,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 
,C\NCILI/ AN>*ISM & C>NIVAL AN>*ISM DUR+ ! #a#i#gS3 A CASE /UDY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,AU?OR 3 ,*I>A ,BOTTICI 

,TEXT 3 

,C\NCILI/ AN>*ISM & C>NIVAL AN>*ISM DUR+ ! #a#i#gS3 A CASE /UDY 

,TOBY ,BORAMAN 

,AB/RACT 

,AFT] #a#i#f#h1 MANY GR\P+S EM]G$ ACROSS ! WORLD :O W]E 9FLU5C$ BY A MELANGE ( AN>*ISM1 LEFT COMMUNISM & C\NCIL COMMUNISM 79CLUD+ ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL74 ,FEW HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO DOCUM5T OR ANALYZE ?IS ATTEMPT$ CROSSOV] BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,I ATTEMPT TO DO ?IS ?R\< A CASE /UDY ( ! AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN ,M>XI/ MILIEU PRIM>ILY 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 BUT ALSO ,AU/RALIA1 9 ! #a#i#gS4 ,BAS$ UPON 9T]VIEWS & O!R PRIM>Y RESE>*1 ,I F\ND ?AT ! C\NCILI/ IDEAS ( ,SOLID>ITY 7,U,K7 & ! ,SITUATIONI/S W]E HI<LY 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! AN>*I/ MILIEU4 ,H[EV]1 !RE WAS ALSO MU* T5SION BETWE5 AN>*I/S & C\NCILI/S4 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S G5]ALLY HAD A SUP]FICIAL !ORETICAL UND]/&+ ( ! ,M>XISM ?AT !Y PLAYFULLY1 & UNCRITICALLY1 BORR[$4 ,:ILE ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S EXTOLL$ ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! ,TUMP5PROLET>IAT1' !IR RADICALISM WAS ON ! :OLE LIMIT$ TO ! CULTURAL & PSY*OLOGICAL SPH]ES4 ,NON-,L59I/ REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S T5D$ TO REMA9 !ORETICAL & ALO( FROM WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,!IR PRACTICE WAS (T5 LIMIT$ TO COMM5T+ ON EV5TS FROM AF>4 ,!IR !ORETICAL WORK %IFT$ TO A MORE AN>*I/IC VIEWPO9T ?AT SAW ! MAJOR CONTRADICTION 9 SOCIETY AS ?AT ( ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ORD]-GIV]S & ORD]-TAK]S4 ,IF GLOBAL BUREAUCRACY WAS ! PROBLEM1 UNIV]SAL SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS ! SOLUTION4 ,YET ?IS APPROA* HAS MANY WEAKNESSES1 ESPECIALLY ITS ASSUMPTION TRADITIONAL EXPLOITATION IS SOMEH[ LESS IMPORTANT1 & IT WAS (T5 OBLIVI\S TO ! PROBLEM ( SELFMANAG$ CAPITALISM4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! ,FREE ,ASSOCIATION ( ,AU/RALASIAN ,%OPLIFT]S & ! ,DI/URB$ ,CITIZ5S = ! ,R$I/RIBUTION ( ,PUNI%M5T PUBLI%$ A 'V&AL'S LIC5SE' 9 ! LATE #a#i#gS4 ,IT READ3 

,I,S ,?,I,S ,R,E,A,L,L,Y ,L,I,V,+8 

,H[ MANY TIMES HAVE Y\ ASK$ Y\RSELF ?AT QUE/ION8 

,>E Y\ TIR$ ( WORK1 CONSUME1 BE SIL5T1 DIE8 

,W,E ,>,E6 

,! ,D,I,/,U,R,B,$ ,C,I,T,I,Z,5,S = ! ,R,$,I,/,R,I,B,U,T,I,O,N ( ,P,U,N,I,%,M,5,T IS COMBAT+ ! FUTILITY ( EV]YDAY LIFE2 BY M\NT+ A CAMPAIGN TO PROMOTE ,V,&,A,L,I,S,M444 
,BREAK UP ! B>RI]S ?AT SEP>ATE Y\R DESIRES FROM REALITY ,TO LE>N H[ TO BUILD2 FIR/ WE MU/ LE>N H[ TO DE/ROY ,EV5 NOTIC$ H[ Y\R GOOD 9T5TIONS SEEM$ TO BE SMA%$ ON ! REEF ( WORKADAY R\T9E8 

,:Y NOT />T ! DAY (F BY HURL+ Y\R CLOCK ?R\< Y\R ,T,V SET ,!N BEG9 A FE/IVAL ( LOOT+1 BURN+ & BU/+ UP ! BOR$OM6 

,IMAG9E Y\R LOCAL %OPP+ C5T]1 WORKPLACE1 HOME49 RU9S6 

,CAN Y\ ?9K ( A BETT] WAY TO SP5D ! DAY8.<#b.> 

,! LEAFLET 5CAPSULAT$ MANY ( ! /R5G?S & WEAKNESSES ( ! 'PRO-SITU' C>NIVAL AN>*I/ MILIEU 9 ,AU/RALASIA 9 ! #a#i#gS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT CAPTUR$ !IR ABSURDI/ HUMOR1 IMAG9ATIVE IF NOT 9FLAMMATORY LUDIC S5SIBILITY1 & OPPOSITION TO LIFELESS R\T9E4 ,IT HI<LI<T$ H[ !Y BORR[$ SOME ( ! BASIC VIEWS ( ! C\NCILI/ GR\P1 ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7,S,I7 -- NAMELY1 TAK+ Y\R DESIRES = REALITY1 REFUS+ WORK1 REJECT+ BOR$OM & EMPHASIZ+ ! FE/IVAL-LIKE NATURE ( RIOTS1 9SURRECTIONS & REVOLUTIONS4 

,YET ON ! O!R H&1 ! LEAFLET HI<LI<T$ H[ !IR POLITICS C\LD BE CRUDE & SIMPLI/IC4 ,9 PRACTICE1 !Y G5]ALLY FETI%IZ$ 9EFFECTIVE 'ILLEGAL' ACTIVITY -- 9 ?IS CASE A FICTITI\S V&ALISM CAMPAIGN -- C>RI$ \T BY ?OSE AT ! M>G9S ( SOCIETY4 ,LIKE !IR MORE WELL-KN[N C>NIVALESQUE C\NT]P>TS ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD1 SU* AS ! ,DUT* ,PROVOS1 ,KAB\T]S & ! 
,MO!RFUCK]S1 !Y BAS$ !IR HOPES ON ! 'PROVOT>IAT' ( DISAFFECT$ SUB-CULTURAL Y\?4 ,AS A RESULT1 !Y (T5 OV]LOOK$ ! WORKPLACE-BAS$ SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! TIME1 & ?IS WAS A MAJOR REASON :Y ! PROVOT>IAT'S *ALL5GE WAS EASILY REPRESS$1 ISOLAT$1 RECUP]AT$ OR SIMPLY IGNOR$4 ,! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S DESIR$ A TOTAL REVOLUTION1 & :5 ?IS DID NOT OCCUR1 !Y TURN$ 9W>D & BECAME SELF-DE/RUCTIVE4 

,BESIDES ! 9T]ACTION BETWE5 C>NIVAL AN>*ISM & ! ,SITUATIONI/S1 ,I ALSO EXAM9E ! CROSSOV] BETWE5 'CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM' & C\NCILISM 9 ,AU/RALASIA4 ,?IS WAS ALSO AN 9T]NATIONAL TR5D4 ,WALT] HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT1 DUR+ ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 0MANY GR\PS444HAVE DEVELOP$ FROM NON-AN>*I/ ,M>XISM T[>DS NE>-AN>*I/ SOCIALISM -- SU* AS ,SOLID>ITY 9 ,BRITA9 OR ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE & ,I,C,O .<,9=MATIONS ET ,CORRESPONDANCES ,\VRI]ES.> 9 ,FRANCE40.<#c.> ,!SE C\NCILI/S1 = ! MO/ P>T1 TOOK A DI/9CT ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC TURN 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,LIKEWISE MANY CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS ,NOIR ET ,R\GE 9 ,FRANCE1 TOOK A DI/9CT C\NCILI/ TURN4 ,H[EV]1 AS ?IS PAP] \TL9ES1 ?IS DID NOT MEAN !RE WAS A P]FECT SYN!SIS BETWE5 ! TWO TRADITIONS 7NOR ?AT ?IS SYN!SIS WAS NEW74.<#d.> 

,I AM 9T]E/$ 9 H[ AN>*ISM & C\NCILISM 9T]ACT$ ON ! GR\ND1 RA!R ! MORE COMMON TOP-D[N APPROA* ( FOCUS+ ON ONE OR TWO P]SONALITIES1 ?9K]S OR GR\PS4 ,H5CE ,I EXAM9E ! BROAD] MILIEU ?AT WAS 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*I/ & C\NCILI/ _/ ,SITUATIONI/ PRAXIS1 RA!R ?AN LIMIT+ MY /UDY TO ! ,AU/RALASIAN EQUIVAL5T ( A ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT OR A ,GUY ,DEBORD 7IF !RE W]E EQUIVAL5TS1 ?AT IS74 ,?IS WORK IS BAS$ ON SUB/ANTIAL RESE>*1 9CLUD+ MANY 9T]VIEWS1 9TO ?IS MILIEU 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&4.<#e.> ,AS ?AT MILIEU HAD CLOSE L9KS ) ,AU/RALIA1 ,I ALSO 9CLUDE A FEW BRIEF & NO D\BT V]Y 9COMPLETE NOTES ON ! CORRESPOND+ ,AU/RALIAN 'SC5E4' ,YET MY PRIM>Y FOCUS IS ON ,NEW ,ZEAL&4 ,9 ?IS PAP]1 ,I ADDRESS BRIEFLY H[ ?IS MILIEU RELAT$ TO ! BROAD] CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! TIME2 DUE TO LACK ( SPACE1 ,I HAVE NOT EXAM9$ H[ IT RELAT$ TO O!R MOVEM5TS1 SU* AS ! WOM5'S LIB]ATION MOVEM5T & ! T9O RANGATIRATANGA MOVEM5T 7:I* CAN BE R\<LY TRANSLAT$ AS ,MAORI SELF-DET]M9ATION74 

,! SMALL SIZE & P]IPH]AL NATURE ( ,NEW ,ZEAL& MEANS ?AT1 = ! MO/ P>T1 IT REFLECTS 9T]NATIONAL TR5DS4 ,AN>*ISM & C\NCILISM 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL& 9 ! #a#i#gS (T5 CLOSELY MIRROR$ MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,U,K & ,AU/RALIA4 ,DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! ,U,S1 ,FRANCE & ! ,NE!RL&S ALSO HAD CONSID]ABLE1 BUT LESS]1 9FLU5CE4 ,!RE=E :AT OCCURR$ 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL& CANNOT BE DISMISS$ AS A UNIQUE CASE1 ?\< SOME PECULI>ITIES MI<T BE ACKN[L$G$4 ,H5CE1 TO SOME EXT5T1 MY RESE>* P]HAPS (F]S A PICTURE1 9 MICROCOSM1 ( :AT WAS HAPP5+ ELSE:]E 9 0ADVANC$0 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,:ILE ! ,NEW ,ZEAL& AN>*I/ & C\NCILI/ MILIEU WAS TOO SMALL1 FRAGM5T$ & %ORT-LIV$ TO DEVELOP A 
SOPHI/ICAT$ !ORY OR PRACTICE1 NONE!LESS ! SIZE ( ?IS 'MOVEM5T' WAS ADVANTAGE\S BECAUSE IT 5ABL$ A COMPREH5SIVE DEGREE ( RESE>* ?AT W\LD BE V]Y DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE 9 A /UDY ( A L>GE MOVEM5T4 

,9T]NATIONAL ,CONTEXT3 ,! ,RISE ( ',C\NCILISM1' ,MOD]N ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE ,AN>*ISM1 ,& ,C>NIVAL ,AN>*ISM 

,GIV5 A LACK ( SPACE1 ,I CAN ONLY NOTE 9 EXTREME BREVITY ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONTEXT ( ! TIME4 ,FROM #aifh UNTIL AB\T ! MID-#a#i#gS1 !RE WAS AN UPTURN 9 CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,WE/]N C\NTRIES ACROSS ! GLOBE4 ,BROADLY SPEAK+1 WORK]S TOOK DIRECT ACTION1 SOMETIMES 7BUT NOT ALWAYS7 \TSIDE (FICIAL ORGANIZATIONAL =MS 7UNION OR P>TY71 TO PRESS !IR DEM&S ( MORE PAY = LESS WORK4 ,!IR CREATIVE REVOLT G5]ALLY REJECT$ BUREAUCRACY & ! AU?ORITY ( ! BOSS & MANAG]1 & ESPECIALLY ! BOR$OM & REPETITION ( WORK4.<#f.> ,?IS REVOLT WAS MUTUALLY 9T]L9K$ ) A WID] COMMUNITY-BAS$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ O!R =MS ( SOCIAL CONTROL 9 SOCIETY 7SU* AS PATRI>*Y1 RACISM & SEX ROLES1 = 9/ANCE7 & 9 P>TICUL>1 MASS OPPOSITION TO ! ,VIETNAM ,W>4.<#g.> ,MANY Y\?S REVOLT$ AGA9/ AU?ORITY1 & ATTEMPT$ TO CREATE A SUBCULTURE OR C\NT]-CULTURE TO ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 

,AS A RESULT1 A R5EWAL ( 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM OCCURR$1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,MANY NON-,L59I/ GR\P+S EM]G$ :I* W]E 9FLU5C$ LOOSELY BY A MELANGE ( LEFT COMMUNISM1 SITUATIONISM1 C\NCIL COMMUNISM & AN>*ISM4.<#h.> ,AS ,NEW ,LEFTI/S S\<T AN ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC ALT]NATIVE TO ,/AL9ISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 MANY BECAME 9T]E/$ 9 C\NCIL COMMUNISM AFT] ! 9SPIR+ RE-APPE>ANCE ( WORK]S' C\NCILS DUR+ ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e#f1 ! ,FR5* 'EV5TS' ( ,MAY-,JUNE #a#i#f#h1 AS WELL AS ! RESURG5CE 9 /RIKE ACTIVITY 79CLUD+ WILDCATS & OCCUPATIONS7 FOLL[+ #a#i#f#h4 

,VAN D] ,L9D5 NEATLY DEF9ES C\NCIL COMMUNISM1 :I* >OSE DUR+ ! WORK+ CLASS UPRIS+ 9 ,G]MANY & ! ,NE!RL&S FOLL[+ ,W,W,I1 AS HAV+ FIVE />T+ PO9TS3 

,FIR/LY1 CAPITALISM IS 9 DECL9E & %\LD BE ABOLI%$ IMM$IATELY4 ,SECONDLY1 ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM IS A DEMOCRACY ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 BAS$ ON AN ECONOMY CONTROLL$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 
,?IRDLY1 ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ALLIES >E TRY+ TO SAVE CAPITALISM FROM ITS FATE BY MEANS ( 'DEMOCRATIC' MANIPULATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,F\R?LY1 9 ORD] TO HA/5 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A DEMOCRACY ( C\NCILS1 ?IS MANIPULATION MU/ BE CONSI/5TLY RESI/$4 ,?IS MEANS1 ON ! ONE H&1 BOYCOTT+ ALL P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS &1 ON ! O!R H&1 SY/EMATICALLY FI<T+ AGA9/ ! OLD TRADE UNIONS 7:I* >E ORGANS = JO9T MANAGEM5T ( CAPITALISM74 ,F9ALLY1 ,SOVIET-TYPE SOCIETIES >E NOT AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM BUT1 RA!R1 A NEW =M ( CAPITALISM4.<#i.> 

,B\RR9ET ADDS ?AT C\NCIL COMMUNI/S OPPOS$ NATIONALISM & CROSS-CLASS POPUL> FRONTS1 & REJECT$ 'SUB/ITUTIONISM1 :I* SEES ! COMMUNI/ P>TY AS ! G5]AL /AFF & ! PROLET>IAT AS A PASSIVE MASS BL9DLY SUBMITT+ TO ! ORD]S ( ?IS G5]AL /AFF4'.<#a.> 

,!RE IS A DE>? ( HI/ORIES AB\T ! REVIVAL ( C\NCIL COMMUNISM & 'C\NCILISM' 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 AT LEA/ 9 ,5GLI%4 ,( ! /UDIES ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE1 MO/ FOCUS ON ONE OR TWO C\NCILI/ GR\PS1 OR 9DIVIDUAL ?9K]S1 ESPECIALLY ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE 7,S\,B71 ! ,S,I1 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS & ,GUY ,DEBORD4.<#a#a.> ,CONSEQU5TLY1 COMP>ATIVELY LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T GR\PS SU* AS ,SOLID>ITY 9 ! ,U,K1 ,ROOT & ,BRAN* 9 ! ,U,S1 ,=BUNDET ,>BET>MAKT 7,UNIT$ ,WORK]S' ,P[]7 9 ,SW$51 ,DAAD 5 ,G$A*TE 9 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,I,C,O1 ,E*ANGES ET ,M\VEM5T1 ,M\VEM5T ,COMMUNI/E & ,NEGATION 9 ,FRANCE1 & ,DIE ,SOZIALE ,REVOLUTION I/ KE9E ,P>TEISA*E6 7,SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS NOT A P>TY AFFAIR67 9 ,G]MANY4.<#a#b.> ,9 ADDITION1 FEW /UDIES HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ AB\T ! NUM]\S 'SITU' OR 'PRO-SITU' GR\PS ( ! P]IOD1 SU* AS ,PO9T ,BLANK61 ,DIV]SION1 ,= ,\RSELVES1 ,CONTRADICTION & ! ,C\NCIL = ! ,]UPTION ( ! ,M>VEL\S 9 ! ,U,S1 ,HEATWAVE1 ,K+ ,MOB & ! ,9FANTILE ,DISORD]S 9 ! ,U,K4.<#a#c.> ,ALL ( !SE CAN BE CONSID]$ AS BE+ P>T ( ! BROAD C\NCILI/ MILIEU4 ,FUR!R1 ,DETROIT'S ,R$ & ,BLACK 7:OSE MA9 FIGURE WAS ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN7 C\LD P]HAPS BE 9CLUD$ AS P>T ( ! 'SITU' CURR5T4.<#a#d.> 

,TWO MA9 S*OOLS CAN BE DISC]N$ AB\T ?IS REVIVAL4 ,! FIR/ CLAIMS ?AT ?IS R5EWAL WAS L>GELY DI/9CT FROM ! HI/ORIC C\NCIL COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T1 & !RE=E REPRES5T$ A 'C\NCILI/' T5D5CY4.<#a#e.> ,! SECOND S*OOL MA9TA9S ?AT IT REPRES5T$ ! EM]G5CE ( AN UPDAT$ =M ( C\NCIL COMMUNISM1 :I* DIFF]$ FROM ! HI/ORIC ,DUT* & ,G]MAN CURR5T1 BUT WAS /ILL RECOGNIZABLY C\NCIL COMMUNI/4.<#a#f.> 

,B\RR9ET1 FROM A LEFT COMMUNI/ VIEWPO9T1 CONSID]S ?AT ! HI/ORIC C\NCIL COMMUNI/S W]E ,M>XI/S1 W]E MU* CLE>] ON !IR KEY POSITIONS1 & ACCEPT$ ! NE$ = A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 ,:ILE ! C\NCILI/ MILIEU ( ! PO/-#f#h ]A REJECT$ MANY CORE ,M>XI/ CONCEPTS & PR9CIPLES4.<#a#g.> ,9 T]MS ( !ORY1 !Y W]E LOOSE & ECLECTIC1 (T5 BORR[+ FROM AN>*ISM4 ,ORGANIZATIONALLY1 !Y W]E UN/RUCTUR$1 EPHEM]AL & 9=MAL3 HE LIK5S !M TO A 'NEBUL\S CL\D4'.<#a#h.> ,CRUCIALLY1 ! C\NCILI/S REJECT$ ! NE$ = A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION2 = !M1 ! WORK]S' C\NCILS W]E '! ONE & ONLY CRUCIBLE ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS )9 ! WORK+ CLASS4'.<#a#i.> ,AS SU*1 HE >GUES ?AT ! C\NCILI/S REJECT$ ,M>XISM 9 FAVOR ( 'AN>*ISM1' :I* ,B\RR9ET SIMPLI/ICALLY VIEWS AS REJECT+ REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION 9 FAVOR ( SPONTANEITY4.<#b.> 

,9 CONTRA/1 ,GOMB9 >GUES ?AT ,FR5* GR\PS SU* AS ,S\,B 7& ITS (F%OOTS7 & ! ,S,I W]E AN 9NOVATIVE ATTEMPT TO R5EW ! C\NCIL COMMUNI/ TRADITION = ! *ANG$ CONDITIONS ( ! P]IOD1 SU* AS RIS+ LIV+ /&>DS & MASS CONSUMPTION_/PRODUCTION4 ,!Y EXP&$ ! N>R[ FOCUS ( ! C\NCIL COMMUNI/S ON ! WORKPLACE TO 9CLUDE EV]YDAY LIFE1 & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ MOD]N BUREAUCRATIC WELF>E-/ATE CAPITALISM4 ,:ILE ,GOMB9 RECOGNIZES !SE GR\PS DIFF]$ FROM ! HI/ORIC C\NCIL COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T 9 MANY >EAS1 HE /ILL BELIEVES ?AT !Y W]E ! ,FR5* 9H]ITORS ( ?AT TRADITION4.<#b#a.> 

,9 ?IS PAP]1 ,I USE ! T]M 'C\NCILI/' TO DI/+UI% ! NEW CURR5T 7:O W]E A PRODUCT ( PO/-,W,W,I,I ,KEYNESIAN CLASS COMPROMISE & ITS DISSOLUTION FROM ! LATE #a#i#fS ONW>DS71 FROM ?AT ( ! ,DUT* & ,G]MAN C\NCIL COMMUNI/S 7:O W]E A PRODUCT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE FOLL[+ ,W,W,I74 ,H5CE1 UNLIKE ,B\RR9ET1 ,I DO NOT USE ! T]M TO IMPLY AN 'AN>*I/' DEG5]ATION ( ?AT TRADITION1 NOR DO ,I USE IT 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! ,S,I1 ?AT IS1 TO D5OTE A FROZ5 & DOGMATIC IDEOLOGY ':I* RE/RA9S & REIFIES !IR .<WORK]S' C\NCILS.> TOTAL !ORY & PRACTICE4'.<#b#b.> 

,LIKE C\NCILISM1 !RE IS A DI/9CT LACK ( RIGOR\S HI/ORIES ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 'ADVANC$' CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES DUR+ ! L#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,:ILE !RE >E MANY WORKS PUBLI%$ AB\T ! REVIVAL ( AN>*ISM DUR+ !SE YE>S1.<#b#c.> V]Y FEW ( !M >E BAS$ UPON SUB/ANTIAL PRIM>Y RESE>*4.<#b#d.> ,AS ) C\NCILISM1 MANY AU?ORS FOCUS ON A FEW GR\PS OR J\RNALS1 SU* AS 
,AN>*Y 7#a#i#f#a-#g71 ! SPECTACUL> ACTIVITIES ( >M$ /RUGGLE GR\PS SU* AS ! ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE1 OR P]SONALITIES & ?9K]S SU* AS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 9 ! ,U,S4.<#b#e.> ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 FEW BOTTOM-UP P]SPECTIVES HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ ?AT EXAM9E ! BROAD] AN>*I/ MILIEU4 

,SOME ASS]T ?AT NEW =MS ( AN>*ISM EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS ?AT MADE A FUNDAM5TAL BREAK ) ! PA/4.<#b#f.> ,O!RS CLAIM !RE WAS A FUNDAM5TAL CONT9UITY BETWE5 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM & ! 'NEW' AN>*ISM ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4.<#b#g.> ,I ADOPT AN 9T]M$I>Y VIEW4.<#b#h.> ,:ILE 'NEW' =MS ( AN>*ISM BECAME PROM95T1 SU* AS AN>*A-FEM9ISM1 ECOAN>*ISM1 LIB]AL AN>*ISM & :AT ,I CALL C>NIVAL AN>*ISM1 !RE WAS ALSO AN (T5 OV]LOOK$ R5EWAL ( TRADITIONAL 'CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM4'.<#b#i.> 

,?IS REVIVAL 9 AN>*I/ COMMUNISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WAS H>DLY SURPRIS+ GIV5 ! UPSURGE 9 CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT OCCURR$ FROM ! LATE #a#i#fS ONW>DS4 ,TO TAKE ,BRITA9 AS AN EXAMPLE1 0,MO/ ( ! NEW AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS =M$ DUR+ & AFT] ! REVIVAL ( ! #a#i#fS HAVE BE5 ( A TRADITIONAL K9D40.<#c.> ,BO? ,B]MAN & ,GU]9 SEE ! REVIVAL AS A REEM]G5CE ( CLASSICAL AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 NAMELY ! IDEA ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4.<#c#a.> ,IT IS G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ ?AT WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS A KEY DEM& ( ! ,FR5* G5]AL /RIKE ( ,MAY #a#i#f#h1.<#c#b.> & ALSO A POPUL> DEM& AMONG ,NEW ,LEFTI/S & SEV]AL UNOR?ODOX TRADE UNIONS ( ! LATE #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 SU* AS ! ,CONF$]ATION ,FRAN@5AISE ,DEMOCRATIQUE DU ,TRAVAIL 7,C,F,D,T71 ,D,R,U,M 7,DODGE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNION ,MOVEM5T7 9 ,DETROIT & ! ,NEW ,S\? ,WALES ,BUILD]S' ,LABOR]S ,F$]ATION 9 ,AU/RALIA4 ,FUR!RMORE1 MANY ( !SE NEW CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*I/ GR\PS W]E 9FLU5C$ SOME:AT BY C\NCILI/_/ SITUATIONI/ IDEAS4.<#c#c.> 

,:ILE !RE W]E CONT9UITIES BETWE5 ! OLD & ! NEW AN>*I/S1 UND\BT$LY MU* T5SION EXI/$ BETWE5 !M4 ,MANY ( ! Y\NG] AN>*I/S SAW 0,OLD ,LEFT0 AN>*I/S AS PURITANICAL1 DOGMATIC1 SECT>IAN1 \T ( DATE1 & LACK+ 5]GY4 ,:ILE ,OLD ,LEFT AN>*I/S LIKE ,SAM ,DOLG(F ( ,NEW ,YORK SAW #a#i#fS 'NEO-AN>*ISM' AS A REVIVAL ( B\RGEOIS 9FLU5CES ON AN>*ISM4.<#c#d.> ,TO CAP IT (F1 ! NEO-AN>*I/S ASSOCIAT$ ) ,L59I/S1 :O ,DOLG(F CONSID]$ TO BE AN>*ISM'S MORTAL 5EMY4 

,SOME ( ?IS T5SION C5T]$ ON ! NEWCOM]S' ECLECTIC BORR[+ FROM C\NCILISM1 :I* ! TRADITIONALI/S SAW AS UNNECESS>Y4 ,TRADITIONALI/S G5]ALLY REMA9$ HO/ILE & DI/RU/FUL ( ALL TYPES ( ,M>XISM1 :I* !Y T5D$ TO EQUATE SIMPLI/ICALLY ) ,/AL9ISM4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 TWO TYPES ( AN>*I/S :O DREW UPON C\NCILISM CAN BE DISC]N$4 ,! FIR/ W]E ?OSE SEEK+ TO REJUV5ATE TRADITIONAL =MS ( CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM BY COMB9+ IT ) ASPECTS ( C\NCILISM4 ,! SECOND W]E C>NIVAL AN>*I/S1 :O G5]ALLY DREW MORE UPON ! >TI/IC1 ,SITUATIONI/ W+ ( C\NCILISM RA!R ?AN ITS ,S\,B_/,SOLID>ITY /RA94 

,A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ! FIR/ T5D5CY WAS ! ,FR5* GR\P ?AT PRODUC$ ! MAGAZ9E ,NOIR ET ,R\GE 7#a#i#e#f-#g71 :I* 9CLUD$ ! BRO!RS ,COHN-,B5DIT4.<#c#e.> ,9 #a#i#f#h1 ! $ITORIAL ( ,NOIR ET 
,R\GE /AT$3 

,! REAL CLEAVAGE IS NOT BETWE5 ',M>XISM' OR :AT IS DESCRIB$ AS SU*1 & AN>*ISM1 BUT RA!R BETWE5 ! LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT & IDEA1 & ! ,L59I/1 ,BOL%EVIK1 BUREAUCRATIC CONCEPTION ( ORGANIZATION4,WE >E NOT AFRAID TO SAY4?AT WE FEEL CLOS] TO ',M>XI/S' 9 ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T ( ! PA/ OR TO4MANY FRI5DS 9 ! ,M>* #bb MOVEM5T ?AN WE DO TO (FICIAL 'AN>*I/S' :O HAVE A SEMI-,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( P>TY ORGANIZATION4.<#c#f.> 

,NOIR ET ,R\GE DREW UPON ! IDEAS ( ,S\,B 9 P>TICUL>4.<#c#g.> ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT DECL>$ HE WAS AN 0AN>*I/4ALONG ! L9ES ( 'C\NCIL SOCIALISM'0 & CLAIM$ HE WAS A ,M>XI/ 9 ! SAME S5SE AS ,BAKUN94.<#c#h.> ,?IS 'AN>*O-C\NCILISM' WAS POSSIBLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT EXPLICIT AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 9 ! EV5TS ( #a#i#f#h4.<#c#i.> ,9 CONTRA/1 ,GOMB9 CLAIMS ?AT ! TRADITIONAL ,FR5* AN>*I/ 

GR\PS HAD LO/ 9FLU5CE1 & HAD BECOME 9W>D-LOOK+ & DOGMATIC DEF5D]S ( AN 09VIOLABLE .<AN>*I/.> IDEOLOGY0 ?AT !Y PRES5T$ AS AN ULTIMATE TRU?1 0A F9I%$ SY/EM TO BE REJECT$ OR ACCEPT$ AS A :OLE40.<#d.> 

,! O!R TYPE ( AN>*ISM ?AT DREW UPON C\NCILISM -- OR C]TA9 ASPECTS ( IT -- WAS C>NIVAL AN>*ISM4.<#d#a.> ,I DEF9E C>NIVAL AN>*ISM AS BO? A DI/9CTIVE /YLE & TYPE ( AN>*ISM4 ,ITS MAJOR *>ACT]I/IC WAS ITS BL5D ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT'S PROTE/ POLITICS ) ! AN>*IC ELEM5TS ( ! C\NT]-CULTURE4 ,C>NIVAL AN>*ISM WAS NEI!R A PURELY C\NT]-CULTURAL TYPE ( AN>*ISM1 NOR A PURELY TRADITIONAL TYPE ( AN>*ISM1 BUT AN 9VIGORAT+ MIXTURE ( ! TWO4 ,C>NIVAL AN>*I/S REJECT$ NOT ONLY ! APOLITICAL ELEM5TS ( ! C\NT]CULTURE1 BUT ALSO ! PURITANICAL1 SELF-SACRIFICIAL ELEM5T )9 ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,H5CE FUR!R DEF9+ *>ACT]I/ICS ( C>NIVAL AN>*ISM W]E ITS MIXTURE ( ABSURDI/1 MOCK+ HUMOR ) DIRECT ACTION1 & ITS AIM ( COMB9+ ! CULTURAL REVOLUTION ) A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ONE4 ,ANO!R IMPORTANT FEATURE WAS ITS AGGRESSIVE1 DISRUPTIVE & PROVOCATIVE /YLE4 ,9 %ORT1 C>NIVAL AN>*I/S WANT$ REVOLUTION & FUN TOO4 

,! MO/ WELL-KN[N C>NIVAL AN>*I/ GR\PS OR GR\PUSCULES W]E ! ,PROVOS & ! ,KAB\T]S 9 ! ,NE!RL&S1 & 9 ! ,U,S1 ,BLACK ,MASK1 ,UP AGA9/ ! ,WALL ,MO!RFUCK]6 & ,! ,REBEL ,WORK]4.<#d#b.> ,!SE GR\PS REPRES5T$ ! EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ W+ ( ! PLAYFUL1 !ATRICAL POLITICS ( ! TIME ?AT MIX$ RADICAL >T 7DADA1 SURREALISM & SO ON7 ) REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 ,?IS BROAD] ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CY HAS BE5 V>I\SLY CALL$ 'ANTIDISCIPL9>IAN1' 'CULTURAL REVOLUTION>Y1' 'PLAYP[]' OR 'POLITICAL FREAKS4'.<#d#c.> ,IT 9CLUDES A NUMB] ( GR\PS ?AT DID NOT ID5TIFY ) AN>*ISM1 9CLUD+ ! ,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,DIGG]S1 ,KOMMUNE #a1 ,K+ ,MOB & ! ,YIPPIES1 BUT NEV]!LESS !Y W]E (T5 CALL$ AN>*I/S OR AN>*I/IC4.<#d#d.> 

,(T5 ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S HAD POOR RELATIONS ) TRADITIONAL AN>*I/S1 :O TREAT$ !M ) BEMUSEM5T OR BEWILD]M5T4 ,OLD] ,DUT* AN>*I/S1 = 9/ANCE1 W]E SKEPTICAL ( ! ,PROVOS BECAUSE !Y W]E UNSURE IF !Y W]E S]I\S1 & BECAUSE ( !IR HO/ILITY T[>DS ! PROLET>IAT1 !IR LACK ( 9TELLECTUAL CONT5T & !IR !ORETICAL 9COH]5CE4.<#d#e.> 

,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S ATTEMPT$ TO PUT C]TA9 ,SITUATIONI/ IDEAS 9TO EV]YDAY PRACTICE4 ,AS ,FRANKL9 ,ROSEMONT ( ,! ,REBEL ,WORK]1 ! (FICIAL ORGAN ( ! ,*ICAGO LOCAL ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W7 ?AT WAS 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*ISM1 SYNDICALISM1 ,M>XISM1 ,SITUATIONI/ PRAXIS1 'WORK+ CLASS C\NT] CULTURE' & SURREALISM1 NOT$3 

,AT ! TIME .<9 ! #a#i#fS.> IT ALWAYS SEEM$ TO ME ?AT ! ,SITUATIONI/S WROTE & TALK$ & !ORIZ$ AB\T PLAY+ & HAV+ FUN1 :ILE WE .<,REBEL ,WORK] & ,HEATWAVE.> -- /ILL JU/ KIDS1 9 A S5SE -- W]E ACTUALLY PLAY+ & HAV+ ! FUN1 & TRY+ TO >TICULATE IT 9 A NEW REVOLUTION>Y POETIC _/POLITICAL LANGUAGE444,?AT SOME ( :AT WE DID & SAID WAS FOOLI% DOESN'T ALT] ! FACT ?AT MO/ ( :AT WE DID & SAID WAS :AT WAS REALLY TO BE SAID & DONE4.<#d#f.> 

,PHASE #a3 ,! ,]A ( ',GREAT ,RADICALIZATION' 7,LATE #a#i#fS1 ,E>LY #a#i#gS7 

,I %ALL LOOK AT TWO PHASES ( AN>*ISM & C\NCILISM 9 ,AU/RALASIA4 ,! FIR/ PHASE OCCURR$ DUR+ AN ]A ( 'AFFLU5CE' = MO/ WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE 7AL?\< 9DIG5\S PEOPLE (T5 W]E /ILL TRAPP$ 9 POV]TY71 AS WELL AS A P]IOD ( 'GREAT RADICALIZATION' ?R\< ! RISE ( EXTRA-P>LIAM5T>Y PROTE/ -- ESPECIALLY DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! ,VIETNAM ,W> 7BO? ! ,NEW ,ZEAL& & ,AU/RALIAN GOV]NM5TS S5T TROOPS TO ,VIETNAM71 AP>!ID1 & ,U,S MILIT>Y 9/ALLATIONS4 ,! PROTE/ MOVEM5T PEAK$ 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL& DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#fS & E>LY #a#i#gS4 ,ALSO1 ?IS P]IOD ALSO SAW ! BEG9N+S ( A MAJOR UPTURN 9 CLASS /RUGGLE FOLL[+ ! SUCCESSFUL /RIKES AGA9/ ! ,>BITRATION ,C\RT'S 'NIL WAGE ORD]' ( #a#i#f#h4 ,DUR+ ?IS PHASE1 ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S W]E AN OPTIMI/IC1 EBULLI5T & 5]GETIC CURR5T ?AT GLEEFULLY ANTICIPAT$ ?AT 'REVOLUTION WAS JU/ >\ND ! CORN]4' 

,! SECOND PHASE OCCURR$ ONCE !SE EXTRA-P>LIAM5T>Y MOVEM5TS HAD DI$ D[N DUR+ ! MID-#a#i#gS & A MAJOR ECONOMIC RECESSION HAD SET 91 AS WELL AS ! ELECTION ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5T4 ,YET1 AT ! SAME TIME1 WORKPLACE BAS$ CLASS /RUGGLE PEAK$4 ,! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S DUR+ ?IS P]IOD T5D$ TO BE MORE 9W>D-LOOK+1 LESS OPTIMI/IC & MORE FOCUS$ ON *ANG+ 9T]P]SONAL RELATION%IPS ?AN 9 ! E>LI] PHASE4 ,9 ,AU/RALASIA1 IT APPE>S ?AT C>NIVAL AN>*ISM FL\RI%$ ! MO/ 9 ?IS PHASE1 :ILE IT SEEMS ?AT IT PEAK$ 9 ! ,U,S & ! ,U,K DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#fS4.<#d#g.> 

,! LEG5D>Y ,BILL ,DWY] WAS P]HAPS ! FIR/ C>NIVAL AN>*I/ 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&4 ,DWY]1 A FLAMBOYANT ,IRI%M51 WAS P>TICUL>LY R5[N$ = H>ASS+ /UD5T & UNION BUREAUCRATS1 & C>RY+ \T 'ILLEGALI/' ACTIVITY SU* AS RUNN+ A SLY-GROG BUS9ESS & %OPLIFT+ 9 ! E>LY TO MID-#a#i#fS4 ,HIS 'ILLEGALI/' /REAK TOOK A NEW TWI/ :5 HE MOV$ TO ,SYDNEY & SOLD ,L,S,D TO F9ANCE AN>*I/ ACTIVITY1 AS WELL AS BECOM+ AN EXPON5T ( ! ALLEG$ REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! DRUG4 ,AFT] BE+ DEPORT$ FROM ,AU/RALIA1 HE 5D$ UP 9 ,LONDON1 & BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! $ITORIAL COLLECTIVE ( ,AN>*Y 7SECOND S]IES71 :I* WAS MORE OP5 TO CLASS /RUGGLE & C\NCILISM ?AN IT WAS UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ,W>D4.<#d#h.> ,HE WAS A MAJOR ORGANIZ] ( ! ,W9DSOR ,FREE ,FE/IVALS1 HELD 9 ,W9DSOR ,P>K AS AN ATTEMPT TO 'RECLAIM ! COMMONS' FROM ROYAL 5CLOSURE1 FROM #aigb TO #a#i#g#d4.<#d#i.> 

,C>NIVAL AN>*ISM AS A DI/9CT T5D5CY1 RA!R ?AN ! PRACTICE ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 >OSE 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL& 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 IT ORIG9AT$ FROM ! C>NIVALESQUE W+ ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,! CULTURAL REVOLUTION>IES1 SU* AS ! ,FRI5DS ( ,BRUTUS1 W]E (T5 AT ! C5T] ( DIRECT ACTION 9 ! PROTE/S ( ! TIME4 ,NEW =MS ( PROTE/ EM]G$ ?AT W]E MORE CREATIVE & !ATRICAL4 ,MANY ( !SE FUN REVOLUTIONI/ GR\P+S W]E 9FLU5C$ BY !IR OV]SEAS C\NT]P>TS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,LOVE ,%OPS1 BAS$ ON ! ,FREE ,%OPS ( ! ,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,DIGG]S1 W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 ?REE ,NEW ,ZEAL& CITIES1 & ',FREE/ORES' W]E ALSO E/ABLI%$ BY C>NIVAL AN>*I/S 9 TWO ,AU/RALIAN CITIES4 ,9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ! ,DUN$9 ,AN>*I/ ,>MY ATTEMPT$ TO LEVITATE ! ,DUN$9 ,T[N ,HALL 9 #aigb AFT] A DISPUTE ) ! LOCAL MAYOR OV] P]MITS = PROTE/S 79 IMITATION ( ! ,YIPPIES ATTEMPT$ LEVITATION ( ! ,P5TAGON74 ,! ,*RI/*UR* ,PROGRESSIVE ,Y\? ,MOVEM5T 7,P,Y,M71 :OSE MEMB]S W]E AT ?AT /AGE MA9LY AN>*I/S1 COPI$ ! :ITE BIKES S*EME ( ! ,PROVOS 9 #a#i#f#i4 

,ROG] ,CRUICK%ANK ( ! ,WELL+TON ,P,Y,M & ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS1 A C>NIVAL AN>*I/ GR\P+ :OSE MA9 ACTIVITY SEEM$ TO BE HOLD+ 'FEA/S1' WAS FOND ( QUOT+ ,YIPPIE ,ABBIE ,H(FMAN ?AT 0IDEOLOGY IS A BRA9 DISEASE40.<#e.> ,?IS ANTI-!ORETICAL /REAK RAN DEEPLY ?R\<\T ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,! ,NEW ,LEFT WAS BAS$ ON AN URG5T MORAL \TRAGE AGA9/ ISSUES SU* AS ! ,VIETNAM ,W>4 ,:AT MATT]$ WAS :AT Y\ W]E DO+1 NOT ?9K+4 ,?US !Y (T5 REFUS$ TO CLE>LY DEF9E !IR POLITICS1 BECAUSE TO ,CRUICK%ANK 'DOCTR9AL BIT*+' HAD BOGG$ ! LEFT D[N & PREV5T$ !M FROM TAK+ DIRECT ACTION 9 ! H]E & N[4.<#e#a.> ,9/EAD1 !Y HAD A PLAYFUL ATTITUDE T[>DS !ORY4 ,AU?OR ,*RIS ,KRAUS ( ! ,WELL+TON ,P,Y,M SAID ?AT !Y ?\<T 'IDEOLOGY WAS LIKE A CO/UME Y\ C\LD TRY ON & P>ADE >\ND 94'.<#e#b.> 

,AS A RESULT1 ! C>NIVALESQUE ,NEW ,LEFTI/S (T5 BORR[$ ECLECTICALLY FROM MANY DIFF]5T S\RCES1 9CLUD+ ,M>XISM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,F>RELL ,CLE>Y1 AN AN>*I/ & MEMB] ( ,AUCKL&'S ,LIV+ ,!AT] /REET !AT] GR\P & ! ,RESI/ANCE BOOK%OP1 WROTE ?AT3 

,RESI/ANCE SEEM$ TO 9C>NATE ,NEW ,LEFT ,ZEITGEI/1 [+ AS MU* TO ! ,AM]ICAN YIPPIES AS IT DID TO ,COHN-,B5DIT4 ,WE HOP$ TO BYPASS ! K9D ( DOCTR9AL SPLITS BETWE5 ,M>XISM & ,AN>*ISM :I* HAD RIV5 ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT = A C5TURY4.<#e#c.> 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ?IS CONV]G5CE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM WAS BAS$ UPON /RUGGL+ TOGE!R AGA9/ A COMMON 5EMY4 ,YET !IR !ORY WAS (T5 CRUDE & 9COH]5T4 ,SOME DID NOT SEE A CONTRADICTION 9 MIX+ ,TROTSKYISM1 ,MAOISM & AN>*ISM TOGE!R4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,*RI/*UR* ,P,Y,M CALL$ = WORK]S' C\NCILS1 ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & MONEY1 AS WELL AS 0WORK] CONTROL ( 9DU/RY1 /UD5T-TEA*] CONTROL ( S*OOLS & UNIV]SITIES10 & YET CLAIM$ ?AT 0ALL L& WILL BE TAK5 BY ! ,/ATE40 ,IT PROCLAIM$ IT WAS 9T]NATIONALI/ :ILE 'FULLY SUPPORT+' ! NATIONALI/1 CROSS-CLASS ,VIETNAMESE ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT4 ,ONE OR TWO RETURN$ FROM VISITS TO ,*9A PRAIS+ IT AS A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ P>ADISE4 ,GIV5 ?IS CONFUSION1 IT IS ?US UNSURPRIS+ ?AT SOME AN>*I/S BECAME ,MAOI/S OR FELL[ TRAVEL]S4.<#e#d.> ,H[EV]1 ,KRAUS CAUTIONS ?AT ! 'YAHOO IDEOLOGY' ( ! ,WELL+TON ,P,Y,M RADICALIZ$ PEOPLE 9 A MU* MORE P]MAN5T WAY ?AN 'ORD]LY LIV+ ,M>XI/-,L59I/S4'.<#e#e.> 

,LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/ W+ ( ! ,AU/RALIAN ,NEW ,LEFT & !IR RELATION%IP ) ,M>XISM4.<#e#f.> ,H[EV]1 AT LEA/ ?REE ,MELB\RNE-BAS$ GR\P+S ?AT HAVE BE5 
DESCRIB$ AS C>NIVAL AN>*I/ DID DRAW UPON C\NCILISM4 ,!Y W]E ,T,R,E,A,S,O,N 7,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,EMANCIPI/S ,AGA9/ ,/ATE ,OPPRESSION & ,NATIONALISM7 & ! GR\P+S ?AT PUBLI%$ ! MAGAZ9ES ,\TLAW & ,SOLID>ITY3 ,= ,WORK]S' ,P[]4 ,T,R,E,A,S,O,N1 A CAMPUS-BAS$ GR\P1 /AT$ 

,HUMOR1 ( A SURREALI/IC1 BOHEMIAN OR ROMANTIC /RA91 IS ! MO/ VALUABLE WEAPON 9 ! /RUGGLE TO RE$UCATE ! UNIV]SITY444,T4,R4,E4,A4,S4,O4,N4 WAS CLOSE TO ! OV]SEAS DEVELOPM5TS ( ,SITUATIONISM 7,FRANCE71 ,PROVOISM 7,HOLL&7 & NEO-,WOBBLYISM 7,U4,S4,A4 & ,U4,K474.<#e#g.> 

,\TLAW HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ AS 'A COMB9ATION ( POETRY1 COLOR >TWORK & %ORT TEXTS ON SURREALISM1 AN>*ISM1 & SITUATIONISM4'.<#e#h.> 

,9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS SOME ,SYDNEY ,LIB]T>IANS1 :O W]E NOT C>NIVAL AN>*I/S BUT 9/EAD W]E 'AN>*O-CYNICALI/S' :O %>$ ! HUMOR\S APPROA* ( ! C>NIVALI/S1 =M$ AN ,AN>*O-,M>XI/ ,GR\P BAS$ ON 9TEGRAT+ ,M>X & ,BAKUN94.<#e#i.> ,! ,SYDNEY ,LIB]T>IANS W]E 9FLU5C$ BY SOME ,M>XI/S1 9CLUD+ ,WILHELM ,REI* & ,MAX ,NOMAD4 ,! LATT] CYNICALLY COMM5T$ ?AT ! ,AN>*O-,M>XI/ ,GR\P'S SYN!SIS ( ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 WAS QUITE APPROPRIATE BECAUSE '!Y BO? WANT$ CONTROL OV] ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL & !Y BO? WANT$ TO PRESIDE OV] A NON-CAPITALI/ 0CLASSLESS0 & H5CE 0/ATELESS0 SOCIETY4'.<#f.> 

,9 T]MS ( !IR RELATION%IP TO CLASS /RUGGLE1 IT SEEMS OBVI\S ?AT IT WAS NOT ! MA9 FOCUS ( ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S4 ,MO/ ( !IR EXUB]ANT 5]GY W5T 9TO ! MULTI-CLASS PROTE/ MOVEM5T1 & ATTEMPTS TO PU% ?AT MOVEM5T 9 A MORE RADICAL DIRECTION BY C>RY+ \T DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ SPECIFIC T>GETS RA!R ?AN JU/ 'C\NT+ ASSES' 9 /REET PROTE/S4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 !Y FOCUS$ ON ANTI-,VIETNAM ,W> & ANTI-AP>!ID PROTE/4 

,H[EV]1 TWO ATTITUDES TO CLASS /RUGGLE CAN BE DISC]N$ AMONG ! C>NIVALESQUE ,NEW ,LEFTI/S4 ,! FIR/ WAS ?AT CLASS WAS SOME?+ ?AT ! DOCTR9AL ,OLD ,LEFT HELD UP AS A SACR$ %IBBOLE?1 & ?US IT %\LD BE DISC>D$ AS A DOGMATIC IDEOLOGY FROM ! PA/4 ,WORK]S W]E SE5 AS PASSIVE1 :ILE PROTE/]S1 /UD5TS1 Y\?1 HIPPIES & ! 'LUMP5PROLET>IAT' W]E CONSID]$ ! NEW REBELLI\S 'CLASSES4' ,= EXAMPLE ,TIM ,%ADBOLT1 ,NEW ,ZEAL&'S AN>*I/IC EQUIVAL5T ( ,ABBIE ,H(FMAN1 EXCLAIM$1 0,/UFF ! WORK]S6 ,!Y WILL NEV] DO ANY?+60.<#f#a.> ,?IS WAS ! ,NEW ,ZEAL& EQUIVAL5T ( ! ,PROVO'S EXTOLL+ ( ! 'PROVOT>IAT1' & !IR SUBSEQU5T DISMISSAL ( ! PROLET>IAT4 0,! PROVOT>IAT IS ! ONLY REBEL GR\P LEFT 9 ! WELF>E C\NTRIES4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAS SOLD ITSELF \T TO ITS LEAD]S & ITS TELEVISION4 ,IT HAS GONE OV] TO ! OLD FOE1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 & TOGE!R !Y =M ONE GREAT GRAY BLOB40.<#f#b.> ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,PROVO LEAD]%IP CONDEMN$ WORK]S' SELF-ACTIVITY SU* AS AN ,AM/]DAM CON/RUCTION WORK]S' RIOT 9 #aiff :I* BEGAN AS A DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! WORK]S' UNION4.<#f#c.> 

,! SECOND ATTITUDE DID SEE CLASS /RUGGLE AS IMPORTANT4 ,MO/ C>NIVAL AN>*I/S & C>NIVALESQUE ,NEW ,LEFTI/S ESP\S$ WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T AS A CORE AIM4 ,MANY ATTEMPT$ TO MAKE L9KS ) O!R WORK]S DUR+ A P]IOD ( 9CREAS+ CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !Y 
JO9$ WORK]S' DEMON/RATIONS & SUPPORT$ WORK]S' DISPUTES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,*RI/*UR* ,P,Y,M1 :I* WAS AN (F-CAMPUS GR\P L>GELY COMPRIS+ ( Y\NG WORK]S1 HAD AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,LYTTELTON BRAN* ( ! ,SEAM5'S ,UNION1 !N PROBABLY ! MO/ MILITANT UNION 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&4 ,SOME C>NIVAL AN>*I/ GR\PUSCULES ABROAD LIKE ,! ,REBEL ,WORK] HAD A SIMIL> PRAXIS T[>DS WORKPLACE-BAS$ /RUGGLE4 

,IT APPE>S ?AT C\NCILISM 9 ,AU/RALASIA DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#fS & E>LY #a#i#gS WAS HI<LY 9FLU5C$ BY ,SOLID>ITY 7,U,K7 RA!R ?AN BY ! ,S,I1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE IT WAS DIFFICULT TO F9D TRANSLATIONS ( ,SITUATIONI/ MAT]IAL AT ?AT TIME4 ,(T5 C\NCILISM1 ) ITS /RONGLY ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC B5T1 APPEAL$ TO ?OSE :O HAD LEFT1 OR HAD BE5 EXPELL$ FROM1 ! M9IBUREAUCRACIES ( ! ,L59I/ P>TIES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ! ONLY C\NCILI/ GR\P =M$ DUR+ ?IS P]IOD WAS ! AWKW>DLY NAM$ 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,P,N,Z 7,EXPELL$740 ,IT WAS A T9Y ,AUCKL&-BAS$ GR\P ?AT HAD BE5 EXPELL$ FROM ! ,MAOI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,NEW ,ZEAL& 7,C,P,N,Z7 9 #aifh = QUE/ION+ ! LACK ( FRE$OM & DEBATE )9 ! ,C,P,N,Z1 AS WELL AS ! ,C,P,N,Z'S P>TICIPATION 9 ELECTIONS4 

,ORIG9ALLY1 ! ,COMMITTEE'S \TLOOK WAS ,MAOI/1 & !IR CRITICISM ( ! ,C,P,N,Z WAS LIMIT$ TO A FEW ISSUES4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 !Y SOON BROKE ) ,MAOISM1 & ADOPT$ MO/ ASPECTS ( C\NCILISM AFT] !Y W]E 9TRODUC$ TO ! IDEAS ( ,SOLID>ITY1 ! IDEAS ( C\NCIL COMMUNI/ ,H]MAN ,GORT] & ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/_/C\NCILI/ ,GUY ,ALDR$ 7?R\< MU* CORRESPOND5CE ) ,ALDR$'S LONG-TIME ASSOCIATE1 ,JOHN ,TAYLOR ,CALDWELL74 ,9 !IR MAGAZ9E ,COMPASS !Y REPR9T$ EXC]PTS FROM ,SOLID>ITY PAMPHLETS4 ,!Y ALSO CORRESPOND$ ) A SIMIL> GR\P 9 ,BRISBANE CALL$ ! ,SELF-,MANAGEM5T ,GR\P 7,S,M,G74 ,YET ! ,COMMITTEE DI/ANC$ !MSELVES FROM ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,9DE$1 ,/EVE ,TAYLOR ( ! ,COMMITTEE WROTE TO ! ,*RI/*UR* ,AN>*Y ,GR\P ?AT HE HAD 'NO AFFILIATION EXPRESS OR IMPLICIT' ) 
AN>*ISM4.<#f#d.> 

,! ,COMMITTEE WAS A DISCUSSION GR\P1 AL?\< !Y DID TAKE P>T 9 ! 'LIB]ATION ( ,ALB]T ,P>K1' A FE/IVE-LIKE & SUCCESSFUL MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! SUPPRESSION ( FREE ASSEMBLY & FREE SPEE* 9 ?AT P>K4 ,TAYLOR ALSO W5T ON A L5G?Y HUNG] /RIKE 9 ,ALB]T ,P>K AGA9/ ! ,VIETNAM ,W> 9 #a#i#g4 

,:ILE ! ,COMMITTEE WAS HI<LY CRITICAL ( ,L59ISM1 & VIEW$ ! ,U,S,S,R & ,*9A AS B\RGEOIS CLASS SOCIETIES1 IT DID NOT FULLY BREAK ) ,MAOISM4 ,?US ! ,COMMITTEE EXPRESS$ CONV5TIONAL C\NCILI/ VIEWS 9 ITS REJECTION ( ALL POLITICAL P>TIES1 P>LIAM5T1 & UNIONS4 ,9/EAD ( UNIONS1 IT CALL$ = 9DEP5D5T %OP COMMITTEES TO BE =M$4 ,9/EAD ( P>LIAM5T1 IT CALL$ = SOVIETS OR WORK]S' C\NCILS4.<#f#e.> ,YET RESIDUES ( ,MAOISM REMA9$ 9 ITS ESP\SAL ( 'DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM' & 9 ITS SUPPORT = A 0WORK]S' /ATE0 -- AL?\< !Y BELIEV$ ?AT SU* A /ATE W\LD BE COMPOS$ ( WORK]S' C\NCILS4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE1 ! ,BRISBANE ,S,M,G1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT C\NCILI/ GR\P 9 ,AU/RALIA1 SEEM+LY CO-OP]AT$ ) ! AN>*I/ MILIEU4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !Y BRIEFLY TOOK A =MAL P>T 9 ! SYN!SI/ ,F$]ATION ( ,AU/RALIAN ,AN>*I/S1 BUT LEFT IT AFT] !Y F\ND IT TOO CONTRADICTORY & ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,5GL>T1 ! ,S,M,G WAS =M$ 9 #a#i#g#a1 & HE DESCRIBES !M AS 'LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S' & 'C\NCILI/S' LIKE ,SOLID>ITY4.<#f#f.> ,! ,S,M,G WAS HI<LY 9FLU5C$ BY ,SOLID>ITY & ,S\,B1 & 9 TURN IT APPE>S !Y HAD CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE )9 ! ,AU/RALIAN AN>*I/ MILIEU4 ,9DE$1 A ,WE/ ,AU/RALIAN ,S,M,G WAS =M$4 ,! ,BRISBANE ,S,M,G ALSO OP]AT$ A BOOK%OP CALL$ ,R$ & ,BLACK1.<#f#g.> & A PR9T%OP4 ,IT HAS BE5 CLAIM$ ?AT ! ,S,M,G 'L$ ,BRISBANE'S M>*ES' AGA9/ ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 AP>!ID1 & ! AU?ORIT>IAN ,QUE5SL& /ATE GOV]NM5T HEAD$ BY ,JOH ,BJELKE-,PET]S54.<#f#h.> ,! ,BRISBANE ,S,M,G 9VOLV$ PROM95T ACTIVI/ ,BRIAN ,LAV]1 :O HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ AS A 'FI]Y 
/UD5T RADICAL4'.<#f#i.> 

,PHASE #b3 ,! ,MID-#a#i#gS 

,DUR+ ?IS PHASE1 A MORE FULLY-=M$ CONV]G5CE BETWE5 C\NCILISM & AN>*ISM OCCURR$ 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&4 ,OV]ALL1 ! C\NCILI/ IDEAS ( ,SOLID>ITY & ( ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL W]E HI<LY 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! ,AU/RALASIAN AN>*I/ MILIEU4 ,AU/RALASIAN C\NCILI/S T5D$ TO BECOME ALLIES ) CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*I/S4 ,BO? ! C\NCILI/S & CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*I/S CLA%$ ) ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,AU/RALIA1 :]E BITT] S*ISMS OCCURR$ OV] FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS ( ORGANIZATION & ORI5TATION4 ,NONE!LESS1 C>NIVAL AN>*I/S DUR+ ?IS PHASE W]E NOT ADV]SE TO C\NCILISM 7( ! ,SITUATIONI/ V]SION 9 P>TICUL>74 ,P]HAPS ?IS WAS BECAUSE ! WORKS ( ! ,S,I DID NOT BECOME READILY AVAILABLE 9 ,5GLI% UNTIL ! E>LY-MID #a#i#gS4 ,OR P]HAPS IT WAS ALSO BECAUSE ,AU/RALIA1 & ,NEW ,ZEAL& 9 P>TICUL>1 T5D$ TO BE A FEW YE>S BEH9D 9T]NATIONAL TR5DS4 

,C>NIVAL ,AN>*ISM 

,MANY C>NIVAL AN>*I/ GR\PS W]E =M$ & RE=M$ DUR+ ?IS PHASE4 ,9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ! ,AUCKL& ,AN>*I/ ,ACTIVI/S 7,A,A,A71 ! ,LUMP5 GR\P+ 9 ,AUCKL&1 & ! ,P]? ,/REET GR\P 9 ,*RI/*UR* W]E ! MAJOR C>NIVAL AN>*I/ GR\PS4 ,9 ,AU/RALIA1 ! C>NIVALI/ GR\PUSCULES >E TOO MANY TO M5TION4 ,9 ,SYDNEY ALONE1 !Y =M$ ! ,SYDNEY ,AN>*I/ ,GR\P 7:I* PUBLI%$ ,RIS+ ,FREE71 ,SYDNEY ,SEW] ,RATS1 ,FRUITY ,TOGE!R1 ,! ,PLAGUE GR\P+1 ,BONDI ,V&ALS1 & ,PANIC ,M]*ANTS4 ,FREQU5TLY1 ! NAME ( !IR GR\P W\LD *ANGE ) EA* NEW ACTION OR /UNT !Y TOOK4 

,! *>ACT]I/ICS ( !SE GR\PUSCULES W]E MANIFOLD4 ,!Y W]E AFF9ITY OR FRI5D%IP GR\PS4 ,!Y W]E EPHEM]AL 9 NATURE4 ,!Y REVOLV$ >\ND A L>GE H\SE OR FLAT1 NORMALLY SITUAT$ 9 AN 9N]-CITY WORK+ CLASS SUBURB ?AT HAD A HI< PROPORTION ( BOHEMIANS & /UD5TS2.<#g.> (T5 !SE H\SES W]E SQUATT$1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,SYDNEY4 ,!Y CONSID]$ !MSELVES ACTIVI/S1 & SPORADICALLY TOOK P>T 9 ! PROTE/ MOVEM5TS ( ! TIME 79 ,NEW ,ZEAL& ?IS 9CLUD$ PRO-ABORTION RALLIES1 ANTI-AP>!ID DEMON/RATIONS1 ANTI-SECRET POLICE RALLIES1 ,MAORI L& OCCUPATIONS & ACTIVITY AGA9/ ! DEPORTATION ( ,PACIFIC ,ISL& MIGRANT WORK]S74 ,YET AT ! SAME TIME !RE WAS A /RONG C\NT]-CULTURAL1 DRUGGI/ & >TI/IC FOCUS1 & AN EMPHASIS ON SPONTANEITY1 COLLECTIVE LIV+1 HAV+ FUN 9 ! H]E & N[ & ON ! POLITICAL AS ! P]SONAL4 ,9DIVIDUAL TRANS=MATION & P]SONAL RELATION%IPS W]E VIEW$ AS CRUCIAL4 

,ONE ( !IR MA9 ACTIVITIES WAS C>RY+ \T SATIRICAL & PROVOCATIVE /UNTS4 ,9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 !SE 9CLUD$ MALES DRESS+ UP AS ! ,QUE5 7COMPLETE ) GROTESQUE D>K PURPLE MASKS & DRESSES7 TO MOCK H] DUR+ A 'ROYAL' VISIT1 & V>I\S ANTI-ELECTION /UNTS 7SU* AS CREAT+ A HUGE PAP] MA*E P5IS DUBB$ ! 'G5]AL ]ECTION1' & ! ATTEMPT$ /EAL+ ( A BALLOT BOX DUR+ ! #aiha CLIFFHANG] ELECTION1 ) ! AIM ( DEM&+ A #a.0 9CREASE 9 WAGES = ALL WORK]S DUR+ A WAGE FREEZE74.<#g#a.> ,9 ,SYDNEY & ,MELB\RNE1 C>NIVALI/S =M$ ! ',DAIRY ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT' :I* /OLE MILK FROM RI* SUBURBS & R$I/RIBUT$ IT TO COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS 9 WORK+ CLASS SUBURBS4 ,SYDNEY C>NIVALI/S P5N$ A LETT] PURPORT$ TO BE ! ,LEI*>DT ,T[N ,C\NCIL ,MAYOR'S RESIGNATION LETT]4 ,! LETT] ADVOCAT$ AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION & 5C\RAG$ ! =MATION ( WORK]S' & RESID5TS' C\NCILS4 ,AT ! TIME1 CORRUPTION ALLEGATIONS HAD BE5 MADE AGA9/ ,C\NCIL (FIC]S AB\T REZON+ >EAS = HI< RISE 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,BO? ,AU/RALIAN /UNTS CAUS$ A FUROR 9 ! PRESS4.<#g#b.> 

,! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S W]E ECLECTIC1 & DREW UPON C\NCILI/ IDEAS4 ,PET] ,MC,GREGOR1 A KEY FIGURE 9 ! ,SYDNEY C>NIVAL AN>*I/ SC5E1 WRITES 'BY ! MID #gS ,I'D EVOLV$ TO AN AN>*I/ POSITION1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1 ,SOLID>ITY 7,U,K7 & ! ,SELF ,MANAGEM5T ,GR\P 7,BRISBANE74'.<#g#c.> ,MC,GREGOR HELP$ F\ND ! ,SYDNEY ,AN>*I/ ,GR\P 9 AB\T #aigd ALONG ! L9ES ( ,BRISBANE ,S,M,G'S MANIFE/OS ',AS ,WE ,SEE ,IT' & ',AS ,WE ,DON'T ,SEE ,IT' AS !Y 'SEEM$ TO HAVE ! MO/ COH]5T POLITICAL POSITION & ,MC,GREGOR WANT$ TO SET UP A SIMIL> GR\P 9 ,SYDNEY4'.<#g#d.> ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,S,A,G REPR9T$ >TICLES BY ,SITUATIONI/ ,R5E ,RIESEL & ,C>L ,BOGGS ON WORK]S' C\NCILS4.<#g#e.> ,LIKEWISE1 ! ,A,A,A1 ! MAJOR C>NIVAL AN>*I/ GR\P 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 WAS =M$ FROM ! BREAKUP ( ,AUCKL& ,SOLID>ITY1 A CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*I/ GR\P 9FLU5C$ BY ,SOLID>ITY 7,U,K74 ,! ,A,A,A DECL>$ IT WAS = 'A FREE SOCIALI/ SOCIETY' & !Y /AT$3 

,AN>*ISM IS A CALL TO REVOLUTION444A REVOLUTION ?AT WILL NOT ONLY TRANS=M ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BUT WILL ALSO RADICALLY *ANGE HUMAN RELATION%IPS & BUILD A SOCIETY BAS$ ON REAL EQUALITY & FRE$OM4 ,A REAL SOCIALI/ SOCIETY BUILT FROM BEL[4 ,BUILT BY WORK+ PEOPLE :O >E DIRECTLY 9VOLV$1 ?R\< WORK]S C\NCILS1 9 MAK+ ! DECISIONS :I* AFFECT !IR LIVES4.<#g#f.> 

,!Y W]E V]Y DRAWN TO ,SITUATIONI/ IDEAS1 9CLUD+ C>RY+ \T PROVOCATIVE /UNTS & SC&ALS4 ,(T5 !IR PUBLICATIONS EMPLOY$ ,SITUATIONI/ /YLE SLOGANS1 SU* AS ! ',W9 A COP COMPETITION' LEAFLET1 :I* WAS DI/RIBUT$ AT AN ANTI-POLICE M>*4 ,IT SUGGE/$ A COP 'IS ONE :O W\LD GLADLY LAY D[N HIS 0LIFE0 TO PROTECT ! P[] ( ?+S & !IR PRICE1' & !N 5C\RAG$ PEOPLE TO ATTA* !IR ANSW]S TO A BRICK1 & ?R[ IT ?R\< ! NE>E/ POLICE /ATION W9D[4.<#g#g.> ,9CID5TALLY1 ,AUCKL& C>NIVAL AN>*I/S FIREBOMB$ ! LOCAL POLICE /ATION4 ,GRANT ,MC,DONA< HAS COMM5T$ ?AT ! ,P]? ,/REET GR\PUSCULE WAS '9 A V]Y ISOLAT$ HEADSPACE FROM SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS ALL SORT ( FI<T ! BA/>DS61 Y\ KN[1 A REAL VIOL5T MILITANT ?+1 EV]Y?+ ?AT Y\ DID HAD TO BE REALLY CRIM9AL4'.<#g#h.> ,= EXAMPLE1 !Y RAN AN ORGANIZ$ %OPLIFT+ COLLECTIVE4 

,YET !IR BORR[+ FROM ! ,S,I WAS HAPHA,Z>D1 & G5]ALLY LACK$ DEP? & COH]5CE4 ,OV]ALL1 !Y W]E MORE ATTRACT$ TO ! POETICAL 'RADICAL SUBJECTIVITY' ( ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM ( ! ,S,I1 RA!R ?AN ! ,S,I'S 'OBJECTIVI/' W+ REPRES5T$ BY ,GUY ,DEBORD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,T]RY ,LEAHY1 AN ,AU/RALIAN C>NIVAL AN>*I/1 /RESS$ ,VANEIGEM'S IDEA ?AT REVOLUTION BEG9S FROM EV]YDAY LIFE BY PEOPLE FULFILL+ !IR [N DESIRES1 REJECT+ RIGID ROLES & PLAY+ GAMES4 ,LEAHY WROTE 'SPONTANE\S CREATIVITY & ! S5SE ( FE/IVITY >E ! KEYS TO REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4'.<#g#i.> ,DRAW+ UPON ,REI*1 ,VANEIGEM & ,CA/ORIADIS1 HE ASS]T$ ?AT ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ REVOLUTION L>GELY FAIL$ BECAUSE ! AN>*I/ RANK & FILE W]E POSSESS$ BY A SELF-SACRIFIC+ SPIRIT ( OB$I5CE TO !IR LEAD]S4 ,9 %ORT1 HE >GU$ ?AT PEOPLE'S ACCEPTANCE ( HI]>*Y & OB$I5CE IS ! MA9 B>RI] TO A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION1 RA!R ?AN ! SAY ! TRADITIONAL NOTION ( FOCUS+ ON H[ REVOLUTION>IES >E ORGANIZ$4.<#h.> ,! C>NIVALI/S ATTEMPT$ TO LIVE A CREATIVE LIFE FREE FROM SELF-SACRIFICE BY REFUS+ TO REPRODUCE CAPITAL 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,?IS 
P]SPECTIVE IS CAPTUR$ 9 ?IS >TICLE AB\T ,MC,GREGOR3 

,MC,GREGOR EMBRAC$ A PURI/ POSITION1 ( REFUS+ TO REPRODUCE CAPITALI/ DAILY LIFE -- COMMODITY1 EX*ANGE RELATION%IPS -- BY ABOLI%+ ! LIMITS IMPOS$ UPON PEOPLE BY WAGE-LABOR @& PRIVATE PROP]TY444,9 ! PURI/ SPIRIT ( ,*>LES ,F\RI]'S ,SOME ,ADVICE ,CONC]N+ ! ,NEXT ,SOCIAL ,METAMORPHOSIS3 0,NEV] SACRIFICE A PRES5T GOOD TO A FUTURE GOOD4 ,5JOY ! MOM5T2 DON'T GET 9TO ANY?+ :I* DOESN'T SATISFY Y\R PASSIONS RI<T AWAY44440,SO1 S9CE PROP]TY WAS !FT1 :Y NOT SQUAT2 & S9CE WORK WAS WAGE-SLAV]Y1 !N DON'T4.<#h#a.> 

,MC,GREGOR SAW 9T]P]SONAL RELATIONS AS ! PRIM>Y SITE ( POLITICS1 RA!R ?AN SELF-SACRIFC+ ACTIVISM = AN EXT]NAL CAUSE4.<#h#b.> ,= ,GRAEME ,M9*91 A KEY FIGURE 9 BO? ! ,AUCKL& & ,SYDNEY C>NIVAL AN>*I/ SC5ES1 AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( AN>*ISM WAS 'TO BECOME COMPLETE OR :OLE HUMAN BE+S1' & !SE AN>*I/S ) AN '9TEGRAL P]SONALITY' HE CONSID]S >E ! PEOPLE CAPABLE ( MAK+ REVOLUTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ! MID-#a#i#gS1 HE SAID ! ,AU/RALASIAN C>NIVAL AN>*I/S W5T 9W>D & ATTEMPT$ TO *ANGE !MSELVES1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ATTEMPT+ GETT+ A MESSAGE ACROSS4.<#h#c.> 

,:ILE !SE VIEWS APPE> TO BE 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 ,M9*9 /RESS$ ?AT !Y S\<T TO SYN!SIZE 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S4 ,!Y W]E AW>E ( CLASS1 AIM$ = SELFMANAGEM5T1 & =M$ ACTIVI/ GR\PS ?AT HAD CLASS-BAS$ CONT5T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !Y =M$ UNEMPLOY$ GR\PS 9 ,AUCKL& 9 #aigf & ,*RI/*UR* 9 #a#i#g#h4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PREBBLE1 ! ,AUCKL& ,CITY ,UNEMPLOY$ ,GR\P WAS AN \TW>D LOOK+ 79VOLV+ AB\T #c PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ MANY ,POLYNESIANS7 & V]Y ACTIVE GR\P4 ,IT W5T \T TO 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS ,S\? ,AUCKL&1 & PICKET$ RACI/ CAPITALI/S4 ,IT HAD A /RONG ANTI-RACI/ FOCUS4.<#h#d.> 

,= C>NIVAL AN>*I/S1 BECOM+ 9VOLV$ 9 ! UNEMPLOY$ MOVEM5T WAS A RESPONSE TO ! ECONOMIC D[NTURN ( ! MID-#a#i#gS1 :I* CAUS$ MASS UNEMPLOYM5T TO >RIVE AFT] A LONG ]A ( FULL EMPLOYM5T4 ,BUT IT WAS ALSO A PRODUCT ( ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S' REJECTION ( ! PURITANICAL WORK E?IC4 ,OLIV] ,ROBB1 ( ! ,AUCKL& AN>*I/S & ,AUCKL& ,CITY ,UNEMPLOY$ ,GR\P1 WROTE1 0,:Y %\LD A P]SON WORK8 ,:Y %\LD A P]SON BE =C$ TO WORK AT A DULL1 HUMILIAT+ JOB480.<#h#e.> ,AS ,AUFHEB5 NOTES1 ?IS REPRES5T$ A M>G9ALIZATION 9 ! REFUSAL ( WORK3 

,! 'REFUSAL ( WORK1' A MILITANT T5D5CY :I* HAD DEVELOP$ 9 ! WORKPLACES 9 ! #a#i#fS & #gS1 N[ BECAME DISPLAC$ ONTO ! DOLE4 ,) SU* DISPLACEM5T CAME A C]TA9 DEGREE ( M>G9ALIZATION1 H[EV]4 ,:ILE ! E>LI] 'REFUSAL ( WORK' ?REAT5$ TO SPREAD ACROSS WORKPLACES & ?US =M L9KS BETWE5 DIFF]5T WORK]S & TO ?OSE \TSIDE ( ! WORKPLACE1 ! NEW 'DOLE AUTONOMY' TOO (T5 5TAILS =MS ( 9DIVIDUALISM & LIFE/YLISM4.<#h#f.> 

,!IR REFUSAL ( WORK DID NOT JU/ TAKE ! =M ( 'DOLE AUTONOMY4' ,IT ALSO TOOK ! =M ( :AT ,WILDCAT 7,G]MANY7 LAT] CALL$ 'JOBB+1'.<#h#g.> ?AT IS1 WORK+ SPORADICALLY = A FEW MON?S AT A TIME AT V>I\S POORLY PAID M5IAL JOBS 9 ORD] TO SAVE MONEY1 & !N QUITT+ TO LIVE (F ! 
PROCE$S4 ,!N !Y W\LD F9D ANO!R JOB ONCE !Y HAD SP5T !IR SAV+S4.<#h#h.> ,SU* A /RATEGY WORK$ DUR+ A TIME ( NE> FULL EMPLOYM5T1 AS PEOPLE C\LD F9D EMPLOYM5T :5 !Y LIK$4 

,AS ) MU* ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 C>NIVAL AN>*I/S W]E HO/ILE TO =MAL ORGANIZATION4 ,9/EAD1 !Y *AMPION$ ! ROLE ( 9=MAL ORGANIZATION1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! =M ( SMALL GR\PS ( FRI5DS OR AFF9ITY GR\PS4.<#h#i.> ,AS AFF9ITY GR\PS W]E BUILT UPON MUTUAL TRU/1 !Y W]E HI<LY DYNAMIC & ABLE TO ACT QUICKLY )\T BE+ IMP$$ BY =MAL PROC$URES4 ,YET !Y T5D$ TO BE UN/ABLE4 ,FRI5D%IP CIRCLES SPLIT UP1 & FRI5DS MOV$ ON TO O!R PURSUITS4 ,BY LATE #a#i#g#g1 = 9/ANCE1 ,AUCKL&'S ,NAPI] ,/REET GR\PUSCULE BECAME 9W>D-LOOK+ & SELF-DE/RUCTIVE1 & ?US BEGAN TO DISB&4.<#i.> ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#hS1 MANY AN>*I/S HAD DEP>T$ = ,AU/RALIA OR ,LONDON4 

,AFF9ITY GR\PS1 BECAUSE !Y W]E BAS$ UPON CLOSE-KNIT FRI5D%IPS1 C\LD BE CLIQUE-LIKE 9 BEHAVIOR & DOM9AT$ BY 9=MAL ELITES4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( CLE>1 TRANSP>5T & DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ PROC$URES1 ONE OR TWO P]SONALITIES 9 ! GR\P W]E LIKELY TO DOM9ATE4 ,= ! MORE 7=MAL7 ORGANIZATIONALLY M9D$ AN>*I/S & C\NCILI/S1 ! %ORT-LIV$ NATURE ( AFF9ITY GR\PS HI<LI<T$ ! NE$ = SU* =MAL 0ON-GO+0 OR CONT9U\S ORGANIZATIONS4 

,?IS DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION L$ TO BITT] CONFLICT 9 ,AU/RALIA4 ,9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 :ILE DIVISIONS OV] ! VALUE ( ACTIVISM1 !ORY1 WORKPLACE ORGANIZ+ & =MAL ORGANIZATION DIVID$ 'AN>*O-C\NCILI/S' LIKE ! ,*RI/*UR* ,AN>*Y ,GR\P FROM ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S1 !SE DIVISIONS DID NOT PRODUCE SPLITS4 ,9 ,AU/RALIA1 AN ACRIMONI\S SPLIT OCCURR$ BETWE5 ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S ON ! ONE H&1 & ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TOGE!R ) !IR LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ALLIES 7SU* AS ! C\NCILI/ ,S,M,G71 ON ! O!R4 ,! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S LAMBA/$ =MAL ORGANIZATION & CLE>LY DEF9$ AIMS & PR9CIPLES1 :I* !Y SAW AS BE+ SECT-LIKE & REM9ISC5T ( ,L59ISM & ,*RI/IANITY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !Y ACCUS$ ! 'S]I\S AN>*I/S' AS BE+ 'MIDDLE CLASS UNIV]SITY /UD5TS1' 9 CONTRA/ ) ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S1 :O W]E WORK+ CLASS 9 COMPOSITION4.<#i#a.> ,! C\NCILI/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ?\<T ! '*AOTICI/S' W]E ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL1 DISRUPTIVE1 AIMLESS & MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 OPPOS$ TO WORKPLACE 
/RUGGLE3.<#i#b.> 

,?OSE PEOPLE :O W]E >GU+ = ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 TRADE UNION & 9DU/RIAL WORK W]E ACCUS$ ( NEGLECT+ O!R =MS ( /RUGGLE4 ,:]EV] ?IS POSITION WAS ADVANC$ ! PEOPLE DO+ SO W]E D5\NC$ .<BY C>NIVAL AN>*I/S.> = IDOLIZ+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 IGNOR+ ITS CONS]VATISM1 'LAY+ HEAVY MORAL VIEWS1' & PRESSURIZ+ O!RS TO BECOME FACTORY WORK]S4.<#i#c.> 

,! ,S,M,G DEF5D$ ! NE$ = =MAL ORGANIZATION1 PLANN+1 9T]NAL DEMOCRACY & A COH]5T POLITICAL PROGRAM4.<#i#d.> 

,! AN>*O-SITUATIONI/ MILIEU 

,9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 NO SITUATIONI/ GR\PS W]E =M$4.<#i#e.> ,GRANT ,MC,DONA< WAS ! SOLE P]SON :O EXPLICITLY ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,S,I 9 ! MID TO LATE #a#i#gS4 ,HE AIM$ TO SET UP A SMALL1 CLOSELY-KNIT1 0CRITICALLY >M$0 SITUATIONI/ GR\P :I* W\LD UND]TAKE ACTS ( SUBV]SION1 PLAYFUL DECONDITION+ & 0ACT 9 A S]IES ( 9CREAS+LY RADICAL 9T]V5TIONS :]EBY ! 9DIVIDUALS 9VOLV$ WILL REV]SE BACK !IR [N MIS]Y PO9T-BLANK ON ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT IS DE/ROY+ US40.<#i#f.> ,!SE SUBV]SIONS1 ,MC,DONA< OPTIMI/ICALLY BELIEV$1 W\LD SP>K WID] & DEEP] CLASS CONFRONTATIONS UNTIL ULTIMATELY 0G5]ALIZ$ SELF-MANAGEM5T0 WAS REALIZ$4 ,HE ATTEMPT$ ?IS 9 ,AUCKL&1 ,WELL+TON & ,*RI/*UR*1 BUT HAD LITTLE SUCCESS3 0,NOBODY EV] UND]/OOD :AT ! HELL ,I WAS TALK+ AB\T1 REALLY40.<#i#g.> ,A 0QUASI-SITUATIONI/0 GR\P WAS =M$ 9 ,AUCKL&1 BUT IT SOON BROKE UP4 

,H5CE HE OP]AT$ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL ON ! P]IPH]Y ( ! AN>*I/ MILIEU4 ,HIS MA9 ACTIVITY WAS PUBLI%+ NUM]\S PUBLICATIONS4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! SITUATIONI/ CURR5T 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL& WAS 0ONLY A M9ORITY CURR5T 9 ! BROAD] ,AN>*I/ MILIEU BETWE5 #aige & #a#i#g#i1 BUT POT5T 9 ?AT CONTEXT & BEYOND40.<#i#h.> ,! ,SITUATIONI/ 9FLU5CE WAS SIGNIFICANT1 AS !RE WAS (T5 A LOOSE CROSSOV] BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ! IDEAS ( ! ,SITUATIONI/S1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ,AN>*Y 7#a#i#g#e7 & ,K,A,T 7#a#i#g#h7 MAGAZ9ES4 ,YET ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SITUATIONI/S C\LD BE F\ND MORE 9 ! PLAYFUL & AGGRESSIVE ADOPTION ( ,SITUATIONI/ SLOGANS BY MANY AN>*I/ GR\P+S 7ESPECIALLY ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S & LAT] ! AN>*I/ PUNKS71 RA!R ?AN 9 A COH]5T ADH]5CE TO ,SITUATIONI/ !ORY4 ,FUR!R1 AS ,MC,DONA< NOTES1 AN>*I/S (T5 ATTEMPT$ TO EMULATE ! GRAPHIC /YLE ( ,K+ ,MOB ,E*O1 ! MAGAZ9E PRODUC$ BY ,BRITI% 'SITU' GR\P ,K+ ,MOB4.<#i#i.> 

,H[EV]1 ! ,SITUATIONI/ 9FLU5CE WAS NOT POT5T1 ESPECIALLY AS MANY AN>*I/S F\ND SITUATIONI/ WRIT+ EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO COMPREH5D4 ,9DE$1 ,SUE ,LEE1 ,CA?Y ,QU9N1 ,M>G>ET ,FLAWS & ,FRANK ,PREBBLE ALL COMM5T$ ?AT1 TO !M1 SITUATIONI/ WRIT+ WAS AT BE/ OBSCURE & AT WOR/ FULL ( MY/IFY+ J>GON4.<#a.> 

,AS ) 'SITUS' LIKE ,*>LES ,RADCLIFFE & ,K5 ,KNABB1 ,MC,DONA< WAS ORIG9ALLY AN AN>*I/4.<#a#a.> ,HE BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,*RI/*UR* ,AN>*Y ,COLLECTIVE AFT] IT ADV]TIS$ ?AT IT WAS GO+ TO BEG9 PUBLI%+ A ,SOLID>ITY TYPE C\NCILI/ MAGAZ9E CALL$ ,AN>*Y4 ,AFT] ,MC,DONA< BECAME 9VOLV$1 ,AN>*Y DESCRIB$ ITSELF AS AN>*I/ 0) A LEAN+ T[>DS SITUATIONISM40.<#a#b.> ,AS SU*1 IT REPUBLI%$ >TICLES FROM ! ,S,I AS WELL AS VOIC+ TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ CRITICISMS ( ELECTIONS & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,HE WAS ATTRACT$ TO AN>*ISM 9ITIALLY BECAUSE IT 'SEEM$ TO (F] A COHESIVE WORLDVIEW ) A HI/ORY & PRACTICE1 .<SIC.> ?AT :ATEV] ITS %ORTCOM+S1 SEEM$ MORE PROMIS+ = ! FUTURE ?AN ! 9COH]5T REMNANTS ( ,HIPPIEISM ?AT W]E FLOAT+ >\ND4'.<#a#c.> ,YET HE SOON BECAME A SITUATIONI/ AFT] PRODUC+ ,AN>*Y4 ,ONE ( ! REASONS HE WAS ATTRACT$ TO ! ,S,I WAS ITS FUSION ( >T & POLITICS1 A COMB9ATION :I* /RONGLY RESONAT$ ) HIM4 ,YET HE /ILL CONSID]$ ! ,SITUATIONI/S TO BE P>T ( ! BROAD ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN LEFT1 & H5CE SPASMODICALLY WORK$ ) AN>*I/S4.<#a#d.> ,ALSO1 HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! 

,SITUATIONI/S ATTEMPT$ MORE SUCCESSFULLY ?AN ANYONE ELSE TO SUP]S$E ! SPLIT FIR/ OCCURR+ 9 ! #a/ ,9T]NATIONAL BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & ! ,BAKUN9I/S1 BY RE9V5T+ REVOLUTION ITSELF1 ) RESULTS WELL-KN[N 9 ! OCCUPATION MOVEM5T ( ,MAY & ,JUNE '#f#h4 .<#a#e.> 

,9DE$1 HE SAW ! ,S,I AS BE+ MORE ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN ! VA/ MAJORITY ( AN>*I/S1 & ?\<T !Y HAD CRITICIZ$ AU?ORIT>IAN =MS ( ,M>XISM F> MORE EFFECTIVELY & 
COH]5TLY ?AN AN>*I/S HAD4.<#a#f.> 

,MC,DONA< CO-OP]AT$ ) AN>*I/S 9 SEV]AL PROJECTS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ) AB\T HALF A DOZ5 AN>*I/S1 HE =M$ ,WELL+TON'S ,K,A,T MAGAZ9E -- /&+ = ,K5S+TON & ,>O ,/REET TIMES1 !N A C\NT]-CULTURAL 9N] CITY SUBURB4 ,K,A,T CALL$ ITSELF AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SPASMODICAL ( ! 0LIB]T>IAN ULTRALEFT 7SITUATIONI/S1 AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S740.<#a#g.> ,K,A,T WAS IRREV]5T & CONFRONTATIONAL1 FULL ( ATTACKS ON BUREAUCRATS & CALLS = AN EC/ATIC & PASSIONATE PRAXIS3 0,WE WANT PLEASURE1 ,JOY1 CELEBRATION NOT SACRIFICE4 ,G5]AL CONTE/ATION MAKES ! LIMIT$ OPPOSITION ( PURELY ECONOMIC /RUGGLE A F>CE444,EA* ( US [ES HIM_/H]SELF A LITTLE LIFE & M]ELY NE$S TO ACT DECISIVELY TO OBTA9 IT40.<#a#h.> ,AN>*I/S ALSO CO-OP]AT$ ) ,MC,DONA< TO RUN A FREE %OP 9 ,*RI/*UR* :I* HE BELIEVES WAS 9 ACCORD ) ! ,SITUATIONI/ CONCEPT ( ! POTLAT* OR A COMMUNI/ GIFT ECONOMY4.<#a#i.> 

,?IS ALLIANCE WAS (T5 UNEASY1 H[EV]4 ,MC,DONA< WAS AT TIMES SCA?+ T[>DS ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 TRUE ,SITUATIONI/ /YLE1 HE DECL>$ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 0DEAD03 

,! F>CICAL ,EA/] UNCONV5TION .<AN AN>*I/ CONF]5CE 9 #a#i#g#h.>444RESEMBL$ MORE CLOSELY A TABLEAU 9 A MORGUE ?AN A POLITICAL GA!R+1 = ! GOOD REASON ?AT SO MANY ATT5D$ W]E ALREADY DEAD4 ,TW5TY ODD WALK+ CORPSES1 HACKS1 CLOSET AU?ORIT>IANS1 MASO*I/S1 9TELLECTUAL MIDGETS @& RET>D$ RE=MI/S ) NO CONCEPTION ?AT ! MOM5T ( REVOLUTION IS N[ & ?AT ! DREAM MU/ BE CON/RUCT$6 ,GA!R+ TOGE!R LIKE MO?S AT SOME SACRIFICIAL C&LE !Y PROVID$ EXCUSES = !IR [N & EA* O!R'S FUTILITY1 IMMOBILITY & /UPIDITY4 ,SUPREME AMONG ! DEADHEADS WAS ! SELF-APPO9T$ POPE ( ,NEW ,ZEAL& AN>*ISM1 ,P>SONS ( ,PALM]/ON ,NOR?1 SURR\ND$ BY HIS ADOR+ RET9UE ( CRET9S4,9 A WORD IT WAS FUN]EAL4.<#a#a.> 

,HE CONT9U$3 

,! PIECEMEAL & SCATT]$ PRACTICE .<SIC.> ( AN>*I/S 9 ! P]IOD #a#i#g#e-#g#g WAS NEV] HI/ORICAL1 ALWAYS RE=MI/ & (T5 AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,AS SU* IT WAS IMM$IATELY RECUP]ABLE1 *ALL5G+ & A*IEV+ NO?+4,! AN>*I/ IS A FUTILE /UPID LITTLE 9V]SE AU?ORIT>IAN CAPABLE ONLY ( REACT+4 ,HIS_/H] IDEOLOGY CAUSES HIM_/H] TO DEAL ) P[] BY *OOS+ TO BELIEVE ?AT HE_/%E IS SOMEH[ IMMUNE TO IT4 
,P]HAPS BY ! MAGICAL TALISMANIC QUALITIES ( ! M]E WORD AN>*Y4 ,NEI!R 9DIVIDUALITY NOR COLLECTIVITY W]E EI!R RECOGNIZ$ OR A*IEV$ ANY:]E4 ,SIMIL>LY AN>*I/S W]E NEI!R SPONTANE\S NOR ORGANIZ$4.<#a#a#a.> 

,MC,DONA< COMM5TS ?AT HIS >TICLE 0WAS JU/ %IT-/IRR+ ,I GUESS REALLY4! 9T5TION WAS TO %OCK_/%AKE PEOPLE UP SO ?AT !Y MI<T TRY DO+ SOME MORE RADICAL1 EFFECTIVE & AU!NTIC ?+S !MSELVES4 ,! EFFECT1 IF ANY1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 TO /OP !M 9 !IR TRACKS40.<#a#a#b.> ,HE ALSO SPRAYPA9T$ 'ALL AN>*I/S >E WANK]S' 9 ! ,AUCKL& SUBURBS 9 :I* AN>*I/S RESID$4.<#a#a#c.> 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 BITT] CLA%ES ) AN>*I/S 9 BO? ,AUCKL& & ,WELL+TON RESULT$4 ,&REW ,DODSWOR?1 !N AN AN>*I/ 9VOLV$ 9 ,K,A,T1 WRITES3 0,GRANT'S IDEA ( DIALECTICAL WRIT+1 ?AT Y\ TAKE SOME?+ WRITT5 BY '! 5EMY' & 9V]T IT4WAS ME*ANI/IC4444,& ?AT SPRAYPA9T+ ,SITUATIONI/ SLOGANS ON WALLS WAS NOT1 9 FACT1 GO+ TO LEAD TO *ANGES 9 SOCIETY40.<#a#a#d.> ,OV]SEAS1 AN>*I/S COMMONLY VIEW$ ! ,S,I1 & ITS FOLL[]S1 AS HOPELESSLY SECT>IAN1 DOGMATIC1 & HI]>*ICAL4 ,:AT IS MORE1 SITU GR\PS W]E CA/IGAT$ = HAV+ 'FULL 
TIME NON9VOLVEM5T 9 REAL /RUGGLE4'.<#a#a#e.> ,9DE$1 IT (T5 APPE>$ ?AT !IR MA9 ACTIVITIES W]E 9DULG+ 9 PETTY SPLITS1 VICI\S 9T]NAL SQUABBLES1 & L5G?Y SELF-CRITIQUES4.<#a#a#f.> 

,DODSWOR? ?\<T ! MAJOR WEAKNESS ( ! ,K,A,T GR\PUSCULE WAS ITS ALMO/ COMPLETE ISOLATION FROM ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,HE WRITES3 

,WE W]E LIV+ 9 A WORLD ( \R [N4 ,H>DLY ANY ( US HAD JOBS1 & ?OSE ?AT DID C]TA9LY DIDN'T SEE !M AS ANY?+ BUT P]IPH]AL TO \R LIVES4 ,\R CONTACT )1 & UND]/&+ (1 ! WORK]S :O WE W]E URG+ TO SEIZE P[] 7,GRANT .<,MC,DONA<.> WAS P>TICUL>LY FOND ( SPRAYPA9T+ ! SLOGAN ',A,H P[] TO ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1' OV]LOOK+ ! TRIVIAL OBJECTION ?AT !RE W]E NO WORK]S' C\NCILS TO SEIZE P[]1 EV5 IF ANY O!R ( ! PRECONDITIONS = ?IS HAD BE5 MET7 WAS PRACTICALLY NON-EXI/5T4 
,LIKE ! ?IRTIES POETS1 WE WROTE AS IF WE W]E ADDRESS+ AN AUDI5CE ( ?\S&S1 :5 9 FACT WE W]E SPEAK+ TO EA* O!R4.<#a#a#g.> 

,HE CONT9UES ?AT HE ?\<T ?AT !IR ACTIVITY WAS 9EFFECTIVE & 9COMPREH5SIBLE3 

,WE DIDN'T ACTUALLY DO ANY?+ EXCEPT PRODUCE ,KAT444EXCEPT PUT UP A FEW PO/]S & SPRAYPA9T A FEW WALLS1 G5]ALLY ) SLOGANS :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 UTT]LY 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 NOT M]ELY TO ANYONE )\T A GOOD GRASP ( AN>*I/ !ORY1 BUT TO ANYONE )\T DETAIL$ KN[L$GE ( ! SQUABBLES GO+ ON 9 ! ,WELL+TON ,LEFT4 ,AS A PROGRAM = BUILD+ ! ,NEW ,J]USALEM1 OR EV5 CLE>+ A BIT ( SPACE PRIOR TO DO+ SO1 IT WASN'T REALLY A />T]4.<#a#a#h.> 

,:ILE ,MC,DONA< IMPORTANTLY CALL$ = ! CON/RUCTION ( A COH]5T1 COMPLEX1 OP5 & FLUID PROLET>IAN !ORY & PRACTICE1 HE SEEM$ TO VE] BETWE5 EXTREMES ( PESSIMISM & OPTIMISM 9 HIS WRIT+S4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 HE DESPAIR$ ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS WAS HELD 9 ?RALL BY ! SPECTACLE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE ?\<T ?AT TELEVISION WAS S5D+ 'CONSUMABLE BANALITY' 9TO EV]Y HOME1 'DULL+1 PLACAT+1 CONTROLL+ MORE EFFICI5TLY ?AN ANY REGIME ( ! PA/4'.<#a#a#i.> 

,YET ON ! O!R H&1 HE TOOK SIGNS ( PROLET>IAN DISS5T TO SIGNIFY ! POSSIBILITY ( ! IMM$IATE E/ABLI%M5T ( ! 'TOTAL DEMOCRACY' ( WORK]S' C\NCILS4.<#a#b.> ,?IS WAS H>DLY A PRACTICAL SUGGE/ION DUR+ A NON-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 & 9DE$1 9 A C\NTRY )\T A REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION :]E WORK]S' C\NCILS HAVE NEV] APPE>$4 ,MC,DONA< REMEMB]S HIS WRIT+ ( ! P]IOD TO BE QUITE 0APOCALYPTIC444,?IS HAS HAPP5$1 !RE=E DAH-DE-DAH-DE-DAH WORK]S' C\NCILS1 VIVA ! REVOLUTION K9D ( /UFF40.<#a#b#a.> ,= 9/ANCE1 9 A #aigi LEAFLET CRITICIZ+ A 'COV]-UP' BY ! ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 ,MC,DONA< EXUB]ANTLY ?\<T ?AT 9 RESPONSE ! PROLET>IAT W\LD 'UNLEA%' A 'FURY' ONLY H9T$ AT 9 PREVI\S /RUGGLES & '/ORM ! W9T] PALACE4'.<#a#b#b.> ,FUR!R1 

,NONE1 EXCEPT ! IMBECILES :O WRITE ! LEAD]S = ! ,PO/ & ! ,DOM9ION1 CAN /OMA* ,BOSSES OR COPS ANYMORE4 ,! FRAGM5T>Y RADICALISM & ! MOM5TS ( POETRY IT /UMBL$ HESITANTLY T[>DS 9 #ai< MU/ 9 #gi FUZE 9TO AN 9SATIABLE LU/ = ! TOTALITY IF WE >E TO GA9 EV]Y?+4.<#a#b#c.> 

,( C\RSE1 ?IS 'LU/ = ! TOTALITY' NEV] MAT]IALIZ$ 7AL?\< A ONE-DAY UNION-RUN G5]AL /RIKE DID OCCUR 9 ?AT YE>74 ,?IS ?9K+ %[$ JU/ H[ M>G9ALIZ$ ! AN>*O-C\NCILI/ CURR5T WAS3 ! WORK]S' DISS5T ( ! TIME WAS CONF9$ TO A M9ORITY ( ! WORK=CE4 ,EV5 9 #a#i#g#f1 :5 ! HI<E/ PROPORTION ( ! WORK=CE W5T ON /RIKE 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&'S HI/ORY1 ONLY #a#i.0 ( ! WORK=CE P>TICIPAT$ 9 /RIKES4 

,! ,*RI/*UR* ,AN>*Y ,GR\P & ,C\NCILISM 

,9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ,SOLID>ITY EX]T$ A SIGNIFICANT 9FLU5CE UPON ! MID-#a#i#gS AN>*I/ MILIEU4 ,AN>*I/ GR\PS 9FLU5C$ EXPLICITLY BY ,SOLID>ITY 9CLUD$ ! ,PEOPLE'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T 7,WELL+TON C4#a#i#g#c-#d2 IT 9CLUD$ ,IRIS ,MILLS & ,GRAHAM ,RUA1 :O LAT] BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,P]SONS ,UNKN[N TRIAL 9 ! ,U,K 9 ! LATE #a#i#gS72 ,SOLID>ITY 7,AUCKL&1 #a#i#g#c-C4#d72.<#a#b#d.> ,AN>*Y 7,*RI/*UR*1 #a#i#g#e7 MAGAZ9E2 & ! ,*RI/*UR* ,AN>*Y ,GR\P 7#a#i#g#e-#h74 ,UNLIKE ,AU/RALIA1 NO SPECIFICALLY C\NCILI/ GR\P EXI/$ DUR+ ?IS P]IOD 7AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE FOLD$ 9 C4#a#i#g#d74 ,5GL>T CLAIMS ?AT ! ,BRISBANE ,S,M,G SPLIT 9TO TWO GR\PS 9 #a#i#g#g1 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALI/ ,ORGANIZATION & ! ,SELF-,MANAGEM5T ,ORGANIZATION1 OV] 'ESS5TIALLY 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION & ALLEGATIONS ( CLIQUES 9 ! GR\P4'.<#a#b#e.> ,O!R ,AU/RALIAN GR\PS W]E ALSO 9FLU5C$ BY ,SOLID>ITY1 SU* AS ! ,S,A,G 7AS PREVI\SLY NOT$74 

,SOLID>ITY WAS 9FLU5TIAL = MANY REASONS4 ,MANY AN>*I/S W]E LOOK+ = A MORE 9DEP? & RELEVANT !ORY ?AT ADDRESS$ SU* DEVELOPM5TS AS ! RISE ( 'AFFLU5CE1' LEISURE TIME 7& ITS ASSOCIAT$ ALI5ATION71 & BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEM5T & PLANN+ 79 BO? ! /ATE & PRIVATE CAPITALISM74 ,SOLID>ITY WAS HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY ! !ORIES ( ,S\,B & 9 P>TICUL> BY ,S\,B'S MAJOR !ORETICIAN1 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS4 ,= ,SOLID>ITY1 AS ) ,S\,B1 RIS+ LIV+ /&>DS HAD NOT FUNDAM5TALLY ALT]$ 0! /ATUS ( WORK] AS WORK]10 NOR GIV5 ! 0BULK ( MANK9D .<SIC.> MU* FRE$OM \TSIDE ( PRODUCTION40.<#a#b#f.> 

,SOLID>ITY'S ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC VIEWS W]E COMPATIBLE ) CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM4 ,!IR ANTI-CAPITALI/ & ANTI-HI]>*ICAL B5T1 AS WELL AS ! C5TRAL IMPORTANCE !Y PLAC$ ON WORK]S SELF-EMANCIPATION1 W]E LIKEWISE HI<LY COMPATIBLE4 ,FUR!R1 !Y REJECT$ ! ,L59I/ CONCEPT ( A VANGU>D P>TY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ,FRE$OM IT WAS CLAIM$ ?AT 0IT IS POSSIBLE TO MOVE FROM ! 'CLASS-/RUGGLE' TYPE ( AN>*ISM TO ,SOLID>ITY ) NO DRA/IC *ANGE ( PR9CIPLE40#a#b#f 

,9DE$1 ! ,*RI/*UR* ,AN>*Y ,GR\P 7,C,A,G7 ID5TIFI$ ) ,SOLID>ITY MAT]IAL TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT !Y BELIEV$ ,SOLID>ITY WAS1 = ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES1 AN>*I/4 ,C,A,G DEF9$ AN>*ISM 9 C\NCILI/ T]MS3 

,AN>*I/S PROPOSE A SOCIETY BAS$ UPON LOCAL & 9DU/RIAL PEOPLES ASSEMBLIES1 F$]AT+ ) ELECT$ & REVOCABLE DELEGATES 9 WORK]S C\NCILS4 ,HI/ORY %[S ?AT SU* WORK]S C\NCILS >E DEVELOP$ BY EV]YDAY PEOPLE :5EV] !Y SEEK TO TAKE CONTROL ( !IR LIFE4.<#a#b#g.> 

,AN>*ISM1 TO !M1 MEANT A DUAL '/RUGGLE AGA9/ ! /ATE & = SELF-MANAGEM5T4'.<#a#b#h.> ,!Y CLAIM$ ?AT ,SOLID>ITY REF]R$ TO !MSELVES AS 0LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S0 RA!R ?AN 0AN>*I/S0 ONLY BECAUSE 

!Y DO NOT WI% TO BECOME ID5TIFI$ ) ! MORE '9DIVIDUALI/IC' FACTION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,SOLID>ITY DO WORK CLOSELY ) AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,BRITA9 ) :OM !Y %>E A COMMON !ORY & BASIS = ACTION4 ,SOLID>ITY HAVE HAD A CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE ON ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA94.<#a#b#i.> 

,YET ?IS OV]LY ROSY PICTURE OV]LOOKS ?AT ,SOLID>ITY WAS (T5 HI<LY CRITICAL ( AN>*ISM1 9CLUD+ ! PRAXIS ( CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*I/S LIKE ,KROPOTK9 & ,BAKUN94 ,MAURICE ,BR9TON ( 
,SOLID>ITY WAS DISMISSIVE ( :AT HE SAW AS ! UTOPIAN1 ANTI-9TELLECTUAL1 & MORALI/IC TR5DS )9 NEO-AN>*ISM1 & !IR PREOCCUPATION ) 'P]SONAL SALVATION' RA!R ?AN CLASS /RUGGLE4.<#a#c.> 

,ANO!R REASON :Y ,SOLID>ITY APPEAL$ WAS ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM SEEM$ /UCK 9 ! PA/4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 IT (T5 FOCUS$ ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#g4 ,AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,MEXICAN & ,SPANI% REVOLUTIONS 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 AN>*I/ COMMUNISM HAD DECL9$ AS A MOVEM5T & !ORY1 & ! TEXTS ?AT W]E PRODUC$ 0AM\NT$ TO LITTLE MORE ?AN A =MAL DEF5SE ( PR9CIPLES1 )\T ANY CRITICAL DEP?40.<#a#c#a.> ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ,SOLID>ITY MAT]IAL1 LIKE ?AT ( ! ,S,I1 SEEM$ FRE% & 9NOVATIVE4 

,IMPORTANTLY1 ,SOLID>ITY (F]$ AN IMPRESSIVE S]IES ( UP-TO-DATE1 WELL-PRODUC$ PAMPHLETS & ANALYSIS1 AS WELL AS A S]IES ( VALUABLE HI/ORIES :I* UNCOV]$ LITTLE KN[N EPISODES ( WORK]S' SELF-ORGANIZATION AGA9/ CAPITALISM & BUREAUCRACY4.<#a#c#b.> ,P>TICUL>LY ATTRACTIVE WAS !IR FIR/-H& ACC\NTS ( H[ PROLET>IANS W]E ORGANIZ+ AGA9/ CAPITALISM ON ! %OP FLOOR DUR+ /RIKES & OCCUPATIONS 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4.<#a#c#c.> ,!Y ALSO PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET ON ! M9]S' /RIKE AT ,M\NT ,ISA 9 ,AU/RALIA 9 #a#i#f#d-#e4.<#a#c#d.> ,!IR FOCUS UPON WORK]S' SELF-ORGANIZATION1 RA!R ?AN ! ACTIVITIES ( P>TY OR UNION BUREAUCRATS1 SEEM$ VALIDAT$ BY EV5TS ( ! TIME1 SU* AS ,HUNG>Y 7#a#i#e#f71 ,FRANCE 7#a#i#f#h7 & ,PORTUGAL 7#a#i#g#d74 ,RI*>D ,BOL/AD ( ! ,C,A,G ALSO LIK$ !IR WELL-?\<T \T PROPOSALS = A FUTURE SOCIETY3 

,I WAS K9D ( LOOK+ = SOME?+ ?AT WAS ?\<T \T 5\< TO (F] AN EXPLANATION ( :AT DOES A REVOLUTION>Y GR\P DO8444,:AT K9D ( SOCIETY W\LD SUCCE$1 & IT SEEM$ TO ME ?AT ,SOLID>ITY4C\LD FIT 9 REALLY WELL444,!Y HAD A HUGE S*EME ( SETT+ UP A C\NTRY444.<) A.> C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ( DELEGATES ?AT W\LD RUN AN >EA ( A C\NTRY4.<#a#c#e.> 

,BOL/AD COMP>$ HIS 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! C>NIVALESQUE ,*RI/*UR* ,P,Y,M 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS ) ! ,C,A,G ( ! MID-#a#i#gS4 ,! LATT] GR\P WAS 0MORE ?\<T \T1 MORE PLANN$ & FOCUS$ UPON H[ TO BUILD UP SUPPORT & L9KS40.<#a#c#f.> ,HE ELABORAT$3 

,9 #aig IF Y\ HAD ASK$ ME ,I W\LD HAVE SAID ?AT ! PO9T ( BE+ AN AN>*I/ IS ?AT REVOLUTION IS >\ND ! CORN] K9D ( ?+4 ,BY #aige ,I W\LD HAVE SAID ! PO9T ( BE+ AN AN>*I/ IS TO (F] SUPPORT1 = 9/ANCE A SORT ( ,SOLID>ITY MODEL4& L9K+1 & :AT !Y CALL ! G5]ALIZATION ( LE>N+ )9 PEOPLE /RUGGL+ = SOCIAL *ANGE4,A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4L9KS PEOPLE TOGE!R & %>ES !IR EXP]I5CES >\ND SO ?AT !Y LE>N FROM EA* O!R1 & TRU/+ ?AT1 ?AT WILL 9EVITABLY BUILD A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY RA!R ?AN A DICTATOR%IP4.<#a#c#g.> 

,SOLID>ITY'S VIEWS W]E ALSO ATTRACTIVE BECAUSE !Y SEEM$ LESS OBSCURE ?AN ?OSE ( ! ,SITUATIONI/S4 ,&REW ,DODSWOR? ( ! ,WELL+TON ,RESI/ANCE BOOK%OP & ,K,A,T AN>*O-SITUATIONI/ GR\P+ NOT$1 0,ON ! :OLE ,SOLID>ITY /UFF SEEM$ MORE CONNECT$ ) ! 'REAL WORLD1' 9S(> AS ,I KNEW ANY?+ AB\T IT4,! ,SITUATIONI/ /UFF WAS MORE EXCIT+1 ?\< (T5 9COMPREH5SIBLE40.<#a#c#h.> ,AS A RESULT1 HE DI/RIBUT$ ,SOLID>ITY PUBLICATIONS NATIONWIDE1 AS DID ! ,*RI/*UR* ,AN>*Y ,GR\P4 

,SOLID>ITY SAW SOCIALISM AS A MANY-SID$ /RUGGLE TO *ANGE NOT ONLY WORK BUT ALSO EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,TO !M1 SOCIALISM MEANT 'A RADICAL TRANS=MATION 9 ALL HUMAN RELATIONS4'.<#a#c#i.> ,!Y ?US REJECT$ AU?ORIT>IANISM1 SEXUAL REPRESSION1 & SUPPORT$ ! ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5T & WOM5'S LIB]ATION4 ,BOL/AD TOOK ?IS FUR!R1 & SUGGE/$ ?AT PRIMAL !RAPY1 A CONTROV]SIAL =M ( PSY*O!RAPY1 WAS PIVOTAL = REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,9 ,>?UR ,JANOV'S WORDS1 *ANG+ ! '9N] /ATE PROVIDES ! BASIS = *ANGE 9 SOCIAL \TLOOK4'.<#a#d.> ,P]HAPS ?IS HOPE PLAC$ ON UNCONV5TIONAL IF NOT ,NEW ,AGE PSY*OLOGY 9 P>T REFLECT$ ! 9FLU5CE ! COMMUNE MOVEM5T HAD ON ! ,C,A,G 7! GR\P WAS BAS$ AT AN URBAN COMMUNE74 

,YET1 AS ) MO/ C\NCILI/ 9FLU5C$ ,AU/RALASIAN AN>*I/ GR\PS1 ,C,A,G WAS CONT5T TO E*O ,SOLID>ITY'S VIEWS RA!R ?AN TO DEVELOP !IR [N !ORY = SOME:AT UNIQUE ,AU/RALASIAN CONDITIONS4 ,MO/ ( ! GR\P'S PAMPHLETS BORE ! M>K ( ,SOLID>ITY'S & ,S\,B'S !ORIES1 9CLUD+ ,BOL/AD'S ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,FRONT & HIS ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,ANALYSIS ( ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION4.<#a#d#a.> ,9DE$1 P>T ( ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,FRONT SUMM>IZ$ ,CA/ORIADIS' PAMPHLET ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ! ,ECONOMICS ( A ,SELF-,MANAG$ ,SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 ,BOL/AD DID MAKE SOME PRELIM9>Y ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS ,NEW ,ZEAL& CONDITIONS4.<#a#d#b.> 

,SOLID>ITY IMPORTANTLY =M$ A NETWORK ( MILITANT WORK]S1 & HAD MANY CONTACTS 9 ! %OP /EW>DS MOVEM5T1 AS WELL AS SOME 9FLU5CE 9 IMPORTANT DISPUTES4 ,YET 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 AN>*O-C\NCILI/S ORGANIZ$ NO SU* NETWORK4 ,:ILE ! ,C,A,G AIM$ TO BUILD A NATIONWIDE AN>*I/ NETWORK1 & PRODUC$ ! ,*RI/*UR* ,AN>*Y_/,AN>*I/S ,NEWSLETT] TO ?AT 5D1 !IR NEWSLETT] CONTA9$ MA9LY NEWS ITEMS ( 9T]E/ TO AN>*I/S RA!R ?AN TO WORK]S4.<#a#d#c.> ,= EXAMPLE1 IT DID NOT CONTA9 ANY NEWS OR ANALYSIS ( WORKPLACE DISPUTES4 ,! ,C,A,G1 AS F> AS ,I AM AW>E1 DID NOT ACTUALLY P>TAKE 9 WORKPLACE RESI/ANCE4 ,?IS REPRES5T$ A FUNDAM5TAL OV]SI<T4 

,( ALL ! ,SOLID>ITY 9FLU5C$ GR\P+S 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ONLY ,AUCKL& ,SOLID>ITY BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 WORKPLACE-BAS$ /RUGGLES4 ,AUCKL& ,SOLID>ITY MEMB]S TOOK EMPLOYM5T 9 A GLASS FACTORY TO 7UNSUCCESSFULLY7 5C\RAGE RESI/ANCE4.<#a#d#d.> ,AUCKL& ,SOLID>ITY WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ! 0,AUCKL& F]RY DISPUTE0 ( #a#i#g#d1 ONE ( ! MORE IMPORTANT WORKPLACE CONFLICTS ( ! #a#i#gS 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 :I* NE>LY RESULT$ 9 A NATIONWIDE WILDCAT G5]AL /RIKE4 ,SYMPA?Y /OPPAGES & DEMON/RATIONS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY ATTRACT$ #d1 TO #e1 WORK]S4.<#a#d#e.> 

,MANY CRITICISMS HAVE BE5 MADE ( ,SOLID>ITY_/,S\,B4 ,SOME AN>*I/S CRITICIZ$ !IR PROPOS$ C5TRAL C\NCIL ( DELEGATES AS TOO CLOSELY RESEMBL+ A /ATE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ADAM ,BUICK1 UND] AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE ,SOLID>ITY REVIS$ ITS E>LI] SUPPORT = A 'WORK]S' C\NCIL GOV]NM5T' TO ! 'RULE ( WORK]S' C\NCILS4'.<#a#d#f.> ,SOME CLAIM ?AT ,SOLID>ITY_/,S\,B 7& ! ,S,I1 = 
?AT MATT]7 W5T 'BEYOND ,M>XISM' & REJECT$ ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 FAVOR ( ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ORD]-GIV]S & ORD]-TAK]S1 :I* !Y BELIEV$ WAS ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION 9 SOCIETY4.<#a#d#g.> ,SOLID>ITY SEEM$ TO FOCUS MORE UPON ALI5ATION1 & ! LACK ( CONTROL PEOPLE HAD OV] !IR EV]YDAY LIVES 9 & \TSIDE ! WORKPLACE1 ?AN MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y DEF9$ ! PROLET>IAT 9 A-HI/ORICAL T]MS AS ?OSE :O DO NOT POSSESS P[]1.<#a#d#h.> & ASSUM$ ?AT ! *IEF CONTRADICTION )9 CAPITALISM IS BUREAUCRACY RA!R ?AN EXPLOITATION4 ,YET :ILE ,SOLID>ITY OV]/AT$ ! IMPORTANCE ( BUREAUCRACY1 !Y DID RECOGNIZE ?AT AN IMPORTANT P>T ( CLASS /RUGGLE IS WORK]S' RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALI/ & MANAG]IAL CONTROL OV] WORK4 ,AT !IR BE/1 !Y RECOGNIZ$ ?AT MANAG]IAL CONTROL & CLASS EXPLOITATION >E 9EXTRICABLY 9T]TW9$4 ,CAPITAL NE$S HI]>*ICAL AU?ORITY TO OV]COME WORK]S' RESI/ANCE4.<#a#d#i.> 

,= ! ,C,A,G1 SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS 0! ONLY ANSW]444,ONLY :5 WORK+ PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY MANAGE SOCIETY ?R\< ORGANS :I* !Y COMPLETELY CONTROL WILL \R RI<TS BE SAFE40.<#a#e.> ,AGA9/ ?IS VIEWPO9T1 ,GILLES ,DAUVE & ,FRANCOIS ,M>T9 HAVE >GU$1 0,SOCIALISM IS NOT ! MANAGEM5T1 H[EV] 'DEMOCRATIC' IT MAY BE1 ( CAPITAL1 BUT ITS COMPLETE DE/RUCTION40.<#a#e#a.> ,WORK]S C\LD RUN '!IR' WORKPLACES !MSELVES1 & YET /ILL COMPETE ) O!R WORK]-[N$ 5T]PRISES 9 ! M>KET1 ?US =C+ !SE 5T]PRISES TO LESS5 CO/S 7SU* AS WAGES7 & MAKE WORK]S WORK H>D] 9 ORD] TO /AY COMPETITIVE4 ,FUR!R1 AS ) ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,BOL/AD RECOMM5D$ ! RET5TION ( MONEY & EQUAL WAGES = ALL4.<#a#e#b.> ,AS AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S LIKE ,KROPOTK9 >GU$1 ! RET5TION ( ! WAGE-SY/EM1 EX*ANGE & ! M>KET1 EV5 IF ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E COLLECTIVELY [N$1 W\LD MO/ LIKELY BR+ AB\T ! REAPPE>ANCE ( CLASSES & ! /ATE4.<#a#e#c.> ,?IS DANG] ( SELF-MANAG$ CAPITALISM WAS RECOGNIZ$ BY ,SOLID>ITY 9 #ai< :5 IT M]G$ ) ! GR\P ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4.<#a#e#d.> 

,CONCLUSION 

,AN>*I/S DREW UPON C\NCILI/ IDEAS BECAUSE !Y LACK$ AN 9-DEP? ANALYTICAL UND]/&+ 
( SOCIETY4 ,AN>*I/ PAMPHLETS T5D$ TO BE EI!R TIR$ REPR9TS ( CLASSICS1 OR RE-/ATEM5TS ( BASIC PR9CIPLES4 ,!IR PUBLICATIONS W]E FULL ( D5UNCIATION1 & LACK$ ANALYSIS4 ,C\NCILI/S (F]$ A MORE COMPREH5SIVE1 WELL-?\<T \T & UP-TO-DATE ANALYSIS ( MOD]N BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM1 ! MASS ALI5ATION PRODUC$ BY MASS PRODUCTION & MASS CONSUMPTION1 & WORK]S' RESI/ANCE 79 V>I\S =MS1 9CLUD+ ! '! REFUSAL ( WORK' OR URBAN RIOT+ L$ BY ! 'PROVOT>IAT'7 TO ! 'SPECTACUL> COMMODITY SOCIETY4' ,9 ,AU/RALASIA1 ! C\NCILI/S G5]ALLY LACK$ A FOLL[+ & AN AUDI5CE4 ,!Y W]E FAC$ ) ! *OICE ( EI!R REMA9+ 9 NE>LY COMPLETE OBSCURITY1 OR GA9+ 9FLU5CE 9 ! MU* L>G] AN>*I/ MILIEU4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ! C\NCILI/S T5D$ TO OPT SOME:AT BEGRUDG+LY = ! LATT] OPTION1 & ?US OP]AT$ ON ! FR+ES ( ! AN>*I/ MILIEU1 ACT+ AS CRITICS ( ?AT MILIEU'S 'M9DLESS ACTIVISM4' 

,H5CE BO? C\NCILISM & AN>*ISM LOOSELY CONV]G$1 BUT 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL& ?IS CONV]G5CE WAS TOO EPHEM]AL & FLEET+ TO (F] A SOPHI/ICAT$ SYN!SIS BETWE5 ! TWO TRADITIONS4 ,! BASIC =M IT TOOK WAS ! R$EVELOPM5T ( CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM & C\NCILISM 9TO A PRAXIS ?AT QUE/ION$ NOT ONLY ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ALSO CAPITAL'S COLONIZATION ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,! CONCEPT ( 0G5]ALIZ$ SELF-MANAGEM5T0 GREATLY DEEP5$ & BROAD5$ SELF-MANAGEM5T TO 9CLUDE EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE1 NOT JU/ WORK4 

,YET AN>*I/S W]E CONT5T TO M]ELY REPUBLI% ! WRIT+S ( C\NCILI/S1 & FEW ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO DEVELOP !IR [N !ORY4 ,C\NCILI/S LIKEWISE GRASP$ ! ESS5TIAL VIEWS ( ! ,S,I & ,SOLID>ITY )\T REALLY DEVELOP+ !M FUR!R4 ,! C\NCILI/S T5D$ TO LACK PRACTICE1 :ILE ! AN>*I/S LACK$ VIGOR\S !ORY4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! PRACTICE ( AN>*I/S LACK$ ?\<T1 & !Y JUMP$ FROM ACTIVI/ S+LE-ISSUE TO ISSUE ) LITTLE OR NO EFFECT4 ,C>NIVAL AN>*I/S UNCRITICALLY SUPPORT$ ANY =M ( ACTIVISM SO LONG AS IT 9VOLV$ SOME DEGREE ( DIRECT ACTION1 REM9ISC5T ( ! LAT] ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,LOOK+ BACK ON ,AUCKL& C>NIVAL AN>*ISM1 ,FRANK ,PREBBLE1 A C5TRAL FIGURE 9 ?AT GR\P1 SAID1 0,WE W]E A FAIRLY ACTIVE SORT ( GR\P4 ,WE NEV] RAN ?+S LIKE AN>*I/ DISCUSSION GR\PS OR ANY?+ LIKE ?AT4 ,WE NEV] REALLY S]I\SLY LOOK$ AT ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS ALWAYS ACTIVISM1 DO+ ?+S1 GETT+ ?+S DONE40 ,YET :5 ASK$ :AT !IR /RATEGY WAS1 ,PREBBLE REPLI$1 0,WE DIDN'T HAVE ONE REALLY1 WE DIDN'T ?9K MU* AB\T :AT WE W]E DO+444,Y\ KN[1 !RE WAS NO ?\<T PUT 9TO IT AT ALL4 ,?AT WAS ! CRAZY ?+ AB\T IT40.<#a#e#e.> ,! !ORIES ( ! C\NCILI/S W]E (T5 DETA*$ FROM :]E WORK]S W]E ACTUALLY AT ON ! GR\ND4 ,OV]ALL1 A MAJOR %ORTCOM+ ( BO? AN>*ISM & C\NCILISM DUR+ ?IS P]IOD WAS !IR NE> COMPLETE ISOLATION FROM ! RE/ ( ! WORK+ CLASS & !IR DETA*M5T FROM /RUGGLES 9 ! WORKPLACE 9 P>TICUL>4 

,! EMPHASIS UPON A S]IES ( PLAYFUL ONE-(F /UNTS & SC&ALS -- SU* AS ! ,WELL+TON AN>*I/S :O /OLE A ,U,S ,G5]AL'S HAT1 FILL$ IT ) ASSORT$ MUCK1 & !N RETURN$ IT ) AN ANTI-,VIETNAM ,W> MESSAGE -- CAN BE SE5 AS ! PRODUCT ( FRU/RATION ( T9Y1 L>GELY 9EFFECTUAL GR\PS4 ,! PRIM>Y PURPOSE ( ! /UNTS WAS 9W>D LOOK+3 !Y W]E FUN ACTIONS TO BOO/ ! MORALE ( ! GR\P & TO GIVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y W]E HAV+ SOME IMPACT4 ,SOMETIMES !SE ACTS C\LD BE BR$ ( PURE DESPAIR1 SU* AS :5 AN>*I/ PUNK ROCK] ,NEIL ,ROB]TS KILL$ HIMSELF :ILE TRY+ TO BOMB ! ,WANGANUI POLICE COMPUT] 9 #a#i#h#b4 ,HE SPRAYPA9T$ 'WE HAVE MA9TA9$ A SIL5CE CLOSELY RESEMBL+ /UPIDITY' BE=E HE DI$4.<#a#e#f.> 

,YET ! /UNTS ( ! MID TO LATE #a#i#gS HAD M9IMAL1 IF ANY1 IMPRESSION ON SOCIETY4 ,AS ,SEAN ,%EEHAN HAS COMM5T$1 CAPITAL CAN EASILY ACCOMMODATE AN>*IC 0PRANKS10 NO MATT] H[ COMICAL !Y >E4.<#a#e#g.> ,TO ,%EEHAN1 !Y AM\NT TO LITTLE MORE ?AN 0*IC SUBV]SIONS40.<#a#e#h.> ,K5 ,KNABB HAS NOT$ ?AT ! ,YIPPIES 5T]$ 0! SPECTACLE AS CL[NS TO MAKE IT RIDICUL\S10 YET1 0!Y CREAT$ DIV]SIONS :I*1 F> FROM PROMOT+ ! SUBV]SION ( ! SPECTACLE1 M]ELY MADE PASSIVITY MORE 9T]E/+ BY (F]+ A SPECTACLE ( REFUSAL40.<#a#e#i.> ,KNABB'S >GUM5T IS APPLICABLE TO C>NIVAL AN>*I/S1 NOT JU/ ! ,YIPPIES4 ,PO9T ,BLANK6 MADE SIMIL> >GUM5TS ?AT ! DISRUPTIONS ( ! FUN REVOLUTIONI/S W]E M]ELY A H>MLESS SIDE%[ TO ! 'MOVEM5T4' ,! 
MOVEM5T RECUP]AT$ !IR !ATRICAL /YLE = ITS SPECTACLE ( FRAGM5T>Y1 RE=MI/ OPPOSITION4.<#a#f.> ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS NOT TO DISMISS ALL /UNTS AS BE+ H>MLESS4 ,! ANTICS ( ! ,P,Y,M W]E MORE %OCK+ & SUCCESSFUL PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y W]E CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! MASS EXTRA-P>LIAM5T>Y PROTE/S & CLASS /RUGGLES ( ! LATE #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,!IR /UNTS W]E MORE EFFECTIVE BECAUSE !Y W]E ASSOCIAT$ ) POPUL> ISSUES OR CAMPAIGNS1 SU* AS ! ANTI-,VIETNAM ,W> MOVEM5T4 

,! ALMO/ COMPLETE M>G9ALIZATION ( ! C\NCILI/ & AN>*I/ MILIEU DUR+ A NONREVOLUTION>Y P]IOD HI<LI<T$ A CLASSICAL DILEMMA ?AT REVOLUTION>IES FACE4 ,%\LD !Y WAT] D[N !IR VIEWS TO SEEK POPUL>ITY & 9FLU5CE1 OR DO !Y /ICK TO !IR PR9CIPLES & ?US REMA9 ISOLAT$ & UNPOPUL>8 ,DO !Y )DRAW 9W>D1 & FOCUS ON *ANG+ !MSELVES8 ,OR %\LD !Y LOOK \TW>D1 & FOCUS ON *ANG+ SOCIETY8 ,! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S ( ! MID-#a#i#gS ADOPT$ A PURI/ SELF-M>G9ALIZ+ APPROA* :]EBY !Y ATTEMPT$ TO LIVE ! MO/ RADICAL LIFE/YLE POSSIBLE 9 !IR EV]YDAY LIVES 7BY REFUS+ TO WORK1 REFUS+ TO PAY R5T1 LIV+ COLLECTIVELY1 FUS+ >T ) POLITICS & TAK+ ULTRA-MILITANT 'ILLEGALI/' DIRECT ACTION SEEM+LY TO MAKE UP = ! LACK ( MILITANCY 9 ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION71 BUT !SE LOOSE EXP]IM5TS SEEM$ TO ONLY LA/ A FEW YE>S BE=E ! AFF9ITY GR\PS UPON :I* !Y W]E BAS$ SELF-DE/RUCT$4 ,GILLES ,DAUVE MAKES ! P]T95T PO9T ?AT ! VIEWS EXPRESS$ BY ,VANEIGEM 9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE1.<#a#f#a.> IDEAS :I* ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S ATTEMPT$ TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE1 'CANNOT BE LIV$4EI!R ONE HUDDLES 9 ! CREVICES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 OR ONE CEASELESSLY OPPOSES TO IT A DIFF]5T LIFE :I* IS IMPOT5T BECAUSE ONLY ! REVOLUTION CAN MAKE IT A 
REALITY4'.<#a#f#b.> 

,LIKE ! ,S,I1 ! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S ADOPT$ A PURI/ TOTAL REVOLUTION OR NO?+ PRAXIS4 ,SITUATIONI/S (T5 DISMISS$ DISS5T AS LACK+ RADICAL CONT5T1 FRAGM5T>Y & ?US RECUP]ABLE4 ,SITUATIONI/S T5D$ TO DIFF]5TIATE 'A PURE1 AUTONOM\S CLASS FROM ! 0EXT]NAL0 9/ITUTIONS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 7UNIONS1 LEFTI/ P>TIES71 & 9 SO DO+1 5D UP CONCLUD+ ?AT ! CLASS HAS BE5 DUP$ BY ! IDEOLOGY ( !SE EXT]NAL =CES1'.<#a#f#c.> OR 9 ! ,S,I'S CASE1 ! SPECTACLE4 ',SITUS' FROZE ! HI< PO9TS ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 9 P>TICUL> ! EM]G5CE ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 & US$ IT AS A PR9CIPLE TO JUDGE ! PRES5T SITUATION4 ,YET ?IS POSITION SEEMS ANA*RONI/IC 9 A SITUATION1 LIKE ?AT 9 ,AU/RALASIA1 :]E WORK]S' C\NCILS W]E NOT EV5 REMOTELY POSSIBLE4 ,!IR CRITIQUE DID NOT RELATE TO ! DAILY CONTRADICTORY RELATION%IP ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 CAPITAL & WORK]S1 :]E 'BO? ! ACCEPTANCE & REFUSAL ( CAPITALI/ LABOR COEXI/1 :]E WORK]S' PASSIVE OBJECTIFICATION & SUBJECTIVE 7COLLECTIVE7 RESI/ANCE COEXI/ )9 ! SUBSUMPTION ( LABOR-P[] TO ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4'.<#a#f#d.> ,C>NIVAL AN>*I/S (T5 DISMISS$ ! POT5TIAL ( WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE ) APP>5TLY CONS]VATIVE LIFE/YLES1 & AT !IR WOR/ SEEM$ TO BLAME WORK]S = REPRODUC+ CAPITAL EV]YDAY4 ,!IR VOLUNT>ISM ASSUM$ ?AT REVOLUTION BEGAN ) ! 9DIVIDUAL DE-CONDITION+ HIM OR H]SELF2 !Y /RESS$ ! ROLE ( *ANG+ CONSCI\SNESS & CULTURE 9 PRODUC+ REVOLUTION1 RA!R ?AN TRANS=M+ MAT]IAL CONDITIONS4 ,!IR VIEW ?AT ONLY PEOPLE :O HAD PSY*OLOGICALLY DECONDITION$ !MSELVES C\LD MAKE A REVOLUTION HAS ELITI/ & VANGU>DI/ IMPLICATIONS1 & OV]LOOKS H[ PEOPLE CAN *ANGE RAPIDLY ?R\< ! PROCESS ( /RUGGLE4 ,! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S WANT$ A WILD1 RIOT\S REVOLUTION1 & C\LD SCORN ANY?+ LESS ?AN ?IS4 ,!IR IMPATI5T 9SURRECTION>Y IMM$IATISM WAS ALSO MORE SUIT$ TO A P]IOD ( 9T5SE CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,TODAY ! ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC !ORIES ( ! C\NCILI/S -- 9 ! CONTEXT ( A MAJOR GLOBAL RECESSION1 & ! RETURN ( OLD-FA%ION$ EXPLOITATION S9CE ! IMPOSITION ( NEO-LIB]ALISM -SEEM \T ( PLACE1 & DEF9ITELY A PRODUCT ( ! 'AFFLU5CE' ( ! #a#i#fS4 ,9DE$1 A COMMON CRITICISM ( ,S\,B1 ,SOLID>ITY & ! ,S,I WAS ?AT !Y T5D$ TO ASSUME ?AT CAPITALISM HAD OV]COME ITS CONTRADICTIONS DUR+ ! #a#i#fS1 & BELIEV$ ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS 9 ! 0FIR/ WORLD0 W\LD REMA9 RELATIVELY 0AFFLU5T40.<#a#f#e.> ,LIKEWISE1 ! 'NEV] WORK' POLITICS ( ! SITUATIONI/S & C>NIVAL AN>*I/S ASS]T$ ?AT ! MAJOR PROBLEM ) EV]YDAY LIFE UND] CAPITAL WAS BOR$OM & R\T9E1 & NOT CLASS EXPLOITATION4 

,?US C>NIVAL AN>*I/S OV]ALL HAD AN AMBIGU\S ATTITUDE T[>DS CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! ,PROVOS1 C>NIVAL AN>*I/S C\LD SEE ! /RUGGLE ( ! 'PROVOT>IAT' AS ONE AGA9/ ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION1 :O HAD BE5 ALLEG$LY ?OR\<LY BRA9WA%$ BY ! SPECTACLE4 ,?IS GLORIFICATION ( ! RADICAL W+ ( ! 'LUMP5PROLET>IAT' AS H>B+]S ( A LIBID9AL1 APOCALYPTIC1 TOTAL REVOLUTION1 & SUBSEQU5T ELITISM T[>DS WAGE WORK]S1 HAS BE5 TAK5 UP TODAY BY FA%IONABLE C>NIVAL AN>*I/S ,CRIME?,9C4.<#a#f#f.> ,P]HAPS ?IS %IFT 9 C>NIVAL AN>*ISM T[>DS A CRUDE SUB-CULTURAL SITUATIONISM )\T ANY NOTION ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 LET ALONE G5]ALIZ$ SELF-MANAGEM5T1 9DE$ A RUDIM5T>Y CELEBRATION ( LUMP5 'DUMP/]-DIV+' P>ASITISM1 CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! DIFF]5T CONTEXT ( ! TIMES4 ,! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS W]E P]IODS ( RELATIVELY HI< WORK+ CLASS DISS5T1 :ILE ! #bS WAS A P]IOD ( V]Y L[ WORK+ CLASS ACTIVITY1 & !RE=E IT HAS BE5 EASI] TO DISMISS ! POT5TIAL ( ! WAG$ WORK+ CLASS4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 !Y W]E NOT SIMPLY 9DIVIDUALI/ BOHEMIANS1 AS !IR ACTIVITY DID NOT LACK CLASS CONT5T4 ,!Y REFUS$ WORK1 W5T JOBB+1 =M$ UNEMPLOY$ GR\PS1.<#a#f#g.> ORGANIZ$ OR SUPPORT$ MANY PICKETS AGA9/ CAPITALI/S1 SUPPORT$ WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & !IR /UNTS (T5 W]E CLASS-FOCUS$4 ,H[EV]1 AS ) !IR CRUDE BORR[+ FROM C\NCILISM1 !IR CLASS W> POLITICS WAS (T5 C>TOON-LIKE4 ,?IS ASPECT ( !IR POLITICS1 = GOOD OR WORSE1 WAS A MAJOR 9FLU5CE ON AN>*I/ PUNK & ESPECIALLY ON ,CLASS ,W> 9 ! ,U,K1 :I* ALSO C>RI$ \T CLASS-BAS$ /UNTS1 & ALSO SAW CLASS AS PRIM>ILY A CULTURAL CON/RUCT4.<#a#f#h.> 

,A GREAT /R5G? ( ! SITUATIONI/S & C>NIVAL AN>*I/S ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS WAS !IR ATTEMPT TO RELATE TO NEW =MS ( WORK+ CLASS RESI/ANCE1 NAMELY ?AT ( Y\NG SUBCULTURAL 'HOODS1' DEL9QU5TS1 E?NIC M9ORITIES1 & ! UNWAG$4 ,! /RUGGLES ( !SE GR\PS W]E (T5 RIOT\S & EXPLOSIVE1 & HAD MU* POT5TIAL IF !Y SPREAD TO1 OR L9K$ )1 O!R SECTORS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! C>NIVAL AN>*I/S SAW ?IS POT5TIAL1 BUT !Y W]E UNSUCCESSFULLY S\<T TO EXT5D ?IS /RUGGLE BY REVEL+ 9 AN IMAGE ( BE+ AS RADICAL1 ?REAT5+ & EXTREME AS POSSIBLE1 ?US HOP+ TO 'FREAK \T' & PROVOKE AU?ORITY4 ,IT IS A PITY ?AT !Y DID NOT ATTEMPT TO L9K !SE NEW =MS ( RESI/ANCE ) ! WORKPLACE BAS$ REVOLT ( ! #a#i#gS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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