,P>T #a#e1 ,*APT] #a 
,BEYOND ! WORK+-CLASS3 ! POLITICS ( ! EXCLUD$ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,AU?OR 3 ,*I>A ,BOTTICI 

,TEXT 3 

,IDEOLOGY & ,PO/-,IDEOLOGY #b 

,BEYOND ! WORK+-CLASS3 ! POLITICS ( ! EXCLUD$ 

,&Y ,ROB9SON 

,! 9T]SECTION ( 0,BLACK & ,R$0 HAS HI/ORICALLY OCCURR$ >\ND ! COMMON FEATURE ( ORI5TATION TO ! WORK+ CLASS & RELAT$ IDEAS ( SOCIALI/ ANTI-CAPITALISM4 ,9 ?IS PAP]1 ,I %ALL >GUE ?AT ! DIVISION ( ! WORK+-CLASS 9TO 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$ NECESSITATES A NEW ORI5TATION TO ! EXCLUD$4 ,! PAP] WILL BEG9 BY EXPLOR+ H[ ! QUE/ION ( ! EXCLUD$ DROVE A W$GE BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X1 BE=E LOOK+ AT ! GR[? ( EXCLUSION TODAY & ! TYPES ( SOCIAL MOVEM5T TO :I* IT GIVES RISE4 ,IT WILL ATTEMPT TO MAP A 'POLITICS ( ! EXCLUD$' TO 9=M ! REVITALIZATION ( AN>*ISM & AUTONOM\S NEO-,M>XISM :ILE DEEP5+ ! 9SI<TS ( ,BAKUN9'S CRITIQUE ( ,M>X4 ,BAKUN9 BELIEVES ?AT PEOPLE *ANGE !IR CLASS POSITION BY BECOM+ P>T ( ! /ATE 7EXC]PT #a7 & FE>S A 'B>RACK REGIME' COM+ FROM ! PROJECT ( REGULAT$ RE=M4 

,MY S5SE ( ,BAKUN9'S RELEVANCE TODAY IS ?AT1 9 CONTRA/ TO ,M>X'S !ORY ( 9CLUD$ WORK]S AS VANGU>D1 HE CALL$ = AN ORI5TATION TO ! EXCLUD$ OR 'RABBLE1' ! REPRESS$ ,O!R ( ,M>X'S CATEGORY4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ,M>X1 ,BAKUN9 TREAT$ ! /ATE AS ITSELF A K9D ( CLASS4 0,H]E1 !N1 IS SOCIETY DIVID$ 9TO TWO CATEGORIES1 IF NOT YET TO SAY TWO CLASSES1 ( :I* ONE1 COMPOS$ ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! CITIZ5S1 SUBMITS FREELY TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ITS ELECT$ LEAD]S1 ! O!R1 =M$ ( A SMALL NUMB] ( PRIVILEG$ NATURES1 RECOGNIZ$ & ACCEPT$ AS SU* BY ! PEOPLE1 & *>G$ BY !M TO GOV]N !M40 7,*4 #c74 ,BAKUN9 REF]S H]E TO ! /ATE- CLASS AS SU*1 & TREATS EV]YONE ELSE AS EXCLUD$4 ,BUT ONE C\LD RADICALIZE ?IS !ORY ) ,BOLOGNA'S VIEW 79 ,TRIBE ( ,MOLES7 ?AT SECTIONS ( ! 9CLUD$ >E 9CORPORAT$ 9TO PROCESSES ( GOV]N+4 ,= ,BAKUN91 ,M>X'S APPROA*1 9 ASSUM+ AN 5LI<T5$ /ATE1 NECESS>ILY REPRODUCES ! DIVISION 9TO 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$2 ! /ATE HAS TO BE PROTECT$ FROM ! IGNORANT & ILLIT]ATE MASSES :O MI<T DE/ROY EV]Y?+ IT A*IEVES 7,*4 #c74 

,/ATE SOCIALISM LEADS ONLY TO A 'B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION' PRODUC+ A 'B\RGEOIS SOCIALISM' LEAD+ TO A 'NEW EXPLOITATION' MORE CUNN+ BUT NO LESS OPPRESSIVE ?AN ! PRES5T 7*4 #f7 OR WE MI<T SAY1 A SOCIALISM ( ! 9CLUD$1 P]SI/+ 9 ! =MS ( ALI5AT$ LIFE1 FAIL+ TO ELIM9ATE ! ME*ANISMS ( 9-GR\P =MATION4 ,! ANTAGONISM ( CLASS AGA9/ CLASS R5D]S P>TICIPATION BY ! 'MASSES' OR EXCLUD$ CLASS 9 '! POLITICAL ACTION ( ! ,/ATE' IMPOSSIBLE 7,*4 #f74 

,NOTORI\SLY1 9 HIS WORKS ON COLONIALISM 9 ,9DIA1 ,M>X ACCEPTS ! VIEW ?AT CAPITALISM IS A CIVILIZ+ PROCESS4 ,ALSO ( RELEVANCE IS ! ,M>XI/ ATTA*M5T TO IDEAS SU* AS SECUL>ISM ( ! /ATE1 & COMPULSORY $UCATION4 ,= ,BAKUN9 SU* DEM&S SUBORD9ATE SOCIALISM TO ! PROGRAM ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,MAZZ9I & ,M>X >E AGRE$ ?AT PROLET>IAN EMANCIPATION REQUIRES A '/RONGLY ,C5TRALIZ$ /ATE' :I* '9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO GIVE !M $UCATION & SOCIAL WELF>E1 MU/ IMPOSE ON !M444 A V]Y /RONG GOV]NM5T' 7,*4 #f74 ,BAKUN9 ?US SEES ,M>X FALL+ 9TO ! TRAP ( B\RGEOIS CIVIC REPUBLICANISM4 ,H5CE HE 5DS UP FAVOR+ ! '''9TELLIG5T10 RESPECTABLE444 DULY B\RGEOISIFI$ M9ORITY ( ! T[N PROLET>IAT TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT' 7,*4 #f74 

,BAKUN9 DOES NOT WRITE ( 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$ AS SU*1 BUT ( ! PEOPLE1 ! MASSES OR ! WORK+-CLASS4 ,H[EV]1 ,BAKUN9'S WAY ( CON/RUCT+ ?IS /RATUM IS RA!R DIFF]5T FROM ,M>X'S4 ,! PEOPLE >E TAK+ TO BE AN 'ELEM5TAL =CE SWEEP+ AWAY ALL OB/ACLES' 7,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y1 EXC]PT #a71 CAPABLE ( 'TOTAL REBELLION' 7EXC]PT #a71 A 'BRUTAL & SAVAGE 
HORDE' CAPABLE ( '9/9CTIVE1 *AOTIC1 & DE/RUCTIVE' 9SURRECTION 7EXC]PT #b71 A MASS & NOT A CLASS 7,*4 #d74 ,AN IMPRESSION IS GIV5 ( RADICAL ANTAGONISM1 RA!R ?AN CON/ITUTION )9 ! EXI/+ SY/EM4,BAKUN9 >GUES ?AT ,M>X PRIVILEGES ! 'UPP] LAY]' ( 'CIVILIZ$' & 'COM=TABLY (F WORK]S1 P5ETRAT$ ) B\RGEOIS SOCIAL PREJUDICES & N>R[ ASPIRATIONS1 :]EAS REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL 9/EAD RESIDES 9 ! 'NON-CIVILIZ$1 DIS9H]IT$1 WRET*$ & ILLIT]ATES' 7,*4 #d74 ',!RE DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ,ITALY1 AS 9 MO/ O!R ,EUROPEAN NATIONS1 A SPECIAL CATEGORY ( RELATIVELY AFFLU5T WORK]S1 E>N+ HI<] WAGES1 BOA/+ ( !IR LIT]>Y CAPACITIES1 & SO IMPREGNAT$ BY A V>IETY ( B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES ?AT1 EXCEPT+ 9COME1 !Y DIFF] 9 NO WAY FROM ! B\RGEOISIE444 ,M>X SPEAKS DISDA9FULLY1 BUT QUITE UNJU/LY1 ( ?IS ,LUMP5PROLET>IAT4 ,= 9 !M1 & ONLY 9 !M1 & NOT 9 ! B\RGEOIS /RATA ( WORK]S1 >E !RE CRY/ALLIZ$ ! 5TIRE 9TELLIG5CE & P[] ( ! COM+ ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4' 7EXC]PT #b74 '.<,T.>HAT GREAT RABBLE :I* BE+ V]Y NE>LY UNPOLLUT$ BY ALL B\RGEOIS CIVILIZATION C>RIES 9 ITS HE>T444 ALL ! G]MS ( ! ,SOCIALISM ( ! FUTURE' 7,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE #d#h74 ,!RE >E /RONG E*OES H]E ( ,CRISSO & ,ODOTEO'S 9SURRECTIONI/ CRITIQUE ( ,H>DT & ,NEGRI1 CELEBRAT+ ! RISE ( ! 'NEW B>B>IANS' 7,B>B>IANS3 ,! ,DISORD]$,9SURG5CE74 ,! CATEGORY IS TAK5 EXPLICITLY TO 9CLUDE ! SO-CALL$ 'PEASANT 0RABBLE0' & ! SUBORD9ATE NATIONALITIES 7EXC]PT #a74 ,EV5 AGA9/ ! ,MIR1 ! PEASANT COMMUNE1 ,BAKUN9 UPHOLDS ! BRIG& & OPPOSITION TO AU?ORITY4 ,HE D5\NCES REACTIVE T5D5CIES 9 ! ,MIR1 PATRI>*Y1 DOM9ANCE BY ADULT MALES1 DESPOTISM & ! ABS5CE ( HORIZONTAL CONNECTIONS BETWE5 COMMUNITIES 7EXC]PT #c74 ,SIMIL> IDEAS CAN BE F\ND 9 SOME /R&S ( NEO-,M>XI/ ?\<T1 ESPECIALLY ,BLACK ,PAN!RS SU* AS ,HUEY ,NEWTON1 AS WELL AS 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS SU* AS ,ABAHLALI & !ORI/S SU* AS ,FANON4 

,! IMPORTANCE ( ! EXCLUD$ HAS AN ALMO/ PSY*OANALYTICAL1 PROTO-,DELEUZIAN SIGNIFICANCE4 ,BAKUN9'S ?\<T1 UNLIKE ,M>X'S1 HAS A PSY*OLOGICAL DIM5SION4 ,RADICAL ANTAGONISM1 DESPAIR AT ! PRES5T & ITS 9TOL]ABILITY1 IS CRUCIAL4 ,! URGE TO REVOLT1 OR TO LIB]TY1 IS ! S\RCE ( 'VITAL P[]1' A PRIMORDIAL 5]GY EXI/+ 9 DIFF]5T QUANTITIES 9 EA* P]SON1 V>Y+ 9 9T5SITY1 & OP]AT+ AS ! S\RCE ( ALL EMANCIPATIONS 7,*4 #d74 

,AN ALMO/ RELIGI\S BELIEF 9 ONE'S RI<TS IS ! NECESS>Y CONDITION = WIDESPREAD 9SURRECTION 7EXC]PT #b74 ,?IS IS REM9ISC5T ( ,*AKRAB>TY'S 7#b7 OBS]VATION ?AT PEOPLE CLAIM RI<TS BE=E !Y >E SUBJECTIFI$ AS MOD]N SUBJECTS4 

.<,DIPE% ,*AKRAB>TY1 ,KEYNOTE ,ADDRESS & ,FLOOR ,DISCUSSION1 9 ,WE,ASIANS3 ,BETWE5 ,PA/ & ,PRES5T1 ,A ,MILL5NIUM ,REGIONAL ,CONF]5CE1 #b#a4#b#c ,FEB #b1 ,S+APORE3 ,H]ITAGE ,SOCIETY ,PUBLICATION1 #b1 #a#e-#d#a4.> 

,BAKUN9'S CRITIQUE ( ,M>X WAS BAS$ PR9CIPALLY ON HIS HO/ILITY TO ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! WORK]S -- P>TICUL>LY ! BETT]-(F & BETT]-ORGANIZ$ WORK]S -- W\LD TAKE P[] & RE>RANGE SOCIETY TO ! EXCLUSION ( O!RS4 ,AS WELL AS FE>+ ! USURPATION ( WORK]S' P[] BY FALSE REPRES5TATIVES1 ,BAKUN9 WAS ALSO CONC]N$ ?AT ! BETT]-ORGANIZ$ WORK]S W\LD TRY TO DICTATE TO ?OSE !Y DEEM$ MORE 'BACKW>D' & /UPID4 ,! REASON = ?IS WAS P>TLY ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS WORRI$ AB\T H]D MORALITIES AMONG !SE WORK]S1 :O >E TOO WELL-9TEGRAT$ 9TO CAPITALISM1 TOO 0DEC5T10 & :O HAVE TOO MU* TO LOSE 7PSY*OLOGICALLY AS WELL AS MAT]IALLY7 FROM ?OR\<GO+ SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,H5CE !IR WILL+NESS TO TURN AGA9/ ! 0CRIM9ALS0 & ! 0UNRULY0 ELEM5TS4 ,! 'RABBLE' /&S \T AS ! ,BAKUN9I/ REVOLUTION>Y AG5T BECAUSE ( ITS DIFF]5CE1 ! %>PNESS ( ITS ANTAGONISM ) CAPITALISM & ITS SEP>ATION FROM ! 'H]D4' ,TO BE = 0! RABBLE0 IS TO BE AGA9/ ! H]D1 & VICE- V]SA3 TO BE = ! FALSE UNIV]SALITY ( ! H]D1 ( ?OSE 9CLUD$ 9 ! SOCIAL 0WE10 IS TO BE AGA9/ ! RABBLE & ! SOCIALLY EXCLUD$4 ,TO BE = ! RABBLE IS TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y4 ,TO 
BE = ! H]D IS TO BE SUBSUM$ )9 A SUBORD9AT$ MASS & !RE=E COMPLICIT 9 ONE'S [N UNFRE$OM4 

,!RE IS ALSO AN EPI/EMOLOGICAL DIM5SION TO ,BAKUN9'S CRITIQUE4 ,BAKUN9 WAS AN E>LY CRITIC ( EPI/EMOLOGICAL PRIVILEGE1 BO? 9 ! SELF-P]CEPTION ( ! ,G]MAN /ATE AS CIVILIZ+ =CE1 & 9 ! POSITIVISM ( AU?ORS SU* AS ,COMTE4 ,HE TREATS ?OSE :O SEEK TO 5COMPASS SOCIAL LIFE 9 SCI5CE AS AK9 TO IMPOS]S ( RELIGION1 & H5CE PREFIGURES LAT] CRITIQUES ( ESS5TIALISM4 ,HE IS CONC]N$ ?AT ! EPI/EMOLOGICAL PRIVILEGE 9VOLV$ 9 SCI5CE LEADS TO DOM9ATION BY SCI5TI/S AS A SMALL ELITE4 ',GIVE !M FULL P[] & !Y WILL BEG9 BY P]=M+ ON HUMAN BE+S ! SAME EXP]IM5TS ?AT ! SCI5TI/S >E N[ P]=M+ ON RABBITS & DOGS' 7EXC]PT #a74 ,?IS SUGGE/S AN E>LY AW>5ESS ( ! RISKS ( ! R$UCTIVE SCI5TIFIC GAZE4 ,HE ALSO D5\NCES ! VIEW ?AT ! RISE ( ! DESPOTIC /ATE WAS PROGRESSIVE 7,*4 #d71 EFFECTIVELY REJECT+ HI/ORICAL TELEOLOGY4 ,BAKUN9 IMPLICITLY *ALL5GES ,M>X'S ASSUMPTION ( A L9K BETWE5 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & ! POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION 7,M>X'S ,CONSPECTUS74 

,:AT IS LACK+ 9 ,BAKUN9'S WORK1 & LEAD+ TO RISKS ( AU?ORIT>IANISM1 IS A DI/9CT SOCIAL LOGIC PITT$ AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT !ORY4 ,:AT IS CLE>E/ H]E IS :AT AN ALT]NATIVE %\LD NOT BE4 ,! POLITICS ( ! EXCLUD$ IS IMPLICIT1 BUT NOT /RONGLY DEF9$4 ,H5CE1 HE T5DS TO IDEALIZE ! ACTUALLY-EXI/+ EXCLUD$4 ,BAKUN9 DOES SEEM TO ASSUME ?AT CONC]NS AB\T EXI/+ MASS BELIEFS >E SIMPLY PREJUDICES ( M9ORITIES :O WI% TO RULE BAS$ ON EPI/EMOLOGICAL PRIVILEGE4 ,ONE CAN SEE H]E ! SE$S ( ANO!R DANG]1 ! GLORIFICATION ( OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL =MS :I*1 BY 9T]PRET+ EV]Y 'COMMONS5SICAL' OR HEGEMONIC IDEA AS PROGRESSIVE1 PREV5TS ! EM]G5CE ( CRITIQUE4 ,HE HAS NOT REJECT$ ! IDEA ( SACRIFICE1 NOR COMPULSIVE WORK1 & HIS VISION ( DE/RUCTION IS NIHILI/IC4 ,& HIS APPROA* CAN BE SE5 9 RETROSPECT AS PREFIGUR+ ASPECTS ( LEFTI/ AN>*ISM4 ,! DANG] 9 ?IS APPROA* IS ?AT F$]ATIONS BECOME QUASI-P>TIES1 POLITICAL ACTIVI/S BECOME SUB/ITUTE SCI5TI/S1 OR ! CO]CION WIELD$ BY ! /ATE IS SIMPLY TAK5 UP BY ! COMMUNITY OR ! F$]ATION ( COMMUNITIES4 ,!SE >E DANG]S ?AT HAVE BE5 SE5 TIME & AGA9 9 ORGANISATIONALI/ & WORK]I/ /R&S ( AN>*ISM1 :I* HAVE (T5 \TDONE ,M>XI/S 9 REPRODUC+ ! DANG]S ( ,M>XISM4 

,LEFT-AN>*ISM HAS CON/RUCT$ ITSELF AS A SUBSET ( A BROAD] IDEOLOGY1 AIM+ = A SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS & SOMETIMES GO+ AS F> AS TO IDEALIZE OR RATIONALIZE REACTIVE PREJUDICES TO MA9TA9 ITS FANTASY-FRAME4 ,IT HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 CONSI/5T 9 *ALL5G+ EPI/EMOLOGICAL PRIVILEGE1 REJECT+ CAPITALISM & ! /ATE BUT RE9=C+ HI]>*IES SU* AS METROPOLITAN-9DIG5\S1 9CLUD$-EXCLUD$ 7AGA9/ ! SO-CALL$ 0ANTI-SOCIAL07 & HABITUAT$ ASPECTS ( MOD]NITY4 ,AS A SOCIAL FUNCTION1 !RE=E1 IT IS A RADICALIZ$ EXPRESSION ( ! /&PO9T ( ! EXPLOIT$ )9 ! SY/EM1 ?US TAK+ AN AMBIVAL5T /ANCE T[>DS ! SY/EM ITSELF4 ,MORE REC5TLY1 ?IS HAS BE5 *ALL5G$ BY PO/-LEFT AN>*Y1 :I* (F]S A DEEP] CRITIQUE ( ! BASIS ( ! DOM9ANT SY/EM & IS MORE SYMPA!TIC TO MORE SUBV]SIVE K9DS ( CRITIQUE ( HI]>*Y SU* AS MAD1 *ILDR5'S1 ECOLOGICAL1 9DIG5\S1 & ANIMAL LIB]ATION4 ,PO/-LEFT AN>*Y RECON/RUCTS AN>*ISM AS A !ORY ( ! EXCLUD$ & ! AUTONOM\S1 RA!R ?AN ! 9CLUD$-BUT-EXPLOIT$4 

,GR[+ EXCLUSION 9 CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM 

,EXCLUSION REPLACES EXPLOITATION :5 ! P[]FUL NO LONG] NE$ ! POOR 5\< TO FO/] GOODWILL 7,SCOTT1 ,WEAPONS ( ! ,WEAK1 #g#f-#g7 

,CONTEMPOR>Y ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S HAVE 9CREAS+LY CONCEPTUALIZ$ DIVISIONS BETWE5 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$ AS C5TRAL TO POLITICAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM1 AS P[] IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 A FEW CORE SITES1 9EQUALITIES WID5 & ! 9CLUD$ WORK+-CLASS IS F5C$- (F BY DISC\RSES ( EMPLOYABILITY4 

,D,I,R,L,I,K ,! ,LOCAL & ! ,GLOBAL -- CAPITALISM HAS 5\< RES\RCES ?AT IT NE$N'T CONTROL ALL PEOPLE1 BUT RA!R1 CAN SIMPLY IGNORE & EXCLUDE F\R-FIF?S ( ! WORLD 7#e#d-#e7 

,! =MAL SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY IS %R9K+1 LEAV+ BEH9D IT SWA!S ( SOCIAL LIFE M>G9ALIZ$ FROM CAPITALI/ 9CLUSION4 ,MU* ( ! GLOBAL P]IPH]Y IS 9 EFFECT BE+ =CIBLY 'DEL9K$' FROM ! WORLD ECONOMY4 

,SAMIR ,AM9 REF]S TO A MASSIVE EXT5SION ( PAUP]IZATION1 PREC>ITY & SOCIAL EXCLUSION TO ! PO9T :]E OV] HALF ! GLOBAL POPULATION IS N[ PREC>I\SLY SITUAT$1 & ! PREC>I\SLY SITUAT$ MAKE UP #d.0 ( ! C5T]'S POPUL> CLASSES & #h.0 ( ! P]IPH]Y'S 7,AM91 #b#d74 

,H>VEY >GUES ?AT SU* EXCLUSION IS CRUCIALLY POLITICAL3 CITIZ5%IP IS RE/RICT$ TO ! ECONOMICALLY 9CLUD$1 & REGIONS >E AW>D$ IF !Y DISPLAY PRO-CAPITALI/ EV]YDAY BELIEFS 7,H>VEY1 #b#f3 #a#h#b1 #h#e74 

,MOORE 7#b#f7 %[S ! IMPORTANCE ( SELECTION ( WORK]S BY CRIT]IA ( 'EMPLOYABILITY1' :I* CREATES A DIVISION BETWE5 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$ OR M>G9ALIZ$ WORK]S4 ,EMPLOYABILITY IS A POLITICAL CRIT]ION :I* RE/RICTS ! 5TRY ( WORK]S 9TO ! =MAL WORK=CE BAS$ ON DEGREES ( CON=MITY4 

,WATK9S SIMIL>LY >GUES ?AT ! CAPITALISM ( '9=MATION SOCIETY' PUTS ! CREATION ( 'HUMAN CAPITAL' OR CAPITALI/ SUBJECTIVITY AT ITS GREATE/ EV] POSITION 9 SOCIAL LIFE 7,WATK9S1 #a#i#i#h3 #a#g-#a74 

,ALTVAT] #bb -- F\R CLASSES 9CLUD+ A F\R?1 =CIBLY DEL9K$ EXCLUD$ CLASS 7,! ,GR[? ,OBSESSION1 ,SOCIALI/ ,REGI/] #b#b7 

',SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA HAS ALMO/ DROPP$ \T ( ! =MAL 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMY' 7,MANN1 ,9COH]5T ,EMPIRE1 #e#e-#f7 

,COLLAPSE ( POLICY IMPLEM5TATION 9 MU* ( ,AFRICA & REPLACEM5T ) RELIGION1 MILITIA & 9=MAL ECON ORG 7#a#i7 -- ':OLE REGIONS HAVE N[ BECOME VIRTUALLY 9DEP5D5T1 PROBABLY = ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE1 ( ALL C5TRAL CONTROL' 7,BAY>T1 ,ELLIS & ,HIB\1 ,CRIM9ALIZATION ( ! ,/ATE 9 ,AFRICA1 #a#i-#b7 

,9 ,ZAMBIA1 =MAL SECTOR EMPLOYM5T AS A P]C5TAGE ( ! TOTAL AVAILABLE LABOR =CE HAS DECL9$ FROM #ag P]C5T 9 #aiib TO #a4#d P]C5T 9 #a#i#i#i4 

7,:AT ,HAS ,HAPP5$ TO ,ORGANIZ$ ,LABOR 9 ,S\!RN ,AFRICA8 ,M4 ,ANNE ,PIT*]AL1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR & ,WORK+-,CLASS ,HI/ORY1 ,VOL4 #g#b1 ,NO4 #a1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#g7 

,WORKS SU* AS ,MIKE ,DAVIS'S 0,PLANET ( ,SLUMS0 REVEAL ! EM]G5CE ( 5TIRE LIFEWORLDS %AP$ BY EXCLUSION & M>G9ALITY4 

,GILL -- GLOBAL PANOPTICON 

,H5CE AN 'EV]-WID5+ GAP' BETWE5 =MAL POLY>*Y & 'AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 EV]YDAY LIFE D]IV+ FROM ! 9CREAS+ P[]LESSNESS ( PEOPLE TO CONTROL4 ! CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE' 7,WILLIAM ,ROB9SON1 ,PROMOT+ ,POLY>*Y1 #c#g#f74 ,ROB9SON REF]S TO A NEW /RATUM ( 'SUP]NUM]>IES' 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,HAITI1 :O >E COMPLETELY M>G9ALIZ$ FROM PRODUCTION 7#c#d#b74 ,! 'SUP]NUM]>IES' HAVE NO DIRECT USE TO CAPITALISM & POSE A CON/ANT ?REAT ( REVOLT 7#c#g#h74 

,POV]TY AS A POLITICAL *OICE ! WORLD HAS MADE -- MA9LY ! PRIVILEG$1 BY A S]IES ( SMALL RISK-AVOIDANCE DECISIONS & MA9T5ANCE ( A HABITUS 7,PIET]SE1 ,GLOBALIZATION OR ,EMPIRE1 #h#a#c74 

,POLITICAL CON/RUCTION ( EXCLUSION 

,WE >E WITNESS+ ! DE/RUCTION ( LIB]AL DEMOCRACY AS /ATE 5GAGE 9 EV] MORE VICI\S MICRO-REGULATION & SOCIAL W> AGA9/ M9OR DEVIANCE & NONCON=MITY4 ,! FANTASMATIC FRAME ( ?IS SOCIAL W> RECON/RUCTS CITIZ5%IP >\ND AN +R\P-\TGR\P B9>Y :I* =MS ! CORE ( A SOCIAL PROJECT OR FRAME4 ,IT IS A REGIME ( GLEI*S*ALTUNG1 ( TOP-D[N COORD9ATION ( ! :OLE ( SOCIETY BY ! /ATE1 ! COORD9ATION ( SOCIAL SPACE AS IF IT W]E A S+LE MA*9E ) ! /ATE AT ITS HEAD4 ,H5CE IT IS NOT SIMPLY AN EXT5SION ( AU?ORIT>IAN ELEM5TS )9 LIB]AL-DEMOCRACY BUT 5TAILS A DIRECT REJECTION ( ! SEP>ATION ( /ATE & SOCIETY & ! IDEA ( A 'RI<T TO HAVE RI<TS4' ,BEYOND ! %IFT+ ISSUES 9VOK$ BY APOLOGI/S = REPRESSION1 !RE IS AN OV]>*+ PR9CIPLE DRIV+ ! %IFT TO AU?ORIT>IANISM1 AN ALMO/ TOTALIT>IAN ATTITUDE TO EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,ITS EXCLUSION>Y DISC\RSE HAS BECOME ! 'T\*Y NODAL PO9T' ( ! CURR5T REGIME1 ! PO9T AT :I* A MA/]- SIGNIFI] IS =M$ BY MEANS ( ! DEMONIZATION ( A REPRESS$ ,REAL4 

,DISC\RSES ( EXCLUSION DEHUMANIZE ?OSE !Y LABEL & CON/RUCT OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,BY D5Y+ ! EXP]I5CE ( OPPRESSION & BLOCK+ ! CAPACITY TO 'NAME ! WORLD1' SU* DISC\RSES CREATE A /RONG DISCURSIVE ASYMMETRY BETWE5 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$1 CREAT+ A SITUATION :]E ! EXCLUD$ GA9 VOICE ONLY ?R\< RESI/ANCE4 ,! 9-GR\P'S ID5TITY IS CON/RUCT$ ?R\< ,B>!SIAN MY?S4 ,9 ,B>!SIAN !ORY1 MY?S 9TRODUCE A TRANSC5D5T ELEM5T OR 'SECOND-ORD]' MEAN+ 9TO SIGNS 9 SU* A WAY AS TO OP]ATE \TSIDE ( IMMAN5CE1 PROJECT+ AN ADDITIONAL SPH]E ( ESS5TIAL MEAN+4 ,H5CE1 P>ADOXICALLY1 IT IS (T5 :AT ?+S 'REALLY >E' 9 T]MS ( !IR USUAL DISCURSIVE 9SCRIPTION :I* IS MY?ICAL1 AS OPPOS$ TO H[ !Y 'APPE>1' !IR IMMAN5T RELATIONALITY4 ,9 ! CURR5T FIELD1 ! 9CLUD$1 CON/RUCT$ AS A CON=MI/ BLOC1 DEF9ES ITSELF AS ! EXCLUSIVE LOCUS ( E?ICAL VALUE1 ! ONLY GR\P :I* MATT]S1 & ID5TIFIES ITS P]SPECTIVE SO EXCLUSIVELY ) 'REALITY' ?AT O!R VOICES >E COMPLETELY %UT \T -- DEF9+ ITSELF1 = 9/ANCE1 AS HAV+ A RI<T NOT TO BE DISRUPT$1 9CONV5I5C$1 'AL>M$ OR DI/RESS$' BY O!RS1 A RI<T TO 'SECURITY1' A RI<T TO 'FEEL SAFE'2 9 CONTRA/1 ! ,O!R IS TREAT$ AS RI<TSLESS4 ,H5CE IT 5DS UP WAG+ A CON/ANT W> TO SIL5CE ?OSE :O REJECT ITS DOM9ANCE OR :O >E =C$ TO SEEK SURVIVAL BEYOND ITS RIGID P>AMET]S4 ,! VIOL5T O!R+ ( P]CEIV$ DEVIANTS LEADS TO AN ESPECIALLY /RONG 0US & !M0 :]E 0!Y0 >E DEF9$ AS A RACE AP>T & :]E ! BASIC LAWS ( CAUSALITY >E SUSP5D$1 ) ! O!R TREAT$ AS AN EXTRA-CAUSAL DAEMONIAC EVIL -- H5CE ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! O!R IS SOMEH[ \TSIDE SOCIETY1 :I* IS MISCONCEIV$ AS A :OLE RA!R ?AN A SET ( RELATIONS4 ,?IS LEADS TO ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ANY POSSIBILITY ( CONSI/5T E?ICS1 P>TICUL>LY ( E?ICS 9 A ,LEV9ASIAN S5SE4 ,H5CE1 ! 
IMPORTANCE ( CRITICAL LIT]ACY HAS 9CREAS$2 IT IS N[ NECESS>Y 9 ORD] = ONE TO AVOID A V]Y P]VASIVE SY/EMIC IDEOLOGY4 

,AS ,NEGRI RECOGNIZ$ 9 HIS E>LY WORK1 ! LOCUS ( ! CURR5T SITUATION IS AN 9CREAS+LY VIOL5T %IFT FROM VALUE TO COMM& AS ! BASIS ( CAPITALISM4 ,?IS CONTRIBUTES TO ! MY?OLOGIZATION ( POLITICS4 ,9DE$1 = ! E>LY ,NEGRI1 !RE IS A CLOSE RELATION%IP BETWE5 MY?OLOGY & COMM&1 CONNECT$ TO ! R$UCTION ( ! LAW ( VALUE TO TAUTOLOGY 9 ! ]A ( REAL SUBSUMPTION4 ,9 ?IS SOCIETY1 ! LOSS ( ! B\ND>Y BETWE5 CAPITALISM & ! SOCIETY IT EXPLOITS1 CREATES A PROBLEM = VALUE BECAUSE !RE IS NO \TSIDE /&PO9T FROM :I* TO MEASURE4 ,TODAY'S CRISIS IS ?AT 'VALUE CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO AN OBJECTIVE MEASURE' BECAUSE ( REAL SUBSUMPTION1 :I* ELIM9ATES CAPITALISM'S DEP5D5CE ON A SOCIAL ,O!R 7,NEGRI #a#i#i#f3#a#e#a-#b74 ,REAL SUBSUMPTION IS ! REALIZATION ( ! LAW ( VALUE1 BUT ALSO PASSES BEYOND IT 9TO M]E TAUTOLOGY 7,NEGRI #b#c3 #b#g474 ,! CONDITION ( IMMEASURABILITY MEANS ?AT REAL SUBSUMPTION IS A P]MAN5T CRISIS ( CAPITALISM 7,NEGRI #a#i#i#hB3 #b#b#a74 

,EXCLUSION H>D5S SOCIAL CONFLICTS1 AS HORIZONTAL CONFLICTS >E MISREPRES5T$ AS UNILAT]AL VIOL5CE BY ! EXCLUD$ & H5CE R5D]$ 9SOLUBLE4 ,?IS IS A TRIUMPH ( :AT ,KROPOTK9 T]MS ! 'POLITICAL PR9CIPLE1' UNM$IAT$ /ATI/ COMM& PITT$ AGA9/ HORIZONTAL SOCIAL CONNECTIONS 7,KROPOTK91 #a#h#i#g74 

,! ONSLAU<T ( /ATE VIOL5CE CREATES A SITUATION ( EV]YDAY 9SURRECTION4 ,GLEI*S*ALTUNG 9 ITS ORIG9AL MEAN+ REF]S TO PU%+ AN ELECTRIC FL[ ?R\< A MAT]IAL :I* RESI/S IT2 ?IS WAS DEVELOP$ AS AN ANALOGY = ! ATTEMPTS BY FASCI/ REGIMES TO PU% /ATE CONTROL ?R\< EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEM ( LACK ( COMPLIANCE OR REGIME P5ETRATION DESPITE ! RELATIVE SC>CITY ( POLITICAL RESI/ANCE1 HI/ORIANS ( ,NAZI ,G]MANY SU* AS ,BROSZAT & ,MOMMS5 =MULAT$ A CONCEPT ( RESI/5Z4 ,POSIT$ AGA9/ GLEI*S*ALTUNG1 ?IS T]M REF]S TO A PATT]N ( ACTIONS 9 EV]YDAY LIFE :I*1 ?R\< NONCOMPLIANCE1 IMP$$ ! PU%+-?R\< ( TOP-D[N IMP]ATIVES & CON/RUCT$ EV]YDAY LIFE AS A RELATIVELY IMP]MEABLE SPACE4 ,SIMIL> RESI/ANCE IS DOCUM5T$ 9 ,KOTK9'S REC5T WORK ON ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA1 :ILE ,SCOTT'S RESE>* ?AT PEASANT SOCIETIES CON/RUCT$ SIMIL> PATT]NS ( EV]YDAY RESI/ANCE 7,SCOTT1 #a#i#h#e1 #a#i#i2 ,KOTK91 #a#i#i#e74 ,PET] ,HUTT5B]G] CLAIMS ?AT LIB]AL-DEMOCRACIES DO NOT FACE RESI/5Z SIMPLY BECAUSE !SE K9DS ( EV]YDAY ACTIVITIES >E NOT 9 ANY CASE TREAT$ AS DEVIANT1 BECAUSE AN AUTONOM\S CIVIL SOCIETY EXI/S 7,K]%AW1 #a#i#i#c74 ,?IS MAY WELL BE TRUE ( C]TA9 K9DS ( LIB]AL DEMOCRACY1 BUT IT IS NOT TRUE ( ! K9D ( NEO-TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES ( CONTROL ,I AM DISCUSS+4 ,EV]YDAY DEVIANCE BECOMES RESI/ANCE BECAUSE ( ! PROJECT ( CONTROL :I* ATTACKS IT2 IT ALSO BECOMES NECESS>ILY MORE 9SURRECTION>Y 9 DIRECT RESPONSE TO ! CUMULATIVE ATTEMPTS TO /AMP IT \T ?R\< MICROREGULATION4 ,:AT ! /ATE GA9S 9 CO]CIVE P[]1 IT LOSES 9 ITS ABILITY TO 9FLU5CE OR 5GAGE ) ITS O!R4 

,! EFFECT ( SOCIAL CLOSURE IS TO DRIVE DISS5T :I* W\LD O!RWISE TAKE OP5 =MS UND]GR\ND2 D5I$ ! /ATUS ( VOICE1 IT EM]GES 9 ! GUISE ( APP>5T 9]T EFFECTS4 ,?US1 RA!R ?AN AN ABS5CE ( RESI/ANCE1 !RE IS 9 FACT A CON/ANT SUBTEXT ( RESI/ANCE :I* IS NOT P]CEIV$ AS SU* BECAUSE IT IS MIS-CATEGORIZ$ AS SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 DEVIANCE1 CRIM9ALITY1 APA?Y1 PROBLEMS ( 0CULTURE0 & SO ON4 ,>GU+ AGA9/ ?IS T5D5CY 9 TOTALIT>IANISM1 ,GRAMSCI >GUES ?AT BY R$UC+ POLITICAL QUE/IONS TO 'TE*NICAL ONES ( PROPAG&A & PUBLIC ORD]1' /RUGGLES >E CON/ANTLY F\<T AGA9/ ADV]S>IES R5D]$ 9VISIBLE BY !IR LACK ( (FICIAL VOICE1 & 'POLITICAL QUE/IONS >E DISGUIS$ AS CULTURAL ONES1 & AS SU* BECOME 9SOLUBLE' 7,GRAMSCI1 #a#i#g#a74 ,?IS %\LD BE REMEMB]$ :5EV] 
POLITICIANS COME \T ) RHETORIC AB\T = 9/ANCE 'YOB1' GUN1 KNIFE1 OR DRUG CULTURE -- ! IMP]MEABLE 'CULTURE' IS ITSELF A PRODUCT ( POLITICAL EXCLUSIONS4 

,! /ATE & CON=MI/S >E 5GAG$ 9 A CON/ANT W>F>E AGA9/ ! EXCLUD$ -- A W>F>E ( :I* !Y !MSELVES >E (T5 UNAW>E4 ,= !RE TO BE DIALOGUE !RE MU/ BE CEASEFIRE2 & = !RE TO BE CEASEFIRE !RE MU/ BE A G5]AL AW>5ESS ( ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL W>4 ,?IS REQUIRES AN AW>5ESS ( ! DISC\RSE ( ! O!R1 ( ! WAYS 9 :I* ! UNQUE/ION$ PRIVILEG+ ( C]TA9 DISC\RSES IS A VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! DISC\RSE ( ! O!R4 

,! EXCLUD$ 

,! EXCLUD$ AS A /RATUM 7OR =MAL GR\P+ ( SOCIAL POSITIONS SIMIL> 9 !IR /RUCTURAL POSITION7 9CLUDES3 

,RADICAL ACTIVI/S & SUBCULTURES1 AN>*I/S & AUTONOMI/S_/AUTONOM5 ,EM>G9ATI 

,PEOPLE DEEM$ UNEMPLOYABLE1 NON9CORPORABLE 7PSY*OLOGICALLY DIFF]5T1 DEVIANT1 ETC7 0,E?NO-CLASSES0 & E?NIC GR\PS ) 0SOCIAL SYMPTOM0 /ATUS 

,PEOPLE LOCAT$ 9 ! M>G9AL1 SURVIVAL1 SUBSI/5CE & USUALLY ALSO 9=MAL ECONOMIES ,HOPELESS & ALI5AT$ PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY Y\?S 

,9 ! GLOBAL S\? & ! M>G9S ( ! NOR?3 

,*ANTY-T[NS1 05CROA*]S10 SQUATT]S 

,L&LESS POOR & M>G9AL PEASANTS 

,PEASANTS 9VOLV$ MA9LY 9 SUBSI/5CE PRODUCTION 

,9DIG5\S GR\PS RESI/+ DISPLACEM5T1 EXT]M9ATION OR 9CORPORATION 

,ALSO A /RATUM ( DISAFFECT$ 9TELLECTUALS :O TURN UP REPEAT$LY 9 DISSID5T MOVEM5TS4 ,/&PO9T ( EXCLUD$ 9T]SECTS ) CRITICAL /&PO9T3 

,GUATT>I 7,MOLECUL> ,REVOLUTION #b7 PLAC+ ONESELF AS F> AS POSSIBLE \TSIDE ! SY/EM1 & 0:AT IS GO+ ON0 

,B>!S 7,MY?OLOGIES #a#e#g-#h7 ON DISC\RSE-ANALY/ AS SOCIALLY EXCLUD$ ,B>!S 7,FA%ION ,SY/EM #b#i7 TO OP5 TO ! WORLD ONE MU/ BECOME ALI5AT$2 TO COMPREH5D ! WORLD ONE MU/ )DRAW FROM IT 

,A WAVE ( NETWORK-BAS$ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS -- SOME EMANCIPATORY1 O!RS LESS SO -- DRAW+ ON A P>TICUL> SUB-GR\P ( ! EXCLUD$1 NAMELY Y\NG PEOPLE 7(T5 Y\NG M51 SOMETIMES $UCAT$7 ) NO PLACE 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,A P>TICUL>LY CRUCIAL SUBSECTION ( ! EXCLUD$ 

HTTP3_/_/WWW4FRI5DS(CAM]OON4ORG_/#b#h_/#c_/#d_/CAM]OON-CRISIS-CONT9UES-AS-9FLATION-SURGES_/ 

,CAM]OON CRISIS CONT9UES AS 9FLATION SURGES ,! ,F9ANCIAL ,TIMES 

,BY ,MAT!W ,GRE5 9 ,D\ALA1 ,CAM]OON ,PUBLI%$3 ,M>* #d #bh 

,MU* ( ! ANG] COMES FROM A Y\NG] G5]ATION :O SEE FEW C>E] OPTIONS BEYOND DRIV+ MOTORCYCLE TAXIS1 KN[N AS 0,B5DSK9S0 AFT] A DANCE APPROXIMAT+ ! HIP-SWAY+ MOTION ( SW]V+ R\ND PO?OLES4 

,5TIRE POPULATION GR\PS :O TRANSGRESS LEGALITY TO LIVE -- TO ACCESS L&1 WAT]1 ELECTRICITY1 TRANSPORT1 ETC 7#d7 -- VIEWS !SE ?+S AS RI<TS :5 ! /ATE DOES NOT BECAUSE IT /RESSES ORD] & RES\RCES 7#d7 -- SEEK+ LEGITIMACY & SUPPORT1 GOV]NM5TAL AG5CIES HAVE TO 5GAGE & COMPROMISE ) POPUL> DEM&S 7#d#a7 ,*,A,T,T,],J,E,E ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,S ,G,O,V,],N,$ 

,GIU/OZZI HAS 9VE/IGAT$ ! ORIG9S ( ! ,PAKI/ANI ,TALEBAN1 REVEAL+ ?AT IT FL\RI%ES MA9LY AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE :O DO NOT RECEIVE 'PEACE1 9COME1 A S5SE ( PURPOSE1 A SOCIAL NETWORK' FROM ! E/ABLI%$ /RUCTURE ( TRIBAL P[] 7,GIU/OZZI #b#g3#c#i74 

,9 A DIFF]5T CONTEXT1 ,SLACKMAN 7#b#h7 SUGGE/S !RE IS A CLE> L9K BETWE5 ! /IFL+ ( Y\NG PEOPLE ) LIMIT$ OPPORTUNITIES IS A CRUCIAL FACTOR BEH9D ',ISLAMIC F]VOR' 9 ,EGYPT 

,WATTS 7#b#g7 HAS REF]R$ TO :AT IS KN[N LOCALLY AS ! 'RE/IVE Y\? PROBLEM' AS C5TRAL TO CONFLICT 9 ! ,NIG] ,DELTA4 

'A TECTONIC %IFT 9 9T]-G5]ATIONAL POLITICS 9 ! REGION ?AT HAS OCCURR$ OV] ! LA/ TWO TO ?REE DECADES DRIV5 BY ! CONSEQU5CES ( /RUCTURAL ADJU/M5T & /ATE AU?ORIT>IANISM444 ,Y\? AS A SOCIAL CATEGORY ( GREAT HI/ORICAL & CULTURAL DEP?1 PROVIDES AN IDIOM 9 A G]ONTOCRATIC & AU?ORIT>IAN SETT+ 9 :I* P[]1 SECRECY & SOMETIMES VIOL5CE CAN BE H>NESS$ AS A SORT ( C\NT]-MOVEM5T1 BUILT ON ! RU9S ( FAIL$ OIL DEVELOPM5T 7,WATTS1 #b#e74 ,Y\? ORGANIZATIONS HAVE MULTIPLI$ & META/ASIZ$3 !Y (T5 REFIGURE CULTURAL TRADITIONAL 9/ITUTIONS LIKE EGBESU1 AGABA OR MUTUAL SUPPORT CLUBS4#b ,S9CE ! #a#i#hS !Y HAVE DIRECTLY ATTEMPT$ TO CAPTURE ORGANS ( COMMUNITY P[] 7= EXAMPLE ,COMMUNITY ,DEVELOPM5T ,COMMITTEES71 BUT ALSO *ALL5GE DIRECTLY G]ONTOCRATIC RULE2 NOT LEA/ !Y HAVE ADOPT$ AN 9CREAS+LY MILITANT /ANCE ACT+ AS ! ]/:ILE LIB]ATORS -- VANGU>D MOVEM5TS 9 EFFECT -- = ! OPPRESS$ ( ! REGION4 ,AS ,GORE & ,PRATT5 7#b#c3#b#d7 PROP]LY PUT IT1 Y\? REPRES5T '%AD[ /RUCTURES' 

7,MI*AEL ,WATTS1 ,PETRO-,9SURG5CY OR ,CRIM9AL ,SYNDICATE8 ,CONFLICT @& ,VIOL5CE 9 ! ,NIG] ,DELTA1 ,REVIEW ( ,AFRICAN ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ,VOLUME #c#d1 ,ISSUE #aad ,DECEMB] #bg 1 PAGES #fcg -- #f#f7 

,AUG #i -- UPRIS+ BY ,BOKO ,H>AM 7LIT]ALLY 0WE/]N $UCATION IS S9FUL071 A SECT OPPOS$ TO WE/]N $UCATION1 WE/]N COMMODITIES & ! ,NIG]IAN /ATE1 O/5SIBLY RELIGI\S BUT T>GET$ MA9LY AT /ATE T>GETS SU* AS PRISONS & POLICE /ATIONS4 

,GREEK REVOLT -- CONTROV]SY -- :ILE MA9/REAM PRESS BLAMES UNEMPLOYM5T & Y\? EXCLUSION1 ACTIVI/S 7EG ,CRIME?,9C7 FOCUS ON POLICE ABUSE & CAPITALISM -- BUT ! TWO >E L9K$ -- P]SPECTIVE ( EXCLUD$ BRIDGES ! TWO 

,IT IS A SICKNESS ?AT />TS NOT SO MU* AT ! TOP BUT AT ! BOTTOM ( ,GREEK SOCIETY1 9 ! RANKS ( ITS TR\BL$ Y\?4 ,= MANY !SE >E A LO/ G5]ATION1 RAIS$ 9 AN $UCATION SY/EM ?AT IS UND5IABLY %AMBOLIC & HIT BY :OPP+ LEVELS ( UNEMPLOYM5T 7,HEL5A ,SMI?1 ,! ,GU>DIAN7 

,IRAN REVOLT -- MA9LY URBAN Y\NG 

,9 ,IRAN1 !RE IS AN 5TIRE DISSID5T C\NT]CULTURE EM]G+ FROM A SIMIL>LY SITUAT$ /RATUM ( Y\NG PEOPLE 7,ZANGANE? $ #b#f74 

,A ,FREET] 70A ,JAPANESE EXPRESSION = PEOPLE BETWE5 ! AGE ( #ae & #cd :O LACK FULL TIME EMPLOYM5T OR >E UNEMPLOY$1 EXCLUD+ HOMEMAK]S & /UD5TS0 -- ,WIKIP$IA74 ,AL?\< ! ,JAPANESE HAVE CO9$ A T]M = ! GR\P1 !Y EXI/ ALL OV] ! WORLD1 & >E A SOCIAL =CE ( UND]E/IMAT$ & GR[+ IMPORTANCE4 ,! ,JAPANESE >E UNUSUAL 9 GIV+ IT A NAME4 ,?IS IS ! /RATUM :I* PROVIDES MO/ ( ! P>TICIPANTS 9 AUTONOM\S ACTIVISM ?R\<\T ! GLOBAL ,NOR?4 ,9 ,JAPAN1 ! ,FREET]S ,G5]AL ,UNION IS A POLITICAL BODY ) A BROADLY AUTONOMI/ & ANTI-NEOLIB]AL P]SPECTIVE1 :I* ORGANIZES 9ITIATIVES SU* AS ,MAYDAY DEMON/RATIONS & ANTI-GOV]NM5T PROTE/S 7SEE HTTP3_/_/FREET]-UNION4ORG_/MAYDAY_/9DEX-54HTML74 ,MANY ( ?OSE P>TICIPAT+ 9 SIMIL> PROTE/S 9 ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES D\BTLESS COME FROM A SIMIL> SOCIAL POSITION4 

,:ATEV] ITS NAME1 ?IS /RATUM IS POLITICALLY IMPORTANT4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! MO/ COMMON CON/ITU5CIES ( RADICAL & 9SURG5T POLITICAL MOVEM5TS ACROSS ! SPECTRUM1 & ITS PECULI> SITUATION -- SLIPP+ \TSIDE ! SEGM5T>Y L9E> FUNCTION+ ( ID5TITY-N>RATIVES ( PAID WORK1 CONSUM] AFFLU5CE & 7NUCLE>7 FAMILY -- PLACES IT AT ! =EFRONT ( HI/ORICAL TRANS=MATION4 

,GRAHAM ,H>RISON3 0Y\?0 7SPECIALLY DEF9$7 AS AG5TS ( REVOLT 9 ,AFRICA 

,ROB]T ,WADE -- RESULT ( 9EQUALITY IS 'A LOT ( UNEMPLOY$ & ANGRY Y\NG PEOPLE' ABLE TO DISRUPT SOCIETIES 7CIT$ ,PIET]SE1 ,GLOBALIZATION OR ,EMPIRE1 #f#h-#i7 

,A GR[+ NUMB] 9 ! P]IPH]Y >E NOT ONLY EXCLUD$ FROM ! ROLE ( FULL-TIME FAMILY- WAGE WORK] BUT MAY NOT GET (FICIAL EMPLOYM5T AT ALL1 DESPITE BE+ BOMB>D$ ) IMAGES ( FAMILY & CONSUM]I/ LIFE/YLES 7,GL$HILL1 ,P[] & ITS ,DISGUISES1 #g#i7 

,SLAVOJ ,ZIZEK HAS CO9$ ! T]M 'SOCIAL SYMPTOM' TO REF] TO ?OSE GR\PS EXCLUD$ BY SU* SOCIAL PROCESSES -- REFUGEES1 ! URBAN POOR1 & SO ON -- '! P>T :I*1 AL?\< 9H]5T TO ! EXI/+ UNIV]SAL ORD]1 HAS NO 'PROP] PLACE' )9 IT' 7,ZIZEK1 #a#i#i#i1 P4 #b#b#d74 

,UNEMPLOY$ PEOPLE >E PREV5T$ BO? FROM ACTUALIZ+ & R5\NC+ WORK 7,ZIZEK1 ,REVOLUTION AT ! ,GATES1 #b#i-#a71 H5CE %[ AN EXCESS 9 CAPITALISM 

,9 ,LAT,AM ! 'OV]CLASS' PLANTS ITSELF BEH9D 'HI< WALLS' ( SUBURBAN DEV 7,JOHN ,GRAY1 CIT$ ,PIET]SE1 ,GLOBALIZATION ( ,EMPIRE81 #f#i7 

,*ATT]JEE MAKES SIMIL> CLAIMS REG>D+ ,9DIA4 

,M>XISM DOES NOT GO F> 5\< BECAUSE ITS FIGURES ( RESI/ANCE REPRODUCE ASPECTS ( ! DOM9ANT SY/EM COMMON TO CAPITAL & ! EXPLOIT$4 

,! CONFLICT BETWE5 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$ IS SUP]S$+ CLASS CONFLICTS AMONG ! 9CLUD$ AS ! S\RCE ( SOCIAL ANTAGONISM TODAY4 ,H5CE1 A NEW DIVISION EM]GES :I* NO LONG] FOLL[S L9ES ( EXPLOITATION BUT RA!R ( 9CLUSION & EXCLUSION4 ,ALFR$O ,BONANNO RECON/RUCTS ! ISSUE ( CLASS /RUGGLE 9 T]MS ( 0! DIVISION ( CLASSES BETWE5 DOM9ATORS & DOM9AT$1 BETWE5 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$0 7,BONANNO #a#i#i#c74 

,NO LONG] A MATT] ( 'PASS+ ?R\<' CAPITALISM1 EXCLUSION N[ CREATES OPPOSITION :I* AM\NTS TO A RADICAL ANTAGONISM4 

,AS ,CAFF5TZIS PUTS IT1 ',ONCE AGA91 AS AT ! DAWN ( CAPITALISM1 ! PHYSIOGNOMY ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAT IS ?AT ( ! PAUP]1 ! VAGABOND1 ! CRIM9AL1 ! PANH&L]1 ! REFUGEE SWEAT%OP WORK]1 ! M]C5>Y1 ! RIOT]' 7#a#i#i#b3 #c#b#a74 

,! /AKE BETWE5 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$ MOVEM5TS IS NOT AB\T DI/RIBUTION OR P[] )9 ! SY/EM1 BUT BETWE5 WAYS ( SEE+1 BE+ & RELAT+ -- SC>CITY VS ABUNDANCE1 /ATE VS NETWORK4 

,RELATES TO UND]P9N+S ( ALI5ATION 

,AS COMM& REPLACES VALUE AS ! BASIS ( ! DOM9ANT SY/EM1 SO ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 SC>CITY & ABUNDANCE BECOMES %>P]4 ,! CRUCIAL 9SI<T ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I %>E ) ECO-AN>*I/S IS ?AT SC>CITY HAS TO BE ACTIVELY PRODUC$ BY ALI5AT$ ASSEMBLAGES1 BY SUPPRESS+ OR W>D+ (F EXCESSES & ANY RECREATION ( 7EXI/5TIAL_/PSY*OLOGICAL7 ABUNDANCE1 A PROCESS SOMETIMES T]M$ 'ANTIPRODUCTION' 7,GUATT>I #a#i#h#d3 #c#d74 ,= ,SITUATIONI/S1 ALI5AT$ SOCIETY IS A K9D ( P]PETUAL IMMIS]ATION ?R\< SUPPRESSION ( ! =CES ( LIFE4 ,DUE TO ITS BASIS 9 AN IDEA ( SC>CITY1 CAPITALISM CANNOT ACTUALLY PROVIDE HAPP9ESS1 ONLY '=CE-FE$+ SURVIVAL TO SATIATION PO9T' 7,VANEIGEM #a#i#f#g3 #i#h74 ,! IDEA ( 'PLANN$ SC>CITY' F9DS PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE 9 EMPIRICAL /UDIES ( ! WAYS 9 :I* GLOBAL PLANN]S 9DUCE MAT]IAL %ORTAGES 9 ! GLOBAL P]IPH]Y 7,GEORGE1 #a#i#g#f3 ,*APT] #f74 ,SC>CITY ?US E/ABLI%ES ! FIELD 9 :I* ALI5AT$ SOCIAL =MS COME 9TO BE+ 7C4F4 ,S>TRE1 #a#i#f2 ,ROB9SON1 #b#h74 ,ITS 'ANTI-PRODUCTION' IS A P]PETUAL PROCESS ( SOCIAL DECOMPOSITION :I* ACTIVELY REPRODUCES DIVISION SO AS TO R5D] NECESS>Y ! RECONNECTIONS (F]$ BY ! DOM9ANT SY/EM4 ',9DU/RIAL SOCIETY ?US SECURES UNCONSCI\S CONTROL ( \R FATE BY ITS NE$ -- SATISFY+ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! DEA? 9/9CT -- TO DISJUNCT EV]Y CONSUM]_/PRODUC] 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ULTIMATELY HUMANITY W\LD F9D ITSELF BECOM+ A GREAT FRAGM5T$ BODY HELD TOGE!R ONLY AS ! SUPREME ,GOD ( ! ,ECONOMY %ALL DECREE' 7,GUATT>I #a#i#h#d3 #b74 ,H5CE1 'EI!R ONE'S DESIRE COMES TO DESIRE REPRESSION & BECOMES ITS COLLABORATOR444 OR IT REVOLTS AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] & COMES ! UND] SIEGE ON ALL SIDES' 7,GUATT>I ,M,R #b#e#f7 

,:ILE ! SY/EM SEEKS CON/ANTLY TO IMPOSE SC>CITY ON ! EXCLUD$1 ! NETWORK =MS >IS+ AMONG ! EXCLUD$ >E T5D5TIALLY =MS ( ABUNDANCE1 :]EAS ! REPRESSIVE IDEOLOGIES ( ! 9CLUD$ CON/RUCT SC>CITY AS AN EXI/5TIAL NECESSITY1 H5CE UND]P9N+ ALI5ATION4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY CLE> 9 ! CASES ( 9DIG5\S SOCIETIES & ,EUROPEAN AUTONOMISM4 TO 'WORK' 9 ?IS S5SE 7!Y MAY BE PRODUCTIVELY ACTIVE1 BUT 9 LUDIC & SUBSI/5CE WAYS74 ,A DIVISION ?US EM]GES BETWE5 :AT ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S T]MS 'PRIMITIVE ABUNDANCE' 7#b#d7 & ! EXI/5TIAL SC>CITY :I* UND]P9S CAPITALISM4 ,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO WAYS ( >RANG+ ECOLOGICAL & GEOGRAPHICAL 5TITIES EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 A S]IES ( 'RES\RCE W>S4' ,CAPITALISM HAS TO CON/ANTLY GRAB RES\RCES TO R5D] !M SC>CE1 CON/ANTLY CONT9U+ 'ACCUMULATION-BY-DISPOSSESSION' AGA9/ A T5D5CY ( NETWORKS TO RECOMPOSE ABUNDANCE4 ,B5EA? ITS SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 SC>CITY IS '*OS5' AT AN EXI/5TIAL LEVEL1 AS 'SLAVE MORALITY' & REACTIVE DESIRE4 

,WE HAVE ?US MOV$ B5EA? ! /RUGGLE )9 ,M>XISM BETWE5 EXPLOIT] & EXPLOIT$1 TO ! LEVEL ( ! /RUGGLE OV] ! CON/ITUTION ( ! FIELD ( EXPLOITATION ITSELF4 ,WE >E ?US 9 ! FIELD ( ,BAUDRILL>D'S 0,MIRROR ( ,PRODUCTION40 ,BAUDRILL>D HAS >GU$ ?AT ! SY/EM N[ FUNCTIONS BY COD$ M>K+S & EXCLUSIONS1 RA!R ?AN EXPLOITATION1 ) ! KEY DIVIDE RUNN+ BETWE5 CON=MITY 9SIDE & SUBV]SION \TSIDE 7IBID4 #a#c#h74 ,! EXCLUSIONS BAS$ ON IMPOSITION ( ! CODE >E AS C5TRAL TO CAPITALISM AS ITS 9T]NAL CLASS DIVISIONS1 & 
>E FRAM$ >\ND EXCLUD+ 'SYMBOLIC P[]' 7A ,BAUDRILL>DIAN CONCEPT SIMIL> TO ,DELEUZIAN ACTIVE DESIRE7 FROM REPRES5TATIONAL DISC\RSE 7IBID4#a#c#g74 ,! TRULY RADICAL CLASS /RUGGLE IS1 RA!R1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ BE+ 5CLOS$ AS A CLASS 7IBID4#a#e#h74 ,IT IS ?US A MATT] ( RADICAL DIFF]5CE1 ( ! K9D :I* ,M>XISM FAILS TO SEE 9 9DIG5\S SOCIETIES & SYMBOLIC EX*ANGE 7IBID4#a#d74 ,BAUDRILL>D CALLS = A UTOPIA :I* IS TOTALLY IMMAN5T 9 ITS REVOLT1 'ALWAYS ALREADY PRES5T' & 9 'RADICAL ANTAGONISM' ) ! DOM9ANT SY/EM 7IBID4#a#f#b-#e74 ,REVOLT1 !RE=E1 EM]GES NOT AT ! PO9T ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT AT ! PO9T ( EXCLUSION1 BEL[ ! B> ( MEAN+ & AT M>G9AL PO9TS 7IBID4#a#c#c-#d74 

,HAKIM ,BEY !ORIZES REVOLT AS UNREGULAT$ LIFE4 ,CAPITALISM IS ORGANIZ$ TO PREV5T G5U9E COM+-TOGE!R2 IT ONLY SUPPORTS C]TA9 K9DS ( GR\PS :I* >E FUNCTIONAL = IT 7:I* MEANS1 >E = PRODUCTION OR CONSUMPTION71 & ! RE/ >E FAC$ ) MASSIVE OB/ACLES1 SU* AS ! 0BUS9ESS0 ( ITS MEMB]S DUE TO ! PRESSURE TO WORK -- A PRESSURE AWAY FROM AUTONOMY :I* = ,BEY IS 0! S+LE MO/ OPPRESSIVE REALITY WE FACE40 ,EV5 TO SUCCE$ 9 MEET+ 9 SPITE ( !SE PRESSURES IS ALREADY A VICTORY ( SORTS4 7,BEY1 ,IMM$IATISM74 ,OR AS ! OCCUPI]S ( ! ,A!NS ,BUS9ESS ,S*OOL SAID 9 ,DECEMB]3 ',?IS IS ! DILEMMA3 ) ! 9SURG5TS OR ALONE4' 

HTTP3_/_/WWW4OCCUPI$LONDON4ORG_/BLOG_/#b#h_/#a#b_/#a#b_/WE->E-H]E-WE->E-EV]Y:]E-WE->E- AN-IMAGE-FROM-!-FUTURE_/ 

,WE >E H]E_/ WE >E EV]Y:]E_/ WE >E AN IMAGE FROM ! FUTURE 

#a#a_/#a#b_/#b#h ,9ITIATIVE FROM ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,A!NS ,S*OOL ( ,ECONOMICS & ,BUS9ESS .> 

,M>XI/S HAVE BEGUN TO RECOGNIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( !SE K9DS ( ISSUES4 ,:]E ,M>XISM GOES WRONG1 & SLIPS 9TO AN ALMO/ !OCRATIC MODALITY1 IS 9 ITS ASSUMPTION ?AT ! O!R ( ALI5ATION IS A P>TICUL> KN[ABLE TYPE ( 5TITY OR ESS5CE1 :I* CAN BE ID5TIFI$ ) LABOR & PROGRESS4 ,H5CE1 :ILE ,M>XI/S R>ELY ASS]T ?IS ESS5CE EXPLICITLY1 & SOMETIMES EV5 DISAV[ IT 7:ILE CONT9U+ TO BEHAVE 'AS IF IT /ILL OP]ATES71 C]TA9 ( ITS *>ACT]I/ICS CAN BE EASILY D$UC$ -- = EXAMPLE1 ?AT IT WILL BE BAS$ ON 'LABOR' 9 SOME S5SE1 ?AT IT WILL BE 9DU/RIAL & SCI5TIFIC1 & ?AT IT WILL BE HI<LY COLLECTIVE4 ,! ATTRIBUTES ( ?IS IMAGE ( ALT]NATIVE SOCIALITY =M SOME?+ LIKE A RIVAL 'TRUNK' PITT$ AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 REPEAT+ ! DANG]S ( REPRES5TATIONALISM & 'SUB/ITUTIONISM4' ,M>XISM C\LD RECON/RUCT ITSELF 9 A MANN] :I* TAKES ACC\NT ( ,BAUDRILL>D'S CRITIQUE4 ,9DE$1 9 AUTONOMISM IT HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO DO SO4 ,BUT 9 ?IS SITUATION1 ! ,BAKUN9-,M>X DIVISION REASS]TS ITSELF4 

,! PROBLEM IS ?AT ,M>XI/S1 & PO/-,M>XI/S SU* AS ,H>DT & ,NEGRI1 T5D TO ASSUME ?AT ! EM]G+ ',O!R' ( ! GLOBAL EXCLUSION>Y SY/EM WILL BE 

,BAS$ ON LABOR 

,HI<LY COMMUNAL & COLLECTIVI/ 

,9DU/RIAL1 MOD]NI/ & SECUL> 

,ALL RATIONAL ASSUMPTIONS IF ! ,O!R IS ! 9CLUD$-BUT-EXPLOIT$1 BUT 9COMPREH5SIBLE IF ! ,O!R IS EXCLUD$4 

,POLITICS ( ! EXCLUD$3 NETWORKS 

 ,?REE FIGURES ( EXCLUD$1 9DIG5\S1 AUTONOM\S ,! 0EXCLUD$0 >E MO/ (T5 REF]R$ TO :5 PASSIVE4 

,AUTONOMY REF]S TO EXCLUSION OR SELF-EXCLUSION :I* IS VALORIZ$ -- ! CON/RUCTION ( AUTONOM\S SPACES4 

,F9ALLY1 9DIG5\S PEOPLES >E CON/RUCT$ 9 B9>Y T]MS AS PEOPLES EXCLUD$ FROM OR AUTONOM\S FROM ! LOGICS ( /ATE & CAPITAL -- SOCIETIES )\T ! /ATE4 

,9 LOOK+ = FIGURES ( RESI/ANCE1 ONE IS DRAWN TO ! SPACE BEYOND HI]>*ICAL ASSEMBLAGES1 :]E ALT]NATIVE =MS ( LIFE EXI/ OR COME 9TO BE+4 ,?IS IS ON ! ONE H&1 ! SPACE ( ! EXCLUD$1 ( ! PEOPLE & PEOPLES DEEM$ UN9CORPORABLE OR NOT WOR? 9CORPORAT+ BY ! WORLD SY/EM1 OR CONSIGN$ TO ITS M>G9S2 ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS ! SPACE ( ! NETWORK =M AS A =M :I* CONTRADICTS1 ESCAPES & EXCE$S ! HI]>*ICAL =MS ( ! WORLD SY/EM1 ! /ATE & CAPITAL4 ,?IS FIGURE1 ! 'SOCIAL LOGIC ( ! EXCLUD$' SO TO SPEAK1 CAN BE VIEW$ FROM ?REE DIFF]5T ANGLES3 AS ! EXCLUD$1 DEF9$ 9 NEGATION ( ! DOM9ANT SY/EM2 AS ! LOGIC ( 9DIG5\S OR NON-/ATE SOCIETY1 DEF9$ AS A SPECIFIC TYPE ( SOCIAL =M DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! /ATE & CAPITAL2 & AS ! AFF9ITY- NETWORK =M1 A SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M DI/9CT FROM ! HI]>*ICAL =MS ( /ATE & CAPITAL4 

,EXCLUD$ AS BE>]S ( POSSIBILITY ( O!RNESS2 CONNECT$ TO AFF9ITY1 NETWORK =M1 ACTIVE DESIRE -- !SE CONNECT TO ! EXCLUD$ 0CLASS0 AS AB/RACT MA*9E1 EV5 ?\< ! ACTUALLY- EXI/+ EXCLUD$ ALSO GET PULL$ T[>DS ! O!R POLES 7( REACTIVE NETWORKS1 9CLUD$1 MASSIFICATION1 ETC7 

,!ORI/S SYMPA!TIC TO SOCIAL RESI/ANCE SU* AS ,GRAEME ,*E/]S MAKE SIMIL> CLAIMS1 ATTRIBUT+ ! ABILITY ( ANTI-CAPITALI/ PROTE/]S TO MOBILIZE EFFECTIVELY )\T LEAD]%IP TO A 0SW>M LOGIC0 BAS$ ON DI/RIBUT$ NETWORK =MS ( P[] 7,*E/]S #b#f74 

,CF ,GIORGIO ,AGAMB53 A NEW =M ( POLITICAL SUBJECTIVITY IS EM]G+ :I* R5D]S ! /ATE IRRELEVANT1 & ITSELF IRRELEVANT TO ! /ATE4 ',! NOVELTY ( ! COM+ POLITICS IS ?AT IT WILL NO LONG] BE A /RUGGLE = ! CONQUE/ OR CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,/ATE & ! NON-,/ATE 7HUMANITY71 AN 9SURM\NTABLE DISJUNCTION BETWE5 :ATEV] S+UL>ITY & ! ,/ATE ORGANIZATION' 7#a#i#i#c3 #h#e74 

,SOME AU?ORS HAVE GONE SOME WAY 9 RECOGNIZ+ ! ALT]NATIVE LOGIC ( NETWORKS4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE TYPIFI$ SUMMIT PROTE/S & UNRE/ SU* AS 9 ,>G5T9A AS EXAMPLES ( A DI/RIBUT$ NETWORK =M ( ORGANIZATION1 '! MO/ FULLY REALIZ$ POLITICAL EXAMPLE WE HAVE ( ! CONCEPT ( ! MULTITUDE' 7#b#d3 #b#a#g74 ,SIMIL>LY1 AN>*I/ S*OL> ,GRUBACIC HAS >GU$ ?AT AN>*ISM CANNOT EXI/ AS A /ABLE T5D5CY OV] TIME1 AS ?IS IMPLIES P>TIES ETC2 9/EAD EXPRESSES A G5]AL T5D5CY TO ID5TIFY HI]>*Y & SEEK AUTONOMY FROM IT1 & V>IES ) CYCLES ( /RUGGLE4 ,IT HAS !RE=E OP]AT$ AS AN ORGANIZ+ LOGIC ( ! ,W,S,F & SIMIL> PH5OM5A1 )\T BE+ ADOPT$ AS A HEGEMONIC IDEOLOGY 7,GRUBACIC1 #b#d3 #c#e-#f74 

,! TE*NOLOGICAL ASPECT ( ?IS VIEW IS TAK5 FUR!/ BY LEFTI/S SU* AS ,H>DT & ,NEGRI 7#b#d71 :O VIEW ! NETWORK =M ( PROTE/ MOVEM5TS AS AN \TGR[? ( *ANGES 9 PRODUCTION1 ( ! PRIMACY ( 0IMMAT]IAL0 LABOR & ! RISE ( A NEW K9D ( CAPITALISM BAS$ ON NETWORK ORGANIZATION4 

,:]E ?IS LEFTI/ READ+ GOES WRONG1 H[EV]1 IS 9 L9K+ ! NETWORK =M PRIM>ILY TO HI<-TE* OR 'ADVANC$' CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY ! CASE ?AT HI<-TE* PROTE/ GR\PS & C\NT]CULTURAL MOVEM5TS USE NETWORK =MS1 & ?AT TE*NOLOGIES ALL[+ 
NETWORK CON/RUCTION >E US$ 9 ?IS CON/RUCTION4 ,HACK]S1 OP5-S\RCE PROGRAMM]S & ONL9E PROTE/ CAMPAIGNS >E EXAMPLES ( NETWORK SOCIAL =MS4 ,IT IS ALSO ! CASE1 H[EV]1 ?AT SIMIL> NON-HI]>*ICAL HORIZONTAL NETWORKS >ISE 9 ALMO/ EV]Y SITUATION :]E PEOPLE TRY TO MOBILIZE OR COOP]ATE \TSIDE ! FRAMEWORK ( ! /ATE & ( DOM9ATION4 ,HUNT]- GA!R]S & O!R 9DIG5\S SOCIETIES1 PEASANT MOVEM5TS1 & ! URBAN POOR ( ! *ANTY-T[NS & <ETTOS >E AMONG ! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLES4 

,NETWORK$ =MS AMONG HUNT]-GA!R]S 7,Z]ZAN #a#i#i#d7 

,L>ISSA ,LOMNITZ 7#a#i#g#g7 /UDIES SURVIVAL & MUTUAL AID NETWORKS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN %ANTYT[NS1 REVEAL+ ?AT K9%IP & NEI<BORHOOD RELATIONS =M AN 5TIRE 9=MAL ECONOMY 5ABL+ A LAY] ( EXCLUD$ PEOPLE TO SURVIVE ON ! P]IPH]Y ( MAJOR CITIES BY MEANS ( HORIZONTAL RELATIONS4 

,P>?A ,*ATT]JEE 7#a#i#i#c7 %[S H[ ! =MATION ( ,9DIAN NATIONAL ID5TITY LEAVES A TRAIL ( 'FRAGM5TS' -- ID5TITIES BAS$ ON CLASS1 CA/E1 E?NICITY1 REGION1 RELIGION1 & SO ON -- :I* PROVIDE ! BASIS = 5TIRE >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE ORGANIZ$ BEYOND ! REA* ( ! /ATE1 9 PRIVATE ASSOCIATIONS & HOMES4 

,HE*T & ,SIMONE 7#a#i#i#d7 PROVIDE A S]IES ( EXAMPLES FROM ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES ( HORIZONTAL SOCIAL =MS SU* AS 'POPUL> NEI<BORHOODS' :I* 'PRODUCE 9=MAL1 & (T5 ILLEGAL1 ASSOCIATIONS1 ALLIANCES1 /RATEGIES & PRACTICE1 ?AT PROVIDE AN 9FRA/RUCTURE = ! COMMUNITY & A MEASURE ( FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY' 7,HE*T & ,SIMONE1 #a#i#i#d3 #a#d-#a#e74 

,AFF9ITY-NETWORK =M AS GLOBAL ALT]NATIVE TO /ATE & CAPITAL 

,TO ATTA* E?ICAL VALUE TO ! POLITICS ( ! EXCLUD$1 ONE NE$S TO 9SI/ ON ! RI<T TO VOICE4 ,9 TODAY'S SOCIAL W>1 ! O!R DOES NOT EV5 HAVE ! DIGNITY ( AN 5EMY 9 A FAIR FI<T1 BUT IS TREAT$ AS UNSPEAKABLE4 ,)\T OV]COM+ ?IS PRIM>Y EXCLUSION1 SOCIAL PROBLEMS WILL REMA9 9TRACTABLE1 & RESI/ANCE 9 EV]YDAY LIFE WILL REMA9 BO? NECESS>Y & JU/IFI$4 

,ONE C\LD1 H[EV]1 !ORIZE ! ?IRD OPTION ( '*AOS' 9 RA!R MORE AFFIRMATIVE T]MS4 ,9 AU?ORS SU* AS ,GRAEME ,*E/]S 7#b#f7 & ,HAKIM ,BEY 7#b#c71 ! IDEA ( '*AOS' IS GIV5 POSITIVE OV]TONES CONNECT$ TO ?OSE ( ,*AOS ,!ORY1 AS A PROLIF]ATION ( NOND5UM]ABLE & UNCONTROLLABLE AFFIRMATIVE =CES 9 A SITUATION ( COMPLEXITY & DEC5T]$ P[]4 ,?IS IS ! AFFIRMATIVE1 ACTIVE UND]P9N+ TO ! IMAGE ( *AOS OR 'AN>*Y' AS T]RIFY+ ,REAL4 ,! BREAKD[N ( WORLD ORD] C\LD 9VOLVE ! DIFFUSION ( P[] ON MODELS SIMIL> TO ?OSE 9 9DIG5\S SOCIETIES AS !ORIZ$ BY ,CLA/RES4 ,! 'CAPABILITIES' DEVELOP$ BY GLOBAL RESI/ANCE MOVEM5TS C\LD !N BECOME A NEW 'ORGANIZ+ LOGIC' PITT$ AGA9/ ! WORLD SY/EM1 REPLAC+ CONTROL-SY/EMS ) HORIZONTAL SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS 7,SASS51 #b#f74 ,ALT]NATIVE NETWORK =MS >E /RUCTURALLY DIFF]5T FROM DOM9ANT HI]>*IC =MS1 & ! SOCIETY !Y =M OP]ATES DIFF]5TLY1 BY A DIFF]5T SOCIAL LOGIC4 

,NE$ TO SEE ! ROSE ?AT GR[S FROM CONCRETE1 BE=E SEE+ ! ?ORNS4 7,TODAY1 ONLY ! ?ORNS >E SE574 

,NE$ TO POLITICIZE EXCLUSION 7ANTI-SOCIALITY ETC7 9TO AUTONOMY4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS POLITICIZATION ( 0ANTI-SOCIALITY0 IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ANY ATTEMPTS TO W9 OV] ! 0DEC5T MAJORITY0 BY APPEAL+ TO !IR EXI/+ BELIEFS1 ATTA*M5TS1 & DISC\RSE4 ,! 0DEC5T MAJORITY0 CAN BE 
FAC$ ONLY ) ! />K DEM& ?AT IT UNLE>N ITS DOM9ANCE1 ITS IMPOSITIONAL DISC\RSE1 & ?AT IT BECOME O!R4 

,! REVOLUTION-TO-COME IS NOT A NEW ORD] BUT A BREAK+ D[N ( ALL SOCIAL ORD]S BAS$ ON ASYMMETRY1 9 FAVOR ( A HORIZONTALITY )\T BORD]S4 ,IT IS BE+ BUILT1 (T5 UNCONSCI\SLY1 9 ! CON/ANT EV]YDAY RESI/ANCE TO SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,& IT IS ?IS CONFLICT -- BETWE5 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$1 BETWE5 AN IMPLICIT POLITICS ( AFFIRMATION ( VOICE & AN EXCLUSION>Y DISC\RSE ( ONTOLOGICAL PRIVILEGE -- :I* DEF9ES ! SOCIAL CONFLICTS ( \R ]A & ( \R FUTURE4 

,9 DI/9CTION TO ,MIKE ,DAVIS'S 'PLANET ( SLUMS' 7#b#f71 A WORLD :]E ! MAJORITY >E RADICALLY EXCLUD$1 ! COM+ WORLD IS A 'WORLD ( SQUATS' 7) ! SOCIAL C5T] AS P>ADIGM71 OR RA!R ( 9=MAL DIFFUSE NETWORKS DI/RIBUT$ TRANSV]SALLY1 9 :I* ! EXCLUD$ SPACE BECOMES A SPACE ( ABUNDANCE4 ,! 'WORLD ( SQUATS' MI<T BE A 'WORLD ( SLUMS' ) PROBLEMS ( RES\RCE EXTRACTION ADDRESS$ & LOCAL >EAS RECONFIGUR$ AS PLANES ( ECOLOGICAL CONNECTION4 

7,DAVIS EV5 TALKS AB\T A K9D ( W> BETWE5 ! CORE WORLD & ?IS K9D ( P]IPH]AL %AD[-WORLD72 

,MAYBE 5CLOSURE IS ! RISE ( SC>CITY1 & UN5CLOS$ L&_/NATURE IS ! CONDITION = ABUNDANCE8 ,! PROBLEM BE+ ?AT SQUATS_/SLUMS HAVE RECLAIM$ TOO LITTLE TO PRODUCE MORE ?AN SURVIVAL8 

,H5CE1 AS ! ,UWA ,DECL>ATION PUTS IT1 '! COM+ TOGE!R ( MANY VOICES1 H&S1 CRIES4 ETC41 MAKE PEOPLE FREE FROM AGGRESSORS & DE/ROY]S4' ',! KEY PO9TS ( DEP>TURE1 !N1 >E A /RONG S5SE ( CONNECT$NESS TO ! PLACES WE 9HABIT & ONE ANO!R' 7,MC,M>VILL & LOS ,RICOS1 N4D474 

,ONE MU/ ?US RADICALLY RE-!ORIZE WEAL? & POV]TY4 ,WE BELIEVE !SE >E LESS ACCURATELY EXPRESS$ 9 WE/]N ?\<T ?AN 9 9DIG5\S CONCEPTIONS :I* VIEW WEAL? AS A GREAT] 9T5SITY ( SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS ON :I* ONE CAN DRAW = SURVIVAL1 WELLBE+ & 9T5SITY1 & POV]TY IS A LESS] 9T5SITY OR EXT5T ( SU* RELATIONS4 ,9 AUTONOMI/ T]MS1 ONE C\LD ASSOCIATE ! TWO POLES ) SOCIAL COMPOSITION & DECOMPOSITION RESPECTIVELY4 ,SOCIAL COMPOSITION 9VOLVES ! CON/RUCTION ( A D5SE WEB OR NETWORK1 :]EAS DECOMPOSITION BREAKS D[N NETWORK CONNECTIONS & REPLACES !M ) HI]>*ICAL DYADS ( P[]FUL & P[]LESS4 

,! ?REE ALT]NATIVES 9 ,B>B]'S ,JIHAD V]SUS ,MC,WORLD 7#a#i#i#f71 ! ?REE POSSIBILITIES = ! WORLD 9 ,>RI<I'S V>I\S WORKS1 & O!R ANALYZES ( ?IS TYPE1 TYPICALLY POSE AN ALT]NATIVE BETWE5 CAPITALISM1 ! /ATE & ! 9CLUD$1 OR BETWE5 NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM & A MORE 9CLUSIVE CAPITALISM1 OR BETWE5 CAPITALISM1 REACTIVE NETWORKS & ! 9CLUD$4 ,! K9D ( PH5OM5A WE UND]/& 9 RELATION TO ! AFF9ITY-NETWORK CATEGORY -- AUTONOM\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 9DIG5\S SOCIETIES1 NETWORKS ( ! EXCLUD$ -- >E VIEW$ AS SMALL-SCALE1 L>GELY IRRELEVANT1 EXTREMELY M>G9AL OR P[]LESS -- C]TA9LY NOT AS ! BEG9N+S ( A NEW WORLD4 ,:Y DO WE ASSUME ?AT !SE PH5OM5A PREFIGURE A WID] ALT]NATIVE8 

,! 9VISIBILITY ( AFF9ITY-NETWORKS IS A PRODUCT ( A P]SPECTIVAL DI/ORTION4 ,AFF9ITY NETWORKS BY !IR V]Y NATURE (T5 PURSUE 9VISIBILITY OR >E R5D]$ 9VISIBLE BY ! DOM9ANT FRAME ( REPRES5TATION4 

,9 ADDITION1 !RE >E /RONG PSY*OLOGICAL REASONS = ?OSE ) ATTA*M5TS TO ! V>I\S ALI5AT$ GR\PS TO D5Y ! ANXIETY-9DUC+ P[] ( EXCLUD$ NETWORKS4 

,& WE W\LD EXPECT EM]G+ LOGICS TO BE LESS CLE>LY >TICULAT$ ?AN DOM9ANT LOGICS4 ,AS ,NEGRI >GUES1 ! TRANS=MATIVE MOM5T APPE>S AS 'FIREWORKS & FL>ES1' NOT AS A CLE> TRAJECTORY 7#b#c3 #d#g74 

,TODAY1 ! SAME FE> ( ! 0RABBLE 0 AS 9 ,M>X 

,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S FE> ( 9SURRECTION1 9 ,MULTITUDE 

,FE> ( EG ,B>B] & ,HELD1 ( REACTIVE NETWORKS1 H5CE NE$ = GLOBAL /ATE ETC 

,RELUCTANCE ( SOCIALI/ POLITICAL GR\PS TO D5\NCE UNCONDITIONALLY ! NEW =MS ( EXCLUSION1 ! W> ON ! 0ANTI-SOCIAL0 ETC 

,& ESPECIALLY TO AB&ON ! ASSUMPTION ( A COMMUNITY ) NORMS1 ) A DESIRE & A PRESSURE TO CON=M1 H5CE BY IMPLICATION ( ROLES1 ( FALSE P]=MANCES1 & ( ! FIELD ( FANTASY1 ! SPLIT 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 & ! FUNCTION ( ! TRUNK 

,POSSIBILITY ( OV]?R[ 

,= ! EXCLUD$1 9SURRECTION IS EMP[]+4 ,IT IS LIKE SOME?+ BURI$1 BREAK+ ! SURFACE2 AN ABILITY TO SPEAK1 TO 9T]RUPT ! SOCIAL TEXT2 EMP[]M5T AGA9/ ! BULLIES & 0AU?ORITY0 FIGURES :O MAKE PEOPLE FEEL DISEMP[]$1 VIOLAT$1 HUMILIAT$ & 5RAG$4 

,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! EXCLUD$ & ! SY/EM IS ASYMMETRICAL1 BUT IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE ?AT VICTORY ,I,S A*IEVABLE -- TO W91 ! SY/EM HAS TO MA9TA9 ! APPE>ANCE ( ORD]1 ! 9VISIBILITY OR VISIBLE P[]LESSNESS ( ! EXCLUD$2 9 CONTRA/1 ! EXCLUD$ 7LIKE GU]RILLAS7 SIMPLY HAVE TO P]SI/ 9 PREV5T+ ! SY/EM FROM REALIZ+ ITS GOALS4 

,ULTIMATELY ! CONFRONTATION IS WON OR LO/ ON ! PROLIF]ATION & P]SI/5CE ( =MS ( LIFE & SOCIAL RELATIONS1 BUT BREAK+ ! MONOLOGUE ( ! SPECTACLE IS A MAJOR P>T ( ?IS4 

,! EXCLUD$ >E LOCK$ \T ( ! M$IA 7?\< AN 9CLUD$ O!R IS OCCASIONALLY LET 91 ONE NEV] HE>S = 9/ANCE ADVOCACY ( LAW-BREAK+ OR SELF-DEF5SE71 & ?IS CONTRIBUTES TO ! CON/RUCTION ( ! EXCLUD$ AS 0SOCIAL SYMPTOM40 

7,9 CONTRA/1 TEXTS ( ! EXCLUD$ F9D !IR WAY 9TO ACADEMIA1 BUT USUALLY ) SOME DELAY74 

,TO SEE FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! EXCLUD$1 OR ( ONE P>TICUL> EXCLUD$ GR\P1 9CLUD+ ! G5]AL POSITIONS D]IV$ FROM M9ORIT>IANISM 7P>TICUL>LY REG>D+ OP5 SPACE71 LEADS TO ! ACTIVE AFF9ITY =M 7:ATEV] ! SPECIFICS ( ! GR\P74 

,TO SEE FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! EXCLUD$_/ONE EXCLUD$ GR\P BUT ) AN ASPIRATION TO MAJORIT>IAN /ATUS LEADS TO ! REACTIVE 0PR$ATORY0 =M4 

,EM]G5CE ( ORGANIC IDEOLOGIES ( EXCLUD$1 E4G4 ,BONANNO1 ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,SEV]AL DI/9CT GR\PS ( TEXTS3 PO/-LEFT AN>*Y & PO/-AUTONOMISM1 9DIG5\S RI<TS MOVEM5T1 V>I\S ,S\!RN ANTI-COLONIAL MOVEM5TS1 ETC4 

,PROBLEMS = NETWORK POLITICS 

,!RE >E ?REE MA9 DANG]S TO ACTIVE NETWORKS3 

,DRAWN 9TO 0MASSES0 9 ,BAUDRILL>D'S S5SE 7RECUP]AT$1 R5D]$ PASSIVE7 

,TRANSMUT$ 9TO REACTIVE NETWORKS 

,DOME/ICAT$ ?R\< PATRONAGE & DEF]5CE 

,ONE R>ELY F9DS 0PURE0 EXCLUD$ -- ONE F9DS LOGIC ( EXCLUD$ 9 HYBRID >TICULATIONS ) O!R LOGICS OR AT LEA/ !IR FANTASIES -- E4G4 M>G9ALITY :I* IS PRIM>ILY A SURVIVAL /RATEGY \TSIDE ! =MAL ECONOMY1 BUT IS PLUGG$ 9TO IT AT ! M>G9S1 & MAY BE CONNECT$ TO FANTASIES ( 9CLUSION4 

,! EXCLUD$ DON'T ALWAYS DEVELOP CRITIQUE ( DOM9ANT MODEL :I* IS SPREAD 9 M$IA IMAGES ETC4 ,H5CE CAN BE PULL$ BACK 9TO DOM9ANT DISC\RSE4 

,PIT*]AL1 ,/ORPOR -- SAME /RUCTURAL =CES :I* CAUSE IMPOV]I%M5T MAKE CONSUM] GOODS 9CREAS+LY AVAILABLE & VISIBLE4 

,! EXCLUD$ >E (T5 TEMPT$ BY DESP]ATION1 PULL$ T[>DS REACTIVE ATTA*M5TS 7TO AN ID5TITY :I* 9CLUDES7 OR T[>DS PR$ATORY ACTIONS AGA9/ O!R OPPRESS$ PEOPLE 7BAS$ ON A MOL> SELF1 OR ON HI<LY PRIVILEG$ S+LE ATTA*M5TS SU* AS DRUG USE74 ,! RADICAL POT5TIAL IS NOT 9 !SE TEMPTATIONS BUT 9 NETWORKS & TRANSV]SALITY4 

,NE$ TO SEE 9 MOVEM5TS ( ! EXCLUD$ ! RADICAL POT5TIAL & NOT ONLY ! REACTIVE DI/ORTIONS4 

,M$IA RESPONSE TO ,BOKO ,H>AM3 NE$ = ,M,O,R,E $UCATION4 ,BUT ! BASIC 9SI<T 9TO EXCLUSION IS CORRECT4 ,! PROBLEM IS ITS N>R[1 GR\P-SPECIFIC >TICULATION4 

,EMOTIONAL APPEAL IS APPEAL ( AFF9ITY 7SMALL-WORLD NETWORK7 

,:Y DO NETWORKS SOMETIMES TAKE AN AFF9ITY =M & SOMETIMES A REACTIVE =M8 ,\R SUSPICION IS ?AT ! TWO K9DS ( NETWORKS EXI/ ON A CONT9UUM1 ) SITUATIONS ( ABUNDANCE & SC>CITY T5D+ TO PRODUCE OSCILLATIONS T[>DS ONE POLE OR ! O!R4 ,9 ,G4 ,WILLIAM ,SK9N]'S /UDY ( ,*9ESE PEASANTS1 ! IMAGE ( PEASANTS AS TRADITIONALI/ & CLOS$ IS *ALL5G$ BY %[+ ?AT VILLAG]S' RESPONSES TO EXT]NAL OPPORTUNITIES & DANG]S L$ TO *ANGES 9 ! NORMATIVE SPH]E ( PEASANT LIFE4 ,:]EAS AN OP5 CONTEXT L$ TO OP5NESS1 A HO/ILE SITUATION ) EXT]NAL 9/ABILITY L$ TO GREAT] CLOSURE & NORMATIVE 9TOL]ANCE 7,SK9N] #a#i#g#a74 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT A REAL EXT]NAL ?REAT CAN G5]ATE OR AT LEA/ /R5G!N LOCAL REACTIVE =CES1 & ?AT A SAFE 'TRANSV]SAL' CONTEXT OP5S UP COMMUNITIES :]EAS A DANG]\S 'GLOBALIZ$' CONTEXT CLOSES !M4 

,REACTIVE NETWORKS T5D TO BE A K9D ( 'GR\P ACTIVE NIHILISM1' SIMIL> TO ,VANEIGEM'S IDEA ( 'ACTIVE NIHILISM4' 

,BUT ! QUE/ION IS H[ !Y CAN LE>N TO VALORIZE :AT !Y >E1 RA!R ?AN MAPP+ >BORESC5T 'NORMS' ONTO !IR MOVEM5TS OR SCRAMBL+ TO F9D A PLACE ON ! 9SIDE4 

,CAPITALISM & ! /ATE CAN ALSO 9CORPORATE NETWORKS AS 'ROOTS4' ,I W\LD DISPUTE ! CLAIM ?AT EI!R CAN BE 5TIRELY NETWORK$1 BUT !Y CAN & DO 9CORPORATE NETWORKS & 
SUBORD9ATE P>TS4 ,!SE >E :AT ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I 7#a#i#h#g71 & LAT] ,DAY 7#b#e71 T]M 'RADICLE' AS OPPOS$ TO 'RADICAL' NETWORKS4 

,N,O,T,E3 ,BAKUN9 REF]5CES3 *APT] REF]5CES >E TO ,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE4 ,EXC]PT REF]5CES >E TO EXC]PTS FROM ,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y AT ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,SOME ( ?IS IS NEW4 ,SOME IS MODIFI$ FROM ,K>ATZOGIANNI & ,ROB9SON1 ,P[]1 ,CONFLICT & ,RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,WORLD 7=?COM+1 ,R\TL$GE74 ,SOME IS MODIFI$ FROM 0,! ,OPPRESSIVE ,DISC\RSE ( ,GLOBAL ,EXCLUSION10 9 ,MULL>D & ,COLE1 ,GLOBALIZATION1 ,CITIZ5%IP & ! ,W> ON ,T]ROR4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a#e1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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