,9TRODUCTION TO 0,! ,SOCIAL ,BASIS ( ! ,WOM5'S ,QUE/ION0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI3 ,SELECT$ ,>TICLES & ,SPEE*ES1 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#h#d2 
,WRITT53 #a#i#h2 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 9 ,A4 ,KOLLONTAI1 ,! ,SOCIAL ,BASIS ( ! ,WOM5'S 
,QUE/ION1 ,/ ,PET]SBURG1 #a#i#i1 PP4#a-#c#c1ABRIDG$2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 ,SALLY ,RYAN = M>XI/S4ORG1 #b2 
,PRO($3 & CORRECT$ BY ,*RIS ,CLAYTON #b#f4 

,! BOOK ,! ,SOCIAL ,BASIS ( ! ,WOM5'S ,QUE/ION 7APPROXIMATELY #de PAGES7 WAS WRITT5 %ORTLY BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,ALL-,RUSSIA ,WOM5'S ,CONGRESS1 & PUBLI%$ 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG 9 #a#i#i4 ,9 IT1 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI PROVIDES A DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( ?IS ISSUE FROM A ,M>XI/ PO9T ( VIEW4 ,AFT] A G5]AL SURVEY ( ! QUE/ION 9 ! 9TRODUCTION1 ! AU?OR1 BAS+ H]SELF ON CONSID]ABLE FACTUAL MAT]IAL1 EXAM9ES & PR(F]S A SOLUTION TO SU* PROBLEMS AS ! /RUGGLE = WOM5'S ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE1 M>RIAGE & ! FAMILY1 PROTECTION = EXPECTANT & NURS+ MO!RS1 ETC4 ,! AU?OR DEVOTES A L>GE P>T ( H] BOOK TO ! ISSUE ( ! WOM5'S /RUGGLE = POLITICAL RI<TS4 

,! WOM5'S MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA IS PASS+ ?R\< A DECISIVE 
MOM5T 9 ITS HI/ORY3 9 ,DECEMB] #aih IT WILL BE REVIEW+ ! 
CREATIVE ACTIVITY C>RI$ \T BY WOM5'S ORGANIZATIONS OV] ! 
LA/ FEW YE>S1 & AT ! ,ALL-,RUSSIA ,WOM5'S ,CONGRESS IT MU/ 
DECIDE UPON ! 'C\RSE ( ACTION' TO BE FOLL[$ BY FEM9I/S 
.<#b.> 
9 ! COM+ YE>S ( /RUGGLE = WOM5'S EMANCIPATION4 ,COMPLEX SOCIO-POLITICAL PROBLEMS1 :I* UNTIL REC5TLY /ILL BELONG$ TO ! REALM ( AB/RACT '?ORNY' ISSUES1 >E N[1 AS A RESULT ( ! EV5TS ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ,RUSSIA1 BECOM+ URG5T ISSUES DEM&+ 5]GETIC PRACTICAL 9VOLVEM5T & SOLUTION4 ,!SE PROBLEMS 9CLUDE ! SO-CALL$ WOM5'S QUE/ION4 ,) EA* PASS+ DAY A GR[+ NUMB] ( WOM5 >E DRAWN 9TO ! SE>* = AN ANSW] TO ?REE DI/URB+ QUE/IONS3 ,:I* WAY %ALL WE GO8 ,:AT %\LD WE DO8 ,H[ CAN WE MAKE SURE ?AT ! FEMALE SECTION ( ! POPULATION ( ,RUSSIA ALSO RECEIVES ! FRUIT ( ! LONG1 /UBBORN & AGONIZ+LY DIFFICULT /RUGGLE = A NEW POLITICAL /RUCTURE 9 \R HOMEL&8 

,! ,ALLIANCE = ,EQUALITY1 TOGE!R ) ! SECTION ON WOM5'S 
VOT+ RI<TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,WOM5'S ,MUTUAL ,AID ,SOCIETY1 .<#c.> 
HAVE DECID$ TO CONV5E ! ,FIR/ ,ALL-,RUSSIA ,WOM5'S ,CONGRESS .<#d.> 
9 ORD] TO GIVE A COMPREH5SIVE ANSW] TO !SE ?REE QUE/IONS4 

,! PROGRAM ( ! =?COM+ WOM5'S CONGRESS IS EXTREMELY 
BROAD3 9 ! FIR/ SECTION IT IS PROPOS$ TO UND]TAKE AN 
EVALUATION ( WOM5'S ACTIVITY 9 V>I\S PR(ESSIONS 9 ,RUSSIA2 9 
! SECOND SECTION IT IS PROPOS$ TO EXAM9E ! ECONOMIC POSITION ( 
WOM5 & 9VE/IGATE ! CONDITIONS ( WORK 9 TRADE & 9DU/RY 
& 9 ! DOME/IC S]VICES1 & ALSO TO LOOK AT ! QUE/ION ( ! 
PROTECTION ( FEMALE LABOR1 ETC42 A SPECIAL SUBSECTION WILL BE SET 
UP TO DISCUSS QUE/IONS RELAT+ TO ! FAMILY1 M>RIAGE & 
PRO/ITUTION2 ! WORK ( ! ?IRD SECTION 
WILL 9CLUDE ! PRES5T CIVIL & POLITICAL POSITION ( WOM5 & MEASURES TO BE TAK5 9 ! /RUGGLE = WOM5'S EQUALITY 9 !SE >EAS2 F9ALLY1 SECTION F\R WILL /UDY QUE/IONS RELAT$ TO WOM5'S $UCATION4 

,ONE CANNOT BUT WELCOME ?IS BROAD5$ PROGRAM ( ! 
,ALL-,RUSSIA ,WOM5'S ,CONGRESS1 P>TICUL>LY :5 ONE COMP>ES IT 
) ! DRAFT PROGRAM PUBLI%$ 9 ! MAGAZ9E ,SOYUZ 
ZH5%*9 7,! ,WOM5'S ,ALLIANCE7 ,NO4 #c1 #a#i#g4 ,?IS DRAFT 
PROGRAM TOTALLY OMITT$ SU* AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION AS ! 
ECONOMIC POSITION ( WOM5 9 CONNECTION ) ! LEGAL 
PROTECTION ( FEMALE LABOR4 ,WAS ?IS M]ELY AN OV]SI<T1 AN 
ACCID5T8 ,IF IT WAS 9DE$ SIMPLY AN OV]SI<T1 !N IT WAS A 
*>ACT]I/IC OV]SI<T1 TO =GET AB\T ! ECONOMIC ASPECT ( 
! WOM5'S QUE/ION1 AB\T ! SITUATION ( WORK+ WOM5 & 
! PROTECTION ( FEMALE LABOR1 IS ! K9D ( 'ACCID5T' ?AT 
W\LD IMM$IATELY DET]M9E ! NATURE ( ! =?COM+ 
CONGRESS & W\LD MAKE ! P>TICIPATION ( ?OSE SECTIONS ( 
! FEMALE POPULATION = :OM ! WOM5'S QUE/ION IS 
9TIMATELY & 9EXTRICABLY B\ND UP ) ! OV]ALL LABOR 
ISSUES ( \R DAY BO? IMPOSSIBLE & FUTILE4 ,N[ ?IS OV]SI<T 
HAS BE5 CORRECT$2 ! SECOND SECTION WILL BE GIV5 OV] 
5TIRELY TO ! QUE/ION ( FEMALE LABOR & ! ECONOMIC 
POSITION ( WOM54 ,!RE=E IT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 WOR?:ILE 
PAUS+ TO COMM5T ON SU* A M9OR 9CID5T HAD IT NOT BE5 
TYPICAL ( \R B\RGEOIS 'SUFFRAGETTES'4 

,) ! CAUTION TYPICAL ( B\RGEOIS FEM9I/S1 ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! CONGRESS HESITAT$ = A LONG TIME3 :AT %\LD ! NATURE ( ! CONGRESS BE8 ,! OMISSION FROM ! DRAFT PROGRAM ( ! PO9T DEAL+ ) ! ECONOMIC POSITION ( WOM5 IS1 9 \R OP9ION1 CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) !SE HESITATIONS4 ,AT ONE ( ! MEET+S ON ! =?COM+ CONGRESS1 9DIVIDUALS ) CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ! FEM9I/ WORLD 9SI/$ ?AT ! CONGRESS %\LD NOT BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 'PROPAG&A WORK' BUT %\LD CONC5TRATE ON CONCRETE ISSUES SU* AS ! FI<T AGA9/ ALCOHOLISM4 ,?US UNTIL QUITE REC5TLY ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! CONGRESS /ILL DID NOT KN[ :E!R IT \<T TO ASSUME ! NATURE ( A B5EVOL5T 'LADIES' CONF]5CE CONC]N$ ) MORAL & *>ITABLE ACTIVITIES1 OR :E!R AN ATTEMPT %\LD BE MADE TO BREAK ?R\< WOM5'S 9DIFF]5CE TO !IR [N FATE & DRAW !M 9TO ! RANKS ( ?OSE FI<T+ = WOM5'S EMANCIPATION4 ,H[EV]1 
UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! MORE CLE>-?9K+ SUPPORT]S ( EQUAL RI<TS1 ! SECOND T5D5CY GRADUALLY WON ! UPP] H&4 ,! SLOGAN *OS5 = ! =?COM+ CONGRESS IS ! TRADITIONAL FEM9I/ RALLY+ CRY3 ! UNION ( ALL WOM5 9 ! /RUGGLE = PURELY FEMALE RI<TS & 9T]E/S4 

,! CONGRESS HAS S]V$ AS A SPUR TO FEM9I/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! 
FEMALE ANT-HILL HAS /IRR$4 ,ONE AFT] ! O!R SU* FEM9I/S 
AS ,POKROVSKAYA1 ,KALMANOVI*1 ,%*EPK9A1 ,VAKHT9A & O!RS 
DELIV]$ SPEE*ES & LECTURES :OSE CONT5T C\LD BE SUMM$ UP 
9 ! SAME WOM5'S RALLY+ CALL3 ',WOM5 FROM ALL CLASSES ( ! 
POPULATION1 UNITE6'  

 ,H[EV] TEMPT+ ?IS 'PEACEFUL' 
SLOGAN MAY S\ND1 H[EV] MU* IT MAY APPE> TO PROMISE TO ! 
POOR Y\NG] SI/] ( ! B\RGEOIS WOMAN - ! WORK+ WOMAN - IT 
IS PRECISELY ?IS SLOGAN SO BELOV$ ( ! FEM9I/S ?AT 
COMPELS US TO PAUSE & EXAM9E 9 GREAT] DETAIL ! 
=?COM+ WOM5'S CONGRESS1 & TO SUBJECT ITS OBJECTIVES & 
FUNDAM5TAL ASPIRATIONS TO A C>EFUL APPRAISAL FROM ! PO9T ( 
VIEW ( ! 9T]E/S ( WORK+-CLASS 
WOM54 

,9 CONCRETE T]MS1 ! QUE/ION IS :E!R WORK+-CLASS WOM5 
%\LD RESPOND TO ! CALL ( ! FEM9I/S & P>TICIPATE 
ACTIVELY & DIRECTLY 9 ! /RUGGLE = WOM5'S EQUALITY1 OR 
:E!R1 FAI?FUL TO ! TRADITIONS ( !IR CLASS1 !Y %\LD 
GO !IR [N WAY & FI<T US+ O!R MEANS 9 ORD] TO FREE 
NOT ONLY WOM5 BUT ALL MANK9D FROM ! OPPRESSION & 
5SLAVEM5T ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALI/ =MS ( SOCIAL 
LIFE4 

,BE=E GO+ ON TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION1 H[EV]1 ,I BELIEVE IT NECESS>Y TO /ATE ! BASIC PROPOSITIONS ?AT S]VE AS ! />T+ PO9T = ! >GUM5TS ,I AM AB\T TO PRES5T4 

,LEAV+ \R RI<T HONORABLE FRI5DS1 ! B\RGEOIS S*OL>S1 
TO EXAM9E MORE CLOSELY ! QUE/ION ( ! SUP]IORITY ( 
ONE SEX OV] ! O!R1 OR TO WEI< ! BRA9 & CALCULATE ! 
9TELLECTUAL MAKE-UP ( M5 & WOM51 ! SUPPORT]S ( 
HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM FULLY RECOGNIZE ! NATURALLY EXI/+ 
DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! SEXES & DEM& ONLY ONE ?+1 NAMELY 
?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 MAN OR WOMAN1 BE GIV5 ! REAL 
POSSIBILITY ( A*IEV+ ! FREE/ & FULLE/ 
SELF-DET]M9ATION1 ?AT ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITIES BE 
PROVID$ = ! DEVELOPM5T & APPLICATION ( ALL NATURAL 
TAL5TS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! SUPPORT]S ( HI/ORICAL 
MAT]IALISM D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( SPECIFICALLY FEMALE ISSUES 
AP>T FROM ! OV]ALL SOCIAL ISSUE ( \R DAY4 ,C]TA9 ECONOMIC 
FACTORS ONCE L$ TO ! SUBORD9ATE POSITION ( WOM51 ) H] 
NATURAL *>ACT]I/ICS PLAY+ A PURELY SECOND>Y 
ROLE4 ,ONLY ! TOTAL DISAPPE>ANCE ( ?OSE 7ECONOMIC7 
FACTORS1 ONLY ! EVOLUTION ( ?OSE ECONOMIC =MS ?AT ONCE 
CAUS$ ! 5SLAVEM5T ( WOM51 CAN EFFECT A RADICAL *ANGE 9 
!IR SOCIAL POSITION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WOM5 CAN ONLY BECOME 
TRULY FREE & EQUAL 9 A WORLD ?AT HAS BE5 TRANS=M$ & 
BAS$ ON NEW SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PR9CIPLES4 

,?IS ASS]TION1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT RULE \T ! POSSIBILITY ( A P>TIAL IMPROVEM5T 9 ! LIFE ( WOM5 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM1 AL?\< A TRULY RADICAL SOLUTION ( ! LABOR PROBLEM IS POSSIBLE ONLY ) ! COMPLETE RE/RUCTUR+ ( EXI/+ PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,NONE!LESS1 SU* A VIEW ( ! SITUATION %\LD NOT ACT AS A BRAKE UPON RE=M WORK AIM$ AT SATISFY+ ! IMM$IATE 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 EA* NEW GA9 BY ! WORK+ CLASS IS A RUNG 9 ! LADD] LEAD+ MANK9D TO ! K+DOM ( FRE$OM & SOCIAL EQUALITY2 EA* NEW RI<T WON BY WOM5 BR+S !M CLOS] TO !IR GOAL - TOTAL EMANCIPATION4 

,ONE FUR!R COMM5T3 9 DISCUSS+ ! QUE/ION ( WOM5'S 
EMANCIPATION1 ONE MU/1 AS ) ANY O!R SOCIO-POLITICAL 
QUE/ION1 BASE ONESELF FIRMLY UPON ! ACTUALLY EXI/+ 
RELATION%IPS4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT P]TA9S TO ! REALM ( 'MORAL 
ASPIRATIONS' OR O!R IDEOLOGICAL /RUCTURES WE WILL+LY LEAVE 
AT ! DISPOSAL ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 ,= US1 ! 
EMANCIPATION ( WOM5 IS NOT A DREAM1 NOR EV5 A PR9CIPLE1 BUT 
A CONCRETE REALITY1 A FACT COM+ 9TO BE+ ) EV]Y DAY 
?AT PASSES4 ,/EP BY /EP1 MOD]N ECONOMIC RELATIONS & ! 
5TIRE FUTURE C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES >E 
ASSI/+ & WILL CONT9UE TO ASSI/ ! LIB]ATION ( WOM5 
FROM C5TURIES ( OPPRESSION & 5SLAVEM5T4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY LOOK 
>\ND TO SEE ?AT ?IS IS SO4 ,EV]Y:]E1 9 ALMO/ EV]Y 
SPH]E ( PRODUCTION1 WOM5 >E N[ WORK+ ALONGSIDE M54 ,9 
,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY & ,AU/RIA1 ( ! #ha MILLION 
9DIVIDUALS EMPLOY$ 9 MANUFACTURE1 #bg MILLION >E WOM54 .<#e.> 
,! NUMB] ( WOM5 LEAD+ AN 
9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE & !IR PROPORTIONAL RELATION%IP TO ! TOTAL FEMALE POPULATION 9 CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES IS %[N 9 ! FOLL[+ TABLE2 ACCORD+ TO ! MO/ REC5T NATIONAL C5SUSES1 ! P]C5TAGE ( ! MALE & FEMALE POPULATION LIV+ ON ITS [N E>N+S WAS AS FOLL[S3 .<#f.> 
,C\NTRY 
,WOM5 
,M5,AU/RIA 
#d#g.0 
#f#c.0,ITALY 
#d.0 
#f#f.0,SWITZ]L&  
#b#i.0 
#f#a.0,FRANCE 
#b#g.0 
#e#h.0,GREAT ,BRITA9 & ,IREL& 
#b#g.0 
#e#h.0,BELGIUM 
#b#f.0 
#f.0,G]MANY 
#b#e.0 
#f#a.0,UNIT$ ,/ATES 
#a#c.0 
#e#i.0,RUSSIA 
#a.0 
#d#c.0 

,ON TURN+ FROM PROPORTIONAL EVALUATION TO ABSOLUTE FIGURES WE 
DISCOV] ?AT1 AL?\< ! NUMB] ( WOM5 9 ,RUSSIA :O LIVE 
ON !IR [N E>N+S IS L[] ?AN 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 ?AT 
NUMB] IS NONE!LESS FAIRLY L>GE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! LA/ 
C5SUS1 ( ! #fc MILLION FEMALE POPULATION 9 ,RUSSIA1 MORE ?AN 
SIX MILLION LIVE ON !IR [N E>N+S2 9 ! CITIES TWO \T ( 
EI<T MILLION 7I4E4 #be P] C5T7 E>N !IR [N LIV+2 
9 RURAL >EAS F\R MILLION ( ! TOTAL #ee MILLION FEMALE 
POPULATION >E 9DEP5D5T4 ,IF ONE CONSID]S ! TOTAL GA9FULLY 
EMPLOY$ POPULATION 9 ,RUSSIA 7I4E4 ! POPULATION LIV+ ON ITS 
[N E>N+S7 !N ( ! #cc MILLION GA9FULLY EMPLOY$ 
9DIVIDUALS1 #bg MILLION >E M5 & SIX MILLION 
WOM5444 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 FEMALE LABOR IS P>TICUL>LY WIDESPREAD 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 9 EV]Y BRAN* ( :I* FEMALE LABOR PR$OM9ATES OV] MALE444 .<#g.> 
,9 ADDITION TO ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 FEMALE 9DU/RIAL LABOR 9 ,RUSSIA IS ALSO WIDELY US$ 9 SU* BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY AS FOOD PROCESS+1 & 9 P>TICUL> BAK]IES - #d1#c#i#a WOM5 & #h1#h#f#h M52 9 ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 9 P>TICUL> COSMETICS - #d1#g#d WOM5 & #d1#e#h M52 9 ! GLASS 9DU/RY - AB\T #e ?\S& WOM52 9 ! *9A 9DU/RY - AB\T #d ?\S&1 9 ! TILE & BRICK 9DU/RY AB\T #f ?\S&4 ,ONLY 9 ! METAL-PROCESS+ 9DU/RY IS ! NUMB] ( WOM5 SMALL4 

,! FIGURES QUOT$ ABOVE >E1 9 \R OP9ION1 SUFFICI5T TO %[ 
?AT FEMALE LABOR IS WIDELY US$ 9 ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 ,MOREOV]1 IT 
MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ,RUSSIA MOV$ TO L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/ 
PRODUCTION COMP>ATIVELY REC5TLY1 & ?AT1 AS ! SPH]E ( 
CAPITALI/ ECONOMICS EXP&S1 ITS 9DU/RY WILL DRAW 9 AN EV] 
GREAT] NUMB] ( WOM5 WORK]S4 

,EV5 N[1 9 ! BIGG] T[NS & CITIES ( ,RUSSIA ?AT HAVE L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES1 FEMALE LABOR1 & 9 P>TICUL> FEMALE PROLET>IAN LABOR1 CON/ITUTES1 TAK+ ACC\NT ( FEMALE LABOR RES]VES1 A FAIRLY CONSID]ABLE PROPORTION ( ! TOTAL WORK =CE4 ,9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG1 = EXAMPLE1 ACCORD+ TO ! #ai C5SUS1 = EV]Y #a M5 LIV+ BY !IR [N LABOR1 !RE W]E #d WOM5444.<#h.> 

,WOM5 >E MO/ NUM]\S AMONG ?OSE :O E>N !IR LIV+ BY 
PROLET>IAN LABOR3 = EV]Y #bfi ?\S& WORK+ M5 !RE >E 
#gd ?\S& WORK+ WOM51 & = EV]Y #d ?\S& 'S+LE' 
M51 !RE >E #c ?\S& 'S+LE' WOM54 ,:O >E !SE 
'S+LE' WOM58 ,NATURALLY !Y CON/ITUTE ! MO/ EXPLOIT$ 
SECTION ( ! PETTY H&ICRAFT WORK]S3 SEAM/RESSES1 KNITT]S1 
FL[]GIRLS1 ETC41 :O WORK AT HOME AS SUPPOS$LY 9DEP5D5T 
WORK]S = CAPITALI/ MIDDLEM5 & >E SUBJECT$1 AS A RESULT 
( !IR ISOLATION FROM EA* O!R1 TO ! H>%E/ 
5SLAVEM5T BY CAPITAL4 ,!RE >E CONSID]ABLY FEW] WOM5 
EMPLOY$ 9 ! PR(ESSIONS - #ac ?\S& = EV]Y #gd ?\S& 
M5 - :ILE ONLY #ac ?\S& WOM5 = EV]Y #ca ?\S& M5 COME 
UND] ! HEAD+ 'PROPRIETOR'4 

,! PROPORTIONS )9 FEMALE LABOR ( ! V>I\S SOCIAL GR\PS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 & ! POSITION ( MALE & FEMALE 9DU/RIAL WORK]S AMONG ?OSE :O E>N !IR LIV+ 9DEP5D5TLY1 IS %[N 9 ! FOLL[+ TABLE4 

,AS CAN BE SE5 FROM ?IS TABLE1 9 ,AU/RIA ! NUMB] ( WOM5 
WORK]S EXCE$S ! NUMB] ( M53 = #d4#d MILLION M5 !RE >E 
MORE ?AN #e MILLION WOM54 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ! NUMB] ( WOM5 
WORK]S AM\NTS TO OV] HALF ! NUMB] ( M54 ,! SAME IS TRUE 
= ,FRANCE & ,5GL&4 ,ONLY 9 ,AM]ICA IS ?IS CORRELATION 
SOME:AT LESS FAVORABLE TO WOM54 
,C\NTRY 
,YE> ( ,C5SUS 
,TOTAL ,POPULATION 
,9DU/RIAL ,POPULATION 
,9CLUD+  ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S    
    
,M5 
,WOM5 
,M5 
,WOM5 
,M5 
,WOM5,AU/RIA 
#ahi 
#a#a4#g 
#a#b4#b 
#g4#h 
#f4#b 
#d4#d 
#e4#c,G]MANY 
#ahie 
#b#e4#d 
#b#f4#d 
#a#e4#e 
#f4#f 
#i4#c 
#e4#c,FRANCE  
#ahia 
#a#h4#i 
#a#i4#b 
#a#a4#a 
#e4#b 
#e4 
#c4#f,5GL& @& ,WALES 
#ahia 
#a#d4#a 
#a#d4#i 
#h4#i 
#d4 
#e4#d 
#c4#a,U,S,A 
#ahi 
#c#b4#a 
#c4#f 
#a#h4#h 
#c4#i 
#h4#g 
#b4#i,TOTAL 
 -  
#a#b4#b 
#a#c4#c 
#f#b4#a 
#b#e4#i 
#c#b4#h 
#b4#b 

444,! GR[? 9 FEMALE LABOR NATURALLY MEANS A CONT9U+ 
GR[? 9 ! ROLE ( WOM5 9 NATIONAL PRODUCTION4 ,ALREADY 
WOM5 PRODUCE AB\T #a_/#c ( ! TOTAL WORLD PRODUCTION ( GOODS 
= ! WORLD M>KET4 ,?IS CON/ANT GR[? ( FEMALE LABOR 
>\SES FE> 9 MANY B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S1 =C+ !M TO SEE 
9 ! WOMAN A DANG]\S RIVAL TO ! MAN 9 ! SPH]E ( 
LABOR & TO REACT ) HO/ILITY TO ! EXPANSION ( FEMALE 
LABOR4 ,IS SU* AN ATTITUDE JU/IFI$1 & IS ! WOMAN ALWAYS 
M]ELY A '?REAT5+' RIVAL TO ! MAN8 

,! NUMB] ( WORK+ WOM5 IS CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+1 BUT ! CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ALSO DEM&S A L>G] & L>G] WORK =CE4 ,ONLY AT C]TA9 MOM5TS ( TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION IS !RE EI!R A R$UCTION 9 ! DEM& = NEW WORK]S1 OR A REPLACEM5T ( ONE CATEGORY ( WORK]S BY ANO!R3 WOM5 REPLACE M5 ONLY TO BE REPLAC$ 9 !IR TURN BY *ILDR5 & JUV5ILES4 ,H[EV]1 EA* /EP =W>D 9 TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS EV5TUALLY CAUSES ! RATE ( PRODUCTION TO 9T5SIFY1 & ?IS NEW SURGE 9 PRODUCTION 9EVITABLY BR+S ) IT A NEW DEM& = WORK]S ( EV]Y CATEGORY4 ,?US1 DESPITE TEMPOR>Y LULLS &1 AT TIMES1 %>P FLUCTUATIONS1 ! NUMB] ( WORK]S DRAWN 9TO 9DU/RY ULTIMATELY GR[S ) ! GR[? ( WORLD PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,! GR[? 9 ! NUMB] ( BO? CATEGORIES ( WORK]S-M5 & WOM5 - IS ABSOLUTE1 :]EAS ! MORE 9T5SIVE GR[? ( FEMALE LABOR 9 COMP>ISON TO MALE LABOR IS ONLY RELATIVE444 

,VIEW$ OV]ALL1 :AT IS HAPP5+ ON ! LABOR M>KET IS NOT 
! REPLACEM5T ( MALE LABOR BY FEMALE LABOR1 
BUT RA!R ! GR\P+ ( ! LABOR =CES ( BO? !SE CATEGORIES ACCORD+ TO PR(ESSION3 SOME PR(ESSIONS & BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY >E EMPLOY+ MORE & MORE WOM5 7DOME/IC S]VICE1 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 ! CLO?+ 9DU/RY71 :ILE O!RS RELY MA9LY ON MALE LABOR 7M9+1 ! IRON & /EEL 9DU/RY1 ! MA*9E 9DU/RY1 ETC474 ,MOREOV]1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! QUANTITATIVE GR[? ( FEMALE LABOR IS ALSO TAK+ PLACE ?ANKS TO A DROP 9 *ILD LABOR1 & ?IS IS SOME?+ ?AT ONE CAN ONLY WELCOME4 ,) ! PROMULGATION ( NEW LAWS TO PROTECT Y\NG *ILDR5 & RAISE ! AGE AT :I* *ILDR5 MAY BE EMPLOY$ 9 9DU/RIAL LABOR1 ! REGR\P+ ( ! LABOR =CES UND\BT$LY 9VOLVES AN 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( WOM5 WORK]S4 

,?US ! ASS]TION ?AT WOM5 >E M5'S MO/ DANG]\S LABOR 
RIVAL CAN ONLY BE ACCEPT$ ) A NUMB] ( 
RES]VATIONS4 ,LEAV+ ASIDE ! QUE/ION ( ! COMPETITION 
EXI/+ 9 ! PR(ESSIONS1 WE WILL NOTE ONLY ?AT 9 ! 
PROLET>IAN MILIEU1 ! WOMAN WORK] ONLY CON/ITUTES A RIVAL TO 
! MAN :5 %E IS ISOLAT$1 NOT 9VOLV$ 9 ! JO9T 
PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE4 ,! WOMAN WORK] IS A RIVAL TO ! 
MALE1 A '?REAT5+' RIVAL :O L[]S HIS WAGES & 
M]CILESSLY DE/ROYS ! FRUIT ( HIS SUCCESSES 9 HIS 
ORGANIZ$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL1 ONLY :5 %E IS NOT DRAWN 
9TO ! G5]AL CLASS & PR(ESSIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 IS 
NOT EV]Y UNORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAN JU/ SU* A RIVAL1 
:E!R HE BE A HUNGRY VILLAGE 'YOKEL'1 A 'HAS-BE5' PU%$ \T 
( HIS PR(ESSION1 OR SIMPLY A WORK] DEPRIV$ ( A P]MAN5T 
JOB8 ,! WOMAN WORK] HAS A DETRIM5TAL EFFECT UPON ! 
CONDITIONS ( WORK 9S(> AS %E IS1 AS YET1 ! LESS ORGANIZ$ 
SECTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,CAPITAL READILY MAKES USE ( H] 
TO C\NT] ! MORE CONSCI\S & UNIT$ SECTION ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS4 ,H[EV]1 ! MOM5T %E 5T]S ! RANKS ( ! ORGANIZ$ 
FI<T]S = WORK+-CLASS LIB]ATION1 ! ASS]TION ?AT 
%E - ! WOMAN WORK] - IS ! WOR/ RIVAL ( ! WORK+ 
MAN - CEASES TO BE CATEGORICAL4 ,! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT ( 
:I*EV] SEX LOSES HIS OR H] CAPACITY = H>M+ CLASS 
COMRADES4 

,HAV+ MADE !SE PRELIM9>Y RES]VATIONS & LOOK$ V]Y BRIEFLY AT SOME /ATI/ICAL EXAMPLES1 WE WILL N[ SEEK ! ANSW] TO ! QUE/IONS POS$ E>LI]4 ,WE REF] ?OSE :O WI% TO ACQUA9T !MSELVES MORE FULLY ) ! CONDITIONS ( FEMALE LABOR1 ! GR[? ( ! FEMALE 
WORK =CE & ITS SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! NATIONS TO SPECIAL WORKS WRITT5 ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,H]E WE WI% M]ELY TO /RESS ONCE AGA9 ! CLOSE L9K :I* UND\BT$LY EXI/S BETWE5 ! DESIRE = EMANCIPATION ON ! P>T ( WOM5 & ! TR5DS ?AT CAN BE OBS]V$ 9 ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY4 ,KEEP+ !SE TR5DS CON/ANTLY 9 M9D WILL 5ABLE US TO DISCOV] MORE EASILY ! PA? ?AT %\LD BE FOLL[$ BY ! WOMAN :O HAS A BROAD UND]/&+ ( :AT MU/ BE DONE TO A*IEVE ! FULL & COMPREH5SIVE EMANCIPATION ( WOM54 

,9 ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION1 :AT MU/ BE DONE BY WOM5 :O WI% 
TO DEF5D !IR VIOLAT$ RI<TS & 9T]E/S1 ! B\RGEOIS 
IDEOLOGI/ HA/5S TO REPLY3 ',UNITE ) ANO!R SOCIALLY WEAK 
ELEM5T1 ORGANIZE & JO9 TOGE!R 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 
MALE OPPRESSORS'444 

,SU* ADVICE HAS NOT FALL5 ON /ONY GR\ND4 ,OV] REC5T YE>S WE HAVE SE5 FEM9I/ ORGANIZATIONS SPR+ UP ONE AFT] ! O!R4 ,FEM9ISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 9CLUD+ FEM9ISM AS WE TRADITIONALLY UND]/& IT1 IS 9DISPUTABLY A NEW PH5OM5ON4 ,! FIR/ FEM9I/ PUBLICATION ,ZH5SKOYE DYELO 7,! ,WOM5'S ,CAUSE7 APPE>$ 9 #a#h#i#i4 .<#i.> 
,= MANY YE>S ! DESIRE = EMANCIPATION ON ! P>T ( ,RUSSIAN WOM5 WAS LIMIT$ TO CALLS = EQUAL $UCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES4 ,FROM ! #a#h#fS1 :5 ! WOM5'S QUE/ION WAS FIR/ RAIS$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 UP TO ! PRES5T1 ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T HAS BE5 NO?+ O!R ?AN ! HI/ORY ( ! /RUGGLE TO IMPROVE & EXP& ! LEVEL ( FEMALE $UCATION1 & PRIM>ILY HI<] $UCATION4 ,9 ! SUCCESSES OBTA9$ 9 ?IS SPH]E ! WOM5 ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES SAW1 & NOT )\T REASON1 ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL ME?ODS ( EXT5D+ ! SPH]E ( FEMALE PR(ESSIONAL LABOR1 ! BASIS ( !IR ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE4 

,) ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 :I* RADICALLY ALT]$ BO? 
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 ,RUSSIA .<#a.> 
& COMPELL$ A L>GE SECTION ( ! POPULATION TO SEEK ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 ! WOM5'S QUE/ION ALSO >OSE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! PO/-RE=M SY/EM BEGAN TO TOSS ONTO ! LABOR 
M>KET NOT ONLY ! PR(ESSIONAL MALE WORK]1 BUT ALSO A HI!RTO UNKN[N TYPE ( WOMAN :O1 LIKE H] MALE COLLEAGUE1 WAS ALSO SEEK+ WORK 9 ORD] TO E>N H] DAILY BREAD4 ,! TRADITIONAL WOM5'S SLOGAN 'FRE$OM TO WORK' BECAME1 :5 ADOPT$ BY ,RUSSIAN WOM51 A DEM& = ! FRE$OM TO RECEIVE $UCATION1 )\T :I* ALL ! DOORS ( PR(ESSIONAL EMPLOYM5T REMA9$ CLOS$4 ,NATURALLY1 HAV+ COMPLET$ !IR HI<] $UCATION1 WOM5 !N DEM&$ FREE ACCESS TO /ATE & PRIVATE EMPLOYM5T1 & ?IS DEM& WAS SATISFI$ ON ! BASIS ( PURELY ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS AS PRIVATE 5T]PRISE & /ATE 9/ITUTIONS BEGAN TO REALIZE ! ADVANTAGES ( EMPLOY+ ! *EAP] & MORE AM5ABLE FEMALE WORK =CE4 

,! SPH]E ( FEMALE PR(ESSIONAL LABOR GRADUALLY EXP&$1 BUT 
WOM5 /ILL CONT9U$ TO CALL = '! FRE$OM ( $UCATION & 
*OICE ( PR(ESSION'4 ,!RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( DEM&+ 
POLITICAL EQUALITY1 = AT ?AT TIME EV5 ! M5 LACK$ 
POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,AS REG>DS WOM5'S CIVIL RI<TS1 ! POSITION 
( ,RUSSIAN WOM5 9 ?IS REG>D WAS FAIRLY TOL]ABLE AS COMP>$ 
) ?AT ( !IR ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN COLLEAGUES1 .<#a#a.> 
& ?US !RE WAS LITTLE OBVI\S GR\ND H]E = FEM9I/ AGITATION4 

,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T H]E UND] 
DISCUSSION WAS DI/9CTLY B\RGEOIS 9 NATURE3 IT 9VOLV$ ONLY 
A FAIRLY N>R[ CIRCLE ( WOM51 MA9LY FROM ! NOBILITY1 ) 
A FEW REPRES5TATIVES ( ! RAZNO*9TSY1 7! NEW 
'MIDDLE CLASSES'74 .<#a#b.> 
,NO SOCIALI/ IDEALS F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! DEM&S PUT =W>D BY ! LEAD+ *AMPIONS ( FEMALE EQUALITY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT WAS 9DE$ TRUE ?AT EV]Y YE> ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY WAS EMPLOY+ ?\S&S MORE PROLET>IAN WOM51 BUT IT SEEM$ ?AT AN UNBRIDGEABLE GULF SEP>AT$ ! EMANCIPAT$1 $UCAT$ WOMAN & ! WOMAN WORK] ) CALL\S$ H&S1 & ?AT NO CONTACT :ATSOEV] WAS POSSIBLE BETWE5 !M4 

,! WOM5 FROM !SE TWO OPPOS+ SOCIAL CAMPS W]E BR\<T 9TO 
CONTACT ONLY ?R\< PHILAN?ROPIC ACTIVITY4 ,FROM ! V]Y 
BEG9N+ ( ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA - AS1 9DE$1 
EV]Y:]E :]E WOM5'S ORGANIZATIONS HAD /ILL NOT >RIV$ AT 
SELF-DET]M9ATION - PHILAN?ROPY WAS 9 ! =EFRONT4 .<#a#c.> 
,ALMO/ ALL ! WOM5'S ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,RUSSIA OV] REC5T YE>S HAVE BE5 ESS5TIALLY PHILAN?ROPIC4 ,WOM5 ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES & SET UP WOM5'S SOCIETIES NOT 9 ORD] TO W9 RE=MS 9 ! SPH]E ( WOM5'S RI<TS BUT 9 ORD] TO C>RY \T 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( *>ITY4 ,FROM ! ,SOCIETY TO ,SUPPLY ,MAT]IAL ,SUPPORT = ,WOM5'S ,HI<] ,$UCATIONAL ,C\RSES - ! L>GE/ 9 T]MS ( ! SCOPE ( ITS ACTIVITY TO ! FIR/ WOM5'S CLUB F\ND$ BY ! ,WOM5'S ,MUTUAL ,AID ,SOCIETY1 ALL SU* SOCIETIES1 AS !IR NAMES 9DICATE1 PURSU$ PHILAN?ROPIC AIMS4 

,! ABOVE IS NOT MEANT TO ACCUSE ,RUSSIAN WOM5 ( 9DIFF]5CE 
T[>DS SOCIAL & POLITICAL ISSUES4 ,CAN ANY O!R C\NTRY BOA/ 
( SU* A HO/ ( TRULY NOBLE & *>M+ NAMELESS H]O9ES' 
:O GAVE !IR /R5G?1 !IR Y\?4 !IR V]Y LIFE TO ! 
/RUGGLE = ! IDEALS ( SOCIAL JU/ICE & ! POLITICAL 
LIB]ATION ( !IR C\NTRY8 ,:AT HAS HI/ORY TO (F] ?AT CAN 
RIVAL ! 9N] BEAUTY ( ! 'REP5TANT G5TLEWOMAN' ( ! 
#a#h#gS :O PUT ASIDE NOT ONLY H] F9]Y BUT ALSO ALL ! 
PRIVILEGES ( H] 'NOBLE BIR?' 9 ORD] TO M]GE ) ! 
PEOPLE & REPAY AT LEA/ P>T ( ! DEBT [$ !M BY 
H] CLASS444 ,& LAT]1 :51 AS A RESULT ( REPRESSION1 ANY 
PROTE/ 9EVITABLY TURN$ 9TO A BITT] /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! OLD 
ORD]1 !RE EM]G$ FROM AMONG ! WOM5 ( ,RUSSIA 9NUM]ABLE 
H]O9ES :O AMAZ$ ! WORLD ) !IR SELFLESSNESS1 !IR 
9N] /R5G? & !IR LIMITLESS D$ICATION TO ! 
PEOPLE444 ,FOLL[+ UPON ! 'REP5TANT G5TLEWOMAN'1 ) H] 
G5TL5ESS & 9N] BEAUTY1 CAME ! FE>LESS 
RAZNO*9KA1 & !REAFT] AN 5DLESS /REAM ( 
M>TYR WOM5 WORK]S :O F\<T = ! EMANCIPATION ( !IR 
CLASS444 ,! LI/ ( WOM5 M>TYRS FI<T+ = ! IDEALS ( 
SOCIAL JU/ICE IS CON/ANTLY BE+ REPL5I%$ BY ! NAMES ( 
NEW VICTIMS & ! FUTURE HI/ORIAN WRIT+ AB\T \R AGE WILL 
ONLY BE ABLE TO B[ HIS HEAD 9 RESPECT BE=E !SE NOBLE 
EXAMPLES ( WOM5-FI<T]S & WOM5-M>TYRS444 

,H[EV]1 ?IS IS NOT ! C5TRAL ISSUE H]E4 ,H]E WE >E 
SPEAK+ ( ?OSE WOM5 :O >E /RUGGL+ = :AT IS CALL$ 
'FEMALE EMANCIPATION'4 ,9 ?IS P>TICUL> >EA1 ! OBJECTIVES 
& ASPIRATIONS ( \R FIR/ FEM9I/S W]E EXTREMELY N>R[ & 
LIMIT$4 ,PHILAN?ROPY & $UCATION CON/ITUT$1 UNTIL REC5TLY1 
! SUM TOTAL ( ! ACTIVITY UND]TAK5 BY WOM5'S 
ORGANIZATIONS4 ,EV5 ! FIR/ WOM5'S CONGRESS PLANN$ = #aie 
WAS TO LIMIT ITS OBJECTIVES TO !SE TWO >EAS4 .<#a#d.> 

,! PICTURE *ANGES %>PLY FOLL[+ ! MEMORABLE EV5TS ( 
,JANU>Y4 .<#a#e.> 
,! REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE :I* SWEPT ?R\< ALL SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION ALSO AFFECT$ ! FEM9I/S1 HI!RTO MODE/ 9 !IR CLAIMS4 ,WOM5'S CIRCLES BECAME MORE ACTIVE1 /IRR$ 9TO LIFE4 ,BOLD SPEE*ES & RADICAL DEM&S C\LD BE HE>D4 ,DECL>ATIONS1 RESOLUTIONS & PETITIONS W]E DISPAT*$ TO RURAL & URBAN C\NCILS & TO RADICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 & ?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY A S]IES ( CONF]5CES & MEET+S :I* ADOPT$ DECISIVE POLITICAL RESOLUTIONS4 ,9 #a#i#e1 IT SEEM$ ?AT !RE WAS NOT A CORN] ( ,RUSSIA :]E WOM5 W]E NOT1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 MAK+ !MSELVES HE>D1 REM9D+ SOCIETY ( !IR EXI/5CE & DEM&+ ?AT !Y TOO BE GRANT$ NEW CIVIL RI<TS4 ,! FEM9I/S1 UNTIL REC5TLY SO MODE/ 9 !IR DEM&S1 BECAME AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! REG5]ATION ( ,RUSSIA & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW /ATE SY/EM W]E ! ESS5TIAL 
PR]EQUISITES ( FEMALE EMANCIPATION444 

,! WOM5'S MOVEM5T IS AB&ON+ ITS =M]1 MODE/ C\RSE & 
ADOPT+ A NEW PA? ( SOCIAL ACTION4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 DID NOT 
HAPP5 )\T FRICTION4 ,AMONG ! NEW MEMB]S :O HAD P\R$ 
9TO ! WOM5'S ORGANIZATIONS TWO T5D5CIES W]E BECOM+ 
CLE>LY DI/+UI%ABLE3 SOME1 MORE TO ! LEFT1 9SI/$ UPON 
! NE$ TO CLE>LY DEF9E ! POLITICAL CR$O ( ! WOM5'S 
MOVEM5T & GAVE PRIORITY TO ! /RUGGLE = 
POLITICAL EQUALITY = WOM51 ?OSE TO ! RI<T1 ON 
! O!R H&1 REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ! OLD TRADITIONS1 NOT 
WI%+ TO BR+ 'POLITICS' 9TO !IR N>R[LY FEM9I/ 
ASPIRATIONS4 ,9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#e1 ! MORE LEFT-W+ ELEM5TS =M$ 
! ,ALLIANCE = ! ,EQUALITY ( ,WOM5 - ! FIR/ WOM5'S 
ORGANIZATION 9 ,RUSSIA TO ADOPT A CLE> POLITICAL 
PLAT=M4 ,MEAN:ILE ! RI<T-W+]S CONT9U$ TO GR\P 
!MSELVES >\ND ! ,WOM5'S ,MUTUAL ,AID ,SOCIETY & ! 
,ZH5SKY VE/NIK 7,WOM5'S ,H]ALD71 PURSU+ ! IDEA ( 
POLITICALLY NEUTRAL FEM9ISM4 ,! ,ALLIANCE = ,EQUALITY SET UP A 
BROAD NETWORK ( BRAN*ES ACROSS ,RUSSIA1 & AS LITTLE AS ONE 
YE> LAT]1 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#f1 ITS BUREAU E/IMAT$ ITS 
MEMB]%IP AT >\ND #h14 .<#a#f.> 
,! ,ALLIANCE HOP$ TO RALLY TOGE!R WOM5 FROM ALL SOCIAL CLASSES ON ! BASIS ( ITS VAGUE SLOGANS1 & JU/ AS ! ,CADETS HAD1 9 !IR E>LY DAYS1 SPOK5 9 ! NAME ( ! :OLE PEOPLE1 SO ! ,ALLIANCE = ,EQUALITY DECL>$ ?AT IT WAS VOIC+ ! NE$S ( ALL ,RUSSIAN WOM54 

,H[EV]1 ! CONT9U\S GR[? ( CLASS SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & 
! 9EVITABLE DIFF]5TIATION AMONG ! V>I\S SOCIAL /RATA 
( ! POPULATION L$ TO A FUR!R REGR\P+ )9 WOM5'S 
SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS ALSO4 ,! POLITICAL BLOC ?AT FULFILL$ 
SPECIFIC PURPOSES 9 ! HEYDAY ( ! ,UNION ( ,UNIONS .<#a#g.> 
WAS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY UNSATISFACTORY1 P>TICUL>LY AS MANY ( ! SUFFRAGETTES HAD1 AS A RESULT ( !IR CONVICTIONS1 ALIGN$ !MSELVES ) C]TA9 POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,?US1 AS E>LY AS ! SPR+ ( #aif ! ,/ ,PET]SBURG BRAN* ( ! ,ALLIANCE SPLIT 9TO TWO P>TS3 ! 'LEFT-W+' FEM9I/S :O ALIGN$ !MSELVES1 AS A RESULT ( !IR POLITICAL CONVICTIONS1 ) ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES1 & ! 'RI<T-W+'1 :O F\ND$ ! ,WOM5'S ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY .<#a#h.> 
SIMIL> 9 SPIRIT TO ! ,P>TY ( ,PEACEFUL ,R5OVATION1 .<#a#i.> 
ALMO/ AS SMALL 9 NUMB] & JU/ AS 9EFFECTUAL4 ,BO? ( !SE WOM5'S ORGANIZATIONS M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( !IR ACTIVITY BY E/ABLI%+ POLITICAL CLUBS - ! FIR/ ( A MORE OR LESS DEMOCRATIC NATURE1 .<#b.> 
! SECOND /ILL PRES]V+ ITS B\RGEOIS NATURE1 ) HI< MEMB]%IP FEES1 ETC4 

,! PROCESS BY :I* WOM5 ( V>I\S SOCIAL /RATA GA!R$ 
>\ND POLITICALLY & SOCIALLY DIV]SE BANN]S TOOK PLACE 
SPONTANE\SLY1 REG>DLESS ( ! WILL OR DESIRES ( ?OSE :O 
/RUGGL$ PASSIONATELY TO UNITE WOM5 9 ONE1 
UNIV]SAL WOM5'S ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,WOM5'S ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY 9 FACT EXPRESS$ ! DEM&S & REQUIREM5TS ( ! BIG B\RGEOISIE &1 :ILE CONT9U+ TO >GUE ! NE$ TO UNITE ALL WOM5 )\T ANY DI/9CTION ( CLASS & POLITICAL CONVICTION1 ELABORAT$ ITS [N POLITICAL PROGRAM CORRESPOND+ TO ! DESIRES ( ?AT SOCIAL /RATUM ( :I* IT WAS1 9 FACT1 ! M\?PIECE4 ,! ,ALLIANCE = ,EQUALITY UNIT$ WOM5 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! LIB]AL1 ',CADET-TYPE' OPPOSITION2 >\ND IT !RE GA!R$1 & CONT9UE TO GA!R1 WOM5 FROM ! MIDDLE B\RGEOISIE1 MA9LY MEMB]S ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,! ,WOM5'S ,POLITICAL ,CLUB 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG WON ! APPROVAL ( ! MORE RADICAL ELEM5TS1 BUT H]E ALSO ! POSSIBILITY ( =M+ A POLITICAL BLOC L$ TO VAGU5ESS 9 ITS OBJECTIVES &1 9DE$1 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ! ORGANIZATION4 .<#b#a.> 
,AL?\< !Y HAD DISSOCIAT$ !MSELVES FROM ALL ! MORE MOD]ATE WOM5'S ORGANIZATIONS1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,WOM5'S ,POLITICAL ,CLUB W]E1 H[EV]1 UNABLE TO DEF9E = !MSELVES OR = O!RS :OSE CLASS 9T]E/S !Y EXPRESS$ OR :AT W]E !IR IMM$IATE OBJECTIVES4 ,%\LD !Y DEF5D ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAN WOM51 ( PEASANT WOM51 OR SIMPLY ( ALL 'WORK+ WOM5'8 ,%\LD !Y PURSUE SPECIFIC FEM9I/ GOALS1 OR OP]ATE ON A G5]AL POLITICAL BASIS8 ,HESITATION BETWE5 !SE BASIC OBJECTIVES M>K$ ! :OLE ( ! %ORT-LIV$ ACTIVITY ( ! ,WOM5'S ,POLITICAL ,CLUB4 ,:5 ! CLUB DISCUSS$ ! QUE/ION ( H&+ 9 TO ! FIR/ ,/ATE ,DUMA A PETITION DEM&+ ?AT VOT+ RI<TS BE EXT5D$ TO WOM5  -  A PETITION ?AT HAD BE5 SIGN$ MA9LY BY WOM5 WORK]S FROM ! CITY  -  ! MEMB]S F\ND !MSELVES S]I\SLY EMB>RASS$3 ! CLUB WAS UNABLE TO MAKE UP ITS M9D :I* POLITICAL P>TY WAS CLOSE/ TO IT 9 SPIRIT & F9ALLY DECID$ TO S5D ! PETITION TO ! ,TRUDOVIKS4 .<#b#b.> 

,AS WOM5 CONT9U$ TO >GUE ! NE$ = A WOM5'S BLOC1 ! 
ACTUAL FACTS ( LIFE W]E CLE>LY & IRREFUTABLY REVEAL+ 
! ILLUSORY NATURE ( SU* A PLAN4 ,WOM5'S 
ORGANIZATIONS1 AS M5'S ORGANIZATIONS1 UND]W5T A RAPID & IRRESI/IBLE PROCESS ( DIFF]5TIATION4 ,! *AMPIONS ( WOM5'S UNITY C\LD DO NO?+ TO PREV5T ! GR\P+ ( WOM5 9TO V>I\S FEM9I/ ORGANIZATIONS DI/+UI%$ BY V>Y+ DEGREES ( POLITICAL RADICALISM AS A RESULT ( ! 9EVITABLE GR[? ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 ,! AGE ( ! WOM5'S POLITICAL BLOC CAME TO AN 5D %ORTLY AFT] ! DEMISE ( ! M5'S LIB]AL BLOC4 ,YET FEM9I/S & SUFFRAGETTES ( EV]Y HUE CONT9UE TO %\T AB\T ! NE$ = WOM5'S UNITY1 ! POSSIBILITY ( A BROAD-BAS$ WOM5'S P>TY PURSU+ ITS [N SPECIFIC GOALS444 

,SU* A PROPOSITION W\LD1 H[EV]1 ONLY HAVE ANY MEAN+ IF 
NOT ONE ( ! EXI/+ POLITICAL P>TIES HAD CONTA9$ 
9 ITS PROGRAM ! DEM& = TOTAL FEMALE 
EMANCIPATION4 

,:5 >M+ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! 9DIFF]5CE1 OR EV5 HO/ILITY ( M5 T[>DS ! QUE/ION ( FEMALE EQUALITY1 FEM9I/S TURN !IR ATT5TION ONLY TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( EV]Y %ADE ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM1 IGNOR+ ! EXI/5CE ( A L>GE POLITICAL P>TY :I*1 ON ! ISSUE ( WOM5'S EQUALITY1 GOES FUR!R ?AN EV5 ! MO/ F]V5T SUFFRAGETTES4 ,S9CE ! APPE>ANCE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 9 #a#h#d#h1 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY HAS ALWAYS DEF5D$ ! 9T]E/S ( WOM54 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O WAS ! FIR/ TO PO9T TO ! CLOSE L9K BETWE5 ! OV]ALL PROLET>IAN PROBLEM EXI/+ TODAY & ! WOM5'S QUE/ION4 ,IT TRAC$ ! PROCESS :]EBY CAPITALISM GRADUALLY DRAWS WOMAN 9TO PRODUCTION & MAKES H] A CO-P>TICIPANT 9 ! GREAT /RUGGLE WAG$ BY ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION4 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY WAS ! FIR/ TO 9CLUDE 9 ITS PROGRAM ! DEM& = EQUAL RI<TS = WOM52 ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E1 BY ! SPOK5 & WRITT5 WORD1 IT DEM&S ! ABOLITION ( ALL LIMITATIONS RE/RICT+ WOM54 ,IT IS ONLY AS A RESULT ( ?IS PRESSURE ?AT O!R P>TIES & GOV]NM5TS HAVE BE5 COMPELL$ TO 9TRODUCE RE=MS TO ! B5EFIT ( ! FEMALE POPULATION444 ,9 ,RUSSIA ALSO ?IS P>TY IS NOT M]ELY A !ORETICAL DEF5D] ( WOM5'S 9T]E/S1 BUT ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E PURSUES 9 PRACTICE ! PR9CIPLE ( WOM5'S EQUALITY4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS PREV5T+ \R SUFFRAGETTES FROM /&+ B5EA? 
! PROTECTIVE %IELD ( ?IS EXP]I5C$ & P[]FUL P>TY8 
,:ILE ! RI<T-W+ FEM9I/S >E FRI<T5$ BY ! 
'EXTREMISM' ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 ! ,ALLIANCE1 :I* W5T SO 
F> AS TO SPEAK ( ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 
%\LD F9D ! POLITICAL POSITION ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS P]FECTLY TO !IR TA/E4 ,H[EV] H]E LIES ! CAT*6 ,DESPITE ALL !IR POLITICAL RADICALISM1 \R SUFFRAGETTES CONT9UE TO BASE !MSELVES ON ! ASPIRATIONS ( !IR [N B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,POLITICAL LIB]TY IS N[ AN ESS5TIAL PR]EQUISITE ( ! GR[? & P[] ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE2 )\T ?IS POLITICAL LIB]TY1 ITS ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY WILL PROVE TO BE BUILT ON S&4 ,CAPITAL REQUIRES C]TA9 NORMS & GU>ANTEES IF IT IS TO GR[ & FL\RI%2 !SE NORMS CAN BE 5SUR$ ONLY ) ! P>TICIPATION ( B\RGEOIS REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,NEXT COMES ! ATTA9M5T ( POLITICAL RI<TS EQUALLY IMPORTANT = BO? M5 & WOM54 ,! DEM& = POLITICAL EQUALITY IS1 = WOM51 A NECESSITY DICTAT$ BY LIFE ITSELF4 

,! SLOGAN 'FRE$OM ( PR(ESSION' HAS CEAS$ TO APPE> 
ALL-EMBRAC+ 9 ! EYES ( WOM52 ONLY ! DIRECT 
P>TICIPATION ( WOM5 9 ! RUNN+ ( ! /ATE PROMISES TO 
HELP 5SURE A RISE 9 !IR ECONOMIC WELL-BE+4 ,H5CE ! 
PASSIONATE DESIRE ( WOM5 FROM ! MIDDLE B\RGEOISIE TO 
F9ALLY ATTA9 ACCESS TO ! BALLOT BOX1 H5CE !IR HO/ILITY 
TO ! PRES5T BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM444 

,H[EV]1 \R FEM9I/S1 AS !IR SI/]S ABROAD1 GO NO FUR!R ?AN DEM&S = POLITICAL EQUALITY4 ,! BROAD HORIZONS OP5$ UP BY ! DOCTR9ES ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY >E1 = !M1 ALI5 & 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,! FEM9I/S >E /RIV+ = EQUALITY )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! EXI/+ CLASS-BAS$ SOCIETY & )\T 9 ANY WAY 5CROA*+ UPON ITS F\NDATIONS2 !Y >E FI<T+ = !IR FEMALE PR]OGATIVES )\T /RIV+ TO A*IEVE ! ABOLITION ( ALL EXI/+ PR]OGATIVES & PRIVILEGES444 

,WE >E NOT BLAM+ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! B\RGEOIS WOM5'S 
MOVEM5T = !SE 'UNWITT+ S9S'2 !Y >E ! 9EVITABLE 
CONSEQU5CE ( !IR CLASS POSITION4 ,NOR DO WE WI% TO M9IMIZE 
! IMPORTANCE ( FEM9I/ ORGANIZATIONS = ! SUCCESS ( ! 
PURELY B\RGEOIS WOM5'S MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 WE W\LD LIKE TO 
CAUTION ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT AGA9/ 5?USIASMS = N>R[LY 
FEM9I/ AIMS4 ,9S(> AS B\RGEOIS WOM5 LIMIT !IR ACTIVITY 
TO >\S+ ! SELF-AW>5ESS ( !IR [N SI/]S1 WE CAN ONLY 
APPLAUD !M4 ,H[EV]1 AS SOON AS !Y BEG9 TO CALL 9TO !IR 
RANKS WOM5 WORK]S1 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS %\LD NOT1 D>E NOT1 
REMA9 SIL5T4 ,ONE CANNOT /& BY & WAT* ?IS FUTILE 
DISSIPATION ( ! =CES ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,ONE MU/ !N PUT 
! QUE/ION DIRECTLY3 :AT B5EFIT C\LD 
AN ALLIANCE ) !IR B\RGEOIS 'SI/]S' BR+ ! WOM5 WORK]S1 & :AT1 ON ! O!R H&1 C\LD WOM5 WORK]S A*IEVE ?R\< !IR [N CLASS ORGANIZATION8 

,IS A UNIT$ WOM5'S MOVEM5T POSSIBLE1 & 9 
P>TICUL> 9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON CLASS ANTAGONISMS8444 

,! WORLD ( WOM51 AS ! WORLD ( M51 HAS DIVID$ 9TO TWO CAMPS3 ONE1 9 ITS AIMS1 ASPIRATIONS & 9T]E/S1 SIDES ) ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 :ILE ! O!R IS CLOSELY L9K$ TO ! PROLET>IAT1 :OSE ASPIRATION TO FRE$OM ALSO 9VOLVES ! SOLUTION ( ! WOM5'S QUE/ION 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS4 ,!SE TWO GR\PS ( FI<T+ WOM5 DIFF] 9 !IR AIMS1 9T]E/S & ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE1 EV5 ?\< !Y >E BO? ACT+ ON ! BASIS ( ! COMMON SLOGAN '! EMANCIPATION ( WOM5'4 ,EA* ( !SE MILITANT GR\PS UNCONSCI\SLY PROCE$S ON ! BASIS ( ! 9T]E/S ( ITS [N CLASS1 :I* GIVES A SPECIFIC CLASS COLOR+ TO ITS ASPIRATIONS & OBJECTIVES4 ,ONE 9DIVIDUAL WOMAN MAY BE CAPABLE ( /&+ ABOVE ! 9T]E/S ( H] [N CLASS & ( DISREG>D+ !M 9 ! NAME ( ! TRIUMPH ( ! AIMS ( ANO!R CLASS1 BUT ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE = A UNIT$ WOM5'S ORGANIZATION REFLECT+ ALL ! REAL NE$S & 9T]E/S ( ! SOCIAL GR\P ?AT HAD F\ND$ IT4 ,H[EV] RADICAL ! DEM&S ( ! FEM9I/S MAY APPE>1 IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT1 BY VIRTUE ( !IR CLASS POSITION1 ! FEM9I/S CANNOT /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE A FUNDAM5TAL RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC-SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY1 & ?AT )\T ?IS ! EMANCIPATION ( WOM5 CANNOT BE COMPLETE4 

,:]EAS 9 9DIVIDUAL 9/ANCES ! IMM$IATE OBJECTIVES ( 
WOM5 ( ALL CLASSES CO9CIDE1 ! ULTIMATE OBJECTIVES 
DET]M9+ ! DIRECTION ( ! MOVEM5T & ! V]Y TACTIC TO 
BE US$ DIFF] %>PLY4 ,= ! FEM9I/S1 ! A*IEVEM5T ( 
EQUAL RI<TS ) M5 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y 
CAPITALI/ WORLD IS A CONCRETE '5D 9 ITSELF' .<#b#c.> 
2 = PROLET>IAN WOM5 EQUAL RI<TS IS M]ELY A MEANS TO BE US$ 9 ! CONT9U+ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ECONOMIC 5SLAVEM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,= ! FEM9I/S1 ! IMM$IATE 5EMY >E M5 AS SU*1 :O HAVE >ROGAT$ TO !MSELVES ALL RI<TS & PRIVILEGES & LEFT WOM5 ONLY BONDAGE & OBLIGATION4 ,EA* VICTORY ( ! FEM9I/S MEANS ?AT M5 MU/ CONC$E !IR EXCLUSIVE PR]OGATIVES 9 FAVOR ( ! 'FAIR SEX'4 ,! PROLET>IAN WOMAN1 H[EV]1 HAS A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T ATTITUDE TO H] POSITION3 9 H] EYES M5 >E NOT H] 5EMY & OPPRESSOR BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 FIR/ & =EMO/ A COMRADE 9 %>+ A COMMON1 JOYLESS LOT1 & A LOYAL COMRADE-9->MS 9 ! /RUGGLE = A BRI<T] FUTURE4 ,! SAME SOCIAL RELATIONS 5?RALL$ BO? ! WOMAN & H] COMRADE2 ONE & ! SAME HATEFUL BONDS ( CAPITALISM OPPRESS !IR WILL & DEPRIVE !M ( ! HAPP9ESS & PLEASURES ( LIFE4 ,IT IS 9DE$ TRUE ?AT C]TA9 SPECIFIC *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! PRES5T SY/EM WEI< D\BLY UPON ! WOMAN2 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ! CONDITIONS ( HIR$ LABOR SOMETIMES TRANS=M ! WOMAN FRI5D & WORK] 9TO A M5AC+ RIVAL ( ! MAN4 ,H[EV]1 ! WORK+ CLASS KN[S :O IS TO BLAME = !SE UN=TUNATE CONDITIONS4 

,! WOMAN WORK]1 NO LESS ?AN H] BRO!R 9 SUFF]+1 LOA!S 
?AT 9SATIABLE MON/] ) ! GILD$ MAW :I* FALLS UPON 
MAN1 WOMAN & *ILD ) EQUAL VORACITY 9 ORD] TO SUCK 
!M DRY & GR[ FAT AT ! CO/ ( MILLIONS ( HUMAN 
LIVES444 ,! WOMAN WORK] IS B\ND TO H] MALE COMRADE WORK] BY 
A ?\S& 9VISIBLE ?READS1 :]EAS ! AIMS ( ! B\RGEOIS 
WOMAN APPE> TO H] TO BE ALI5 & 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 CAN BR+ 
NO COM=T TO H] SUFF]+ PROLET>IAN S\L & DO NOT 
(F] WOM5 ?AT BRI<T FUTURE ON :I* ! :OLE ( EXPLOIT$ 
HUMANITY HAS FIX$ ITS HOPES & ASPIRATIONS444 ,:ILE ! 
FEM9I/S1 >GU+ ! NE$ = WOM5'S UNITY1 /RET* \T !IR 
H&S TO !IR Y\NG] WORK+-CLASS SI/]S1 !SE 'UNGRATEFUL 
CREATURES' GLANCE MI/RU/FULLY AT !IR DI/ANT & ALI5 
FEMALE COMRADES & GA!R MORE CLOSELY >\ND ! PURELY 
PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ?AT >E MORE COMPREH5SIBLE TO !M1 
& NE>] & DE>] TO !IR HE>TS4 

,POLITICAL RI<TS1 ACCESS TO ! ELECTION BOO? & A SEAT 9 P>LIAM5T - ?IS IS ! REAL AIM ( ! B\RGEOIS WOM5'S MOVEM5T4 ,BUT CAN POLITICAL EQUALITY 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! RET5TION ( ! 5TIRE CAPITALI/-EXPLOIT] SY/EM FREE ! WORK+ WOMAN FROM ?AT ABYSS ( EVIL & SUFF]+ 
:I* PURSUES & OPPRESSES H] BO? AS A WOMAN & AS A HUMAN BE+8 

,! MORE AW>E AMONG PROLET>IAN WOM5 REALIZE ?AT NEI!R 
POLITICAL NOR JURIDICAL EQUALITY CAN SOLVE ! WOM5'S QUE/ION 
9 ALL ITS ASPECTS4 ,:ILE WOM5 >E COMPELL$ TO SELL !IR 
LABOR =CE & BE> ! YOKE ( CAPITALISM1 :ILE ! PRES5T 
EXPLOITATIVE SY/EM ( PRODUC+ NEW VALUES CONT9UES TO EXI/1 
!Y CANNOT BECOME FREE & 9DEP5D5T P]SONS1 WIVES :O 
*OOSE !IR HUSB&S EXCLUSIVELY ON ! DICTATES ( ! HE>T1 
& MO!RS :O CAN LOOK )\T FE> TO ! FUTURE ( !IR 
*ILDR5444 ,! ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE ( ! PROLET>IAN WOMAN IS 
! DE/RUCTION ( ! OLD ANTAGONI/IC CLASS-BAS$ WORLD & 
! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW & BETT] WORLD 9 :I* ! 
EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN WILL HAVE BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 

,NATURALLY1 ?IS ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE DOES NOT EXCLUDE ATTEMPTS ON ! P>T ( PROLET>IAN WOM5 TO A*IEVE EMANCIPATION EV5 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS ORD]1 BUT ! REALIZATION ( SU* DEM&S IS CON/ANTLY BLOCK$ BY OB/ACLES ]ECT$ BY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ITSELF4 ,WOM5 CAN ONLY BE TRULY FREE & EQUAL 9 A WORLD ( SOCIALIZ$ LABOR1 H>MONY & JU/ICE4 

,! ABOVE IS SOME?+ ! FEM9I/S CANNOT & DO NOT WI% TO 
UND]/&4 ,IT SEEMS TO !M ?AT IF !Y CAN ATTA9 =MAL 
EQUALITY AS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! LETT] ( ! LAW1 !Y WILL BE 
P]FECTLY ABLE TO MAKE !IR WAY1 EV5 9 ! 'OLD WORLD ( 
OPPRESSION & 5SLAVEM5T1 GROANS & TE>S'4 ,& ?IS IS TRUE1 
TO A DEGREE4 ,:]EAS = ! MAJORITY ( WOM5 WORK]S EQUALITY 
( RI<TS ) M5 W\LD SIMPLY MEAN EQUALITY 9 'LACK ( 
RI<TS'1 = B\RGEOIS WOM5 IT W\LD 9DE$ OP5 ! DOORS 
TO NEW & HI!RTO UNPREC$5T$ RI<TS & PRIVILEGES ?AT 
UNTIL N[ HAVE BE5 AVAILABLE ONLY TO ! MALE MEMB]S ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE4 ,H[EV]1 EA* SU* SUCCESS1 EA* NEW PR]OGATIVE 
ATTA9$ BY ! B\RGEOIS WOMAN1 ONLY PUTS 9TO H] H&S YET 
ANO!R 9/RUM5T ) :I* TO OPPRESS H] Y\NG] SI/]1 & 
W\LD M]ELY DEEP5 ! GULF DIVID+ ! WOM5 FROM !SE TWO 
OPPOS+ SOCIAL CAMPS4 ,!IR 9T]E/S W\LD CLA% MORE %>PLY1 
!IR ASPIRATIONS BECOME MUTUALLY 
EXCLUSIVE4 

,:]E1 !N1 IS ?IS UNIV]SAL 'WOM5'S QUE/ION'8 ,:]E IS ?AT 
UNITY ( OBJECTIVES & ASPIRATIONS ( :I* ! FEM9I/S TALK 
SO MU*8 ,A SOB] EXAM9ATION ( REALITY 
REVEALS ?AT ?IS UNITY DOES NOT & CANNOT EXI/4 ,9 VA9 ! FEM9I/S SEEK TO CONV9CE !MSELVES ?AT '! WOM5'S QUE/ION IS 9 NO WAY A QUE/ION ( POLITICAL P>TY' & ?AT 'IT CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL P>TIES & ALL WOM5'1 ! >GUM5T ADVANC$ BY ! RADICAL ,G]MAN FEM9I/ ,M9NA ,CAU]4 ,! LOGIC ( ! FACTS REFUTES ?IS FEM9I/ REASSUR+ SELF-DELUSION4 

,IT W\LD BE PO9TLESS TO TRY TO CONV9CE ALL B\RGEOIS WOM5 ( 
! FACT ?AT ! VICTORY ( ! WOM5'S CAUSE DEP5DS ON ! 
VICTORY ( ! COMMON PROLET>IAN CAUSE4 ,H[EV]1 APPEAL+ TO 
?OSE AMONG !M :O >E CAPABLE ( AB&ON+ ! N>R[ 
OBJECTIVES ( '%ORT-T]M POLITICS'1 :O >E ABLE TO TAKE A 
BROAD] VIEW ( ! DE/9Y ( ALL WOM51 WE 9SI/5TLY URGE 
Y\ NOT TO SUMMON 9TO Y\R RANKS Y\R PROLET>IAN SI/]S ALI5 
TO Y\ 9 SPIRIT6 ,?R[ (F ! F9]Y ( IDEALI/IC PHRASEOLOGY 
9 :I* Y\ - ! WOM5 ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES - SO LOVE TO 
DRESS Y\RSELVES1 &1 >M+ Y\RSELVES ) ! SOB]+ 
LESSONS ( HI/ORY1 LOOK Y\RSELVES TO ! DEF5SE ( Y\R [N 
CLASS RI<TS & 9T]E/S1 LEAV+ ! WORK+ WOM5 TO FOLL[ 
!IR [N PA?1 /RUGGLE BY !IR [N ME?ODS = ! FRE$OM 
& HAPP9ESS ( WOM54 ,:OSE PA? IS ! %ORT] & :OSE 
MEANS ! MORE C]TA9 WILL BE %[N BY LIFE ITSELF444 

,FOOTNOTES 

#b4 
,FEM9ISM - A B\RGEOIS WOM5'S MOVEM5T :I* S\<T EQUAL RI<TS = WOM5 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,! FEM9I/S DEM&$ ?AT WOM5 BE ACCORD$ ! RI<T TO ELECT & BE ELECT$1 ! RI<T TO 5GAGE 9 COMM]CE & BUS9ESS OP]ATIONS4 

#c4 
,! ,ALLIANCE = ,FEMALE ,EQUALITY - A FEM9I/ ORGANIZATION =M$ 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #b? C5TURY4 ,! ALLIANCE DEM&$ ?AT WOM5 BE GIV5 POLITICAL EQUALITY & ! RI<T TO 5T] V>I\S PR(ESSIONS4 ,! ,ALLIANCE WAS DISSOLV$ AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e-#a#i#g4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,WOM5'S ,MUTUAL ,AID ,SOCIETY - A B\RGEOIS WOM5'S ORGANIZATION :I* WAS F\ND$ 9 #ahii & WAS EXCLUSIVELY ( A *>ITABLE-CULTURAL NATURE4 ,ITS MEMB]S CAME FROM ! 9TELLIG5TSIA - TEA*]S1 PHYSICIANS1 TRANSLATORS1 ETC41 
& IT DISSEM9AT$ ITS IDEAS ?R\< SU* MAGAZ9ES AS ,ZH5SKOYE ,DYELO 7,! ,WOM5'S ,CAUSE7 & ,SOYUZ ,ZH5%*9 7,! ,WOM5'S ,ALLIANCE74 

#d4 
,! ,FIR/ ,ALL-,RUSSIA ,WOM5'S ,CONGRESS1 ORGANIZ$ BY B\RGEOIS SOCIETIES1 TOOK PLACE 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG FROM #a TO #af ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#h4 ,IT WAS ATT5D$ BY #g DELEGATES1 9CLUD+ A GR\P ( #de WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! FEM9I/S1 :O ORGANIZ$ ! 
CONGRESS1 9T5D$ TO CONDUCT IT UND] ! SLOGAN3 ',! WOM5'S MOVEM5T %\LD NOT BE EI!R B\RGEOIS OR PROLET>IAN1 BUT A S+LE MOVEM5T ANIMAT$ BY ONE SPIRIT4' ,9 !IR SPEE*ES1 ! WOM5 WORK] DELEGATES EXPOS$ ! CLASS-OPPOSITE NATURE ( ! PROLET>IAN & ! B\RGEOIS WOM5'S MOVEM5TS4 ,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E 9 ! M9ORITY1 ! WOM5 WORK] DELEGATES W]E ABLE TO P]SUADE ! CONGRESS TO ADOPT RESOLUTIONS ON ! PROTECTION ( FEMALE & *ILD LABOR1 ON ! PROTECTION ( PEASANT MO!RS1 & O!RS4 ,! WOM5 WORK]S ALSO 9TRODUC$ A RESOLUTION DEM&+ UNIV]SAL1 EQUAL1 DIRECT & SECRET VOT+ RI<TS4 ,! PRESIDIUM REFUS$ TO PUT =EW>D ?IS RESOLUTION1 & REPLAC$ IT ) ANO!R1 DRAWN UP 9 ! LIB]AL-B\RGEOIS SPIRIT4 ,! GR\P ( WOM5-WORK] DELEGATES !N LEFT ! CONGRESS 9 PROTE/4 

,KOLLONTAI WAS ONE ( ! ORGANIZ]S 9 *>GE ( PREP>ATORY WORK ) ! WOM5 WORK] DELEGATES PRIOR TO ! CONGRESS1 9 :I* %E H]SELF TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T4 ,A SPEE* :I* %E HAD PREP>$ WAS READ AT ! CONGRESS BY ,V4 ,I4 ,VOLKOVA1 A WOMAN WORK]1 AS ,KOLLONTAI HAD BE5 =C$ TO FLEE ABROAD AS A RESULT ( POLICE SURVEILLANCE4 

#e4 
,CF4,T4 ,S*LES+]-,ECK/E91 ,WOM5 AT ! ,BEG9N+ ( ! #b,O? ,C5TURY1 ,P4 #* - 9 ,RUSSIAN4 - ,A4,K4 

#f4 
,CF4 ,PR(4 ,Y4 ,PIR/ORF1 ,WOM5'S ,LABOR & ! ,WOM5'S ,QUE/ION1 ,/ ,PET]SBURG1 #a#i#b1 P4 #bg 79 ,RUSSIAN74 - ,A4,K4 

#g4 
,/ATI/ICAL ,H&BOOK1 ,ISSUE ,I,I,I1 #aih 79 ,RUSSIAN74 - ,A4,K4 

#h4 
,9 #ahha 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG !RE W]E #bg WOM5 LIV+ BY !IR [N LABOR = EV]Y #a M52 9 #ahi !RE W]E #cd WOM51 & BY #ai ?IS FIGURE HAD RIS5 TO #d4 7,LEVIKSON-,LESS+1 ,ON ! ,EMPLOYM5T ( ,WOM5 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,C5SUSES ( #a#h#h#a1 #ahi & #a#i1 PP4 #a#d#a-#a#d#g-9 ,RUSSIAN47 - ,A4,K4 

#i4 
,PRIOR TO ?IS1 />T+ FROM #a#h#i#h1 !RE EXI/$ ONLY ! ANNUAL ,ZH5SKY KAL5DUR 7,WOMAN'S ,ALMANAC74 ,! MAGAZ9E ,ZH5SKOYE DYELO 7,! ,WOM5'S ,CAUSE7 APPE>$ = ONLY TWO YE>S & WAS REPLAC$ 
9 #aid BY ! FEM9I/ ,ZH5SKY VE/NIK 7,WOMAN'S ,H]ALD74 ,?IS WAS REPLAC$ 9 TURN BY ! MAGAZ9E ,SOYUZ ZH5%*9 7,WOM5'S ,ALLIANCE74 - ,A4,K4 

#a4 
,?IS IS A REF]5CE TO ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #ahfa BY ! CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T1 :I* WAS COMPELL$ TO 9TRODUCE ?IS RE=M AS A RESULT ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T )9 ! C\NTRY1 & ! 9CREASE ( L>GE-SCALE PEASANT ACTIONS CAUS$ BY L&[N] EXPLOITATION ( PEASANT S]FS4 ,! OBJECTIVE RESULT ( ! ',PEASANT ,RE=M' WAS1 AS ,L59 WROTE1 ! REPLACEM5T ( ONE =M ( EXPLOITATION BY ANO!R1 ! REPLACEM5T ( S]FDOM BY CAPITALISM4 

#a#a4 
,ACCORD+ TO ,RUSSIAN LEGISLATION A WOMAN1 ON ATTA9+ H] MAJORITY1 IS CONSID]$ FULLY COMPET5T 9 LAW3 %E MAY UND]TAKE CIVIL ACTIONS 9 H] [N RI<T1 BECOME ! GU>DIAN EV5 ( NON-RELATIVES1 BE A WITNESS1 ETC4 ,! WOMAN DISPOSES ( H] [N PROP]TY1 EV5 IF %E M>RIES1 AS ! LAW RECOGNIZES ! 9DEP5D5T PROP]TY RI<TS ( EA* M>RIAGE P>TN]4 ,! GU>DIAN%IP ( ! HUSB& OV] ! WIFE1 AS IS PRACTIC$1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,FRANCE1 DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ONLY 9 MATT]S ( 9H]ITANCE IS ! WOMAN DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/ 9 LAW AS COMP>$ TO ! MAN3 9 ! DIRECT L9E ( DESC5T ! DAU<T] 9H]ITS ONLY #a_/#a#d ( ! FIX$ & #a_/#g ( ! MOVABLE PROP]TY1 :ILE 9 ! COLLAT]AL L9E ( DESC5T ! RI<TS ( ! WOM5 >E EV5 FEW]4 - ,A4,K4 

#a#b4 
,RAZNO*9TSY - PEOPLE FROM V>I\S SOCIAL /RATA :O1 HAV+ ACQUIR$ $UCATION1 *ANG$ !IR PREVI\S SOCIAL MILIEU1 ?AT ( L[-RANK+ CIVIL S]VANTS1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISE1 M]*ANTS1 CL]GY & PEASANTS4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 ! NUMB] ( RAZNO*9TSY 9CREAS$4 ,L59 DESCRIB$ !M AS '! $UCAT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOISIE'4 

#a#c4 
,CF ! *APT] ',WOM5'S ,SOCIETIES & ,!IR ,OBJECTIVES' 9 ! BOOK ,! ,WOM5'S ,MOVEM5T BY ,KE*$ZHI-,%APOVALOVA 79 ,RUSSIAN7 - ,A4,K4 

#a#d4 
',! TASKS FAC+ ! FIR/ CONGRESS ( ,RUSSIAN WOM5 9CLUDE PHILAN?ROPY & $UCATION4 ,RUSSIAN WOM5 HAVE LONG BE5 ACTIVE 9 BO? !SE SPH]ES1 & >E !RE=E ABLE TO SPEAK ON BO? ISSUES4 7,ZH5SKY VE/NIK1 ,NO4 #a #a#i#e47 - ,A4,K4 

#a#e4 
,?IS IS A REF]5CE TO #i ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#e1 :5 CZ>I/ TROOPS 
FIR$ ON A PEACEFUL DEMON/RATION BY WORK]S :O W]E TAK+ A PETITION TO ! CZ>4 ,MORE ?AN ONE ?\S& PEOPLE W]E KILL$1 & TWO ?\S& W]E W\ND$4 ,?IS M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! FIR/ B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA ( #a#i#e-#a#i#g4 

#a#f4 
,CF ,FEMALE ,EQUALITY1 ,REPORTS & ,M9UTES1 #aif 79 ,RUSSIAN74 - ,A4,K4 

#a#g4 
,! ,UNION ( ,UNIONS - A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION SET UP BY ! LIB]AL-B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#e1 AT ! FIR/ CONGRESS ( REPRES5TATIVES ( #ad UNIONS3 LAWY]S1 WRIT]S1 PHYSICIANS1 5G9E]S1 TEA*]S & O!RS4 ,! CONGRESS DEM&$ ?AT A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY BE CONV5$ ON ! BASIS ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 

,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#f1 ! ,WOM5'S ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY WAS =M$ FROM AMONG ! RI<T W+ ( ! ,UNION ( ,UNIONS1 & BECAME ! M\?PIECE = ! DEM&S & REQUIREM5TS ( WOM5 FROM ! BIG B\RGEOISIE4 ,! P>TY PROGRAM WAS CLE>LY FEM9I/ 9 ORI5TATION4 ,! ,UNION ( ,UNIONS WAS DISSOLV$ AT ! 5D ( #a#i#f4 

#a#h4 
,?IS P>TY PUT \T ! ,ZH5SKY VETSNIK 7,WOMAN'S ,H]ALD71 $IT$ BY ! WOMAN PHYSICIAN ,M4,I4 ,POKROVSKAYA4 - ,A4,K4 

#a#i4 
,! ,P>TY ( ,PEACEFUL ,R5OVATION  -  A MOD]ATE-LIB]AL P>TY4 ,ITS MA9 AIMS W]E3 A LEGAL 'SOLUTION' TO ! LABOR PROBLEM1 & ! RESETTLEM5T ( PEASANTS ) 9SUFFICI5T L&4 ,9 #aig ! ,P>TY ( ,PEACEFUL ,R5OVATION M]G$ ) ! ,P>TY ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,RE=MS4 

#b4 
',A DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ! ,WOM5'S ,POLITICAL ,CLUB WAS ITS G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION1 :I* WAS A*IEV$ FIR/LY1 BY ! FACT ?AT ALL MEET+S W]E OP5 TO ANYONE :O WI%$ TO ATT5D1 & ! 5TRY *>GE WAS M9IMAL - #b KOPECKS2 SECONDLY1 BY ! FACT ?AT EV]Y GR\P ( #be MEMB]S1 ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO POLITICAL P>TY OR PR(ESSION1 C\LD HAVE A REPRES5TATIVE ON ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE TO DEF5D ITS 9T]E/S4' 7,CF ',! ,WOM5'S ,POLITICAL ,CLUB'1 >TICLE BY ,M4 ,M>GULIES1 9 ,ZH5SKY KAL5D>  -  ,WOMAN'S ,ALMANAC = #a#i#g47 - ,A4,K4 

#b#a4 
,IT MU/1 H[EV]1 BE NOT$ TO ITS CR$IT ?AT ! ,WOM5'S ,POLITICAL ,CLUB ATTEMPT$ TO ORGANIZE 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG ! FIR/ POLITICAL CLUBS = WOM5 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #aif !RE W]E F\R SU* CLUBS1 AMONG :I* ! ,VASILYEO/ROVSKY WAS P>TICUL>LY 
ACTIVE4 ,IT ORGANIZ$ LECTURES & DISCUSSIONS 9T5D$ TO /IMULATE ! 9T]E/ ( WORK+ WOM5 9 ! POLITICAL LIFE GO+ ON >\ND !M4 ,TOGE!R ) ! O!R ?REE CLUBS1 IT WAS CLOS$ D[N BY ! POLICE AFT] ONLY SIX WEEKS1 FOLL[+ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,FIR/ ,DUMA4 ,! ,WOM5'S ,POLITICAL ,CLUB ALSO CEAS$ TO EXI/4 - ,A4,K4 

#b#b4 
,! ,TRUDOVIKS - A GR\P ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS =M$ 9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#f1 FROM AMONG ! PEASANT DELEGATES TO ! ,FIR/ ,/ATE ,DUMA 7A REPRES5TATIVE LEGISLATIVE 9/ITUTION SET UP BY ! CZ> FOLL[+ ! .>#i#e-#a#i#g REVOLUTION74 ,! ,TRUDOVIKS DEM&$ ! ABOLITION ( ALL E/ATE & NATIONAL RE/RICTIONS1 ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! ,ZEM/VO & CITY SELF-ADM9I/RATION1 & ! 9TRODUCTION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE = ELECTIONS TO ! ,/ATE ,DUMA4 ,! GR\P EXI/$ UP TO #a#i#a#g4 

#b#c4 
,! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY IS VIEW$ BY EA* GR\P ( WOM5 ACCORD+ TO ! SOCIAL /RATUM TO :I* IT BELONGS4 ,WOM5 ( ! BIG B\RGEOISIE1 :O >E COM+ TO SUFF] MORE & MORE FROM PROP]TY 9EQUALITY 9 ,RUSSIA1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! LAWS ( 9H]ITANCE - >E CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY TO SECURE ! REMOVAL FROM ! CIVIL CODE ( ?OSE CLAUSES 9IMICAL TO WOM5'S 9T]E/S4 ,= WOM5 FROM ! MIDDLE B\RGEOISIE1 EQUALITY H+ES ON 'FRE$OM TO WORK'4 ,H[EV]1 BO? RECOGNIZE ! NE$ TO SECURE ! RI<T TO HAVE A VOICE 9 ! RUNN+ ( ! C\NTRY1 AS )\T ?IS NO A*IEVEM5T1 NO RE=M1 IS SECURE4 ,H5CE ! FOCAL PO9T HAS BE5 %IFT$ TO ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL EQUALITY4 - ,A4,K4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #d1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION TO 0,! ,SOCIAL ,BASIS ( ! ,WOM5'S ,QUE/ION0 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,9TRODUCTION TO 0,! ,SOCIAL ,BASIS ( ! ,WOM5'S ,QUE/ION0 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/