?AT ,G]MANS W]E RACIALLY AU?ORIT>IAN 7,DRAP]1 #d1 P#b#i#c @& ,KELLY1 P#b#a#i74 

,?R\<\T ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 !RE HAD BE5 PL5TY ( POLITICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROV]SY ?AT HAD NOT L$ TO DIS9TEGRATION & COLLAPSE4 ,!RE HAD BE5 LIVELY DEBATES ON POLITICAL ACTION1 ON NATIONALIZATION1 ON ,POL& & ,IREL&4 ,MOREOV] !RE HAD BE5 DISPUTES OV] ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL & ! NATIONAL SECTIONS OV] AUTONOMY & POLICY MAK+4 ,BAKUN9'S 5TRY 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT MEAN ?AT DIS9TEGRATION & COLLAPSE W]E 9EVITABLE4 ,M>X HAD GR\NDS TO BE CONFID5T ?AT ,BAKUN9'S 9T]V5TION C\LD BE CONTA9$4 ,!RE WAS LITTLE ?AT WAS NEW 9 HIS IDEAS -- !Y HAD ALL BE5 DISCUSS$ & DEBAT$ 9 CLE>] =MS PREVI\S TO HIS JO9+4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 ,BAKUN9'S POLITICAL PROGRAM WAS A MIXTURE ( EMPTY PLATITUDES1 PRET5TI\S IDEAS & BANAL IMPROVIZATION 7,MEHR+1 P#d#a#a74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS POS$ NO REAL ?REAT4 

,IF A ONE SID$ EMPHASIS ON IDEAS & P]SONALITIES DOES NOT CAPTURE ! :OLE PICTURE1 IT IS ALSO DIFFICULT TO R$UCE ! EXPLANATION ( ! COLLAPSE TO ! MAT]IAL PRACTICES ( LABOR AT A P>TICUL> MOM5T 9 ITS =MATION BY & RESI/ANCE TO CAPITAL'S DRIVE = ACCUMULATION4 ,! IDEAS ( ! TWO ANTAGONI/S CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO ! FACT ?AT WORK]S W]E SUCCESSFUL 9 ORGANIZ+ SOLID>ITY = /RIKES ACROSS NATIONAL B\ND>IES DUR+ AN UPTURN 9 ! ECONOMY1 EV5 ?\< ?IS IS TRUE 7,RIAZANOV1 PP#a#c#f-#a#c#g74 ,?US ,M>X'S IDEAS W]E NOT ! SOLE RESULT ( HIS 5GAGEM5T ) ! ORGANIZ$ CORE ( PRODUCTIVE WORK]S 9 ,BRITA91 ,G]MANY1 ,BELGIUM & ,SWITZ]L&4 ,HIS POLITICAL ECONOMY ( CAPITALISM DID NOT 5TAIL ?AT RE=MS ?AT /R5G!N$ ! POSITION ( TRADE UNIONS W]E ! ONLY WAY 9 :I* A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION C\LD BE BR\<T 9TO BE+4 

,NOR W]E ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS ! SOLE RESULT ( HIS REFLECTIONS ON WORK]S ) /RONG CONNECTIONS TO ! PEASANTRY & ! L& :OSE TRADITIONS ( RESI/ANCE W]E DE/RUCTIVE1 CONSPIRATORIAL & 9SURRECTION>Y4 ,HIS OPPOSITION TO ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL & :AT HE CALL$ 0/ATE COMMUNISM0 CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO ! MAT]IAL P[] ?AT 9DIVIDUALS 9 ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA ONLY REC5TLY TRANS=M$ 9TO AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL WAGE WORK]S HAD TO =CE CAPITALISM TO *ANGE4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT SELF PROPELL+ MAT]IAL =CES CONGLOM]AT$ FATALI/ICALLY 9TO ACTIONS ?AT NEI!R LEAD] NOR !IR ALLIES C\LD HAVE AVOID$ 7,MESZ>OS1 P#i#c7 

,ALL ! DIFF]5T !ORIES1 IDEAS & DOCTR9ES ?AT 9FLU5C$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD !IR ORIG9S 9 =MS ( 9TELLECTUAL PRODUCTION4 ,!SE =MS CORRESPOND$ TO DIFF]5T /AGES 9 LABOR'S RESPONSE & RESI/ANCE TO ! EM]G5CE ( CAPITAL'S DOM9ATION OV] SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,!Y HAD AN ONGO+ =MATION & 9T]ACTION ) O!R IDEAS & PRACTICES4 ,?US ,M>X'S CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM GREW \T ( HIS CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY HAD EM]G$ ) ,ADAM ,SMI? AT A TIME :5 ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR P[] 9 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION HAD BECOME ! DOM9ANT S\RCE ( AN ECONOMIC SURPLUS4 ,SOCIALI/S US$ POLITICAL ECONOMY TO UND]/& & *ALL5GE CAPITALISM4 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS ON SOCIALISM1 CO-OP]ATIVES & CR$IT1 ,M>X >GU$1 ONE 
NE$$ TO UND]/& ,PR\DHON'S POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,?IS1 HE %[$1 WAS H>DLY DIFF]5T FROM ,ROB]T ,[5'S FOLL[]S4 ,! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( !SE E>LY SOCIALI/S WAS AN APPLICATION ( A ,SMI?IAN & ,RIC>DIAN UND]/&+ ( ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE4 ,IT L$ TO HOPELESS EXP]IM5TS TRY+ TO ABOLI% MONEY 9 COOP]ATIVE =MS ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 7,SMI?1 #b#i1 P#a#a#g74 

,BAKUN9 DID NOT /UDY POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,HIS IDEAS ON FRE$OM CAME FROM ,HEGEL4 ,RUSSIAN ,HEGELIANS HAD >GU$ ?AT ! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM & CIVILIZATION HAD PASS$ FROM ! ,G]MANS TO ! ,SLAVS4 ,UNTIL HIS RE5TRY TO ,EUROPEAN POLITICS AFT] A LONG P]IOD ( IMPRISONM5T 9 A ,CZ>I/ JAIL1 HE HAD BE5 A DEMOCRATIC PAN-,SLAVI/4 ,HIS IDEAS ON SOCIALISM & POLITICAL ACTIVITY CAME LATE & GREW \T ( HIS 5GAGEM5T ) FOLL[]S ( ,PR\DHON4 ,HIS IDEAS ON ORGANIZATION H[EV] W]E SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ,BLANQUI & O!RS :O FOLL[$ LEFTW+ ,JACOB9 TRADITIONS4 ,!SE W]E MIX$ ) A DA% ( NIHILI/IC T]RORISM4 7,DRAP]1 #d1 P#a#c74 

,AN EXPLANATION1 !RE=E1 ?AT KEEPS ! TOTALITY ( *ANGES 9 MAT]IAL =CES1 IDEAS1 PROLET>IAN CLASS =MATION & B\RGEOIS CLASS REACTION 9 READ]S' M9DS IS MORE LIKELY TO BE PLAUSIBLE ?AN ONE ?AT OPPOSES SUP]/RUCTURAL TO PRODUCTIVE =CES OR ATTEMPTS ! IMPOSSIBLE TASK ( R$UC+ IDEAS ME*ANICALLY TO !IR MAT]IAL BASE4 ,PUT DIFF]5TLY1 ACC\NTS ?AT OPPOSE SUBJECTIVE TO OBJECTIVE DET]M9ANTS ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS & VICE V]SA >E LIKELY TO BE P>TIAL & 9COMPLETE4 ,A PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION ( ! COLLAPSE W\LD BE A COMPREH5SIVE ONE4 ,IT W\LD BE MANY-SID$ & RECOGNIZE ! FULL RANGE ( CAUSAL DET]M9ANTS4 ,IT W\LD BE ONE CAPABLE ( ACC\NT+ = RAPID *ANGES 9 CONSCI\SNESS BO? FROM REVOLUTION TO C\NT]REVOLUTION & VICE V]SA4 

,I %ALL >GUE H]E ?AT ! QUE/ION ( DET]M9ANTS ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL CAN BE ANSW]$ BY EXAM9+ C]TA9 CONTRADICTIONS )9 ! MOVEM5T FROM ATOMIZ$ WORK]S TO A CLASS 7,TICKT91 #a#i#h#g1 P#a#c74 ,CONTRADICTIONS CONSI/ ( OPPOSITES :I* ACT AS POLES ( ATTRACTION OR =CES ?AT HAVE ! P[] EI!R TO BE SUP]S$$ BY A NEW =M ( PROLET>IAN COLLECTIVITY OR TO FALL AP>T1 CAUS+ CRISES1 DIS9TEGRATION & COLLAPSE )9 EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONAL =MS4 

,I %ALL EXAM9E TWO CONTRADICTIONS )9 ! =M ( ORGANIZATION ADOPT$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! FIR/ CONTRADICTION CONSI/S ( COMPET+ T5D5CIES T[>DS C5TRALIZATION & DEC5TRALIZATION 9 ! MODE ( LEAD]%IP4 ,! SECOND CONTRADICTION CONSI/S ( COMPET+ T5D5CIES T[>DS GREAT] SECRECY & GREAT] OP5NESS 9 ! MODE ( COMMUNICATION4 ,F9ALLY ,I %ALL ATTEMPT TO EXPLA9 ! MOVEM5T ( !SE CONTRADICTIONS 9 RELATION TO BO? ! UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! UNEV5 RESPONSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO ! *ALL5GE POS$ BY ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,C5TRALIZATION & DEC5TRALIZATION 9 ! MODE ( LEAD]%IP 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS =M$ AS A MEANS TO E/ABLI% A UNIFI$ & COMB9$ RESPONSE TO ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC OPPRESSION EXP]I5C$ BY WORK]S4 ,! RULES CLE>LY RECOGNIZE ! P[] ( UNION & COMB9ATION ?AT WORK]S CAN A*IEVE ?R\< !IR V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS 7,M9UTES1 #b1 P#b#f#g74 ,! COMPOSITION & LOCATION ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL REFLECT$ ?IS4 ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONS HAD F\<T & L$ DECISIVE /RIKES AGA9/ EMPLOY]S4 ,?IS 9CLUD$ SOLID>ITY ACTION 9 SUPPORT ( VICTIMIZ$ BRICKLAY]S 7,COLL9S @& ,ABRAMSKY1 PP#a#d-#a#g74 ,MOREOV]1 ?R\< ! ,*>TI/S & O!R CAMPAIGNS1 !Y HAD ! EXP]I5CE ( POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T4 ,?IS HAD =C$ ! RUL+ CLASS TO CONC$E SUFFRAGE TO SECTIONS ( SKILL$ WORK]S 9 ! #ahfg ,RE=M ,ACT & UNIV]SAL $UCATION 9 ! #ahg ,$UCATION ,ACT4 

,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL /AT$ ?AT ITS USEFULNESS 9 SUPPORT+ WORK]S ATTEMPT+ TO EX]CISE !IR COLLECTIVE P[] W\LD BE ?R\< ITS 0UTMO/ EF=TS TO COMB9E ! DISCONNECT$ WORK+ M5'S SOCIETIES1 REPRES5T$ BY C5TRAL NATIONAL ORGANS0 7,M9UTES1 #b1 P#b#f#g74 ,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL !RE=E SAW ITSELF AS A BODY ?AT W\LD ASSI/ ! PROCESS ( NATIONAL C5TRALIZATION AS A MEANS TO DEVELOP+ COLLECTIVE PROLET>IAN P[]4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! /ATEM5T ON SELF EMANCIPATION PREC$+ ! RULES WAS OP5 TO DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATION4 ,?IS /AT$ ?AT WORK]S' EMANCIPATION W\LD BE 0CONQU]$ BY WORK+ CLASSES !MSELVES40 ,?IS W\LD BE A POLITICAL & ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ?AT 5TAIL$ ! ABOLITION ( CLASS SOCIETY4 ,! VAGUE WORD+ ( ?IS ALL[$ SOME TO >GUE ?AT ! PROCESS ( EMANCIPATION C\LD BE A*IEV$ FROM ABOVE -- EI!R ?R\< AN ALLIANCE ) RADICAL B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS OR ?R\< A C\P D'ETAT OR 9SURRECTION4 ,O!RS >GU$ ?AT SELF EMANCIPATION C\LD ONLY COME FROM BEL[ ?R\< 9DEP5D5T PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS TRADE UNIONS1 CO-OP]ATIVES OR POLITICAL P>TIES 7,RIAZANOV1 P#a#e#g74 

,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL REPRES5T$ A T5D5CY = GREAT] C5TRALIZATION FROM ! />T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS PUT UND] PRESSURE TO C5TRALIZE EV5 FUR!R BY GR\PS ?AT UPHELD ! NOTION ?AT WORK+ CLASS EMANCIPATION C\LD BE A*IEV$ FROM ABOVE4 ,IT WAS ABLE TO SUCCESSFULLY RESI/ ?IS PRESSURE UNTIL ! ,LONDON CONF]5CE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,!SE TWO GR\PS CONSI/$ ( FOLL[]S ( ,BLANQUI & FOLL[]S ( ,LASSALLE4 

,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,LASSALLE & ,M>X WAS DIFFICULT4 ,)9 ! SPH]E ( ,G]MAN SOCIALI/ POLITICS1 ,M>X /OOD = REVOLUTION FROM BEL[ & ,LASSALLE = A TOP D[N COLLABORATION ) ,BISM>CK4 ,?IS WAS A DIFF]5T K9D ( RE=MISM FROM ?AT ( ! ,5GLI% TRADE UNION LEAD]S4 ,IT DEP5D$ ON A CROSS CLASS ALLIANCE BETWE5 WORK]S & ! >I/OCRACY RA!R ?AN BETWE5 WORK]S & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,LASSALLE WANT$ ! ,PRUSSIAN GOV]NM5T TO F9ANCE WORK]S' COOP]ATIVES & TRADE UNIONS HIS GR\P HAD =M$4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,M>X WAS SCA?+ 9 HIS CONDEMNATION ( H[ ,LASSALLE'S POLICIES W\LD ALL[ ! 0ASSES ( (FICIALDOM0 TO CONTROL ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T 7,DRAP]1 #d1 P#f#c74 

,LASSALLE'S GR\P REFUS$ TO JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL BUT ATTEMPT$ TO 9FLU5CE IT 9 #a#h#f#h4 ,C5TRALIZATION WAS A DOM9ANT !ME ( ! GR\P4 ,AFT] ,LASSALLE DI$1 ,S*WEITZ]1 :O TOOK OV] ! LEAD]%IP1 /AT$ ?AT C5TRALIZATION %\LD BE ! OV]RID+ GOAL ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT DEMOCRATIC C5TRALIZATION WAS ! KEY TO ! VICTORY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AN $ITORIAL 9 ITS NEWSPAP] 9 #ahfh CALL$ ON ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TO C5TRALIZE ITS LEAD]%IP SO ?AT IT HAD MORE CONTROL OV] ! NATIONAL F$]ATIONS4 ,!RE IS NO EVID5CE ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL HE$$ ,S*WEITZ]'S ADVICE 7,FREYMOND1 P#c#c74 

,LASSALLE'S GR\P EXCLUD$ ITSELF FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! DOM9ANT 9T]PRETATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( SELF EMANCIPATION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL UNIT$ ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONI/S1 ,G]MAN COMMUNI/S SU* AS ,M>X1 & ,FR5* ,PR\DHONI/S4 ,?IS WAS ?AT *ANGE %\LD COME FROM BEL[4 ,M>X HAD SUBSCRIB$ TO ! IDEA ( DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM :5 HE WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 9 #ahdh & SAW NO 9CONSI/5CY BETWE5 ?IS & REVOLUTION FROM BEL[4 ,! ,LASSALLEAN ADVOCATES ( DEMOCRATIC C5TRALIZATION W]E CLE>LY RE=MI/S4 ,BAKUN9 ALSO HAD HIS [N V]SION ( C5TRALIZ$ LEAD]%IP FROM BEL[ BUT IT EXCLUD$ DEMOCRATIC CONTROL4 

,! O!R GR\P ?AT /OOD = GREAT] C5TRALIZATION & REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE W]E ! ,BLANQUI/S4 ,!Y /OOD = ! IMPOSITION ( A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ DICTATOR%IP ?R\< A SEIZURE ( /ATE P[] ORGANIZ$ SECRETLY BY A DISCIPL9$ & C5TRALIZ$ NETWORK REVOLUTION>IES4 ,ONCE 9 P[]1 !Y PLANN$ TO GALVANIZE ! MASSES 9TO REVOLUTION4 ,!Y 9T]V5$ AT ! #ahff ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS 9 ORD] TO D5\NCE ! ,9T]NATIONAL & DISRUPT IT4 ,!Y W]E EJECT$ & HAD NO FUR!R 9FLU5CE ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL UNTIL AFT] ! REPRESSION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,9 #ahga ?IRTY ?REE ( !M S\<T ASYLUM 9 ,LONDON AS REFUGEES4 ,SOME ( !SE JO9$ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL & SUPPLI$ DELEGATES TO ! ,LONDON CONF]5CE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,! ,BLANQUI/S HAD HOPES ( DOM9AT+ ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & DEM&$ ?AT IT BECOME A DISCIPL9$1 C5TRALIZ$ 9T]NATIONAL P>TY ) A REORGANIZ$ ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL AT ITS HEAD4 ,BY ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#g#b1 !Y W]E >GU+ ?AT ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL %\LD CON/ITUTE ITSELF AS ! VANGU>D ( AN 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S P>TY4 ,!Y D5\NC$ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL = REFUS+ TO FACE UP TO ?IS TASK 7,COLL9S @& ,ABRAMSKY1 P#b#c74 

,F9ALLY1 ,BAKUN9 WAS 9ITIALLY A SUPPORT] ( C5TRALIZATION4 ,HE VOT$ = MOVES TO GIVE ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL GREAT] P[]S AT ! ,BASLE ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#f#i4 ,?IS WAS MOTIVAT$ BY P]SONAL AMBITION & ! HOPE ?AT ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL W\LD TAKE ACTION AGA9/ ?OSE SECTIONS 9 ,SWITZ]L& :OSE MEMB]S HE OPPOS$4 

,! OPPOS+ DEC5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES MANIFE/$ !MSELVES ?R\<\T ! ORGANIZATION FROM ITS 9CEPTION UNTIL ITS DEMISE4 ,ONE ( ! F\ND+ RULES /AT$ ?AT EV]Y SOCIETY ?AT JO9$ C\LD KEEP !IR EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONS 9TACT 7,M9UTES1 #a1 P#b#f#h74 ,?IS MEANT ?AT EV]Y AFFILIAT$ SOCIETY C\LD MANAGE ITS [N SPECIAL AFFAIRS )\T REF]5CE TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS C\LD BE 9T]PRET$ AS APPLY+ TO SECTIONS OR BRAN*ES4 ,E>LY ON 9 #a#h#f#e1 ,BELGIAN WORK]S HAD ASS]T$ !IR AUTONOMY AGA9/ AN UNELECT$ REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL :O WANT$ TO BR+ A V>IETY ( DEMOCRATIC & REPUBLICAN GR\PS 9TO A NATIONAL F$]ATION4 ,?IS CAUS$ A DISPUTE ?AT WAS RESOLV$ ?R\< A DECISION BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TO AFFIRM ! RI<T ( EV]Y BRAN* TO ELECT ITS [N (FIC]S 0SUBJECT TO ! APPROVAL ( ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL0 7,FREYMOND1 P#a#g7 

,! ,SWISS W]E P]HAPS ! MO/ ACTIVE & 5?USIA/IC ( ! NATIONAL GR\PS ( WORK]S 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT WAS AMONG ,SWISS WORK]S ?AT ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 C5TRALIZ+ & DEC5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES WAS ! MO/ PRON\NC$4 ,AT ! ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#f#f1 !RE W]E FIFTE5 ,SWISS SECTIONS REPRES5T$ AS AGA9/ F\R ,FR5* & ?REE ,G]MAN4 ,:5 ,BAKUN9 >RIV$ 9 ,SWITZ]L& 9 #ahfh OV] ?IRTY SECTIONS HAD BE5 =M$4 ,9 ,G5EVA1 ! BUILD+ WORK]S HAD REBELL$ AGA9/ ! CLOCKMAK]S =M+ SEP>ATE ANTAGONI/IC BRAN*ES 7,FREYMOND1 P#a#e74 ,! ISSUES ( RE=M FROM ABOVE & REVOLUTION FROM BEL[ W]E CONFUS$ ) >GUM5TS = C5TRALIZATION & DEC5TRALIZATION4 

,9 ,SWITZ]L& /RIKES HAD BE5 UNUSUAL4 ,?IS *ANG$ ) ! >RIVAL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,G5EVA BUILD+ WORK]S & ! ,BASLE RIBBON MAK]S F\<T UNPREC$5T$ DISPUTES AGA9/ 9TRANSIG5T EMPLOY]S4 ,BACK$ BY ! F9ANCIAL & MORAL SUPPORT ( ,5GLI%1 ,FR5* & ,AM]ICAN WORK]S1 ! ,SWISS WORK]S F\<T = HOLIDAYS & %ORT] WORK+ H\RS DESPITE LOCK \TS & ! HO/ILITY ( ! ,SWISS B\RGEOISIE TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ONE ( ! FIR/ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,PI]RE ,C\LL]Y ( ! ,LA ,*AUX-DE-,FONDS BRAN* HAD L$ ,JURA WORK]S -- DOME/IC WORK]S SCATT]$ 9 M\NTA9 VILLAGES & UNUS$ TO MASS ORGANIZATION & ACTION -- 9TO AN ELECTORAL ALLIANCE ) B\RGEOIS & MON>*I/ RADICALS 7,MEHR+1 P#d#a#d74 ,! ,JURA 
WORK]S FELT BETRAY$ BY ! POLITICAL LEAD]%IP ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & *OSE A NEW REPRES5TATIVE3 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 A MEMB] ( ,BAKUN9'S CIRCLE4 

,BAKUN9 & ,GUILLAUME W]E ABLE TO EXPLOIT POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DIVISIONS )9 ! ,SWISS WORK+ CLASS4 ,?R\< ,GUILLAUME1 ,BAKUN9 GA9$ 9FLU5CE ) ! ISOLAT$ ,JURA WAT*MAK]S -- 9 DECL9E UND] ! IMPACT ( COMPETITION FROM ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN MASS PRODUC$ WAT*ES4 ,9 ,G5EVA1 ,SWISS SECTIONS 9CLUD$ BO? ?OSE ( ! 0FABRIQUE0 -- 5FRAN*IS$ SKILL$ JEWELRY & WAT* MAK+ WORK]S -- & ?OSE ( UN5FRAN*IS$ 0GROS METI]S0 -- BUILD+ WORK]S ( IMMIGRANT ,ITALIAN1 ,FR5* & ,G]MAN ORIG94 ,! HI<LY PAID 5FRAN*IS$ 0FABRIQUE0 WORK]S ( ! LUXURY TRADES ( ,G5EVA HAD CONCLUD$ ELECTORAL COMPROMISES ) B\RGEOIS POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,BAKUN9 CALL$ ON ! 0GROS METI]S0 TO REJECT POLITICAL ACTION = ! VOTE & CONC5TRATE ON PLANS = SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,AT ! ,BASLE ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#f#i1 HE MOV$ A MOTION = ! ABOLITION ( ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE4 ,?IS WAS 9T5D$ TO ATTACK ! 0FABRIQUE0 WORK]S' ATTA*M5T TO PRIVATE PROP]TY 7,C>R P#c#f#b74 ,HE ALSO D5\NC$ ! ,ZURI* SECTION'S CALL = REF]5DA ON CANTON LEGISLATION AS 0B\RGEOIS40 

,! MOVE BY ,FR5* SPEAK+ SECTIONS TO =M A NATIONAL F$]ATION ( ,FRANCO-,ITALIAN ,SWISS WORK]S L$ TO AN UNRESOLV$ SPLIT 9 #ahg ) TWO NATIONAL GR\PS CLAIM+ TO REPRES5T ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,ONE HAD A BASE 9 ! 0FABRIQUE40 ,?IS WAS LOYAL TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL & BAS$ 9 ,G5EVA4 ,! O!R HAD A BASE 9 ! ,JURA WAT*MAK]S & 0GROS METI]S40 ,?IS WAS LOYAL TO ,BAKUN9'S ,ALLIANCE 7,MEHR+1 PP#d#c-#d#c#a74 ,! ATTEMPT TO C5TRALIZE V>I\S SECTIONS 9TO A NATIONAL F$]ATION HAD COLLAPS$ 9TO TWO ANTAGONI/IC DEC5TRALIZ$ & UNCOORD9AT$ GR\PS4 

,! ,JURA ,F$]ATION 9 ,SWITZ]L& =M$ ! BASE = ! ,BAKUN9I/ CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,?IS CAMPAIGN GA9$ SUPPORT FROM TWO FUR!R DISPUTES ?AT W]E EVID5CE ( C5TRALIZ+ & DEC5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES4 ,! FIR/ WAS ! QUE/ION ( REPRES5TATION 9 ! ,U,S,A4 ,! SECOND WAS ! MOVE TO DEC5TRALIZE ! ,5GLI% SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! FIR/ CONC]N$ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL'S ORD] ?AT ,SECTION #ab ( ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION BE DISSOLV$ 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,SECTION #ab WAS L$ BY ,WOODHULL & ,CAFL9 -- TWO FEM9I/S :O >GU$ ?AT WOM5'S LIB]ATION %\LD PREC$E ANY *ANGE 9 CLASS RELATIONS 7,M9UTES1 #e1 P#c#b#d74 ,A DISPUTE HAD >IS5 OV] AN ATTEMPT ,SECTION#a#b HAD MADE TO TAKE OV] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION4 ,?IS HAD BE5 *ALL5G$ BY ,U4,S4 SECTIONS CONSI/+ ( =EIGN BORN WORK]S4 ,SECTION #ab HAD MADE AN APPEAL CALL+ ON ! ,F$]ATION TO =M AN ALT]NATIVE ,U4,S GOV]NM5T CONSI/+ ( RADICALS4 ,?IS W\LD RUN ALONGSIDE & CORRESPOND ) ! ,U,S ,CONGRESS 7,M9UTES #e1 P#c#b#d74 ,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL'S ORD] WAS AN EX]CISE ( ITS GREAT] C5TRAL P[]S4 ,IT %[$ H[ C5TRALIZATION C\LD BE US$ TO RESOLVE POLITICAL DISPUTES BETWE5 DEC5TRALIZ$ SECTIONS4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,WOODHULL ALLI$ ) ! ,BAKUN9I/S4 ,?IS WAS AN UNPR9CIPL$ ALLIANCE AS ,WOODHULL >GU$ = ELECTORAL POLITICAL ACTIVITY :]EAS ! ,BAKUN9I/S W]E OPPOS$ TO IT4 

,! SECOND DISPUTE WAS SIMIL>LY UNPR9CIPL$4 ,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL HAD ACT$ BO? AS A COORD9AT+ BODY = ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,5GLI% TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,JOHN ,HALES1 AN ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONI/ MEMB] ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 HAD >GU$ ?AT ,5GL& NE$$ ITS [N NATIONAL SECTION = FIVE YE>S4 ,HE WON ?IS DEM& AT ! ,LONDON CONF]5CE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,HALES WAS A SUPPORT] ( ! IDEA ( A ,BRITI% WORK+ CLASS POLITICAL P>TY -- HE WAS AN E>LY ADVOCATE ( A ,LABOR P>TY4 ,H[EV]1 AFT] GA9+ ! VOTE 9 #a#h#f#g1 HE WAS -- LIKE O!R TRADE UNION LEAD]S -- UND] PRESSURE TO SUPPORT ! ,TORIES OR ! ,LIB]ALS4 ,HE BROKE ) ,M>X AFT] ! ,HAGUE 9 #a#h#g#b4 ,HE TOOK (F5SE AT 
,M>X'S REM>K ?AT ! ,5GLI% TRADE UNION LEAD]S W]E 0MORE OR LESS B\<T UP BY ! B\RGEOISIE & ! GOV]NM5T0 7,DRAP]1 #b1 P#a#c7 ,HE *OSE !REAFT] TO SIDE ) ! ,BAKUN9I/S4 ,HE JO9$ !M 9 ! FIR/ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#h#g#c4 ,HE SOON AB&ON$ ?IS ALLIANCE & 5D$ HIS LIFE A ,LIB]AL4 

,?IS %[S ! TWO CONTRADICTORY =CES 9 OP]ATION SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,HALES /OOD BO? = NATIONAL AUTONOMY & = A C5TRALIZ$ 9T]NATIONAL LEAD]%IP4 ,:IL/ HE WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 HE HAD ALLI$ ) ,M>X ON ! IDEA ( WORK+ CLASS EMANCIPATION FROM BEL[4 ,H[EV]1 :5 HE BECAME ! LEAD] ( A DEC5TRALIZ$ NATIONAL ,F$]ATION1 HE MOV$ T[>DS SUPPORT = ! IDEA ( WORK+ CLASS EMANCIPATION FROM ABOVE4 ,HIS TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE ) ! ,BAKUN9I/S ON ! QUE/ION ( AUTONOMY WAS !RE=E A TACTIC ?AT HID HIS RE=MISM4 

,SECRECY & OP5NESS 9 ! MODE ( COMMUNICATION 

,SECRECY 9 ! MODE ( COMMUNICATION HAS TWO SIDES3 ONE AS A MEANS ( CONTROL & ! O!R AS A MEANS ( RESI/ANCE TO CONTROL4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE1 SECRECY IS A MEANS BY :I* AN OPPRESSIVE P[] CAN REPRESS & POLITICALLY ATOMIZE COLLECTIVE RESI/ANCE TO IT4 ,A MODE ( COMMUNICATION ?AT RE/RICTS 9=MATION TO ! FEW :O 9ITIATE & EXECUTE PLANS = CONTROL IS ITSELF AN EFFECTIVE =M ( CONTROL4 ,SIMIL>LY1 SECRECY 5TAILS HID+ 9=MATION CONC]N+ ! EFFECT ( ?OSE PLANS 7ESPECIALLY IF !Y 9VOLVE TORTURE OR SUMM>Y EXECUTION74 ,?IS IS ALSO A =M ( CONTROL4 

,ON ! O!R SIDE1 SECRECY CAN BE BO? A MEANS ( MA9TA9+ =MS ( COLLECTIVE OPPOSITION TO AN OPPRESSIVE P[] 7= EXAMPLE DUR+ P]IODS ( /ATE REPRESSION7 & A MEANS ( PLANN+ TO OV]?R[ OR DE/ROY ?AT P[] 7ESPECIALLY IF IT 9VOLVES ASSASS9ATIONS OR =MS ( T]RORISM74 ,! TWO SIDES ( SECRECY (T5 CO9CIDE4 ,?IS HAPP5S :5 CONSPIRATORIAL ORGANIZATIONS >E P5ETRAT$ BY PAID 9=M]S & PROVOCATEURS4 ,! SUCCESS ( SECRET 9TELLIG5CE & SECRET POLICE =CES 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAS MADE MO/ CONSPIRATORIAL ORGANIZATIONS 9EFFECTIVE4 ,! FACT ?AT T]RORI/ ORGANIZATIONS ?RIVE IS1 9 P>T1 DUE TO ! COLLAPSE ( ?IS MODE ( CONTROL4 ,! COLLAPSE ( ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9'S SECRET POLICE AFT] ! 9VASION 9 #bc & ! OCCUPY+ P[]'S PROMPT REEMPLOYM5T ( =M] (FIC]S COME TO M9D H]E4 

,OP5NESS 9 ! MODE ( COMMUNICATION IS ESS5TIAL = DEMOCRATIC PLANN+4 ,A FREE FL[ ( 9=MATION IS NECESS>Y = 9DIVIDUALS TO MAKE JUDGM5TS CONC]N+ ! TRU? OR FALSITY ( /ATEM5TS1 TO EVALUATE CRITICALLY MI/AKES1 TO ASSESS ! SUCCESS ( PROPOS$ PLANS1 & TO JUDGE :E!R ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES HAVE FULFILL$ !IR M&ATE4 ,FRE$OM ( COMMUNICATION1 ASSEMBLY & EXPRESSION IS REQUIR$ = IDEAS TO REA* A MASS AUDI5CE ?R\< ! =MS ( M$IA & TRANSPORT AVAILABLE TO !M4 

,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ADOPT$ AN OP5 =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT PRESUPPOS$ A FREE FL[ ( 9=MATION4 ,ITS GOAL WAS TO BECOME A MASS ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S WORLDWIDE & AT ITS HEI<T T5S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S W]E AFFILIAT$ TO IT4 ,! FACT ?AT M9UTES W]E KEPT IS AN 9DICATION ?AT MEMB]S W]E ABLE TO 9SPECT & CORRECT ! RECORD ( OP9IONS & DECISIONS MADE4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS =MALLY DEMOCRATIC4 ,! F\ND+ RULES /AT$ ?AT NO 9DEP5D5T LOCAL SOCIETY %\LD BE PRECLUD$ FROM DIRECTLY CORRESPOND+ ) ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL W]E ELECT$ AT ,CONGRESSES AT :I* EV]Y LOCAL BRAN* C\LD S5D A DELEGATE 7,M9UTES1 #b1 PP#b#f#i-#b#g74 ,IF A BRAN* W]E MORE ?AN FIVE HUNDR$ MEMB]S1 IT C\LD S5D AN EXTRA DELEGATE4 
,MEMB]S TOOK FULL ADVANTAGE ( ! NEW M$IA & =MS ( TRANSPORT -- ! TELEGRAPH & ! RAILWAYS4 

,H[EV]1 ! 9FLU5CE ( CONSPIRATORIAL ME?ODS ( ORGANIZATION ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS /ILL /RONG4 ,!SE HAD A LONG HI/ORY & W]E V>I\S 9 ORIG9S4 ,FREEMASONRY1 AL?\< NOT A CONSPIRATORIAL ORGANIZATION1 HAD A SECRET MODE ( COMMUNICATION BETWE5 MEMB]S4 ,?IS ALL[$ REPUBLICAN1 DEMOCRATIC & MAT]IALI/ LIT]ATURE TO CIRCULATE & BE DISCUSS$ DUR+ P]IODS :5 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS WAS LIMIT$ BY ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* & ABSOLUTI/ REGIMES4 ,IT PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 DEVELOP+ ! IDEAS NE$$ = ! TRANSITION FROM A M]CANTILE TO AN 9DU/RIAL =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,DUR+ P]IODS ( REPRESSION & REACTION1 ! SECRECY FREEMASONRY AF=D$ ALL[$ REPUBLICANS & DEMOCRATS ! OPPORTUNITY TO COMMUNICATE & ORGANIZE FREE FROM ! FE> ( >RE/ OR IMPRISONM5T4 ,MANY ( ! G5]ATION ( REVOLUTION>IES ?AT HAD L$ ! DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5TS ( #ahdh BECAME MASONS4 ,?IS WAS AS TRUE ( ! ,FR5* EMIGRES 9 ,LONDON ?AT HELP$ TO F\ND ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS IT WAS ( ,BAKUN91 ,MAZZ9I & ,G>IBALDI4 ,BAKUN9 HAD BE5 A MASON S9CE #ahde 7,C>R1 P#a#b#h74 

,9 ,FRANCE1 NON-,PR\DHONI/ SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S HAD AN ATTA*M5T TO CONSPIRATORIAL =MS ORGANIZATION4 ,!SE HAD !IR ORIG9S 9 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION ) ! IDEAS ( ,BABEUF & ,BUON>ROTI4 ,!Y W]E KEPT ALIVE BY ,BLANQUI4 ,BLANQUI/S W]E 9ITIAT$ BL9DFOLD$4 ,!Y W]E MADE TO REPEAT A CATE*ISM & SWORN TO SECRECY 7,B]N/E91 PP#g#c-#g#d74 

,ANO!R S\RCE ( ATTA*M5T TO SECRECY WAS ! LONG TRADITION ( PEASANT REVOLT4 ,ALL LEAD]S ( PEASANT REVOLTS HAVE1 ( NECESSITY1 HAD TO ORGANIZE COV]TLY -- B\ND BY OA? TO DEA? )9 A SECRET FRAT]NITY4 ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS ON REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION HAD ELEM5TS TAK5 FROM !SE V>I\S S\RCES ?AT MA9TA9$ SECRECY AS A MODE ( COMMUNICATION4 ,HE /RESS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( A COLLECTIVE 9VISIBLE C5TRALIZ$ DICTATOR%IP BAS$ ON AN ANONYM\S1 SECRET ORGANIZATION ( REVOLUTION>IES4 ,?IS WAS SIMIL> 9 CONCEPTION TO ,BLANQUISM4 ,! ORGANIZATION W\LD DRAW UP A PLAN 9 SECRECY :I* W\LD BE DISCUSS$ & DET]M9$ BE=EH&4 ,!Y W\LD !N USE ?IS PLAN TO DIRECT ! SPONTANE\S ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES4 ,! MASSES W\LD HAVE NO AW>5ESS ( ! DICTATOR%IP EX]CIS$ OV] !M 7,KELLY1 PP#b#d#b-#b#d#d74 ,BAKUN9 US$ ?IS MODEL 9 FAIL$ ATTEMPTS AT 9SURRECTION AT ,LYONS 9 #ahg & ,BOLOGNA 9 #a#h#g#d4 

,! SECRET & SPONTANE\S DIRECTION ( ! MASSES WAS SIMIL> TO WAY PEASANT LEAD]S HAD ORGANIZ$ 9SURRECTIONS4 ,9 ! #ahdh REVOLUTION1 ,BAKUN9 HAD PLAC$ HIS HOPES = WORLD-WIDE REVOLUTION UPON A MASS REVOLT ( ! PEASANTRY 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ESPECIALLY ,RUSSIA4 ,HIS REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS REFLECT$ ! ME?ODS ( PEASANT REVOLT AGA9/ FEUDAL DESPOTISM4 ,9 HIS 0,CONFESSION TO ! ,CZ>0 HE EXPRESS$ A DESIRE TO DE/ROY ALL CA/LES1 & BURN ALL DOCUM5TS ( AN ADM9I/RATIVE1 GOV]NM5TAL & JURIDICAL NATURE4 ,HIS DESIRE ACCURATELY MIRROR$ ! REALITY ( :AT HAPP5$ 9 PEASANT REVOLTS -! DE/RUCTION ( EV]Y?+ ASSOCIAT$ ) ! OPPRESSIVE YOKE ( ! FEUDAL MA/] 7,H[ES1 P#a#a#a74 

,DUR+ ! TIME HE WAS ACTIVE )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 HE BECAME AN ADVOCATE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS ( ?OSE :O W]E REC5TLY DISPOSSESS$ FROM ! L& & =C$ TO SELL !IR LABOR P[] = A WAGE4 ,HE HAD AN 9TUITIVE UND]/&+ ( ! =CES ?AT W]E *ANG+ ! FACE ( ,EUROPE & ! WORLD4 ,! ADVANCE ( CAPITALISM PRESAG$ A T]M9AL CRISIS = REMNANTS ( FEUDAL RELATIONS ( DEP5D5CY BETWE5 S]FS & MA/]S4 ,S]FDOM WAS ABOLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA 9 ! #a#h#eS4 ,! SUBORD9ATE RURAL POPULATION WAS BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO A POOR PEASANTRY OR AN AGRICULTURAL OR 
URBAN PROLET>IAT4 ,DISPOSSESSION ( L& MEANT EI!R A MOVE 9TO SMALL SCALE COMMODITY PRODUCTION OR 9TO ! POSITION ( A L&LESS LABOR] =C$ TO COMPETE = A WAGE 9 T[N OR C\NTRYSIDE4 ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS ( AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM W]E TO REVIVE IDEAS ( COMMUNAL =MS ( PRODUCTION ( ! L& ?AT HAD SURVIV$ ?R\<\T ! FEUDAL P]IOD4 ,HE ALSO *ANNEL$ ! REAL HATR$ ( ! NEW POLITICAL & ECONOMIC =CES 9TO OLD] ORGANIZATIONAL & REVOLUTION>Y =MS -- SECRET ORGANIZATIONS ) A MASS BASE 9T5T ON ! DE/RUCTION ( /ATE & *UR*4 ,HIS *OS5 VEHICLE = ?IS =M WAS ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,IT HAS BE5 /AT$ ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS BORN \T ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! OLD ME?ODS ( POLITICAL CONSPIRACY & SECRET ORGANIZATIONS 7,NICOLAEVSKY1 P#e#f74 ,!SE OLD ME?ODS W]E TYPICAL ( ,FRANCE DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ,RE/ORATION & ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y4 ,FROM #ahcb TO #a#h#d1 !RE HAD BE5 SIX ATTEMPTS AT ASSASS9AT+ ! ,FR5* ,K+4 ,H[EV]1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,*>TI/S 1 NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION HAD >IS54 ,!SE MIX$ AN OP5 COMMUNICATION ( SOCIALI/ IDEAS ) ! BUILD+ MASS ORGANIZATIONS ( LABOR]S4 ,! FOLL[]S ( ! F\ND+ UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S HAD BUILT !IR [N LEGAL ORGANIZATIONS BUT T5D$ TO IGNORE ! MASS POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( WORK]S = ! VOTE & ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLES ( WORK]S ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADE UNIONS4 ,PR\DHON'S ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS FOLL[]S CAME TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ) !SE P]SPECTIVES4 ,ON ! O!R H& SOCIALI/ IDEAS HAD ALSO 9FLU5C$ MEMB]S ( CONSPIRATORIAL REPUBLICAN & DEMOCRATIC GR\PS4 ,! DEFEAT ( ! #a#h#d#h-#d#i REVOLUTION SET ! OP5 =MS ( ORGANIZATION BACK & ! OLD TYPE ( CONSPIRATORIAL ORGANIZATION CAME ONCE AGA9 TO ! =E 7,NICOLAEVSKY1 P#d74 

,M>X WAS WELL AW>E ( !SE COMPET+ T5D5CIES4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE HAD BE5 A PROPAG&I/ ORGANIZATION & ,M>X HAD F\<T AGA9/ ATTEMPTS TO MAKE IT 9TO A CONSPIRATORIAL GR\P4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT :]E REVOLUTION>IES 5JOY$ DEMOCRATIC RI<TS SU* AS FRE$OM ( ! PRESS & FRE$OM ( ASSEMBLY1 !N !RE WAS NO NE$ = SECRECY4 ,CONV]SELY1 :]E !SE BASIC DEMOCRATIC RI<TS W]E YET TO BE WON OR )DRAWN BY ! /ATE1 ! NE$ = SECRECY WAS =C$ ON WORK]S & !IR COMMUNI/ ALLIES4 ,?IS WAS A /EP BACKW>DS4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ! /RUGGLE = DEMOCRATIC RI<TS WAS ! EXT5SION ( ! FRE$OMS ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO WORK]S & !IR ALLIES4 ,?IS EXT5SION WAS NECESS>Y IF ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS TO ADVANCE ?R\< A PROCESS ( $UCATION TO AN AW>5ESS ( ITS HI/ORICAL ROLE4 

,:5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS =M$ 9 #a#h#f#d1 WORK]S HAD DIFF]5T LEVELS ( FRE$OM TO ORGANIZE & 5GAGE 9 POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,?IS DEP5D$ UPON ! EXT5T ( CONTROL ! B\RGEOISIE HAD OV] ! SUP]/RUCTURE4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 !RE WAS A BAN ON POLITICAL ASSOCIATION & ! =MATION ( TRADE UNIONS4 ,WORK]S HAD ONLY JU/ BE5 GRANT$ ! RI<T TO /RIKE4 ,9 ,BRITA91 WORK]S HAD ! RI<T TO ASSOCIATE & TO /RIKE4 ,MOREOV] AS A RESULT ( ! ,*>TI/ CAMPAIGN = UNIV]SAL MALE SUFFRAGE1 !Y HAD GA9$ CONCESSIONS FROM ! B\RGEOISIE SU* AS A P>TIAL 9CLUSION 9 ! SUFFRAGE 9 #ahfg & UNIV]SAL $UCATION = WORK+ CLASS *ILDR5 9 #a#h#g4 ,!SE CONCESSIONS W]E PAID \T ( /ATE REV5UE D]IV$ FROM ! MOVE AWAY FROM 9DU/RIAL TO F9ANCE CAPITAL & ! SURPLUS VALUE EXTRACT$ FROM ! SUP] EXPLOITATION ( LABOR P[] 9 ,ASIA & ,AFRICA4 ,! ,BRITI% B\RGEOISIE HAD CONTROL OV] ! >I/OCRACY :O W]E DEP5D5T ON ! PR(ITS ( CAPITALI/ F>M]S = !IR R5TS4 ,! PEASANTRY HAD CEAS$ TO EXI/ AS A CLASS & ! :OLE ( ! RURAL POPULATION W]E CONV]T$ 9TO L&LESS LABOR]S DEP5D5T ON WAGES AS A S\RCE ( 9COME4 

,! ,FR5* EMIGRES ?AT HELP$ =M ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E REFUGEES FROM ! #ahdh P]IOD4 ,!Y RETA9$ A SECRET MODE ( COMMUNICATION AS MEMB]S ( A ,MASONIC TYPE ( ORGANIZATION CALL$ ! 
,PHILADELPHIANS4 ,MEMB]S W]E ALSO ASSOCIAT$ ) A GR\P CALL$ ,COMMUNE ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE =M$ BY ,FELIX ,PYAT1 A LEFT REPUBLICAN MEMB] ( ! ,FR5* NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,!Y ALSO FRAT]NIZ$ ) ,ITALIAN EMIGRES :O FOLL[$ ,MAZZ9I4 ,! ,FR5* %>$ ) ! ,ITALIANS AN ATTA*M5T TO SECRECY1 CONSPIRATORIAL ACTIVITY & A SYMPA?Y ) 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( T]ROR ESPECIALLY ATTEMPTS TO ASSASS9ATE TYRANTS SU* AS ,NAPOLEON ! ?IRD 7,NICOLAEVSKY1 P#d#c74 

,!SE MEMB]S =M$ A BRAN* ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,LONDON4 ,SOME ( !M W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,MANY ( ! E>LY /RUGGLES )9 ! C\NCIL W]E BETWE5 ! CONSPIRATORIAL ,LONDON ,FR5* & ! OP5 ,PR\DHONI/S BAS$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,ONE ( ! REASONS ! LATT] W]E ATTRACT$ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ?AT !Y C\LD GET R\ND REPRESSIVE LEGISLATION4 ,!Y C\LD >GUE !Y W]E MEMB]S ( A =EIGN ORGANIZATION & !RE=E NOT VIOLAT+ ! LAW AGA9/ POLITICAL SOCIETIES4 ,ONE ( ! CAUSES ( DISPUTE BETWE5 ! ,PR\DHONI/S & ! ,LONDON ,FR5* WAS ?AT ! LATT]'S ATTA*M5T TO SECRECY ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ! ,FR5* POLICE & ?IS ?REAT5$ ! SECURITY ( ! ,P>IS SECTION'S ATTEMPTS TO PROPAG&IZE AMONG WORK]S & BUILD MASS ORGANIZATIONS4 

,BY #a#h#f#f1 ! ,LONDON ,FR5* HAD BECOME AN EMB>RASSM5T TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,9 ! ,LE=T CASE ( #ahfe ! ,5GLI% & ,G]MAN MEMB]S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL SUPPORT$ ! ,PR\DHONI/S AGA9/ ! ,LONDON ,FR5*4 ,LE=T /OOD = ! VIOL5T OV]?R[ ( ! ,EMPIRE & ! RE/ORATION ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY4 ,HIS PROPAG&A WAS DEVOT$ TO ! ADVOCACY ( POLITICAL *ANGE AS OPPOS$ TO ECONOMIC DEM&S SUPPORT$ BY WORK]S 7,COLL9S @& ,ABRAMSKY1 PP#a#a-#a#c74 ,A YE> LAT] MEMB]S HAD ATT5D$ A D9N] 9 COMMEMORATION ( ! #ahdh REVOLUTION AT :I* ,PYAT GAVE A SPEE* ?AT SUGGE/$ HE W\LD SUPPORT AN ATTEMPT TO ASSASS9ATE ,NAPOLEON4 ,?IS WAS REPORT$ 9 ! PRESS & ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL FELT OBLIG$ TO DI/ANCE ITSELF FROM ,PYAT & HIS FOLL[]S 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL /AT$ ITS COMMITM5T TO OP5NESS AS A MODE ( COMMUNICATION & ITS OPPOSITION TO T]RORISM4 ,9 #a#h#f#h1 ! ,FR5* /ATE MOV$ AGA9/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,P>IS >RE/+ LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,P>IS SECTION :O W]E PUT ON TRIAL = BE+ MEMB]S ( A POLITICAL SOCIETY 7,COLL9S @& ,ABRAMSKY1 P#a#c#f74 ,DOCUM5TS TAK5 FROM CORRESPOND5CE ) ! ,LONDON ,FR5* W]E US$ AS EVID5CE ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS A SECRET ORGANIZATION ATTEMPT+ TO OV]?R[ ! ,EMPIRE4 ,! TRIAL AFFECT$ ,PR\DHONI/S :OSE POSITION WAS = POLITICAL AB/5TION FROM POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,IT WAS A W>N+ BY ! ,FR5* /ATE ?AT !Y %\LD CONT9UE TO KEEP AWAY FROM POLITICS & HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) REPUBLICANS & ,BLANQUI/S4 

,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL HAD A CONT9UAL BATTLE TO DISASSOCIATE ITSELF FROM & TO ASS]T ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S NON-CONSPIRATORIAL & ANTI-T]RORI/ NATURE4 ,?US ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL UPHELD ! ,IRI% ,F5IANS' USE ( PHYSICAL =CE AS ! ONLY POSSIBLE MEANS ( *ALL5G+ ,BRITI% /ATE OPPRESSION AT ! SAME TIME AS >GU+ !RE W]E A RANGE ( PEACEFUL MEANS OP5 TO WORK]S 9 ,5GL&4 

,! ,FR5* /ATE ATTEMPT$ TO H>ASS ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S OP]ATIONS BY *>ACT]IZ+ IT AS A POT5TIALLY T]RORI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,FR5* ,F$]ATION W]E TRI$ = BE+ MEMB]S ( A SECRET SOCIETY ?REE TIMES 7,BRAUN?AL1 P#a#f74 ,CONSPIRACY BECAME ! MAJOR PLANK ( ! ,FR5* /ATE'S PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! REPRESSION ?AT FOLL[$ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,ANYONE :O WAS A MEMB] OR SYMPA?IZ] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS LIABLE TO IMPRISONM5T4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT WAS ALLEG$1 WAS ! SECRET ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD PLANN$ & ORGANIZ$ ! ,COMMUNE4 ,FAVRE1 ,?I]S' =EIGN M9I/]1 ATTEMPT$ TO MOBILIZE A ,EUROPEAN WIDE CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS WAS SUPPORT$ BY 
! ,POPE1 ,BISM>CK & ,BEU/1 ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN ,*ANCELLOR4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 IT FAIL$ TO GET ! SUPPORT ( ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T :O REFUS$ TO PASS EM]G5CY LEGISLATION AGA9/ IT4 ,M>X'S SUPPORT = ! ,COMMUNE 9 HIS DOCUM5T PRODUCE = ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL -- ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE - ALI5AT$ SOME ( ! ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONI/S4 ,! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T WISELY JUDG$ ?AT TO ATTACK ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS A :OLE HAD ! POT5TIAL TO ANTAGONIZE & POLITICIZE ! ,BRITI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?IS C\LD CAUSE A BREA* 9 ! CROSS CLASS ALLIANCES ?AT HAD BE5 =M$ ) TRADE UNIONI/S 7,BRAUN?AL1 P#a#f#c74 

,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL REJECT$ ! REQUE/ = AFFILIATION BY ,BAKUN9'S ORGANIZATION ! 0,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY0 9 #a#h#f#h4 ,! ,ALLIANCE'S PROGRAM /AT$ ?AT ! ,ALLIANCE HAD A SPECIAL PHILOSOPHICAL MISSION TO BR+ AB\T ! 0EQUALIZATION ( CLASSES40 ,?IS CONTRADICT$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S F\ND+ DOCUM5T4 ,?IS /AT$ ?AT CLASS RULE & CLASS SOCIETY NE$$ TO BE ABOLI%$4 ,= ,M>X IT REPRES5T$ ! IDEA ?AT WORK+ CLASS EMANCIPATION WAS COMPATIBLE ) VALUE1 MONEY & CAPITAL4 ,HE ALSO TOOK EXCEPTION TO ! CLAUSE 9 ! ,ALLIANCE'S PROGRAM :I* REJECT$ ALL =MS ( POLITICAL ACTION :I* DID NOT HAVE AS ITS IMM$IATE AIM ! TRIUMPH ( ! WORK]S' CAUSE AGA9/ ,CAPITAL4 

,H[EV] IT WAS NOT ! ISSUE ( DIFF]5CES 9 ! !ORY & !IR PROGRAMMATIC EXPRESSION ?AT MOTIVAT$ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TO REJECT AFFILIATION4 ,PREVI\S DIFF]5CES HAD BE5 RESOLV$ DEMOCRATICALLY ?R\< DEBATES AT ,CONGRESS4 ,! REASON WAS ?AT1 IF ! ,ALLIANCE HAD BE5 ALL[$ TO AFFILIATE !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 TWO C5TRAL COMMITTEES & TWO CONT5D+ & COMPET+ P[] /RUCTURES4 ,MOREOV]1 AL?\< ! ,ALLIANCE -- 9 RESPONSE TO REJECTION -- DECID$ TO DISSOLVE ITSELF 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL WAS NOT CONV9C$ ?AT ITS MEMB]S W]E CONV]T$ TO OP5NESS AS A MODE ( COMMUNICATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 NEW ,SPANI% MEMB]S RECRUIT$ BY ONE ( ,BAKUN9'S ,ITALIAN FOLL[]S ,FANELLI DID NOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! ,ALLIANCE & ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!Y W]E L$ TO BELIEVE !Y W]E ONE & ! SAME ORGANIZATION4 ,SUSPICIONS GREW ?AT ,BAKUN9 RETA9$ ! ,ALLIANCE AS A SECRET CONSPIRATORIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,( NOTE IS ?AT ,BAKUN9'S PRACTICE EMBODI$ ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 SECRECY & OP5NESS ( MODES ( COMMUNICATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS OP5NESS WAS ! PUBLIC FACE ( HIS POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,HE KEPT HIS COMMITM5T TO SECRECY PRIVATE4 ,IT WAS HIS DIS+5U\S EMBRACE ( !SE CONTRADICTORY =CES ?AT L$ HIM TO BE ACCUS$ ( DECEIT REG>D+ HIS PLANS TO SPLIT ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y EVID5CE ?AT ,BAKUN9 HAD NOT AB&ON$ ! OLD] MODE ( COMMUNICATION & ITS SYMPA?IES ) T]RORISM WAS PROVID$ BY ! ,NET*AYEFF AFFAIR 9 #a#h#g4 ,IMPRESS$ BY ! Y\NG ,RUSSIAN NIHILI/'S REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR1 ,BAKUN9 S5T ,NET*AYEFF BACK TO ,RUSSIA ) LETT]S 9DICAT+ ?AT HE HAD ! SUPPORT ( AN ,9T]NATIONAL NETWORK ( REVOLUTION>IES L$ BY ,BAKUN9 TO AGITATE ON !IR BEHALF4 ,NET*AYEFF WAS AN UNSCRUPUL\S *>ACT] :O MURD]$ ONE ( HIS FRI5DS1 ROBB$ ,BAKUN9 ( MONEY & ?REAT5$ TO KILL ,M>X'S PUBLI%] :5 HE ASK$ ,BAKUN9 TO PAY BACK ! ADVANCE HE HAD BE5 GIV5 TO TRANSLATE ,CAPITAL 9TO ,RUSSIAN4 

,BY #a#h#g#a1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL W]E FAC+ :AT SEEM$ TO BE A LOS+ BATTLE TO SAVE ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS AN ORGANIZATION COMMITT$ TO OP5NESS4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL'S 5DORSEM5T ( ,M>X'S PAMPHLET ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL CAME UND] EXT]NAL ATTACK BY ! ,FR5*1 ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN /ATES AS A SECRET CONSPIRATORIAL ORGANIZATION SYMPA!TIC TO T]RORISM4 ,MOREOV]1 IT WAS GR[+ 9 ,ITALY & ,SPA9 UND] A LEAD]%IP ?AT1 9T]NALLY1 DID NOT CONTRADICT ?IS IMPRESSION & SEEM$ AMBIVAL5T CONC]N+ ! NE$ TO PROTECT OP5NESS4 ,MOREOV]1 AT ! 
SAME TIME ?AT B\RGEOIS NEWSPAP]S W]E H9T+ ?AT ,M>X WAS P>T ( A ,JEWI% CONSPIRACY2 ,BAKUN9 WAS VILIFY+ HIM ON ! SAME GR\NDS 7,COLL9S @& ,ABRAMSKY1 P#b#a#e74 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS ATMOSPH]E ?AT ! ,LONDON CONGRESS WAS CALL$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,?IS 9CREAS$ ITS DISCIPL9>Y P[]S4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS1 ! ,ITALIAN F$]ATION REFUS$ TO ATT5D ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS ( #ahgb ?US D5Y+ ! ,BAKUN9I/S ! OPPORTUNITY ( TAK+ OV] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ABOLI%+ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 

,! F9AL PLAY+ \T ( ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 OP5NESS & SECRECY EXPLA9S :Y ! DECISION WAS TAK5 AT ! ,HAGUE TO MOVE ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL FROM ,LONDON TO ,NEW ,YORK4 ,9 ORD] TO DEFEAT ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL RELI$ ON ,BLANQUI/ REFUGEES FROM ! ,COMMUNE TO SUPPORT ! MOVE TO GREAT] C5TRALIZATION4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL'S DIS9TEGRATION 9VOLV$ ! LOSS ( T5D5CIES ?AT /OOD = OP5NESS 9 MODES ( COMMUNICATION4 ,! ,PR\DHONI/S W]E IMPRISON$ BY ! ,FR5* /ATE & P[]FUL ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONI/S HAD AB&ON$ %IP UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S SUPPORT = ! ,COMMUNE4 ,9 ?IS WEAK5$ /ATE1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL W\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ! ,BLANQUI/S :O W]E EV5 LESS COMMITT$ TO OP5NESS AS A MODE ( COMMUNICATION ?AN ! ,BAKUN9I/S 7,NICOLAEVSKY1 P#e#f74 ,NEW ,YORK WAS ! ONLY PLACE ?AT AN OP5 =M ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL C\LD SURVIVE4 ,9 FACT1 ! MOVE SIGNIFI$ ! DEMISE BO? ( A UNIFI$ ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 

,CONCLUSION 

,I HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO ANSW] ! ESSAY QUE/ION BY 9DICAT+ ?AT !RE WAS AN 9T]ACTION ( TWO T5D5CIES OR =CES4 ,! FIR/ WAS T[>DS C5TRALIZATION AT ! CORE ( ! LEAD]%IP & DEC5TRALIZATION AT ! P]IPH]Y4 ,! PULL ( !SE =CES WAS CONFUS$ ) DIFF]5T NOTIONS ( WORK]S' SELF EMANCIPATION -- FROM ABOVE & FROM BEL[4 ,! LATT] -- 9 P>TICUL> CONCEPTS ( ! NATURE ( ! SOCIALI/ GOAL & ! MEANS ( REALIZ+ ?IS -- CO9CID$ ) AN ASS]TION ( & A /RUGGLE AGA9/ CONSPIRATORIAL =MS ( SECRECY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 OP51 DEMOCRATIC1 MASS =MS ( COLLECTIVITY & CLOS$1 ELITI/ =MS ( LEAD]%IP WAS RAIS$ TO A NEW LEVEL ( AW>5ESS4 ,! COMB9$ EFFECT ( !SE =CES CAUS$ AN UN=ESE5 & UNWELCOME DIS9TEGRATION & COLLAPSE4 ,NEI!R ,M>X NOR ,BAKUN9 PLANN$ = ?IS EV5 IF !RE IS EVID5CE ?AT BO? LEAD]S KNEW ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL C\LD SPLIT & W]E1 AFT] A LIFE & DEA? /RUGGLE = LEAD]%IP1 RESIGN$ TO ! F9AL \TCOME4 

,F9ALLY1 ,I NE$ TO M5TION ! IMPACT ( :AT MI<T BE CALL$ A CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,?IS 9 ITSELF IS A DET]M9$ RESULT ( ! DIVISION BETWE5 9TELLECTUAL & O!R =MS ( LABOR )9 CAPITALISM4 ,H[ F> DID ! ,9T]NATIONAL CONTRIBUTE TO WORK]S' !ORETICAL AW>5ESS ( !IR ABILITY TO TAKE P[]8 ,?IS AW>5ESS WAS LIMIT$4 ,! LEAD]%IP WAS $UCAT$ ?R\< DEBATE & DISCUSSION ( V>I\S POSITIONS AT ,CONGRESSES4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD NO $UCATION PROGRAM & ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL MADE NO EF=T TO ORGANIZE GR\PS TO /UDY !ORY4 ,IT DOES NOT MAKE S5SE1 = EXAMPLE1 TO /ATE ?AT ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL'S MOVE T[>DS GREAT] C5TRALIZATION AT ! ,LONDON CONF]5CE ( #ahga WAS ,M>X'S ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE A !ORETICAL PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ WRITT5 DUR+ ! LIFE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL COMP>ABLE TO ! ,]FURT PROGRAM ( #ahia OR TO ,TROTSKY'S TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM4 ,M>X HAD WRITT5 A PROGRAM = ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O & ATTEMPT$ TO REALIZE ?IS ?R\< HIS 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL BUT ?IS NEV] BECAME ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS BAS$ ON A PR9CIPLE ( WORK]S' SELF EMANCIPATION & A CLASSLESS SOCIETY AS A 
MEANS TO REALIZ+ ?IS MOVEM5T = EMANCIPATION4 ,!RE WAS NO PROGRAM ?AT MEMB]S AGRE$ ON AB\T ! NATURE ( ! CLASSLESS SOCIETY OR ! POLITICAL MEANS ( A*IEV+ IT4 ,A ,M>XI/ WAS NOT SOMEONE COMMITT$ TO UND]/&+ & DEVELOP+ ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 HIS !ORY ( HI/ORY OR HIS CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM4 0,M>XI/0 WAS A T]M ( ABUSE 9V5T$ BY ,BAKUN9I/S TO DESCRIBE ANYONE :O WAS A FRI5D ( ,M>X4 ,5GLI% RE=MI/ TRADE UNIONI/ LEAD]S & ,FR5* ,BLANQUI/S W]E ,M>XI/ 9 ?IS S5SE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !RE W]E A DIV]SITY ( 9TELLECTUAL CURR5TS )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL & NOT ONE ( !M WAS DOM9ANT4 ,ONLY ,M>X & ! ,PR\DHONI/S HAD A !ORETICAL UND]/&+ ( SOCIALISM BAS$ ON A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( CAPITALISM4 ,! ,BLANQUI/S1 ,BAKUN9I/S1 & ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONI/S W]E ACTIVI/S LITTLE CONC]N$ ) !ORY4 ,BAKUN9 HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ AS BE+ OPPOS$ TO !ORY 9 PR9CIPLE 7,?OMAS1 P#b#h#d74 ,! SAME C\LD BE SAID ( ! ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONI/S4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT CONSI/ ( $UCAT$ 9DIVIDUALS :O ?\<T AB\T :AT !Y W]E DO+1 HAD PLANS & WROTE AB\T !M 9 NEWSPAP]S & J\RNALS4 ,9DE$ 9 ?IS S5SE !Y W]E MORE !ORETICAL ?AN MANY PEOPLE ON ! LEFT TODAY4 ,H[EV] ?IS ?9K+ WAS CONF9$ TO ! IMM$IATE TASKS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ORGANIZATION1 RESI/ANCE1 PROPAG&A & SOLID>ITY4 ,! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT CONC]N ITSELF ) CONTROV]SIES OV] ! TRU? OR FALSITY ( ,M>X & ,PR\DHON'S !ORIES ( VALUE NOR CONNECT ?IS DEBATE ) DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIALISM & H[ TO A*IEVE IT4 

,NONE!LESS1 ! BRIEF FL[]+ & VICI\S SUPPRESSION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE MADE A DIFF]5CE TO ! CLIMATE ( OP9ION4 ,IT MADE ! OP5 COMMUNICATION ( ALL =MS ( CONTROV]SY DIFFICULT4 ,NOT ONLY W]E PREVI\SLY ACTIVE SECTIONS1 SU* AS ! ,PR\DHONI/S 9 ,FRANCE DRIV5 UND]GR\ND BUT ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS T>GET$ AS A T]RORI/ ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD SECRETLY CONSPIR$ AGA9/ ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS WAS A DIFF]5T 5VIRONM5T FROM ONE 9 :I* ! RUL+ CLASS TOL]AT$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S EXI/5CE DESPITE IT BE+ A ?ORN 9 ! FLE% ( PREVI\SLY UN9HIBIT$ =MS ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 

,IF ! ,COMMUNE HAD NOT HAPP5$1 W\LD ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAVE COLLAPS$8 ,IT IS LIKELY ?AT ! SUCCESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD HAVE =C$ ! RUL+ CLASS 9TO A COORD9AT$ RESPONSE BUT IT IS NOT CLE> :E!R ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 L$ BY ,BRITA9 & A POLICY ( COOPTION RA!R ?AN BY ! ,FR5* & ,PRUSSIAN'S *OICE ( REPRESSION4 ,! RESPONSE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL RUL+ CLASS TO ! ,COMMUNE & ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S SUPPORT = ! ,COMMUNE WAS V>I$ ACCORD+ TO DIFF]5T NATIONAL P]CEPTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S ?REAT4 ,DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! LEGAL SUP]/RUCTURES W]E !MSELVES DET]M9ATE RESPONSES TO PREVI\S PHASES 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE & UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T4 ,?US 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS BANN$1 BUT 9 ,BRITA9 IT WAS NOT4 ,! ,BRITI% B\RGEOISIE WAS WISE TO FOLL[ A PA? ( COOPTION ( TRADE UNION LEAD]S 9T5T ON RE=M AS A MEANS ( AMELIORATION ( WORK]S' ECONOMIC OPPRESSION4 ,! ACQUIESC5CE ( ,BRITI% WORK]S' LEAD]S TO !IR B\RGEOIS SUP]IORS W\LD1 ( C\RSE HAVE BE5 LESS LIKELY1 HAD ,BRITI% CAPITAL NOT %IFT$ FROM 9DU/RIAL 9VE/M5T 9TO F9ANCIAL 9VE/M5T 9 ! ,EMPIRE4 ,?OSE ( US FAMILI> ) ,L591 KN[ ?AT ! SUP]-EXPLOITATION ( ! SUBJECT COLONIAL POPULATIONS ?R\< BRUTE =CE SUPPLI$ ! SURPLUS VALUE ?AT PAID = ! /ATE F9ANC$ H\S+ & WELF>E S*EMES ( ,BRITA9 & ,G]MANY4 

,BO? ! ,COMMUNE & ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E DEFEATS = ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,NEI!R WAS SUCCESSFUL 9 OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM & E/ABLI%+ ! CONDITIONS = WORK+ CLASS EMANCIPATION4 ,! ,COMMUNE %[$ ?AT A SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM WAS POSSIBLE BUT ?AT IT W\LD BE RESI/$ 
VIOL5TLY BY ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,IT WASN'T UNTIL ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag ?AT !RE WAS ANO!R OPPORTUNITY = PROLET>IAN P[] WORLD-WIDE4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS A CRUCIAL RESPONSE TO & EXAC]BAT+ ELEM5T ) ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CRISIS ( ! #a#h#eS & #a#h#fS4 ,\T ( ITS DEFEAT ROSE A NEW PHASE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION BAS$ MORE CLE>LY ON ! NE$ TO SECURE CLASS COLLABORATION ?R\< ! 9VE/M5T ( /ATE REV5UE 9 UNPRODUCTIVE LABOR4 ,?IS 9CLUD$ A DECISIVE %IFT T[>DS F9ANCE CAPITAL & AWAY FROM 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,?IS T5D5CY ACCEL]AT$ 9 ! SUBSEQU5T C5TURY4 ,IT HAS DOM9AT$ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS & ! ROLE ( F9ANCE CAPITAL IS ONLY N[ BECOM+ TRANSP>5T4 ,PUT DIFF]5TLY1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,COMMUNE W]E ! TRIGG]S ?AT />T$ A PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ DECL9E4 

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,B]N/E91 ,S4 7#a#i#g#a7 ,AUGU/E ,BLANQUI & ! ,>T ( ,9SURRECTION1 ,LAWR5CE & ,WI%>T3 ,LONDON ,BRAUN?AL1 ,J4 7#a#i#f#f7 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,?OMAS ,NELSON3 ,LONDON ,C>R1 ,E4,H4 7#a#i#c#g7 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,MACMILLAN3 ,LONDON 

,COLE1 ,G4,D4,H4 7#a#i#e#d7 ,SOCIALI/ ,?\<T3 ,M>XISM & ,AN>*ISM1 ,MACMILLAN3 ,LONDON 

,COLL9S1 ,H4 ,& ,ABRAMSKY1 ,C4 7#a#i#f#e7 ,K>L ,M>X & ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T1 ,MACMILLAN3 ,LONDON 

,FREYMOND1 ,J4 ,& ,MIKLOS1 ,M4 7#a#i#f#f7 0,! ,RISE & ,FALL ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL0 9 ,DRA*KOVIT*1 ,M4,M4 7$47 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9T]NATIONALS1 ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS3 ,/AN=D 

,DRAP]1 ,H4 7#a#i#g#h-#a#i#i7 ,K>L ,M>X'S ,!ORY ( ,REVOLUTION VOLS #a-#d1 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS3 ,NEW ,YORK 

,H[ES1 ,R4,C4 TRANS4 7#a#i#g#g7 ,! ,CONFESSION ( ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ,CORNELL ,U4,P43 ,I?ACA @& ,LONDON 

,KELLY1 ,A4 7#a#i#h#b7 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS3 ,OX=D 

,MEHR+1 ,F4 7#a#i#c#f7 ,K>L ,M>X3 ,! ,/ORY ( ,HIS ,LIFE1 ,JOHN ,LANE ,! ,BODLEY ,HEAD3 ,LONDON 

,MESZ>OS1 ,I4 7#a#i#h#h7 0,! ,NATURE ( ,HI/ORICAL ,DET]M9ATION0 9 ,CRITIQUE #c-#c1 ,GLASG[ 

,NICOLAEVSKY1 ,B4 ,I4 7#a#i#f#f7 0,SECRET ,SOCIETIES & ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL0 9 ,DRA*KOVIT*1 ,M4,M4 7$47 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9T]NATIONALS1 ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS3 ,/AN=D 

,RIAZANOV1 ,D4 7#a#i#g#c7 ,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS3 ,NEW ,YORK 

,ROSDOLSKY1 ,R4 7#a#i#h#g7 0,5GELS & ! ',NONHI/ORIC' ,PEOPLES3 ,! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION 9 ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h10 ,CRITIQUE #a#h-#a#i1 ,GLASG[ 

,?OMAS1 ,P4 7#a#i#h7 ,K>L ,M>X & ! ,AN>*I/S1 ,R\TL$GE @& ,KEEGAN ,PAUL3 ,LONDON 

,SMI?1 ,P4,B4 7#b#i7 0,REFLECTIONS ON ,ASPECTS ( ,M>XI/ ,ANTI-,UTOPIANISM10 ,CRITIQUE #d#g1 ,R\TL$GE3 ,AB+DON 

,TICKT91 ,H4,H4 7#a#i#h#g7 0,! ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ( ,CLASS0 9 ,CRITIQUE #b-#b1 ,GLASG[ 

,TICKT91 ,H4,H4 7#b#f7 0,POLITICAL ,CONSCI\SNESS & ITS ,CONDITIONS AT ! ,PRES5T ,TIME0 9 ,CRITIQUE #c#h1 ,R\TL$GE3 ,AB+DON 

,! ,M9UTES ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 VOLS #a-#d1 ,LAWR5CE & ,WI%>T3 ,LONDON 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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