,9TRODUCTION TO ,MAX ,/IRN]1 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,H5RY ,MACKAY 

,TEXT 3 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#dS1 9 A W9E B> 9 NOR!RN ,FRI$RI*/RASSE 9 ,B]L9 -- IT WAS OPPOSITE ! PRES5T ,Z5TRALHOTEL & ITS PROPRIETOR WAS NAM$ ,HIPPEL -- !RE GA!R$ EV]Y EV5+ A CIRCLE ( M5 :O CALL$ !MSELVES 0,! ,FREE01 OR AT LEA/ !Y W]E SO-CALL$ BY ! PUBLIC4 ,IT WAS NAM$ 0,! ,FREE0 BECAUSE ITS MEMB]S BELONG$ TO ! EXTREME LEFT 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL MOVEM5T ( ?OSE DAYS4 

,:ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 FABRICAT$ AB\T IT1 ! CIRCLE NEV] =M$ ITSELF 9TO AN ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS & REMA9$ AN 9=MAL SOCIETY1 TO :I* EV]YONE HAD 5TRANCE :O WAS MORE OR LESS DISSATISFI$ ) ! PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS1 WAS /RIV+ = ITS IMPROVEM5T1 ITS REORGANIZATION1 OR EV5 ITS OV]?R[ -- &1 ABOVE ALL1 DID NOT %R9K FROM ANY1 H[EV] %>P WORD ( CRITICISM ( IT4 ,VISITORS CAME & W5T1 CAME AGA91 & /AY$ AWAY4 ,BUT ! CORE ( ! REM>KABLE SOCIETY WAS ALMO/ UN*ANG$ = PROBABLY A DECADE1 ?R\< #ahdh & BEYOND1 UNTIL IT FELL AP>T 9 ! GRIM P]IOD ( EV] 9CREAS+ REACTION1 TO DIS9TEGRATE F9ALLY UND] ITS PRESSURE1 :I* HAD BECOME UNBE>ABLE4 

,! PR9CIPLE REPRES5TATIVES ( ?IS CORE W]E P]SONALITIES1 (T5 & L\DLY NAM$1 :OSE C\RAGE\S & REL5TLESS CRITICISM ( !IR TIMES AGA9 & AGA9 DREW ! ATT5TION ( ! WIDE PUBLIC TO !M4 ,ABOVE ALL !RE WAS !IR RECOGNIZ$ HEAD1 ,BRUNO ,BAU]1 ! ,BIBLE CRITIC -- :O HAD LO/ HIS POSITION AS PRIVATDOC5T -- & RE/LESSLY ACTIVE PUBLICI/4  ,HE WAS ! OPPON5T & 0EXPOS]0 ( ,HEGEL1 & ! PUBLI%]-$ITOR ( ! ,ALLGEME9E ,LIT]ATURZEITUNG1 ! CAMP ( ! 5TIRE Y\NG MOVEM5T ( 0CRITICISM0 ( ! 0MASSES01 UND] :I* CAT*WORD ALL 5DEAVORS 9IMICAL TO ! 09TELLECT0 W]E GRADUALLY COMB9$4 ,BESIDE HIM1 BUT 5TIRELY UND] HIS 9FLU5CE1 /OOD HIS BRO!R ,$G>1 ?\< HE WAS TAK5 AWAY FROM ! CIRCLE BY HIS S5T5CE TO SEV]AL YE>S 9 PRISON BECAUSE ( AN ALL TOO %>P PUBLICATION AGA9/ *UR* & /ATE4 ,A CLOSE FRI5D ( ! TWO BRO!RS1 ,LUDWIG ,BUHL1 ! TRANSLATOR ( ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,CASANOVA1 EV5 SURPASS$ 9 VICI\SNESS ! CRITICISM ( ! ,BAU]S4 ,:5 FROM ! R[ ( NAMES COMPLETELY =GOTT5 TODAY >E ADD$ ?OSE ( ! GYMNASIUM TEA*] ,KOPP51 ! LIT]>Y FIGURE ,FRI$RI* ,SASS1 & ! NEWSPAP] WRIT] ,DR4 ,$U>D ,MEY5 -- P]HAPS ALSO ! FREQU5TLY M5TION$ ,DR4 ,ADOLF ,RUT5B]G & ,>?UR ,MULL]1 ! $ITOR ( ,DIE EWIGE ,LAMPE -- !N ! 9N] CIRCLE ( ,! ,FREE APPE>S MORE OR LESS COMPLETE4 ,TO ITS WID] CIRCLE BELONG$1 AS WAS SAID1 ALMO/ EV]YONE :O WAS C>RI$ AWAY 9 ?AT TIME1 :OSE DAYS W]E PREGNANT ) HOPE1 & :O LET !MSELVES BE SWEPT ALONG4 ,?OSE NAMES >E F> TOO MANY TO BE ABLE TO NUMB] EV5 A FEW FUR!R ONES H]E4 ,YET1 LET AT LEA/ ?REE ( !SE VISITORS BE RECALL$ :O HONOR$ ! SOCIETY ) A FLEET+ VISIT1 S9CE !IR NAMES RES\ND TO US3 ,GEORG ,H]WE<1 ,>NOLD ,RUGE1 & ,H(FMANN VON ,FALL]SLEB54 

,! TONE ( ! CIRCLE WAS FREE1 L\D1 & -- 9 SPITE ( ! OCCASIONAL PRES5CE ( LADIES -- (T5 CYNICAL4 ,EA* EXPRESS$ :AT HE ?\<T4 ,! QUE/IONS ( ! DAY1 SU* AS ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS /ILL 9 ITS 9FANCY1 C5SOR%IP1 ! /UD5T & RELIGI\S MOVEM5T1 ! ,JEWI% QUE/ION1 & ! QUE/ION ( WOM5'S RI<TS -- ALL GAVE 9EXHAU/IBLE MATT] = LONG CONV]SATIONS & HEAT$ DEBATES1 & ALWAYS !Y F\ND !MSELVES 9 %>PE/ CONTRA/ TO ! RUL+ AU?ORITIES4 ,H]E TOO ! YE> #ahdh ?REW ITS %AD[ AHEAD4 

,!Y SMOK$ MU*1 BUT DRANK ONLY MOD]ATELY4 ,HIPPEL1 ! PROPRIETOR1 S]V$ !M ON CR$IT4 ,:5 HE SOMETIMES DID NOT1 !N IT C\LD HAPP5 ?AT !Y W5T D[N ,UND] D5 ,L9D5 TO BEG4 ,:5 !Y W]E MORE BY !MSELVES1 ! EV5+S ALSO (T5 CONCLUD$ ) LONG PIPES & A H>MLESS GAME ( C>DS4 

,A CIRCLE1 ALWAYS /IMULAT+ & ( UND\BT$ SIGNIFICANCE = ! HI/ORY ( ! PRE- ,M>* P]IOD .<LEAD+ UP TO ! REVOLUTION ( ,M>* #a#h#d#h.>1 IT WAS ATTRACTIVE & YET ALSO REPULSIVE1 ACCORD+ TO ! TYPE & BEHAVIOR ( ITS VISITORS2 & IT IS UN=GETTABLE ?R\< ONE MAN1 :O PROBABLY BELONG$ TO IT FROM ITS V]Y BEG9N+1 BUT C]TA9LY UP TO ITS 5D4 

,?IS ONE MAN WAS A SL5D]1 ALWAYS C>EFULLY DRESS$ MAN ( MIDDLE HEI<T4 ,HIS %ORT1 BLOND SIDEBURNS LEFT HIS *9 FREE2 BEH9D /EEL GLASSES CALM & FRI5DLY BLUE EYES LOOK$ \T ON PEOPLE & ?+S2 & A SMILE 9CL9$ TO LI<T IRONY T5D$ TO PLAY >\ND HIS F9E M\?4 

,HIS CONDUCT & HIS WAY ( LIFE W]E AS SIMPLE & UNOBTRUSIVE AS HIS \TW>D APPE>ANCE4  ,ALMO/ )\T NE$S1 ALSO )\T ?AT = A MORE 9TIMATE FRI5D%IP1 HE KEPT HIMSELF ) 9N] REF9EM5T 9 ! BACKGR\ND ( ! L\D SOCIETY & !RE=E REMA9$ MO/LY UNNOTIC$ ON MORE /RONGLY VISIT$ GA!R+S4 

,BECAUSE ( HIS /RIK+LY HI< =EHEAD EV]YONE CALL$ HIM ,MAX ,/IRN] .<,/IRN "7 =EHEAD.>1 & IT WAS SAID ?AT HE WAS WORK+ ON A ?ICK BOOK 9 :I* HE PLANN$ TO SET D[N HIS 0,I04 

,9 REALITY HIS NAME WAS ,JOHANN ,CASP> ,S*MIDT1 & HE WAS BORN ON #be ,OCTOB] #ahf 9 ,BAYREU?1 ! SON ( ! 0W9D 9/RUM5T MAK]0 ,ALB]T ,*RI/IAN ,HE9RI* ,S*MIDT & HIS WIFE ,SOPHIA ,ELEONORA1 NEE ,RE9LE94 ,HE LO/ HIS FA!R E>LY2 AFT] ! REM>RIAGE ( HIS MO!R TO ! PH>MACI/ ,BALL]/$T HE W5T TO ,KULM 9 ,WE/ ,PRUSSIA & FROM !RE RETURN$ AGA9 TO ,BAYREU?1 :]E HE GREW UP 9 ! HOME ( HIS GODFA!R ,/I*T & ATT5D$ ! FAM\S GYMNASIUM ( HIS HOMET[N -- 0AN 9DU/RI\S & GOOD S*OOLBOY04 ,AFT] F9I%+ S*OOL HE ATT5D$ ! UNIV]SITIES ( ,]LANG51 ,KONIGSB]G1 & ,B]L9 -- ) A BREAK ( ANO!R ONE-YE> /AY 9 ,KULM4 ,HE !N PASS$ ! TEA*]'S EXAM9ATION1 :I* GAVE HIM A CONDITIONAL FACULTAS DOC5DI .<5TITLEM5T TO TEA*.>1 BUT DID NOT HELP HIM TO GET A P]MAN5T POSITION 9 A /ATE S*OOL1 SO ?AT N[1 AFT] A %ORT TRIAL P]IOD 9 A ,REALS*ULE .<SECOND>Y S*OOL.>1 HE WAS FROM ! BEG9N+ TO ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h#dS A TEA*] 9 A PRIVATE $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTION = Y\NG LADIES4  ,ALREADY M>RI$ ONCE & SOON WID[$1 HE M>RI$ A SECOND TIME ,M>IE ,DAHNH>DT1 A WEAL?Y Y\NG WOMAN FROM ,MECKL5BURG1 :O HAD COME TO ,B]L9 0TO 5JOY LIFE TO ! FULL0 & :O FREQU5T$ ,! ,FREE4 ,ALSO FREQU5TLY OCCUPI$ ) LIT]>Y WORKS1 HIS PR9CIPAL COLLABORATION WAS ) ! NEWLY F\ND$ RADICAL ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 = :I*1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 HE WROTE FUNDAM5TAL WORKS ON ,DAS UNWAHRE ,PR9ZIP UNS]] ,]ZIEHUNG .<,! FALSE PR9CIPLE ( \R $UCATION.> & ,KUN/ UND ,RELIGION .<,>T & RELIGION.>1 :ILE SECRETLY HIS LIFE'S WORK GREW & GREW4 

,IT APPE>$ AT ! 5D ( #ahdd 9 ! PUBLI%+ H\SE ( ,OTTO ,WIG& 9 ,LEIPZIG & C>RI$ ! TITLE ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM .<,! UNIQUE ONE & HIS PROP]TY.>4  ,IT CAUS$ A S5SATION1 WAS =BIDD5 9 ,SAXONY1 & RECEIV$ DETAIL$ REVIEWS1 :I* ITS AU?OR HIMSELF SOMETIMES ANSW]$ JU/ AS ?OR\<LY4 

,IT D\BTLESS ORIG9AT$ FROM OPPOSITION TO ! VIEWS HE 5C\NT]$ 9 HIS TIME & 9 ! DAILY DEBATES AMONG ,! ,FREE2 :OLE SECTIONS >E OCCUPI$ ) !IR REFUTATION4 ,9 ?IS S5SE IT HAS ALSO BE5 CALL$ 0! LA/ BRAN* ( ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY04 

,V]Y UNJU/LY4 ,= JU/ AS IT GOES F> BEYOND ! MO/ RADICAL VIEWS ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 SO TOO IT CREATES AT ! SAME TIME ! F\NDATION = AN 5TIRELY NEW WELTANS*AUUNG1 OPPOS$ TO ALL ?OSE PREC$+ IT3 ?AT ( CONSCI\S EGOISM 7AS ! SOLE MOTIVAT+ =CE & GUID+ PR9CIPLE ( ALL HUMAN ACTIONS74 

,NO?+ MORE & NO?+ LESS IS PO/ULAT$ ) IT ?AN ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! FACE ( ALL ATTEMPTS AT HIS WEAK5+ & SUPPRESSION3 ! SPOOK & ! LOOSE SCREWS 9 ! HUMAN BRA9 ALONG ) ALL EXT]NAL P[]S ?AT WANT TO SUBJUGATE ?IS 9DIVIDUAL UND] ! GUISE ( 0LAW04 

,AFT] ! BRIEF EXAM9ATION ( A HUMAN LIFE -- ! REALI/IC *ILD1 ! IDEALI/IC Y\?1 & ! MAN BECOME EGOI/ -- & AN 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORICAL LOOK BACK AT ! ANCI5TS WORK+ T[>D CONQU]+ ! WORLD1 & A SIMIL> ONE ( ! MOD]NS -- !IR OBSESSION & !IR HI]>*Y 7!IR RULE ( ! 9TELLECT7 -- HE SETTLES ) HIS [N TIME1 ) ,! ,FREE1 & EXPOSES !IR POLITICAL LIB]ALISM AS ! /ATE1 :I* IS BAS$ ON ! SLAV]Y ( LABOR & IS LO/ ) LABOR'S FRE$OM2 !IR SOCIAL LIB]ALISM AS ! SOCIETY ) A NEW SLAV]Y 7! 0LUMP5 SOCIETY ( COMMUNISM072 !IR HUMANE LIB]ALISM ) ITS CONCEPT ( MAN4  ,HE DOES ! LA/ BY %[+ ?AT ONE CANNOT BE LESS ?AN A MAN 7:]EAS !Y BELIEV$ ONE CANNOT BE MORE74 

,TO ! FIR/1 NEGATIVE SECTION1 ! CRITICISM ( MAN1 HE C\NT]S 9 ! MORE POSITIVE SECOND SECTION HIS 0,I0 & CLE>S UP FIR/ ! FALSELY UND]/OOD CONCEPT ( FRE$OM1 :I* CANNOT BE GIV51 BUT MU/ BE TAK54 ,!N HE DESCRIBES ! 0UNIQUE ONE03 HIS P[] ) REG>D TO ! /ATE & SOCIETY1 ?IS P[] ?AT LAU<S AT LAW AS A LOOSE SCREW 9 ! HEAD2 HIS 9T]C\RSE ) ! WORLD1 :I* CONSI/S 9 HIS 0US+0 IT2 & HIS SELF-5JOYM5T1 :I* LEADS TO UNIQU5ESS1 TO :I* ! ,I AS ,I DEVELOPS4 

,! 0UNIQUE ONE01 H[EV]1 NO LONG] RECOGNIZES ANY LAW OV] HIMSELF1 NEI!R A DIV9E NOR A HUMAN4 ,HE SETS HIS CONC]N ON HIMSELF ALONE & SETS HIS UNIQU5ESS 9 OPPOSITION TO EV]Y P[]4 

,?US1 9 A LANGUAGE FULL ( CL>ITY & SUP]IORITY1 FULL ( MOCK]Y & DISDA91 ,MAX ,/IRN] CA/IGATES ! DE$S ( M51 DIVE/S IDEAS ( !IR SACR$NESS1 & %[S !M AS 0FIX$ IDEAS0 9 ! GREAT MADH\SE ( ! WORLD3 MANK9D & FA!RL&2 ,GOD & ,/ATE2 VIRTUE & MORALITY2 FRE$OM & TRU?2 RI<T & DUTY4 ,FROM N[ ON ONE 9DIVIDUAL /&S OPPOSITE ANO!R1 )\T RI<TS & )\T DUTIES1 & :AT ALONE /ILL B9DS !M TO ONE ANO!R IS ! VOLUNT>ILY CONCLUD$ CONTRACT 70,I WILL NOT DECEIVE A CONFID5CE ?AT ,I HAVE VOLUNT>ILY CALL$ =?074  #f ,?AT SU* A WORK C\LD NOT 9 ITS CONSEQU5CES BE UND]/OOD BY HIS CONTEMPOR>IES MAY NOT BE SURPRIS+4 ,!Y W]E BAFFL$ & DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) IT4 ,SOME TOOK IT TO BE A SATIRE1 O!RS SAW 9 IT ONLY A MON/R\S PRODUCT ( ! DEVIL1 UNTIL ITS PAGES TOO W]E C>RI$ AWAY BY ! /ORMS ( ! COM+ YE>S4 

,!SE /ORMS DID NOT COMPLETELY SPLIT UP ! CORE ( ,! ,FREE1 ?\< !Y LEFT ONLY A FEW SECOND>Y MEMB]S4 ,HIPPEL HAD MOV$ FROM ,FRI$RI*/RASSE TO ,DORO!5/RASSE & DUR+ ! REVOLUTION HIS B> WAS A SORT ( HEADQU>T]S = ALL K9DS ( LEFTI/ P>TIES4  ,AFT] ! REACTION IT BECAME MORE & MORE QUIET !RE & ONLY ! OLD FRI5DS /ILL HELD TOGE!R = A :ILE4 ,) !M WAS ,MAX ,/IRN]4 

,HE HAD GIV5 UP HIS POSITION 9 ! S*OOL = Y\NG LADIES BE=E ! PUBLICATION ( HIS BOOK1 & SOON AFT]W>DS HIS RELATION%IP ) ,M>IE ,DAHNH>DT WAS ALSO DISSOLV$ BY MUTUAL AGREEM5T1 AFT] ! =TUNE ( ! Y\NG WIFE WAS US$ UP & V>I\S LIT]>Y & O!R PURSUITS1 AMONG !M A MILK BUS9ESS1 HAD GONE WRONG4 ,%E W5T AT FIR/ TO ,AU/RALIA1 CAME TO KN[ NE$ & MIS]Y1 & !N W5T TO ,LONDON4 ,!RE %E DI$ AT AN ADVANC$ AGE 9 #a#i#b1 COMPLETELY 9 ! >MS ( ! 0ONLY TRUE *UR*01 EMBITT]$ & NO LONG] 5TIRELY LUCID M5TALLY4 

,H] HUSB& CONT9U$ TO EXI/ 9 HIS USUAL MODE/ LIFE/YLE -- A GOOD CIG> WAS HIS ONLY LUXURY4 ,IT WAS GO+ BADLY = HIM TOO4 ,HE MOV$ FROM ONE ADDRESS TO ANO!R & AT TIMES RAN 9TO EXTREME NE$1 SO ?AT HE TWICE CAME TO KN[ DEBTOR'S PRISON4 ,BUT !N1 PROTECT$ FROM ! WOR/ ?R\< AN AGREEM5T ON ! SALE ( HIS /EPFA!R'S H\SE 9 ,KULM1 HE F\ND TWO *E]FUL ROOMS & GOOD C>E ) A ,MADAME ,WEISS 9 ,PHILIPP/RASSE4  ,DEA? CAME TO HIM QUICKLY & UNEXPECT$LY4 ,ON #be ,JUNE #a#h#e#f1 AT AGE #e1 ,MAX ,/IRN] DI$ ( A N]V\S FEV] BR\<T ON BY A C>BUNCLE 9 HIS NECK 7& PROBABLY ALSO AS A RESULT ( WRONG M$ICAL TREATM5T74 

,ONLY A FEW OLD FRI5DS FOLL[$ HIS C(F9 AS HE WAS BURI$ ON #bh ,JUNE 9 ! ,SOPHI5KIR*H(4 ,! HEIR ( HIS MEAG] BELONG+S WAS HIS AG$ MO!R1 :O HAD SUFF]$ FROM AN 0IDEE FIXE0 = MANY YE>S1 C]TA9LY S9CE #a#h#c#e1 & HAD BE5 ADMITT$ TO ! ,B]L9 ,*>ITE .<! HOSPITAL ASSOCIAT$ ) ! UNIV]SITY.>4  ,HIS BOOK -- & HE ) IT -- W]E ALREADY =GOTT5 BY !N4 ,! REBIR? ( BO? BEGAN ONLY :51 HAV+ READ IT & RECOGNIZ$ ITS TRUE SIGNIFICANCE1 ,I BEGAN 9 #ahhi MY >DU\S RESE>*ES 9TO ! =GOTT5 LIFE1 RESE>*ES ?AT W]E RI* 9 UNEXPECT$ 9CID5TS & YET SO 9F9ITELY 9T]E/+4 ,I SET D[N ! RESULTS 9 MY BIOGRAPHY EI<T YE>S LAT]1 HAV+ NO HOPE ( FUR!R DISCOV]IES4 ,I MU/ REF] TO IT ANYONE :O WI%ES TO KN[ MORE AB\T ! 0UNIQUE ONE0 ?AN ,I AM ABLE TO CR[D 9TO ?IS BRIEF 9TRODUCTION4  ,TODAY ! NAME ,MAX ,/IRN] IS NO LONG] UNKN[N TO ANY $UCAT$ P]SON4 ,! H\SES :]E HE WAS BORN & :]E HE DI$1 AS WELL AS HIS GRAVE1 ALL BE> SIGNS COMMEMORAT+ HIM1 & HIS BOOK1 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ALL LANGUAGES ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 /&S !RE1 0AFT] A LONG NI<T ( ?9K+ & BELIEV+01 AT ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW & HOPEFULLY BETT] TIME1 ILLUM9AT$ BY ! GLORY ( IMMORTALITY4 

  

,JOHN ,H5RY ,MACKAY 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibf 3 ,9TRODUCTION TO ,MAX ,/IRN]1 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#a1 #bb 3 ,9TRODUCTION TO ,MAX ,/IRN]1 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,9TRODUCTION TO ,MAX ,/IRN]1 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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