,9SURRECTIONALI/ ,AN>*ISM 

#aiii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALFR$O ,M>IA ,BONANNO 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION TO ! SECOND $ITION 

  

,BEH9D EV]Y ASPECT ( AN>*I/ 9SURRECTIONALI/ !ORY !RE IS A PROJECT4 ,I DO NOT MEAN A LIFELESS PICTURE COMPLETE 9 EV]Y DETAIL1 BUT A SUFFICI5TLY ID5TIFIABLE PROJECT F> BEYOND !SE PAGES & ! MANY O!RS ?AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 ON ?IS TORM5T$ SUBJECT 9 MY LIFETIME4 ,)\T TAK+ ?IS 9TO ACC\NT NO ANALYTICAL EXPLANATION WILL DO MU*1 IT W\LD RISK REMA9+ :AT IT IS1 A SET ( WORDS CLAIM+ TO CONTE/ REALITY1 AN 9CONGRU\SLY IDEALI/ CLAIM4 ,! FAT PLANTS ( CLASSICAL ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY HAVE DONE ALL POSSIBLE DAMAGE ) !IR 5TIC+ /+S1 ,I HOPE ?AT !SE >E N[ NO MORE ?AN M]E DECOYS4 

,?AT DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! PROBLEM ( ME?OD CAN BE APPROA*$ \T ( ! BLUE )\T TAK+ ACC\NT ( :AT HAS BE5 SAID 9 A :OLE HO/ ( WAYS1 EV5 BY CLASSICAL ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY2 ?AT W\LD BE NAIVE4 ,!RE >E NO %ORTCUTS OR RECIPES 9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ONLY H>D REVOLUTION>Y WORK1 /UDY & ACTION4 ,! D[NSLIDE ( ! MANY MORE OR LESS HO>Y DE/ROY]S ?AT ,I HAVE SE5 9 REC5T YE>S COM=TS ME 9 MY RIGIDITY ( 9T5T4 ,IT W\LD BE PO9TLESS TO CONSID] ONE'S RADICALNESS EXTREME IF ALL ONE DID WAS TO HIDE ! H& )\T EV] ?R[+ ! /ONE4 ,IT IS NOT A RACE = ! BE/ IMAGE1 ! MAGIC MIRROR ?AT FILLS UP ) BRILLIANT COLORS1 9TRICATELY WEAV+ NOTES FROM BACI ,P]UG9A4.<#a.> 

,?IS LITTLE BOOK ILLU/RATES A ME?OD1 AN AN>*I/ & 9SURRECTION>Y ME?OD1 BUT IT IS AN EXP]I5CE ?AT IT IS TALK+ AB\T1 NOT !ORIES ?AT CAN MORE OR LESS COME 9TO CONFLICT OR EV5 GET ALONG4 ,IT IS A CONT9U\S EXP]I5CE OV] TIME ?AT HAS BE5 PUTT+ ITSELF AS IT W]E 9 ! FIELD1 9 ACTION1 TAK+ WRITT5 =M & EXPRESSION ALMO/ BY ACCID5T 9 >TICLES1 REPORTS1 LEAFLETS1 OR O!RS SPORADICALLY 5TRU/$ TO ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T4 ,9/EAD ( SEE+ ?IS AS AN ELEM5T ( DISSOCIATION1 ,I SEE1 HAVE ALWAYS SE51 A P>TICUL> MOVEM5T1 A PECULI> MEET+ ( IDEAS & ACTIONS SO ?AT ! LATT] WILL GIVE SPECIAL LI<T TO ! FIR/1 & VICE V]SA1 UN9T]RUPT$LY1 SEAMLESS4 

,MANY1 FROM ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR D[N TO LOV]S ( FAIRY TALES1 HAVE SE5 AN 9DIGE/IBLE MIXTURE ( VIGOR\S MATURITY ( ?\<T & SILLY *ILDI% FANTASY 9 !M4 ,:AT DO ,I C>E8 ,MY SK9 IS ?ICK 5\< = ME TO REALIZE ?AT IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE :E!R ! LA%ES >RIVE FROM ! %>P-EY$ CRITICISM ( ! C>AB9I]I DREAM+ ( GIV+ ME AS MANY YE>S' PRISON AS POSSIBLE OR >E BA/$ 9 ! PRAISE ( AN IMBECILE OR ! LIT]>Y BRAY+ ( AN ASS4 

,EV]Y ME?OD IS BAS$ ON REALITY1 O!RWISE IT W\LD NOT BE SU* & C\LD NEV] GIVE LIFE TO A PROJECT4 ,IT W\LD SIMPLY BE A MOVEM5T ( RE/LESS LEGS1 A WALK 9 5*ANT$ WOODS1 A SOLV+ ( RIDDLES ( ! SPH9X1 PROBLEMS ( GEOMETRY ONLY DIFFICULT = *ILDR54 ,LIFE IS TOO FI]CE A LESSON TO ACCEPT AS FELL[ TRAVEL]S DIZZY P>ASITES :O DELI<T 9 TALK+ AB\T !IR IMPRESSIONS & DESIRE = FRE$OM4 ,A HEAVY WORD ?IS ONE1 V]Y HEAVY4 

,9 WANT+ TO BE FREE !RE IS MON/R\S TEMPTATION1 Y\ W\LD RIP OP5 Y\R *E/4 ,! V]Y WORD FRE$OM IS ALREADY A SC&AL1 TO BE ABLE TO PRON\NCE IT )\T BLU%+ IS A SC&AL4 ,= ME TO 9SI/ ON SAY+ ?IS WORD )\T DEAL+ ) ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT IT IMPLIES & CONFRONTS ME )1 W\LD BE JU/ AS \TRAGE\S4 ,AFT] ALL1 FRE$OM CANNOT BE SAID1 SO ! WORD FRE$OM IS DECEIV+ & DECEIVES ME AS SOON AS ,I SAY IT4 ,YET IT IS SAID4 ,BUT IT REQUIRES A FUNDAM5TAL ADDITION1 :I* PUTS ME AT RISK4 ,?IS ADDITION GIVES ! WORD A NEW MEAN+1 UPTURNS IT & B>ES IT1 SEV]S TIES ) ! 5DLESS *ATT] ( LAYAB\TS 9 ! MOOD = ANTICS & /RIPS IT D[N1 BR++ ! POSSIBILITY ( ITS REALIZATION TO ! SURFACE4 ,TO REALIZE FRE$OM AT ANY CO/4 

,AT ?IS /AGE !RE IS A ME*ANISM ?AT IS /ILL VIABLE 9 P>T1 ! WORD /ILL RESONATES 9 ! CRITICAL GE/URE ( DIGG+ 9SIDE ! ALREADY SAID1 BUT ?AT IS NOT ALL4 ,! PR(\ND MEAN+ ( ?IS WORD LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT IT CREATES AN OP5+ = PUTT+ ONESELF ON ! L9E FACE TO FACE ) ONE'S [N TRU?1 ) NO %IELD TO TAKE %ELT] BEH9D TO CU%ION ! BL[S4 ,! ME*ANISM ?AT ,I AM TALK+ AB\T1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD1 CANNOT BE AIM$ AT GETT+ RESULTS1 9 :I* CASE IT W\LD BE A POSITIVE CRITICISM ORI5T$ PHILOSOPHICALLY T[>DS PRES]V+ RA!R ?AN DE/ROY+4 ,IT IS AIM$ AT DI/URB+ FUR!R1 LAC]AT+ YET AGA9 BE=E ! 5GAGEM5T TO MAKE NOT ONLY M9E AVAILABLE BUT ?AT ( ALL1 (F]+ A POSSIBLE CONCLUSION1 PRECISELY FROM ! APPLICATION ( ! ME?OD & ASSUM+ REVOLUTION>Y RESPONSIBILITY4 

,! EXTRAORD9>Y NEW CONDITION ?AT ,I CAN !N CAT* A GLIMPSE ( IS ! 9SURRECTIONAL ME?OD1 A FA?OMLESS ABYSS4 ,! FEW 9DICATIVE TRACES ( IT ?AT ,I AM P$DL+ AS ! ALREADY DONE >E M]ELY A DI/ANT 9SIPID IMAGE4 

,! DI/ANCE BETWE5 ?\<T & ACTION CAN SOMETIMES R$UCE ITSELF 5ORM\SLY4 ,?AT IS ! MOM5T TO /RIKE4 

,TRIE/E1 ,OCTOB] #b1 #bg 

,9TRODUCTION TO ! SECOND ,SPANI% AN?OLOGY ,NO PODREIS P>>NOS4 ,LA LU*A AN>QUI/A REVOLUCION>IA 5 ,ITALIA4 

  

,! COMRADES :O PUBLI%$ ! FIR/ $ITION ( ,NO PODREIS P>>NOS4 ,LA LU*A AN>QUI/A REVOLUCION>IA 5 ,ITALIA LET ME KN[ ( !IR DESIRE TO 9CLUDE AN 9TRODUCTION ( M9E 9 ! SECOND $ITION4 ,I AGRE$ ?AT ?IS WAS NECESS>Y BECAUSE ! *OICE ( WRIT+S IMPLIES ! EXI/5CE ( SOME?+ 9 COMMON1 AN 9SURRECTIONAL AS WELL AS AN>*I/ PROJECT4 

,9 !SE WRIT+S ,I FACE ! PROBLEM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT1 BUT 9 MANY WAYS !Y >E NOT 9-DEP?1 AT LEA/ ON ! BASIS ( ! CONSID]ATIONS ?AT ,I HAVE BE5 ABLE TO REFLECT UPON 9 REC5T YE>S4 

,MANY COMRADES HAVE NOT$ ! PRES5CE ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT 9 MY ANALYZES & H[ ?IS HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY DETAIL$ & COMPELL+1 9 T]MS ( WRIT+S & ACTIONS1 S9CE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,U,S BASE 9 ,COMISO 9 CON/RUCTION1 ! BI5NIUM #a#i#h#b-#a#i#h#c4 ,YET1 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( 9SURRECTIONALISM1 ! DREAM ( A POSSIBLE 9SURRECTIONAL AN>*ISM CAPABLE ( ATTACK+ P[]1 NOT JU/ /IRR+ PEOPLE'S HE>TS BUT ALSO !IR BODIES1 ! SAME ME?ODOLOGICALLY CORRECT CONCEPTS ( AFF9ITY1 9=MAL ORGANIZATION1 BASE NUCLEI1 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$1 ETC41 DO NOT GIVE A CLE> ACC\NT ( ! PROJECT4 

,:AT DO ,I MEAN BY PROJECT8 

,NOT JU/ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( MORE OR LESS EXT5SIVE1 MORE OR LESS 9T]E/+ ANALYZES1 PAMPHLETS1 BOOKS1 NEWSPAP]S NOR EV51 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 A S]IES ( CONCRETE ACTIONS FROM ! ,COMISO /RUGGLE TO /RUGGLES N[ UND]WAY AGA9/ ! CON/RUCTION ( HI<-SPE$ TRA9S4 ,MY PROJECT LIVES 9 MY HE>T & N\RI%ES MY LIFE4 ,H]E1 TAK+ ?IS 9TRODUCTORY OPPORTUNITY1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO MAKE AN EF=T TO SAY SOME?+ MORE4 

,FIR/ ( ALL :AT IT IS NOT1 ?US PUTT+ AN 5D TO ! CONC]NS ( ?OSE :O HAVE (T5 ACCUS$ ME ( BE+ TOO FOND ( ORGANIZATIONAL DETAILS4 ,! PROJECT IS NOT A F\NDATION4 ,BUT1 IF IT IS NOT A F\NDATION1 ?AT IS1 IF IT CANNOT BE RE/RICT$ TO )9 A /]EOTYP$ =M--& ! J\RNALISM ( DOM9ION IS DO+ EV]Y?+ TO MAKE ?IS =M AVAILABLE TO POLICE & PROSECUTORS--!N :AT IS IT8 ,I ?9K IT IS AN ANTICIPATION ( SOME?+ ?AT MI<T COME NEXT1 A REALIZATION ?AT REMA9S POIS$ & NEV] FULLY REALIZ$1 A SUB/ANCE ?AT BREA!S BE=E ME & BE=E ?\S&S ( COMRADES1 A SUB/ANCE ?AT FE$S ON FACTS1 BUT :I* 9 ?OSE SAME FACTS DOES NOT CONCLUDE ITSELF4 

,! PROJECT1 9 ! MANY /REAMS 9 :I* IT CONT9UES TO PULSATE1 9VOLVES A REF]5CE TO ! FUTURE4 ,IT TALKS AB\T SOME?+ TO BE DONE TODAY BUT PROJECT$ 9TO A POSSIBLE FUTURE REALIZATION4 ,! PROJECT !RE=E CONTA9S A POSSIBLE CONDITION ?AT C\LD COME AB\T 9 ! FUTURE1 ?AT ,I BELIEVE 9 & = :I* ,I AM READY TO FI<T4 

,H]E ,I AM TALK+ AB\T AN IDEA1 >TICULAT$ & WOND]FUL1 COMPLEX & DIFFICULT TO UND]/&1 ,I AM TALK+ AB\T AN>*Y4 ,& ,I SPEAK ( IT AS A VALUE ?AT = ME EXI/S H]E 9 MY HE>T1 LIKE AN ANTICIPATION ( ! FUTURE1 ! FUTURE ?AT ,I BELIEVE 91 NOT AS A LIT]>Y EX]CISE4 ,! VALUE ?AT ! PROJECT HAS = ME IS ! PRES5T ONE ?AT GUIDES MY LIFE1 =C+ ME TO MAKE *OICES & REALIZE ACTIONS N[1 NOT JU/ A SIMPLE HORIZON T[>DS :I* ,I AM MOV+ 9 TIME1 IF ONLY = ! SIMPLE FACT ( BE+ ALIVE & APPROA*+ DEA?4 

,!RE CAN BE NO PROJECT )\T FAI? 9 ! FUTURE1 JU/ AS !RE IS NO FUTURE )\T A MORE OR LESS DETAIL$ PROJECT4 ,I REMEMB] ?AT ! SLOGAN ( ! BLACK UPRIS+ ( ,LOS ,ANGELES AB\T FIFTE5 YE>S AGO WAS3 0,NO FUTURE01 & ?IS M>K$ ! LIMITS ( ?AT REVOLT1 9 A S5SE WAS ITS [N DEA? KNELL4 

,IF ,I HAVE A PROJECT ,I CAN BREAK ?R\< ! RIGIDITY ( ! PRES5T1 ! OBTUSE MALIGNANCY ( C]TA9 EQUILIBRIUM ( P[]1 ITS PASSIVE GR9 JU/ WAIT+ = ME TO MAKE A MI/AKE 9 ORD] TO DE/ROY ME4 ,) MY PROJECT ,I AM IMM$IATELY 9 ! FUTURE1 NO LONG] SUBORD9ATE TO ! PRES5T1 SO ,I AM DIFFICULT TO CONTROL4 ,! FUTURE1 MY FUTURE BUT ALSO ?AT ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 IS NOT ONLY POSSIBLE1 IT IS ALSO REALIZABLE1 & ?IS POSSIBILITY ( REALIZATION IS 9T]TW9$ ) MY EXP]I5CE & ! EXP]I5CE ?AT ! WORLD1 & SOCIETY1 ACCUMULATE4 ,HAV+ A PROJECT & ACT+ = ITS POSSIBLE REALIZATION DOES NOT JU/ MEAN DREAM+1 IT ALSO MEANS ACT+1 REALIZ+ ACTIONS ON ! BASIS ( :AT ,I AM & :AT SOCIETY IS1 ON ! HI/ORICAL BASIS ?AT ACCOMPANIES ME1 ?AT ACCOMPANIES US ALL4 ,TO LIVE PROJECT$ 9TO ! FUTURE DOES NOT MEAN =GETT+ ONE'S [N HI/ORY & ! HI/ORY 9 :I* SOCIETY IS IMM]S$1 ON ! CONTR>Y IT MEANS KN[+ IT & GRASP+ ! MANY DIFF]5CES1 NOT ONLY 9DIVIDUAL BUT ALSO CONT95TAL1 NATIONAL1 REGIONAL1 UP TO 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES1 ! V]Y SMALLE/4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT ! PROJECT = :I* ,I HAVE WORK$ MY :OLE LIFE IS SOME?+ ?AT IS ALWAYS AB\T TO COME 9TO BE+1 YET CANNOT BE ID5TIFI$ 9 ?IS OR ?AT A*IEVEM5T4 ,?AT IS :Y IT IS UNMOV$ BY ! CRITICISM ?AT IS CONT9UALLY MADE ( AN>*I/S1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ALL !IR EF=TS1 !IR ACTIONS & !IR !ORIES1 ALWAYS LEAVES !M ) NO?+ 9 H&4 ,! BEAUTY ( AN>*Y LIES PRECISELY 9 ?IS ELUSIV5ESS FROM HI/ORY1 & 9 ITS /ABLE PLACE 9 ! FUTURE4 ,?IS IDEA IS AGA9/ ANY LOGIC ( DET]M9ISM1 ANY MORE OR LESS REVIS$ & AM5D$ DIALECTICAL ME*ANISM1 ANY CLAIM TO SEE+ HI/ORY AS ! TEA*] ( LIFE LIV$4 ,BUT ! PROJECT IS NOT1 AS ,I SAID1 A DREAM ?AT CAN TAKE ! MO/ 9CR$IBLE & ABSURD =MS1 IT IS A P>TICUL> K9D ( DREAM1 A WAK+ DREAM4 ,! PROJECT1 AL?\< ADDRESS+ A FUTURE POSSIBILITY1 CONTA9S ! HI/ORICAL NECESSITY ?AT MAKES IT VIABLE & OP]ATIVE1 SUBTRACT+ IT FROM ! POSSIBLE FATE ( ALL SIMPLE LIT]>Y AMBITIONS4 ,IT IS ROOT$ 9 ! POSSIBILITIES ( ! FUTURE BUT1 9SIDE IT FE$S (F ! COORD9ATES ( HI/ORY1 IS HI/ORY1 & SO RESPONDS TO C]TA9 PR9CIPLES1 CANNOT DO )\T !M4 ,:ILE NOT DET]M9I/ICALLY ?9KABLE IT DET]M9ES1 9 ITS REALIZATION1 ! REALITY ?AT LIES AHEAD ( IT4 ,9SURRECTIONALISM1 AS A PROJECT1 HAS COME \T ( ! LIMIT$ DREAM ( ! GR& SOIRE1 ! REVOLUTION AS A SPONTANE\S UNPR$ICTABLE HAPP5+1 FROM VAGUE MILL5>IANISM ?AT HAD BE5 WIDESPREAD = MANY YE>S1 AT LEA/ S9CE ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,9SURRECTIONALI/ AN>*ISM IS A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ?AT LOOKS TO ! FUTURE1 BUT IS GR\ND$ 9 ! HI/ORY & H]ITAGE ( ! /RUGGLES ?AT ! EXPLOIT$ ALL OV] ! WORLD HAVE ACCUMULAT$4 ,?IS H]ITAGE MAKES ! POSSIBILITIES ( ! FUTURE LEGIBLE4 ,IF ! 9SURRECTIONALI/ PROJECT W]E NOT AN AN>*I/ ONE IT W\LD ULTIMATELY COLLAPSE 9 ! FACE ( ! TRAGIC F>CES ?AT HAVE BE5 RECIT$ & CONT9UE TO BE RECIT$ BY SO MANY AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTIONS ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,ONLY 9 ! AN>*I/ PROJECT ( ORGANIZ$ REVOLT DOES A REAL POSSIBILITY ( GIV+ LIV+ BODY TO ! IDEA ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION EM]GE1 )\T FALL+ BACK ON PROJECTS ( SMALL VESSELS1 APP>5TLY ABLE TO PROVIDE SEEM+LY MORE VIABLE PROSPECTS4 

,9SURRECTIONALISM AN>*I/ AS A PROJECT1 & AS ACTION ?AT NEV] FULLY COMPLETES ITSELF1 BECAUSE IT CONT9UALLY ADDRESSES ITSELF T[>DS ! FUTURE1 :I* CAN BE1 & CAN ALSO NOT BE1 HAS NO NE$ TO BE1 AS AN>*Y IS NOT NECESS>ILY A FEATURE ( ! FUTURE1 IT IS BY NO MEANS C]TA9 ?AT ! WORLD IS MOV+ T[>DS AN>*Y1 AS ! ,KROPOTK9IAN DET]M9I/S BELIEV$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,C\LD NOT ! POSSIBLE FAILURE ( ! 9SURRECTIONALI/ PROJECT ALSO BE SIGNIFICANT8 

,NO4 ,9DET]M9ISM IS ONE ( ! LOGICAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( POSSIBILITY1 ! FACT ?AT A PROJECT DOES NOT REALIZE ITSELF1 H]E & N[1 OR !RE AFT] A :ILE1 DOES NOT PROVE ! UNRELIABILITY ( ! PROJECT ITSELF4 ,MOREOV]1 :5 IT IS ! PROJECT ITSELF TO CONSID] ITSELF 9COMPLETE & 9COMPLETABLE1 !RE IS NO D\BT AB\T ITS VALIDITY1 IT WILL NEV] BE DE/ROY$ BY ?IS OR ?AT FAILURE4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ACTION IS ?IS 9COMPLET5ESS1 NOT MODIFY+ ! PROJECT & L[]+ ! REVOLUTION TO A M]E *ANGE ( [N]4 

,!SE FEW NOTES %\LD MAKE IT EASI] TO UND]/& ?AT ! 9SURRECTIONALI/ PROJECT IS NEI!R A MORE OR LESS LIT]>Y COORD9ATE ( PRECEPTS & RULES1 NOR A SIMPLE OP]ATIVE PROSPECTIBILITY1 SU* AS >E F\ND 9 ! MANUALS ( GU]RILLA W>F>E4 

,DREAMS >E (T5 F> MORE COMPLEX ?AN REALITY4 

,TRIE/E1 ,JANU>Y #f1 #bg 

,9TRODUCTION TO ! FIR/ $ITION 

  

,! FOLL[+ IDEAS HAVE EM]G$ FROM A LONG IT9]>Y ( /RUGGLE & REFLECTION4 ,!Y REPRES5T A TORM5T$1 COMPLEX !SIS1 :I* IS NOT ONLY DIFFICULT TO SET \T--:I* W\LD SIMPLY BE DUE A DEFECT ( ! AU?OR--BUT EV5 TO EXPOSE CLE>LY & DEF9ITIVELY4 

,9 CONFLICT ) MY :OLE BE+1 ,I AM AB\T TO SET \T ! FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5TS ( 9SURRECTIONALI/ AN>*ISM ANATOMICALLY4 ,WILL IT BE POSSIBLE8 ,I DON'T KN[4 ,I %ALL TRY4 ,IF ! READ+ ( !SE NOTES BEG9S TO SUFFOCATE1 !N JU/ SKIP ?R\< !M & LEAVE IT AT ?AT4 

,A MASS 9SURRECTION1 OR ?AT ( A :OLE PEOPLE1 CAN AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T LEAD TO ! ,/ATE'S 9CAPACITY TO MA9TA9 ORD] & RESPECT = ! LAW & EV5 LEAD TO ! DIS9TEGRATION ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,?IS ALSO IMPLIES ! PRES5CE ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS ?AT >E CAPABLE ( GRASP+ ?IS DIS9TEGRATION BEYOND ITS IMM$IATE MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,!Y MU/ BE ABLE TO SEE BEYOND ! (T5 *ANCE & SECOND>Y REASONS = ! 9ITIAL 9SURRECTIONAL \TBUR/4 ,9 ORD] TO GIVE !IR CONTRIBUTION TO ! /RUGGLE1 !Y MU/ LOOK BEYOND ! FIR/ CLA%ES & SKIRMI%ES1 NOT PUT A BRAKE ON !M OR UND]E/IMATE !M AS M]E 9COH]5T 9SUFF]ANCE T[>DS ?OSE 9 P[]4 

,BUT :O IS PREP>$ TO TAKE ON ?IS TASK8 ,IT C\LD BE AN>*I/S1 NOT SO MU* BECAUSE ( !IR BASIC IDEOLOGICAL *OICE & DECL>$ D5IAL ( ALL AU?ORITY1 AS = !IR CAPACITY TO EVALUATE ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE & ORGANIZATIONAL PROJECTS4 

,MOREOV]1 ONLY ?OSE :O HAVE REBELL$ & FAC$ ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS REBELLION & LIV$ IT TO ! FULL1 BE IT ONLY )9 ! MICROCOSM ( !IR [N LIVES1 CAN HAVE ! S5SITIVITY & 9TUITION NECESS>Y TO GRASP ! SIGNS ( ! 9SURRECTIONAL MOVEM5T 9 C\RSE4 ,NOT ALL AN>*I/S >E REBELS1 JU/ AS NOT ALL REBELS >E AN>*I/S4 ,TO COMPLICATE ?+S1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO BE A REBEL TO UND]/& ! REBELLION ( O!RS4 ,IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y TO BE WILL+ TO UND]/&4 ,WE NE$ TO LOOK AT ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CONDITIONS >\ND US4 ,WE MU/ NOT LET \RSELVES BE SWEPT AWAY LIKE A RIV] 9 FULL SWELL BY ! RES\ND+ DEMON/RATIONS ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5T1 EV5 :5 IT IS MOV+ FULL /EAM AHEAD & ITS 9ITIAL TRIUMPHS LEAD US TO HOI/ BANN]S ( ILLUSION4 ,CRITIQUE IS ALWAYS ! FIR/ 9/RUM5T1 ! />T+ PO9T4 ,BUT ?IS MU/ NOT M]ELY BE A SURLY TAK+ SIDES4 ,IT MU/ BE A P>TICIPATORY CRITIQUE1 ONE ?AT 9VOLVES ! HE>T1 FEELS ! EXCITEM5T ( ! CLA% AGA9/ ! SAME 5EMY1 N[ ) ITS FACE F9ALLY /AMP$ 9 ! DU/4 

,IT IS NOT 5\< TO SIMPLY REBEL4 ,EV5 IF A HUNDR$ REBELS W]E TO GET TOGE!R IT W\LD /ILL NOT BE SUFFICI5T1 !Y W\LD M]ELY BE A HUNDR$ CRAZ$ MOLECULES WRI?+ 9 DE/RUCTIVE AGONY AS ! /RUGGLE SPREADS1 WILDLY SWEEP+ EV]Y?+ AWAY4 ,IMPORTANT AS AN EXAMPLE & /IMULUS1 REBELS 5D UP SUCCUMB+ TO ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T4 ,NO MATT] H[ EFFECTIVE & RADICAL !Y >E1 ! MORE !IR CONSCI5CE C>RIES !M TO ATTACK--(T5 BL9DLY--! MORE !Y BECOME AW>E ( AN 9SURM\NTABLE LIMIT DUE TO !IR FAILURE TO SEE ANY ORGANIZATIONAL \TLET4 ,!Y WAIT = SUGGE/IONS FROM ! MASS 9 REVOLT1 A WORD H]E1 A WORD !RE1 9 ! ?ICK ( ! CLA% OR DUR+ MOM5TS ( CALM :5 EV]YONE WANTS TO TALK BE=E TAK+ UP ! /RUGGLE AGA94 ,& !Y >E NOT AW>E ?AT EV5 DUR+ !SE EXCIT+ MOM5TS !RE >E ALWAYS POLITICIANS WAIT+ 9 AMBU%4 ,! MASSES DO NOT POSSESS ! VIRTUES WE (T5 ATTRIBUTE TO !M4 ,! ASSEMBLY IS C]TA9LY NOT ! PLACE TO RISK ONE'S LIFE1 BUT ONE'S LIFE CAN BE PUT AT RISK BY DECISIONS MADE 9 ASSEMBLIES4 ,& ! POLITICAL ANIMALS ?AT RAISE !IR HEADS AT !SE COLLECTIVE MOM5TS ALWAYS HAVE CLE> IDEAS AB\T :AT TO SUGGE/1 ) F9E PROGRAMS ( RECUP]ATION & A CALL TO ORD] ALREADY 9 !IR POCKETS4 ,( C\RSE1 !Y WILL NOT SAY ANY?+ ?AT IS NOT ABSOLUTELY CORRECT1 POLITICALLY1 ,I MEAN1 SO WILL BE TAK5 TO BE REVOLUTION>IES4 ,BUT !Y >E ALWAYS ! SAME1 ! SAME OLD POLITICAL ANIMALS LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS = ! P[] ( ! FUTURE1 ! K9D ?AT RECUP]ATES ! REVOLUTION>Y ?RU/ & TURNS IT T[>DS PACIFICATION4 ,WE MU/ LIMIT DE/RUCTION1 COMRADES4 ,PLEASE1 AFT] ALL1 :AT WE >E DE/ROY+ BELONGS TO US 44& SO ON4 

,TO %OOT BE=E--& MORE QUICKLY ?AN--O!RS1 IS A VIRTUE ( ! ,F> ,WE/3 IT'S GOOD = A DAY OR TWO1 !N Y\ NE$ TO USE Y\R HEAD4 ,& US+ Y\R HEAD MEANS Y\ NE$ A PROJECT4 

,SO ! AN>*I/ CANNOT JU/ BE A REBEL1 HE OR %E MU/ BE A REBEL EQUIPP$ ) A PROJECT4 ,HE OR %E MU/1 ?AT IS1 UNITE C\RAGE & HE>T ) ! KN[L$GE & =ESI<T ( ACTION4 ,!IR DECISIONS WILL /ILL BE LIT UP BY ! FLAMES ( DE/RUCTION1 BUT SU/A9$ ) ! FUEL ( CRITICAL ANALYSIS4 

,N[1 IF WE ?9K AB\T IT = A MOM5T1 A PROJECT CANNOT JU/ TURN UP \T ( ! BLUE 9 ! MID/ ( ! FRAY4 ,IT IS SILLY TO ?9K ?AT EV]Y?+ MU/ COME =? FROM ! 9SURG5T PEOPLE4 ,?AT W\LD BE BL9D DET]M9ISM & W\LD CONSIGN US GAGG$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! FIR/ POLITICIAN ?AT /OOD UP ON A *AIR & CAME \T ) A FEW ORGANIZATIONAL & PROGRAMMATIC PROPOSALS1 ?R[+ SMOKE 9 EV]YONE'S EYES ) A FEW WORDS /RUNG ONE AFT] ! O!R4 ,AL?\< 9SURRECTION IS A REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T ( GREAT COLLECTIVE CREATIVITY ?AT IS CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ 9T5SE ANALYTICAL SUGGE/IONS 7?9K ( ! 9SURG5T WORK]S ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE :O %OT AT ! CLOCKS71 IT IS NOT ! ONLY S\RCE ( !ORETICAL & PROJECTUAL WEAL?4 ,! HI<E/ MOM5TS ( ! PEOPLE 9 >MS UND\BT$LY ELIM9ATE OB/ACLES & UNC]TA9TIES1 %[+ CLE>LY :AT HAD ONLY BE5 HAZY UP UNTIL !N1 BUT !Y CANNOT ILLUM9ATE :AT IS NOT ALREADY !RE4 ,!SE MOM5TS >E ! POT5T REFLECTOR ?AT MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO BR+ AB\T A REVOLUTION>Y & AN>*I/ PROJECT1 BUT ?IS PROJECT MU/ ALREADY EXI/1 EV5 IF ONLY 9 T]MS ( ME?OD4 ,IT MU/ HAVE BE5 ELABORAT$ & EXP]IM5T$ TO SOME DEGREE1 AL?\< OBVI\SLY NOT 9 EV]Y DETAIL4 

,AFT] ALL1 :5 WE 9T]V5E 9 MASS /RUGGLES1 CLA%ES ) 9T]M$IATE CLAIMS1 ISN'T ?AT ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ORD] TO PROPOSE \R ME?ODS8 ,WORK]S 9 A P>TICUL> FACTORY DEM&+ JOBS & TRY+ TO AVOID BE+ LAID (F1 A GR\P ( HOMELESS PEOPLE TRY+ TO GET %ELT]1 PRISON]S REBELL+ = BETT] CONDITIONS 9 JAIL1 /UD5TS REBELL+ AGA9/ A CULTURELESS S*OOL1 >E ALL ?+S ?AT 9T]E/ US1 UP TO A PO9T4 ,WE KN[ P]FECTLY WELL ?AT :5 WE P>TICIPATE 9 !SE /RUGGLES AS AN>*I/S1 NO MATT] H[ !Y 5D UP !RE WILL NOT BE ANY CORRESPOND+ GR[? 9 \R MOVEM5T1 & ?IS IS QUITE IRRELEVANT4 ,! EXCLUD$ (T5 EV5 =GET :O WE >E1 & !RE IS NO REASON 9 ! WORLD :Y !Y %\LD REMEMB] US1 LEA/ ( ALL ?AT ( GRATITUDE4 ,9 FACT1 WE HAVE ASK$ \RSELVES MORE ?AN ONCE :AT WE W]E DO+ 9 ! MID/ ( SU* /RUGGLES = CLAIMS1 WE AN>*I/S & REVOLUTION>IES :O >E AGA9/ WORK1 S*OOL1 ANY CONCESSION TO ! ,/ATE1 PROP]TY & ALSO ANY K9D ( NEGOTIATION ?AT GRACI\SLY CONC$ES A BETT] LIFE 9 ! PRISONS4 ,! ANSW] IS SIMPLE4 ,WE >E !RE BECAUSE WE CAN 9TRODUCE DIFF]5T ME?ODS4 ,& \R ME?ODS TAKE %APE 9 A PROJECT4 ,WE >E ) ! EXCLUD$ 9 !SE 9T]M$IATE /RUGGLES BECAUSE WE HAVE A DIFF]5T MODEL TO PROPOSE1 ONE BAS$ ON SELF-ORGANIZ$ /RUGGLES1 ATTACK & P]MAN5T CONFLICTUALITY4 ,?IS IS \R PO9T ( /R5G?1 & WE >E ONLY PREP>$ TO /RUGGLE ALONG ) ! EXCLUD$ IF !Y ADOPT SU* ME?ODS ( ATTACK1 EV5 CONC]N+ OBJECTIVES ?AT REMA9 )9 ! REALM ( CLAIM+4 

,A ME?OD W\LD BE NO MORE ?AN AN AGGLOM]ATION ( MEAN+LESS WORDS IF W]E WE UNABLE TO >TICULATE IT )9 A PROJECTUAL DIM5SION4 ,HAD !Y PAID ANY ATT5TION TO ?IS ASPECT AT ! />T1 MANY CONC]N$ CRITICS ( AN>*I/ 9SURRECTIONALISM W\LD JU/ HAVE GONE BACK TO !IR MOM5T>ILY DI/URB$ SLUMB]4 ,:AT IS ! PO9T ( ACCUS+ US ( BE+ /UCK 9 ME?ODS A HUNDR$ YE>S \T ( DATE )\T TAK+ A LOOK AT :AT WE >E TALK+ AB\T8 ,! 9SURRECTIONALISM WE >E TALK+ AB\T IS QUITE DIFF]5T TO ! GLORI\S DAYS ON ! B>RICADES1 EV5 IF IT MI<T CONTA9 ELEM5TS ( A /RUGGLE ?AT MOVES 9 SU* A DIRECTION AT TIMES4 ,BUT AS SIMPLE REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & ANALYSIS1 A ME?OD ?AT COMES TO LIFE 9 A PROJECT1 IT DOES NOT NECESS>ILY TAKE ?IS APOCALYPTIC MOM5T 9TO ACC\NT1 BUT DEVELOPS & 9T5SIFIES F> FROM ANY WAV+ ( BANN]S OR GLITT]+ ( GUNS4 

,MANY COMRADES >E FULLY AW>E ( ! NE$ TO ATTACK & >E DO+ :AT !Y CAN TO BR+ ?IS AB\T4 ,!Y P]CEIVE ! BEAUTY ( ! CLA% & ! CONFRONTATION ) ! CLASS 5EMY HAZILY1 BUT DO NOT WANT TO SP5D MU* TIME ?9K+ AB\T IT4 ,!Y WANT TO HE> NO?+ ( REVOLUTION>Y PROJECTS1 SO C>RY ON WA/+ ! 5?USIASM ( REBELLION :I*1 MOV+ 9TO A ?\S& RIVULETS1 5DS UP EXT+UI%+ ITSELF 9 SMALL ISOLAT$ DISPLAYS ( 9SUFF]ANCE4 ,!SE COMRADES >E OBVI\SLY NOT ALL ! SAME1 Y\ C\LD SAY ?AT EA* ONE CON/ITUTES A UNIV]SE ( HIS OR H] [N1 BUT ALL1 OR NE>LY ALL ( !M1 FEEL IRRITAT$ BY ANY ATTEMPT TO CL>IFY IDEAS4 ,!Y DON'T LIKE TO MAKE DI/9CTIONS4 ,:AT IS ! PO9T ( TALK+ AB\T AFF9ITY GR\PS1 9=MAL ORGANIZATION1 BASE NUCLEI OR COORD9ATIONS1 !Y SAY8 ,DON'T ?+S SPEAK = !MSELVES8 ,>E NOT TYRANNY1 9JU/ICE1 EXPLOITATION & ! F]OCITY ( P[]1 QUITE VISIBLE !RE 9 FRONT ( US8 ,DON'T !Y EXI/ 9 ! %APE ( ?+S & M5 BASK+ 9 ! SUN AS ?\< !Y HAD NO?+ TO WORRY AB\T8 ,:AT IS ! PO9T ( WA/+ TIME 9 PO9TLESS DISCUSSIONS8 ,:Y NOT ATTACK N[8 ,9DE$1 :Y NOT TURN ON ! FIR/ UNI=M WE COME ACROSS8 ,EV5 A 'S5SIBLE' P]SON LIKE ,MALATE/A WAS ( ?IS OP9ION1 9 A WAY1 :5 HE SAID ?AT HE PREF]R$ 9DIVIDUAL REBELLION TO WAIT+ TO SEE ! WORLD UPTURN$ BE=E DO+ ANY?+4 

,I HAVE NEV] HAD ANY?+ AGA9/ ?IS P]SONALLY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y4 ,REBELLION IS ! FIR/ /EP4 ,IT IS ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION = BURN+ \R BRIDGES1 & EV5 IF IT DOES NOT CUT ! BONDS ?AT TIE US TO SOCIETY & P[] ) A ?\S& ROPES 9 ! =M ( FAMILY1 MORALS1 WORK1 OBEY+ ! LAW1 AT LEA/ IT WEAK5S !M4 ,BUT ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT ?IS IS NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,I BELIEVE WE NE$ TO GO FUR!R & ?9K AB\T ! POSSIBILITIES ( GIV+ ONE'S ACTIONS MORE ORGANIZATIONAL /R5G? TO SO ?AT REBELLION CAN BECOME A PROJECT AIM+ AT G5]ALIZ$ 9SURRECTION4 

,?IS SECOND /EP OBVI\SLY DOES NOT APPEAL TO MANY COMRADES4 ,&1 FEEL+ ?AT SU* EF=TS >E BEYOND !M1 !Y UND]E/IMATE ! PROBLEM OR1 WORSE /ILL1 CRITICIZE ?OSE :O DO SP5D TIME & EF=T ON ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION4 

,H]E WE WILL TRY TO PROVIDE A FEW ELEM5TS TO 5ABLE US TO EXAM9E ! ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECT ( 9SURRECTIONALI/ AN>*ISM 9 SOME DEP?4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! PROBLEM ( ! AFF9ITY GR\P1 9=MALITY1 SELF-ORGANIZATION ( /RUGGLES1 BASE NUCLEI & ! COORD9ATION ( !SE NUCLEI 7AN>*I/S & NON-AN>*I/S7 ) AFF9ITY GR\PS 7( AN>*I/S71 ?R\< 9=MAL ORGANIZATION4 

,AS WE CAN SEE1 ! QUE/ION IMPLIES COMPLEX PROBLEMS ( ME?OD1 & ?IS MEANS UND]/&+ C]TA9 CONCEPTS ?AT (T5 GET DI/ORT$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( 9SURRECTIONALISM4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E GIVE !M \R FULL ATT5TION SO AS TO GET RID ( SOME ( ! PRECONCEIV$ IDEAS ?AT (T5 LIMIT \R VISION )\T \R REALIZ+ IT4 

,?IS 9TRODUCTORY NOTE WILL BECOME MORE S*EMATIC AS IT TAKES A LOOK AT !SE KEY CONCEPTS4 ,! TEXT ITSELF WILL BE MORE >TICULATE1 BUT W\LD PROBABLY BE DIFFICULT TO FOLL[ )\T FIR/ BECOM+ FAMILI> ) SU* CONCEPTS4 

,AN AN>*I/ GR\P CAN BE COMPOS$ ( P]FECT /RANG]S4 ,I HAVE (T5 GONE 9TO AN>*I/ MEET+ ROOMS 9 ,ITALY & ELSE:]E & H>DLY KN[N ANYBODY4 ,ONE'S M]E PRES5CE 9 SU* A PLACE1 ! ATTITUDES1 ! J>GON & ! WAY ONE PRES5TS ONESELF1 ! LEVEL ( DISCUSSION & /ATEM5TS IMPREGNAT$ ) BASIC OR?ODOX AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY1 >E SU* ?AT ANY AN>*I/ FEELS AT EASE )9 A %ORT SPACE ( TIME & COMMUNICATES ) ! O!R COMRADES AS WELL AS POSSIBLE1 TO !IR RECIPROCAL SATISFACTION4 

,IT IS NOT MY 9T5TION TO SPEAK ( ! WAYS ?AT AN AN>*I/ GR\P CAN BE ORGANIZ$ H]E4 ,!RE >E MANY1 & EA* *OOSES !IR [N COMRADES AS !Y ?9K BE/4 ,BUT !RE IS A P>TICUL> WAY ( =M+ AN AN>*I/ GR\P ?AT PUTS REAL OR PRESUM$ AFF9ITY AMONG ALL ! P>TICIPANTS BE=E ANY?+ ELSE4 ,N[1 ?IS AFF9ITY IS NOT SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE F\ND 9 A DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES1 A GLORI\S PA/1 OR A HI/ORY ( 'MILITANCY'1 NO MATT] H[ F> BACK ?IS GOES 9 TIME4 ,AFF9ITY IS ACQUIR$ BY HAV+ KN[L$GE ( EA* O!R4 ,?AT IS :Y ONE SOMETIMES BELIEVES ONE HAS AFF9ITY ) A COMRADE1 !N DISCOV]S ?AT IT IS NOT ! CASE1 & VICE V]SA4 ,AN AFF9ITY GR\P IS !RE=E A MELT+ POT :]E SU* RELATIONS CAN MATURE & CONSOLIDATE4 

,BUT BECAUSE P]FECTION IS A ?+ ( ANGELS1 EV5 AFF9ITY NE$S TO BE CONSID]$ ) A C]TA9 M5TAL ACUM5 & NOT SIMPLY BE ACCEPT$ AS ! PANACEA = ALL \R WEAKNESSES4 ,I CAN ONLY DISCOV] ?AT ,I HAVE AFF9ITY ) SOMEONE IF ,I REVEAL MYSELF TO ?AT P]SON1 DO AWAY ) ALL ! AFFECTATIONS ?AT NORMALLY PROTECT ME LIKE A SECOND SK91 H>D] & T\<] ?AN ! FIR/4 ,& ?IS CANNOT SIMPLY COME AB\T ?R\< SMALL TALK1 ME *ATT]+ AB\T MYSELF !N LI/5+ TO ! O!R'S TALES1 BUT MU/ COME AB\T 9 ?+S ?AT >E DONE TOGE!R4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT MU/ COME AB\T 9 ACTION4 ,:5 WE DO ?+S1 WE UNCONSCI\SLY S5D \T T9Y SIGNALS ?AT >E F> MORE REVEAL+ ?AN WORDS4 ,IT IS FROM !SE EX*ANGES ?AT WE CREATE ! CONDITIONS NE$$ = US TO GA9 KN[L$GE ( ONE ANO!R4 

,IF ! GR\P'S ACTIVITY IS NOT SIMPLY DO+ = ! SAKE ( IT SO AS TO GR[ 9 NUMB]S1 BUT HAS ! QUALITATIVE AIM ( COMRADES BE+ AW>E ( EA* O!R & FEEL+ AT ONE ) EA* O!R1 %>+ ! T5SION T[>DS ACTION & ! DESIRE TO TRANS=M ! WORLD1 !N ?IS IS AN AFF9ITY GR\P4 ,IF IT IS NOT1 ! SE>* = AFF9ITY WILL BE NO MORE ?AN ! SE>* = A %\LD] TO LEAN ON4 

,AFF9ITY IS !RE=E ! KN[L$GE ?AT COMRADES ACQUIRE ( EA* O!R ?R\< ACTION 9 ! REALIZATION ( ONE'S IDEAS4 ,A GLANCE BACKW>DS TO ALL[ MY COMRADES TO SEE :O ,I AM IS REABSORB$ BY LOOK+ =W>D TOGE!R 9TO A FUTURE 9 :I* WE BUILD \R COMMON PROJECT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE DECIDE TO 9T]V5E 9 SPECIFIC /RUGGLES & SEE :AT WE >E CAPABLE (4 ,!SE TWO MOM5TS1 ! FIR/1 LET US SAY1 ( ! KN[L$GE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & ! SECOND1 ! PROJECTUAL ONE ( ! KN[L$GE ( ! GR\P 9T]TW9E & CON/ITUTE AFF9ITY1 ALL[+ ! GR\P TO BE CONSID]$ TO ALL EFFECTS AN 'AFF9ITY GR\P'4 

,! RESULT+ CONDITION IS NOT FIX$ 9 TIME ONCE & = ALL4 ,IT MOVES1 DEVELOPS1 REGRESSES & MODIFIES DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! V>I\S /RUGGLES1 DRAW+ FROM !M SO AS TO GR[ BO? !ORETICALLY & PRACTICALLY4 ,IT IS NOT A MONOLI?IC 5TITY4 ,DECISIONS >E NOT MADE V]TICALLY4 ,!RE IS NO FAI? TO BE SWORN ON OR COMM&M5TS TO BELIEVE 91 9 TIMES ( D\BT OR FE>4 ,EV]Y?+ IS DISCUSS$ )9 ! GR\P ?R\<\T ! C\RSE ( ! /RUGGLE1 EV]Y?+ IS RECONSID]$ FROM ! />T1 EV5 IF SOLID1 ET]NAL PO9TS MI<T SEEM TO EXI/ ALREADY4 

,! AFF9ITY GR\P'S TASK IS TO ELABORATE A P>TICUL> PROJECT1 ! BE/ PLACE TO /UDY & EXAM9E ! CONDITIONS ONE DECIDES TO OP]ATE 94 ,IT MI<T SEEM ?AT ORGANIZATIONS ( SYN!SIS >E BETT] 9/RUM5TS = 9T]V5+ 9 /RUGGLES ?AN AFF9ITY GR\PS1 BUT ! VA/ RANGE ( 9T]E/S HELD BY AN>*I/ /RUCTURES ( SYN!SIS IS ONLY APP>5T4 ,9 FACT1 9 AN ORGANIZATION ( SYN!SIS1 GR\PS >E ALLOCAT$ TASKS AT CONGRESSES1 & AL?\< !Y >E FREE TO 9T]E/ !MSELVES 9 ALL ! PROBLEMS ?AT *>ACT]IZE ?IS SOCIETY DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES1 BASICALLY ONLY OP]ATE ACCORD+ TO :AT HAS BE5 DICTAT$ BY ! CONGRESS4 ,MOREOV]1 BE+ L9K$ TO PROGRAMS & PR9CIPLES ?AT HAVE BE5 ACCEPT$ ONCE & = ALL1 !Y >E UNABLE TO MAKE 9DEP5D5T DECISIONS & 5D UP COMPLY+ TO ! RIGID LIMITATIONS FIX$ BY ! ORGANIZATION 9 CONGRESS4 ,! LATT]'S ROLE IS TO SAFEGU>D ! ORGANIZATION ITSELF1 9 O!R WORDS TO 'DI/URB' P[] AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE & AVOID BE+ '\TLAW$'4 ,! AFF9ITY GR\P AVOIDS SU* LIMITATIONS1 SOMETIMES EASILY1 SOMETIMES ONLY ?ANKS TO ! C\RAGE & DECISION ( ! COMRADES ?AT MAKE IT UP4 ,( C\RSE1 SU* /RUCTURES CANNOT GIVE C\RAGE TO ?OSE :O LACK IT4 ,IT CANNOT SUGGE/ ATTACK UNLESS EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS ALREADY A REBEL 9 HIS OR H] S\L4 ,IT CANNOT GO 9TO ACTION IF PEOPLE >E ONLY PREP>$ TO ?9K AT ! LEVEL ( AN AFT]NOON *AT4 

,ONCE ! PROBLEMS CONC]N+ :AT IS TO BE ACT$ ON HAVE BE5 GONE 9TO1 ! NECESS>Y DOCUM5TATION BE5 F\ND & ANALYZES ELABORAT$1 ! AFF9ITY GR\P GOES 9TO ACTION4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?IS K9D ( AN>*I/ /RUCTURE4 ,IT DOES NOT WAIT = PROBLEMS TO APPE> LIKE A SPID] 9 ! MIDDLE ( A WEB4 ,IT LOOKS = !M & SEEKS A SOLUTION1 :I* MU/ OBVI\SLY BE ACCEPT$ BY ! EXCLUD$ :O >E BE>+ ! BRUNT ( ! PROBLEM4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO MAKE A PROPOSITION TO A SOCIAL REALITY ?AT IS SUFF]+ SOME SPECIFIC =M ( AGGRESSION BY P[] 9 A GIV5 >EA1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO BE PHYSICALLY PRES5T AMONG ! EXCLUD$ ( ?AT >EA & HAVE A REAL AW>5ESS ( ! PROBLEMS 9VOLV$4 

,! AFF9ITY GR\P !RE=E MOVES 9 ! DIRECTION ( LOCAL 9T]V5TION1 FAC+ ONE P>TICUL> PROBLEM & CREAT+ ALL ! NECESS>Y PSY*OLOGICAL & PRACTICAL CONDITIONS1 BO? 9DIVIDUALLY & COLLECTIVELY4 ,! PROBLEM CAN !N BE FAC$ ) ! *>ACT]I/ICS & ME?ODS ( 9SURRECTIONALISM :I* >E SELF-ORGANIZATION1 P]MAN5T CONFLICTUALITY & ATTACK4 

,ONE S+LE AFF9ITY GR\P CANNOT NECESS>ILY C>RY \T SU* AN 9T]V5TION ON ITS [N4 ,(T51 AT LEA/ ACCORD+ TO ! 7FEW & CONTROV]SIAL7 EXP]I5CES TO DATE1 ! NATURE ( ! PROBLEM & COMPLEXITY ( 9T]V5TION1 9CLUD+ ! EXT5T ( ! >EA AS WELL AS ! MEANS REQUIR$ TO DEVELOP ! PROJECT & ! IDEAS & NE$S ( ! PEOPLE 9VOLV$1 REQUIRE SOME?+ MORE4 ,H5CE ! NE$ TO KEEP 9 CONTACT ) O!R AFF9ITY GR\PS SO AS TO 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( COMRADES & F9D ! MEANS & IDEAS SUIT$ TO ! COMPLEXITY & DIM5SION ( ! PROBLEM ?AT IS BE+ FAC$4 

,?AT IS H[ 9=MAL ORGANIZATION ORIG9ATES4 

,V>I\S AN>*I/ AFF9ITY GR\PS CAN COME TOGE!R TO GIVE LIFE TO AN 9=MAL ORGANIZATION AIM$ AT FAC+ A PROBLEM ?AT IS TOO COMPLEX = ONE GR\P ALONE4 ,( C\RSE1 ALL ! GR\PS P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION MU/ MORE OR LESS AGREE ) ! 9T]V5TION & P>TICIPATE 9 BO? ! ACTIONS & IDEAS4 

,AFF9ITY GR\PS (T5 DEVELOP 9=MAL RELATIONS ?AT BECOME CON/ANT AS !Y MEET REGUL>LY TO PREP>E = SPECIFIC /RUGGLES OR--BETT] /ILL--DUR+ ! C\RSE ( !SE /RUGGLES4 ,?IS FACILITATES ! CIRCULATION ( 9=MATION AB\T ! LATT] & ! PROJECTS ?AT >E 9 PREP>ATION1 AS WELL AS SIGNS FROM C]TA9 P>TS ( ! WORLD ( ! EXCLUD$4 

,AN 9=MAL ORGANIZATION 'FUNCTIONS' QUITE SIMPLY4 ,IT HAS NO NAME AS IT DOES NOT AIM TO GR[ NUM]ICALLY4 ,!RE >E NO FIX$ /RUCTURES 7AP>T FROM ! S+LE AFF9ITY GR\PS1 EA* ONE ( :I* OP]ATES QUITE AUTONOM\SLY71 O!RWISE ! T]M '9=MAL' W\LD BE MEAN+LESS4 ,IT IS NOT =MALLY 'CON/ITUT$'1 !RE >E NO CONGRESSES BUT ONLY SIMPLE MEET+S FROM TIME TO TIME 7PREF]ABLY DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! /RUGGLES !MSELVES74 ,!RE >E NO PROGRAMS1 ONLY ! COMMON EXP]I5CE ( 9SURRECTIONAL /RUGGLES & ! ME?ODS ?AT DI/+UI% !M3 SELF-ORGANIZATION1 P]MAN5T CONFLICTUALITY & ATTACK4 

,! AIMS ( ! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION >E CONF]R$ ON IT BY ! 9DIVIDUAL AFF9ITY GR\PS ?AT MAKE IT UP4 ,9 ! FEW EXP]I5CES ?AT HAVE MAT]IALIZ$ IT HAS BE5 A QUE/ION ( ONE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE1 = EXAMPLE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,CRUISE MISSILE BASE 9 ,COMISO 9 #a#i#h#b-#a#i#h#c4 ,BUT !RE C\LD ALSO BE MORE ?AN ONE 9T]V5TION & ! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE = S+LE GR\PS TO 9T]V5E 9 !SE DIFF]5T SITUATIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE !Y C\LD ALT]NATE :5 IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO BE 9 ONE PLACE = A CONSID]ABLE L5G? ( TIME 79 ,COMISO GR\PS /AY$ 9 ! >EA = TWO YE>S74 ,ANO!R AIM C\LD BE TO PROVIDE BO? ANALYTICAL & PRACTICAL MEANS1 & PROVIDE ! F9ANCIAL SUPPORT ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL GR\P MI<T REQUIRE4 

,! PRIM>Y FUNCTION ( ! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION IS TO MAKE KN[N ! V>I\S AFF9ITY GR\PS & ! COMRADES ?AT MAKE !M UP4 ,IF Y\ ?9K AB\T IT1 ?IS IS /ILL A QUE/ION ( A SE>* = AFF9ITY1 ?IS TIME AT A DIFF]5T LEVEL4 ,H]E ! SE>* = AFF9ITY IS 9T5SIFI$ BY ! PROJECT--:I* DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! EV]-9CREAS+ KN[L$GE ( ! S+LE 9DIVIDUAL--& COMES AB\T AT ! LEVEL ( MORE ?AN ONE GR\P4 ,ONE D$UCES FROM ?IS ?AT ! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION IS ALSO AN AFF9ITY GR\P1 BAS$ ON ALL ! AFF9ITY GR\PS ?AT MAKE IT UP4 

,! ABOVE CONSID]ATIONS1 :I* WE HAVE BE5 DEVELOP+ OV] ! PA/ FIFTE5 YE>S1 %\LD HAVE BE5 ( SOME USE TO COMRADES 9 !IR UND]/&+ ! NATURE ( 9=MAL ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS DOES NOT SEEM TO BE ! CASE4 ,9 MY OP9ION1 ! MO/ S]I\S MISUND]/&+ COMES FROM ! LAT5T DESIRE ( MANY ( US TO FLEX \R MUSCLES4 ,WE WANT TO GIVE \RSELVES A /RONG ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE BECAUSE ?AT SEEMS TO BE ! ONLY WAY TO FI<T A P[] /RUCTURE ?AT IS /RONG & MUSCUL>4 ,ACCORD+ TO !SE COMRADES ! FIR/ *>ACT]I/IC ?AT SU* A /RUCTURE %\LD HAVE IS ?AT IT BE SPECIFIC & ROBU/1 MU/ LA/ 9 TIME & BE CLE>LY VISIBLE SO AS TO CON/ITUTE A K9D ( LI<T AMID ! /RUGGLES ( ! EXCLUD$--A LI<T1 A GUIDE1 A PO9T ( REF]5CE4 

,ALAS6 ,WE DO NOT %>E ?IS OP9ION4 ,ALL ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ANALYZES ( PO/-9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM %[ H[ P[] W\LD SWALL[ UP SU* A /RONG1 VISIBLE /RUCTURE 9 ONE GULP4 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! C5TRALITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS 7AT LEA/ :AT WAS ONCE CONSID]$ SU*7 MEANS ?AT AN ATTACK C>RI$ \T BY A RIGID1 VISIBLE /RUCTURE W\LD BE IMPRACTICABLE4 ,IF SU* /RUCTURES >E NOT SIMPLY DE/ROY$ ON IMPACT1 !Y W\LD JU/ BE CO-OPT$ 9TO ! AMBIT ( P[] 9 ORD] TO RECUP]ATE & RECYCLE ! MO/ IRR$UCIBLE ELEM5TS4 

,SO LONG AS ! AFF9ITY GR\P CONT9UES TO LOOK 9W>DS1 IT WILL BE NO MORE ?AN A FEW COMRADES GIV+ !MSELVES !IR [N RULES & RESPECT+ !M4 ,BY LOOK+ 9W>DS ,I DO NOT JU/ MEAN /AY+ 9SIDE ONE'S AN>*I/ PLACE1 LIMIT+ ONESELF TO ! USUAL DISCUSSIONS AMONG ! 9ITIAT$1 BUT ALSO RESPOND+ TO ! V>I\S DEADL9ES ( P[] & REPRESSION ) DECL>ATIONS & DOCUM5TS4 ,9 ?AT CASE ! AFF9ITY GR\P W\LD ONLY DIFF] FROM O!R AN>*I/ GR\PS SUP]FICIALLY3 'POLITICAL' *OICES1 WAYS ( 9T]PRET+ ! V>I\S RESPONSES TO ! P[] /RUCTURE'S CLAIM TO REGULATE \R LIVES & ?OSE ( ALL ! EXCLUD$4 

,! PR(\ND S5SE ( BE+ A 'DIFF]5T' /RUCTURE1 I4E4 ONE BAS$ ON A WAY ( ORGANIZ+ ?AT IS QUITE DIFF]5T TO ALL O!R AN>*I/ GR\PS--9 A WORD1 ON AFF9ITY--ONLY BECOMES OP]ATIVE :5 IT SETS \T A PROJECT ( SPECIFIC /RUGGLE4 ,& :AT *>ACT]IZES ?IS PROJECT MORE ?AN ANY?+ IS ! PRES5CE ( A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( EXCLUD$1 ( PEOPLE--9 A WORD1 ! MASS--BE>+ ! BRUNT ( REPRESSION ?AT ! PROJECT IS ADDRESS+ ) REC\RSE TO 9SURRECTIONALI/ ME?ODS4 

,! ESS5TIAL ELEM5T 9 ! 9SURRECTIONAL PROJECT IS !RE=E MASS P>TICIPATION4 ,&1 AS WE />T$ (F FROM ! CONDITION ( AFF9ITY AMONG ! S+LE AN>*I/ GR\PS P>TICIPAT+ 9 IT1 IT IS ALSO AN ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( ?IS AFF9ITY ITSELF4 ,IT W\LD BE NO MORE ?AN M]E CAM>AD]IE D'ELITE IF IT W]E TO REMA9 CIRCUMSCRIB$ TO ! RECIPROCAL SE>* = DEEP] P]SONAL KN[L$GE BETWE5 COMRADES4 

,BUT IT W\LD BE NONS5SE TO CONSID] TRY+ TO MAKE O!R PEOPLE BECOME AN>*I/S & SUGGE/ ?AT !Y 5T] \R GR\PS DUR+ ! /RUGGLE4 ,NOT ONLY W\LD IT BE NONS5SE1 IT W\LD BE A HORRIBLE IDEOLOGICAL =C+ ( ?+S ?AT W\LD UPTURN ! :OLE MEAN+ ( AFF9ITY GR\PS & ! EV5TUAL 9=MAL ORGANIZATION ?AT MI<T 5SUE 9 ORD] TO FACE ! SPECIFIC REPRESSIVE ATTACK4 

,BUT H]E WE >E FAC$ ) ! NE$ TO CREATE ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES ?AT >E CAPABLE ( REGR\P+ ! EXCLUD$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO BEG9 ! ATTACK ON REPRESSION4 ,SO WE COME TO ! NE$ TO GIVE LIFE TO AUTONOM\S BASE NUCLEI1 :I* CAN OBVI\SLY GIVE !MSELVES ANY O!R NAME ?AT 9DICATES ! CONCEPT ( SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,WE HAVE N[ REA*$ ! CRUCIAL PO9T ( ! 9SURRECTIONAL PROJECT3 ! CON/ITUTION ( AUTONOM\S BASE NUCLEI 7WE >E US+ ?IS T]M H]E TO SIMPLIFY ?+S74 

,! ESS5TIAL1 VISIBLE & IMM$IATELY COMPREH5SIBLE *>ACT]I/IC ( ! LATT] IS ?AT !Y >E COMPOS$ ( BO? AN>*I/S & NON-AN>*I/S4 

,! MORE DIFFICULT PO9TS RESIDE ELSE:]E H[EV]1 & ON ! FEW OCCASIONS ( EXP]IM5TATION !SE HAVE TURN$ \T TO BE A S\RCE ( CONSID]ABLE MISUND]/&+4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! FACT ?AT !Y >E /RUCTURES 9 ! QUANTITATIVE S5SE4 ,IF !Y >E SU*--& 9 FACT !Y >E--!N ?IS *>ACT]I/IC NE$S TO BE CL>IFI$4 ,!Y >E ACTUALLY PO9TS ( REF]5CE1 NOT FIX$ /RUCTURES :]E PEOPLE CAN C\NT !MSELVES ?R\< ALL ! PROC$URES ( E/ABLI%$ MEMB]%IP 7C>D-C>RY+1 PAYM5T ( DUES1 SUPPLY+ S]VICES1 ETC74 ,! ONLY AIM ( ! BASE NUCLEI IS /RUGGLE4 ,!Y OP]ATE LIKE LUNGS 9 ! RESPIRATORY SY/EM1 SWELL+ :5 ! /RUGGLE 9T5SIFIES & R$UC+ 9 SIZE :5 IT WEAK5S1 TO SWELL AGA9 :5 ! NEXT CLA% OCCURS4 ,DUR+ QUIET SPELLS1 BETWE5 ONE 9VOLVEM5T & ANO!R--& H]E BY 9VOLVEM5T WE MEAN ANY ASPECT ( /RUGGLE1 EV5 SIMPLY H&+ \T A LEAFLET1 P>TICIPAT+ 9 A PUBLIC MEET+1 BUT ALSO SQUATT+ A BUILD+ OR SABOTAG+ ONE ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( P[]--! NUCLEUS ACTS AS A ZONAL REF]5CE1 A SIGN ( ! PRES5CE ( AN 9=MAL ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE4 

,TO SEE AUTONOM\S BASE NUCLEI AS NE$+ TO GR[ QUANTITATIVELY W\LD BE TO TURN !M 9TO UNION-/YLE ORGANISMS1 I4E4 SOME?+ LIKE ! ,COBAS 9 ,ITALY1 :O DEF5D WORK]S' RI<TS 9 ! V>I\S PRODUCTIVE SECTORS ?R\< A WIDE RANGE ( ACTIVITIES SU* AS CLAIM+ & DEF5SE ( ?OSE !Y REPRES5T4 ,! MORE DELEGATES !RE >E1 ! L\D] ! VOICE ( ! CLAIMANT4 ,! AUTNONOM\S BASE NUCLEUS DOES NOT HAVE DELEGATES1 IT DOES NOT PROPOSE /RUGGLES BAS$ ON WIDE OBJECTIVES SU* AS ! DEF5SE ( JOBS1 WAGE 9CREASES1 OR SAFEGU>D+ HEAL? 9 ! FACTORY1 ETC4 ,! BASE NUCLEUS EXI/S = ! ONE OBJECTIVE ?AT WAS DECID$ UPON AT ! />T4 ,?IS CAN ALSO BE A CLAIM ( SOME K9D1 NOT MADE ?R\< ! REPRES5TATIVE ME?OD ( DELEGATION1 BUT FAC$ US+ DIRECT ME?ODS ( IMM$IATE /RUGGLE SU* AS CON/ANT UNANN\NC$ ATTACKS & ! BLUNT REFUSAL ( ALL ! POLITICAL =CES ?AT CLAIM TO REPRES5T ANYONE OR ANY?+4 

,?OSE :O =M ! BASE NUCLEI %\LD !RE=E NOT EXPECT SOME COMPLEX LEVEL ( SUPPORT TO COV] A WIDE RANGE ( NE$S4 ,!Y MU/ UND]/& ?AT ?IS IS NOT A QUE/ION ( SOME UNION-/YLE DEF5SE ORGANIZATION1 BUT IS AN 9/RUM5T ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ONE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE1 & IS ONLY VALID IF ! 9ITIAL DECISION TO HAVE REC\RSE TO 9SURRECTIONAL ME?ODS /&S FIRM4 ,P>TICIPATION 9 ! NUCLEI IS QUITE SPONTANE\S1 AS !RE >E NO B5EFITS O!R ?AN ! SPECIFIC1 EXCLUSIVE ONE ( /R5G? & ORGANIZATION CONC]N+ ! OBJECTIVE ?AT HAS BE5 *OS5 TOGE!R1 & ATTACK+ IT4 ,SO1 IT IS QUITE LOGICAL NOT TO EXPECT SU* ORGANISMS TO DEVELOP A HI< NUM]ICAL OR 7EV5 LESS7 /ABLE1 COMPOSITION4 ,9 ! PREP>ATORY PHASE ( ! /RUGGLE ?OSE :O ID5TIFY ) ! OBJECTIVE1 AGREE ) IT & >E PREP>$ TO PUT !MSELVES AT RISK1 >E FEW4 ,:5 ! /RUGGLE IS UND]WAY & ! FIR/ RESULTS BEG9 TO APPE>1 ! HESITANT & WEAK WILL ALSO JO9 9 & ! NUCLEUS WILL SWELL1 ONLY = !SE LA/-M9UTE P>TICIPANTS TO DISAPPE> LAT] ON4 ,?IS IS QUITE NATURAL & %\LD NOT WORRY US OR MAKE US SEE ?IS 9/RUM5T ( MASS ORGANIZATION 9 A NEGATIVE LI<T4 

,ANO!R COMMON >EA ( 9COMPREH5SION IS ! %ORT LIFESPAN ( ! AUTONOM\S BASE NUCLEUS ITSELF4 ,IT COMES TO AN 5D UPON REA*+ ! OBJECTIVE ?AT HAD BE5 DECID$ 7OR ?R\< COMMON AGREEM5T CONC]N+ ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( REA*+ IT74 ,MANY ASK !MSELVES3 IF ! NUCLEI 'ALSO' FUNCTION AS A REGR\P+ PO9T ( REF]5CE1 :Y NOT KEEP !M 9 PLACE = POSSIBLE USE 9 SOME FUTURE /RUGGLE8 ,H]E WE COME BACK TO ! CONCEPT ( '9=MALITY' AGA94 ,ANY /RUCTURE ?AT C>RIES ON 9 TIME BEYOND ITS ORIG9AL AIM1 SOON] OR LAT] TURNS 9TO A /ABLE /RUCTURE :OSE ORIG9AL PURPOSE IS DI/ORT$ 9TO ! NEW & APP>5TLY LEGITIMATE ONE ( QUANTITATIVE GR[?4 ,IT GR[S 9 /R5G? 9 ORD] TO REA* ! MULTIPLICITY ( GOALS--EA* ONE 9T]E/+ 5\< 9 ITSELF--?AT APPE> ON ! NEBUL\S HORIZON ( ! EXPLOIT$4 ,AS SOON AS ! 9=MAL /RUCTURE PLANTS ROOTS 9 A NEW1 /ABLE =M1 9DIVIDUALS SUIT$ TO MANAG+ ! LATT] WILL APPE> ON ! SC5E3 ALWAYS ! SAME ONES1 ! MO/ CAPABLE1 ) PL5TY ( TIME TO SP>E4 ,SOON] OR LAT] ! CIRCLE WILL CLOSE >\ND ! SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ /RUCTURE1 :I* BY N[ WILL HAVE F\ND ITS SOLE AIM1 ITS [N SURVIVAL4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT WE SEE HAPP5+ :5 SU* AN ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 ALBEIT AN>*I/ & REVOLUTION>Y1 E/ABLI%ES ITSELF3 IT BECOMES A R>EFI$ =M ( P[] ?AT ATTRACTS ALL ! COMRADES :O WANT TO DO GOOD = ! PEOPLE & SO ON1 ETC1 ETC4--ALL ) ! BE/ WILL 9 ! WORLD1 ( C\RSE4 

,ONE LA/ ORGANIZATIONAL ELEM5T1 :I* IS NECESS>Y AT TIMES1 IS ! 'COORD9ATION' ( AUTONOM\S BASE NUCLEI4 ,! COORD9AT+ /RUCTURE IS ALSO 9=MAL & IS COMPOS$ ( V>I\S REPRES5TATIVES ( ! BASE NUCLEI4 ,:]EAS ! 9DIVIDUAL NUCLEI1 GIV5 !IR FUNCTION AS 'LUNGS' CAN BE 9=MAL TO ! PO9T ( NOT EV5 HAV+ ANY FIX$ MEET+ PLACE 7BECAUSE A NUCLEUS CAN >RANGE TO MEET ANY:]E71 ?IS CANNOT BE SO = ! COORD9AT+ BODY4 ,IF A /RUGGLE--/ILL CIRCUMSCRIB$ TO ! SPECIFIC QUE/ION ?AT />T$ ! PROJECT--LA/S = A CONSID]ABLE L5G? ( TIME & COV]S A FAIRLY WIDE >EA1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO F9D A PLACE = ! V>I\S ACTIVITIES ( ! BASE NUCLEI TO COORD9ATE !MSELVES4 

,! PRES5CE ( AN>*I/ AFF9ITY GR\PS IS NOT DIRECTLY VISIBLE 9 ! COORD9ATION1 & ?IS CAN ALSO BE SAID CONC]N+ ! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION4 ,( C\RSE AN>*I/S >E PRES5T 9 ALL ! V>I\S BASE NUCLEI1 BUT ?IS IS NOT ! IDEAL PLACE = AN>*I/ PROPAG&A 9 ! CLASSIC S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,! FIR/ ?+ TO BE DONE1 BO? )9 ! COORD9ATION & ! 9DIVIDUAL NUCLEI1 IS TO ANALYZE ! PROBLEM1 ! OBJECTIVE TO BE REA*$1 !N LOOK AT ! 9SURRECTIONAL MEANS TO BE US$ 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,! TASK ( COMRADES IS TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! PROJECT & GO 9TO ! MEANS & ME?ODS TO BE EMPLOY$1 ALONG ) EV]YONE ELSE 9VOLV$4 ,AL?\< ?IS MI<T S\ND SIMPLE H]E1 IT TURNS \T TO BE F> MORE COMPLICAT$ 9 PRACTICE4 

,! FUNCTION ( ! 'COORD9ATION ( ! AUTONOM\S BASE NUCLEI' IS !RE=E ?AT ( L9K+ UP ! /RUGGLES4 ,H]E WE HAVE ONLY ONE ?+ TO SUGGE/ 7ABSOLUTELY 9DIGE/IBLE = AN>*I/S1 BUT QUITE SIMPLE = ANYONE :O IS NOT AN AN>*I/73 ! NE$1 9 ! CASE ( A MASS ATTACK AGA9/ A GIV5 /RUCTURE ( P[]1 TO DECIDE UPON 9DIVIDUAL TASKS BE=E ! ATTACK TAKES PLACE1 I4E4 TO AGREE ON :AT NE$S TO BE DONE D[N TO ! M9UTE/ DETAIL4 ,MANY IMAG9E SU* OCCASIONS ( /RUGGLE TO BE AN ORGY ( SPONTANEITY3 ! OBJECTIVE IS !RE 9 FRONT ( EV]YONE1 ALL Y\ NE$ TO DO IS GO AHEAD & R\T \T ! =CES PROTECT+ IT & DE/ROY !M4 ,I AM PUTT+ ?+S 9 !SE T]MS H]E1 AL?\< ,I KN[ ?AT MANY WILL HAVE A HUNDR$ DIFF]5T WAYS ( SEE+ ?+S1 BUT ! ESS5CE DOES NOT *ANGE4 ,ALL ( ! P>TICIPANTS MU/ HAVE A PRECISE IDEA ( :AT TO DO1 IT BE+ A QUE/ION ( A /RUGGLE TAK+ PLACE 9 A GIV5 >EA ?AT WILL HAVE TO OV]COME SPECIFIC >M$ RESI/ANCE4 ,N[1 IF ONLY A FEW PEOPLE KN[ :AT TO DO ! RESULT+ CONFUSION WILL BE ! SAME1 IF NOT WORSE1 ?AN IF NO ONE DOES AT ALL4 

,A PLAN IS !RE=E NECESS>Y4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 9/ANCES :]E IT WAS NECESS>Y TO HAVE AN >M$ MILIT>Y PLAN SIMPLY TO H& \T A LEAFLET 7= EXAMPLE DUR+ ! 9SURRECTION ( ,REGGIO ,CALABRIA74 ,BUT CAN ?IS PLAN REALLY BE MADE AVAILABLE TO EV]YBODY1 EV5 JU/ A FEW DAYS BE=E ! ATTACK8 ,I DO NOT ?9K SO4 ,= REASONS ( SECURITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 DETAILS ( ! PLAN ( ATTACK MU/ BE AVAILABLE TO ALL ! P>TICIPANTS4 ,ONE D$UCES ?AT NOT EV]YBODY CAN P>TICIPATE 9 DRAW+ IT UP1 BUT ONLY ?OSE :O 9 SOME WAY OR O!R HAPP5 TO BE KN[N EI!R = !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! AUTONOM\S BASE NUCLEI1 OR BECAUSE !Y BELONG TO ! AFF9ITY GR\PS ADH]+ TO ! COORD9ATION4 ,?IS IS TO AVOID 9FILTRATION BY POLICE & SECRET S]VICES1 SOME?+ ?AT IS MORE ?AN LIKELY ON SU* OCCASIONS4 ,PEOPLE :O >E NOT KN[N MU/ BE GU>ANTE$ BY ?OSE :O >E4 ,?IS MI<T BE UNPLEASANT1 BUT IT IS UNAVOIDABLE4 

,! PROBLEM GETS COMPLICAT$ :5 ! PROJECT 9 C\RSE IS KN[N TO MANY COMRADES :O C\LD BE 9T]E/$ 9 P>TICIPAT+ 9 ONE ( ! ACTIONS ( ATTACK WE >E TALK+ AB\T4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! 9FLUX W\LD BE CONSID]ABLE 79 ! CASE ( ,COMISO1 9 ! DAYS ( ! ATTEMPT$ OCCUPATION1 AB\T #c COMRADES CAME FROM ALL OV] ,ITALY & BEYOND7 & ! NE$ TO AVOID ! PRES5CE ( 9FILTRATORS BECOMES F> MORE S]I\S4 ,COMRADES TURN+ UP AT ! LA/ M9UTE MI<T NOT KN[ AB\T ! ACTION 9 C\RSE1 & WILL NOT BE ABLE TO UND]/& :AT IS GO+ ON4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ALL ?OSE :O DECIDE NOT TO ACCEPT ! ABOVE V]IFICATION WILL 5D UP FEEL+ LEFT \T4 

,& F9ALLY TWO LA/ PO9TS ?AT M]IT A CONCISE1 L9E> EXPLANATION3 :Y WE CONSID] ! 9SURRECTIONAL ME?ODOLOGY & PROJECTUALITY TO BE ! MO/ SUITABLE MEANS 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y CLA% TODAY1 & :AT WE ?9K CAN COME FROM ! USE ( 9SURRECTIONAL ME?ODS 9 A SITUATION ?AT IS NOT 9SURRECTION 9 ACT4 

,AS F> AS ! FIR/ QUE/ION IS CONC]N$1 AN ANALYSIS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC REALITY TODAY %[S H[ /RUCTURES ( SYN!SIS REPRODUCE ALL ! DEFECTS ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES ( ! PA/1 GREAT OR SMALL1 MAK+ !M 9EFFECTIVE OR ONLY USEFUL TO ! RE/RUCTUR+ ( P[]4 

,TO ! SECOND QUE/ION1 ONE C\LD REPLY ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY 9 ADVANCE H[ ! CONDITIONS LEAD+ TO 9SURRECTION WILL DEVELOP4 ,ANY OCCASION MI<T BE ! RI<T ONE1 EV5 IF IT LOOKS LIKE AN 9SIGNIFICANT EXP]IM5T4 ,BUT !RE IS MORE4 ,TO DEVELOP A PROJECT ( 9SURRECTIONAL /RUGGLE />T+ FROM ONE SPECIFIC PROBLEM1 I4E4 A PRECISE MANIFE/ATION ( P[] TO ! DETRIM5T ( A CONSID]ABLE MASS ( EXCLUD$1 IS MORE ?AN A SIMPLE 'EXP]IM5T'4 ,IT IS 9SURRECTION 9 ACT1 )\T WANT+ TO EXAGG]ATE SOME?+ ?AT />TS (F AS SOME?+ SMALL1 & WILL PROBABLY REMA9 SO4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS ! ME?OD1 & AN>*I/S /ILL HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 O!RWISE WE WILL REMA9 UNPREP>$ 9 ! CASE ( ! MANY 9SURRECTIONS ( :OLE PEOPLES ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE TO DATE & CONT9UE TO DO SO4 

,BASICALLY ?IS BOOK IS A CONTRIBUTION TO ! GREAT PROBLEM ',:AT IS TO BE DONE8'4 

,CATANIA1 #ba ,NOVEMB] #a#i#i#h4 

,EXCLUD$ & ,9CLUD$ 

  

,! 5D ( IDEOLOGY HAS ALMO/ >RIV$1 BUT NOT QUITE4 ,NO POLITICAL APP>ATUS C\LD EV] DO )\T IT ALTOGE!R4 ,! SUB/ANTIAL *ANGES 9 ! PRODUCTIVE /RUCTURE ( CAPITAL ?AT HAVE OCCURR$ GLOBALLY OV] ! LA/ T5 YE>S1 HAVE ALMO/ EMPTI$ ! EXI/+ IDEOLOGICAL COV] ( ANY MEAN+4 ,) ?IS Y\ CANNOT SAY ?AT POLITICS1 9T5D$ AS ! MANAGEM5T & REPRESSIVE ACTION ( ! ,/ATE1 HAS GOT ANY CLOS] TO PEOPLE'S NE$S4 ,VAGUE NEW >RIVALS :OSE IDEOLOGICAL COV] IS /ILL 9 =MATION >E APPE>+ ON ! HEELS ( ! <O/S ( ! PA/4 ,WE CAN ONLY SAY ?AT1 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 !IR AIM IS ALWAYS TO PUT PRESSURE ON IRRATIONAL 9/9CTS1 TO SOLICIT BEHAVIOR DISPOS$ TO MA9TA9+ ! ORD] IMPOS$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS4 

,:AT LEAPS TO \R ATT5TION IS ! ILLUSION ( FRE$OM EMBALM$ 9 ALL ! LOGICAL TRAPP+S ( ! OLD LIB]ALISM HA/ILY DU/$ TO MAKE WAY = ! S9I/] OP]ATION ( MANAG+ ! NEW M>KETS 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,LIB]ALISM BASES ITSELF ON A PRECISE DISCRIM9ATION BETWE5 TWO CATEGORIES ( P]SON3 ONE :O CAN 5JOY NOT JU/ HUMAN & POLITICAL RI<TS BUT ALSO PRACTICAL ONES SU* AS ! RI<T TO LIFE ITSELF1 & ! O!RS = :OM SU* RI<TS EXI/ 9 A R$UC$ =M & CAN BE SUSP5D$ OR )DRAWN AT ANY MOM5T4 

,HI/ORICALLY !RE IS NO NE$ TO PO9T \T ?AT ! *AMPION ( POLITICAL FRE$OM1 ,LOCKE1 [$ HIS =TUNE TO PRIVATE 9VE/M5T 9 ,BRITI% COMPANIES :O OP]AT$ 9 ! SLAVE TRADE = NE>LY A C5TURY4 ,! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 FROM :I* ! IDEA ( POLITICAL LIB]ALISM CAME1 WAS CONSID]$ A MAJOR VICTORY OV] ,SPA9 AS ! ,PEACE ,TREATY ( ,UTRE*T A*IEV$ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,SPANI% MONOPOLY ( ! SLAVE TRADE & SO IT BEGAN ?IS LUCRATIVE BUS9ESS ITSELF ON A L>GE SCALE4 

,9 FACT1 IF WE LOOK CLOSELY WE CAN SEE ?AT ! NEW IDEOLOGICAL TRAPP+S ?AT ! ACADEMIC ORGANIZATIONS DEAL+ ) SU* AFFAIRS >E AB\T TO ?R[ OV] ?+S HA/ILY IS A GRAFT+ ( ! OLD LIB]AL HYPOCRISY ON TO A SOCIAL BODY ?AT IS N[ EXTREMELY FRAGM5T$4 ,ONLY ONE ELEM5T ( ALL ! OLD *ATT] REMA9S3 ?AT PEOPLE >E EQUAL 9 PR9CIPLE ALONE1 9 PRACTICE !Y >E DIVID$ 9TO TWO CATEGORIES1 ?OSE :O HAVE RI<TS & ?OSE :O DO NOT4 ,BY RI<TS WE MEAN ! ABILITY TO ACCESS S\RCES ( MAT]IAL WEAL? & CREATE *ANGE AIM$ AT R$UC+ DISCREPANCIES 9 9COME DI/RIBUTION1 9 O!R WORDS1 HOPES = A BETT] FUTURE OR AT LEA/ ONE ?AT IS BETT] ?AN ! PRES5T4 

,:E!R ! POLITICAL MOVEM5TS ?AT >E MOV+ T[>DS A PHASE 9 GLOBAL MANAGEM5T ?AT C\LD BE SE5 AS ! P>TICIPATION ( L[] /RATA 9 ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! UPP] WILL R$UCE ! P[] ( ,/ATES1 REMA9S TO BE SE54 ,! EFFECTS ( ?IS IDEOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE >E ALREADY !RE1 HELP+ TO CREATE ! OPTIMAL CONDITIONS = ! GLOBAL PRODUCTIVE SY/EM 9 A PO/-9DU/RIAL P]SPECTIVE4 

,! MA9 ASPECT ( ?IS PROCESS IS ?AT ONLY A T9Y NUMB] ( PRODUC]S WILL ATTA9 HUMANE LIV+ CONDITIONS1 I4E4 WILL P]CEIVE ANY CORRELATION BETWE5 OPPORTUNITIES (F]$ BY ! ,/ATE & CAPITAL & ! POSSIBILITY ( EXPLOIT+ !M4 ,! RE/1 ! VA/ MAJORITY1 WILL HAVE TO F9D A PLACE 9 SEP>ATION1 9 ! 0DIRTY0 WORK ?AT OLD LIB]ALS LIKE ,M&EVILLE LIK5$ TO ?AT ( SLAVES4 ,NOT 0DIRTY0 9 ! S5SE ( PHYSICAL BRUTALITY1 BUT 0DIRTY0 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD1 9 ?AT IT DIRTIES 9TELLIG5CE1 BRUTALIZ+ IT1 L[]+ IT1 R$UC+ IT TO ! LEVEL ( ! MA*9E1 DI/ORT+ IT FROM ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC QUALITY ( MAN1 UNPR$ICTABILITY4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT IDEOLOGICAL MOD]NIZATION IS MOV+ H& 9 H& ) PR(\ND *ANGES 9 ! /RUCTURES ( PRODUCTION4 ,N[1 9 A COORD9AT$ SY/EM ( REAL & IMAG9$ PROCESSES BAS$ ON FLEXIBILITY1 ADAPTABILITY & ! REJECTION ( AN AU?ORITY NO LONG] 9T]E/$ 9 EFFICI5CY1 ! OLD FUNCTION ( ! ,/ATE AS ! C5TRALIZ+ ELEM5T ( MANAGEM5T & REPRESSION IS B\ND TO DIM9I%4 

,?IS WEAK5+ IS 9 ! ORD] ( ?+S1 IT IS ! SPIRIT ( ! TIMES1 IF Y\ LIKE4 

,H]E ! QUE/ION >ISES3 IS ?IS WEAK5+ A GOOD ?+8 ,! ANSW]1 AT LEA/ = AN>*I/S1 %\LD BE ?AT IT IS4 ,& IT W\LD HAVE BE51 HAD IT NOT RUN 9TO IDEAS 9 REC5T TIMES ?AT WE ?9K %\LD BE /RESS$ H]E4 

,LET'S />T ) ! POSITIVE ASPECTS4 ,ANY R$UCTION 9 ,/ATE P[] IS A POSITIVE MOVE ?AT OP5S UP NEW SPACES ( FRE$OM1 MORE SOLID DEF5SE MOVEM5TS1 AN EXPECTATION ( BETT] TIMES2 SURVIVAL IF Y\ LIKE1 BUT ALSO ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( /RUGGLE ?AT ! GREAT REPRESSIVE GIANTS W]E EASILY ABLE TO DE/ROY4 ,IT IS !RE=E A POSITIVE MOVE TO P>TICIPATE 9 /RUGGLES ?AT MOVE T[>DS BREAK+ UP ,/ATES4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES HAVE NOT ALWAYS BE5 OPPORTUNITIES TO UND]M9E ! MONOLI?IC NATURE ( P[] & PROPOSE POSSIBLE L9ES ( SOCIAL CONFLICT ?AT C\LD 9DICATE V>I\S FEASIBLE PA?S 9 ?IS SPH]E4 ,?IS HAS (T5 BE5 OV]TAK5 BY A SUDD5 >RIVAL ( L>G] MOVEM5TS1 CAPITALI/ RE/RUCTUR+ 9 ! LEAD1 IMP]IALI/ 9T]F]5CE 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( GLOBAL P[]1 ME*ANISMS ( UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T1 ETC4 

,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 O!R CONSID]ATIONS >E BE+ IMPOS$ ON ALREADY EXI/+ ONES4 ,NOT SO MU* TO MAKE US SEE NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES & ALL ! MOVEM5TS 9VOLV$ 9 BREAK+ UP ! C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATES ( ! PA/ NEGATIVELY1 BUT TO RAISE ! QUE/ION ON GR\NDS ?AT >E MORE SUIT$ TO ! PRES5T TIME4 

,FIR/ ( ALL !RE >E ! 9T]NATIONAL MEASURES ?AT BALANCE \T ! REPRESSIVE & PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUSES ( 9DIVIDUAL ,/ATES 9 AGREEM5TS ?AT PROVIDE = ! CIRCULATION ( DATA UPON :I* ALL ! 9T]NAL /RUCTURES ( CONTROL >E BAS$4 ,9 ! YE>S TO COME !SE SUP]/RUCTURES WILL SPREAD TO ! PO9T ( RECON/ITUT+ WORLD DIVISIONS SIMIL> TO ?OSE ?AT WE US$ TO SEE 9 ! PA/4 ,= ALL ?AT !SE NEW =MS WILL PRES5T !MSELVES 9 QUITE A DIFF]5T IDEOLOGICAL WRAPP+1 !Y WILL P]=M ! TASK ( TAK+ ! OLD ,/ATE P[] BACK TO ! =MS ?AT >E 9 ! PROCESS ( DIS9TEGRAT+4 ,IT C\LD BE >GU$1 & RI<TLY SO1 ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( NATIONALISM AS AN IDEOLOGICAL ELEM5T 9 SOME PROCESSES ( DIS9TEGRATION IS NOT JU/ A /UPID TOOL DELIB]ATELY PUT 9 ! FIELD TO P]MIT /RUCTURAL *ANGES ?AT W\LD O!RWISE BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! GLOBAL PRODUCTIVE SY/EM CANNOT TOL]ATE L>GE C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATES TODAY AS !Y >E TOO ELEPHANT9E 9 !IR RELATIONS ) A CAPITALISM ?AT IS =EV] SPE$+ UP ITS PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES4 

,SECONDLY1 ! NE$ TO ADAPT ! DEMOCRATIC TOOL ( CONS5SUS TO ! *ANG+ CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION NE$S TO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,IF ! LATT] >E PRODUC+ 9DIVIDUALS ?AT >E UND]QUALIFI$1 R5D]$ UN/ABLE NOT JU/ 9 !IR CAPACITY TO WORK BUT M5TALLY 9 ! WIDE/ S5SE ( ! T]M DUE TO PREC>I\S WAGE-E>N+2 IF !SE 9DIVIDUALS1 AS ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY1 FAMILY1 WORK1 LEISURE--9 O!R WORDS SOCIAL ELEM5TS-->E CON/ANTLY KEPT 9 UN/ABLE CONDITIONS1 !Y CANNOT RELATE TO A MONOLI?IC ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY ?AT SEEMS MORE & MORE OBSOLETE4 ,SO1 AS ! CULTURAL 9/RUM5TS ?AT W]E SUPPOS$ TO TRANS=M HIM FROM SUBJECT 9TO CITIZ5 ( A DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE >E TAK5 AWAY FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ESPECIALLY ?R\< S*OOL1 ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS HAS BECOME DEMOCRATIZ$1 BECKON+ ! SUBJECT--?AT SO-CALL$ CITIZ5 ( CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS & FRE$OM--TO MAXIMUM COLLABORATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 A DEMOCRATIC RE/RUCTUR+ ( MOD]N ,/ATES W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE )\T A FLATT5+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! BREAK+ UP ( ! PROLET>IAT'S TRADITIONAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION &1 MA9LY1 DE/ROY+ ! CLASS UNITY ?AT ONCE (T5 MADE ITSELF HE>D 9 MOVEM5TS :I*1 EV5 IF NOT EXACTLY REVOLUTION>Y1 W]E /ILL ABLE TO H9D] & DISRUPT ! PROCESS ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 

,F9ALLY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO CONSID] ! FACT ?AT !SE DISRUPTIVE MOVEM5TS OP]ATE AT TWO LEVELS1 ONLY ! SECOND 9T]E/+ FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW4 ,! FIR/ LEVEL IS ! (FICIAL ONE PROMOT$ BY ! MIDDLE CLASSES ( ! MORE ADVANC$ C\NTRIES1 :OSE AIM IS TO REBUILD ! OLD MONOLI?IC ,/ATE /RUCTURES ON MORE ACCEPTABLE BASES 9 RELATION TO CAPITAL'S NEW PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES4 ,& !SE BASES APPE> TO BE BREAK+ UP 9 COMP>ISON ) PREC$+ ADM9I/RATIONS1 BECAUSE !Y MU/ NECESS>ILY BECOME MORE %REWD 9 T]MS ( IDEOLOGY4 ,?IS MOVEM5T'S (FICIAL BREAKD[N ( ,/ATES IS PLANT+ ITS ROOTS V]Y DEEPLY1 MOV+ AWAY FROM ! REGIONALI/ >GUM5T ?AT MADE ADM9I/RATIVE1 & ALSO POLITICAL 9 SOME ASPECTS1 DEC5TRALIZATION ! CORN]/ONE ( A REG5]AT$ & MORE EFFICI5T ,/ATE SY/EM4 ,! SUB/ANTIAL FAILURE ( REGIONALISM 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,ITALY1 A GOOD EXAMPLE 9 ?IS FIELD1 MU/ NOT LEAD US TO BELIEVE !RE HAS BE5 A TURN>\ND4 ,! RUL+ CLASSES NE$ TO GIVE ! DOM9AT$ ! ILLUSION ( P>TICIPATION 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,?IS NE$ IS AS OLD AS ! HILLS1 BUT 9 REC5T DECADES IT HAS BECOME NOT JU/ A BLATANTLY & CONT9U\SLY VIOLAT$ FACADE1 BUT A NECESSITY4 

,! ,ITALIAN ,LEAGUES1 A PH5OM5ON ( SO MU* 9T]E/ TODAY & NOT ONLY 9 ,ITALY1 MU/ BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! COLLAPSE ( ! MONOLI?IC ,/ATE ( ! PA/1 & CAN BE SE5 AS HEIR & ULTIMATE /REAML9+ ( ! OLD REGIONALISM4 ,! TRANSITION BETWE5 !SE TWO WAYS ( MANAG+ PUBLIC AFFAIRS IS NOT CONT9U\S H[EV]1 9 ! S5SE ?AT !RE IS A FRACTURE1 P]HAPS NOT V]Y IMPORTANT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ?OSE :O SEE ,/ATES AS ! 5EMY TO /RIKE D[N ANYWAY1 )\T BE+ TOO SUBTLE1 BUT IMPORTANT = ANYONE TRY+ TO UND]/& ! COMPOSITION ( ! 5EMY 9 ORD] TO ID5TIFY ITS WEAK PO9TS4 ,& ?IS FRACTURE IS LOCAT$ PRECISELY 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL GRAFT ATTA*$ TO ! SIMPLE & OBVI\S FACT ?AT ! UPP] CLASSES ( ! RI*E/ REGIONS W\LD /& TO GA9 ECONOMICALLY BY MANAG+ !IR [N M9IATURE ,/ATE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL GRAFT HAS1 AS ALWAYS1 PROV$ ESS5TIAL = 9VOLV+ ! PEOPLE ON AN EMOTIONAL LEVEL1 RELEAS+ ! FRU/RATIONS ( ! MASSES--:O 9 ANY CASE >E F> FROM ! WELLBE+ ( ! N>R[ RUL+ CLASSES--BAS$ ON ! CLASSIC SYMBOLS ( DIV]SITY3 ! BLACK P]SON1 ! JEW1 ! IMMIGRANT1 ! ?IEF1 ! VIOL5T1 OR BUILD+ NATIONALI/IC MY?S BORD]+ ON ! RIDICUL\S AT TIMES4 ,BUT ! RIDICUL\S1 F> FROM BE+ A NEGATIVE ELEM5T 9 !SE ?+S1 9 ! G5]AL ABS5CE ( CRITICAL ILLUM9ATION1 BECOMES A COHESIVE & /RONG CONNECTIVE TISSUE )9 ! MASSES4 

,?IS LEVEL ( DISAGGREGATION1 CONTROLL$ & MANAG$ BY ! RUL+ CLASSES :O HAVE EV]Y 9T]E/ 9 BUILD+ PRIVILEG$ ZONES = !MSELVES )9 !IR ,TEUTONIC CA/LES1 CL+ TO ADM9I/]+ !IR PRIVILEG$ /ATUS AS 9CLUD$1 KEEP+ A DI/ANCE & MANAG+1 MA9LY ?R\< ! TOOL ( IGNORANCE1 ! CON/ANT PRESSURE ( ! EXCLUD$ ?AT IS MANIFE/+ ITSELF 9 ,EUROPE TODAY & C\LD TAKE GLOBAL DIM5SIONS 9 ! FUTURE4 

,! BREAK+ UP ( ! ,SOVIET EMPIRE HAS RESULT$ 9 A MASSIVE ?RU/ T[>DS ?IS K9D ( P>TICUL>ISM1 ACC5TUAT$ 9 REGIONS :]E E?NIC SPECIFICITY HAD NOT BE5 ELIM9AT$ 9 =TY YE>S ( =C$ COMMUNALITY4 ,& IT IS ?IS P>TICUL>ITY ?AT HAS NE>LY ALWAYS TAK5 OV] ! DEVELOP+ & ADAPT+ ( ! CONDITIONS ( ! CLASS CONFLICT 9 C\RSE1 ! IDEOLOGICAL ELEM5T1 UNTIL IT REA*$ ! EXAC]BATION ( F]OCITY & BRUTALITY ?AT CAN BE SE5 9 =M] ,YUGOSLAVIA4 ,DESPITE ! VA/ V>IETY ( BEHAVIOR 9 9DIVIDUAL ,/ATES1 A CLE> 5\< TR5D CAN BE SE5 9 ! HYPO!SIS ( A PILOT$ BREAKD[N OR SMOO? TRANSITION TO ANO!R K9D ( PUBLIC MANAGEM5T4 ,! RECIPE = ?IS /EP IS COMPLEX & 9 ANY CASE1 )\T GETT+ TOO SPECIFIC1 CONTA9S BO? AN ADM9I/RATIVE & AN IDEOLOGICAL ELEM5T4 ,!SE TWO ELEM5TS 9T]P5ETRATE & >E MUTUALLY SUPPORTIVE1 G5]AT+ FROM EA* O!R1 & NEI!R ! ONE NOR ! O!R EXCLUDES REC\RSE TO 9/RUM5TS ( REPRESSION & /AG+ ( P[] ?AT C\LD BE SE5 AS A RETURN TO ! OLD WAYS4 ,POLITICAL PRAGMATISM WILL NEV] RETREAT BE=E SU* PETTY ?+S4 

,BUT !RE IS ANO!R LEVEL ( DISAGGREGATION1 ?AT :I* P5ETRATES PEOPLE'S M9DS1 OP]ATES AT AN 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL & :I* ! ,/ATE1 UNABLE TO (F] ! BEHAVIOR PATT]NS & VALUES ( ! PA/1 CANNOT AVOID DEAL+ )4 ,! ONLY DEM>CATION CAPABLE ( OPPOS+ ITSELF TO ?IS FAILURE ( ! ,/ATE IS CULTURAL SEGREGATION1 F> MORE RIGID & EFFECTIVE ?AN ! PHYSICAL ONE ?AT WE SAW 9 ! PA/4 ,AN UNPREC$5T$ AP>!ID1 9SURM\NTABLE BECAUSE IT IS BAS$ ON ! ABS5CE ( DESIRE1 BECAUSE Y\ CANNOT DESIRE :AT Y\ DO NOT KN[4 ,BUT = N[1 & IT IS NOT =ESEEABLE UNTIL ?IS DISRUPTION IS ACTUALLY TAK+ PLACE1 RUNS P>ALLEL TO ! LACK ( IDEOLOGICAL 9T]CONNECTION & IS POSITIVE = ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES & BAD = ! SO-CALL$ ANTI-COMMUNI/ ,WE/]N BLOC4 ,! FUNCTION ?AT PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM HAD 9 ! ,U,S,S,R OR ,*9A ACT$ AS A C\NT]BALANCE TO ! FE> ( COMMUNISM1 FUEL$ BY ! BOSSES' 9T]E/S1 9 ! ,WE/4 ,) ALL ?AT \T ( ! WAY1 GR& ILLUSIONS W]E REPLAC$ BY SMALL ONES1 <O/S ON A SMALL SCALE ?AT W]E PROMPTLY SET TO WORK 9 SOME CASES1 AS ! V>I\S NATIONALISMS ?AT >E OP]AT+ ON ! ,EUROPEAN SC5E1 & 9 SOME O!R CASES >E /ILL UND] CON/RUCTION4 

,SOME REFLECTION ON ! IMPORTANCE ( ELEM5TS )9 ?IS DISRUPTIVE ]OSION FROM BEL[1 N[ OP]AT+ NOT ONLY 9 ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ ,/ATES1 IS IMPORTANT4 ,LET'S />T ) ! DECL9E ( ! IDEA ( PROGRESS4 ,ACCORD+ TO LIB]AL BABBLE ?IS CONCEPT1 ORIG9AT+ FROM ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 WAS SUPPOS$ TO E/ABLI% ! CON/ITUTIONAL ,/ATE1 !N ! DEMOCRATIC ONE1 ALL[+ EV]YONE TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,BUT !SE ILLUSIONS ( PROGRESS1 TO USE ! TITLE ( A FAM\S BOOK BY ,SOREL1 S]V$ ONLY TO BOL/] HOPES ( IMPROVEM5T1 :E!R RE=MI/ 9 ! %ORT-T]M1 OR LONG-T]M REVOLUTION>Y ONES4 

,LOCK$ 9 ! SAME FANTASY1 REVOLUTION>IES & RE=MI/ POLITICIANS %>$ ! EXPECTATION ( A BETT] FUTURE1 GU>ANTE$ BY ! OBJECTIVE PROGRESSION ( HI/ORY4 ,?IS IDEA1 F> FROM BE+ A VACU\S EX]CISE ( LAYAB\T SPIRITS1 F$ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE ) DREAMS ( UNIV]SAL ABUNDANCE1 ( TAK+ EV]Y?+1 PUTT+ UTOPIA & MANAG]IAL PRAGMATISM 9 ! SAME BASKET4 ,?IS IS N[ OV]1 & HAS ADD$ PIECE BY PIECE TO ! BREAKD[N 9 PROGRESS4 

,! ,M>XI/ & LIB]AL IDEOLOGIES W]E ID5TICAL ON ?IS PO9T4 ,BO? PROMIS$ ABUNDANCE & WORK = ALL1 POPUL> CONSUM]ISM1 AL?\< DIFF]5TIAT$1 & EXPON5TIAL ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,!N IT WAS REALIZ$ ?AT ! DEM& C\LD NOT SU/A9 ITSELF 9DEF9ITELY & ?AT CONSUM]S W]E DIVID$ 9TO TWO GR\PS1 ONE ) ACCESS TO CONSUM]ISM & ONE ) A PROGRESSIVE R$UCTION 9 NE$S TO ! PO9T ( SURVIVAL4 ,?IS1 AT ! GLOBAL LEVEL1 REA*ES HALLUC9ATORY CL>ITY UND] CONDITIONS 9 UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES :]E PEOPLE >E DY+ ( HUNG]1 DISEASE1 M$IEVAL PE/IL5CE1 ALL 9 CONTRA/ ) ! PRIVILEG$ LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,& !SE DIFF]5CES >E NOT ONLY F> AWAY 9 SPACE1 SURR\ND$ BY ! DES]T OR ! SWAMPS1 BUT EXI/ SIDE BY SIDE 9 ! GREAT METROPOLI1 :I* REPRES5T P]HAPS ! CLE>E/ EVID5CE ( ! FAILURE ( ! PROGRESSIVE IDEOLOGY4 

,9 ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS OV] ! PA/ FEW YE>S1 C]TA9 T5D5CIES HAVE BECOME SO PRON\NC$ ?AT !Y CAN N[ BE CONSID]$ REAL *ANGES4 

,! /RUCTURE ( P[] HAS MOV$ FROM /RAI<T=W>D >BITR>Y RULE TO A RELATION%IP BAS$ ON ADJU/M5T & COMPROMISE4 ,?IS HAS L$ TO A CONSID]ABLE 9CREASE 9 DEM& = S]VICES COMP>$ TO TRADITIONAL DEM&S SU* AS DURABLE CONSUM] GOODS4 ,! RESULTS HAVE BE5 AN 9CREASE 9 ! ASPECTS ( PRODUCTION BAS$ ON 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY1 ! ROBOTIZATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE SECTOR1 & ! PRE-DOM9ANCE ( ! S]VICES SECTOR 7COMM]CE1 T\RISM1 TRANSPORT1 CR$IT1 9SURANCE1 PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION1 ETC47 OV] 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE4 

,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL SECTOR HAS DISAPPE>$ OR BECOME 9SIGNIFICANT1 ONLY ?AT IT WILL EMPLOY FEW] & FEW] WORK]S :ILE LEVELS ( PRODUCTION REMA9 ! SAME1 OR EV5 IMPROVE4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( AGRICULTURE1 :I* WILL BE GREATLY AFFECT$ BY ! PROCESS ( 9DU/RIALIZATION1 & DI/+UI%ABLE FROM 9DU/RY 9 /ATI/ICAL RA!R ?AN SOCIAL T]MS4 

,?IS SITUATION IS DEVELOP+ MORE AS A 0TRANSITION01 NOT SOME?+ CUT & DRI$1 BUT A TR5D4 ,!RE IS NO DI/9CT SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! 9DU/RIAL & PO/-9DU/RIAL P]IODS4 ,! PHASE WE >E PASS+ ?R\< IS CLE>LY ?AT ( ECLIPS+ ! OBSOLETE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >E BE+ RE/RUCTUR$2 BUT IT HAS NOT YET REA*$ ! CLOSURE ( ALL FACTORIES & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A REIGN ( COMPUT]IZ$ PRODUCTION4 

,! T5D5CY TO BREAK UP UNITS ( PRODUCTION & ! DEM& = SMALL SELF-EXPLOIT+ NUCLEI )9 A C5TRALIZ$ PRODUCTIVE PROJECT WILL PR$OM9ATE 9 ! NEXT FEW YE>S4 ,BUT 9 ! 9DU/RIAL SECTOR ?IS WILL BE ACCOMPANI$ BY SL[ ADJU/M5TS US+ TRADITIONAL MEANS EXP$I5T TO ! CAUTI\S /RATEGIES ( CAPITAL4 

,?IS DISC\RSE RELATES MORE TO ! ,BRITI% & ,ITALIAN SITUATIONS1 /ILL F> BEH9D !IR ,JAPANESE & ,AM]ICAN MODELS4 

,TORN FROM ! FACTORIES 9 A SL[ & P]HAPS IRREV]SIBLE PROCESS1 YE/]DAY'S WORK]S >E BE+ ?R[N 9TO A HI<LY COMPETITIVE 5VIRONM5T4 ,! AIM IS TO 9CREASE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY1 ! ONLY CONSUMABLE PRODUCT ACCORD+ TO ! COMPUT]IZ$ LOGIC ( ! C5T]S ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ATOMIZ$ 7& EV5 MORE DEADLY7 CONFLICTS )9 CAPITAL ITSELF WILL ]ASE ! ALT]NATIVE1 REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 ) ! 9T5TION ( EXAC]BAT+ CLASS DIFF]5CES & R5D]+ !M UNBRIDGEABLE4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT GA9S = ! 9HABITANTS ( ! PRODUCTIVE 0ISL&S01 !IR SEEM+LY GREAT] 0FRE$OM01 ! FLEXIBLE WORK+ H\RS1 ! QUALITATIVE *ANGES 7ALWAYS )9 ! COMPETITIVE LOGIC ( ! M>KET AS DIRECT$ BY ! ORD]-GIV+ C5T]S7 RE9=CE ! BELIEF ?AT !Y HAVE REA*$ ! PROMIS$ L&3 ! REIGN ( HAPP9ESS & WELL-BE+4 ,EV] 9CREAS$ PR(ITS & EV] MORE EXAC]BAT$ 0CREATIVITY04 

,!SE ISL&S ( DEA? >E SURR\ND$ BY IDEOLOGICAL & PHYSICAL B>RI]S1 TO =CE ?OSE :O HAVE NO PLACE ON !M BACK 9TO A TEMPE/U\S SEA :]E NO ONE SURVIVES4 

,SO ! PROBLEM REVEAL+ ITSELF IS PRECISELY ?AT ( ! EXCLUD$4 

,! EXCLUD$ & ! 9CLUD$4 

  

,! FIR/ >E ?OSE :O WILL REMA9 M>G9ALIZ$4 ,EXPELL$ FROM ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS & P5ALIZ$ = !IR 9CAPACITY TO 9S]T !MSELVES 9TO ! NEW COMPETITIVE LOGIC ( CAPITAL1 !Y >E (T5 NOT PREP>$ TO ACCEPT ! M9IMUM LEVELS ( SURVIVAL ASSIGN$ TO !M BY ,/ATE ASSI/ANCE 79CREAS+LY SE5 AS A RELIC ( ! PA/ 9 A SITUATION ?AT T5DS TO EXTOLL ! VIRTUES ( ! 0SELF-MADE MAN074 ,!SE WILL NOT JU/ BE ! SOCIAL /RATA CONDEMN$ TO ?IS ROLE ?R\< !IR E?NIC ORIG9--TODAY1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,WE/ ,9DIANS 9 ,BRITI% SOCIETY1 CATALY/S ( ! REC5T RIOTS 9 ?AT C\NTRY--BUT ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL *ANGE WE >E TALK+ AB\T1 SOCIAL /RATA :I* 9 ! PA/ W]E LULL$ BY SECURE SAL>IES & N[ F9D !MSELVES 9 A SITUATION ( RAPID & RADICAL *ANGE1 WILL ALSO BE AMONG !M4 ,EV5 ! RESIDUAL SUPPORTS ?AT !SE SOCIAL /RATA B5EFIT FROM 7E>LY P5SIONS1 UNEMPLOYM5T B5EFIT1 V>I\S K9DS ( SOCIAL SECURITY1 ETC47 WILL NOT MAKE !M ACCEPT A SITUATION ( GR[+ DISCRIM9ATION4 ,& LET US NOT =GET ?AT ! DEGREE ( CONSUM]ISM ( !SE EXPELL$ SOCIAL /RATA CANNOT BE COMP>$ TO ?AT ( ! E?NIC GR\PS :O HAVE NEV] BE5 BR\<T 9TO ! SPH]E ( SAL>I$ SECURITY4 ,?IS WILL SURELY LEAD TO EXPLOSIONS ( 0SOCIAL ILL-BE+0 ( A DIFF]5T K9D1 & IT WILL BE UP TO REVOLUTION>IES TO UNITE !SE ) ! MORE ELEM5T>Y \TBREAKS ( REBELLION4 

,!N !RE >E ! 9CLUD$1 ?OSE :O WILL REMA9 SUFFOCAT+ ON ! ISL&S ( PRIVILEGE4 ,H]E ! >GUM5T ?REAT5S TO BECOME MORE COMPLICAT$ & CAN ONLY BE CLE>LY LAID \T IF ONE IS PREP>$ TO GIVE CR$IT TO MAN & HIS REAL NE$ = FRE$OM4 ,ALMO/ C]TA9LY ?OSE :O TURN BACK FROM ?IS SECTOR WILL BE AMONG ! MO/ M]CILESS EXECUTANTS ( ! ATTACK ON CAPITAL 9 ITS NEW =M4 ,WE >E MOV+ T[>DS A P]IOD ( BLOODY CLA%ES & V]Y H>% REPRESSION4 ,SOCIAL PEACE1 DREAM$ ( ON ONE SIDE & FE>$ BY ! O!R1 REMA9S ! MO/ 9ACCESSIBLE MY? ( ?IS NEW CAPITALI/ UTOPIA1 HEIR TO ! 0PACIFIC0 LOGIC ( LIB]ALISM :I* DU/$ ! DRAW+ ROOM :ILE BUT*]+ 9 ! KIT*51 GIV+ WELF>E AT HOME & MASSACR+ 9 ! COLONIES4 

,! NEW OPPORTUNITIES = SMALL1 MIS]ABLE1 LOA?SOME DAILY LIB]TIES WILL BE PAID = BY PR(\ND1 CRUEL & SY/EMATIC DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ VA/ SOCIAL /RATA4 ,SOON] OR LAT] ?IS WILL LEAD TO ! GR[? ( A CONSCI\SNESS ( EXPLOITATION 9SIDE ! PRIVILEG$ /RATA1 :I* CANNOT FAIL TO CAUSE REBELLIONS1 EV5 IF ONLY LIMIT$ TO ! BE/ AMONG !M4 ,F9ALLY1 IT %\LD BE SAID ?AT !RE IS NO LONG] A /RONG IDEOLOGICAL SUPPORT = ! NEW CAPITALI/ P]SPECTIVE SU* AS ?AT :I* EXI/$ 9 ! PA/1 CAPABLE ( GIV+ SUPPORT TO ! EXPLOIT]S &1 MORE IMPORTANT /ILL1 TO ! 9T]M$IATE LAY]S ( CADRES4 ,WELLBE+ = ! SAKE ( IT IS NOT 5\<1 ESPECIALLY = ! MANY GR\PS ( PEOPLE :O1 9 ! MORE OR LESS REC5T PA/1 HAVE EXP]I5C$ OR SIMPLY READ AB\T LIB]ATORY UTOPIAS1 REVOLUTION>Y DREAMS & ATTEMPTS1 H[EV] LIMIT$1 AT 9SURRECTIONAL PROJECTS4 

,! LATT] WILL LOSE NO TIME 9 REA*+ ! O!RS4 ,NOT ALL ! 9CLUD$ WILL LIVE BLISSFULLY 9 ! >TIFICIAL HAPP9ESS ( CAPITAL4 ,MANY ( !M WILL REALIZE ?AT ! MIS]Y ( ONE P>T ( SOCIETY POISONS ! APPE>ANCE ( WELLBE+ ( ! RE/1 & TURNS FRE$OM 7BEH9D ! B>B$ WIRE F5CES7 9TO A VIRTUAL PRISON4 

,OV] ! PA/ FEW YE>S ! 9DU/RIAL PROJECT HAS ALSO BE5 MODIFI$ BY ! FUSION ( ,/ATE CONTROLS & ME?ODS L9K$ ) ! POLITICAL 9T]E/ 9 CONTROLL+ CONS5SUS4 

,LOOK+ AT ?+S FROM ! TE*NICAL SIDE1 ONE CAN SEE H[ ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION IS BE+ TRANS=M$4 ,PRODUCTION NO LONG] HAS TO TAKE PLACE 9 ONE S+LE LOCATION1 7! FACTORY71 BUT IS MORE & MORE SPREAD OV] A :OLE T]RITORY1 EV5 AT CONSID]ABLE DI/ANCES4 ,?IS ALL[S 9DU/RIAL PROJECTS TO DEVELOP ?AT TAKE ACC\NT ( A BETT]1 MORE BALANC$ DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTIVE C5T]S )9 A T]RITORY1 ]ADICAT+ SOME ( ! ASPECTS ( SOCIAL DISORD] ?AT HAVE EXI/$ 9 ! PA/ SU* AS <ETTO >EAS & 9DU/RIAL SUP]-CONC5TRATIONS1 >EAS ( HI< POLLUTION & SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION ( ! ECO-SY/EMS4 ,CAPITAL IS N[ LOOK+ =W>D TO AN ECOLOGICAL FUTURE1 EMBRAC+ ! GREAT HOT*POT* ( 5VIRONM5TALI/S & *AMPION+ ! PROTECTION ( NATURAL RES\RCES1 !REBY MAK+ ! CON/RUCTION ( CITIES ( ! FUTURE ) A 0HUMAN FACE01 SOCIALI/ OR NOT1 SEEM POSSIBLE4 

,! REAL MOTIVATION DRIV+ ! CAPITALI/ PROJECT T[>DS DI/ANT L&S RESEMBL+ ! UTOPIAS ( YE/]YE>1 IS V]Y SIMPLE & 9 NO WAY PHILAN?ROPIC3 IT IS ! NE$ TO R$UCE CLASS DISCONT5T TO A M9IMUM1 SMOO?+ ! $GES ( ANY EFFECTIVE CONFRONTATION ?R\< A SUG>-COAT$ PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T BAS$ ON A BL9D FAI? 9 ! TE*NOLOGY ( ! FUTURE4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! MO/ ATTRACTIVE PROPOSALS WILL BE MADE TO ! 9CLUD$1 TO TRY AS F> AS POSSIBLE TO AVOID DEFECTIONS1 :I* WILL BE ! REAL ?ORN 9 ! SIDE ( TOMORR['S CAPITALI/S4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL SUBJECTS :O TURN !IR GOALS 9 A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION1 IF !Y COME FROM )9 ! SPH]E ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS1 WILL HAVE REAL WEAPONS TO PUT AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! RULE ( EXPLOITATION4 

,SO F> ! UTOPIAN HOPE ( GOV]N+ ! WORLD ?R\< 0GOOD0 TE*NOLOGY HAS %[N ITSELF TO BE IMPOSSIBLE1 BECAUSE IT HAS NEV] TAK5 9TO ACC\NT ! PROBLEM ( ! PHYSICAL DIM5SION TO BE ASSIGN$ TO ! <ETTO ( ! EXCLUD$4 ,!Y C\LD BE RECYCL$ 9TO ! G>D5-PROJECT 9 AN UNG5]\S MIXTURE ( HAPP9ESS & SACRIFICE1 BUT ONLY UP TO A PO9T4 

,T5SION & REPEAT$ EXPLOSIONS ( RAGE WILL PUT ! FANCIFUL UTOPIA ( ! EXPLOIT]S 9 S]I\S DIFFICULTY4 

,IT HAS LONG BE5 EVID5T4 ,COMPETITION & MONOPOLISM W]E ?REAT5+ TO DRAW ! PRODUCTIVE /RUCTURES 9TO A S]IES ( RECURR5T 0CRISES04 ,CRISES ( PRODUCTION 9 MO/ CASES4 ,= ! OLD CAPITALI/ M5TALITY IT WAS ESS5TIAL TO A*IEVE SO-CALL$ 0ECONOMIES ( SCALE01 & ?IS WAS ONLY POSSIBLE BY WORK+ ) EV] GREAT] VOLUMES ( PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO SPREAD FIX$ CO/S AS F> AS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS L$ TO A /&>DIZATION ( PRODUCTION3 ! ACCUMULATION ( PRODUCTIVE UNITS 9 P>TICUL> LOCATIONS1 DI/RIBUT$ HAPHAZ>DLY ) A COLONIZ+ LOGIC 7= EXAMPLE ! CLASSICAL ,SICILIAN 0CA!DRALS 9 ! DES]T03 ISOLAT$ 9DU/RIAL >EAS1 PETROL REF9]IES1 ETC4 ?AT W]E TO S]VE AS PO9TS ( AGGREGATION72 ! UNI=MITY ( PRODUCTS2 ! DIVISION ( CAPITAL & LABOR1 ETC4 

,! FIR/ ADJU/M5TS TO ?IS CAME AB\T ?R\< MASSIVE ,/ATE 9T]V5TION4 ,! ,/ATE'S PRES5CE HAS OP5$ UP V>I\S OPPORTUNITIES4 ,IT IS NO LONG] A PASSIVE SPECTATOR1 SIMPLY CAPITAL'S 0CA%I]01 BUT HAS BECOME AN ACTIVE OP]ATOR1 0BANK]0 & 5TREPR5EUR4 

,9 ESS5CE1 !SE ADJU/M5TS HAVE MEANT ! DIM9UTION ( USE VALUE1 & AN 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( EX*ANGE VALUE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( MA9TA9+ SOCIAL PEACE4 

,9 BR++ TO AN 5D ITS MO/ COMPETITIVE P]IOD1 CAPITAL HAS F\ND A P>TIAL SOLUTION TO ITS PROBLEMS4 ,! ,/ATE HAS L5T A H& ) ! AIM ( COMPLETELY TRANS=M+ ECONOMIC PRODUCTION 9TO ! PRODUCTION ( SOCIAL PEACE4 ,?IS UTOPIAN PROJECT IS CLE>LY UNREA*ABLE4 ,SOON] OR LAT] ! MA*9E WILL %ATT]4 

,! NEW PRODUCTIVE PROCESS--:I* HAS (T5 BE5 DEF9$ AS PO/-9DU/RIAL--MAKES L[ PRODUCTION CO/S POSSIBLE EV5 = SMALL QUANTITIES ( GOODS4 ,IT CAN OBTA9 CONSID]ABLE MODIFICATIONS 9 PRODUCTION ) ONLY MODE/ 9JECTIONS ( CAPITAL & MAKES HI!RTO UNSE5 *ANGES TO PRODUCTS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS OP5S UP UNDREAM$ HORIZONS ( 0FRE$OM0 TO ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! PRODUCTIVE CADRES1 & )9 ! GOLD5 ISOLATION ( ! MANAG]IAL CLASSES4 ,BUT ?IS IS RA!R LIKE ! FRE$OM ( ! CA/LE = ! ,TEUTONIC KNI<TS ( ! ,NAZI K9D4 ,SURR\ND$ BY ! WALLS ( ! MANSION1 >M$ TO ! TEE?1 ONLY ! PEACE ( ! GRAVEY>D REIGNS )94 

,NONE ( ! MAK]S ( ! IDEOLOGIES ( PO/-9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM HAVE ASK$ !MSELVES :AT MU/ BE DONE AB\T ! DANG] ?AT WILL COME FROM ! O!R SIDE ( ! WALLS4 

,! RIOTS ( ! FUTURE WILL BE EV] MORE BLOODY & T]RIBLE4 ,EV5 MORE SO :5 WE KN[ H[ TO TRANS=M !M 9TO MASS 9SURRECTIONS4 

,IT WILL NOT BE UNEMPLOYM5T AS SU* TO NEGATIVELY DEF9E ?OSE EXCLUD$ FROM ! CA/LE ( ,TEUTONIC KNI<TS1 BUT MA9LY ! LACK ( REAL ACCESS TO 9=MATION4 

,! NEW MODEL ( PRODUCTION WILL NECESS>ILY R$UCE ! AVAILABILITY ( 9=MATION4 ,?IS IS ONLY P>TLY DUE TO ! COMPUT]IZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! BASIC CONDITIONS ( ! NEW DOM9ION & AS SU* HAS BE5 DEVELOP+ = AT LEA/ TW5TY YE>S1 F9D+ ITS CLIMAX 9 A MASS S*OOL+ ?AT IS ALREADY DEVOID ( ANY CONCRETE OP]ATIVE CONT5T4 

,JU/ AS ! ADV5T ( MA*9]Y L$ TO A R$UCTION 9 ! CAPACITY = SELF-DET]M9ATION DUR+ ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION BY TROOP+ ! MASS ( WORK]S 9TO FACTORIES1 DE/ROY+ PEASANT CULTURE & GIV+ CAPITAL A WORK=CE :O W]E PRACTICALLY 9CAPABLE ( 0UND]/&+0 ! CONT5TS ( ! NEW ME*ANIZ$ WORLD ?AT WAS BEG9N+ TO LOOM UP4 ,SO N[ ! COMPUT] REVOLUTION1 GRAFT$ TO ! ,/ATE'S PROCESS ( ADJU/+ CAPITALI/ CONTRADICTIONS1 IS AB\T TO DELIV] ! FACTORY PROLET>IAT 9TO ! H&S ( A NEW K9D ( MA*9]Y >M$ ) A LANGUAGE ?AT IS ONLY COMPREH5SIBLE TO A PRIVILEG$ FEW4 ,! RE/ WILL BE *AS$ BACK & =C$ 9TO ! <ETTO4 

,! OLD KN[L$GE1 EV5 ?AT FILT]$ D[N FROM ! 9TELLECTUALS ?R\< ! DE=M+ MIRROR ( IDEOLOGY1 WILL BE COD$ 9 A MA*9E LANGUAGE & MADE COMPATIBLE ) ! NEW REQUIREM5TS4 ,?IS WILL BE ONE ( ! HI/ORIC OCCASIONS = DISCOV]+1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! SC>CITY ( ANY REAL CONT5T 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL GIBB]I% ?AT HAS BE5 ADM9I/]$ TO US OV] ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES4 

,CAPITAL WILL T5D TO AB&ON EV]Y?+ ?AT IS NOT IMM$IATELY TRANSLATABLE 9TO ?IS NEW G5]ALIZ$ LANGUAGE4 ,TRADITIONAL $UCATIVE PROCESSES WILL BE DEVALU$ & WILL DIM9I% 9 CONT5T1 UNVEIL+ !IR REAL 7& SELECTIVE7 SUB/ANCE AS M]*&ISE4 

,9 ! PLACE ( LANGUAGE NEW BEHAVIORAL CANONS WILL BE SUPPLI$1 =M$ FROM FAIRLY PRECISE RULES1 & MA9LY DEVELOP$ FROM ! OLD PROCESSES ( DEMOCRATIZATION & ASSEMBLY1 :I* CAPITAL HAS LE>N$ TO CONTROL P]FECTLY4 ,?IS WILL BE D\BLY USEFUL AS IT WILL ALSO GIVE ! EXCLUD$ ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y >E 0P>TICIPAT+0 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 

,! COMPUT]IZ$ SOCIETY ( TOMORR[ C\LD EV5 HAVE CLEAN SEAS & AN 0ALMO/0 P]FECT SAFEGU>D+ ( ! LIMIT$ RES\RCES ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 BUT IT WILL BE A JUNGLE ( PROHIBITIONS & RULES1 ( NI<TM>E 9 ! =M ( DEEP P]SONAL DECISIONS AB\T P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! COMMON GOOD4 ,DEPRIV$ ( A LANGUAGE ( COMMON REF]5CE1 ! <ETTOIZ$ WILL NO LONG] BE ABLE TO READ BETWE5 ! L9ES ( ! MESSAGES ( P[]1 & WILL 5D UP HAV+ NO O!R \TLET ?AN SPONTANE\S RIOT1 IRRATIONAL & DE/RUCTIVE1 AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 

,! COLLABORATION ( ?OSE MEMB]S ( ! 9CLUD$1 DISGU/$ ) ! >TIFICIAL FRE$OM ( CAPITAL1 :O BECOME REVOLUTION>Y C>RI]S ( AN ALBEIT SMALL P>T ( ?IS TE*NOLOGY :I* !Y HAVE MANAG$ TO SNAT* FROM CAPITAL1 WILL NOT BE 5\< TO BUILD A BRIDGE OR SUPPLY A LANGUAGE ON :I* TO BASE KN[L$GE & ACCURATE C\NT]-9=MATION4 

,! ORGANIZ$ WORK ( FUTURE 9SURRECTIONS MU/ SOLVE ?IS PROBLEM1 MU/ BUILD--P]HAPS />T+ FROM SCRAT*--! BASIC T]MS ( A COMMUNICATION ?AT IS AB\T TO BE CLOS$ (F2 & :I*1 PRECISELY 9 ! MOM5T ( CLOSURE1 C\LD GIVE LIFE1 ?R\< SPONTANE\S & UNCONTROLL$ REACTIONS1 TO SU* MANIFE/ATIONS ( VIOL5CE AS TO MAKE PA/ EXP]I5CES PALE 9TO 9SIGNIFICANCE4 

,ONE %\LD NOT SEE ! NEW <ETTO AS ! *ANTY T[N ( ! PA/1 A PAT*WORK ( REFUSE =C$ ON TO SUFF]+ & DEPRIVATION4 ,! NEW <ETTO1 CODIFI$ BY ! RULES ( ! NEW LANGUAGE1 WILL BE ! PASSIVE B5EFICI>Y ( ! TE*NOLOGY ( ! FUTURE4 ,IT WILL ALSO BE ALL[$ TO POSSESS ! RUDIM5T>Y MANUAL SKILLS REQUIR$ TO P]MIT ! FUNCTION+ ( OBJECTS :I*1 RA!R ?AN SATISFY NE$S1 >E 9 !MSELVES A COLOSSAL NE$4 

,!SE SKILLS WILL BE QUITE SUFFICI5T = ! IMPOV]I%$ QUALITY ( LIFE 9 ! <ETTO4 

,IT WILL EV5 BE POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE OBJECTS ( CONSID]ABLE COMPLEXITY AT A REASONABLE CO/1 & ADV]TISE !M ) ?AT AURA ( EXCLUSIV5ESS ?AT TRAPS ! PUR*AS]1 N[ A PREY TO CAPITAL'S PROJECTS4 ,MOREOV]1 ) ! NEW PRODUCTIVE CONDITIONS WE WILL NO LONG] HAVE REPETITIONS ( ! SAME OBJECTS 9 S]IES1 OR *ANGES & DEVELOPM5T 9 TE*NOLOGY ONLY ) GREAT DIFFICULTY & CO/4 ,9/EAD !RE WILL BE FLEXIBLE1 >TICULAT$ PROCESSES ?AT >E 9T]*ANGEABLE4 ,IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO APPLY ! NEW =MS ( CONTROL AT A L[ CO/1 TO 9FLU5CE DEM& BY GUID+ IT & !REBY CREATE ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS = ! PRODUCTION ( SOCIAL PEACE4 

,SU* AN APP>5T SIMPLIFICATION ( LIFE1 = BO? ! 9CLUD$ & ! EXCLUD$1 SU* TE*NOLOGICAL 0FRE$OM01 HAS L$ SOCIOLOGI/S & ECONOMI/S--LIKE ! GOOD PEOPLE !Y HAVE ALWAYS BE5--TO GO WILD & SKET* ! \TL9ES ( AN 9T]CLASSI/ SOCIETY CAPABLE ( LIV+ 0WELL0 )\T RE-AWAK5+ ! MON/]S ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 COMMUNISM OR AN>*Y4 

,! DECL9E ( 9T]E/ 9 ! UNIONS & ! ABS5CE ( ANY ( ! RE=MI/ *>ACT] !Y MI<T HAVE HAD 9 ! PA/--N[ M]E TRANSMISSION BELTS = ! ORD]S ( ! BOSSES--HAS COME TO BE SE5 AS PRO( ( ! 5D ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ! ADV5T ( ! PO/-9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,?IS DOES NOT MAKE S5SE = A NUMB] ( REASONS ?AT WE %ALL SEE FUR!R ON4 ,TRADE UNIONISM HAS LO/ ITS RE=MI/ SIGNIFICANCE1 NOT BECAUSE ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS OV]1 BUT BECAUSE ! CONDITIONS ( ! CLA% HAVE *ANG$ PR(\NDLY4 

,BASICALLY1 WE >E N[ FAC$ ) CONTRADICTIONS ?AT >E GREAT] ?AN EV] & REMA9 UNRESOLV$4 

,TWO PHASES 

  

,TO BE S*EMATIC1 TWO PHASES CAN BE ID5TIFI$4 

,9 ! 9DU/RIAL P]IOD CAPITALI/ COMPETITION & PRODUCTION BAS$ ON MANUFACTUR+ WAS PREVAL5T4 ,! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ECONOMIC SECTOR WAS ! SECOND>Y 7MANUFACTUR+7 ONE1 :I* US$ ! 5]GY PRODUC$ AS ! TRANS=MATIVE RES\RCE1 & F9ANCIAL CAPITAL AS ! /RATEGIC ONE4 ,! TE*NOLOGY ( ?IS P]IOD WAS = ! GREAT] P>T ME*ANICAL & ! MO/ PROM95T PRODUC] WAS ! WORK]4 ,! ME?ODOLOGY APPLI$ WAS EMPIRICAL1 BAS$ ON EXP]IM5TATION1 :ILE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS AS A :OLE WAS BAS$ ON LIMITLESS GR[?4 

,9 ! PO/-9DU/RIAL P]IOD1 :I* WE >E APPROA*+ BUT HAVE NOT FULLY 5T]$1 ! ,/ATE PREVAILS OV] CAPITALI/ COMPETITION & IMPOSES ITS ME?ODS ( MA9TA9+ CONS5SUS & PRODUCTION AIM$ AT PROMOT+ SOCIAL PEACE4 ,! ELABORATION ( DATA & ! MODIFICATION ( S]VICES WILL REPLACE ! TE*NICAL MODE ( MANUFACTUR+4 ,! PR$OM9ANT ECONOMIC SECTORS HAVE BECOME ! T]TI>Y 7S]VICES71 ! QUAT]N>Y 7SPECIALIZ$ F9ANCE7 & ! QU9>Y 7RESE>*1 LEISURE1 $UCATION1 PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION74 ,! PR9CIPAL TRANS=MATIONAL RES\RCE IS 9=MATION COMPOS$ ( A COMPLEX SY/EM ( DATA TRANSMISSION1 :ILE ! /RATEGIC RES\RCE IS PROVID$ BY ! KN[L$GE ?AT IS SL[LY TAK+ ! PLACE ( F9ANCIAL CAPITAL4 ,TE*NOLOGY IS AB&ON+ ITS ME*ANICAL COMPON5T & FOCUS+ ON ! 9TELLECTUAL ONE4 ,! TYPICAL REQUISITE EMPLOY$ BY ?IS NEW TE*NOLOGY IS NO LONG] ! WORK] BUT ! TE*NICIAN1 ! PR(ESSIONAL1 ! SCI5TI/4 ,! ME?OD US$ 9 ! PROJECT DEP5DS ON !ORY1 NOT EXP]IM5TATION AS 9 ! PA/1 :]EAS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS IS BAS$ ON ! SY/EMATIZATION ( !ORETICAL KN[L$GE4 

,LOOK+ BACK TO ! PRODUCTIVE 9DU/RIAL PHASE1 ,M>XISM CONSID]$ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS'S CONTRIBUTION WAS FUNDAM5TAL TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SOLV+ ( SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,AS A RESULT ! /RATEGIES ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T W]E GREATLY CONDITION$ BY ! AIM ( SEIZ+ P[]4 

,HEGELIAN MY/IFICATION1 N\RI%$ BY ,M>X1 LAY AT ! HE>T ( ?IS REASON+3 ?AT ! DIALECTICAL OPPOSITION BETWE5 PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOISIE C\LD BE EXAC]BAT$ BY RE9=C+ ! PROLET>IAT 9DIRECTLY ?R\< RE9=C+ CAPITAL & ! ,/ATE4 ,SO EA* VICTORY BY ! REPRESSION WAS SE5 AS ! ANT]OOM ( ! FUTURE VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS SET )9 A PROGRESSIVE DELUSION--TYPICAL ( ! 5LI<T5M5T--( IT BE+ POSSIBLE TO =GE ! 0SPIRIT0 9 A WORLD ( MATT]4 

,) A FEW UND5IABLY 9T]E/+ MODIFICATIONS1 ?IS OLD CONCEPTION ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE /ILL P]SI/S TODAY 9 SOME ( ! NI<TM>I% ASPIRATIONS ?AT OCCASIONALLY SPR+ UP FROM ! OLD PROJECTS ( GLORY & CONQUE/4 ,?IS PURELY IMAG9>Y CONCEPTION HAS NEV] BE5 S]I\SLY ANALYZ$4 

,!RE IS ONLY ! FAIRLY CONCORDANT ACCEPTANCE ?AT ! WORK]S HAVE BE5 DEPOS$ FROM !IR C5TRAL POSITION4 ,FIR/1 TIMIDLY1 9 ! DIRECTION ( A MOVE FROM ! FACTORY 9TO ! :OLE ( ! SOCIAL T]RA94 ,!N1 MORE DECISIVELY1 9 ! S5SE ( A PROGRESSIVE SUB/ITUTION ( ! SECOND>Y MANUFACTUR+ SECTOR BY ! T]TI>Y S]VICES ONE4 

,AN>*I/S HAVE ALSO HAD !IR ILLUSIONS & !SE HAVE ALSO FAD$4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 AL?\< !SE ILLUSIONS NEV] CONC]N$ ! C5TRAL ROLE ( WORK]S1 !Y (T5 SAW ! WORLD ( WORK AS BE+ ( FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE1 GIV+ PREC$5CE TO 9DU/RY OV] ! PRIM>Y 7AGRICULTURAL7 SECTOR4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM FUEL$ !SE ILLUSIONS4 

,EV5 9 REC5T TIMES !RE HAS BE5 GREAT 5?USIASM = ! ,C,N,T'S RISE FROM ! A%ES1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ?OSE :O SEEM TO BE ! MO/ RADICAL TRAILBLAZ]S ( ! NEW 0ROADS0 ( RE=MI/ AN>*ISM TODAY4 

,! MA9 CONCEPT ( ?IS WORK] C5TRALITY 7DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ! M>XI/S1 BUT LESS SO ?AN IS COMMONLY BELIEV$71 WAS ! %AD[ ( ! ,P>TY4 

,= A LONG TIME ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS ACT$ AS AN ORGANIZATION ( SYN!SIS1 ?AT IS1 LIKE A P>TY4 

,NOT ! :OLE ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 BUT C]TA9LY ITS ORGANIZ$ =MS4 

,LET US TAKE ! ,ITALIAN ,F,A,I 7,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA7 = EXAMPLE4 ,IT IS AN ORGANIZATION ( SYN!SIS TO ?IS DAY4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON A PROGRAM1 ITS P]IODICAL ,CONGRESSES >E ! C5TRAL FOCUS = ITS ACTIVITY1 & IT LOOKS AT REALITY \TSIDE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A 0CONNECT+0 C5T]1 I4E41 AS BE+ ! SYN!SIS BETWE5 ! REALITY \TSIDE ! MOVEM5T 7REVOLUTION>Y REALITY71 & ?AT )9 ! SPECIFIC AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,SOME COMRADES W\LD OBJECT ?AT ?IS IS A G5]ALIZATION1 ( C\RSE1 BUT !Y CANNOT D5Y ?AT ! M5TALITY BEH9D ! RELATION ( SYN!SIS ( A SPECIFIC AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION CONC]N+ ! REALITY BEYOND ! MOVEM5T1 IS V]Y CLOSE TO ! 0P>TY0 M5TALITY4 

,GOOD 9T5TIONS >E NOT 5\<4 

,WELL1 ?IS M5TALITY HAS DIM9I%$4 ,NOT ONLY AMONG Y\NG] COMRADES :O WANT AN OP5 9=MAL RELATION%IP ) ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 BUT1 MORE IMPORTANT1 IT HAS DIM9I%$ 9 ! SOCIAL REALITY ITSELF4 

,IF SYNDICALI/ /RUGGLE1 AS WELL AS M>XI/ ME?ODS & ?OSE ( ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ( SYN!SIS1 MI<T HAVE SEEM$ REASONABLE UND] 9DU/RIAL CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 TODAY1 9 A PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T PO/-9DU/RIAL P]SPECTIVE1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE /RATEGY = AN>*I/S IS AN 9=MAL ONE4 ,BY ?IS WE MEAN GR\PS ( COMRADES :O COME TOGE!R ) PRECISE OBJECTIVES1 ON ! BASIS ( AFF9ITY1 & CONTRIBUTE TO CREAT+ MASS /RUCTURES ?AT SET !MSELVES 9T]M$IATE AIMS1 :ILE CREAT+ ! M9IMAL CONDITIONS = TRANS=M+ SITUATIONS ( SIMPLE RIOT 9TO ?OSE ( 9SURRECTION4 

,! P>TY ( M>XISM IS DEAD4 ,?AT ( ! AN>*I/S TOO4 ,:5 ,I READ CRITICISMS SU* AS ?OSE REC5TLY MADE BY SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S :]E !Y SPEAK ( ! DEA? ( AN>*ISM1 ,I REALIZE ?AT IT IS A QUE/ION ( LANGUAGE AS WELL AS ! 9CAPACITY TO EXAM9E PROBLEMS )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 A LIMITATION PO9T$ \T BY !SE COMRADES !MSELVES4 ,:AT IS DEAD = !M--& ALSO = ME--IS ! AN>*ISM ?AT ?\<T IT C\LD BECOME ! ORGANIZATIONAL PO9T ( REF]5CE = ! NEXT REVOLUTION1 ?AT SAW ITSELF AS A /RUCTURE ( SYN!SIS AIM$ AT G5]AT+ ! MULTIPLE =MS ( HUMAN CREATIVITY DIRECT$ AT BREAK+ UP ,/ATE /RUCTURES ( CONS5SUS & REPRESSION4 ,:AT IS DEAD IS ! /ATIC AN>*ISM ( ! TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ) QUANTITATIVE AIMS1 BAS$ ON CLAIM+ BETT] CONDITIONS4 ,! IDEA ?AT SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS SOME?+ ?AT MU/ NECESS>ILY RESULT FROM \R /RUGGLES HAS PROV$ TO BE UNF\ND$4 ,IT MI<T1 BUT !N AGA9 IT MI<T NOT4 

,DET]M9ISM IS DEAD1 & ! BL9D LAW ( CAUSE & EFFECT ALONG ) IT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MEANS WE USE1 9CLUD+ 9SURRECTION1 DO NOT NECESS>ILY LEAD TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! CAUSAL MODEL SO DE> TO ! POSITIVI/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY DOES NOT EXI/ 9 REALITY4 

,& PRECISELY = ?AT REASON1 ! REVOLUTION BECOMES POSSIBLE4 

,! R$UCTION ( TIME 9 DATA-TRANSMISSION MEANS AN ACCEL]ATION 9 PROGRAMM$ DECISION-MAK+4 ,IF ?IS TIME IS R$UC$ TO Z]O 7AS HAPP5S 9 ELECTRONIC 0REAL TIME071 PROGRAMM$ DECISIONS >E NOT ONLY ACCEL]AT$ BUT >E ALSO TRANS=M$4 ,!Y BECOME SOME?+ DIFF]5T4 

,BY MODIFY+ PROJECTS1 ELEM5TS ( PRODUCTIVE 9VE/M5TS >E ALSO MODIFI$1 TRANSF]R+ !MSELVES FROM TRADITIONAL CAPITAL 7MA9LY F9ANCIAL7 TO ! CAPITAL ( ! FUTURE 7MA9LY 9TELLECTUAL74 

,! MANAGEM5T ( ! DIFF]5T IS ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5TS ( REALITY4 

,BY P]FECT+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 POLITICS & ECONOMY1 PUTT+ AN 5D TO ! CONTRADICTIONS PRODUC$ BY COMPETITION1 BY ORGANIZ+ CONS5SUS &1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 BY PROGRAMM+ ALL ?IS 9 A P]SPECTIVE ( REAL TIME1 ! P[] /RUCTURE CUTS (F A L>GE P>T ( SOCIETY3 ! P>T ( ! EXCLUD$4 

,! GREATLY 9CREAS$ SPE$ ( PRODUCTIVE OP]ATIONS WILL MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE GIVE RISE TO A CULTURAL & L+UI/IC MODIFICATION4 ,H]E LIES ! GREATE/ DANG] = ! <ETTOIZ$4 

,! P>TY IS BAS$ ON ! RE=MI/ HYPO!SIS4 ,?IS REQUIRES A COMMUNITY ( LANGUAGE1 IF NOT ( 9T]E/4 ,?AT HAPP5$ ) P>TIES & ALSO ) TRADE UNIONS4 ,COMMUNITY ( LANGUAGE TRANSLAT$ ITSELF 9TO A FICTITI\S CLASS OPPOSITION ?AT WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY A REQUE/ = IMPROVEM5TS ON ! ONE H&1 & RESI/ANCE TO CONC$+ !M ON ! O!R4 

,TO ASK = SOME?+ REQUIRES A LANGUAGE 09 COMMON0 ) :OEV] HAS :AT WE >E ASK+ =4 

,N[ ! GLOBAL REPRESSIVE PROJECT AIMS AT BREAK+ UP ?IS COMMUNITY4 ,NOT ) ! WALLS ( SPECIAL PRISONS1 <ETTOES1 SATELLITE CITIES OR BIG 9DU/RIAL C5T]S1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BY DEC5TRALIZ+ PRODUCTION1 IMPROV+ S]VICES1 APPLY+ ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES TO PRODUCTION1 ALL ) ! MO/ ABSOLUTE SEGREGATION ( ! EXCLUD$4 

,& ?IS SEGREGATION WILL BE OBTA9$ BY PROGRESSIVELY DEPRIV+ !M ( ! LANGUAGE ?AT !Y POSSESS$ 9 COMMON ) ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 

,!RE WILL BE NO?+ LEFT TO ASK4 

,9 AN ]A ?AT C\LD /ILL BE DEF9$ 9DU/RIAL1 CONS5SUS WAS BAS$ ON ! POSSIBILITY ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! B5EFITS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 AN ]A :]E CAPITAL'S CAPACITY TO *ANGE IS PRACTICALLY 9F9ITE1 ! CAPITAL_/,/ATE DUO WILL REQUIRE A LANGUAGE ( ITS [N1 SEP>ATE FROM ?AT ( ! EXCLUD$ 9 ORD] TO BE/ A*IEVE ITS NEW P]SPECTIVE4 

,! 9ACCESSIBILITY ( ! DOM9ANT LANGUAGE WILL BECOME A F> MORE EFFECTIVE MEANS ( SEGREGATION ?AN ! TRADITIONAL CONF9ES ( ! <ETTO4 ,! 9CREAS+ DIFFICULTY 9 ATTA9+ ! DOM9ANT LANGUAGE WILL GRADUALLY MAKE IT BECOME ABSOLUTELY 0O!R04 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T IT WILL DISAPPE> FROM ! DESIRES ( ! EXCLUD$ & REMA9 IGNOR$ BY !M4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T ON ! 9CLUD$ WILL BE 0O!R0 = ! EXCLUD$ & VICE V]SA4 

,?IS PROCESS ( EXCLUSION IS ESS5TIAL TO ! REPRESSIVE PROJECT4 ,FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTS ( ! PA/1 SU* AS SOLID>ITY1 COMMUNISM1 REVOLUTION1 AN>*Y1 BAS$ !IR VALIDITY ON ! COMMON RECOGNITION ( ! CONCEPT ( EQUALITY4 ,BUT = ! 9HABITANTS ( ! CA/LE ( ,TEUTONIC KNI<TS ! EXCLUD$ WILL NOT BE PEOPLE1 BUT SIMPLY ?+S1 OBJECTS TO BE B\<T OR SOLD 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! SLAVES W]E = \R PR$ECESSORS4 

,WE DO NOT FEEL EQUALITY ) ! DOG1 BECAUSE IT LIMITS ITSELF TO B>K+1 IT DOES NOT 0SPEAK0 \R LANGUAGE4 ,WE CAN BE FOND ( IT1 BUT NECESS>ILY FEEL IT TO BE 0O!R01 & WE DO NOT SP>E MU* ?\<T = ITS K9D1 AT LEA/ NOT AT ! LEVEL ( ALL DOGS1 PREF]R+ TO ATTA* \RSELVES TO ! DOG ?AT PROVIDES US ) ITS OB$I5CE1 AFFECTION1 OR ITS FI]C5ESS T[>DS \R 5EMIES4 

,A SIMIL> PROCESS WILL TAKE PLACE 9 RELATION TO ALL ?OSE :O DO NOT %>E \R LANGUAGE4 ,H]E WE MU/ NOT CONFUSE LANGUAGE ) 0TONGUE04 ,\R PROGRESSIVE & REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION HAS TAU<T US ?AT ALL M5 >E EQUAL OV] & ABOVE DIFF]5CES ( MO!R TONGUE4 ,WE >E SPEAK+ H]E ( A POSSIBLE REPRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ?AT W\LD DEPRIVE ! EXCLUD$ ( ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( COMMUNICAT+ ) ! 9CLUD$4 ,BY GREATLY R$UC+ ! UTILITY ( ! WRITT5 WORD1 & GRADUALLY REPLAC+ BOOKS & NEWSPAP]S ) IMAGES1 COLORS & MUSIC1 = EXAMPLE1 ! P[] /RUCTURE ( TOMORR[ C\LD CON/RUCT A LANGUAGE AIM$ AT ! EXCLUD$ ALONE4 ,!Y1 9 TURN1 W\LD BE ABLE TO CREATE DIFF]5T1 EV5 CREATIVE1 MEANS ( L+UI/IC REPRODUCTION1 BUT ALWAYS ) !IR [N CODES & QUITE CUT \T ( ANY CONTACT ) ! CODE ( ! 9CLUD$1 !RE=E FROM ANY POSSIBILITY ( UND]/&+ ! LATT]'S WORLD4 ,& FROM 9COMPREH5SION TO DIS9T]E/ & M5TAL CLOSURE1 IT IS A %ORT /EP4 

,SO RE=MISM IS 9 ITS DEA? ?ROES4 ,IT WILL NO LONG] BE POSSIBLE TO MAKE CLAIMS1 BECAUSE NO ONE WILL KN[ :AT TO ASK FROM A WORLD ?AT HAS CEAS$ TO 9T]E/ US OR TO TELL US ANY?+ COMPREH5SIBLE4 

,CUT (F FROM ! LANGUAGE ( ! 9CLUD$1 ! EXCLUD$ WILL ALSO BE CUT (F FROM !IR TE*NOLOGY4 ,P]HAPS !Y WILL LIVE 9 A BETT]1 MORE DESIRABLE WORLD1 ) LESS DANG] ( APOCALYPTIC CONFLICTS1 & EV5TUALLY1 LESS ECONOMICALLY DET]M9$ T5SION4 ,BUT !RE WILL BE AN 9CREASE 9 IRRATIONAL T5SION4 

,FROM ! MO/ P]IPH]AL >EAS ( ! PLANET1 :]E 9 SPITE ( 0REAL TIME0 ! PROJECT ( EXPLOITATION WILL ALWAYS MEET OB/ACLES ( AN E?NIC OR GEOGRAPHICAL NATURE1 TO ! MORE C5TRAL >EAS :]E CLASS DIVISIONS >E MORE RIGID1 ECONOMICALLY BAS$ CONFLICT WILL GIVE WAY TO CONFLICTUALITY ( AN IRRATIONAL NATURE4 

,9 !IR PROJECTS ( CONTROL ! 9CLUD$ >E AIM+ AT G5]AL CONS5SUS BY R$UC+ ! ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES ( ! EXCLUD$4 ,!Y C\LD SUPPLY !M ) A PREFABRICAT$ LANGUAGE TO ALL[ A P>TIAL & SCL]OTIZ$ USE ( SOME ( ! DOM9ANT TE*NOLOGY4 ,!Y C\LD ALSO ALL[ !M A BETT] QUALITY ( LIFE4 ,BUT !Y WILL NOT BE ABLE TO PREV5T ! \TBUR/S ( IRRATIONAL VIOL5CE ?AT >ISE FROM FEEL+ USELESS1 FROM BOR$OM & FROM ! DEADLY ATMOSPH]E ( ! <ETTO4 

,9 ,BRITA91 = EXAMPLE1 ALWAYS A /EP AHEAD 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL'S REPRESSIVE PROJECTS1 IT IS ALREADY POSSIBLE TO SEE ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS T5D5CY4 ,! ,/ATE C]TA9LY DOES NOT GU>ANTEE SURVIVAL1 !RE IS AN 9CR$IBLE AM\NT ( POV]TY & UNEMPLOYM5T1 BUT ! RIOTS ?AT BREAK \T !RE REGUL>LY >E />T$ BY Y\NG PEOPLE--ESPECIALLY ,WE/ ,9DIAN--:O KN[ !Y >E DEF9ITIVELY CUT (F FROM A WORLD ?AT IS ALREADY /RANGE TO !M1 FROM :I* !Y CAN BORR[ A FEW OBJECTS OR WAYS ( DO+ ?+S1 BUT :]E !Y >E ALREADY BEG9N+ TO FEEL 0O!R04 

,! MASS MOVEM5TS ?AT MAKE SU* AN IMPRESSION ON SOME ( \R COMRADES TODAY BECAUSE ( !IR DANG] &--9 !IR OP9ION--USELESSNESS1 >E SIGNS ( ! DIRECTION ?AT ! /RUGGLES ( TOMORR[ WILL TAKE4 

,EV5 N[ MANY Y\NG PEOPLE >E NO LONG] ABLE TO EVALUATE ! SITUATION 9 :I* !Y F9D !MSELVES4 ,DEPRIV$ ( ?AT M9IMUM ( CULTURE ?AT S*OOL ONCE PROVID$1 BOMB>D$ BY MESSAGES CONTA9+ AIMLESS GRATUIT\S VIOL5CE1 !Y >E PU%$ 9 A ?\S& WAYS T[>DS IMPETU\S1 IRRATIONAL & SPONTANE\S REBELLION1 & DEPRIV$ ( ! 0POLITICAL0 OBJECTIVES ?AT PA/ G5]ATIONS BELIEV$ !Y C\LD SEE ) SU* CL>ITY4 

,! 0SITES0 & EXPRESSIONS ( !SE COLLECTIVE EXPLOSIONS V>Y A GREAT DEAL4 ,! OCCASIONS ALSO4 ,9 EA* CASE1 H[EV]1 !Y CAN BE TRAC$ TO AN 9TOL]ANCE ( ! SOCIETY ( DEA? MANAG$ BY ! CAPITAL_/,/ATE P>TN]%IP4 

,IT IS PO9TLESS TO FE> ?OSE MANIFE/ATIONS BECAUSE ( ! TRADITIONAL IDEAS WE HAVE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION )9 MASS MOVEM5TS4 

,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( BE+ AFRAID BUT ( PASS+ TO ACTION RI<T AWAY1 BE=E IT IS TOO LATE4 

,TRANS=MATION 9 ! WORLD ( WORK & S*OOL 

  

,IT IS N[ CLE> ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = COLLECTIVE WELLBE+ TO BE 9CREAS$ ?R\< A PLANN$ 9CREASE 9 DEM&1 & ?AT C]TA9 GR\PS >E DE/9$ TO BE =EV] EXCLUD$ FROM ANY SIGNIFICANT CONSUM]ISM4 ,ONE REALIZES 9 HORROR ?AT ?IS FIELD HAS BE5 N>R[$ D[N ALONG ) ! ,/ATE'S CAPACITY TO PROVIDE ACCEPTABLE /&>DS ( LIV+4 ,WID] & WID] /RATA >E PU%+ FROM ! CONF9ES ( ! EMPIRES1 MAK+ %ORT-T]M RECIPES PRECIPITATE 9TO P]IODIC FAILURES ?AT >E HA/ILY REPA9T$ ) SLOGANS ( HOPEFUL POSSIBILISM4 ,GR&IOSE PROGRAMS TURN \T TO BE ! BASE/ POLITICAL SW9DLES4 ,NOT ONLY >E !Y UNABLE TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( POV]TY ?R\< GREAT WORKS ( SOCIAL RE/RUCTUR+1 !Y HAVE NO DESIRE TO DO SO4 ,! RI*E/ C\NTRY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IS ?US PROSPECT+ A SAD FUTURE = ITS PROLET>IAN MASSES1 N[ WELL D[N ! ROAD ( 'DESAL>ISATION' & EM>G9ATION4 ,9 A WORLD ?AT IS BECOM+ ! CIRCULATION ( NEWS & ! MANAGEM5T ( 9=MATION ! DISP>ITY BETWE5 RI* & POOR IS GR[+1 & ?IS ABYSS IS VISIBLY GREAT] 9 ! SOLID MONOLI?IC ,/ATES :]E ! PROCESS ( DEC5TRALIZATION HAS NOT YET TAK5 PLACE4 ,AN IMM5SE UNIV]SE ( D]ELICTS IS SPREAD+ LIKE LEOP>D SPOTS1 M>K+ ) POV]TY >EAS ?AT W]E ONCE CONSID]$ ! C5T]S ( COMM]CE & CULTURE ( ! DEVELOP$ WORLD4 ,9 ?IS UNIV]SE1 AMID ! CONT9UAL FL[ ( COMMUNICATION1 ! METROPOLI >E BECOM+ ! EXTREME PO9T ( RUPTURE4 ,ONE F9DS ONESELF AB&ON$ TO ONESELF 9 ! MID/ ( EV]YONE1 ISOLAT$ 9 ! DES]T 9SIDE ! GLOBAL VILLAGE4 

,?IS IS NOT JU/ A QUE/ION ( ECONOMIC WELLBE+4 ,! FAILURE ( ALL ! PROMISES ( FRE$OM1 HOPES ( AN AU!NTIC ASS]TION ( HUMAN DIGNITY REG>DLESS ( RACE OR SOCIAL CONDITION1 IS ALSO IMPORTANT4 ,! VALUES ( ! GLOBAL VILLAGE >E ANY?+ BUT UNIV]SAL4 ,!Y >E ! VALUES ( SEP>ATION1 <ETTOIZATION1 & ! 9F9ITE REPETITION ( ALL ! BANALITIES ?AT BUILD B>RI]S & MAKE =C$ COHABITATION POSSIBLE4 ,9 FACT1 ! >GUM5TATION FROM BO? RI<T & LEFT IS ?AT UNIV]SAL VALUES1 VALID = ALL1 >E 9APPROPRIATE4 ,CONCEPTS SU* AS EQUALITY--REAL EQUALITY1 NOT >TIFICIAL-->E CRITICIZ$ ) LITTLE 9SI<T4 ,9 DEF5SE ( DIFF]5CES1 ON ! O!R H&1 AFF9ITIES ?AT C\LD CONSOLIDATE 9TO AN ADEQUATE RESPONSE BEYOND ! OLD CLASS MODELS >E M>K$1 :]EAS >TIFICIAL DIFF]5CES SU* AS ?OSE BETWE5 NATIONS & PEOPLES >E HEI<T5$1 SOMETIMES ) DISC\RSES IT WAS ?\<T HAD DISAPPE>$ =TY YE>S AGO4 ,A /RONG C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE PROJECT IS UNACCEPTABLE 9 ?IS GREAT MELT+ POT1 & PEOPLE HAVE F9ALLY REALIZ$ ?IS4 

,ONE ( ! SYMPTOMS1 & P]HAPS ALSO ! CAUSES1 ( ?IS BREAK+ UP ( ! ,/ATE CAN BE F\ND 9 ! CRISIS 9 HUMANI/ CULTURE1 ! TRADITIONAL F\NDATION ( ALL /RONG ,/ATES4 ,9 ! MO/ DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES ! 9CR$IBLE DECL9E 9 TEA*+ /&>DS EV5 9 ! UNIV]SITIES IS REA*+ HI!RTO UNPLUMB$ DEP?S1 PRECISELY 9 ! HUMANI/ FACULTIES4 ,?IS IS 9 NO WAY COMP5SAT$ BY ! TE*NOLOGICAL CULTURE :I*1 AL?\< ID5TIFIABLE AS A MODEL ( LIFE & IDEAS 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! OLD HUMANI/ CULTURE WAS1 C\LD NEV] BE SUIT$ TO A /RONG UNIFICATORY ,/ATE4 

,?IS BREAK+ UP ( ! IDEA ( ! ,/ATE W\LD BE V]Y 9T]E/+ = AN>*I/S IF !Y W]E CAPABLE ( ESCAP+ ! HI/ORICAL FETT]S ( AN \TDAT$ CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION>Y AGGREGATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS CONDITION IS BECOM+ ! FIELD = A PROLIF]ATION ( POLITICAL MOVEM5TS EVOLV+ >\ND S+LE ISSUES ?AT >E 9CAPABLE ( SUPPLY+ A GLOBAL VISION ( LIFE & SOCIETY 9 ! WAY ?AT AN>*ISM DOES4 ,MANY POLITICAL SPECIFICATIONS >E NEV]!LESS OP]AT+ 9 ! FIELD ( R5UNCIATION ( ! TRADITIONAL ,/ATE1 ) ! AIM ( ACCOMPANY+ ! PR(\ND TRANS=MATION ( WORLD CAPITALISM 9TO ! FIELD ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 

,BUT ?IS IS ?REAT5+ TO BECOME ANO!R /ORY4 

A7 ,RELATIONS BETWE5 9FLATION & EMPLOYM5T 

  

,9FLATION HAS BE5 DEF9$ 9 MANY WAYS ?AT C\LD BE SUMM$ UP AS ! T5D5CY ( PRICE LEVELS TO 9CREASE AS A :OLE4 

,= NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMIC ?\<T 7UP UNTIL ! TW5TIES7 ! CONCEPT ( 9FLATION WAS RE/RICT$ TO CASES ( TOTAL MONET>Y COLLAPSE 7= EXAMPLE 9 ,G]MANY AFT] ! FIR/ WORLD W>71 :]E PRICES 9CREAS$ BEYOND MEASURE4 ,! NORMAL C\RSE ( PRICES WAS CONSID]$ TO BE ?AT ( A RE-EQUILIBRAT+ ( ! M>KET :]E P]IODS ( SUDD5 9CREASES W]E BALANC$ \T BY PHASES ( R$UCTION4 

,AFT] ! SECOND WORLD W> PRICES 9CREAS$ UN9T]RUPT$LY ALONGSIDE AN 9CREASE 9 WAGES4 ,! NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMI/S ?\<T ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ! CON/ANT IMBALANCE & DEVIATION FROM FULL EMPLOYM5T LEVELS1 !RE WAS A SPONTANE\S T5D5CY T[>DS EQUILIBRIUM )9 ! SY/EM ?ANKS TO A S]IES ( AUTOMATIC ME*ANISMS ?AT ACT AS CORRECTIVES4 ,ONE ( ! ME*ANISMS !Y !ORIZ$ WAS ! EFFECT ( MOVEM5T ( PRICES4 ,!Y SAID ?AT 9 AN ECONOMIC SY/EM ) A HI< SUPPLY1 & SO ) UNEMPLOYM5T ON ! 9CREASE1 A FALL 9 PRICES 7FOLL[+ AN 9CREASE 9 ! SUPPLY ( PRODUCTS7 W\LD LEAD TO A RETURN TO FULL EMPLOYM5T 7FOLL[+ A R$UCTION 9 WAGES74 

,9 REALITY ?+S W]E DIFF]5T4 ,! FALL 9 PRICES L$ TO A R$UCTION 9 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY1 H5CE A SUPPRESSION ( DEM& 7DUE TO ! R$UCTION 9 SP5D+ P[]1 CAUS$ BY ! 9CREASE 9 UNEMPLOYM5T71 :I* DID NOT RE/ORE EMPLOYM5T TO OPTIMAL LEVELS1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 L$ TO EV5 MORE S]I\S LEVELS ( UNEMPLOYM5T4 

,KEYNES WAS ! FIR/ TO BE CONV9C$ ?AT ! SITUATION C\LD ONLY BE CORRECT$ BY ,/ATE 9T]V5TION4 ,HE PO9T$ \T ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 DEM&1 9COME LEVELS & EMPLOYM5T4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT ACT+ ON EMPLOYM5T W\LD HAVE AN EFFECT ON DEM&1 :I* W\LD !N /IMULATE PRODUCTION1 SETT+ (F A ME*ANISM ?AT W\LD LEAD TO FULL EMPLOYM5T4 

,KEYNES' !ORIES W]E DEVELOP$ BE=E ! EV5TS ?AT W]E TO AFFECT CAPITALISM 9 ! ?IRTIES TOOK PLACE4 ,AT ?AT TIME MASS UNEMPLOYM5T CAME AB\T )9 A CONTEXT :]E ! BOSSES HAD NO PROSPECTS ( 9VE/M5T1 EV5 :5 CONSID]ABLY L[]+ CO/S 7WAGES1 R$UCTION ( 9T]E/ ON LOANS71 BECAUSE !Y C\LD NOT BE SURE ?AT !Y W\LD BE ABLE TO SELL !IR PRODUCTS4 

,TODAY UNEMPLOYM5T IS V]Y DIFF]5T TO ?AT ( ! TW5TIES4 ,DUE TO ! PRES5CE ( CORPORATE ME*ANISMS 7COLLECTIVE CONTRACTS1 TRADE UNION /RUGGLES1 ETC47 ?AT HAVE SL[$ D[N ! PROCESS1 IT IS NOT NECESS>ILY L9K$ TO A DECREASE 9 WAGES & R$UC$ WORK] COMBATIV5ESS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT CAN DEVELOP AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! BOSSES' FE> ?AT !Y WILL BE UNABLE TO CONTROL ! SITUATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 EXCESSIVE TRADE UNION P[] CAN CAUSE ! O!R SIDE TO /OP TAK+ ON LABOR1 LEAD+ TO AN 9CREASE 9 UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,9 SU* CASES--AS HAPP5$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! EI<TIES--,KEYNES'S RECIPE = SU/A9+ DEM& NO LONG] APPLIES4 

,! /RANGE SITUATION OCCURS :]E CONTRACT LABOR1 9ITIALLY PASS$ (F AS A ME*ANISM = /R5G!N+ ! WEAK] SIDE1 BUT ACTUALLY AIM$ AT BOL/]+ DEM&1 9EVITABLY RESULTS 9 R$UC+ 9VE/M5T4 ,IT DOES ?IS BY L[]+ CAPITAL'S EXPECTATIONS ( REMUN]ATION1 R$UC+ PRODUCTION & LEAD+ TO AN 9CREASE 9 9FLATION4 

,CAPITAL HAS TWO WAYS ( FAC+ 9FLATION4 ,! FIR/ ASSUMES ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM CONTA9S AN 9TR9SIC ME*ANISM ?AT MOVES IT SPONTANE\SLY 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! EQUILIBRIUM ( FULL EMPLOYM5T1 AN OPTIMAL SITUATION :]E 9DIVIDUAL WELLBE+ W\LD CORRESPOND TO ! COLLECTIVE ONE4 

,! SECOND CONSID]S CAPITALISM TO BE ESS5TIALLY CONTRADICTORY1 MAK+ A SITUATION ( EQUILIBRIUM IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! SOLUTION--9 ! M$IUM T]M--IS TO OBTA9 ! MAXIMUM PR(IT 9 CONFLICTUAL SITUATIONS ?AT >E ABSOLUTELY 9COMPATIBLE4 

,9 ! FIR/ CASE 9FLATION IS SE5 AS AN ANOMALY1 A MORE OR LESS PASS+ EVIL ?AT CAN BE CUR$ :I* /RIKES ! SY/EM :5 IT APPROA*ES FULL EMPLOYM5T OR DIAMETRICALLY MOVES AWAY FROM IT4 ,! MALFUNCTION+ ( ! SY/EM IS BLAM$ ON ! BEHAVIOR ( ONE OR ANO!R ECONOMIC CATEGORY 7BOSSES1 UNIONS1 WORK=CE1 ETC47 REFUS+ TO CON=M TO ! RULES1 :I* %\LD BE ACT+ TO RE/ORE EQUILIBRIUM4 

,9 ! SECOND CASE1 9FLATION IS SE5 AS A CONDITION ( DEVELOPM5T ITSELF1 P>T ( ! CONTEXT ( ! PROBLEMS ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY A PRECISE ECONOMIC CATEGORY--! BOSSES-->E ID5TIFI$1 :O MAKE DECISIONS CONC]N+ 9VE/M5TS4 ,9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE 9FLATION BECOMES ONE ( ! 9/RUM5TS ?AT >E US$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! DOM9ANT SIDE4 ,IT IS NO LONG] A SICKNESS TO BE AVOID$1 BUT AN UNAVOIDABLE EV5T 9 ! TORM5T$ TRAJECTORY ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,CLASSICAL 9FLATION IS 9FLATION IS CAUS$ BY AN EXCESSIVE DEM& = GOODS & S]VICES1 LEAD+ TO AN 9CREASE 9 PRICES4 ,IF IT IS PROTRACT$ OV] A LONG P]IOD1 ?IS LEADS TO AN 9CREASE 9 ! AM\NT ( MONEY 9 CIRCULATION 7D]IV$ FROM A NOM9AL 9CREASE 9 9COME74 ,! RESULT IS A DISCREPANCY BETWE5 ! PRODUCTIVE LEVEL ( CAPITAL & ! NUMB] ( PRODUCTS AVAILABLE4 ,CLE>LY IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% :AT 9CREASES FIR/3 M>KET PRICES OR WAGES1 SO IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% A CLE> DIFF]5CE BETWE5 DEM& 9FLATION & CO/ 9FLATION4 

,H[EV]1 ,I WANT TO BRIEFLY PO9T \T ?AT IT IS ONLY POSSIBLE TO TALK ( DEM&-PULL 9FLATION :5 WE >E FAC$ ) AN AUTONOM\S EXT5SION ( DEM& NOT L9K$ TO AN 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION CO/S 79 ! FIR/ PLACE WAGES74 ,:5 ECONOMIC POLICIES ( SU/A9+ DEM& ACCORD+ TO ,KEYNES'S RECIPE >E FOLL[$1 ?IS CORRESPONDS TO A K9D ( R$I/RIBUTION ( E>N+S ?AT CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ BY ! ,/ATE HAV+ REC\RSE TO ! NATIONAL DEBT1 GIV5 ?AT TAXES & DUTIES >E NEV] SUFFICI5T4 ,N[ ! NATIONAL DEBT IS COMPOS$ ( BO? ! SUMS ?AT ! CAPITALI/S GREAT & SMALL & ! SAV]S L5D ! ,/ATE1 AS WELL AS ! PAP] MONEY ?AT IS PR9T$ & PUT 9 CIRCULATION4 ,9 !ORY ! FIR/ P>T DOES NOT LEAD TO 9FLATION1 BUT 9 PRACTICE IT DOES BECAUSE IT SOLICITS DEM& & !REBY CONTRIBUTES TO RAIS+ M>KET PRICES2 ! SECOND P>T ( ! NATIONAL DEBT IS UND\BT$LY A ?RU/ T[>DS 9FLATION 7BY 9CREAS+ ! AM\NT ( MONEY 9 CIRCULATION1 PRICES ALSO 9CREASE74 

,CO/ 9FLATION COMES FROM A RISE 9 ! CO/ ( CONSUM] GOODS DUE TO A DIRECT OR 9DIRECT 9CREASE 9 ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION 7LABOR 9 ! FIR/ PLACE74 ,BASICALLY1 9CREASES 9 ! CO/ ( RAW MAT]IALS ALSO HAVE AN 9FLATION>Y EFFECT1 BUT IT W\LD BE MORE CORRECT TO SEE !SE 9 ! 9CREASE 9 WAGES ( ! 9DU/RIES PRODUC+ ! RAW MAT]IALS4 

,N[ ! LABOR M>KET IS NOT A COMPETITIVE M>KET1 IT IS BY NATURE MONOPOLI/IC 7BE+ BAS$ ON TRADE UNION WAGE CONTRACTS74 ,!RE >E NO COMPETITIVE ELEM5TS 9 CO/ 9FLATION ?AT C\LD LEAD TO A HYPO!TICAL ME*ANISM ( RE-EQUILIBRATION4 ,H]E ! ME*ANISM IS PURELY ( A SOCIAL & POLITICAL NATURE4 

,?IS 9FLATION IS !RE=E SOCIAL CONFLICT BECAUSE ( ! WAY IT IS POSSIBLE TO DI/RIBUTE ! NATIONAL 9COME BAS$ ON CONT9U\S ATTEMPTS BY V>I\S SOCIAL GR\PS TO 9CREASE !IR [N AVAILABILITY 7& !RE=E !IR [N CONSUM+7 MORE QUICKLY ?AN IS COMPATIBLE ) ! OBJECTIVES ( O!R GR\PS1 & ) ! AB/RACT CONCEPT ( G5]AL ECONOMIC /ABILITY4 ,?IS LEADS TO CON/ANT PRICE 9CREASES & A SPIRAL+ PRICES-WAGES & WAGES-PRICES RELATION%IP4 

,OV] ! PA/ FEW YE>S EV5 9 CONDITIONS ?AT W\LD ONCE HAVE L$ TO A R$UCTION 9 PRICES1 !SE HAVE KEPT 9CREAS+1 APP>5TLY )\T ANY LIMIT4 ,N[1 SO LONG AS !RE IS A SUB/ANTIAL 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY1 ?IS NO LONG] LEADS TO FUR!R PRICE 9CREASES1 AS ?IS IS COV]$ BY ! FAVORABLE C\RSE ( ! ECONOMY4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS SE5 AS A CONTRIBUTION TO PRODUCTION BECAUSE IT DELAYS OR AVOIDS 7NEV] COMPLETELY1 H[EV]7 ! DREAD$ CRISIS ( OV]PRODUCTION4 ,BUT SOON] OR LAT] !SE CON/ANT 9CREASES AFFECT REAL WAGES 9 ! BROAD] S5SE 79CLUD+ ! RECOMPOSITION ( ! WORK=CE UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ADVANC$ IF NOT EXACTLY PO/9DU/RIAL SOCIETY ( TODAY71 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ABS5CE ( A P>ALLEL 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY4 ,CON/ANT WAGE 9CREASES !RE=E BECOME NECESS>Y1 ?US AFFECT+ ! CO/ ( LABOR &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 PR(IT4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS CAN BE DELAY$ BY V>I\S FACTORS 7FIRMS' CAPACITY = SELF-F9ANC+1 M>KETS 9 EXPANSION1 SC>CE DEP5D5CE ON ! F9ANCIAL M>KET1 ETC471 BUT NO SOON] DOES IT />T1 IT 5DS UP SPREAD+ RAMPANTLY AS 9EXORABLE CAUSE ( CO/ 9FLATION4 

,! 9T]NATIONAL CAUSES ( 9FLATION >E ECONOMIC & POLITICAL FACTORS ?AT LEAD TO 9CREASES 9 ! CO/ ( RAW MAT]IALS ELSE:]E :I*1 :5 IMPORT$1 GIVE RISE TO AN 9FLATION>Y PROCESS ( GREAT DIM5SIONS4 

,?AT LEADS TO A NUMB] ( CONSEQU5CES 9 T]MS ( EXPECTATION1 CONFLICT1 DEF5SE )9 ! SOCIAL BODY & !RE=E ! LABOR M>KET4 ,! MONOPOLY SITUATION ( WAGES PREV5TS POLITICAL 9T]V5TION 9 ! CAPITALI/ S5SE & EXPOSES COMPANIES TO BACKLA%ES ( 9T]NATIONAL 9FLATION :I* CANNOT BE S(T5$ BY A DRA/IC R$UCTION 9 WAGES OR EMPLOYM5T4 ,! ONLY ROAD ! CAPITALI/ CAN TAKE IS !RE=E ?AT ( 9CREAS+ PRICES 4 

,:AT DO CAPITALI/S DO TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( 9FLATION8 ,! LEFT SUPPORT AN 9COMES POLICY 7ALWAYS 9 ! NAME ( CAPITAL OBVI\SLY74 ,!IR AIM IS NOT SO MU* TO AFFECT 9FLATION1 AS TO AFFECT UNEMPLOYM5T1 SO ?AT1 BY MODIFY+ ! FIR/1 ! SECOND IS ALSO MODIFI$4 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT 9 SOME CASES ! POLITIC ( SU/A9+ EMPLOYM5T 9 ! 7ALSO REC5T7 PA/1 HAS AFFECT$ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 REAL WAGES & PRODUCTIVITY2 9 O!R WORDS IT HAS L$ TO A WORS5+ ( ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION & SO TO A R$UCTION 9 PR(ITS & A RESULT+ R$UCTION 9 9VE/M5T4 

,N[ ! FIR/ EFFECT ( 9FLATION FELT BY WORK]S IS A R$UCTION 9 REAL WAGES1 SO !Y /RUGGLE = WAGE 9CREASES1 EMPLOYM5T REMA9+ ! SAME4 ,ON !IR SIDE1 ! BOSSES >E PU%$ TO RE/RICT+ ! DEM& = WORK AS !Y TRY TO RATIONALIZE PRODUCTION 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE WAY4 ,ALL ?AT LEADS TO RISES 9 MONET>Y WAGES1 BUT LEAVES ! PROBLEM ( EMPLOYM5T & PRODUCTIVITY UNSOLV$4 ,! ONLY SOLUTION ?AT REMA9S IS TO TRANSF] ANY 9CREASE 9 CO/ ON TO PRICES4 ,H5CE A CON/ANT R$UCTION 9 REAL WAGES 79 ! WID] S5SE SE5 BE=E7 & A QUICK RESPONSE ) FUR!R 9CREASES 9 NOM9AL WAGES4 

,CONC]N+ EMPLOYM5T1 LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT ! PREC$+ SITUATION 79DU/RIAL ECONOMY74 ,! ELEM5TS AFFECT+ EMPLOYM5T 9 A TRADITIONAL ECONOMY >E MANY3 9CREASE 9 RETIR+ AGE1 HI<] QUALIFICATIONS REQUIREM5T1 MORE WOM5'S WORK1 AN 9FLUX ( LABOR FROM ! C\NTRY 9TO CITIES 9 SITUATIONS1 ALL 9CREASE UNEMPLOYM5T4 

,WAGE 9CREASES ALSO LEAD TO AN 9CREASE 9 UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,COMPANIES MOVE TO SAVE WORK BY *ANG+ 9VE/M5T 7! FIR/ ATTEMPTS AT FACTORY AUTOMATION >E REALIZ$71 ! WORK PACE IS 9CREAS$ 7OV]TIME1 WORK PACE1 ETC74 ,RE/RUCTUR+ MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO R$UCE WORK1 !RE=E IT 9CREASES UNEMPLOYM5T4 

,9 ?IS PHASE--:I* EXI/$ 9 ,ITALY BETWE5 #aigc & #a#i#h--A L>GE /RATA ( NON-EMPLOY$ IS CREAT$4 ,!Y CANNOT BE DEF9$ 0UNEMPLOY$0 9 ?AT !Y >E NOT LOOK+ = WORK BUT SIMPLY GET BY OR REFUSE WORK OR ACCESS TO ! PROC$URES GIV5 TO ! UNEMPLOY$ 9 SE>* ( WORK4 ,9 ?IS CLIMATE ( RECESSION ECONOMI/S REALIZ$ ?AT ! SY/EM DOES NOT MOVE SPONTANE\SLY T[>DS EQUILIBRIUM AS HAPP5$ 9 ! 9ITIAL PHASE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ?AT EM]G$ FROM ! PA?OLOGICAL ECONOMIC SITUATION CAUS$ BY ! W> & ! NE$ = RECON/RUCTION4 ,AFT] ! CRISIS ( #aigc ECONOMI/S UND]/OOD ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 9FLATION & UNEMPLOYM5T BETT]4 

,9 FACT1 )9 C]TA9 LIMITS1 !RE IS AN 9V]SE RELATION BETWE5 V>IATION 9 WAGES 7SO ALSO 9 ! LEVEL ( PRICES7 & UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,) AN 9CREASE 9 WAGES & ! SUBSEQU5T DEM& = GOODS 7!REBY DECREAS+ UNEMPLOYM5T7 !RE IS AN 9CREASE 9 ! LEVEL ( PRICES 7I4E4 9FLATION74 

,! FIR/ CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS DISCOV]Y WAS ! REALIZATION ?AT ,KEYNES' !ORY ( SOCIAL /ABILITY AS A RESULT ( FULL EMPLOYM5T WAS AN ILLUSION4 ,9CREASES 9 EMPLOYM5T LEAD TO A RISE 9 PRICES1 !RE=E TO AN UN/ABLE ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SITUATION4 

,BUT ?IS HAD PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES ?AT TOOK CAPITAL TO ! BR9K ( COLLAPSE AT ! 5D ( ! SEV5TIES1 FROM :I* IT RECOV]$ ) ITS PASSAGE TO ! PO/-9DU/RIAL PHASE4 ,! OB/ACLES W]E3 TRADE UNION 9DEX-RAT+1 LIMIT$ WORK MOBILITY1 RIGID 9VE/M5T1 ! ILLUSION ( FULL EMPLOYM5T1 LACK ( M>KET 9=MATION &1 LA/ BUT NOT LEA/1 WORK]S' /RUGGLES4 

,FRI$MAN1 ) ,MODIGLIANI & ,T>ANTELLI CLOSE BEH9D1 ALWAYS MA9TA9$ ?AT SUPPORT+ DEM& L$ TO AN 9CREASE 9 UNEMPLOYM5T1 NOT ITS DECREASE AS ,KEYNES ?\<T4 

,= ,ITALY1 ! PO/-9DU/RIAL AB\T-TURN CAN BE SE5 >\ND #a#i#h#a4 ,:]EAS ! ,ITALIAN ECONOMY ONCE PREF]R$ A SY/EM ( PROGRESSIVE ADJU/M5T :5 FAC$ ) 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL 9FLATION 7= EXAMPLE1 ! 9CREASE 9 ! CO/ ( PETROL7 F> H>%] & MORE EFFECTIVE PROCESSES ( ADJU/M5T W]E APPLI$ AFT] ?AT DATE4 ,/RUGGLES PRACTICALLY DISAPPE>$4 ,! ROAD ( UNION CONFLICT WAS BLOCK$1 EV5 =MALLY4 ,ALL ! TALK ( ! 0T]RORI/0 ?REAT CONTRIBUT$ TO BREAK+ ! F9AL RESI/ANCE ( AUTONOM\S WORK] /RUGGLES4 ,A CLIMATE ( 9TIMIDATION & CRIM9ALIZATION L$ ! CAPITALI/S TO MAKE !SE LONG-LA/+ ADJU/M5TS4 

,R$UCTION 9 EMPLOYM5T 9CREAS$ CONSID]ABLY & SPREAD ?R\<\T 9DU/RY4 ,! HUGE 9DU/RIAL COMPLEXES BECAME OBSOLETE4 ,AFT] #a#i#h#a1 9 ,LOMB>DY ! ANNUAL DECL9E WAS #g P] C5T4 ,NOT ONLY HAD ! LEVEL ( EMPLOYM5T *ANG$1 BUT ALSO ! V]Y CLASS /RUCTURE ITSELF4 ,! ABSURD DREAMS ( ! M>XI/S1 OLD & NEW1 DISAPPE>$4 ,! MORE REC5T !SES ( ORGANIZ$ AUTONOMY HAVE ALSO DISAPPE>$4 

,! ,ITALIAN ECONOMIC WORLD BEGAN TO *ANGE = TWO REASONS4 ,FIR/ DUE TO A CRISIS 9 PRODUCTION LEAD+ TO CONSID]ABLE FLEXIBILITY 9 ! USE ( 9DU/RIAL PLANTS4 ,SECOND1 DUE TO A GR[? 9 PRODUCTIVITY FOLL[+ R$UNDANCIES ?AT />T$ ) WOM5 & OLD] WORK]S1 !N SPREAD TO ! Y\NG] & MIDDLE-AG$ /RATA4 ,! LABOR M>KET *ANG$ AS A RESULT4 ,! MO/ COMBATIVE NUCLEUS ( ! WORK+ CLASS DISAPPE>$ FOLL[+ ! USE ( C]TA9 9/RUM5TS TO /ABILIZE ! PRODUCTIVE CYCLE1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE R$UNDANCY4 ,WAGES W]E FROZ5 & ! PH5OM5ON SO COMMON T5 YE>S BE=E ?AT SAW WAGE 9CREASES EV5 9 P]IODS ( R$UC$ PRODUCTION1 NO LONG] OCCURR$4 

,JOBS >E NO LONG] DEF5D$ BY RIGOR\S TRADE UNION CONTRACTS &1 ABOVE ALL1 UNEMPLOYM5T NO LONG] SC>ES ) A ?REAT ( AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE BEYOND TRADE UNION DICTATES & ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY RECUP]ATION4 ,NO LONG] A ?REAT TO CAPITAL1 EMPLOYM5T HAS BECOME LESS RIGID 9 RELATION TO ! PRODUCTIVE CYCLE4 

,! FIR/ POSITIVE RESULTS = CAPITAL BEGAN TO APPE> ON ! HORIZON4 ,9 A RIGID WORK SITUATION ! CAPITALI/S C\LD SOLVE !IR PRODUCTION PROBLEMS ONLY BY PUTT+ UP PRICES1 !REBY 9CREAS+ 9FLATION4 ,AFT] #aiha ! ,ITALIAN ECONOMIC SY/EM PICK$ UP AGA94 ,9FLATION DECEL]AT$4 

,WAGE 9DEX-RAT+ HAD LESS B>GA9+ P[] & SO CAPITAL'S MANEUV]S W]E SMOO!D \T4 ,PRODUCTIVITY GREW ?R\< WORK MOBILITY4 ,A F]OCI\S USE ( 9/RUM5TS = /ABILIZ+ 9COMES 7E4G4 R$UNDANCY7 WAS UND]WAY4 

,BY N[ ! WORK+ CLASS >E ON !IR KNEES4 ,! UNIONS1 :O LIV$ ON ! REAL CAPACITY = /RUGGLE ) ! SOLE AIM ( CONTROLL+ & C]TA9LY NOT 5LIV5+ IT1 >E ALSO ON !IR KNEES4 ,9 ?IS WAY NEW =MS ( CONTROLL+ ! WORK M>KET >E BE+ EXP]IM5T$4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,FIAT & ,MONT$ISON >E MOV+ T[>DS A DIFF]5T SY/EM ( CONTROL1 LIQUIDAT+ SURPLUS LABOR ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ?R\< SACK+S4 

,SO PRODUCTIVITY IS NOT GR[+ DUE TO AN 9CREASE 9 ! USE ( NEW FACTORS 7TE*NOLOGICAL IMPROVEM5TS & 9CREASE 9 EMPLOYM5T71 BUT TO A MORE RATIONAL EXPLOITATION ( ALREADY EXI/+ ONES4 

,! UNIONS >E BE+ =C$ TO MAKE PROPOSALS ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE CONSID]$ ABSURD A FEW YE>S BE=E1 SU* AS CONTRACTS ( SOLID>ITY1 TRA9+ S*EMES = ! Y\NG1 R$UCTION 9 WORK+ H\RS1 ALL ATTEMPTS TO SPREAD EMPLOYM5T 7SOME?+ ?AT IS QUITE DUBI\S 9 PRACTICE1 AS ,ITALY HAS ! L[E/ NUMB] ( WORK+ H\RS74 ,9 ! L>GE FACTORIES1 FROM #aihc ONW>DS1 !Y />T$ TO REALIZE ?AT A SIMPLE UND]USE ( 5T]PRISE C\LD NOT SOLVE ! PROBLEM 9 ! M$IUM T]M4 ,PROJECTS ( R5EWAL !RE=E EXT5D TO RE/RUCTUR+ & 9NOVATION4 

,AS F> AS !Y >E CONC]N$1 ! ,/ATE & ! UNIONS HAVE EV]Y 9T]E/ 9 CREAT+ A POLICY ( 9V5T+ JOBS4 ,ONCE AGA9 ! CAPITALI/S' 9T]E/S ID5TIFI$ ) ?OSE ( ! UNIONS & ! ,/ATE4 ,! FIR/ >E WORRI$ AB\T AN EXCESSIVE SUB/ITUTION ( WORK]S 9 ! FUTURE 7A CONTRACTION 9 DEM&72 ! SECOND & ?IRD >E WORRI$ AB\T POSSIBLE SOCIAL DISORD]1 & HAVE N[ LO/ ALL ILLUSIONS ( A SPONTANE\S ABSORPTION ( LABOR4 

,9 ?IS WAY ! T]TI>Y SECTORS >E DEVELOP$ ?R\< ,/ATE 9VE/M5T ) ! HELP ( ! UNIONS :O >E N[ SPREAD+ ! V>IABLE ( WORK] MOBILITY1 TO ! JOY ( ! CAPITALI/S :O >E F9D+ FUEL = ! /RUCTURAL /OK+ ( !IR FIRMS PRECISELY FROM ?IS SECTOR4 

,! ,/ATE IS TOLD ?AT MONET>Y MANEUV]S ALONE >E NO LONG] 5\< TO REORGANIZE ! PRODUCTIVE EFFICI5CY ( ! COMPANY4 ,\TLETS = F9ANCIAL 9VE/M5T >E NECESS>Y4 ,SO AN ECONOMIC POLICY BAS$ ON PUBLIC SP5D+ HAS EXP&$ 9DU/RY TO ALL[ = TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 A CR$IT POLICY & RETRIEVAL ( CAPITAL ON ! /OCK M>KET FAVORABLE TO L[ 9T]E/ RATES4 ,A M]E F9ANC+ ( 9DU/RY IS NO LONG] BE+ REQUE/$1 BUT A G5]AL ECONOMIC CLIMATE 7FROM ! /OCK M>KET TO *ANGES 9 ! ,/ATE DEBT7 CAPABLE ( CREAT+ CONDITIONS ?AT >E FAVORABLE TO ! 9NOVATIONS4 

,ELECTRONICS TE*NOLOGY IS SPREAD+ EV]Y:]E4 

,?IS SITUATION1 :I* REMA9$ CON/ANT AT LEA/ UNTIL #a#i#h#a1 PUT ! POLICY ( EMPLOYM5T BAS$ ON SUPPORT+ DEM& 9 A CRITICAL LI<T 7& SO PUT ! NEO-,KEYNESIAN ECONOMI/S 9 CRISIS74 ,?IS CAUS$ A LIMIT$ R$I/RIBUTION ( 9COME1 BUT MA9LY L$ TO A R$UCTION 9 ! B>GA9+ P[] ( ! UNIONS1 TORN BETWE5 SUPPORT+ ! WORK]S' DEM&S & BECOM+ LOAD-BE>+ ELEM5TS ( ! 9FLATION>Y PROCESS1 OR SUPPORT+ ! CAPITALI/S' REQUE/S & FIGUR+ AS TRAITORS ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! CLASS ( PRODUC]S4 

,! MONET>I/ POLICY IS ! CLASSICAL *OICE ( CONS]VATIVES & TE*NOCRATS4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON ! SUPPOSITION ?AT CONTROLL+ ! AM\NT ( MONEY 9 CIRCULATION & SPE$ ( EX*ANGE CAN HELP TO KEEP ! LEVEL ( 9FLATION )9 LIMITS ?AT >E ACCEPTABLE = CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,?IS NECESS>ILY LEADS TO UNNATURALLY HI< LEVELS ( UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,BUT ?AT IS A SACRIFICE ?AT NE$S TO BE MADE SO AS TO AVOID GREAT] DAMAGE4 ,! WAGE-E>N]S >E TO REALIZE ! B5EFITS !Y HAVE FROM A SL[+ D[N ( PRICE 9CREASES & ! FACT ?AT !SE B5EFITS COME AFT] A C]TA9 TIME & NOT RI<T AWAY4 

,A ?IRD WAY--BAS$ ON ,MODIGLIANI'S & ,T>ANTELLI'S ANALYSIS--MA9TA9S ?AT A NET SEP>ATION BETWE5 !SE TWO ROADS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! TWO ECONOMI/S MA9TA9 7TO TELL ! TRU? ! SECOND NO LONG] DOES1 HAV+ BE5 KILL$ BY ! ,R$ ,BRIGADES7 ?AT !RE IS A NE$ TO SU/A9 DEM&1 SO ALSO EMPLOYM5T1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME TALK ( ! NE$ TO R$UCE REAL WAGES4 ,MODIGLIANI HAS ALSO MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ONLY WAY \T TO AVOID ! TOTAL DEFLECTION ( PR(ITS1 SOME?+ ?AT DE/ROYS ALL 9VE/M5T 9C5TIVE1 IS TO R$UCE ! EXCESSIVE CO/ ( WORK4 ,SO1 /OP PAY RISES & LAY PEOPLE (F4 ,! FIR/ ASPECT ( ?IS RECIPE ALL[S = A RE-EQUILIBRIUM ( PRODUCTIVITY1 ! SECOND A FA/] RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! 9DU/RIAL SECTOR4 

,! OLD PREOCCUPATIONS AB\T POSSIBLE REP]CUSSIONS 9 T]MS ( SOCIAL DISORD] HAVE BE5 %[N TO BE P>TLY UNF\ND$ PRECISELY BY ,MODIGLIANI & ,T>ANTELLI1 :O HAVE LONG BE5 9SI/+ ON ! FACT ?AT RESULT+ B5EFITS 9 T]MS ( POLITICAL /ABILITY MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO AVOID SOCIAL DISORD]4 ,PEOPLE FEEL BETT] GOV]N$1 SEE ?AT PRICES 9CREASE MORE SL[LY & EV]YONE CONV9CES !MSELVES ?AT !Y >E GETT+ %ORT-T]M B5EFITS1 ?AT !Y >E LIV+ 9 A SITUATION ( ECONOMIC & 9/ITUTIONAL RECOV]Y4 

B7 ,! NEW PR(ESSIONALISM3 FLEXIBILITY 

  

,! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION IS CALL+ = A DIFF]5T K9D ( PR(ESSIONALISM 9 ! WORKPLACE TODAY4 ,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( A M]E ABS5CE ( PR(ESSIONALISM OR ( A WID] RANGE ( ! SAME4 ,SUB/ANTIAL PROBLEMS EXI/ 9 REG>D TO FLEXIBILITY4 ,MAK+ MANY ?+S 9 A SUP]FICIAL WAY CORRESPONDS TO ! CONCEPT ( HORIZONTAL PR(ICI5CY1 ! OPPOSITE ( ! V]TICAL PR(ICI5CY REQUIR$ BY ! PRODUCTIVE SY/EM 9 ! PA/4 

,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! PROBLEMS RELAT$ TO ?IS NEW K9D ( PR(ESSIONALISM ?AT ! SY/EM IS ASK+ ( ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM1 WE MU/ BRIEFLY TAKE A LOOK AT ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* !SE REQUE/S >E BE+ MADE & ! POSSIBLE RESPONSES TO !M4 ,PRODUCTION N[ REQUIRES A DEEP] 9TEGRATION ( TE*NOLOGICAL & SOCIO-ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS4 ,TE*NICAL 9/RUM5TS HAVE 9CREAS$ BO? 9 QUANTITY & 9 QUALITY4 ,& ! PEOPLE H&L+ !M HAVE DIFF]5T ROLES TODAY1 REQUIR+ A DIFF]5T K9D ( PR(ESSIONALISM4 

,IT CAN ?US BE SAID ?AT ! 5TRANCE 5 MASSE 7& 9 QUALITY7 ( TE*NOLOGY 9TO ! PRODUCTIVE SY/EM HAS L$ TO AN ESS5TIAL *ANGE 9 ! UND]LY+ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,?IS *ANGE CAN BE SE5 9 TWO RESPECTS3  

A QUANTITATIVE ASPECT1 %[N 9 A CONSID]ABLE R$UCTION 9 EMPLOYM5T1 SO ?AT ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY & EMPLOYM5T IS F> MORE COMPLEX ?AN A BANAL EQUATION BETWE5 9CREASE & DECREASE2  

A QUALITATIVE ASPECT1 GIV5 BY A PR(\ND TRANS=MATION 9 ! WAY PR(ESSIONALISM WORKS4  
  

,! FIR/ ( !SE TWO ASPECTS AFFECTS ! SECOND AS IT PUTS PRESSURE ON *OICES )9 ! PRODUCTIVE SY/EM1 :I* IS TRANS=M$ 9TO SIGNALS ADDRESS$ TO ! $UCATION SY/EM4 ,LAT] !SE *OICES BECOME ORI5TATIVE BO? = ?OSE ELABORAT+ /UDY PROGRAMS & = /UD5TS !MSELVES4 ,?IS HAS RESULT$ 9 A NEW 0MODEL0 ( PR(ESSIONALISM1 :I* IS ALREADY QUITE WIDESPREAD4 ,BASICALLY1 ! PROBLEM ( ! NE> FUTURE WILL NOT BE SO MU* UNEMPLOYM5T & ! POSSIBLE SOCIAL 7REVOLUTION>Y7 DISORD] L9K$ TO IT1 AS ?AT ( A SEP>ATION ( KN[L$GE1 ! CREATION ( AN ABSOLUTELY 9SURM\NTABLE CULTURAL WALL BETWE5 ?OSE ) OP]ATIVE DECISIONAL PR(ESSIONALISM & ?OSE ) ONLY EXECUTIVE PSEUDO-PR(ESSIONALISM4 ,! SECOND ASPECT1 ! QUALITATIVE ONE1 IS N[ EM]G+ 9 FULL =CE4 ,?IS *ANGE CONC]NS ! NATURE & CONT5T ( PR(ESSIONALISM1 AS WELL AS ITS DI/RIBUTION AT V>I\S LEVELS4 ,?IS OBVI\SLY AFFECTS ITS P]MAN5CE )9 ! UNIT1 UPON :I* W]E BAS$ :AT W]E ONCE REF]R$ TO AS 0C>E] OPPORTUNITIES04 ,TODAY ?IS POSSIBILITY HAS BE5 GREATLY R$UC$1 H5CE ! IMPORTANCE ( FLEXIBILITY4 ,BUT WE WILL COME BACK TO ?IS QUE/ION LAT]4 

,! DECL9E 9 PR(ESSIONALISM IS ! RESULT ( A SY/EM ?AT HAS BE5 BUILT 9SIDE PRODUCTION AS A :OLE4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( A 0CLOS$0 MODEL OR ONE ?AT IS TRY+ TO CLOSE ITSELF )9 AN IDEAL ( AUTOMATION4 ,! HUMAN OP]ATOR IS ! PHYSICAL REALITY ?AT MU/ TRANS=M ITSELF1 HE OR %E CANNOT 09S]T0 !MSELVES 9TO A COMPUT]IZ$ SY/EM ( REGULATION & CONTROL4 ,?IS SY/EM IS BAS$ ON MA!MATICAL LOGIC UPON :I* ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS IS MODEL$ ?R\< 9=MATION ?AT REA*ES OP]ATIVE T]M9ALS 9 REAL TIME4 ,IT IS ?IS 9T]M$IATE AUTOMATION BETWE5 MAN & REALITY ?AT IS 9CORPORAT+ ! 0TE*NICAL COMPET5CE0 ?AT ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS REQUIRES4 ,HUMANS >E LEFT ) ! TASK ( SUP]VIS+ & DETECT+ EXCEPTIONS4 

,?US ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! NEW 0PR(ESSIONALISM0 >E V]Y DIFF]5T TO ?OSE ( ! PA/1 NOT ONLY 9 ! SPH]E ( TRADITIONAL PRODUCTION 79DU/RIAL OR FACTORY SECTORS71 BUT ALSO 9 ! WID] S5SE ( PRODUCTION ?AT 9CLUDES ! SO-CALL$ 0FREE PR(ESSIONS01 FROM >TISANS TO ! 9DEP5D5T PR(ESSIONS4 

,?IS NEW *>ACT]I/IC C\LD BE SPECIFI$ AS FOLL[S3  

,VISUALIZATION PROCESSES4 ,!SE >E ESS5TIAL & REQUIRE AN $UCATION ( ! EYE & A RESPONSE TO VISUAL /IMUL\S AT A SPE$ ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 UN?9KABLE JU/ A FEW YE>S BACK4 ,! READ+ ( A VIDEO IS A COMPLEX A*IEVEM5T :I* VISUAL ADAPTATION ONLY MANAGES TO REA* BY DEGREES ?R\< AN 0$UCATION0 OR1 IF Y\ PREF]1 CONDITION+1 ?AT TAKES YE>S4 ,PROGRAMM$ REACTIONS MU/ ALSO BE 9CLUD$ 9 !SE PROCESSES ( VISUALIZATION1 I4E41 ON EV]Y?+ ?AT FOLL[S ON FROM ! SIMPLE VISUAL IMPACT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 AFT] 0READ+0 ! VIDEO !RE IS ! ELABORATION ( M5TAL S*EMA GIV+ 9DICATIONS CONC]N+ ! PROCESS 9 ACT4 ,NOT SO MU* ! S+LE ELEM5TS1 BUT A GLOBAL CONCEPT L>GELY CAPABLE ( FIX+ LEVELS ( EXCEPTION4 ,SOME ( !SE >E DISCRETION>Y & W\LD NOT BE ATTA9ABLE ?R\< A SIMPLE MA!MATICAL ELABORATION1 AS EV5 MOD]N COMPUT]S W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO RESOLVE ! ALGORI?MS4  

,PROCESSES ( CONCEPTUALIZATION4 ,?IS IS A QUE/ION ( EVALUATIONS ?AT ! SUBJECT MU/ ELABORATE ?R\< M5TAL S*EMA4 ,H]E Y\ SEE ! EFFECTIVE DECL9E 9 ! CAPACITY TO CONCEPTUALIZE1 I4E4 TO TRANS=M PROBLEMS 9TO IDEAS 9 ORD] TO MAKE DECISIONS1 I4E4 ! COORD9ATION BETWE5 ! WILL & AN AIM TO BE REA*$4 ,! DISCRETION>Y P[] ( !SE PROCESSES ( CONCEPTUALIZATION IS )9 V]Y RIGID LIMITS4 ,?IS M>KS ! 5D ( ! SUBJECT4 ,AUTONOMY DISAPPE>S AT ! MOM5T 9 :I* TE*NOLOGY IS AVAILABLE = RESOLV+ ALL ! PROBLEMS ?AT HAMP]$ HIM 9 ! PA/4 ,! LESS HE NE$S TO DO1 ! LESS HE WANTS TO DO4 ,GRADUALLY ! ?9K+ SUBJECT BECOMES A SUBJECT ?AT *OOSES ! BE/ SOLUTION )9 A S*EMA ?AT CAN ONLY REA* A GOAL ?AT IS BEYOND HIS CAPACITY TO DESIRE4 ,! SCALE ( VALUES ?AT SU* A PROCESS IS BAS$ ON IS =EV] FIX$ BEYOND ! DESIRES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 ELABORAT+ 9=MATION ! CALCULATOR DISSECTS ! MAN4  

,PROCESSES ( COMPREH5SION4 ,!SE >E ALSO DIM9I%+4 ,! FEW] POSSIBILITIES ( IDEAS1 ! LESS ! POSSIBILITY ( UND]/&+ ANY?+ AT ALL4 ,NO ONE CAN UND]/& BEYOND ! CONCEPTS ?AT ELABORATE DI/9CTIONS4 ,H5CE ! FACT ?AT ! LESS !RE IS TO UND]/&1 ! LESS ONE IS CAPABLE ( UND]/&+4 ,N[1 IF !RE IS LESS TO UND]/& ONE HAS ! ILLUSION ?AT ONE UND]/&S MORE1 & BETT]4 ,?IS GIVES A S5SE ( SECURITY TYPICAL ( ! PEOPLE :O KN[ LITTLE & >E CONV9C$ ?AT !IR MODE/ AM\NT ( KN[L$GE IS MORE OR LESS 0ALL0 KN[L$GE4 ,D\BT & TORM5T BELONGS PRECISELY TO ?OSE :O WID5 ! LIMITS ( !IR KN[L$GE &1 ?R\< ?IS DANG]\S TASK1 REALIZE ?AT !Y >E ALWAYS DISCOV]+ NEW LIMITS1 ?AT >E FUR!R & FUR!R AWAY4  
  

,TO SUM UP1 ! 0NEW0 PR(ESSIONALISM HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO ! P]FECTION+ ( C]TA9 0FACULTIES0 & ! TOTAL ELIM9ATION ( O!RS4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACULTIES UND] REEVALUATION IS CONC5TRATION4 ,?IS IS AN ABILITY ?AT CAN BE DEVELOP$ & CONSI/S ( KEEP+ P]CEPTION ( A PROCESS & ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO M5TAL S*EMA CON/ANT4 ,?IS CON/ANCY OBVI\SLY T5DS TO SUBSIDE1 NOT ONLY DUE TO TIR$NESS BUT ALSO DUE TO REPETITION & ! V>I\S PULSIONS ( DESIRE & MEMORY4 ,RECOV]Y FROM !SE FALLS 7)9 ! LIMITS ( TOL]ANCE71 :I* MU/ COME AB\T )9 A V]Y %ORT SPACE ( TIME1 *>ACT]IZES CONC5TRATION1 :I*1 AS ONE SEES1 N[ QUALIFIES ITSELF AS A M5TAL FACULTY BAS$ ON ! SPE$ ( 9T]V5TION 9 ! FACE ( AN ANOMALY4 ,:5 AN EXCEPTION 9 ! BEHAVIOR ( ! PROCESS IS DETECT$1 FULL CONC5TRATION MU/ BE TURN$ TO RE/OR+ NORMALITY4 

,EV5 A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 :I* IS C\NT$ ON AT A C]TA9 LEVEL ( ! NEW PR(ESSIONALISM1 IS NOT SO MU* AN IDEOLOGICAL CONDITION+ CONC]N+ GIV5 VALUES 7! GOOD FUNCTION+ ( ! SY/EM71 AS A TRUE 0FACULTY01 ?AT IS QUANTIFIABLE 9 ! SAME WAY AS CONC5TRATION IS4 ,9 FACT1 A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY COMES TO BE SE5 BY ?OSE E/IMAT+ ! OP]ATOR'S LEVELS ( 0PR(ESSIONALISM0 AS ! CAPACITY1 9 A GIV5 SPACE ( TIME1 TO 9T]V5E )9 A S]IES ( *OICES TO MAKE ! *OICE LEAD+ TO ! BE/ POSSIBLE FUNCTION+ ( ! SY/EM4 ,IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO SEE ?IS AS SOME?+ PURELY TE*NICAL4 ,:5 EXAM9$ 9DIVIDUALLY1 ! CONT5TS ( A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY ANNUL !MSELVES1 D5\NC+ !IR IDEOLOGICAL ESS5CE4 

,BE>+ !SE CONSID]ATIONS 9 M9D1 A DIFF]5T DI/RIBUTION ( PR(ESSIONALISM BETWE5 ?AT ( ! TRADITIONAL FACTORY & ?AT ( ! PO/-9DU/RIAL UNIT CAN BE \TL9$4  

,9 ! TRADITIONAL FACTORY !RE IS A WIDE DIFF]5TIATION 9 TASKS & CULTURAL LEVELS4 ,! TRADITIONAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION HAS LESS NE$ = EXTREMELY L[ OR EXTREMELY HI< LEVELS ( PR(ESSIONALISM1 :]EAS ! DEM& = LABOR RISES GREATLY AT ! 9T]M$IATE LEVEL4 ,?AT MEANS ?AT ! FACTORY ( ! PA/ REQUIR$ 7& /ILL DOES7 AV]AGE RA!R ?AN HI< OR L[ LEVELS ( PR(ESSIONALISM4  

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ! PO/-9DU/RIAL PRODUCTIVE UNIT !RE IS A CON/ANT DEM& = A L[ LEVEL ( PR(ESSIONALISM1 B>ELY ANY = ! M$IUM ONE1 & A LIMIT$ DEM& = HI< PR(ESSIONALISM4  
  

,9 ?IS SITUATION ! POSSIBILITY ( A PASSAGE OR MOBILITY )9 ! PRODUCTIVE UNIT DISAPPE>S4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PASS FROM A V]Y L[ LEVEL TO A HI< LEVEL ( PR(ESSIONALISM 9 ! ABS5CE ( A DEM& = A M$IUM LEVEL4 ,?IS N>R[+1 :I* IS T5D+ TO GR[ TO ! PO9T ( BECOM+ A REAL CULTURAL WALL1 WILL EV5TUALLY MAKE ! 9T]NAL /RUCTURE ( ! PRODUCTIVE UNIT SO RIGID ?AT ONLY 9T]/RUCTURAL MOBILITY WILL BE POSSIBLE4 ,H5CE ! GREAT IMPORTANCE GIV5 TO FLEXIBILITY 9 T]MS ( ACCEPT+ DIFF]5T K9DS ( WORK4 ,H[EV]1 ! DEEP GAP BETWE5 L[ & HI< >EAS ( PR(ESSIONALISM IS /ATIC4 

,BE=E LEAV+ ?IS PROBLEM WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT AL?\< ! CONCEPT ( A NEW PR(ESSIONALISM IS AIM$ AT EMPTY+ ! 9DIVIDUAL OP]ATOR ( CONT5T & US+ ONLY A FEW ( HIS OR H] FACULTIES1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 L[ & HI< PR(ESSIONALISM IS NOT JU/ A QUE/ION ( AN 9T5SIFICATION ( S+LE FACULTIES BUT ALSO CONC]NS CONT5T1 9CLUD+ ! TRADITIONAL OR CULTURAL ONE 9 ! N>R[ S5SE4 ,LOGICALLY ?IS ONLY COMES AB\T 9 ! SPH]E ( HI< PR(ESSIONALISM1 :I* /ILL HAS ! TASK ( MOV+ TO ! ELABORATION ( ! IDEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ?AT 9DUCE ! L[ PR(ESSIONAL /RATA TO ACCEPT !IR CONDITION ( EXPLOITATION4 

,FLEXIBILITY1 AS HAS BE5 SE51 IS ONE ( ! LEAD+ CONCEPTS TO HAVE COME \T ( ! P]IOD BETWE5 ! SEV5TIES & ! N9ETIES4 

,! 5D ( ! SEV5TIES1 ! P]IOD ( ! MO/ SPECTACUL> 9VOLUTION ( ! 0OLD /YLE0 CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 CAN BE REMEMB]$ AS A P]IOD ( RUPTURE :]E ! C]TA9TIES ( A DI/ANT & NOT SO DI/ANT PA/ ALL COLLAPS$4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE C]TA9TIES WAS ! PROGRAMM+ ( ! CAPITALI/ PROJECT BAS$ ON PROGRESSIVE ACCUMULATION & ! R$UCTION ( CONFLICT ?R\< A D\BL+ UP ( ! ,/ATE AS PRODUC]1 NOT JU/ AS G5D>ME4 ,IT IS NO LONG] LEGITIMATE TO TALK ( 0CRISES01 ?IS CAN ONLY BE DONE BY BR++ ECONOMIC !ORY 9TO ! CONCEPT4 ,PRECISELY ! !ORIES 7BO? ! NEOCLASSICAL & ! MANAG]IAL 9 ! N>R[ S5SE7 MA9TA9+ ! POSSIBILITY ( PUTT+ ORD] 9 ! MULTIPLICITY ( PH5OM5A & PROGRAMM+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL1 ?AT W]E REJECT$ AT ! 5D ( ! SEV5TIES4 ,?IS SITUATION DID NOT ONLY AFFECT ! /RUCTURE1 IT ALSO AFFECT$ ALL ! O!R !ORIES ?AT WANT$ TO IMPOSE REASON ON ! =CE ( EV5TS4 

,! FIR/ DISCOV]Y TO BE MADE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! EI<TIES WAS PRECISELY ?AT ( ! LACK ( ORD] EXI/+ 9 ECONOMIC REALITY4 ,?IS WAS UND\BT$LY A GREAT DISCOV]Y AS F> AS ! SITUATION ( CRISIS WAS CONC]N$1 BUT IS ALSO A !ORY ?AT CL>IFI$ ! OLD WAY ( SEE+ ?+S1 CON/ITUT+ A PO9T ( /R5G? = GO+ =W>D4 ,COMPANIES OP]ATE 9 SITUATIONS ( EXTREME UNC]TA9TY & 9/ABILITY4 ,CONTROL OV] ! 9DU/RIAL SITUATION IS PRACTICALLY Z]O4 ,TURBUL5CE HAS BECOME REALITY4 

,! CAUSES ( ?IS TURBUL5CE CAN N[ BE ISOLAT$ !ORETICALLY ) GREAT ACCURACY3 ! TRADES UNION MOVEM5T ( ! SIXTIES1 HI< LEVELS ( EMPLOYM5T1 9FLATION1 MONET>Y 9/ABILITY4 ,! IDEA ?AT ?IS TURBUL5T REALITY CAN BE REGULAT$ IS DEVELOP$4 ,! PLURALITY ( =CES AT WORK ONLY BECOMES COMPREH5SIBLE 9 ! %ORT-T]M4 ,?IS DEM&S A NEW CAPACITY ( ! COMPANY3 FLEXIBILITY1 I4E4 KN[+ H[ TO ADAPT TO ?IS SITUATION ( P]5NIAL 9/ABILITY & TURBUL5CE AS OPPOS$ TO WANT+ TO ADAPT ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! PRODUCTIVE SY/EM TO ! RIGID /RUCTURE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL COMPANY4 

,SO FLEXIBILITY IS TAK5 TO ! MAXIMUM DEGREE1 BO? 9 DECISION-MAK+ & 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTIVE CYCLES1 ! USE ( ! WORK=CE1 PROGRAMM+1 & IDEOLOGY4 

,! DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES TRY TO LOSE !IR RIGID BUREAUCRATIC ASPECTS 7ACC\NTS1 TAX1 ETC47 & DISCOV] ?AT LABOR1 :I* IT HAD CONSID]$ V]Y DANG]\S1 >E MOV+ ) LESS RESI/ANCE ?AN WAS FE>$4 ,! RISKS1 79CLUD+ ?AT ( SOCIAL UNRE/7 >E 9S]T$ )9 ! M>KET /RATEGY & RESOLV$ ?R\< RE/RUCTUR+ 7I4E4 ! SUDD5 BREAK+ UP ( PRODUCTION 5TITIES74 ,! PRODUCTIVE 5TITY ADAPTS TO A TURBUL5T HO/ILE 5VIRONM5T1 IT BECOMES FLEXIBLE4 ,LIKE ! BULRU% IT LEANS TO ALL[ ! TEMPE/ TO BL[ OV]4 ,:AT WAS ONCE RIGID & ORD]$ 9 /ABLE =MS /RUGGL+ UNSUCCESSFULLY AGA9/ CON/ANT ADV]SITY 9 AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT IT CONSID]$ BY DEF9ITION FIX$1 BREAKS UP 9 C\NTLESS WAYS 9TO HUNDR$S ( PRODUCTIVE /RUCTURES ) DOZ5S ( ATTITUDES & MULTIPLE GOALS4 ,PLURALISM MAKES ITS 5TRY 9TO ! WORLD ( PRODUCTION & DISCOV]S ?AT IT IS BASICALLY ! ONLY ELEM5T ?AT CAN CONNECT H>MONI\SLY ) ! POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( A DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEOLOGIES & REPRESSIVE PRACTICES ( ! PA/ >E N[ NO MORE ?AN A VAGUE MEMORY4 ,! GREAT TO-DO ?AT EV]YONE IS MAK+ TO COMBAT SO-CALL$ 0T]RORISM0 79CLUD+ COMRADES :O USE ?IS T]M NON*ALANTLY1 NOT REALIZ+ ?AT !Y BECOME FUNCTIONAL TO PRECISELY ?OSE :OM !Y WANT TO FI<T7 CONTRIBUTES TO FUEL+ ?IS NEW =M ( POSSIBILITY 9 :ITE COATS4 ,! 0WICK$0 >E CA/ ASIDE1 BUT NOT BRUTALLY 7!RE IS ALWAYS A LOT ( TALK AB\T ! LIMITATIONS & DANG] ( REPRESSIVE DECISIONS BAS$ ON ! CONCEPT ( 0EM]G5CY074 

,WAS IT PURELY BY *ANCE ?AT ! ROAD ( FLEXIBILITY WAS *OS5 TO OV]COME ! SITUATION ( ! SEV5TIES1 PRECISELY AT A TIME :5 TE*NOLOGY WAS PROVID+ ! MEANS TO MAKE COMPANIES BECOME FLEXIBLE8 ,( C\RSE NOT1 JU/ AS IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO FIX ! T]MS ( ?IS RELATION%IP1 I4E4 H[ MU* TE*NOLOGY HAS 9FLU5C$ !SE *OICES1 & H[ MU* !SE *OICES HAVE 9FLU5C$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGICAL RESE>*4 ,?IS1 & MU* MORE1 HAPP5$ OV] !SE YE>S4 ,WE WILL NEV] KN[ TO :AT EXT5T TE*NOLOGY IS PU%+ ! :OLE PRODUCTIVE & SOCIAL SY/EM T[>DS FLEXIBILITY TODAY1 & H[ MU* !SE *OICES--N[ 9DISP5SABLE-->E LOOK+ = TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION TO FACILITATE ?IS PROCESS4 

,IRRATIONALITY IS N[ ! F\NDATION ( ECONOMIC !ORY1 SUPPLANT+ ! OLD ME*ANI/IC MY?OLOGY ( EQUILIBRIUM4 ,?IS TAKES NEOCLASSICAL !ORY 9TO ! AMBIT ( ! MO/ REC5T DEVELOPM5TS ( SCI5CE :I*1 OBVI\SLY1 >E F> AWAY FROM EI<TE5? C5TURY ME*ANISM4 ,BUT ?AT1 AL?\< 9T]E/+1 IS QUITE ANO!R PROBLEM4 

C7 ,! WORLD ( S*OOL 

  

,! TIME :5 S*OOL C\LD BE CONSID]$ A CLOS$ SY/EM1 ) ITS [N PROBLEMS ?AT IT NE$$ TO BR+ \T & 9S]T 9TO A WID] CONTEXT 7LIV+ >EA1 S*OOL1 ETC47 IS N[ OV]4 ,S*OOL HAS BE5 PROJECT$ 9TO ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( ! SOCIAL CONFLICT COMPLETELY1 BUT /UD5TS 7& TEA*]S7 >E NOT NECESS>ILY AW>E ( ?IS4 

,9 FACT1 S*OOL ABSOLVES V]Y PRECISE FUNCTIONS ?AT >E ALWAYS ADJU/+ TO PRODUCTION4  

,QUALIFICATION4 ,ITS FUNCTION ( PRODUC+ QUALIFI$ WORK]S HAS BE5 GREATLY R$UC$4 ,PRODUCTION NO LONG] REQUIRES V]TICAL SPECIALIZATION *>ACT]IZ$ BY HI< QUALIFICATIONS & LIMIT$ ADAPTABILITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT REQUIRES HORIZONTAL SPECIALIZATION1 :]E B>ELY QUALIFI$ PEOPLE >E ABLE TO DO MANY ?+S & SO >E MORE ADAPTABLE TO *ANG+ JOBS OR EV5 SIMPLY SP5D+ LONG P]IODS LOOK+ = WORK4  

,9DET]M9ATION ( SUBJECTS TAU<T4 ,BASICALLY1 ! CULTURAL CONT5T ( QUALIFICATION IS /ILL AVAILABLE &1 GIV5 SCI5TIFIC PROGRESS AT EV]Y LEVEL1 !RE >E MANY MORE 9/RUM5TS = IMP>T+ !SE CONT5TS 7TEXT BOOKS1 AUDIOVISUALS1 COMPUT]S1 FILMS1 TAPES1 ETC474 ,BUT ?IS (T5 DOES NOT MAT]IALIZE1 OR1 IF IT DOES1 ONLY 9 P>T4 ,! G5]AL CONTEXT IS UN/IMULAT+4 ,TEA*]S >E NOT SUFFICI5TLY QUALIFI$4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y >E AW>E ?AT !RE >E NO REAL \TLETS = !IR EF=TS & ?IS RESULTS 9 A R$UCTION 9 !IR WORK TO TRANSMIT !SE CULTURAL CONT5TS4 ,?IS HAS L$ TO A G5]AL CULTURAL ABASEM5T ( S*OOL CORRESPOND+ TO CAPITAL'S NE$ TO CON/RUCT A MASS ( 0EXCLUD$0 ) L[] CULTURAL ATTRIBUTES4  

,DEMOCRATIC M5TALITY4 ,?IS IS A 0NEW0 FUNCTION ( ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM4 ,9DIVIDUALS :O MU/ BE FLEXIBLE1 ADAPTABLE & MOBILE1 CANNOT BE $UCAT$ 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN MANN]4 ,!Y MU/ LE>N TO P>TICIPATE FROM AN E>LY AGE4 ,H5CE ! WIDE USE ( ASSEMBLY & ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! OLD AU?ORIT>IAN IDEA BAS$ ON FACTS4  

,CONTRIBUTION TO SOLV+ ! PROBLEM ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,?IS CONSI/S ( ATTEMPT+ TO 0ADDRESS0 ! FUTURE WORK =CE T[>DS SECTORS ) LESS RISK ( UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ADVANCE4 ,?IS IS NOT SO MU* ?R\< REC\RSE TO 0CLOS$ NUMB]S0 9 UNIV]SITIES OR SECOND>Y S*OOLS1 BUT BY SIMPLY DEVELOP+ A DIFF]5T IDEOLOGY & A *ANG$ SCALE ( VALUES 9 RESPECT TO ! TRADITIONAL REP>TITION ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4  

,SOCIAL PROTECTION4 ,S*OOL R$UCES T5SION & SOCIAL CONFLICT BY SIMPLY BLOCK+ FUTURE PRESSURE ON EMPLOYM5T LEVELS 9SIDE AN 9/ITUTION ?AT HAS BECOME A K9D ( P>K+ LOT4  

,PRODUC+ CONS5SUS4 ,S*OOL HAS V>I\S WAYS ( BR++ ?IS AB\T4 ,SOME >E ( AN 0OBJECTIVE0 NATURE1 SIMPLY HAPP5 BECAUSE S*OOL HAS BECOME OBLIGATORY UP TO A C]TA9 AGE 7?IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 GIVES CONSID]ABLE B5EFITS TO CAPITAL74 ,O!RS >E SPECIFICALLY DESIR$ & PROGRAMM$4 ,!SE >E3  

A POSITIVE VIEW ( ! CAPITALI/ CULTURAL MODEL ?R\< ! RE-ELABORATION ( ! CONCEPTS ( SAV+S1 WORK1 PROP]TY1 FAMILY1 ,GOD1 ,/ATE1 ETC42  

ACCEPTATION ( ! ECONOMI/IC MODEL ( SOCIETY1 H5CE ! BE/ SOLUTION IS ALWAYS ?AT :I* PRODUCES ! BE/ RESULTS ) ! LEA/ EF=T2  

PREV5TION ( 0DEVIANT0 BEHAVIOR1 BUT ) REC\RSE TO DISCUSSION & CRITIQUE1 AVOID+ BRUTAL REPRESSION AS F> AS POSSIBLE2  

7CRITICAL7 ACCEPTATION ( ! HI]>*ICAL MODEL1 9 ?AT HI]>*Y EXI/S BECAUSE IT IS ! BE/ SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( SOCIAL FUNCTION+4 ,IT IS NOT IMPOS$1 !RE=E1 BUT IS ACCEPT$ CRITICALLY 7SOME?+ ?AT IS F> MORE EFFECTIVE72  

! CON/RUCTION ( A BRIDGE BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC SY/EM & ! S*OLA/IC ONE1 SOME?+ ?AT GU>ANTEES A BETT] CORRESPOND5CE ( S*OOL ACTIVITIES TO ! DEM&S ( ! PRODUCTIVE SITUATION 9 G5]AL2  

DIFFUSION )9 ! S*OOL ( MORE BURN+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS 70T]RORISM01 MAFIA1 DRUGS1 ETC47 BECAUSE H]E !Y CAN RECEIVE SUITABLE 0TREATM5T0 = BECOM+ ELEM5TS ( IDEOLOGICAL UNI=MITY & !RE=E ( SOCIAL CONS5SUS2  

SUPPLY+ A G5]IC CAPACITY TO ADAPT1 :I* WILL ALL[ ! FUTURE LABOR =CE TO SURVIVE EV5 UND] CONDITIONS ( PR(\ND OCCUPATIONAL *ANGES4  
  
  
,LOSS ( ,LANGUAGE 

  
  

,! WALL ?AT WILL F9ALLY SEP>ATE ! 9CLUD$ FROM ! EXCLUD$ IS ALREADY BE+ BUILT4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON V>I\S ELEM5TS4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT IS ! DIV]SITY ( LANGUAGE ?AT IS BE+ REALIZ$ ?R\< A R$UCTION 9 ! EXCLUD$'S POSSIBILITY TO EXPRESS !MSELVES4  
  

,ONE ( ! PROJECTS ?AT CAPITAL IS BR++ AB\T IS ! R$UCTION ( LANGUAGE4 ,BY LANGUAGE WE MEAN ALL =MS ( EXPRESSION1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ?AT ALL[ US TO >TICULATE COMPLEX CONCEPTS AB\T FEEL+S & ?+S4 

,P[] REQUIRES ?IS R$UCTION BECAUSE IT IS REPLAC+ /RAI<T=W>D REPRESSION ) CONTROL1 :]E CONS5SUS PLAYS A FUNDAM5TAL P>T4 ,& UNI=M CONS5SUS IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 ! PRES5CE ( MULTI=M CREATIVITY4 

,! OLD REVOLUTION>Y PROBLEM ( PROPAG&A HAS ALSO *ANG$ CONSID]ABLY OV] REC5T YE>S1 %[+ ! LIMITATIONS ( A REALISM ?AT CLAIM$ TO %[ ! DI/ORTIONS ( ! WORLD TO ! EXPLOIT$ CLE>LY1 TO MAKE !M BECOME AW>E ( !IR SITUATION4 

,9 ! HI/ORICAL SPH]E ( AN>*ISM WE HAVE ! EXCEPTIONAL EXAMPLE ( ,MALATE/A'S LIT]>Y CAPACITY BAS$ ON AN ESS5TIALIS$ LANGUAGE ?AT WAS UNIQUE = ITS TIME4 ,MALATE/A DID NOT USE RHETORIC OR %OCK EFFECTS BUT ELEM5T>Y D$UCTIVE LOGIC1 />T+ (F FROM SIMPLE PO9TS BAS$ ON COMMON S5SE TO REA* COMPLEX CONCLUSIONS ?AT W]E EASILY UND]/OOD BY ! READ]4 

,GALLEANI WORK$ AT QUITE A DIFF]5T LEVEL4 ,HE US$ GREAT RHETORICAL CON/RUCTIONS1 ATTA*+ A GREAT DEAL ( IMPORTANCE TO ! MUSICALITY ( ! PHRASE AS WELL AS TO ! USE ( \T-DAT$ WORDS *OS5 TO CREATE AN ATMOSPH]E ?AT 9 HIS OP9ION W\LD MOVE SPIRITS TO ACTION4 

,NEI!R ( ! ABOVE EXAMPLES CAN BE PROPOS$ AS EXAMPLES ( A REVOLUTION>Y LANGUAGE SUITABLE = ! PRES5T TIME4 ,NOT ,MALATE/A1 BECAUSE !RE IS LESS TO 0DEMON/RATE0 TODAY1 NOR ,GALLEANI1 BECAUSE !RE >E FEW] & FEW] SPIRITS TO BE 0MOV$04 

,P]HAPS !RE >E MORE MODELS ( REVOLUTION>Y LIT]ATURE TO BE F\ND 9 ,FRANCE1 DUE TO ?AT C\NTRY'S GREAT TRADITION1 UNEQUAL$ 9 ,ITALY1 ,SPA9 OR ,BRITA91 & = H] P>TICUL> SPIRIT ( LANGUAGE & CULTURE4 ,>\ND ! SAME P]IOD AS ! ABOVE ,ITALIAN EXAMPLES WE HAVE ,FAURE1 ,GRAVE & ,>M& = CL>ITY & EXPOSITION1 :ILE = RESE>* & 9 SOME ASPECTS RHETORIC1 !RE IS ,LIB]TAD & ,ZO D',AXA4 

,WE %\LD NOT =GET ?AT ,FRANCE ALREADY HAD ! EXAMPLE ( ,PR\DHON1 :OSE /YLE EV5 SURPRIS$ ! ,ACADEMY1 & LAT] ,FAURE :O WAS CONSID]$ TO BE A CONT9UATION ( ?IS GREAT S*OOL ALONG ) ! ME?ODICAL1 ASPHYXIAT+ ,GRAVE4 ,SELF-TAU<T1 HE WAS AN 5?USIA/IC PUPIL ( ,KROPOTK94 ,! LATT]'S ,FR5* WAS GOOD & BASIC PRECISELY BECAUSE1 LIKE ,BAKUN9'S1 IT WAS ! ,FR5* ( A ,RUSSIAN4 

,ONE C\LD GO ON =EV]1 FROM ! L+UI/IC1 LIT]>Y & J\RNALI/IC EXP]IM5TS ( ,LIB]TAD1 ,ZO D',AXA & O!RS1 AS WELL AS !IR PR$ECESSOR ,COEURD]OY4 ,BUT AL?\< !Y REPRES5T SOME ( ! BE/ EXAMPLES ( REVOLUTION>Y J\RNALISM1 NONE ( !SE MODELS IS VALID TODAY4 

,! FACT IS ?AT REALITY HAS *ANG$1 :]EAS REVOLUTION>IES CONT9UE TO PRODUCE LANGUAGE ! SAME WAY1 OR RA!R WORSE4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO COMP>E A LEAFLET SU* AS ! ,5 ,DEHORS BY ,ZO D',AXA ) ITS HUGE ,DAUMI] DRAW+ ON ONE SIDE & HIS WRIT+ ON ! O!R1 TO SOME ( ! LAPID>Y LEAFLETS WE PRODUCE TODAY--LOOK+ AT \R [N SITUATION--SU* AS ! ONE WE DID = ! MEET+ ) ! COMRADES FROM ,EA/]N ,EUROPE AT ,TRIE/E4 

,BUT ! PROBLEM HAS GONE F> BEYOND ?AT4 ,NOT ONLY >E \R PRIVILEG$ 9T]LOCUTORS LOS+ !IR LANGUAGE1 WE >E ALSO LOS+ \RS4 ,& BECAUSE WE MU/ NECESS>ILY MEET ON COMMON GR\ND IF WE WANT TO COMMUNICATE1 ?IS LOSS IS TURN+ \T TO BE IRRECUP]ABLE4 

,?IS PROCESS ( A G5]ALIZ$ FLATT5+ IS /RIK+ ALL LANGUAGES1 R$UC+ ! HET]OG5EITY ( EXPRESSION TO A UNI=MITY ( MEANS4 ,! ME*ANISM C\LD BE COMP>$ TO TELEVISION4 ,! 9CREASE 9 QUANTITY 7( NEWS ITEMS7 R$UCES ! TIME AVAILABLE = ! TRANSMISSION ( EA* ONE4 ,?IS IS LEAD+ TO A PROGRESSIVE1 SPONTANE\S SELECTION ( IMAGE & WORD1 SO ?AT ON ! ONE H& !SE >E BE+ ESS5TIALIS$1 & ON ! O!R ! QUANTITY ( TRANSMITTABLE DATA IS ON ! 9CREASE4 

,! MU* DESIR$ CL>ITY BEMOAN$ BY SO MANY G5]ATIONS ( REVOLUTION>IES DESIR+ TO CONVEY REALITY TO ! PEOPLE HAS F9ALLY BE5 REA*$1 NOT BY MAK+ REALITY CLE> 7SOME?+ ?AT IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 ANY CASE71 BUT BY MAK+ CL>ITY REAL1 I4E4 %[+ ! REALITY ?AT HAS BE5 BUILT BY TE*NOLOGY4 

,?IS IS HAPP5+ TO ALL L+UI/IC EXPRESSION1 9CLUD+ DESP]ATE ATTEMPTS TO SAVE HUMAN ACTIVITY ?R\< >T1 :I* IS ALSO LETT+ FEW] & FEW] POSSIBILITIES PASS4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS F9D+ ITSELF HAV+ TO /RUGGLE ON TWO FRONTS3 AGA9/ BE+ SWALL[$ UP BY ! LEVEL+ ?AT IS TURN+ CREATIVITY 9TO UNI=MITY1 & AGA9/ ! OPPOSITE PROBLEM ) ! SAME ROOTS1 ?AT ( ! M>KET & ITS PRICES4 ,MY OLD !SES ON POOR >T & >T AS DE/RUCTION >E /ILL CLOSE TO MY HE>T4 

,LET US GIVE AN EXAMPLE3 LANGUAGE1 9 ?AT IT IS AN 9/RUM5T1 CAN BE US$ MANY WAYS4 ,IT CAN BE US$ TO TRANSMIT A CODE AIM$ AT MA9TA9+ OR OPTIMIZ+ CONS5SUS1 OR IT CAN BE US$ TO /IMULATE TRANSGRESSION4 ,MUSIC IS NO EXCEPTION H]E1 AL?\< BECAUSE ( ITS P>TICUL> *>ACT]I/ICS ! ROAD ( TRANSGRESSION IS EV5 MORE DIFFICULT4 ,AL?\< IT SEEMS MORE DIRECT1 IT IS ACTUALLY FUR!R FROM REA*+ IT4 ,ROCK IS MUSIC ( RECUP]ATION :I* CONTRIBUT$ TO EXT+UI%+ MU* ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY ( ! SEV5TIES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,NIETZS*E'S 9TUITION1 ! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ ) ! 9NOVATION ( ,WAGN]IAN MUSIC 9 ITS TIME4 ,?9K ( ! GREAT !MATIC & CULTURAL DIFF]5CES ?AT EXI/ BETWE5 !SE TWO K9DS ( MUSICAL PRODUCTION4 ,WAGN] HAD TO BUILD A VA/ CULTURAL $IFICE & COMPLETELY UNDO ! L+UI/IC 9/RUM5T 9 ORD] TO CAPTIVATE ! REVOLUTION>Y Y\? ( HIS TIME4 ,TODAY ROCK HAS DONE ! SAME ?+ ON A MU* WID] SCALE ) A CULTURAL EF=T ?AT IS RIDICUL\S 9 COMP>ISON4 ,! MASSIFICATION ( MUSIC HAS FAVOR$ ! WORK ( RECUP]ATION4 

,SO ONE C\LD SAY ?AT REVOLUTION>Y LANGUAGE OP]ATES 9 TWO WAYS1 FIR/ ACCORD+ TO ! 9/RUM5T1 :I* IS UND]GO+ A PROCESS ( SIMPLIFICATION & /RIPP+ D[N1 !N 9 ! S5SE ( ITS USE1 :I* HAS BECOME /&>DIZ$1 PRODUC+ EFFECTS ?AT CANNOT ALWAYS BE R$UC$ TO AN AV]AGE ?AT IS ACCEPTABLE TO ALL OR NE>LY ALL4 ,?AT IS HAPP5+ 9 SO-CALL$ LIT]ATURE 7POETRY1 N>RATIVE1 !AT]1 ETC47 AS WELL AS 9 ?AT RE/RICT$ MICROCOSM1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY ( EXAM9+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,:E!R ?IS TAKES ! =M ( >TICLES 9 AN>*I/ PAP]S1 OR LEAFLETS1 PAMPHLETS1 BOOKS1 ETC41 ! RISKS >E FAIRLY SIMIL>4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y IS ALSO A PRODUCT ( HIS & H] TIME & USES ! 9/RUM5TS & OCCASIONS IT PRODUCES4 

,! POSSIBILITY ( READ+ AB\T ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY & PRODUCTION HAS WAN$1 BECAUSE !RE IS F> LESS TO BE BR\<T TO ! SURFACE1 & BECAUSE 9T]PRETATIVE 9/RUM5TS HAVE %RUNK4 ,9 A SOCIETY ?AT WAS POL>IZ$ 9TO TWO DI/9CTLY OPPOS+ CLASSES1 ! TASK ( C\NT]-9=MATION WAS TO BR+ \T 9TO ! OP5 ! REALITY ( EXPLOITATION ?AT ! P[] /RUCTURE HAD EV]Y 9T]E/ 9 HID+4 ,?IS 9CLUD$ ! ME*ANISMS = EXTRACT+ SURPLUS VALUE1 REPRESSIVE S*EMES1 AU?ORIT>IAN DI/ORTIONS ( ! ,/ATE & SO ON4 ,N[ CAPITAL IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY COMPREH5SIBLE 9 A SOCIETY ?AT IS MOV+ MORE & MORE T[>DS A DEMOCRATIC =M ( MANAGEM5T & PRODUCTION BAS$ ON 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS BECOM+ MORE IMPORTANT = IT TO BE SE51 & LESS IMPORTANT TO DISCOV] ! ME?ODS ( EXPLOITATION4 

,TODAY SOCIETY NE$S TO BE 9T]PRET$ ) CULTURAL 9/RUM5TS ?AT >E NOT ONLY CAPABLE ( BR++ \T HIDD5 FACTS OR ?OSE ?AT HAVE BE5 TREAT$ SUP]FICIALLY1 BUT ALSO AN UNCONSCI\S CONFLICTUALITY F> FROM ! OLD EXTREMELY VISIBLE CLASS CONFLICT4 ,ONE 5DS UP BE+ DRAWN 9TO A SIMPLI/IC REFUSAL ?AT IS 9CAPABLE ( EXAM9+ ! ME*ANISMS ( RECUP]ATION1 CONS5SUS & GLOBALIZATION4 ,MORE ?AN DOCUM5TATION WE N[ NE$ ACTIVE P>TICIPATION1 9CLUD+ WRIT+1 9 :AT MU/ BE A COMPREH5SIVE PROJECT4 ,WE CANNOT LIMIT \RSELVES TO D5\NC+ EXPLOITATION1 WE MU/ BR+ \R ANALYZES TO )9 A PRECISE PROJECT1 :I* WILL ONLY BECOME COMPREH5SIBLE DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! ANALYSIS ITSELF4 ,DOCUM5TATION & D5UNCIATION >E NO LONG] 5\<4 ,WE NE$ SOME?+ MORE1 SO LONG AS WE /ILL HAVE TONGUES TO SPEAK )1 SO LONG AS WE HAVE NOT HAD !M CUT (F4 

,?IS NEW 9T]ACTION BETWE5 WAYS ( EXPRESS+ ONESELF & ONE'S PROJECT CON/ITUTES ! /R5G? ( ?IS WAY ( US+ L+UI/IC 9/RUM5TS1 BUT ALSO LEADS TO ! DISCOV]Y ( ! LATT]'S LIMITATIONS4 ,IF LANGUAGE HAS BE5 IMPOV]I%$ BY ABSORB+ & ADAPT+ TO ! R$UCTIONI/ T5D5CIES /UDI$ & APPLI$ BY P[]1 ?IS IS 9EVITABLE4 

,I HAVE ALWAYS F\<T AGA9/ A K9D ( DETA*$ OBJECTIVISM 9 WRIT+ AIM$ AT CL>IFY+ REVOLUTION>Y PROBLEMS4 ,PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS AN 9/RUM5T1 L+UI/IC EXPRESSION ALWAYS HAS A SOCIAL DIM5SION ?AT IS SUMM$ UP 9 ITS /YLE4 ,IT IS NOT JU/ 0! MAN0 AS ,BUFFON SAYS1 BUT 0MAN 9 A GIV5 SOCIETY04 ,& IT IS ! /YLE ?AT SOLVES ! PROBLEM1 UND\BT$LY A DIFFICULT ONE1 ( SUPPLY+ ALONG ) ! 9DISP5SABLE CONT5T1 ! SO-CALL$ FACTS ( ! EV5T & !IR 9S]TION )9 A PROJECT4 ,IF ?IS PROJECT IS ALIVE & UP TO ! CONDITIONS ( ! CONFLICT1 ! /YLE CAN BE LIV5$ UP1 BUT IF ! /YLE IS NOT SUITABLE OR IS LO/ 9 ! ILLUSION ( OBJECTIVITY1 IT WILL RUN ! RISK ( LOS+ ITSELF 9 A <O/LY =E/ ( IMPRESSIONS4 

,\R LANGUAGE MU/ !RE=E HAVE A =M ?AT IS CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ \R REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T1 ) A PROVOCATORY ?RU/ CAPABLE ( VIOLAT+ & UPSETT+ ! USUAL WAYS ( COMMUNICAT+4 ,IT MU/ BE ABLE TO REPRES5T ! REALITY WE HOLD 9 \R HE>TS )\T ALL[+ \RSELVES TO BECOME WRAPP$ UP 9 A LOGICAL SUD>IUM & ONLY UND]/OOD ) GREAT DIFFICULTY4 ,! PROJECT & ! LANGUAGE US$ TO ILLU/RATE IT MU/ MEET & RECOGNIZE ITSELF 9 ! /YLE US$ TO EXPRESS IT4 ,)\T WANT+ TO GO TO ! EXTREME ( ?IS WELL-WORN !SIS1 WE N[ KN[ ?AT ! MEANS CON/ITUTES A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! CONT5T4 

,WE MU/ LOOK \T = !SE PROCESSES1 NOT LET A NEW PRACTICAL IDEOLOGY SUBM]GE US 9 ?R[AWAY PHRASES :]E !RE IS NO RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! PROJECT & ! WAY ( SAY+ IT4 

,SO1 AN 9CREAS+LY G5]ALIZ$ L+UI/IC IMPOV]I%M5T IS REFLECT$ 9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( COMMUNICATION ?AT WE USE AS REVOLUTION>IES4 ,FIR/ ( ALL BECAUSE WE >E M5 & WOM5 ( \R TIME1 P>TICIPANTS 9 ! R$UCTIVE CULTURAL PROCESSES ?AT *>ACT]IZE IT4 ,WE >E LOS+ SOME 9/RUM5TS LIKE EV]YONE ELSE1 & O!RS >E ATROPHY+4 ,&1 MORE IMPORTANT1 WE >E R$UC+ \RSELVES4 ,?IS IS NORMAL4 ,WE NE$ TO MAKE MORE ( AN EF=T TO OBTA9 BETT] RESULTS & ACQUIRE A BETT] CAPACITY TO RESI/ !SE R$UCTIVE PROJECTS4 

,?IS L[]+ 9 /YLI/IC CAPACITY IS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! L[]+ ( CONT5T4 ,IT IS ALSO CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ EV5 GREAT] IMPOV]I%M5T1 UNABLE TO EXPRESS ! ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! PROJECT ?AT NECESS>ILY REMA9S TI$ TO ! MEANS ( EXPRESSION4 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT ! 0G5RE0 ?AT SAVES ! CONT5T1 BUT ABOVE ALL ! WAY ?IS CONT5T TAKES =M4 ,SOME PEOPLE MAKE \T A S*EMA FIR/ ACCORD+ TO !IR CAPABILITIES & NEV] MANAGE TO FREE !MSELVES FROM IT4 ,!Y FILT] ALL ! CONT5T !Y COME TO POSSESS ?R\< ?IS S*EMA1 BELIEV+ IT IS 0!IR WAY ( EXPRESS+ !MSELVES01 LIKE HAV+ A LIMP OR BR[N EYES4 ,BUT IT IS NOT LIKE ?AT4 ,SOON] OR LAT] ONE MU/ FREE ONESELF FROM ?IS PRISON1 AS FROM ANY O!R1 IF ONE WANTS TO GIVE LIFE TO :AT ONE IS COMMUNICAT+4 

,!RE >E ?OSE :O *OOSE IRONY TO TRANSMIT ! URG5CY !Y FEEL1 = EXAMPLE4 ,V]Y WELL1 BUT IRONY HAS ITS [N PECULI>ITY1 I4E4 IT IS PLEASANT1 LI<T1 A DANCE1 AN ALLUSIVE METAPHOR4 ,IT CANNOT BECOME A SY/EM )\T BECOM+ REPETITIVE OR PA!TIC LIKE ! SATIRICAL 9S]TS 9 ! DAILY PAP]S1 OR COMIC /RIPS :]E ONE MU/ KN[ BE=EH& H[ ! /ORY 5DS O!RWISE ONE W\LDN'T BE ABLE TO UND]/& IT1 LIKE B>RACK-ROOM JOKES4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 = 9V]SE REASONS1 ! CALL ( REALITY--! EF=T TO MAKE REALITY VISIBLE & PALPABLE ?R\< COMMUNICATION1 />T+ FROM ! SUPPOSITION ?AT !RE CAN BE NO IMM$IATE FRUITION FROM ANY?+ ?AT DOES NOT SEEM REAL--5DS UP BECOM+ T$I\S4 ,9 FACT IT IS UNREALIZABLE1 & ONE GETS LO/ 9 ! CONT9UAL MAT]IAL NE$ TO 9SI/1 LOS+ ! CONCEPTUALITY ?AT IS AT ! BASIS ( TRUE COMMUNICATION4 

,ONE MAXIM 9 ! MUSEUM ( EV]YDAY /UPIDITY IS ?AT ONE DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO SAY SOME?+1 :5 9 FACT ! PROBLEM REALLY IS ?AT ONE DOES NOT KN[ :AT TO SAY4 ,?IS IS NOT NECESS>ILY SO4 ,! FLUX ( COMMUNICATION IS NOT UNIDIM5SIONAL1 BUT MULTIDIM5SIONAL3 NOT ONLY DO WE COMMUNICATE1 WE ALSO RECEIVE COMMUNICATION4 ,& ! WAY WE COMMUNICATE ) O!RS IS ! SAME AS :AT WE RECEIVE FROM O!RS4 ,!RE IS ALSO A PROBLEM ( /YLE 9 RECEPTION4 ,! SAME DIFFICULTIES1 ! SAME ILLUSIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 /ILL ON ! SUBJECT ( WRITT5 LANGUAGE1 :5 WE READ NEWSPAP] >TICLES WE CAN RECON/RUCT ! WAY ! WRIT] RECEIVES COMMUNICATION FROM \TSIDE4 ,! /YLE IS ALWAYS ! SAME1 WE CAN ID5TIFY ! SAME MI/AKES1 ! SAME %ORT-CIRCUITS 9 ! SAME K9D ( >TICLES4 ,& ?AT IS BECAUSE !SE 9CID5TS & LIMITS >E NOT JU/ QUE/IONS ( /YLE BUT >E ! ESS5TIAL COMPON5TS ( ! WRIT]'S PROJECT1 ( !IR V]Y LIFE4 

,WE CAN SEE ?AT ! POOR] & MORE REPETITIVE ! 9COM+ COMMUNICATION1 EV5 :5 IT COMES DIRECTLY FROM ! REALITY ( EV5TS1 ! MORE MODE/ \R CAPACITY TO GRASP ! >TICULATIONS IS4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y MU/ NECESS>ILY COMB9E 9COM+ COMMUNICATION & EV5TS4 ,APPROXIMATION & UNC]TA9TY IS EM]G+ 9 WORD & UN=TUNATELY 9 DE$1 A L[ LEVEL ( IDEAS ?AT DOES NOT DO JU/ICE TO ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! 5EMY'S CAPACITY OR TO \R [N REVOLUTION>Y 9T5TIONS4 

,IF ?+S W]E O!RWISE1 SOCIALI/ REALISM1 ) ITS GOOD WORK+ CLASS ALWAYS READY TO MOBILIZE1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ! ONLY POSSIBLE SOLUTION4 ,! LATE/ AB]RATION DICTAT$ BY SU* IGNORANCE & REFUSAL TO CONSID] REALITY DIFF]5TLY WAS ! 9T]V5TION ( ! GOOD ,RUMANIAN M9]S TO REE/ABLI% ,ILLIESCU'S NEW ORD]4 

,P[]'S ATTEMPTS TO G5]ALIZE ! FLATT5+ ( L+UI/IC EXPRESSION IS ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL COMPON5TS = BUILD+ ! 9SURM\NTABLE WALL BETWE5 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$4 ,IF WE HAVE ID5TIFI$ DIRECT1 IMM$IATE ATTACK AS ONE 9/RUM5T 9 ! /RUGGLE1 WE MU/ ALSO DEVELOP AN OPTIMAL USE ( ! O!R 9/RUM5TS AT \R DISPOSITION & TAKE ?OSE WE DO NOT POSSESS1 :ATEV] ! CO/4 ,! TWO >E 9SEP>ABLE4 

,LOSS ( CULTURE 

  

,MU* C\LD BE SAID AB\T ! CONCEPT ( CULTURE ONCE ONE MOVES TO A MORE MOD]N CONCEPT AWAY FROM ! HUMANI/ VIEW :]E SCI5CE IS C5TRAL4 ,= US1 CULTURE IS SOME?+ DIFF]5T1 AL?\< WE CANNOT SAY IT IS COMPLETELY O!R4 

,BE+ ! :OLE ( KN[L$GE & ! AVAILABILITY ( 9/RUM5TS PRODUC$ BY ! REALITY 9 :I* WE LIVE1 IT ALSO 9CLUDES A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( EA* ONE ( US TO ! PO9T ( CON/ITUT+ A P>T ( LIFE & A POSSIBILITY ( GRASP+ SOME?+ ?AT MI<T ESCAPE US DUE TO MONOTONY & REPETITIVITY4 

,!RE IS !RE=E A PASSIVE & AN ACTIVE WAY TO LIVE ! HET]OG5E\S CULTURAL SY/EM WE >E PASS+ ?R\< & :I* P5ETRATES US 9 TURN4 ,WE CAN 5JOY ! EFFECTS1 LET \RSELVES BE MODEL$ LIKE CLAY & EM]GE LIKE TRA9$ P>ROTS1 /&+ OP5-M\!D BE=E ! TRA% SUPPLI$ BY ! UNIV]SAL C5T]S ( KN[L$GE 7NO LONG] EV5 DIVID$ 9TO >TS & SCI5CE74 ,OR WE CAN ACTIVELY SET \T = ! CONQUE/ ( KN[L$GE1 )\T FOOL+ \RSELVES ?AT WE WILL FOLL[ IT 9 ALL ITS MAD V>IATIONS1 BUT )\T = ?AT /RIPP+ IT TO ! BONE OR TURN+ IT 9TO MU% = BABIES' GUMS4 

,! MY/]I\S CULTURAL UNIV]SE ?AT SURR\NDS US 9 A REALITY M>K$ BY ! HI/ORY ( DOM9ATION IS UND\BT$LY ! FRUIT ( ! SY/EM ( P[] 9 ACT1 BO? 9/RUM5T & PRODUCT1 CAUSE & EFFECT1 !SE TWO 9SEP>ABLE MOM5TS ( CONT9UAL HUMAN CREATION4 ,BUT MAN IS ALSO AN HI/ORICAL PRODUCT ( DOM9ION :O MU/ BE DISCR$IT$ 9 ORD] TO BE FREE1 & ?IS CANNOT COME AB\T BY SIMPLY DRAW+ A BEAUTIFUL BUT DEAD IMAGE ON ! SURFACE1 AN AB/RACTLY PURE & UNCONTAM9AT$ FREE MAN :O DOES NOT REQUIRE CULTURE AS A POSSIBILITY ( LIFE4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CT = CLEAN+ UP & ABOVE ALL DE/RUCTION IS C]TA9LY AN ESS5TIAL COMPON5T ( ! ACTION REQUIR$ = TRANS=M+ REALITY1 BUT ?AT 9 ITSELF CANNOT BE CONSID]$ ! GU>DIAN OR C>RI] ( ! NAK$ TRU?1 ?AT W\LD M]ELY BECOME A BANAL & ODI\S SIMPLIFICATION4 ,REALITY IS ALWAYS MORE COMPLEX ?AN ONE IMAG9ES & ?AT DOES NOT JU/ GO = ! CONDITIONS UND] EXPLOITATION TODAY BUT ALSO = FUTURE ONES :5 !Y >E F9ALLY FRE$4 ,SIMPLE NATURALNESS IS ALSO A CULTURAL PRODUCTION :I* HAS UN=TUNATELY BE5 TRAGICALLY IDEOLOGIZ$ & ! MO/ FOLKLORI/ EXTREMI/S >E ?OSE :O PAY ! PRICE1 CONV9C+ !MSELVES ?AT !Y HAVE A P]SONAL1 P]FECT CONTACT ) NATURE4 ,REALITY IS ALWAYS WRAPP$ UP 9 VEILS4 ,WE MU/ TAKE !M (F1 9T]PRET !M1 TE> !M AP>T1 BUT WE CANNOT IGNORE !M4 ,CULTURE DIRECTS !SE VEILS AS IT LIKES ( C\RSE & 9 ITS [N 9T]E/S1 P]SONIFY+ ITSELF ) ! P[] /RUCTURE 9 *>GE BUT NOT ONLY4 ,9 ?IS MANAGEM5T IT IS ITSELF1 AS CULTURE1 A MOM5T 9 \R LIFE1 AN ASPECT ( \R BECOM+1 ( \R BECOM+ POSSIBILITY & ACTION4 

,! REAPPROPRIATION ( CULTURE IS !RE=E A MULTIPLE PROCESS FULL ( NUM]\S /IMULI & OB/ACLES4 ,TO SIMPLY R$UCE IT TO ! OBVI\S SEEMS DANG]\S TO ME BECAUSE ! OBVI\S1 ! EXTREMELY SIMPLE1 CONTA9S PRECISELY ! HI<E/ IDEOLOGICAL CONT5T4 ,IT SUFFICES TO ?9K ( ADV]TIS+1 ! LANGUAGE ( SPORTS PAP]S & CLIQUES1 & !IR SCURRIL\S REPETITIVE LANGUAGE4 

,AN>*I/S1 :O HAVE ALWAYS HAD AMONG !M ?OSE :O HAVE CONSCI\SLY PROVOK$ ?IS UNVEIL+1 HAVE ALSO1 ) A FEW EXCEPTIONS1 REA*$ A L[ LEVEL ( CREATIVITY 9 REC5T DECADES4 ,ONCE1 AP>T FROM ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S :O >E NECESS>ILY TI$ TO A MODEL ( REPETITIVITY1 !Y PRODUC$ BE/ QUALITY CULTURE EV5 IF ?IS WAS SOON TAK5 OV] BY ! MO/ ADVANC$ SECTORS ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE1 AT LEA/ S9CE SIXTY-EI<T & ! RELATIVE RECUP]ATION4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT :AT PREVAILS N[ IS MORE A YIELD+ TO ! CULTURAL MODELS ?AT >E SUPPLI$ BY ! ACADEMY & OPPORTUNELY EXPUNG$ & ADAPT$4 

,BY OV]LOAD+ ?IS PROCESS ( ADAPTATION IT HAS GONE 9TO DECL9E & CONT9UES TO DO SO1 I4E4 REMOV+ ! ACADEMIC CONT5T FROM ! TE*NICAL P>T 9 ! NAME ( A REVOLUTION>Y ESS5TIALITY ACCOMPANI$ BY A DISDA9 = ! DIFFICULTIES ( ! CONT5TS TO COV] UP \R IGNORANCE4 

,WE >E BESIEG$ BY A PSEUDO-CULTURE1 ?AT IS TRUE1 PADD+ IS C TO MAKE US ACCEPT MANIACAL SURVIVAL CONDITIONS1 BUT ?AT DOES NOT MEAN TO SAY ?AT EV]Y?+ MU/ BE TRANS=M$ 9TO ?IS 9DIGE/IBLE %IT4 ,& ?IS 9VASION BECOMES AN AVALAN*E :5 IT TAKES ! =M ( 9=MATION1 ( SIMPLE FACTS4 ,PILES ( 9=MATION ACCUMULATES BE=E \R EYES1 WE >E SUBM]G$ 9 ]UPTIONS & TEMPE/S ( PAP] IMAGES & IDEAS & PUBLICITY4 ,NOISE1 RHY?M1 FA%ION1 ACCUMULATE OPPRESSIVELY4 ,WE HAVE BE5 ASK$ TO ACCEPT1 TO RECEIVE1 TO WAT*1 TO MOVE LIKE AN OBSESSIONAL NEUROSIS ?AT /RIKES US & /AGNATES 9SIDE US4 ,!RE IS NO LONG] EV5 CAUSE TO DREAM ( A CRITICAL DOM9ION OV] ?IS FE>FUL CULTURAL UNIV]SE :I* ! ADV5T ( COMPUT] TE*NOLOGY IS P]FECT+ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( DOM9ATION4 

,NOR CAN WE ?R[ EV]Y?+ AWAY DREAM+ ( AN 9NOC5CE ?AT HAS NEV] BE5 ( ?IS WORLD1 A RETURN TO NATURE :]E IF !RE IS NOISE IT IS NOT ! MUSIC ( ! REGIME BUT ! OR*E/RA ( ! =E/4 ,ABSURD4 ,\R ASPHYXIA CANNOT PU% US TO SAY 7& DO7 ?+S ?AT >E 9 CONTRA/ ) REALITY4 ,TODAY MORE ?AN EV] MAN IS IMM]S$ 9 A COMPLEX CULTURAL SITUATION ?AT MU/ BE KN[N IF WE WANT TO TRANS=M IT4 ,TO ?9K WE CAN DO LESS1 SIMPLY PRACTICE IT1 OR PRODUCE AB/RACT S5T5CES ( CONDEMNATION1 DOES NOT PRODUCE SUITABLE 9/RUM5TS = REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 

,! SUBJECTION ?AT IS MAT]IALIZ+ EV5 9 SMALL ?+S IS %[N 9 A REFLEX ( A PROCESS ( DISGREGATION :I* IS NOT ACCID5TAL BUT IS DESIR$ BY P[]4 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( CULTURE IS NOT ?AT ONE NO LONG] KN[S ,LAT91 N[ ! DOMA9 ( PO/-UNIV]SITY DEGREES1 BUT IS MORE EASILY DEMON/RAT$ 9 PO9T+ \T ! MODALITIES ( P[] ?R\< ! USE ( ATTITUDES & T]MS 7ALSO L+UI/IC7 ?AT HAVE BE5 BUILT4 ,CONCEPTS SU* AS 0HOMOG5IZ$01 0QUALITATIVE LEAP0 0PLANET01 0QUALITY ( LIFE0 0HI< PR(ILE0 %[ AN 9DUC$ POV]TY1 ALWAYS ! RESULT ( CULTURAL POV]TY4 ,TO SPEAK ( ! 0PO/-9DU/RIAL SC5>IO0 0HOMOG5IZ$ BY P[]0 ) 0HI< PR(ILE DECISIONS0--OR ?AT MA? >E C\RSES--IS ! DELIB]ATE ACCEPTATION & USE ( ATTITUDES4 ,TO 0CIRCUMSCRIBE ! METROPOLITAN PLANET0 & SO ON 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS EQUIVAL5T TO ! ALMO/ 9COMPREH5SIBLE SIGNS ?AT ! COMMUNIQUES ( ! >M$ COMBATANT ORGANIZATIONS W]E FULL ( YE/]DAY4 ,ID5TICAL CULTURAL POV]TY1 ID5TICAL IDEOLOGICAL POV]TY4 ,YET SIMIL> PHRASES & CONCEPTS >E ALSO CURR5TLY BE+ US$ BY AN>*I/S1 EV5 9 \R [N PUBLICATIONS4 ,G5]ALIZ$ POV]TY IS NOT ! WOR/ EVIL4 

,GOOD ,TE*NOLOGY 

  

,BASIC COMMON S5SE TELLS US ?AT IF WE WANT TO DO SOME?+ WE NE$ TO GET HOLD ( ! NECESS>Y MEANS4 ,SO ,I HAPP5 TO READ ?AT COMRADES :O1 LIKE MYSELF1 FEEL NOT JU/ ! NE$ BUT ALSO ! URG5CY TO ATTACK & DE/ROY ! 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY NETWORK >E ?9K+ ( MA/]+ A KN[L$GE ( COMPUT]S AS A FIR/ /EP TO ATTACK+ ALL ! RE/4 

,I %>E ?IS COGNITIVE PREMISE1 9 ! S5SE ?AT KN[L$GE IS ALWAYS1 OR NE>LY ALWAYS1 SOME?+ POSITIVE4 ,SO LONG AS WE >E AW>E ( :AT WE >E LE>N+ & H[ ?AT KN[L$GE CAN BE US$1 AVOID+ ! TRAPS LAID = A LONG TIME N[ ?AT MAKE US LE>N NOT :AT WE WANT1 BUT :AT \R 5EMIES WANT US TO WANT4 ,?IS PROBLEM IS NOT A SIMPLE ONE1 BUT IT CAN BE APPROA*$ FAIRLY SIMPLY BY />T+ FROM :AT IS DEF9$ AS ! LIMITS ( 0GOOD0 TE*NOLOGY4 ,NE>LY ALL ! ECOLOGY !SES >E BAS$ ON :AT IS BELIEV$ TO BE ! SOLUTION ( ?IS PROBLEM1 9CLUD+ A PRESUM$ ID5TIFICATION ( !SE LIMITS4 ,N[1 SO LONG AS ONE /AYS )9 ?AT P]SPECTIVE1 ! USE ( LESS H>MFUL TE*NOLOGY IS C]TA9LY POSSIBLE1 & NO ONE W\LD ?9K ( SUGGE/+ A RETURN TO ! ,/ONE ,AGE4 ,NOT ALL TE*NOLOGIES >E EQUAL & WE AGREE ?AT !RE IS A CONSID]ABLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ?OSE AIM$ AT DEVELOP+ NUCLE> P[] & ?OSE AIM$ AT REALIZ+ ! TELEMATIC NETWORK4 

,! NUCLE> PRODUCTION SECTOR IS A HI<-RISK SECTOR & REPRES5TS A DANG] TO EV]YONE'S SAFETY1 SO UP TO A PO9T1 IT T\*ES 9T]E/S ?AT CAN S5SITIZE SOCIAL /RATA :O >E 9 CONTRA/ ) EA* O!R1 9CLUD$ & EXCLUD$4 ,FE> ( TOTAL W> HAS L$ US TO A WORLD ORD] ?AT DEP5DS ON SMALL W>S & A PROGRESSIVE R$UCTION ( ! ATOMIC >S5AL4 ,H]E WE >E FAC$ ) A PROBLEM :I*1 EV5 :5 CONSID]$ 9 ANTI!TICAL T]MS1 IS UND]/OOD BY ?OSE ON BO? SIDES ( ! CLASS B>RICADE4 

,! 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY SECTOR IS C]TA9LY ALSO A RISK1 9 ?AT IT IS CAUS+ AN UPHEAVAL 9 ! WORLD ORD] AS WE KN[ IT4 ,BUT IT IS A RISK ?AT ! 9CLUD$ >E GRADUALLY ELIM9AT+ BY CUTT+ ! EXCLUD$ (F FROM !M1 PROPOS+ A DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATION ( ! 9T]E/S TO BE DEF5D$ DUE TO ! SPREAD+ ( ?IS TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! CONSEQU5CES1 :I* WE WILL COME TO FUR!R ON1 WILL NOT BE ! SAME = EV]YONE AS 9 ! CASE ( ATOMIC DEA?1 BUT WILL BE P]CEIV$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! 9CLUD$1 :ILE = ! EXCLUD$ !Y WILL BE UNKN[N1 !RE=E UNCONTROLLABLE1 !RE=E LE?AL4 ,9=MATION TE*NOLOGY SEP>ATES :AT NUCLE> P[] BASICALLY BR\<T TOGE!R 9TO A SOCIAL HYBRID1 & IS ]ECT+ A WALL ?AT WILL ALL[ A F> MORE RIGID DIVISION ?AN ! ONE WE KN[ SO F>4 

,BUT :ATEV] C\LD !SE CONSEQU5CES BE8 ,:AT H>M IS !RE 9 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY & COMPUT]S1 MANY ASK4 ,:Y ?IS NEO-LUDDISM8 ,ISN'T ?AT \T ( DATE8 ,9 !IR FURY1 DO ! OPPOS]S NOT RISK ATTACK+ GOOD TE*NOLOGY ?AT WE C\LD ALSO USE AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 & :I* MOREOV] WE NE$ TO USE TODAY 9 ORD] TO FI<T ! CLASS 5EMY4 ,!SE >E QUE/IONS WE NE$ TO F9D ANSW]S TO4 

,9=MATION TE*NOLOGY HAS OP5$ UP A NEW WORLD1 ONE ?AT 9 ORD] TO BE TE*NOLOGICALLY MANAG$ & UTILIZ$ REQUIRES A CONSID]ABLE R$UCTION 9 HUMAN RES\RCES 9 T]MS ( 9TELLIG5CE1 ANALYTICAL CAPACITY1 SELF-AW>5ESS1 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 ?9K+ & PROJECTUALITY4 ,!RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS GOOD TE*NOLOGY4 ,WE NE$ TO SEE :AT USE IT IS BE+ PUT TO4 ,BUT ! TE*NOLOGY 9 QUE/ION IS NOT BAD = ! SAME REASONS ?AT NUCLE> TE*NOLOGY IS 7BAD = EV]YONE71 BUT BECAUSE 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY IS ONLY BAD = ! EXCLUD$4 ,9 ACTUAL FACT ANY TE*NOLOGY1 EV5 ?AT D]IV$ FROM NUCLE> S\RCES1 IS ALWAYS A R$UCTIVE PROS!SIS4 

,9 ORD] TO SPREAD TO ! LEVEL ( WORLD CONQUE/1 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY MU/ DIS$UCATE MAN TO USE IT4 ,UNABLE TO REA* 9DIVIDUALS AT !IR [N LEVEL1 NOT EV5 ?AT ( BASIC COMMON S5SE1 IT NE$S TO R$UCE ! LATT] TO ! LEVEL ( ! MA*9E4 ,! NEW MAN ?AT 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY WANTS TO FABRICATE1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( A SUB/ITUTIVE TE*NOLOGY1 IS ONE ( L[ 9TELLIG5CE1 A POOR CAPACITY TO COMMUNICATE1 R$UC$ IMAG9ATIVE & CREATIVE POSSIBILITIES1 BUT ) FA/ REFLEXES & CAPABLE ( BE+ FLEXIBLE & ( *OOS+ BETWE5 DIFF]5T ELEM5TS1 BUT ALL )9 A PRECISE FRAMEWORK4 

,9 ORD] TO DO ?IS1 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY IS *ANG+ MAN'S CREATIVE CAPACITIES PR(\NDLY4 ,N[1 IF WE JU/ ?9K H[ FUNDAM5TALLY IMPORTANT !SE >E TO US1 WE BECOME AW>E ( ! DRAMATIC CONSEQU5CES IF ?IS PROJECT W]E TO SUCCE$ 9 BE+ APPLI$ TOTALLY & PASS UNOBS]V$4 ,:AT !Y >E *ANG+ )\T \R NOTIC+ IS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 TE*NOLOGY & \R BODIES4 ,! RELATION%IP ) ANY TE*NOLOGY IS ?AT ( A PRO!SIS1 I4E4 ( AN 9CREASE 9 ! BODY'S CAPABILITIES4 ,A %ORT-SI<T$ P]SON SEES BETT] ) SPECTACLES1 & ) ! RI<T L5SES CAN EV5 REA* ! PO9T ( SEE+ AS ?\< !Y HAD GOOD EYESI<T4 ,H[EV]1 ! DIGITAL IMAGE SUPPLI$ TO US BY 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY HAS NO?+ TO DO ) SU* A REALITY4 ,IF WE SEE A H\SE 9 FRONT ( US WE RECON/RUCT IT ?R\< M5TAL PROCESSES ( P]CEPTION & MEMORIZATION1 A COMPLEX SY/EM ( 0ANALYTICAL RECON/RUCTION0 :I* ALL[S US TO /ATE ?AT !RE IS A H\SE 9 FRONT ( US4 ,BUT IF WE SEE A H\SE ON ! COMPUT] SCRE51 :AT WE >E REALLY LOOK+ AT >E ?\S&S ( LUM9\S IMPULSES :I* SUGGE/ A PICTURE ?AT 9 NO WAY RESEMBLES A H\SE4 ,9 ORD] TO SEE A H\SE WE MU/ BE $UCAT$ TO SEE IT1 R$UCE \RSELVES TO ! LEVEL ( ! MA*9E4 

,( C\RSE1 WE 9/9CTIVELY REBEL AGA9/ ?IS /RANGE IMAGE ( ! H\SE AT FIR/1 BUT EV]Y?+ DEP5DS ON ! PASSAGE ( TIME )\T REACT+4 ,GRADUALLY A NEW BEHAVIORAL MAP EM]GES 9 \R AW>5ESS4 ,WE REACT DIFF]5TLY TO ! IMAGE & ONLY ) DIFFICULTY DO WE MANAGE TO REBEL AGA9/ ! IDEA ?AT IT IS REALLY JU/ A DRAW+ ( A H\SE4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! COMPUT] HAS ALREADY P5ETRAT$ US4 ,TE*NOLOGY IS NO LONG] SOME?+ \TSIDE US1 A ME*ANICAL H& ( IMM5SE /R5G? HAS N[ BECOME AN 9V]T$ PROS!SIS ?AT IS P5ETRAT+ \R BRA9S & CONDITION+ US4 

,AT ?IS PO9T WE HAVE BECOME CAPABLE ( RECEIV+ EV5 LONG SEQU5CES ( IMAGES1 = EXAMPLE A :OLE ,T,V PROGRAM1 & EX*ANG+ IT = A REPRODUCTION ( REALITY4 ,\R ,T,V CONDITION+ NO LONG] ALL[S US TO REBEL4 ,MOREOV]1 ) A SLI<TLY BETT] DEF9ITION1 ! 9TEGRAT$ CIRCUIT WILL CLOSE 9 ON US = GOOD4 

,BUT 9=MATION DOES NOT ONLY CONC]N ITSELF ) ! PROBLEM ( \R RECEPTION 7P]CEPTION71 BUT ALSO \R TRANSMISSION 7LANGUAGE74 ,H]E AGA9 IT HAS BE5 NECESS>Y TO ADAPT 9 A R$UCTIVE WAY4 ,A CONT9UAL SELECTION ( \R L+UI/IC H]ITAGE IS TAK+ PLACE ?R\< 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY1 & A VA/ NUMB] ( WORDS >E FALL+ 9TO COMPLETE DISUSE1 BE+ =GOTT5 & SUB/ITUT$ BY O!R MORE ESS5TIAL ONES4 ,H]E ONE C\LD MAKE A FEW 9T]E/+ PO9TS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 EXPRESSIONS US$ 9 ,ITALY SU* AS 0SALES PHILOSOPHY0 OR 0ECONOMIC RETURN0 OR 0!RE'S NO PROBLEM01 & SO ON1 CAN BE CAN BE SE5 AS EXAMPLES ( ?IS IMPOV]I%M5T ( LANGUAGE4 ,9 A PREVI\S >TICLE 9 ?IS PAP] 5TITL$ 0,FROM ,VIRUS TO ,VIRUS0 79 ITSELF SOME:AT 5IGMATIC7 WE READ AT A C]TA9 PO9T ?AT 0! ,J]USALEM VIRUS ( ,FRIDAY #a#c?1 IS PROGRAMM$ TO DE/ROY ALL ! FILES IT F9DS44404 ,:YEV] WAS ! T]M FILE US$ TO 9DICATE SOME?+ :I* 9 ,ITALIAN C\LD QUITE ADEQUATELY BE CALL$ 0DATA >*IVE08 ,= PRECISELY ! REASONS WE >E DISCUSS+ H]E4 

,AT ! PRES5T TIME A PROBLEM ?AT IS C5TRAL TO ! HI/ORY ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CLASS 5EMY IS EM]G+3 :E!R TO DECIDE TO GO = AN IMM$IATE1 HORIZONTAL ATTACK ON ! /RUCTURES ( 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY OR NOT4 ,?IS DECISION MU/ BE MADE BE=E ADVANCES 9 ! SAME TE*NOLOGY TAKE AWAY \R CAPACITY TO EV5 DECIDE TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT4 ,BE=E LONG WE WILL BE UNABLE TO UND]/& ! WIDE EFFECTS ( COMPUT] TE*NOLOGY1 & \R IGNORANCE ON ! SUBJECT C\LD GR[ ALONGSIDE \R KN[L$GE ( COMPUT] TE*NOLOGY ITSELF1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO HAVE ANY KN[L$GE ( ?IS TE*NOLOGY ?AT IS NOT 9 SOME WAY VIC>I\S1 ?AT DOES NOT DEP5D ON ! ACCEPTATION ( G5]ALIZ$ 9TELLECTUAL SUBMISSION4 

,I W\LD LIKE TO PO9T TO A NUMB] ( NOT V]Y CLE> ASPECTS CONC]N+ ?IS PROBLEM ( COMPUT] KN[L$GE ?AT SOME SAY IS NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO FI<T ! LATT] & CONTRIBUTE TO !IR DE/RUCTION4 

,I ASK MYSELF :AT IT MEANS TO SAY !RE IS A NE$ TO 0GA9 COMPUT] KN[L$GE04 ,AT ?IS PO9T SOME?+ FROM MY [N 9DIRECT EXP]I5CE COMES TO M9D4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! SIXTIES TWO MA!MATICIAN FRI5DS ( M9E1 ATTRACT$ BY A PROPOSAL BY ,OLIVETTI & COORD9AT$ BY ! MA? 9/ITUTE AT ,PISA UNIV]SITY1 ACCEPT$ A TRANSF] TO ?IS FACULTY TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! FIR/ :OLLY ,ITALIAN COMPUT]4 ,AB\T TWO YE>S LAT] ,I MET ONE ( !M :O TOLD ME ( HIS VICISSITUDES 9 ,PISA4 ,AT ONE PO9T ! :OLE PROJECT RAN AGR\ND DUE TO DIFFICULTIES CONC]N+ ! RESOLUTION ( A FEW MORE COMPLEX LOG>I?MS4 ,! DIRECTOR ( ! PROJECT HAD HAD ! BRILLIANT IDEA ( F9D+ A SOLUTION ( ! LOG>I?MIC1 :I* REQUIR$ A GREAT DEAL ( TIME & FRANKLY A L>GE DOSE ( MA!MATICAL CREATIVITY1 BY PUTT+ AN AD 9 ! WEEKLY PUZZLE MAGAZ9E 0,SETTIMANA 5IGMI/ICA0 7A CROSSWORD PUZZLE WEEKLY7 ASK+ = ! COLLABORATION ( 5?USIA/S 9 ! SECTOR :O1 9 EX*ANGE = A MODE/ RECOMP5SE CAME =W>D & SOLV$ ! PROBLEMS 9DIRECTLY1 I4E4 ?R\< TABLES OR MATRIXES1 DEVELOP+ ALL ! POSSIBILITIES ( B9>Y LOGIC3 AN 9CR$IBLY LONG BUT ALSO AN 9CR$IBLY /UPID PIECE ( WORK4 ,:5 ! ,OLIVETTI SO-CALL$ FIR/ G5]ATION COMPUT] WAS READY1 IT SOLV$ ! A=EM5TION$ LOG>I?MS EASILY1 SO !Y W]E ABLE TO GO AHEAD4 ,! SAD REALITY ( ELECTRONICS IS ?AT1 AP>T FROM ! /RICTLY TE*NICAL ASPECTS ( COMPON5TS1 !RE IS H>DLY ANY TRACE ( REAL COGNITIVE PROBLEMS4 ,MANY COMRADES1 ATTRACT$ P]HAPS BY CLAMOR\S ELECTRONIC !FTS OR SABOTAGE ?R\< PROGRAMM$ 0VIRUSES01 SEE !MSELVES C>RY+ \T SU* GREAT 5T]PRISES1 !RE=E D$UCE ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO LE>N H[ TO MAKE PROGRAMS & SO ON4 ,!N !RE IS ! PASSAGE TO MORE OR LESS S5SATE FANTASIES CONC]N+ ! VALIDITY ( ATT5D+ 0C\RSES0 OR 0/UDY+0 MANUALS4 

,9 MY OP9ION ! PROBLEM IS NO DIFF]5T TO ?AT :]E ONE CONCLUDES ?AT1 AL?\< IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE EXPLOSIVES 9 ONE'S [N KIT*51 IT IS BE/ TO AVOID IT3 IT IS QUICK] & LESS DANG]\S TO BUY !M & LE>N1 QUITE SIMPLY1 H[ TO USE !M4 

,TE*NICAL ,LANGUAGE 

  

,\R UND]/&+ ( TE*NOLOGY MU/ BE CRITICAL 9 TWO WAYS1 FIR/ BECAUSE IT GIVES SUPPORT TO P[] 9 G5]AL1 MEAN+ ?AT IT C\LD BE PUT TO UN=ESEEABLE USE 9 ! FUTURE1 & BECAUSE IT C\LD DO AN AB\T-TURN TO ! PO9T ( ADAPT+ TO ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9 ! C\RSE ( MODIFICATION4 ,ONE C\LD SAY1 & REC5T ECOLOGI/ MODIFICATIONS BE> WITNESS TO ?IS1 ?AT ALL DEF5SIVE POSITIONS CONTA9 A HIDD5 CRITICAL & JU/ AS PLAUSIBLE TURN+4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ANY CRITICAL ANALYSIS ?AT EXAM9ES ! DEFECTS ( ! PRES5T 9 ORD] TO CORRECT !M1 CONTA9S ! POSSIBILITY ( TURN+ TO ITS DEF5SE1 ALL ! /RONG] ! MORE IT F9DS ITSELF CAPABLE ( GO+ BEYOND !SE CRITICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 

,(T5 ! MULTIPLICITY ( FIELDS :]E TE*NOLOGY IS US$ & REPRODUCES ITSELF :]E ! ?\<T SY/EMS ?AT CREATE ! PREMISES CONC]N+ ITS CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION >E ELABORAT$1 CREATE QUITE UNPR$ICTABLE PROBLEMS ( 9T]ACTION4 ,! 9CONSID]ATE MANAGEM5T ( ! WAY SOME ( ! TE*NOLOGIES >E US$ MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE =ECA/S1 EI!R WAY4 ,9 ! /RICT S5SE ( ! WORD1 IT W\LD NOT EV5 JU/IFY ! NEGATIVE1 DE/RUCTIVE1 ASPIRATIONS ?AT WE >E BE>]S (4 ,BUT1 ! IRRESPONSIBILITY ( ?OSE :O SIMPLY PUT !IR HEADS UND] ! S& DOES NOT 9DUCE US TO WAIT PASSIVELY OR RELY ON \R 9TUITION4 ,WE MI<T ALSO BE WRONG & ?US BE CONTRIBUT+ TO NIPP+ 9 ! BUD1 OR PUTT+ OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( ! G5IAL EM]G5CE ( MAN'S FUTURE HAPP9ESS1 BUT !RE SEEMS TO BE NO SIGN ( ANY MIRACLES APPE>+ ON ! PRES5T SCI5TIFIC PANORAMA4 ,APPROXIMATION & SUP]FICIALITY REIGN1 MITIGAT$ ONLY 9 ALL ! %ORT-LIV$ PROJECTS ?AT >E TAK+ ! PLACE ( ! OLD LONG-T]M ILLUSIONS4 

,( C\RSE1 SCI5TIFIC IDEAS & !IR TE*NOLOGICAL APPLICATION HAVE ALWAYS MODIFI$ MATT]1 SUBJECT+ IT TO MAN'S NE$S & HIS BASIC DESIRE TO MAKE REALITY ADAPT TO HIS IDEAS4 

,?IS 0HI/ORICAL0 C\RSE ( HUMAN AFFAIRS DOES NOT EXACTLY CORRESPOND TO :AT WE NORMALLY CALL REALITY1 9 ?AT IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT MANY ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL & SCI5TIFIC ADAPTATIONS ( MATT]1 FROM GUNP[D] TO ! ATOMIC BOMB1 HAVE BE5 POSITIVE EV5TS = MAN4 ,BUT ONE CAN C]TA9LY SEE A TORTU\S & (T5 CONTRADICTORY MOVEM5T AIM$ AT SUBMITT+ ! SPONTANEITY ( NATURE & LIFE PROCESSES 9 G5]AL TO ! CONTROLL+ & REPRODUC+ CAPACITY ( TE*NICS4 ,BASICALLY1 ( ALL ! ANIMALS MAN IS ?AT :I* IS LEA/ CAPABLE ( LIV+ 9 NATURE4 ,HE IS AMONG ?OSE ) FEWE/ DEF5SES1 ! WEAKE/ CUBS1 BUT ) AN EXCEPTIONAL CAPACITY = *ANG+ 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS FROM UNFAVORABLE TO FAVORABLE4 

,?AT IS :Y :AT WE KN[ AS HUMAN BE+S TODAY1 PRODUCT ( A BRIEF HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION ( A FEW ?\S& YE>S1 IS ALSO A PRODUCT ( TE*NICS4 ,AT ?IS PO9T IT W\LD BE ALL RI<T IF !SE TE*NICS W]E /ILL SIMPLY AIM$ AT MODIFY+ REALITY1 CREAT+ PROS!SES :I*1 IF NOT EXACTLY USEFUL TO MAN1 C\LD AT LEA/ BE CONTROLL$ BY HIM4 ,( C\RSE1 BY 9CREAS+ MAN'S LIMIT$ POSSIBILITIES1 ANY PROS!SIS AT ALL TURNS HIM 9TO A GIANT CAPABLE ( LEVELS ( DE/RUCTION UNDREAM$ ( EV5 BY ! ,TITANS4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! G]M ( ! DANG] LIES 9 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( ! MULTIPLICATION ( /R5G?--BUT BECAUSE ! PROS!SIS IS ALWAYS SOME?+ USEFUL1 IT SEEMS TO BE WOR? TAK+ A FEW RISKS4 ,& SO IT HAS BE5 = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,T]RIBLE PROS!SES1 FROM BRONZE TO IRON & /EEL TO MISSILES1 HAVE FOLL[$ ONE ANO!R1 (T5 )\T GIV+ US TIME TO ?9K AB\T IT4 ,ATTRACT+ 5?USIASM & IMBECILITY1 /]ILE OPPOSITION & HOPEFUL 5*ANTM5T4 

,H[EV]1 9 ! FIELD ( *ANGES 9 MATT]1 I4E4 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! PROS!SIS1 AL?\< S]I\S DANG]S C\LD >ISE !RE WAS ALWAYS ! !ORETICAL AT LEA/ POSSIBILITY ( PROVID+ CONTROLS ?AT W\LD BE ABLE TO PUT A BRAKE ON HUMAN LACK ( CONSID]ATION4 

,ALL ?AT HAS BE5 PR(\NDLY TRANS=M$ ) ! TE*NOLOGY ( ! LA/ TWO DECADES4 ,! DANG] HAS REA*$ 9TOL]ABLE LIMITS = TWO REASONS ?AT >E (T5 NOT PROP]LY UND]/OOD1 SO ALL CRITICISM ( TE*NOLOGY T5DS TO SPILL OV] 9TO EI!R BECOM+ TOO G5]IC1 SIMPLY TRY+ TO EXORCIZE SOME HIDD5 DANG]1 OR 9TO ATTEMPTS TO DI/+UI% SOME?+ ?AT CANNOT BE DI/+UI%$ DUE TO IGNORANCE4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE REASONS ?AT TE*NOLOGY DOES NOT JU/ *ANGE MATT] TODAY1 I4E4 WORK ON IT TO DEVELOP DIFF]5T USES1 IT ACTUALLY P5ETRATES IT1 !REBY ALT]+ ITS COMPOSITION4 ,! SECOND IS ?AT IT IS N[ POSSIBLE = ANY?+ REALIZ$ BY TE*NOLOGY TO BE MODIFI$ UNPR$ICTABLY BY ?IS P5ETRATION ( MATT]1 MAK+ C]TA9 SCI5TIFIC ASPECTS1 HYPO!SES OR SIMPLE TE*NICAL DISCOV]IES ?AT W]E ONCE KEPT UND] CONTROL1 EXTREMELY DANG]\S4 

,! CREATION ( NEW MAT]IALS1 NEW LIV+ BE+S1 A NEW VIRTUAL REALITY CONSID]$ A FUR!R /EP 9 SCI5TIFIC RESE>* & ! RELATIVE TE*NICAL APPLICATIONS1 IS NO WORSE ?AN ! 9V5TION ( *EMICAL WEAPONS1 NUCLE> REACTORS OR ! HYDROG5 BOMB ?AT WE KN[4 ,BUT1 EV5 )\T GO+ 9TO SPECIFIC QUE/IONS TOO DEEPLY1 ONE CANNOT FAIL TO BE SURPRIS$ BY ! FACT ?AT WE HAVE REA*$ A NEW ?RE%OLD4 ,G5ETIC OR MOLECUL> MODIFICATION1 AS WELL AS ! REALIZATION ( A VIRTUAL REALITY )9 :I* IT IS POSSIBLE TO REA* ! FULL S5SATION ( BE+ & ACT+1 >E ALL[+ LIV+ BE+S & ABSOLUTELY UNKN[N MAT]IALS TO BE PRODUC$ ON A WIDE SCALE1 AS WELL AS HAVE IT BELIEV$ ?AT PREVI\SLY UNDREAM$ ( BEHAVIOR IS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS IS ACCEL]AT+ ! PROCESS ( DETA*M5T FROM REALITY ?AT IS SO USEFUL TO ! MANAGEM5T ( CONS5SUS4 ,MANY ( ! NEW PRODUCTS--9CLUD+ ! POSSIBILITY ( EXP]IM5T+ VIRTUALLY ) 9EXI/5T REALITY-->E 9S]T+ !MSELVES 9TO ALL ! O!R MAT]IALS1 ALL O!R LIV+ BE+S & ! :OLE EXP]I5CE ( REALITY AS WE KN[ IT4 ,?IS C\LD LEAD TO UN=ESEEABLE CONSEQU5CES = ?OSE :O TODAY1 9SIDE !IR LABORATORIES1 >E LIMIT+ !MSELVES TO BR++ AB\T !SE TRANS=MATIONS )\T QUE/ION+ !MSELVES AB\T ! CONSEQU5CES4 ,! SIMPLE PRODUCTION ( A HUGE C[ OR A T9Y HORSE = LABORATORIES1 OR A M\SE AS BIG AS A HORSE1 CAN IMPRESS NO ONE BUT SCI5CE FICTION 5?USIA/S4 ,! SAME GOES = ! PRODUCTION ( SUP]-CONDUCT+ MAT]IALS CAPABLE ( TRANSF]R+ ELECTRICITY PRACTICALLY )\T ANY LOSS4 ,! SAME GOES = VIRTUAL REALITY ?R\< A MASSIVE USE ( ! :OLE COMPUT] NETWORK4 ,IT WILL BE FASC9AT+ AT FIR/1 !N UPSET ! ORD] ( ?+S & F9ALLY UNI=M !M TO ! NORMS ( ! NEW COMMON S5SE1 PACKAG$ & CONDITION$ PRECISELY AS ! MOM5T PRES5TS ITSELF 9 ! GUISE ( ! FRE$OM TO LIVE ONE'S DREAMS 9 ?IS REALITY4 

,NO ONE CAN SAY :AT ! REACTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T TO C]TA9 MAT]IALS & LIV+ BE+S WILL BE4 ,NO ONE CAN =ESEE H[ \R WORLD WILL BE *ANG$ BY \R MODIFI$ BEHAVIOR1 ONCE ?IS 9T]ACTS ) ! NEW MAT]IALS4 ,IF ! TE*NOLOGY ( ! PA/1 A COMPLETE SY/EM BAS$ ON ! SCI5TIFIC HYPO!SIS ( RESE>* & ANALYZES1 PRES5T$ DANG]S1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO CIRCUMSCRIBE !M )9 C]TA9 LIMITS1 OR AT LEA/ WE W]E ABLE TO CONTROL EA* O!R 9 ! FIELD ( OPPOS+ 9T]E/S4 ,& IF IT PRES5T$ ! REVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITY ( ONE DAY BECOM+ ! 9/RUM5T ( LIB]ATION1 ABOLI%+ CLASS DIVISION & ! <O/ ( ! ,/ATE--IF ALL ?AT WAS TRUE & 9 MANY ASPECTS PLAUSIBLE1 IT WAS BECAUSE EA* NEW W$GE 9 ! :OLE TE*NOLOGICAL & SCI5TIFIC FRAMEWORK C\LD BE PR$ICT$ TO SOME EXT5T4 

,N[ ?AT ?IS POSSIBILITY TO PR$ICT HAS DISAPPE>$ BO? 9 ! CASE ( ! S+LE PROS!SIS 7:I* CAN NO LONG] BE DEF9$ SU*71 & ! 9T]ACTION ( EA* NEW 9DIVIDUAL TE*NOLOGICAL PRODUCTION ) ! :OLE SOCIAL =MATION1 WE F9ALLY SEE ?AT EV5 ! OLD MANAG]IAL ILLUSIONS ( CONTROL & LIMITATION W]E BUT ! PRODUCT ( AN HI/ORICAL ]A ?AT HAS COME TO AN 5D4 

,&1 NOT BE+ ABLE TO =ESEE ! CONSEQU5CES1 EV5 ! MO/ 9NOCU\S EXP]IM5TATION C\LD CONCUR 9 ! IRREM$IABLE SPREAD+ ( A T]RIBLE CATA/ROPHE4 

,! ',5D' ( ! ,CRISIS 

  

,PRES5T-DAY CAPITALISM HAS *ANG$ ! :OLE ( ECONOMIC REALITY4 ,! OLD WORLD REGULAT$ BY LAWS & RIGID RULES :]E 9DIVIDUAL COMPANIES C\LD MAKE LONG T]M PROGRAMS HAS TURN$ 9TO ONE :]E1 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE1 COMPANIES MU/ DEVELOP !IR FLEXIBILITY & ADAPTABILITY TO ! MAXIMUM4 ,REVOLUTION>Y /RUCTURES1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/ ONES1 W]E ALSO MODEL$ ACCORD+ TO A CONCEPT ( A RIGID ECONOMIC REALITY4 ,N[ ?AT PR(\ND TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES HAVE PUT PRODUCTION 9 A /ATE APPROA*+ 0*AOS01 WE >E ASK+ \RSELVES IF !SE OLD REVOLUTION>Y !ORIES >E /ILL VALID4 ,I DO NOT ?9K WE CAN SAY !Y >E4 

,A LOOK 9 PASS+ AT SOME ( ! OLD C]TA9TIES 

  

,ONE ?+ ?AT CAN BE UND]/OOD FROM ! FEW NOT V]Y ELABORATE ANALYZES 9 CIRCULATION1 IS ! DIFF]5T ROLE BE+ GIV5 TO ! CONCEPT ( 0ECONOMIC CRISIS0 9 ! WIDE/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 

,UP UNTIL REC5TLY A LOT WAS /ILL BE+ SAID 9 ,M>XI/ CIRCLES AB\T A 0COM+ ( ! CRISIS01 & V>I\S /RATEGIES & ORGANIZATIONS W]E BAS$ ON ?IS C]TA9TY4 ,NOT ONLY DID !Y BASE !MSELVES ON ! POSSIBILITY ( COM+ TO A REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T ( TRU? ) ! CLASS 5EMY1 !Y EV5 W5T 9TO DETAIL1 L9K+ ! /RATEGIC FUNCTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY & ! 0W9N+0 *OICE ( G5]ALIZ$ >M$ /RUGGLE TO ! C\RSE ( ! 0CRISIS01 :I* !Y CLAIM$ WAS OBJECTIVE4 

,WE KN[ ?AT ?+S >E NOT LIKE ?AT4 ,BUT ! EV5TS LEAD+ UP TO !IR FL\ND]+ TODAY >E NOT WOR? DISCUSS+4 ,!Y C\LD BE SUMM$ UP AS AN AB\T-TURN 9 P]SPECTIVE DUE TO A FEW BANAL PROBLEMS ( ACC\NTANCY4 ,?+S DIDN'T WORK \T 7BUT />T+ (F ) SU* A PREMISE1 H[ C\LD !Y HAVE87 SO !Y REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! OBJECTIVE ME*ANISM HAD NOT 0FUNCTION$0 AS IT %\LD HAVE DONE4 ,O!RS1 CONV]T+ TO COLLABORATIONISM1 5D$ UP REFUT+ ?IS ME*ANISM ALTOGE!R1 !REBY REVEAL+ ?AT ! M5TAL LIMITATIONS ( TODAY >E ID5TICAL TO ?OSE ( ! PA/1 ONLY ?AT ?OSE ( YE/]DAY W]E CONCEAL$ UND] A MANTLE ( SLOGANS & PREFABRICAT$ IDEAS4 

,! COMPLEXITY ( ! PROBLEM ( 0CRISIS0 

  

,IT IS A KN[N FACT ?AT ,M>XI/S ALSO US$ ?IS CONCEPT ONCE1 AS A =M ( CONSOLATION4 ,AT TIMES1 :5 CONFLICT WAS AT A L[ EBB & HE>TS W]E TEPID1 ! DET]M9I/ TRA9 KEPT *UGG+ ALONG4 ,! CRISIS WORK$ 9 PLACE ( ! REVOLUTION>IES1 ]OD+ AWAY ! HE>T ( ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /RUCTURE & PREP>+ ! FIELD = ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! FUTURE4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! MILITANT :O HAD SACRIFIC$ EV]Y?+ TO REVOLUTION>Y HOPE DID NOT FEEL ! GR\ND MOVE UND] HIS FEET & CONT9U$ TO /RUGGLE1 BELIEV+ HIMSELF TO HAVE AN ALLY CONCEAL$ 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S4 

,AT TIMES1 :5 ! CONTRADICTIONS >E MORE ACUTE & ! LEVEL ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE HEI<T5S AS A RESULT1 DET]M9ISM /ALLS--OR RA!R1 BE+ ( LITTLE USE1 IS PUT BEH9D ! SC5ES4 ,IT IS REPLAC$ ) AN OPPORTUNI/IC VOLUNT>ISM CAPABLE 7OR HOPEFUL7 ( JUMP+ ON ! MOVEM5T'S 9ITIATIVES1 ITS SUDD5 DE/RUCTIVE \TBREAKS & ITS CREATIVE1 SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATIONS4 

,BUT1 QUE/IONS ( BOOKKEEP+ ?AT >E /ILL KEEP+ ! SUPPORT]S ( REVIS$ P[] BUSY ASIDE1 ! PROBLEM /ILL EXI/S 9 =CE4 

,9 ACTUAL FACT ! C\RSE ( ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROCESS IS NOT HOMOG5\S1 NEI!R 9 ! M9UTIAE ( SPECIFIC SITUATIONS NOR 9 ! SITUATION AS A :OLE4 ,!RE >E P]IODS ( ECONOMIC %AK$[N1 CON/ANT LEVELS ( PRODUCTION1 GREAT] 9T]NATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM 7BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC7 ?AT ALT]NATE ) P]IODS DOM9AT$ BY CONTRADICTIONS1 :]E ! :OLE SY/EM SEEMS TO BE REA*+ A CRITICAL PO9T4 

,ECONOMI/S HAVE (T5 SPOK5 ( 0CYCLES01 ?\< !Y NEV] AGREE ON H[ TO ID5TIFY !M4 ,IT C\LD BE SAID ?AT ! *APT] ( CYCLES IS ONE ( ! MO/ AMAZ+ ASPECTS ( ?IS RIDICUL\S SCI5CE4 

,WILL IT EV] BE POSSIBLE = CAPITALI/S TO PUT ORD] 9 ! ECONOMIC SETUP AS A :OLE1 OR 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL /RUCTURES ?AT COMPRISE IT8 ,! ANSW] IS A DEF9ITE 0NO0444 

,A D\BLE 7& ! SAME7 ]ROR 

  

,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT CRISES NECESS>ILY EXI/1 SO WE CAN JU/ CALMLY WAIT = EV5TS TO TAKE US TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T !MSELVES4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y4 ,SU* 0REVOLUTION>Y0 !ORY GOES H& 9 H& ) ! CAPITALI/ !ORY ( 0PLANN+0 7,LONG ,RANGE ,PLANN+74 

,! ]ROR WAS ! SAME 9 EA* CASE4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT ! ECONOMIC 7& SOCIAL7 =MATION WAS A COMPOSITE :OLE HELD TOGE!R BY 9TR9SIC1 WELL-ORD]$1 LAWS :I* A PRECISE SCI5CE 7ECONOMICS7 & ITS *AMB]MAID 7SOCIOLOGY7 /UDI$ & ILLUM9AT$4 ,?IS ALL[$ REVOLUTION>IES ON ! ONE H& & CAPITALI/S ON ! O!R1 TO REA* C]TA9 CONCLUSIONS SO ?AT EA* C\LD SET \T !IR LONG-T]M /RATEGY4 

,IT IS N[ UND]/OOD ?AT CRISES DO NOT EXI/--NOT BECAUSE ! WORLD IS 9 P]FECT ORD]1 BUT BECAUSE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS 9 COMPLETE DISORD]4 ,IT IS CONT9UALLY AT ! M]CY ( TURBUL5CE ?AT CAN AUGM5T OR DIM9I%1 BUT :I* CANNOT BE CONSID]$ A 0CRISIS0 9 ?AT IT DOES NOT 9 ANY WAY CORRESPOND TO 0ANOMAL\S0 SITUATIONS1 BUT SIMPLY TO ! REALITY ( ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SETUP4 ,= ! CAPITALI/S1 ,LONG ,RANGE ,PLANN+ BECAME OBSOLETE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SEV5TIES4 ,ONE C\LD SAY ?AT ! P>ALLEL CONCEPT ( 0CRISIS0 /ILL EXI/S = SOME REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! TIME-LAPSE1 AS WE CAN SEE1 IS CONSID]ABLE4 

,I BELIEVE IT W\LD BE USEFUL TO LOOK AT ! *ANG$ CONDITIONS ( ! ECONOMY--AT LEA/ AT ! MACROECONOMIC LEVEL--9 ORD] TO TRY TO UND]/& ! PR(\ND *ANGES ?AT >E TAK+ PLACE 9 REVOLUTION>Y ANALYZES ?AT SAW 0CRISES0 AS A BORD]L9E CONCEPT1 SO AS TO ALL[ A BETT] USE ( 9/RUM5TS ( RUPTURE4 

,IT IS ALSO A GIV5 ?AT MU* AN>*I/ ANALYSIS IS BAS$ ON SL[ COMPREH5SION1 UNDES]V$ TRANSF]S & UNWANT$ GIFTS4 ,= A LONG TIME IT WAS BELIEV$ ?AT ! ECONOMIC ANALYZES SUPPLI$ BY ! ,M>XI/ *UR* C\LD BE US$ BY SIMPLY DROPP+ A FEW ASSUMPTIONS & ! F9AL CONCLUSION4 ,?IS HAS CAUS$ 5\< PROBLEMS ALREADY4 ,IT W\LD BE WELL TO LOOK = A SOLUTION4 

,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE ,M>XI/ IDEAS 9 ANY WAY AT ALL--EXCEPT TO PURGE !M ( !IR DIALECTICALLY-DET]M9I/ PO/ULATES4 ,?IS 9V>IABLY 5DS UP TRANS=M+ !M 9TO 9DIGE/IBLE BANALITIES4 

,T[>DS A COHABITATION ) DISORD] 

  

,! NE$ TO CON=M TO PRODUCTIVITY =ECA/S BAS$ ON A PRESUM$ ECONOMIC ORD] OR ECONOMIC LAWS1 MADE ! SITUATION ( ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES 7! MA9 ELEM5T ( :AT WE CALL 0CAPITAL07 V]Y RISKY4 ,ANY V>IATION FROM =ECA/S RESULT+ FROM UNEXPECT$ SITUATIONS WAS CONSID]$ SPURI\S & ! LA/+1 CON/ANT NATURE ( OCCURR5CES ?AT W]E CLAIM$ TO BE EXCEPTIONAL ESCAP$ !M4 ,*ANGES 9 LEVELS ( DEM&1 OLIGOPOLI/IC COMPETITION1 CORPORATE DEF5SE ( M>KETS1 PRICE LEVELS1 *ANGES1 CO/S1 OCCUPATIONAL REGULATIONS1 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITION+3 NONE ( ?IS C\LD BE CONSID]$ SIMPLY 0ELEM5TS ( DI/URBANCE0 ?AT CONTRADICT$ ! 0C]TA9TIES0 ( ! ONLY !ORY N[ AU?ORIZ$ TO 9T]PRET REALITY4 

,SO CAPITAL F\ND ITSELF FAC$ ) SURPRISES AT ! /RATEGIC LEVEL4 ,IT CAME UP AGA9/ CONT9UAL *ANGES 9 =ECA/S1 MAK+ IT MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO ADJU/ TO ECONOMIC REALITY4 

,! SUSPICION ?AT ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR AS A :OLE MI<T BE 0IRRATIONAL0 BEGAN TO CAT* ON4 

,/ATE 9T]V5TION1 ESPECIALLY AT ! 5D ( ! SEV5TIES1 WAS UND\BT$LY ONE ASPECT ( A POSSIBLE EQUILIBRIUM1 BUT ?AT ALONE WAS NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,ALSO BECAUSE ,/ATE 9T]V5TION1 DIRECT$ T[>DS R$UC+ ! NEGATIVE ASPECTS ( 0CAPITALI/ COMPETITION01 />T$ TO CONC5TRATE TOO MU* ON ! 9/ITUTIONAL NE$ = SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,BASICALLY ! ,/ATE IS AN ECONOMIC 5T]PRISE ?AT T5DS TO R$UCE ! :OLE ECONOMIC 7& SOCIAL7 REALITY TO ! PRODUCTION ( ONE PRODUCT ALONE3 SOCIAL PEACE4 

,CAPITAL1 SEE+ ITS REFLECTION 9 ! DE=M+ MIRROR ( ! ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 IS WELL AW>E ?AT REG5]ATION ?R\< ,/ATE CAPITALISM IS AN EV5 WORSE EVIL4 ,! LATT] GU>ANTEES ! P]SI/5CE ( P[] BUT DI/ORTS ! CLASSICAL ASPECTS ( CAPITALISM TOO MU*1 DOME/ICAT+ IT )9 ! RE/RICT+ CONF9ES ( AN 9/ITUTIONAL NE$ = CONTROL4 

,BASICALLY !N1 ?9K+ AB\T IT1 ! :OLE PHASE ( SETT+ UP ! 0,/ATE0 AS A CORRECTIVE V>IABLE1 :I* CAME TO AN 5D 9 /RICTLY ECONOMIC T]MS 9 ! E>LY EI<TIES1 ALSO AIM$ TO SUPPORT ITSELF 7AT LEA/ AS F> AS ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES >E CONC]N$7 ) ! GREATE/ TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION 9 HI/ORY2 ! ELECTRONIC ONE4 ,H]E WAS ! 9DISP5SABLE ELEM5T = LIV+ ) ! MON/]4 ,! SOLUTION LAY 9 REA*+ MAXIMUM FLEXIBILITY 9 ! %ORTE/ POSSIBLE TIME4 

,! !ORETICAL EF=T 

  

,! ECONOMI/S HAVE BE5 BUSY4 ,FAC$ ) ! DANG]S ( REMA9+ LOCK$ UP 9 ! S*EMA ( 0CRISIS01 !Y SET TO WORK4 ,FIR/ !Y CRITICIZ$ ! NEOCLASSICAL !ORY ( BUS9ESS 5T]PRISE1 !N ! MANAG]IAL ONE4 ,!Y TRI$ TO LOOK FUR!R 9TO 0UNI=MITY0 SO AS TO CURB ! UNC]TA9TIES CAUS$ BY ! GREAT MULTIPLICITY ( PH5OM5A4 

,!N A CRITIQUE ( 0CRISIS0 SE5 AS ! PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE ( AN ANOMAL\S SITUATION ?AT C\LD BE OV]COME1 WAS =MULAT$4 ,! :OLE ( ! SEV5TIES WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ECONOMIC RESE>* AIM$ AT CRITICIZ+1 9 ! 0NEGATIVE0 S5SE1 ! UNRELIABILITY ( =ECA/S BAS$ ON ! ECONOMIC !ORIES ( ! PA/ 7BO? NEOCLASSICAL & MANAG]IAL1 IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE74 

,F9ALLY1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! EI<TIES1 09/ABILITY0 & ! COMPLEXITY ( PH5OM5A CAME TO BE RECOGNIZ$ AS 9TR9SIC TO ! ECONOMIC SETUP1 & ! IDEA ( ! PRES5CE ( CONTRA/+ =CES ?AT C\LD BE RESOLV$ WAS DISC>D$ = GOOD4 

,ECONOMI/S N[ TALK CLE>LY ( 0NON-REGULABILITY04 ,A GIV5 SITUATION--9 ! %ORT OR V]Y %ORT T]M--ONLY BECOMES COMPREH5SIBLE = ! COMPANY IF ECONOMIC REALITY IS SE5 AS A :OLE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IF IT IS SE5 TO BE DEVOID ( ANY C5T] OR ( ANY 9NATE CAPACITY TO PUT ORD] 9 V>I\S =CES ACT+ ON ! BASIS ( DECISIONS ?AT >E NOT ALWAYS 0RATIONAL04 

,! SOLUTION ?AT ECONOMIC !ORY CAME UP ) 9 RESPONSE TO ?IS PROBLEM WAS SIMPLE4 ,CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE CAN ONLY FACE SU* A SITUATION IF IT DEVELOPS FLEXIBILITY TO A MAXIMUM4 ,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( A 0NEW0 SITUATION1 BUT ( A 0NEW0 WAY ( SEE+ ?+S4 ,! COMPANY MU/ BE FLEXIBLE 9 DECISION-MAK+1 ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 & ITS CAPACITY TO ADAPT TO *ANGE 9 G5]AL4 

,SO COMPANIES >E DEC5TRALIZ+1 PRODUCTION IS NO LONG] A RIGID PROCESS1 ANOMALY HAS BECOME ! RULE4 ,*AOS IS PLAC$ )9 ! REASSUR+ DOCTR9E ( 0ECONOMIC LAW04 

,9 ACTUAL FACT1 *AOS HAS REMA9$ JU/ ?AT4 ,:AT HAS *ANG$ >E ! WAYS ( LOOK+ AT IT4 ,! CAPITALI/ IS LE>N+ TO /RIDE ! MON/]4 ,HE HAS ALWAYS HAD V]Y FEW SCRUPLES & A C]TA9 PIRATE-LIKE BR& ( C\RAGE4 ,EV5 MORE SO TODAY4 ,& !RE >E NO ECONOMIC PRIE/S LEFT TO CONSOLE HIM4 ,IF HE WANTS TO SURVIVE1 HE MU/ DO SO 9 ! %ORT T]M4 ,ROBB]Y & VIOL5CE >E 9CREAS+LY BECOM+ ! WEAPONS ( ! %ORT & M$IUM T]M4 ,GREAT PLANN+ PROJECTS--ONCE (T5 E*O$ BY *ATT] 9 ! SOCIAL FIELD--HAVE BE5 DISC>D$ =EV]4 

,! ECONOMIC !ORY ( ! PA/ HAS COME TO A /ICKY 5D4 ,! NEOCLASSICAL MODEL ?AT !ORIZ$ RATIONAL ECONOMIC CALCULATIONS CLA%+ & F9D+ NATURAL EQUILIBRIUM 9 ! M>KET1 HAVE BE5 DISC>D$4 ,! SAME = ! MANAG]IAL !ORY BAS$ EXCLUSIVELY ON ! FIRM'S /ABILITY & PLANN+ CAPACITY4 

,!SE REMNANTS ( ! PA/ HAVE BE5 DISC>D$ 9 FAVOR ( ! CONCEPT ( PROCE$+ BY 0TRIAL & ]ROR01 N[ COMPLETELY TAK5 OV] BY CYB]NETICS4 ,( C\RSE !SE ATTEMPTS >E ONLY POSSIBLE AFT] ! COMPANY HAS BECOME HI<LY FLEXIBLE & IS CAPABLE ( EX]CIS+ SUFFICI5T CONTROL4 ,NOT CONTROL ( ! 5D PRODUCT4 ,!SE !ORIES ALSO DISC>D$ ! IDEA ( 0B\ND$ RATIONALITY0 ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ! MANAG]IAL !ORIES ( ! SEV5TIES4 

,?IS NEW SITUATION PRES5T$ ! PROBLEM ( H[ ! COMPANY %\LD ACT 9 ! FACE ( ITS 9CAPACITY TO CONTROL EXT]NAL V>IABLES & EV5 A NUMB] ( 9T]NAL ONES CLE>LY4 ,! 0POLITICAL0 COMPON5TS ( ! FIRM1 ! TE*NO/RUCTURE AS DEF9$ BY ! 0LEFT W+0 ,AM]ICAN ECONOMI/S ( ! SEV5TIES1 BECAME ELEM5TS ( UNC]TA9TY4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( MACRO-ANALYSIS1 ! ,/ATE & ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! ECONOMY LOSE ! DET]M9ATION ( ! PREC$+ HYPO!SIS4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( MICROANALYSIS1 9DIVIDUAL FIRMS LOSE ! CAPACITY = /RATEGIC PLANN+4 

,! NEW REALITY IS !RE=E *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( 9/ABILITY 9TO ! 5T]PRISE ITSELF4 ,?IS MEANS ! 5D ( /ABLE RELATIONS BETWE5 COMPANIES1 *ANGES 9 ,/ATE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS 7MORE WEI<T GIV5 TO MA9TA9+ CONS5SUS71 & AN 5D TO FIX$ PROC$URES 9SIDE ! FIRM1 :]E ! TRADITIONAL CAPITALI/ CONCEPT ( ACCUMULATION & QUANTITATIVE GR[? 9 PRODUCTION IS DISAPPE>+4 

,! NEW ME?ODS >E BAS$ ESS5TIALLY ON SPE$Y DECISION-MAK+ & NO 5D ( POSSIBILITIES = *ANG+ PRODUCTION FACTORS4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! MANAG]IAL ASPECT ( ! COMPANY IS *ANG+ CONSID]ABLY4 ,! SCI5CE ( ECONOMIC DECISION-MAK+ IS DISAPPE>+ =EV]1 IT BE+ REPLAC$ BY A PRACTICE 7OR >T IF WE PREF]7 ( EMPIRICAL1 ECLECTIC DECISIONS SKILLFULLY & IMPUD5TLY AIM$ AT 9/ANT PR(IT4 

,ECONOMI/S >E ELABORAT+ ! CONT+5CY !ORY1 A !ORY ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT L9K ! COMPANY TO ! UNIQUE EXT]NAL SITUATION4 ,!SE CANNOT BE SUBMITT$ TO ECONOMIC CALCULATIONS BAS$ ON LAWS1 BUT ONLY TO OBS]VATIONS 9 ! V]Y %ORT T]M BAS$ ON EMPIRICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 ! FRUIT ( 7REC5T7 EXP]I5CES FREE FROM ANY !ORIES BAS$ ON LONG-T]M LAWS4 

,NEO-CAPITALISM'S DREAMS HAVE CRUMBL$ =EV]1 & ) !M ! HUGE FACTORY SETUP1 :I* HAS SE5 ITS DAY4 ,IT HAS BECOME EVID5T ?AT ANALYSIS BAS$ ON A RIGID CONCEPT ( ORGANIZATION W\LD MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE ECONOMIC REALITY AS IT IS1 RESULT+ 9 PREV5T+ ADEQUATE PRODUCTIVE ACTION4 

,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! *ANGES ?AT >E TAK+ PLACE IT IS NECESS>Y TO LOOK AT A FEW ESS5TIAL PO9TS ( ! OLD ECONOMIC ANALYZES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! PRODUCTIVE CYCLE ( ! 5D PRODUCT1 ! CURVE ( CO/-R$UCTION RELAT$ TO ! PROCESSES LEAD+ UP TO IT1 CONC5TRATION 7( BO? 9DIVIDUAL COMPANIES & OLIGOPOLI/IC SECTORIAL GR\PS71 ! SIZE ( ! COMPANY3 ! IDEA ?AT ! SMALL COMPANY REPRES5T$ ! BACKW>D P>T ( ! ECONOMY1 ! FUNCTION ( ,/ATE 9VE/M5T1 ! EXI/5CE ( ADVANC$ 9VE/M5T NUCLEI AT ! TE*NOLOGICAL LEVEL CAPABLE ( 9FLU5C+ ! ECONOMY ( A :OLE >EA--!SE >E SOME ( ! CLASSICAL PO9TS ( ! TRADITIONAL VIEW4 ,!Y >E ALL GRADUALLY DISAPPE>+4 ,! CONCLUSION IS ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO COME \T ) A G5]AL !ORY1 ONLY APPROXIMATIONS 9 ORD] TO LIMIT ! DAMAGE ( CONTRA/ BETWE5 REALITY \TSIDE & ! COMPANY4 

,! 0NEW0 FACTORY IS EM]G+ FROM ?IS UNIQUE MELT+ POT4 

  

,?IS FACTORY IS NO LONG] C5TRALIZ$ & DOES NOT S]VE AS A PO9T ( REF]5CE TO POL>IZE ) EXT]NAL FUNCTIONS & 9T]E/S4 ,AT ONE TIME RESE>*1 MANUFACTUR+1 DI/RIBUTION1 DEM& 7:I* WAS =C$ 9TO CON/ANT GR[?71 PROCUR+ RAW MAT]IALS1 ! SPREAD ( PROP]TY-[N+1 GR[? 9 POLITICAL P[]1 ETC41 W]E ALL ELEM5TS ( PLANN+ BAS$ ON ! 0C5TRAL0 POSITIVISM ( ! FACTORY4 

,! FACTORY NO LONG] MOVES T[>DS CONT9UAL EXPANSION1 NOR DOES IT SEE ITSELF AS ONE COMPACT UNIT4 ,IT CONT9UES TO DEVELOP1 BUT 9 A DIFF]5T WAY4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ?IS CONCEPT4 ,! 0NEW GR[?0 IS BAS$ EXCLUSIVELY ON ! RELATIONS ?AT ! FACTORY E/ABLI%ES ) ! \TSIDE WORLD4 ,AGREEM5TS & PROJECTS GR[ 9 TUNE ) A COMMON LANGUAGE & CODES4 ,NOT ONLY ) O!R FACTORIES 7LIMIT$ BY NATURAL BORD]S71 BUT ) ! 5VIRONM5T AS A :OLE1 ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY & SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,?IS NEW SY/EM 7) ,JAPAN 9 ! LEAD1 F> AHEAD ( ! ,U,S7 IS TRANS=M+ ITSELF FROM A CLOS$ SY/EM 9TO A SITUATION-SY/EM OR1 AS IT HAS BE5 CALL$1 A 0C\NTRY SY/EM04 ,! SITUATION SY/EM SUPPLIES TE*NOLOGY1 PR(ESSIONALISM1 S]VICES1 ! CAPACITY TO OV]COME & IMPROVE LEGAL 9FRA/RUCTURES1 & MAT]IAL1 SOCIAL & IDEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR4 ,9 A WORD1 IT PRODUCES A SUITABLE 5VIRONM5T4 ,NOT ! OBJECTIVE ONE ?AT ! OLD FIRM RELAT$ TO BY TRY+ TO R$UCE ITS NE$ = ORD]1 BUT A RE-ELABORAT$ 5VIRONM5T SUIT$ TO ! NEW CONCEPT ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! FACTORY4 

,:5 WE TALK ( ! 0BREAK+ UP0 ( ! FACTORY1 ?IS CONCEPT %\LD BE BORNE 9 M9D4 ,IT IS NOT SO MU* ONE P>TICUL> SITUATION ?AT IS 0PULV]IZ$0 AS ! :OLE SITUATION 9 ALL ITS COMPLEXITY4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?IS IS N[ POSSIBLE DUE ! PRES5CE ( ELECTRONICS TE*NOLOGY ?AT HAS ABOLI%$ ! CONF9ES ( SPACE & TIME4 ,N[ WORK+ 9 REAL TIME1 ! MOD]N FIRM NO LONG] REQUIRES W>EH\SES & A RIGID PROVISION ( P>TS4 ,IT NO LONG] REQUIRES PRODUCTION UNITS TO BE SET UP = LONG P]IODS ( TIME4 ,IT DOES NOT EV5 NE$ MASSIVE F9ANCIAL 9VE/M5T 9 ORD] TO BR+ AB\T *ANGES 9 PRODUCTION L9ES4 ,ITS FLEXIBILITY IS GR[+ EXPON5TIALLY1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! KEY PROBLEM ( MANP[] HAS BE5 SOLV$ & ! PHANTOM ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE ?AT ACCOMPANI$ IT HAS DISAPPE>$4 

,! MULT9ATIONAL AS WE ONCE KNEW IT HAS ALSO *ANG$4 ,IT IS NO LONG] A GREAT SELF-SUFFICI5T COLOSSUS4 ,!RE IS NOT N[ A C5T] CAPABLE ( IMPOS+ ITS DEVELOPM5T ON ?AT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! NEW MULT9ATIONAL IS L9K$ TO ! 5VIRONM5T ) :I* IT 9T]ACTS1 TRY+ TO TURN ! EXT]NAL CONDITIONS TO ITS ADVANTAGE4 ,IT NO LONG] DOM9ATES ! TE*NOLOGICAL CIRCUITS OR CONTROLS ! M>KET4 ,NO ONE FIRM1 NO MATT] H[ BIG1 CAN CONTROL ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY & DECIDE ON ITS APPLICATION 7OR NOT7 TODAY4 ,! MULT9ATIONAL IS T5D+ TO BECOME A COLLECTIVE SUPRANATIONAL UND]TAK+4 ,IT IS BECOM+ A GREAT COMPLEX ( COMPLEM5T>Y FIRMS L9K$ BY ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION TE*NOLOGY & ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPACITY TO EXPLOIT4 

,REVOLUTION>IES 

  

,:AT WE HAVE DESCRIB$1 ALBEIT ONLY 9 \TL9E1 CANNOT FAIL TO BE ( 9T]E/ TO REVOLUTION>IES4 

,IF ! 05D0 ( CRISES MEANS ?AT CAPITALISM IS SURVIV+ BY ADAPT+ TO ECONOMIC REALITY SE5 AS *AOS1 WE CANNOT TALK ( PROGRAMM+1 PR$ICTABILITY & ECONOMIC 0LAWS04 ,WE CANNOT TALK ( 0CRISES01 MEAN+ SITUATIONS ?AT WILL HAPP5 9 \R FAVOR4 

,WE CANNOT EV5 ?9K ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE AS SOME?+ ?AT HAS ALT]NATE PHASES4 ,( C\RSE1 ! CLA% IS NOT 0CON/ANT0 ?R\<\T TIME1 I4E4 ) MOM5TS ( GREAT] OR LESS] 9T5SITY1 BUT RA!R IT IS A QUE/ION ( QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE *ANGES ?AT CANNOT BE DET]M9I/ICALLY RELAT$ TO SIMPLE ECONOMIC CAUSES4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE IS BAS$ ON A VA/ 9T]WEAV+ ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,NO ANALYSIS CAN GIVE US A SURE ROAD TO MEASURE EXPECTATION & LEGITIMIZE BEHAVIOR4 ,! TIME IS ALWAYS RIPE = ATTACK1 EV5 IF ! CONSEQU5CES CAN OBVI\SLY BE V]Y DIFF]5T4 

,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT WE NE$ TO ?9K AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION CAPABLE ( RESPOND+ TO ! REALITY ( ! CLASS CLA% AS IT /&S TODAY4 

,! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES ( ! PA/--FROM P>TY TO F$]AT$ GR\P1 FROM TRADE UNIONISM TO WORK]S' C\NCILS--MORE OR LESS CORRESPOND$ TO A CONCEPT ( ECONOMIC REALITY ?AT SAW ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE AS ! C5T]1 A CONC5TRATION ( P[] & EXPLOITATION4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT AN EQUALLY MONOLI?IC /RUCTURE 7UNION1 P>TY1 F$]ATION7 WAS ! LOGICAL WAY TO OPPOSE IT4 

,NOT ONLY HAS PRODUCTIVE REALITY *ANG$1 WE HAVE ALSO *ANG$ \R WAY ( LOOK+ AT IT4 ,EV5 9 ! PA/1 :5 WE SWORE ON ET]NAL ECONOMIC LAWS1 ! REALITY ( PRODUCTION WAS ACTUALLY *AOTIC & SY/EMATICALLY P5ALIZ$ US :5 WE APPROA*$ IT ! WRONG WAY4 ,P]HAPS CONCEPTS ( 0ECONOMIC CYCLES0 & 0CRISES0 %\LD BE SE5 9 ?IS LI<T4 

,A DIFF]5T ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE /ILL L>GELY NE$S TO BE ?\<T \T & REALIZ$1 BUT C]TA9LY DOES NOT NE$ TO BE 9V5T$ ANEW4 ,?IS TASK IS ESS5TIAL 9 \R OP9ION4 ,ANYONE ATTEMPT+ TO RESUSCITATE ! CORPSES ( ! OLD ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES 79 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 P>TY ( C\RSE7 %\LD EXPLA9 H[ !Y /& 9 ! FACE ( AN ECONOMIC 7& SOCIAL7 REALITY ?AT IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE COMPREH5SIBLE AS 9DET]M9ISM1 C]TA9LY NOT ?R\< FIX$ ECONOMIC LAWS4 ,:5EV] !RE IS AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE A REVOLUTION>Y PROPOSAL TI$ TO IMAGES ( ! PA/ 7P>TIES1 F$]ATIONS1 GR\PS1 SYNDICALISM1 ETC71 ONE SEES H[ ECONOMIC REALITY IS /ILL SE5 AS BE+ L9K$ TO ! ASSUMPTION ?AT MORE OR LESS RIGID LAWS CONT9UE TO EXI/4 

,:5 !SE LAWS >E TAK5 = GRANT$1 OR >E TIMIDLY HELD BETWE5 ! L9ES1 FAI? 9 ECONOMIC CYCLES ( 0CRISES0 COMES TO ! =E4 ,& AS WE KN[1 ?IS FAI?1 JU/ LIKE ANY O!R1 TURNS \T TO BE V]Y COM=T+ :5 TIMES >E H>D4 

,AFF9ITY 

  

,AN>*I/S HAVE A CONTRADICTORY RELATION%IP ) ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION4 

,ON ! ONE H& !RE >E ?OSE :O ACCEPT A P]MAN5T /RUCTURE DIVID$ 9TO COMMISSIONS ) A WELL-DEF9$ PROGRAM & MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL 7EV5 IF ONLY A FEW71 :ILE ON ! O!R !RE >E ?OSE :O REFUSE ANY /ABLE RELATION%IP1 EV5 9 ! %ORT T]M4 

,CLASSICAL AN>*I/ F$]ATIONS & 9DIVIDUALI/S >E ! TWO EXTREMES ( AN ESCAPE FROM ! REALITY ( ! CLA%4 ,! COMRADE ?AT BELONGS TO AN ORGANIZ$ /RUCTURE HOPES ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION WILL BE ! RESULT ( A GR[? 9 NUMB]S1 SO DELUDES HIMSELF ?AT ! /RUCTURE IS CAPABLE ( CONTROLL+ ANY AU?ORIT>IAN 9VOLUTION OR CONCESSION TO ! P>TY LOGIC4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/ COMRADE IS CONC]N$ AB\T HIS EGO & FE>S ANY =M ( CONTAM9ATION1 ANY CONCESSION TO OR ACTIVE COLLABORATION ) O!RS1 BELIEV+ ?AT W\LD BE GIV+ 9 & COMPROMIS+4 

,?IS TURNS \T TO BE ! NATURAL CONSEQU5CE1 EV5 = COMRADES :O CONSID] ! PROBLEM ( SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION & ! F$]ATION ( GR\PS CRITICALLY4 

,! ORGANIZATION IS ?US BORN BE=E ANY /RUGGLES TAKE PLACE & 5DS UP ADAPT+ TO ! IDEA ( A C]TA9 K9D ( /RUGGLE :I*--AT LEA/ ONE SUPPOSES--IS TO MAKE ! ORGANIZATION ITSELF GR[4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! /RUCTURE HAS A VIC>I\S RELATION%IP ) ! REPRESSIVE 9ITIATIVES ( P[]1 :I* = V>I\S REASONS DOM9ATE ! SC5E ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,RESI/ANCE & ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! EXPLOIT$ >E SE5 AS MOLECUL> ELEM5TS TO BE GRASP$ H]E & !RE1 BUT :I* ONLY BECOME MEAN+FUL ON 5T]+ & BECOM+ P>T ( ! SPECIFIC /RUCTURE OR :5 !Y ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE REGR\P$ 9TO MASS ORGANISMS UND] ! 7MORE OR LESS DIRECT7 LEAD]%IP ( ! LATT]4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 ONE IS ALWAYS WAIT+4 ,IT IS AS ?\< WE >E ALL 9 PROVISIONAL LIB]TY4 ,WE SCRUT9IZE ! ATTITUDES ( P[]1 KEEP+ READY TO REACT 7ALWAYS )9 ! LIMITS ( ! POSSIBLE7 AGA9/ ! REPRESSION ?AT /RIKES US1 BUT H>DLY EV] TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE & 9T]V5E 9 FIR/ P]SON1 UPTURN+ ! LOGIC ( LOS]S4 ,ANYONE SEE+ !MSELVES 9 /RUCTUR$ ORGANIZATIONS EXPECTS TO SEE ! NUMB] ( !IR MEMB]S GR[4 ,ANYONE WORK+ )9 MASS /RUCTURES 79 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ OPTIC = EXAMPLE7 IS EXPECT+ TODAY'S LITTLE DEM&S TO TURN 9TO GREAT REVOLUTION>Y RESULTS 9 ! FUTURE4 ,?OSE :O REFUSE ALL ?AT BUT ALSO SP5D !IR TIME WAIT+1 :O KN[S :AT =1 >E (T5 /UCK 9 RES5TM5T AGA9/ ALL & EV]Y?+1 SURE ( !IR [N IDEAS )\T REALIZ+ ?AT !Y >E NO MORE ?AN ! FLIP SIDE ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL & PROGRAMMATICAL /ANCE4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO DO SOME?+ ELSE4 

,WE />T (F FROM ! CONSID]ATION ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE CONTACT ) O!R COMRADES 9 ORD] TO PASS TO ACTION4 ,SO LONG AS \R /RUGGLE IS R$UC$ TO PLATONIC PROTE/1 NO MATT] H[ BLOODY & T]RIBLE IT S\NDS1 BUT IS /ILL PLATONIC1 WE >E NOT 9 A CONDITION TO ACT ALONE4 ,IF WE WANT TO ACT ON REALITY 9CISIVELY WE NE$ TO BE MANY4 

,H[ CAN WE F9D \R COMRADES8 ,WE HAVE GOT RID ( PROGRAMS & PLAT=MS 9 ADVANCE1 REJECT+ !M ONCE & = ALL4 ,SO :AT IS LEFT8 

,AFF9ITY4 

,AFF9ITIES & DIV]G5CE EXI/ AMONG AN>*I/S4 ,I AM NOT TALK+ AB\T P]SONAL AFF9ITY H]E1 I4E4 S5TIM5TAL ASPECTS ?AT (T5 BR+ COMRADES TOGE!R 79 ! FIR/ PLACE LOVE1 FRI5D%IP1 SYMPA?Y1 ETC471 ,I AM TALK+ AB\T A DEEP5+ ( RECIPROCAL KN[L$GE4 ,! MORE ?IS GR[S1 ! GREAT] ! AFF9ITY CAN BECOME4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! CONTR>Y1 DIV]G5CES CAN TURN \T TO BE SO GREAT AS TO MAKE ANY ACTION IMPOSSIBLE4 ,SO ! SOLUTION LIES 9 A GR[? 9 RECIPROCAL KN[L$GE ?AT IS DEVELOP$ ?R\< A PROJECTUAL CONSID]ATION ( ! V>I\S PROBLEMS ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE PRES5TS US )4 

,!RE >E A :OLE RANGE ( PROBLEMS ?AT WE WANT TO FACE1 & USUALLY WE >E C>EFUL NOT TO GO 9TO !M TOO DEEPLY4 ,WE (T5 LIMIT \RSELVES TO ?+S CLOSE TO US BECAUSE !Y AFFECT US MO/ 7REPRESSION1 PRISON1 ETC474 

,BUT IT IS PRECISELY \R CAPACITY TO EXAM9E A SPECIFIC PROBLEM ?AT OP5S UP ! WAY TO CREAT+ ! CONDITIONS = AFF9ITY4 ,?IS CAN OBVI\SLY NEV] BE COMPLETE 7EXCEPT 9 V]Y R>E CASES71 BUT CAN BE 5\< = CREAT+ RELATIONS DISPOS$ T[>DS ACT+4 

,IF WE RE/RICT \R 9T]V5TION TO ! OBVI\S ASPECTS ( :AT WE CONSID] ! MA9 PROBLEMS TO BE1 WE WILL NEV] F9D ! AFF9ITY WE DESIRE4 ,WE WILL CON/ANTLY BE W&]+ >\ND AT ! M]CY ( SUDD5 UNEXPECT$ CONTRADICTIONS ?AT C\LD UPTURN ANY PROJECT ( 9T]V5TION 9 REALITY4 ,I 9SI/ ON PO9T+ \T ?AT AFF9ITY %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) S5TIM5T4 ,WE CAN RECOGNIZE AFF9ITY ) COMRADES ?AT WE DO NOT P>TICUL>LY LIKE1 JU/ AS WE CAN LIKE COMRADES ) :OM WE HAVE NO AFF9ITY4 

,AMONG O!R ?+S1 IT IS IMPORTANT NOT TO LET ONESELF BE H9D]$ BY FALSE PROBLEMS SU* AS A PRESUM$ DI/9CTION BETWE5 FEEL+S & POLITICAL MOTIVATIONS4 ,FROM :AT WE HAVE JU/ SAID IT MI<T SEEM ?AT FEEL+S %\LD BE KEPT SEP>ATE FROM POLITICAL ANALYSIS1 SO WE C\LD LOVE SOMEONE & NOT %>E !IR IDEAS AT ALL & VICE V]SA4 ,?AT IS R\<LY POSSIBLE1 NO MATT] H[ LAC]AT+ IT MI<T BE4 ,! P]SONAL ASPECT 7OR ?AT ( FEEL+S IF Y\ LIKE7 MU/ BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! ABOVE CONCEPT ( GO+ 9TO ! RANGE ( PROBLEMS1 AS 9/9CTIVELY SUCCUMB+ TO \R IMPULSES (T5 SIGNIFIES A LACK ( REFLECTION & ANALYSIS1 OR NOT BE+ ABLE TO ADMIT TO SIMPLY BE+ POSSESS$ BY GOD4 

,N[ A FIR/ APPROXIMATION ( \R WAY ( CONSID]+ ! AN>*I/ GR\P BEG9SS TO EM]GE1 EV5 NEBUL\SLY1 A NUMB] ( COMRADES L9K$ BY A COMMON AFF9ITY4 

,! MORE ! PROJECT ?AT !SE COMRADES >E BUILD+ TOGE!R IS GONE 9TO1 ! GREAT] !IR AFF9ITY WILL BECOME4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT REAL ORGANIZATION1 ! EFFECTIVE 7NOT ILLUSORY7 CAPACITY TO ACT TOGE!R1 I4E4 F9D EA* O!R1 MAKE ANALYZES & PASS TO ACTION1 IS RELAT$ TO ! LEVEL ( AFF9ITY REA*$ & HAS NO?+ TO DO ) MORE OR LESS CAM\FLAG$ MONOGRAMS1 PROGRAMS1 PLAT=MS1 FLAGS OR P>TIES4 

,! AFF9ITY GR\P IS !RE=E A SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION ?AT COMES TOGE!R ON ! BASIS ( COMMON AFF9ITIES4 ,!Y CANNOT ALL BE ID5TICAL1 DIFF]5T COMRADES WILL HAVE 9F9ITE AFF9ITY /RUCTURES1 ALL ! MORE V>I$ ! WID] ! EF=T ( ANALYTICAL QUE/ REA*$4 

,IT FOLL[S ?AT !SE COMRADES WILL ALSO T5D T[>DS QUANTITATIVE GR[?1 :I* IS LIMIT$ H[EV] & NOT ! MA9 AIM ( ! ACTIVITY4 ,GR[? 9 NUMB]S IS 9DISP5SABLE = ACTION & IT IS ALSO A TE/ ( ! BREAD? ( ! ANALYZES ?AT ONE IS DEVELOP+ & ITS CAPACITY TO GRADUALLY DISCOV] AFF9ITY ) A GREAT] NUMB] ( COMRADES4 

,IT FOLL[S ?AT ! ORGANISM ?US BORN WILL 5D UP GIV+ ITSELF MEANS ( 9T]V5TION 9 COMMON4 ,FIR/1 AN 9/RUM5T ( DEBATE NECESS>Y = ANALYSIS CAPABLE1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 ( SUPPLY+ 9DICATIONS ON A WIDE RANGE ( PROBLEMS & AT ! SAME TIME CON/ITUT+ A PO9T ( REF]5CE = ! V]IFICATION--AT A P]SONAL OR COLLECTIVE LEVEL--( ! AFF9ITIES OR DIV]G5CES ?AT >ISE4 

,LA/LY IT %\LD BE SAID ?AT AL?\< ! ELEM5T ?AT HOLDS A GR\P ( ?IS K9D TOGE!R IS UND\BT$LY AFF9ITY1 ITS PROPULSIVE ASPECT IS ACTION4 ,TO LIMIT ONESELF TO ! FIR/ ELEM5T & LEAVE ! O!R 9 SECOND PLACE W\LD RESULT 9 RELATION%IPS WI!R+ 9 ,BYZANTIAN P]FECTIONISM4 

,9=MAL ORGANIZATION 

  

,FIR/ LET US MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! 9=MAL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION & ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ( SYN!SIS4 ,CONSID]ABLE CL>IFICATION WILL EM]GE FROM ?IS DI/9CTION4 ,:AT IS AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ( SYN!SIS8 ,IT IS AN ORGANIZATION COMPOS$ ( GR\PS OR 9DIVIDUALS ?AT RELATE TO EA* O!R MORE OR LESS CON/ANTLY & HAVE P]IODICAL CONGRESSES4 ,BASIC !ORETICAL ANALYZES >E DISCUSS$ AT !SE MEET+S1 A PROGRAM IS PREP>$ & TASKS %>$ \T COV]+ A :OLE RANGE ( 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! SOCIAL FIELD4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! ORGANIZATION SETS ITSELF UP AS A PO9T ( REF]5CE1 A /RUCTURE ?AT IS CAPABLE ( SYN!SIZ+ ! /RUGGLES TAK+ PLACE 9 ! REALITY ( ! CLASS CLA%4 ,ITS COMMISSIONS 7S+LE COMRADES OR GR\PS7 9T]V5E 9 DIFF]5T /RUGGLES & GIVE !IR CONTRIBUTION 9 FIR/ P]SON1 )\T = ?AT LOS+ SITE ( ! !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL ORI5TATION ( ! ORGANIZATION AS A :OLE AS WAS DECID$ AT ! LA/ CONGRESS4 ,:5 ?IS K9D ( ORGANIZATION DEVELOPS FULLY 7AS HAPP5$ 9 ,SPA9 9 '#c#f7 IT />TS TO DANG]\SLY RESEMBLE A P>TY4 ,SYN!SIS BECOMES CONTROL4 ,( C\RSE1 9 MOM5TS ( SLACK ?IS 9VOLUTION IS LESS VISIBLE & MI<T EV5 SEEM AN 9SULT1 BUT AT O!R TIMES IT BECOMES MORE EVID5T4 ,9 SUB/ANCE1 9 ! 7SPECIFIC1 AN>*I/7 ORGANIZATION ( SYN!SIS1 A NUCLEUS ( SPECIALI/S WORKS \T PROPOSALS BO? AT A !ORETICAL & IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL1 ADAPT+ !M AS F> AS POSSIBLE TO ! PROGRAM ?AT IS R\<LY E/ABLI%$ AT ! CONGRESS4 ,! %IFT AWAY FROM ?IS PROGRAM CAN ALSO BE CONSID]ABLE 7AFT] ALL1 AN>*I/S W\LD NEV] ADMIT TO ADH]+ TO ANY?+ TOO SLAVI%LY71 BUT :5 ?IS OCCURS C>E IS TAK5 TO COME BACK TO ! L9E PREVI\SLY DECID$ UPON AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,! PROJECT ( ?IS ORGANIZATION IS !RE=E ?AT ( BE+ PRES5T 9 V>I\S SITUATIONS3 ANTIMILIT>ISM1 NUCLE> P[]1 UNIONS1 PRISONS1 ECOLOGY1 9T]V5TIONS 9 LIV+ >EAS1 UNEMPLOYM5T1 S*OOLS1 ETC4 ,?IS PRES5CE IS EI!R DIRECT OR ?R\< P>TICIPATION 9 9T]V5TIONS MANAG$ BY O!R COMRADES OR ORGANIZATIONS 7AN>*I/ OR NOT74 ,CLE>LY ANY P>TICIPATION AIM$ AT BR++ ! /RUGGLE 9TO ! PROJECT ( SYN!SIS CANNOT BE AUTONOM\S4 ,IT CANNOT REALLY ADAPT TO ! CONDITIONS ( ! /RUGGLE OR COLLABORATE EFFECTIVELY 9 A CLE> PLAN ) ! O!R REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 ,EV]Y?+ MU/ EI!R PASS ?R\< ! IDEOLOGICAL FILT] ( SYN!SIS OR COMPLY ) ! CONDITIONS APPROV$ E>LI] DUR+ ! CONGRESS4 ,?IS SITUATION1 :I* IS NOT ALWAYS AS RIGID AS IT MI<T SEEM H]E1 LEADS TO ORGANIZATIONS ( SYN!SIS DRAGG+ /RUGGLES TO ! MO/ BASIC LEVEL1 PROPOS+ CAUTION & US+ CONTRIVANCES AIM$ AT R$IM5SION+ ANY FLI<T =W>D1 ANY OBJECTIVE ?AT IS TOO OP5 OR MEANS ?AT MI<T BE DANG]\S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF A GR\P BELONG+ TO ?IS K9D ( ORGANIZATION 7( SYN!SIS1 BUT ALWAYS AN>*I/ & SPECIFIC7 W]E TO ADH]E TO A /RUCTURE ?AT IS /RUGGL+1 LET US SAY1 AGA9/ REPRESSION1 IT W\LD BE =C$ TO CONSID] ! ACTIONS PROPOS$ BY ?IS /RUCTURE 9 ! LI<T ( ! ANALYZES ?AT HAD R\<LY BE5 APPROV$ AT ! CONGRESS4 ,! /RUCTURE W\LD EI!R HAVE TO ACCEPT !SE ANALYZES1 OR ! GR\P BELONG+ TO ! ORGANIZATION ( SYN!SIS W\LD /OP ITS COLLABORATION 7IF IT IS 9 A M9ORITY7 OR IMPOSE ! EXPULSION 79 FACT1 EV5 IF NOT ) A PRECISE MOTION7 ( ?OSE PROPOS+ DIFF]5T ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE4 ,SOME PEOPLE MI<T NOT LIKE IT1 BUT ?AT IS EXACTLY H[ ?+S WORK4 ,ONE MI<T ASK ONESELF :Y ON E>? ! PROPOSAL ( ! GR\P BELONG+ TO ! ORGANIZATION ( SYN!SIS MU/ BY DEF9ITION ALWAYS BE MORE BACKW>D1 I4E4 9 ! RE>GU>D1 OR MORE CAUTI\S ?AN O!RS CONC]N+ POSSIBLE ACTIONS ( ATTACK AGA9/ ! /RUCTURES ( REPRESSION & SOCIAL CONS5SUS4 ,:Y IS ?AT8 ,! ANSW] IS SIMPLE4 ,! SPECIFIC AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ( SYN!SIS HAS GR[? 9 NUMB]S AS ITS BASIC AIM4 ,IT NE$S AN OP]ATIVE =CE ?AT MU/ GR[4 ,NOT TO 9F9ITY EXACTLY1 BUT ALMO/4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! CONTR>Y IT W\LD NOT HAVE ! CAPACITY TO 9T]V5E 9 ! V>I\S /RUGGLES OR EV5 BE ABLE TO C>RY \T ITS [N MA9 TASK3 ?AT ( MOV+ T[>DS SYN!SIS )9 ONE S+LE PO9T ( REF]5CE4 ,N[1 AN ORGANIZATION ?AT HAS 9CREASE 9 MEMB]S AS ITS MA9 AIM MU/ GU>ANTEE PROSELYTISM & PLURALISM4 ,IT CANNOT TAKE A CLE> POSITION ON ANY SPECIFIC PROBLEM BUT MU/ ALWAYS F9D A MIDDLE ROAD1 A POLITICAL ROAD ?AT UPSETS ! SMALLE/ NUMB] & TURNS \T TO BE ACCEPTABLE TO MO/4 ,! CORRECT POSITION CONC]N+ C]TA9 PROBLEMATICS1 REPRESSION & PRISON 9 P>TICUL>1 IS (T5 ! MO/ DANG]\S ONE1 & NO GR\P CAN PUT !IR ORGANIZATION AT RISK )\T FIR/ AGREE+ ) ! O!R MEMB] GR\PS4 ,BUT ?AT CAN ONLY HAPP5 9 CONGRESS1 OR AT AN EXTRAORD9>Y MEET+1 & WE >E WELL AW>E ?AT IT IS ALWAYS ! MO/ MOD]ATE OP9ION ?AT PREVAILS ON SU* OCCASIONS1 C]TA9LY NOT ! MO/ ADVANC$4 ,SO1 UNAVOIDABLY ! PRES5CE ( ! ORGANIZATION ( SYN!SIS 9 ACTUAL /RUGGLES1 /RUGGLES REA*+ ! ESS5CE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 BECOMES A BRAKE & CONTROL 7(T5 9VOLUNT>ILY1 BUT IT IS /ILL A QUE/ION ( CONTROL74 

,! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION DOES NOT PRES5T SU* PROBLEMS4 ,AFF9ITY GR\PS & COMRADES ?AT SEE !MSELVES 9 AN 9=MAL K9D ( PROJECTUALITY COME TOGE!R 9 ACTION1 C]TA9LY NOT BY ADH]+ TO A PROGRAM ?AT HAS BE5 FIX$ AT A CONGRESS4 ,!Y BR+ AB\T ! PROJECT !MSELVES1 9 !IR ANALYZES & ACTIONS4 ,IT CAN OCCASIONALLY HAVE A PO9T ( REF]5CE 9 A PUBLICATION OR A S]IES ( MEET+S1 BUT ONLY 9 ORD] TO FACILITATE ?+S1 :]EAS IT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) CONGRESSES & SU* LIKE4 ,! COMRADES :O RECOGNIZE !MSELVES 9 AN 9=MAL ORGANIZATION >E AUTOMATICALLY P>T ( IT4 ,!Y KEEP 9 CONTACT ) ! O!R COMRADES ?R\< A PAP] OR BY O!R MEANS1 BUT1 MORE IMPORTANT1 !Y DO SO BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! V>I\S ACTIONS1 DEMON/RATIONS1 5C\NT]S1 ETC41 ?AT TAKE PLACE FROM TIME TO TIME4 ,! MA9 V]IFICATION & ANALYSIS !RE=E COMES AB\T DUR+ MOM5TS ( /RUGGLE4 ,TO BEG9 ) !SE MI<T SIMPLY BE MOM5TS ( !ORETICAL V]IFICATION1 TURN+ 9TO SOME?+ MORE LAT] ON4 

,9 AN 9=MAL ORGANIZATION !RE IS NO QUE/ION ( SYN!SIS4 ,!RE IS NO DESIRE TO BE PRES5T 9 ALL ! DIFF]5T SITUATIONS & EV5 LESS TO =MULATE A PROJECT ?AT TAKES ! /RUGGLES 9TO ! DEP?S ( A PROGRAM ?AT HAS BE5 APPROV$ 9 ADVANCE4 

,! ONLY CON/ANT PO9TS ( REF]5CE >E 9SURRECTIONAL ME?ODS3 9 O!R WORDS SELF-ORGANIZATION ( /RUGGLES1 P]MAN5T CONFLICTUALITY & ATTACK4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT 

  

,! V>I\S ASPECTS ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY >E NOT EASILY GRASP$4 ,IT IS EV5 MORE DIFFICULT TO SEE EV]Y?+ 9 T]MS ( A COMPLEX PROJECT ) ITS [N LOGIC & >TICULATION4 ,?AT IS :AT ,I MEAN BY REVOLUTION>Y WORK4 

,WE ALL1 OR NE>LY ALL1 AGREE AS TO :O ! 5EMY IS4 ,9 ?IS VAGUE DEF9ITION WE 9CLUDE ELEM5TS FROM \R P]SONAL EXP]I5CE 7JOY & SUFF]+7 AS WELL AS \R SOCIAL SITUATION & \R CULTURE4 ,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT WE HAVE EV]Y?+ WE NE$ TO DRAW UP A MAP ( ! 5EMY T]RITORY & ID5TIFY OBJECTIVES & RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,TIMES *ANGE ( C\RSE1 BUT WE DON'T TAKE ANY NOTICE4 ,WE MAKE ! NECESS>Y ADJU/M5TS & C>RY ON4 

,OBSCURE 9 \R WAY ( PROCE$+1 \R SURR\ND+S ALSO OBSCURE1 WE LI<T UP \R PA? ) ! MIS]ABLE C&LE ( IDEOLOGY & /RIDE AHEAD4 

,! TRAGIC ?+ IS ?AT EV5TS >\ND US *ANGE1 (T5 RAPIDLY4 ,! T]MS ( ! CLASS RELATION%IP >E CON/ANTLY WID5+ & N>R[+ 9 A CONTRADICTORY SITUATION4 ,ONE DAY !Y REVEAL !MSELVES ONLY TO CONCEAL !MSELVES ! NEXT AS ! C]TA9TIES ( YE/]YE> PRECIPITATE 9TO ! D>KNESS ( ! PRES5T4 

,ANYONE KEEP+ A CON/ANT1 ALBEIT NON /ATIC1 POSITION IS NOT APPRECIAT$ AS A =?RI<T NAVIGATOR 9 ! SEA ( CLASS CONFUSION BUT T5DS TO BE SE5 AS JU/ A /UBBORN OLD *ANT] ( AB/RACT1 IDEOLOGICAL SLOGANS4 ,:OEV] P]SI/S 9 SEE+ ! 5EMY 9SIDE ! UNI=M1 BEH9D ! FACTORY1 9 ! M9I/RY1 S*OOL1 *UR*1 ETC41 IS CONSID]$ SUSPECT4 ,!RE IS A DESIRE TO SUB/ITUTE H>% REALITY ) AB/RACT RELATIONS & RELATIVITY4 ,SO ! ,/ATE 5DS UP BECOM+ A WAY ( SEE+ ?+S & 9DIVIDUALS1 ) ! RESULT ?AT1 BE+ AN IDEA1 IT CANNOT BE F\<T4 ,! DESIRE TO FI<T IT 9 AB/RACT 9 ! HOPE ?AT ITS MAT]IAL REALITY1 M5 & 9/ITUTIONS1 WILL PRECIPITATE 9TO ! ABYSS ( LOGICAL CONTRADICTION1 IS A TRAGIC ILLUSION4 ,?IS IS :AT USUALLY HAPP5S AT TIMES LIKE ?IS :5 !RE IS A LULL BO? 9 ! /RUGGLE & 9 PROPOSALS = ACTION4 

,NO ONE ) ANY SELF RESPECT W\LD ADMIT TO ! ,/ATE'S HAV+ ANY POSITIVE FUNCTION4 ,H5CE ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ?AT IT HAS A NEGATIVE ONE1 I4E4 ?AT IT DAMAGES SOME = ! B5EFIT ( O!RS4 ,BUT ! ,/ATE IS NOT JU/ ! IDEA ,/ATE1 IT IS ALSO ! '?+ ,/ATE'1 & ?IS '?+' IS COMPOS$ ( ! POLICEMAN & ! POLICE /ATION1 ! M9I/] & ! M9I/RY 79CLUD+ ! BUILD+ :]E ! M9I/RY HAS ITS (FICES71 ! PRIE/ & ! *UR* 79CLUD+ ! ACTUAL PLACE :]E ! CULT ( LIES & SW9DL+ TAKES PLACE71 ! BANK] & ! BANK1 ! SPECULATOR & HIS PREMISES1 RI<T D[N TO ! 9DIVIDUAL SPY & HIS MORE OR LESS COM=TABLE FLAT 9 ! SUBURBS4 ,EI!R ! ,/ATE IS ?IS >TICULAT$ :OLE OR IT IS NO?+1 A M]E AB/RACTION1 A !ORETICAL MODEL ?AT C\LD NEV] BE ATTACK$ & DEFEAT$4 

,! ,/ATE ALSO EXI/S 9SIDE US1 ( C\RSE SO IS ALSO I D E A4 ,BUT ?IS BE+ AN IDEA IS SUBORD9ATE TO ! PHYSICAL PLACES & P]SONS ?AT REALIZE IT4 ,AN ATTACK ON ! IDEA ( ,/ATE 79CLUD+ ?AT :I* WE H>BOR 9SIDE US1 (T5 )\T REALIZ+ IT7 IS ONLY POSSIBLE IF WE DO SO CONCRETELY ON ITS HI/ORICAL REALIZATION ?AT /&S !RE BE=E US 9 FLE% & BLOOD4 

,:AT DO WE MEAN BY ATTACK8 ,?+S >E SOLID4 ,M5 DEF5D !MSELVES1 TAKE MEASURES4 ,& ! *OICE ( ! MEANS ( ATTACK IS ALSO OP5 TO CONFUSION4 ,WE CAN 7OR RA!R MU/7 ATTACK ) IDEAS1 OPPOSE CRITIQUE TO CRITIQUE1 LOGIC TO LOGIC1 ANALYSIS TO ANALYSIS4 ,BUT ?AT W\LD BE A PO9TLESS EX]CISE IF IT W]E TO COME AB\T 9 ISOLATION1 CUT (F FROM DIRECT 9T]V5TION ON ! ?+S & M5 ( ! ,/ATE 7& CAPITAL ( C\RSE74 ,SO1 9 RELATION TO :AT WE SAID E>LI]1 ATTACK NOT ONLY ) IDEAS BUT ALSO ) WEAPONS4 ,I SEE NO O!R WAY \T4 ,TO LIMIT ONESELF TO AN IDEOLOGICAL DUEL W\LD M]ELY AUGM5T ! /R5G? ( ! 5EMY4 

,!ORETICAL EXAM9ATION !RE=E1 ALONGSIDE & AT ! SAME TIME AS PRACTICAL ATTACK4 

,MOREOV]1 IT IS PRECISELY 9 ! ATTACK ?AT !ORY TRANS=MS ITSELF & PRACTICE EXPRESSES ITS !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS4 ,TO LIMIT ONESELF TO !ORY W\LD BE TO REMA9 9 ! FIELD ( IDEALISM TYPICAL ( ! B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY ?AT HAS BE5 FILL+ ! C(F]S ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS = HUNDR$S ( YE>S1 AS WELL AS ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS ( ! EXP]IM5T]S ( BO? ,RI<T & ,LEFT4 ,IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE IF ?IS DISGUISES ITSELF AS HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 IT IS /ILL A QUE/ION ( ! OLD PHAGOCYTIC IDEALISM4 ,LIB]T>IAN MAT]IALISM MU/ NECESS>ILY GO BEYOND ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 IDEA & DE$4 ,IF Y\ ID5TIFY ! 5EMY Y\ MU/ /RIKE1 & /RIKE ADEQUATELY4 ,NOT SO MU* 9 ! S5SE ( AN OPTIMAL LEVEL ( DE/RUCTION AS ?AT ( ! G5]AL SITUATION ( ! 5EMY'S DEF5SES1 ITS PROSPECTS ( SURVIVAL & ! 9CREAS+ DANG] IT REPRES5TS4 

,IF Y\ /RIKE IT IS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY P>T ( !IR /RUCTURE1 MAK+ !IR FUNCTION+ AS A :OLE MORE DIFFICULT4 ,& IF ?IS IS DONE 9 ISOLATION IT MI<T SEEM 9SIGNIFICANT1 IT DOES NOT SUCCE$ 9 BECOM+ A REALITY4 ,= ?IS TRANS=MATION TO COME AB\T IT IS NECESS>Y = ! ATTACK TO BE ACCOMPANI$ BY A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! 5EMY'S IDEAS1 ! IDEAS ?AT >E 9TR9SIC TO ITS REPRESSIVE & OPPRESSIVE ACTION4 

,BUT %\LD ?IS RECIPROCAL CROSS+ ( PRACTICAL ACTION 9TO !ORETICAL ACTION & !ORETICAL 9TO PRACTICAL COME AB\T >TIFICIALLY8 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! S5SE ( REALIZ+ AN ACTION & !N PR9T+ A F9E DOCUM5T CLAIM+ IT4 ,! IDEAS ( ! 5EMY >E NOT CRITICIZ$ OR GONE 9TO 9 ?IS WAY4 ,!Y >E CRY/ALLIZ$ )9 ! IDEOLOGICAL PROCESS1 APPE>+ TO BE MASSIVELY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! IDEAS ( ! ATTACK] AS !Y >E TRANSF]R$ 9TO SOME?+ QUITE IDEOLOGICAL4 ,FEW ?+S >E AS OBNOXI\S TO ME AS ?IS WAY ( PROCE$+4 ,! PLACE = ! C O N V E R S I O N ( !ORY 9TO PRACTICE & VICE V]SA1 IS ! P R O J E C T4 ,IT IS ! PROJECT AS AN >TICULAT$ :OLE ?AT GIVES PRACTICAL ACTION A DIFF]5T SIGNIFICANCE1 MAKES IT A CRITIQUE ( ! IDEAS ( ! 5EMY4 ,IT 5SUES FROM ?IS ?AT ! WORK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IS ESS5TIALLY ! ELABORATION & REALIZATION ( A PROJECT4 

,BUT BE=E DISCOV]+ :AT A R E V O #a U T I O N A R Y P R O J E C T MI<T BE1 WE NE$ TO AGREE ON :AT ! REVOLUTION>Y MU/ POSSESS 9 ORD] TO BE CAPABLE ( ELABORAT+ ?IS PROJECT ( !IRS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 C\RAGE4 ,NOT ! BANAL C\RAGE ( ! PHYSICAL CLA% & ! ATTACK ON ! 5EMY TR5*ES1 BUT ! MORE DIFFICULT ONE1 ! C\RAGE ( ONE'S IDEAS4 ,ONCE Y\ ?9K 9 A C]TA9 WAY1 ONCE Y\ SEE ?+S & PEOPLE1 ! WORLD & ITS AFFAIRS1 9 A C]TA9 WAY1 Y\ M U S T HAVE ! C\RAGE TO C>RY ?IS ?R\< )\T COMPROMISE OR HALF MEASURES1 )\T PITY OR ILLUSION4 ,TO /OP HALF WAY W\LD BE A CRIME OR1 IF Y\ LIKE1 IS ABSOLUTELY NORMAL4 ,BUT REVOLUTION>IES >E NOT 'NORMAL' PEOPLE4 ,!Y MU/ GO BEYOND4 ,BEYOND NORMALITY1 BUT ALSO BEYOND EXCEPTIONALITY1 :I* IS AN >I/OCRATIC WAY ( CONSID]+ DIV]SITY4 ,BEYOND GOOD1 BUT ALSO BEYOND EVIL1 AS SOMEONE W\LD HAVE SAID4 

,!Y CANNOT WAIT = O!RS TO DO :AT NE$S TO BE DONE4 ,!Y CANNOT DELEGATE TO O!RS :AT !IR CONSCI5CE DICTATES TO !M4 ,!Y CANNOT WAIT PEACEFULLY TO DO :AT O!RS IT*+ TO DE/ROY :AT OPPRESSES !M LIKE !MSELVES W\LD DO IF ONLY !Y DECID$1 IF ONLY !Y W]E TO AWAKE FROM !IR TORPOR & FROM ALL[+ !MSELVES TO BE SW9DL$1 F> FROM ! *ATT] & CONFUSION4 

,SO !Y MU/ SET TO WORK1 & WORK H>D4 ,WORK TO SUPPLY !MSELVES ) ! MEANS NECESS>Y TO GIVE SOME F\NDATION TO !IR CONVICTIONS4 

,& H]E WE REA* ! SECOND PO9T3 CON/ANCY4 ,! /R5G? TO CONT9UE1 P]SEV]E1 9SI/1 EV5 :5 O!RS >E DISC\RAG$ & EV]Y?+ SEEMS DIFFICULT4 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PROCURE ! MEANS ONE REQUIRES )\T CON/ANCY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y NE$S C U #a T U R A #a MEANS1 I4E4 ANALYZES & BASIC COMMON KN[L$GE4 ,BUT /UDIES ?AT SEEM V]Y F> FROM REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE >E ALSO 9DISP5SABLE TO ACTION4 ,LANGUAGES1 ECONOMY1 PHILOSOPHY1 MA!MATICS1 ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 *EMI/RY1 SOCIAL SCI5CE & SO ON4 ,?IS KN[L$GE %\LD NOT BE SE5 AS SECT>IAN SPECIALIZATION1 NOR %\LD IT BE ! DILETTANTE EX]CISES ( AN ECC5TRIC SPIRIT DIPP+ 9TO ?IS & ?AT1 DESIR\S ( KN[L$GE BUT =EV] IGNORANT DUE TO ! FAILURE TO ACQUIRE A ME?OD ( LE>N+4 ,& !N ! TE*NICS3 WRIT+ CORRECTLY1 79 A WAY ?AT REA*ES ONE'S OBJECTIVE71 SPEAK+ TO O!RS 7US+ ALL ! TE*NIQUES ON ! SUBJECT71 :I* >E NOT EASY TO LE>N & >E V]Y IMPORTANT1 /UDY+ 7?IS IS ALSO A TE*NIQUE71 REMEMB]+ 7MEMORY CAN BE IMPROV$1 IT DOES NOT HAVE TO BE LEFT TO \R MORE OR LESS NATURAL DISPOSITION71 ! MANIPULATION ( OBJECTS 7:I* MANY CONSID] A MY/]I\S GIFT BUT 9/EAD IS TE*NIQUE & CAN BE LE>N$ & P]FECT$71 & O!RS /ILL4 

,! SE>* TO ACQUIRE !SE MEANS NEV] 5DS4 ,IT IS ! REVOLUTION>Y'S TASK TO WORK CON/ANTLY TO P]FECT !SE MEANS & EXT5D !M TO O!R FIELDS4 

,!N !RE IS A ?IRD ?+1 CREATIVITY4 ,ALL ( ! ABOVE MEANS W\LD CLE>LY BE USELESS1 M]E SPECIALIZATION AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 W]E !Y NOT TO PRODUCE NEW EXP]I5CES1 CONT9UAL MODIFICATION 9 ! MEANS AS A :OLE & ! POSSIBILITY ( APPLY+ !M4 ,?IS IS :]E WE CAN GRASP ! GREAT =CE ( CREATIVITY1 I4E4 ! FRUIT ( ALL ! PREC$+ EF=TS4 ,LOGICAL PROCESSES BECOME NO MORE ?AN A BASIC1 UNIMPORTANT ELEM5T1 :]EAS A DIFF]5T1 TOTALLY NEW ONE EM]GES3 I N T U I T I O N4 

,N[ ! PROBLEM COMES TO BE SE5 DIFF]5TLY4 ,NO?+ WILL BE AS IT WAS BE=E4 ,NUM]\S CONNECTIONS & COMP>ISONS1 9F]5CES & D$UCTIONS >E MADE )\T \R REALIZ+ IT4 ,ALL ! MEANS 9 \R POSSESSION BEG9 TO VIBRATE & COME ALIVE4 ,?+S ( ! PA/ ALONG ) NEW UND]/&+1 OLD CONCEPTS1 IDEAS & T5SIONS1 ?AT HAD NOT FULLY BE5 UND]/OOD BECOME CLE>4 ,AN 9CR$IBLE MIXTURE1 ITSELF A CREATIVE EV5T1 :I* MU/ BE SUBMITT$ TO ! DISCIPL9E ( ME?OD 9 ORD] = US TO PRODUCE SOME?+1 LIMIT$ IF Y\ LIKE1 BUT IMM$IATELY P]CEIVABLE4 ,UN=TUNATELY ! DE/9Y ( CREATIVITY IS ?AT ITS IMM5SE 9ITIAL EXPLOSIVE POT5TIAL 7SOME?+ MIS]ABLE 9 ! ABS5CE ( ! BASIC MEANS M5TION$ ABOVE7 BE RETURN$ TO ! REALM ( TE*NIQUE 9 ! N>R[ S5SE ( WORD4 ,IT MU/ GO BACK TO BECOM+ WORD1 PAGES1 FIGURES1 S\NDS1 =M1 OBJECTS4 ,O!RWISE1 \TSIDE ! S*EME ( ?IS PRISON ( COMMUNICATION1 IT W\LD BE DISP]SIVE & AB&ON$1 LO/ 9 AN IMM5SE FA?OMLESS SEA4 

,& N[ ONE LA/ ?+1 MAT]IALITY4 ,! CAPACITY1 ?AT IS1 TO GRASP ! REAL MAT]IALITY ( :AT SURR\NDS US4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE REQUIRE SUITABLE MEANS 9 ORD] TO UND]/& & ACT1 & ?AT IS NOT SO SIMPLE4 ,! QUE/ION ( MEANS SEEMS CLE>1 BUT IT 9V>IABLY LEADS TO MISUND]/&+S4 ,TAKE MONEY1 = EXAMPLE4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ONE CANNOT DO :AT ONE WANTS )\T MONEY4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y CANNOT ASK = ,/ATE F9ANC+ TO UND]TAKE PROJECTS AIM$ AT ITS DE/RUCTION4 ,!Y CANNOT DO ?IS = E?ICAL REASONS & = A LOGICAL ONE 7?AT ! ,/ATE W\LD NOT GIVE IT TO !M74 ,NOR CAN !Y S]I\SLY BELIEVE ?AT ) SMALL 9DIVIDUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS !Y WILL BE ABLE TO DO EV]Y?+ !Y WANT 7& CONSID] NECESS>Y74 ,NOR CAN !Y SIMPLY CONT9UE TO COMPLA9 AB\T LACK ( MONEY OR RESIGN !MSELVES TO ! FACT ?AT SOME ?+S JU/ CAN'T BE DONE = ?AT REASON4 ,EV5 LESS CAN !Y ADOPT ! /ANCE ( ?OSE :O1 BE+ P5NILESS1 FEEL !IR CONSCI5CE AT RE/ &1 /AT+ !Y HAVE NO MONEY1 DO NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! COMMON EF=T BUT WAIT = O!RS TO DO SO 9/EAD ( !M4 ,( C\RSE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT IF A COMRADE HAS NO MONEY !Y CANNOT BE HELD TO PAY = :AT !Y CANNOT AF=D4 ,BUT HAVE !Y REALLY DONE EV]Y?+ !Y CAN TO PROCURE SOME = !MSELVES8 ,OR IS !RE ONLY ONE WAY TO GET HOLD ( MONEY3 GO BEGG+ = IT1 LETT+ ONESELF BE EXPLOIT$ BY A BOSS8 ,I DON'T ?9K SO4 

,9 ! >C ( ! POSSIBLE WAYS ( BE+1 TAK+ P]SONAL T5D5CIES & CULTURAL ACQUISITIONS 9TO ACC\NT1 TWO EXTREME K9DS ( BEHAVIOR POL>IZE1 BO? ( :I* >E LIMIT$ & P5ALIZ+4 ,ON ! ONE H& !RE >E ?OSE :O ACC5TUATE ! !ORETICAL ASPECT & ON ! O!R1 ?OSE :O IMM]SE !MSELVES 9 ! PRACTICAL ONE4 ,!SE TWO POLES H>DLY EV] EXI/ 9 ! 'PURE /ATE'1 BUT >E (T5 ACC5TUAT$ 5\< TO BECOME OB/ACLES & IMP$IM5TS4 

,! GREAT POSSIBILITIES ?AT !ORETICAL /UDY GIVES ! REVOLUTION>Y REMA9 DEAD LETT]S :5 !Y >E EXASP]AT$1 & BECOME ELEM5TS ( CONTRADICTION & IMP$IM5T4 ,SOME PEOPLE ONLY SEE LIFE 9 !ORETICAL T]MS4 ,!Y >E NOT NECESS>ILY M5 ( LETT]S OR S*OL>S 7= ! LATT] ?IS W\LD BE QUITE NORMAL71 BUT C\LD BE ANY PROLET>IAN1 AN EM>G9AT$ P]SON ?AT GREW UP 9 ! /REETS COM+ TO BL[S4 ,?IS SE>* = A RESOLUTION ?R\< ! SUBTLETY ( REASON TRANS=MS ITSELF 9TO DISORGANIC ANXIETY1 A TUMULTU\S DESIRE TO UND]/& ?AT 9V>IABLY TURNS 9TO PURE CONFUSION1 L[]+ ! PRIMACY ( ! BRA9 ?AT !Y >E TRY+ TO HOLD ON TO AT ANY CO/4 ,?IS EXASP]ATION R$UCES !IR CAPACITY TO PUT ORD] 9 !IR IDEAS1 IT WID5S !IR CREATIVITY BUT ONLY 9 ! PURE1 ONE MI<T SAY WILD1 /ATE1 SUPPLY+ IMAGES & JUDGM5T DEVOID ( ANY ORGANIZATIONAL ME?OD ?AT MI<T MAKE !M UTILIZABLE4 ,?IS P]SON CON/ANTLY LIVES 9 A K9D ( 'TRANCE'1 EATS BADLY1 HAS DIFFICULTY 9 RELAT+ TO O!RS4 ,!Y BECOME EASILY SUSPICI\S1 >E ANXI\S TO BE 'UND]/OOD'1 & SO T5D TO ACCUMULATE AN 9CR$IBLE HOT*POT* ( CONTRADICTORY ?\<TS ) NO GUID+ ?READ4 ,! SOLUTION = GETT+ \T ( ! LABYR9? W\LD BE ACTION4 ,BUT ACCORD+ TO ?IS MODEL ( POL>IZATION ?IS W\LD HAVE TO BE SUBMITT$ TO ! P[] ( ! BRA91 TO ! 'LOGIC' ( REASON4 ,SO1 ACTION IS KILL$1 PUT (F TO 9F9ITY OR LIV$ BADLY BECAUSE NOT 'UND]/OOD'1 NOT BR\<T 9TO TO ! PREEM95CE ( ?\<T4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE IS ! 5DLESS DO+1 PASS+ ONE'S LIFE AWAY 9 ?+S TO BE DONE4 ,TODAY1 TOMORR[4 ,DAY AFT] DAY4 ,P]HAPS 9 ! HOPE ?AT A DAY WILL COME ?AT PUTS AN 5D TO ?IS PO/PON+ TO 9F9ITY4 ,MEAN:ILE1 NO SE>* = A MOM5T'S REFLECTION ?AT IS NOT EXCLUSIVELY L9K$ TO ?+S BE DONE1 OR V]Y LITTLE AT LEA/4 ,DEVOT+ ALL ONE'S TIME TO DO+ KILLS 9 ! SAME WAY AS DEVOT+ IT ALL TO ?9K+ DOES4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL >E NOT RESOLV$ BY ACTION AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,= ! REVOLUTION>Y1 ?+S >E EV5 WORSE4 ,! CLASSIC FLATT]Y ?AT 9DIVIDUALS USE TO CONV9CE !MSELVES ( ! VALIDITY & IMPORTANCE ( ! ACTION !Y WI% TO UND]TAKE IS NOT 5\< = ! REVOLUTION>Y4 ,! ONLY EXP$I5T ONE CAN HAVE REC\RSE TO IS ET]NALLY PUTT+ ?+S (F TO BETT] DAYS :5 IT WILL NO LONG] BE NECESS>Y TO D$ICATE ONESELF 'EXCLUSIVELY' TO DO+ & !RE WILL BE TIME TO ?9K4 ,BUT H[ CAN ONE ?9K )\T ! MEANS TO DO SO8 ,P]HAPS ?\<T IS AUTOMATIC ACTIVITY ?AT ONE SLIPS 9TO :5 ONE /OPS DO+8 ,C]TA9LY NOT4 ,9 ! SAME WAY AS DO+ IS NOT AUTOMATIC ACTIVITY ?AT ONE SLIPS 9TO :5 ONE /OPS ?9K+4 ,! POSSESSION ( A FEW ?+S !N1 C\RAGE1 CON/ANCY1 CREATIVITY1 MAT]IALITY1 CAN ALL[ ! REVOLUTION>Y TO BR+ ! MEANS !Y POSSESS TO FRUITION & BUILD !IR PROJECT4 

,& ?IS CONC]NS BO? ! ANALYTICAL & PRACTICAL ASPECTS4 ,ONCE AGA9 A DI*OTOMY APPE>S ?AT NE$S TO BE SE5 9 ITS 9CONSI/5CY1 I4E4 AS IT IS USUALLY 9T5D$ BY ! DOM9ANT LOGIC4 

,NO PROJECT CAN BE JU/ ONE OR O!R ( !SE ASPECTS4 ,EA* ANALYSIS HAS A DIFF]5T ANGLE & DEVELOPM5T ACCORD+ TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL PROPOSAL1 :I* NE$S TO BE ASSI/$ BY O!R1 SIMIL> ANALYZES4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y :O IS UNABLE TO MA/] ! ANALYTICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL P>T ( HIS PROJECT WILL ALWAYS BE AT ! M]CY ( EV5TS1 CON/ANTLY TURN+ UP AFT] ?+S HAVE HAPP5$1 NEV] BE=E4 

,! AIM ( ! PROJECT1 9 FACT1 IS TO S E E 9 ORD] TO F O R E S E E4 ,! PROJECT IS A PROS!SIS LIKE ANY O!R ( MAN'S 9TELLECTUAL ELABORATIONS4 ,IT ALL[S ACTION1 MAKES IT POSSIBLE1 PREV5TS IT FROM BE+ EXT+UI%$ 9 PO9TLESS DISCUSSIONS & IMPROVIZATION4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ! 'CAUSE' ( ACTION1 IT CONTA9S NO ELEM5T ( JU/IFICATION 9 ?IS S5SE4 ,IF CORRECTLY 9T5D$1 ! PROJECT ITSELF IS ACTION1 :]EAS ! LATT] IS ITSELF A PROJECT1 BECOMES FULLY P>T ( IT1 MAKES IT GR[1 5RI*ES & TRANS=MS IT4 

,A LACK ( AW>5ESS ( !SE FUNDAM5TAL PREMISES ( ! WORK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y (T5 LEADS TO CONFUSION & FRU/RATION4 ,MANY COMRADES :O REMA9 TI$ TO :AT WE C\LD CALL R E F #a E X 9T]V5TIONS (T5 SUFF] BACKLA%ES SU* AS DEMOTIVATION & DISC\RAGEM5T4 ,AN EXT]NAL EV5T1 7(T5 REPRESSION7 GIVES ! /IMUL\S TO ACT4 ,?IS (T5 5DS OR BURNS ITSELF \T & ! 9T]V5TION HAS NO MORE REASON TO EXI/4 ,H5CE ! FRU/RAT+ REALIZATION ?AT ONE NE$S TO />T ALL OV] AGA94 ,IT IS LIKE DIGG+ AWAY A M\NTA9 ) A SPOON4 ,PEOPLE DO NOT REMEMB]4 ,!Y =GET QUICKLY4 ,AGGREGATION DOES NOT OCCUR4 ,NUMB]S DECL9E4 ,NE>LY ALWAYS ! SAME PEOPLE4 ,! COMRADE :O CAN ONLY ACT BY 'REFLEX' (T5 SURVIVES BY GO+ FROM RADICAL REFUSAL TO %UTT+ HIMSELF AWAY 9 DISDA9FUL SIL5CE1 TO HAV+ FANTASIES ( DE/ROY+ ! WORLD 7HUMAN BE+S 9CLUD$74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 MANY COMRADES REMA9 ATTA*$ TO :AT WE MI<T CALL R O U T I N E 9T]V5TIONS1 I4E4 ?OSE 9VOLV+ P]IODICALS 7PAP]S1 REVIEWS1 BOOKS7 OR MEET+S 7CONGRESSES1 CONF]5CES1 DEBATES1 ETC474 ,H]E AGA9 ! HUMAN TRAG$Y DOES NOT FAIL TO PRES5T ITSELF4 ,IT IS NOT USUALLY SO MU* A QUE/ION ( P]SONAL FRU/RATION 7:I* ALSO EXI/S1 & Y\ CAN SEE IT71 AS ! COMRADE'S TRANS=MATION 9TO A CONGRESSUAL BUREAUCRAT OR $ITOR ( B>ELY READABLE PAGES ?AT TRY TO CONCEAL !IR 9CONSI/5CY BY GO+ 9TO DAILY EV5TS1 EXPLA9+ !M ACCORD+ TO !IR [N PO9T ( VIEW4 ,AS WE CAN SEE1 IT IS ALWAYS ! SAME /ORY4 

,SO1 ! PROJECT MU/ BE P R O P O S I T I O N A ,I4 ,IT MU/ TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE4 ,FIR/ OP]ATIVELY1 CONC]N+ ?+S TO BE SE5 OR DONE 9 A C]TA9 WAY4 ,!N ORGANIZATIONALLY3 H[ TO GO AB\T DO+ !SE ?+S4 ,MANY PEOPLE DO NOT REALIZE ?AT ! ?+S TO BE DONE 79 ! CONTEXT ( ! CLASS CLA%7 >E NOT SET D[N ONCE & = ALL1 BUT TAKE ON DIFF]5T MEAN+S ?R\<\T TIME & 9 *ANG+ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,?AT LEADS TO ! NE$ = !IR !ORETICAL EVALUATION4 ,! FACT ?AT SOME ( !SE ?+S ACTUALLY DO GO ON = A LONG TIME AS ?\< !Y CANNOT *ANGE1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ?IS IS SO4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! FACT ?AT !RE IS A NE$ TO ORGANIZE 9 ORD] TO /RIKE ! CLASS 5EMY NECESS>ILY SIGNIFIES EXT5SION 9 TIME4 ,MEANS & ORGANIZATION T5D TO CRY/ALLIZE4 ,& 9 SOME RESPECTS IT IS WELL ?AT ?IS %\LD BE SO4 ,?AT IS NOT TO SAY ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO RE-9V5T EV]Y?+ EA* TIME ONE RE-ORGANIZES1 EV5 AFT] BE+ /RUCK BY ! REPRESSION4 ,BUT IT DOES MEAN ?AT ?IS 'RESUMPTION' %\LD NOT BE AN EXACT REPETITION4 ,PREC$+ MODELS CAN BE SUBMITT$ TO CRITICISM1 EV5 IF BASICALLY !Y REMA9 VALID & CON/ITUTE A CONSID]ABLE />T+ PO9T4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ONE (T5 FEELS ATTACK$ BY MIS9=M$ CRITICS & PRECONCEIV$ IDEAS & WANTS TO AVOID BE+ ACCUS$ ( BE+ AN 'IRR$UCIBLE' AT ALL CO/S1 :I* ACTUALLY S\NDS QUITE POSITIVE1 BUT IMPLIES AN 9CAPACITY TO UND]/& ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 

,SO IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE OLD ORGANIZATIONAL MODELS1 SO LONG AS !Y UND]GO A RADICAL CRITIQUE4 ,BUT :AT C\LD ?IS CRITIQUE BE8 ,9 A WORD1 PO9T+ \T ! USELESSNESS & DANG] ( C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURES1 ! M5TALITY ( DELEGAT+1 ! MY? ( ! QUANTITATIVE1 ! SYMBOLIC1 ! GR&IOSE1 ! USE ( ! M$IA1 ETC4 ,AS WE CAN SEE1 IT IS A QUE/ION ( A CRITIQUE AIM$ AT %[+ ! O!R 5D ( ! REVOLUTION>Y HORIZON1 ! AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN SIDE4 ,REFUS+ C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURES1 ORGANIZATION *>TS1 DELEGATES1 QUANTITY1 SYMBOLISM1 5TRISM1 ETC41 MEANS TO FULLY ADOPT AN>*I/ ME?ODS4 ,& AN AN>*I/ PROPOSITION REQUIRES A FEW PRELIM9>Y CONDITIONS4 

,ALL ?IS MI<T SEEM 7& 9 C]TA9 ASPECTS IS7 LESS EFFECTIVE AT FIR/4 ,RESULTS >E MORE MODE/1 NOT SO OBVI\S1 HAVE ALL ! ASPECTS ( DISP]SION & ?AT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO ONE S+LE PROJECT4 ,!Y >E PULV]IZ$1 DIFFUS$1 I4E4 !Y CONC]N M9IMAL OBJECTIVES ?AT CANNOT IMM$IATELY BE RELAT$ TO ONE C5TRAL 5EMY1 AT LEA/ AS IT IS PRES5T$ 9 ! ICONOGRAPHY 9V5T$ BY P[] ITSELF4 ,P[] HAS EV]Y 9T]E/ 9 %[+ ITS P]IPH]AL RAMIFICATIONS & SUPPORT+ /RUCTURES 9 A POSITIVE LI<T1 AS ?\< !Y HAD PURELY SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ?AT >E 9DISP5SABLE TO LIFE4 ,GIV5 \R 9CAPACITY TO EXPOSE !M1 IT MANAGES TO CONCEAL ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 !SE P]IPH]AL /RUCTURES & REPRESSION1 !N CONS5SUS4 ,?IS IS ! NO SMALL TASK ?AT AWAITS ! REVOLUTION>Y1 :O %\LD ALSO EXPECT 9COMPREH5SION CONC]N+ ACTIONS :5 HE />TS TO /RIKE1 H5CE ! NE$ = 'CL>IFICATION'4 ,& H]E LIES ANO!R TRAP4 ,TO /ATE !SE CL>IFICATIONS 9 IDEOLOGICAL T]MS W\LD BE AN EXACT REPRODUCTION ( CONC5TRATION & C5TRALITY4 ,AN>*I/ ME?ODS CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ ?R\< IDEOLOGY4 ,ANY TIME ?AT ?IS HAS HAPP5$ IT HAS SIMPLY BE5 A JUXTAPOSITION ( \R ME?ODS ON TO PRACTICES & PROJECTS ?AT >E F> FROM LIB]T>IAN4 

,! CONCEPT ( DELEGAT+ IS CRITICIZ$ BECAUSE IT IS A PRACTICE ?AT1 AS WELL AS BE+ AU?ORIT>IAN1 LEADS TO 9CREAS+ PROCESSES ( AGGREGATION4 ,REFUSAL TO DELEGATE C\LD LEAD TO BUILD+ I N D I R E C T A G G R E G A T I O N1 A FREE ORGANIZATIONAL =M4 ,SEP>ATE GR\PS !N1 UNIT$ BY ! ME?ODS US$1 NOT BY HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS4 ,COMMON OBJECTIVES1 COMMON *OICES1 BUT I N D I R E C T4 ,NOT FEEL+ ! NE$ TO PROPOSE AGGREGATIONAL RELATION%IPS ?AT SOON] OR LAT] 5D UP PRODUC+ HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION *>TS 7EV5 IF !Y >E HORIZONTAL1 CLAIM+ TO ADH]E TO AN>*I/ ME?ODS71 :I* TURN \T TO BE VULN]ABLE TO ANY 9CREASE 9 ! W9DS ( REPRESSION1 :]E EA* DOES !IR [N ?+4 ,IT IS ! MY? ( ! QUANTITATIVE ?AT NE$S TO FALL4 ,! MY? ?AT NUMB]S 'IMPRESS' ! 5EMY1 ! MY? ( '/R5G?' BE=E COM+ \T 9TO ! /RUGGLE1 ! MY? ( ! 'LIB]ATION >MY' & O!R SU* ?+S4 

,SO1 )\T WANT+ IT1 OLD ?+S >E TRANS=M+ !MSELVES4 ,PA/ MODELS1 OBJECTIVES & PRACTICES >E REVOLUTIONIZ+ !MSELVES4 ,)\T A %AD[ ( D\BT ! F9AL CRISIS ( ! 'POLITICAL' ME?OD IS EM]G+4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT ALL ATTEMPTS TO IMPOSE IDEOLOGICAL MODELS ON TO SUBV]SIVE PRACTICES HAVE DISAPPE>$ = EV]4 

,9 DUE PROPORTION1 IT IS ! WORLD AS A :OLE ?AT IS REFUS+ ! POLITICAL MODEL4 ,TRADITIONAL /RUCTURES ) '/RONG' POLITICAL CONNOTATIONS HAVE DISAPPE>$1 OR >E AB\T TO4 ,! P>TIES ( ! LEFT >E ALIGN+ ) ?OSE ( ! C5T] & ! P>TIES ( ! RI<T >E ALSO MOV+ 9 ?AT DIRECTION 9 ORD] NOT TO REMA9 ISOLAT$4 ,! DEMOCRACIES ( ! ,WE/ >E MOV+ CLOS] TO ! DICTATOR%IPS ( ! ,EA/4 ,?IS YIELD+ ( ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE CORRESPONDS TO PR(\ND *ANGES 9 ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL FIELD4 ,?OSE :O HAVE A M9D TO MANAGE ! SUBV]SIVE POT5TIAL ( ! GREAT MASSES >E F9D+ !MSELVES FAC+ NEW NECESSITIES4 ,! MY?S ( ! PA/1 ALSO ?AT ( ! 'CONTROLL$ CLASS /RUGGLE' HAVE GONE4 ,! GREAT MASS ( EXPLOIT$ HAVE BE5 DRAWN 9TO ME*ANISMS ?AT CLA% ) ! CLE> BUT SUP]FICIAL IDEOLOGIES ( ! PA/4 ,?AT IS :Y ! P>TIES ( ! LEFT >E MOV+ T[>DS ! C5T]1 :I* BASICALLY CORRESPONDS TO A Z]O+ ( POLITICAL DI/9CTIONS & A POSSIBLE MANAGEM5T ( CONS5SUS1 AT LEA/ FROM ! ADM9I/RATIVE PO9T ( VIEW4 

,IT IS 9 ?+S TO BE DONE1 %ORT T]M PROGRAMS SU* AS ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC WELF>E1 ?AT DI/9CTIONS >E >IS+4 ,IDEAL 7!RE=E IDEOLOGICAL7 POLITICAL PROJECTS HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,NO ONE 7OR H>DLY ANYONE7 IS PREP>$ TO /RUGGLE = A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 BUT !Y C\LD BE REGIM5T$ 9TO /RUCTURES ?AT CLAIM TO SAFEGU>D !IR IMM$IATE 9T]E/S ONCE AGA94 ,H5CE ! 9CREAS+ APPE>ANCE ( WID] /RUGGLES & /RUCTURES1 NATIONAL & SUPRANATIONAL P>LIAM5TS4 

,! 5D ( POLITICS IS NOT 9 ITSELF AN ELEM5T ?AT C\LD LEAD ONE TO BELIEVE !RE HAS BE5 'AN>*I/' TURN+ 9 SOCIETY 9 OPPOSITION TO ATTEMPTS AT 9DIRECT POLITICAL MANAGEM5T4 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,?IS IS A QUE/ION ( PR(\ND *ANGES 9 ! MOD]N /RUCTURE ( CAPITAL ?AT >E ALSO TAK+ PLACE ON AN 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL1 PRECISELY DUE TO ! GREAT] 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ! V>I\S P]IPH]AL SITUATIONS4 ,9 TURN1 !SE *ANGES MEAN ?AT ! POLITICAL MY?S ( ! PA/ >E NO LONG] EXI/ AS A MEANS ( CONTROL1 RESULT+ 9 A PASSAGE TO ME?ODS BETT] SUIT$ TO ! PRES5T TIME3 ! (F] ( BETT] LIV+ CONDITIONS 9 ! %ORT T]M1 A HI<] LEVEL ( SATISFACTION ( PRIM>Y NE$S 9 ! ,EA/1 WORK = EV]YBODY 9 ! ,WE/4 ,!SE >E ! NEW RULES ( ! C\RSE4 

,NO MATT] H[ /RANGE IT MI<T SEEM1 H[EV]1 ! G5]AL CRISIS 9 POLITICS WILL NECESS>ILY BR+ ) IT A CRISIS 9 HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS1 ! DELEGATE1 ETC41 ALL ! RELATIONS ?AT T5D$ TO PUT CLASS OPPOSITION 9 A MY?ICAL DIM5SION4 ,IT WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE = ?IS TO GO ON = MU* LONG] )\T CONSEQU5CES1 MANY PEOPLE >E />T+ TO SEE ?AT ! /RUGGLE MU/ NOT PASS ?R\< ! MY?ICAL DIM5SION ( POLITICS BUT 5T] ! CONCRETE DIM5SION ( ! IMM$IATE DE/RUCTION ( ! 5EMY4 

,!RE >E ALSO ?OSE :O1 BASICALLY HAV+ NO 9T]E/ 9 :AT ! WORK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y %\LD BE 9 ! LI<T ( ! ABOVE SOCIAL *ANGES1 HAVE COME TO SUPPORT 'S(T' ME?ODS ( OPPOSITION1 CLAIM+ ?AT !Y CAN OB/RUCT ! SPREAD+ ( ! NEW P[] ?R\< PASSIVE RESI/ANCE1 'DELEGITIMATION' & SU* LIKE4 ,9 MY OP9ION ?IS MISUND]/&+ IS A RESULT ( ! FACT ?AT !Y CONSID] MOD]N P[]1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS MORE P]MISSIVE & BAS$ ON WID] CONS5SUS1 TO BE LESS '/RONG' ?AN ?AT ( ! PA/ BAS$ ON HI]>*Y & ABSOLUTE C5TRALIZATION4 ,?IS IS AN ]ROR LIKE ANY O!R1 & COMES FROM ! FACT ?AT !RE IS /ILL A RESIDUAL ( ! EQUATION 'P[] EQUALS /R5G?' 9 EA* ONE ( US1 :]EAS CONTEMPOR>Y /RUCTURES ( DOM9ION >E DISMANTL+ BIT BY BIT 9 FAVOR ( A WEAK] BUT MORE EFFICI5T =M1 P]HAPS EV5 WORSE ?AN A /RONG1 BOORI% ONE4 ,! NEW P[] P5ETRATES ! PSY*OLOGICAL FABRIC ( SOCIETY RI<T TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 DRAW+ HIM 9TO IT1 :]EAS 9 ! PA/ IT REMA9$ EXT]NAL4 ,IT MADE A LOT ( NOISE1 C\LD BITE1 BUT BASICALLY ONLY BUILT A PRISON WALL ?AT C\LD BE SCAL$ SOON] OR LAT]4 

,! MANY ASPECTS ( ! PROJECT ALSO MAKE ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TASK MULTIPLE4 ,NO FIELD ( ACTIVITY CAN BE EXCLUD$ 9 ADVANCE4 ,= ! SAME REASON !RE CANNOT BE PRIVILEG$ FIELDS ( 9T]V5TION ?AT >E 'CONG5IAL' TO ONE P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL4 ,I KN[ COMRADES :O DO NOT FEEL 9CL9$ TO TAKE UP C]TA9 K9DS ( ACTIVITY--LET US SAY ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE--OR C]TA9 REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICES SU* AS SMALL SPECIFIC ACTIONS4 ,! REASONS V>Y1 BUT !Y ALL LEAD TO ! 7MI/AK57 IDEA ?AT ONE %\LD ONLY DO ! ?+S ONE LIKES4 ,?IS IS MI/AK51 NOT BECAUSE IT IS WRONG = ONE ( ! S\RCES ( ACTION TO BE JOY & P]SONAL SATISFACTION1 BUT BECAUSE ! SE>* = 9DIVIDUAL MOTIVATIONS CAN PRECLUDE A WID] & MORE SIGNIFICANT K9D ( RESE>*1 ?AT BAS$ ON ! TOTALITY ( ! 9T]V5TION4 ,TO SET (F ) PRECONCEIV$ IDEAS AB\T C]TA9 PRACTICES OR !ORIES MEANS TO HIDE--DUE TO 'FE>'--BEH9D ! IDEA1 NE>LY ALWAYS MI/AK51 ?AT !SE PRACTICES & !ORIES DO NOT 'PLEASE' US4 ,BUT ALL PRE-CONCEIV$ REFUSAL IS BAS$ ON SC>CE KN[L$GE ( :AT ONE IS REFUS+1 ON NOT GETT+ CLOSE TO IT4 ,SATISFACTION & ! JOY ( ! MOM5T COMES TO BE SE5 AS ! ONLY ?+ ?AT MATT]S1 SO WE %UT \RSELVES (F FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! FUTURE4 ,(T5 )\T MEAN+ TO1 WE BECOME FE>FUL & DOGMATIC1 RES5TFUL ( ?OSE :O DO OV]COME !SE OB/ACLES1 SUSPICI\S ( EV]YBODY1 DISCONT5T$ & UNHAPPY4 

,! ONLY ACCEPTABLE LIMITS >E ?OSE ( \R CAPABILITIES4 ,BUT !SE LIMITS %\LD ALWAYS BE V]IFI$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! EV5T1 NOT AS SOME?+ ?AT EXI/S BE=EH&4 ,I HAVE ALWAYS />T$ (F FROM ! IDEA 7OBVI\SLY FANTASY1 BUT GOOD OP]ATIVELY7 ( HAV+ NO LIMITS1 ( HAV+ IMM5SE CAPABILITIES4 ,!N DAILY PRACTICE HAS TAK5 ! TASK ( PO9T+ \T MY ACTUAL LIMITS TO ME & ! ?+S ?AT ,I CAN & CAN'T DO4 ,BUT !SE LIMITS HAVE NEV] /OPP$ ME 9 ADVANCE1 !Y HAVE ALWAYS EM]G$ AS 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLES LAT] ON4 ,NO UND]TAK+1 H[EV] 9CR$IBLE OR GIGANTIC1 HAS PREV5T$ ME FROM />T+ (F4 ,ONLY AFT]W>DS1 9 ! C\RSE ( P>TICUL> PRACTICES1 HAS ! MODE/Y ( MY CAPABILITIES COME TO LI<T1 BUT ?IS HAS NOT PREV5T$ ME FROM OBTA9+ P A R T I A #a RESULTS1 ALL ?AT IS HUMANLY ATTA9ABLE4 

,BUT ?IS FACT IS ALSO A QUE/ION ( 'M5TALITY'1 I4E4 ( A WAY ( SEE+ ?+S4 ,WE >E (T5 TOO ATTA*$ TO ! IMM$IATELY P]CEIVABLE1 TO ! SOCIALI/ REALISM ( ! <ETTO1 CITY1 NATION1 ETC4 ,WE SAY WE >E 9T]NATIONALI/ BUT 9 REALITY WE PREF] O!R ?+S1 ! ?+S WE KN[ BETT]4 ,WE REFUSE REAL 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 RELATIONS ( RECIPROCAL COMPREH5SION1 ( OV]COM+ B>RI]S 7ALSO L+UI/IC ONES71 ( COLLABORATION ?R\< MUTUAL EX*ANGE4 ,ONE EV5 REFUSES SPECIFIC LOCAL RELATIONS1 !IR MY?S & DIFFICULTIES4 ,! FUNNY ?+ IS ?AT ! FIR/ >E REFUS$ 9 ! NAME ( ! SECOND1 & ! SECOND 9 ! NAME ( ! FIR/4 

,! SAME ?+ HAPP5S CONC]N+ ! SPECIFIC PREP>ATORY ACTIVITY ( F9D+ REVOLUTION>Y MEANS 79/RUM5TS74 ,AGA91 ?IS DECISION IS (T5 AUTOMATICALLY DELEGAT$ TO O!R COMRADES4 ,?IS IS DUE TO FE> OR REMORSE :I*1 IF GONE 9TO C>EFULLY1 HAVE LITTLE TO SAY = !MSELVES4 

,! PR(ESSIONALISM ?AT IS FLAUNT$ ELSE:]E IS NOT WELCOME 9 AN>*I/ ME?ODOLOGY1 BUT NEI!R IS D[NRI<T REFUSAL OR PRECONCEIV$ IDEAS4 ,! SAME GOES = :AT IS HAPP5+ CONC]N+ ! PRES5T MANIA = EXP]I5CE AS A ?+ 9 ITSELF1 ! URG5CY ( 'DO+'1 P]SONAL SATISFACTION1 ! '?RILL'4 ,!SE TWO EXTREMES T\* & 9T]P5ETRATE4 

,! PROJECT SWEEPS !SE PROBLEMS ASIDE BECAUSE IT SEES ?+S 9 !IR GLOBALITY4 ,= ! SAME REASON ! WORK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IS NECESS>ILY L9K$ TO ! PROJECT1 ID5TIFIES ) IT1 CANNOT LIMIT ITSELF TO ITS S+LE ASPECTS4 ,A P>TIAL PROJECT IS NOT A REVOLUTION>Y ONE1 IT MI<T BE AN EXCELL5T WORK PROJECT1 C\LD EV5 9VOLVE COMRADES & RES\RCES = GREAT L5G?S ( TIME1 BUT SOON] OR LAT] IT WILL 5D UP BE+ P5ALIZ$ BY ! REALITY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

.<#a.> ,ICONIC ,ITALIAN *OCOLATES EA* WRAPP$ 9 A LOVE NOTE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiih 3 ,9SURRECTIONALI/ ,AN>*ISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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