,9DU/RIAL ,DEC5TRALISATION & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E ,( #a 9 CONV5+ ?IS S]IES ( MEET+S & 9 L9K+ ! CURR5T PROTE/S AGA9/ PREP>ATIONS = NUCLE> W>F>E1 ) ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( NONVIOL5CE1 & 9 TREAT+ UND] ?IS !ME1 TOPICS AS F> AP>T AS ! WAY WE BR+ UP \R *ILDR5 & ! /RUCTURE ( \R ECONOMIC LIFE1 >E RECOGNIZ+ ?AT !SE >E NOT SEP>ATE FIELDS ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE & ACTIVITY3 ?AT !Y >E ALL B\ND UP TOGE!R4 

,!Y >E RECOGNIZ+ ?AT NUCLE> W> IS NOT A DREADFUL AB]RATION ( ! MOD]N /ATE1 BUT SIMPLY ! LOGICAL & MORE P]FECT DEVELOPM5T ( ?AT OLD-FA%ION$1 9COMPLETE W>F>E :I* WAS1 & IS1 9 ,R&OLPH ,B\RNE'S FAM\S PHRASE 0! HEAL? ( ! ,/ATE04 ,?IS IS :Y ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ W> IS B\ND TO BE A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE IS A SY/EM ( HUMAN RELATIONS BAS$ ULTIMATELY ON VIOL5CE - !RE NEV] HAS BE5 A NONVIOL5T ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE IS AU?ORITY3 SMALL WOND] ?AT IT IS AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,BUT ITS AU?ORIT>IAN PATT]N ( RELATION%IPS IS NOT UNIQUE1 IT OCCURS 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE ) ONE SIGNIFICANT EXCEPTION4 ,! EXCEPTION IS ! NETWORK ( SPONTANE\S & PURELY VOLUNT>Y HUMAN RELATIONS :I* WE UND]TAKE = PLEASURE OR = SOME COMMON PURPOSE ( \R [N4 

,:Y DO WE NOT /RIVE TO TRANS=M ALL \R RELATION%IPS 9TO FREE ASSOCIATIONS ( AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUALS LIKE ?OSE :I* WE =M 9 \R LEISURE8 ,PEOPLE DON'T QUE/ION :E!R OR NOT ?IS W\LD BE A GOOD ?+3 !Y KN[ IT W\LD BE1 !Y SIMPLY SAY ?AT MOD]N URBAN LIFE IS TOO COMPLICAT$ & ?AT MOD]N 9DU/RY IS ON TOO L>GE A SCALE = ! SIMPLE FACE-TO-FACE CONTACTS & FREELY *OS5 DECISIONS :I* SU* A SUGGE/ION IMPLIES4 ,?IS IS SAID ) RESIGNATION1 IF NOT ) REGRET1 BUT !N EV]YONE GOES ON DAYDREAM+ AB\T 0GETT+ AWAY FROM IT ALL10 OR BE+ !IR [N MA/] = A *ANGE1 ) FIVE ACRES & A C[1 & WE ALL PITY ! 9HABITANTS ( ,TRI/AN DA ,CUNHA AT BE+ DRIV5 \T ( !IR ISL& AN>*Y 9TO CIVILIZATION4 

,! IRONICAL ?+ IS ?AT !SE ESCAPI/ FANTASIES HAVE BECOME MO/ PREVAL5T AT A TIME :5 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUES & S\RCES ( MOTIVE P[] HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE = US TO ORGANIZE A MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY ON :ATEV] SCALE OR DEGREE ( COMPLEXITY WE *OOSE4 

,?IS IS ! TEXT ( A PAP] READ TO ! ,COMMITTEE ( #a SEM9> AT ,K5S+TON ,C5TRAL ,LIBR>Y ON ,NOVEMB] #b?4 ,! SEM9> IS A PILOT C\RSE = ! ,COMMITTEE'S 0,S*OOLS = ,NONVIOL5CE04 

,!RE IS NO NE$ TO LABOR ?IS PO9T4 ,MOD]N TRANSPORT1 ELECTRICITY1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS1 HAVE MADE ! TRADITIONAL DI/RIBUTION ( 9DU/RY OBSOLETE4 ,IT C\LD BE CONC5TRAT$ OR DISP]S$ :]EV] WE C>E1 P>TICUL>LY :5 KN[L$GE ( BASIC 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUES IS WIDELY DIFFUS$1 & NO LONG] CONC5TRAT$ 9 C]TA9 DI/RICTS4 

,LET US TAKE = GRANT$ ?AT 9DU/RY C\LD BE DISP]S$ :]EV] WE WANT$ IT1 & ?AT ONLY HABIT1 9]TIA1 OR LACK ( IMAG9ATION WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! VA/ 9DU/RIAL AGGLOM]ATIONS ( TODAY4 ,WE CAN V]Y RAPIDLY SEE ?AT ?IS IS ONLY P>T ( ! ANSW] TO \R DEM&S = A *ANG$ SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,WE WILL DO ?IS BY REF]5CE TO TWO CELEBRAT$ EXAMPLES ( ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( 9DU/RY4 ,MY FIR/ EXAMPLE IS ! ,T5NESSEE ,VALLEY ,AU?ORITY4 ,Y\ >E PROBABLY FAMILI> ) ! 9SPIR+ /ORY ( ,T,V,A4 ,! DRA9AGE BAS9 ( ! ,T5NESSEE ,RIV] & ITS TRIBUT>IES COV]S AN >EA AB\T ! SIZE ( ,5GL&4 ,!RE WAS LITTLE OR NO 9DU/RY1 & ! ISOLAT$ VALLEYS ( ! REGION W]E OCCUPI$ BY S+LE-CROP SUBSI/5CE F>M]S1 GR[+ COTTON1 TOBACCO OR MAIZE1 & AS ! YIELDS ( ! VALLEY FIELDS DIM9I%$1 !Y CUT D[N ! TREES1 BURNT (F ! VEGETATION & PL[$ ! HILL SLOPES1 MOV+ FUR!R & FUR!R UP ! M\NTA9 SIDES4 ,! HEAVY RA9FALL1 ! FAILURE TO REPL5I% ! L&'S F]TILITY1 & ! REMOVAL ( ! =E/ COV]1 ALL[$ ! SOIL TO WA% AWAY 9TO ! RIV]S1 SO ?AT1 AS ,JULIAN ,HUXLEY PUT IT 09 ! HE>T ( ! MO/ MOD]N ( C\NTRIES Y\ C\LD F9D %IFT+ CULTIVATION ( ! TYPE USUALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) PRIMITIVE ,AFRICAN TRIBES40 ,SEV]AL REGIONAL PLANN+ SURVEYS W]E MADE 9 ! E>LI] P>T ( ! C5TURY TO PROPOSE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! >EA1 BUT BECAUSE ( CONTROV]SY ON :E!R ! WORK %\LD BE UND]TAK5 = PUBLIC OR PRIVATE PR(IT1 NO?+ WAS DONE UNTIL ,ROOSEVELT'S ,NEW ,DEAL 9 #aicc SET UP ! ,T,V,A :I* 0WAS NOT H&$ A SIMPLE TASK ( 5G9E]+ LIKE ! ,PANAMA ,CANAL OR ! ,B\LD] ,DAM4 ,IT WAS TOLD TO REMAKE ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE ( A VA/ UND]-PRIVILEG$ COMMUNITY3 ?R\< *EAP P[]1 L& RECLAMATION1 RE-AF=E/ATION1 FLOOD CONTROL1 DIV]SIFICATION ( AGRICULTURE1 T]RAC+ ( HILLSIDES1 5C\RAGEM5T ( ANIMAL HUSB&RY1 *EAP TRANSPORT ?R\< RE/OR+ ! NAVIGABILITY ( ! RIV]1 & ABUNDANT VACATION-SITES ON ! LAKES :I* W\LD =M BEH9D ! NEW DAMS40 ,IT A*IEV$ ALL !SE & MORE1 & ITS ME?ODS C>RI$ MANY LESSONS = PEOPLE CONC]N$ ) COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS ,H]B]T ,AG> WROTE1 0P]HAPS ! F9E/ & ! MO/ HOPEFUL A*IEVEM5T ( ! ,AU?ORITY IS ?AT ! CITIZ5S ( ! ,VALLEY REG>D !IR NEW SOCIETY1 :I* HAS FL[]$ 9 TW5TY YE>S1 NOT AS SOME?+ IMPOS$ BY 'RE=M]S' FROM F> AWAY1 BUT AS SOME?+ :I* BELONGS TO !M1 :I* !Y HELP$ TO CREATE1 :I* 9 MANY CASES !Y MOLD$ & %AP$ ACCORD+ TO !IR LOCAL CU/OMS & TRADITIONS4 ,!Y W]E NEV] PU%$ 9TO ACCEPT+ AN 'IMPROVEM5T' UNTIL !IR OBJECTIONS HAVE BE5 REMOV$ BY DISCUSSION & EXP]IM5T1 & !IR CONS]VATISM OV]RUL$ BY !IR [N EXP]I5CE40 ,SPL5DID4 ,BUT UNHAPPILY ! /ORY DOESN'T 5D !RE4 ,! VALLEY1 ) ITS ABUNDANT HYDRO-ELECTRIC P[] PROVID$ BY ! NEW DAMS1 & ITS PL5TIFUL LABOR SUPPLY1 WAS = !SE V]Y REASONS1 SELECT$ = ! ,OAK ,RIDGE PLANTS ( ! ,ATOMIC ,5]GY ,COMMISSION4 ,AT ,OAK ,RIDGE1 ! BEAUTIFUL DAMS & %9+ TURB9ES ?AT BR\<T LI<T & P[] TO ! HILLSIDE F>MS1 & BR\<T WORK & HOPE TO ! POV]TY-/RICK5 PEOPLE ( ! VALLEY1 MADE ! BOMBS ?AT FELL ON ,HIRO%IMA & ,NAGASAKI4 ,?\S&S & ?\S&S ( PEOPLE WORK$ !RE = OV] A YE> )\T ! FA9TE/ IDEA :AT !Y W]E MAK+4 ,& W\LD IT HAVE MADE ANY DIFF]5CE IF !Y HAD KN[N8 ,TODAY ! ,ATOMIC ,5]GY ,COMMISSION AT ,OAK ,RIDGE & ,PADUCAH PLANTS IS BY F> ! BIGGE/ US] ( ,T,V,A P[]4 ,IT USES SO MU* ?AT IT HAS TO SUPPLEM5T IT BY BURN+ #h MILLION TONS ( COAL A YE> 9 FIVE ADDITIONAL G5]AT+ /ATIONS4 

,MY SECOND CAUTION>Y TALE COMES FROM NE>] HOME4 ,AFT] OV] =TY YE>S ( PROPAG&A BY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS 9 ! FIELD ( T[N PLANN+1 ! ,GOV]NM5T 9ITIAT$ AFT] ! W> A PROGRAM ( ,NEW ,T[NS1 DESIGN$ TO DISP]SE 9DU/RY & POPULATION FROM ! GREAT URBAN CONURBATIONS4 ,9 ESS5CE IT WAS A GREAT CON/RUCTIVE IDEA2 IT C\LD HAVE BE5 A GREAT ADV5TURE1 BUT WAS TOO TIMID 9 SCALE & EXECUTION4 ,! FIR/ & =EMO/ ( ! NEW T[NS WAS ,/EV5AGE 9 ,H]T=D%IRE4 ,I WON'T COMM5T ON ITS >*ITECTURE1 NOR ON ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( ANY OPPORTUNITY = ITS 9HABITANTS TO PLAN = !MSELVES OR TO 9ITIATE ANY?+ = !MSELVES1 BUT IT IS C]TA9LY ! MO/ PROSP]\S & ECONOMICALLY FL\RI%+ ( ! NEW T[NS4 ,IT HAS ACQUIR$ ! NICKNAME ,MISSILEVILLE1 = IT IS FL\RI%+ BECAUSE ITS 9DU/RIES >E L>GELY >MAM5T 9DU/RIES4 ,OV] #e.0 ( ITS WORK+ POPULATION >E EMPLOY$ AT ! ,5GLI% ,ELECTRIC ,GUID$ ,WEAPONS ,DIVISION FACTORY :]E ! ,?UND]BIRD MISSILE IS BE+ PRODUC$1 OR AT ,DE ,HAVILL&'S :]E ! ,BLUE ,/REAK ,9T]M$IATE ,RANGE ,BALLI/IC ,MISSILE IS MADE4 ,SMALL] FIRMS LIKE ,HILMOR ,LTD41 MAK]S ( TUBEB5D+ MA*9]Y = ! ,ADMIRALTY & ! ,A4,E4,R4,A1 OR ,FLEM+ ,RADIO1 MAK]S ( ELECTRONIC EQUIPM5T = GUID$ MISSILES1 OR ,/EV5AGE ,TOOLS & ,SWIT*ES1 MAK]S ( ELECTRONIC EQUIPM5T = ! ,ADMIRALTY1 >E BUSY 9 ! SAME BUS9ESS OR 9 SUB-CONTRACT+ = ! MISSILE GIANTS4 

,IT ISN'T ACCID5TAL ?AT ,/EV5AGE BECAME ,MISSILEVILLE1 IT IS ,GOV]NM5T POLICY ?AT IT %\LD BE SO3 0,PRIORITY HAS BE5 GIV5 TO FIRMS PRODUC+1 OR CAPABLE ( PRODUC+1 = DEF5SE CONTRACTS2 LOCATION C]TIFICATES FROM ! ,BO>D ( ,TRADE HAVE BE5 GRANT$ F> MORE EASILY TO FIRMS MAK+ A CONTRIBUTION T[>DS ! DEF5SE PROGRAM40 ,! NATURE ( ,MISSILEVILLE'S 9DU/RY IS NO SECRET EI!R3 EV]YBODY IS PR\D ( IT4 ,5GLI% ,ELECTRIC ADV]TISE !IR MISSILE 9 ! LOCAL PAP] AS ?\< IT WAS A WA%+ MA*9E3 0,TO ALL !SE PROBLEMS ! ANSW] IS ,?,U,N,D,],B,I,R,D04 ,9 #a#i#e#i1 AS Y\ KN[1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( #a'S PR$ECESSOR1 ! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ,COMMITTEE1 C>RI$ \T AN 9T5SIVE CAMPAIGN 9 ,/EV5AGE1 BY LEAFLETS1 DOOR TO DOOR CANVAS+1 OP5 AIR MEET+S & PO/] DEMON/RATIONS4 ,! ONLY OBVI\S RESULT WAS ?AT BUILD+ WORK]S ON ! EXT5SION TO ! ,5GLI% ,ELECTRIC FACTORY HAD A ONE-H\R TOK5 /RIKE1 & ONE MAN LEFT HIS JOB !RE4 

,Y\ CAN SEE V]Y CLE>LY FROM ?IS ?AT 9DU/RIAL DEC5TRALIZATION1 9 ! GEOGRAPHICAL S5SE1 IS ONLY A SMALL P>T ( ! /ORY4 ,WE NE$ TO DEC5TRALIZE ! CONTROL ( 9DU/RY1 WE WANT 9 FACT WORK]'S CONTROL4 ,LET ME TAKE AS MY TEXT AN OBS]VATION1 NOT BY AN AN>*I/ OR SYNDICALI/1 BUT BY ,GORDON ,RATTRAY ,TAYLOR1 9 HIS BOOK ,>E ,WORK]S ,HUMAN8 ,HE SAYS3 

,! SPLIT BETWE5 LIFE & WORK IS PROBABLY ! GREATE/ CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL PROBLEM4 ,Y\ CANNOT EXPECT M5 TO TAKE A RESPONSIBLE ATTITUDE & TO DISPLAY 9ITIATIVE 9 DAILY LIFE :5 !IR :OLE WORK+ EXP]I5CE DEPRIVES !M ( ! *ANCE ( 9ITIATIVE & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,! P]SONALITY CANNOT BE SUCCESSFULLY DIVID$ 9TO WAT]TI<T COMP>TM5TS1 & EV5 ! ATTEMPT TO DO SO IS DANG]\S3 IF A MAN IS TAU<T TO RELY UPON ! PAT]NAL AU?ORITY )9 ! FACTORY1 HE WILL BE READY TO RELY UPON ONE \TSIDE4 ,IF HE IS R5D]$ IRRESPONSIBLE AT WORK BY LACK ( OPPORTUNITY = RESPONSIBILITY1 HE WILL BE IRRESPONSIBLE :5 AWAY FROM WORK TOO4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL TR5D T[>DS A C5TRALIZ$1 PAT]NALI/IC1 AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY ONLY REFLECTS CONDITIONS :I* ALREADY EXI/ )9 ! FACTORY4 ,& IT IS *IEFLY BY REV]S+ ! TR5D )9 ! FACTORY ?AT ! L>G] TR5D \TSIDE CAN BE REV]S$4 

,YES1 WE >E ALL !ORETICALLY 9 FAVOR ( WORK]S' CONTROL N[ADAYS1 BUT WE REGRETFULLY REFLECT ?AT ! SCALE & COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION MAKES ! NOTION IMPRACTICABLE4 ,! ,LABOR ,CORRESPOND5T ( ,! ,TIMES = EXAMPLE1 DISCUSS+ ! ONLY EXAMPLES ( WORK]S' CONTROL WE HAVE 9 ?IS C\NTRY - ! H&FUL ( COOP]ATIVE CO-P>TN]%IPS - !SE %OES ,I'M WE>+ W]E MADE BY ONE ( !M - AGREES ?AT !Y 0PROVIDE A MEANS ( H>MONI\S SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 A SMALL CONC]N0 BUT ?AT !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT !Y PROVIDE 0ANY SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS ( E/ABLI%+ DEMOCRACY 9 L>GE-SCALE MOD]N 9DU/RY40 ,?IS IS ! SAME CONCLUSION ?AT ,GEORGE ,ORWELL REA*$ AB\T AN>*ISM4 

,IF ONE CONSID]S ! PROBABILITIES ONE IS DRIV5 TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT AN>*ISM IMPLIES A L[ /&>D ( LIV+4 ,IT NE$ NOT IMPLY A HUNGRY OR UNCOM=TABLE WORLD1 BUT IT RULES \T ! K9D ( AIR-CONDITION$1 *ROMIUM-PLAT$1 GADGET-RIDD5 EXI/5CE :I* IS N[ CONSID]$ DESIRABLE & 5LI<T5$4 ,! PROCESSES 9VOLV$ 9 MAK+ SAY1 AN AIRPLANE1 >E SO COMPLEX AS TO BE ONLY POSSIBLE 9 A PLANN$1 C5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY1 ) ALL ! REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS ?AT ?AT IMPLIES4 ,UNLESS !RE IS SOME UNPR$ICTABLE *ANGE 9 HUMAN NATURE1 LIB]TY & EFFICI5CY MU/ PULL 9 OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS4 

,I (T5 ?9K HE WAS RI<T3 ?AT WE W\LD HAVE TO *OOSE BETWE5 AN AIR-CONDITION$ NI<TM>E OR A FREE SOCIETY ) A L[ /&>D ( LIV+1 BUT ( C\RSE ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! 9HABITANTS ( \R WORLD HAVE ! WOR/ ( BO? WORLDS - A NI<TM>E ( POV]TY & AN UNFREE SOCIETY4 ,!Y HAV5'T GOT ! LUXURY ( *OOS+1 AS WE CAN1 BETWE5 AIR-CONDITION+ & FRE$OM4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! VITAL PO9T ?AT WE USUALLY OV]LOOK 9 ASSUM+ ?AT IT IS ! SCALE & SIZE ( 9DU/RY :I* MAKE IT USELESS TO /RIVE = WORK]S' CONTROL1 IS ?AT !SE PRIM>ILY >E A REFLECTION ( ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS CURR5T 9 SOCIETY RA!R ?AN ( ACTUAL TE*NICAL COMPLEXITY4 ,WE >E HYPNOTIZ$ BY ! CULT ( BIGNESS4 ,?IS CULT1 :I* MAKES OV]SIZE C>S1 OV]SIZE %IPS LIKE BIG ,CUN>D]S & OV]SIZE AIRCRAFT 7REMEMB] ! ,BRABAZON - :OLE VILLAGES W]E SWEPT AWAY TO MAKE A RUNWAY = IT1 & N[ IT RU/S 9 ITS MILLION P\ND HANG>7 - ?IS CULT ( BIGNESS P]VADES 9DU/RY AS WELL AS MO/ O!R FIELDS ( LIFE1 & IT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) COMPLEX PROCESSES4 ,ACTUALLY1 IT MAKES US EXAGG]ATE ! ACTUAL EXT5T ( BIGNESS 9 9DU/RY1 AS ,KROPOTK9 F\ND SIXTY YE>S AGO 9 COMPIL+ ! MAT]IAL = HIS ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS :5 HE DISCOV]$ ?AT ! ECONOMI/'S PICTURE ( 9DU/RY HAD LITTLE TO DO ) ! REALITY4 

,AT A CONF]5CE HELD A FEW YE>S AGO BY ! ,BRITI% ,9/ITUTE ( ,MANAGEM5T & ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,9DU/RIAL ,ADM9I/RATION1 ,MR4 ,S4 ,R4 ,D5NISON ( ,CAMBRIDGE DECL>$ ?AT ! BELIEF ?AT MOD]N 9DU/RY 9EVITABLY TR5DS T[>DS L>G] UNITS ( PRODUCTION WAS A ,M>XIAN FALLACY4 7,S9CE !N1 ,KHRU%*EV & HIS SO-CALL$ ,DEC5TRALIZATION ,DECREE1 SEEMS TO HAVE REA*$ ! SAME CONCLUSION74 ,MR4 ,D5NISON SAID ?AT 

,OV] A WIDE RANGE ( 9DU/RY ! PRODUCTIVE EFFICI5CY ( SMALL UNITS WAS AT LEA/ EQUAL TO1 & 9 MANY CASES SURPASS$ ?AT ( ! 9DU/RIAL GIANTS4 ,AB\T #ib P] C5T4 ( ! BUS9ESSES 9 ! UNIT$ ,K+DOM EMPLOY$ FEW] ?AN #be PEOPLE & W]E RESPONSIBLE = BY F> ! GREAT] P>T ( ! TOTAL NATIONAL PRODUCTION4 ,! POSITION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS AB\T ! SAME4 

7,!RE IS ( C\RSE A :OLE FIELD ( ECONOMIC !ORY AB\T ! OPTIMUM SIZE ( ! FIRM & ITS RELATION TO ! LAW ( DIM9I%+ M>G9AL PRODUCTIVITY1 BUT ,I AM NOT ! RI<T MAN TO DISCUSS IT74 ,AGA91 ?OSE :O ?9K ( 9DU/RY AS ONE GREAT ASSEMBLY L9E MAY BE SURPRIS$ TO LE>N FROM ,DR4 ,M>K ,ABRAMS ?AT 09 SPITE ( NATIONALIZATION & ! GR[? ( L>GE PRIVATE FIRMS1 ! PROPORTION ( ! TOTAL WORK+ POPULATION EMPLOY$ BY L>GE ORGANIZATIONS 7I4E4 CONC]NS ) OV] #a1 EMPLOYES7 IS /ILL COMP>ATIVELY SMALL4 ,SU* PEOPLE CON/ITUTE ONLY #c#f.0 P] C5T4 ( ! WORK+ POPULATION & >E F> \TNUMB]$ BY ?OSE :O HOLD JOBS AS MEMB]S ( COMP>ATIVELY SMALL ORGANIZATIONS :]E DIRECT P]SONAL CONTACT ?R\<\T ! GR\P IS A PRACTICAL EV]YDAY POSSIBILITY40 

,IT IS ALSO REVEAL+ TO /UDY ! NATURE ( ! 9DU/RIAL GIANTS & TO REFLECT ON H[ FEW ( !M [E !IR SIZE TO ! ACTUAL TE*NICAL COMPLEXITY & SCALE ( !IR 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS4 ,BROADCA/+ UND] ! TITLE ,HAVE ,L>GE ,FIRMS AN ,ADVANTAGE 9 ,9DU/RY8 ,MR4 ,H4 ,P4 ,B>K] REF]R$ TO TWO ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T TYPES ( MOTIVE1 ! 9DU/RIAL & NON-9DU/RIAL4 ,BY ! 9DU/RIAL MOTIVE1 HE MEANT 

! NORMAL COMM]CIAL DEVELOPM5T ( A PRODUCT OR A S]VICE :I* ! PUBLIC WANTS2 = 9/ANCE1 ! MOTORC> 9DU/RY OR ! *A9 /ORE4 ,!RE IS ALSO ! V]TICAL TYPE ( GR[? 9 :I* A SELL] EXP&S D[NW>D T[>DS HIS RAW MAT]IALS1 OR A PRIM>Y PRODUC] EXP&S UPW>DS T[>DS ! 5D PRODUCTS ( HIS PRIM>Y MAT]IAL4 ,! SOAP & OIL 9DU/RIES >E SU* CASES4 ,!N !RE IS ! K9D ( EXPANSION 9 :I* A SUCCESSFUL FIRM SEEKS TO DIV]SIFY ITS BUS9ESS & ITS OPPORTUNITY & TO C>RY ITS F9ANCIAL EGGS 9 SEV]AL BASKETS - & LA/LY !RE IS ! TYPE ( EXPANSION BY :I* :OLE 9DU/RIES >E AGGREGAT$ UND] A S+LE CONTROL BECAUSE !Y CANNOT EFFECTIVELY BE OP]AT$ 9 ANY O!R WAY1 ,ELECTRICITY & ,RAILWAYS >E AN EXAMPLE4 

,ONE MI<T V]Y WELL HAVE RES]VATIONS AB\T ! TRU? ( ,MR4 ,B>K]'S LA/ TWO EXAMPLES"91 & IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT HIS O!R REASONS RELATE TO ! F9ANCIAL /RUCTURE ( COMPETITIVE 9DU/RY1 RA!R ?AN ITS ACTUAL TE*NICAL DEM&S4 ,:5 HE TURNS TO :AT HE CALLS ! NON-9DU/RIAL & LESS HEAL?Y TYPES ( GR[?1 WE >E 9 FAMILI> T]RITORY4 

,AMONG !SE !RE IS ! TYPE :I* />TS & 5DS 9 ! ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE & :]E ! SOLE REASON IS ! PROSPECT ( MAK+ A PR(ITABLE FLOTATION4 ,!N !RE IS ! TYPE ( ADIPOSITY :I* (T5 OCCURS :5 A SUCCESSFUL COMPANY BECOMES POSSESS$ ( L>GE RES\RCES FROM PA/ PR(ITS4 ,! ,DIRECTORS !N LOOK R\ND = WAYS ( 9VE/+ ! SURPLUS FAT M]ELY BECAUSE !Y HAVE IT4 ,!N !RE ! TYPE ( L>GE BUS9ESS BORN ONLY \T ( DOCTR9AIRE OR POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,LA/ ( ALL !RE IS ! 9DU/RIAL GIANT CREAT$ PRIM>ILY TO SATISFY ! MEGALOMANIA ( ONE MAN4 

,! V]Y TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS :I*1 9 ! H&S ( PEOPLE ) /ATI/1 C5TRALIZ+1 AU?ORIT>IAN HABITS ( M9D1 CAN MAKE ROBOTS ( US ALL1 >E ?OSE :I* C\LD MAKE POSSIBLE A LOCAL1 9TIMATE1 DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,:5 TRACTORS W]E FIR/ MADE1 !Y W]E GIANTS SUITABLE ONLY = PRAIRIE-F>M+4 ,N[ Y\ CAN GET !M SCAL$ D[N TO A SIZE = CULTIVAT+ Y\R BACKY>D4 ,P[] TOOLS1 :I* W]E GO+ TO MAKE ALL 9DU/RY ONE BIG ,DAG5HAM >E N[ COMMONPLACE = EV]Y DO-IT-Y\RSELF 5?USIA/4 ,ATOMIC P[]1 ! LATE/ >GUM5T ( ! C5TRALIZ]S1 IS US$ 7*>ACT]I/ICALLY71 9 A SUBM>9E - ! MO/ H]METICALLY SEAL$ HUMAN COMMUNITY EV] DEVIS$4 

,& N[ COMES AUTOMATION4 ,?OSE 9DU/RIES :]E ! SIZE ( ! UNITS IS DICTAT$ BY L>GE-SCALE OP]ATIONS1 = EXAMPLE /EEL ROLL+ MILLS OR MOTOR C> ASSEMBLY1 >E ! V]Y ONES :]E AUTOMATION IS LIKELY TO R$UCE ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE REQUIR$ 9 ONE PLACE4 ,AUTOMATION - ! WORD IS M]ELY J>GON = A MORE 9T5SIVE APPLICATION ( MA*9ES1 P>TICUL>LY TRANSF] MA*9ES - IS SE5 BY SOME PEOPLE AS YET ANO!R FACTORY = GREAT] 9DU/RIAL CONC5TRATION1 BUT ?IS IS ONLY ANO!R EXPRESSION ( ! C5TRALI/ M5TALITY4 ,MR4 ,LANGDON ,GOODMAN 9 HIS ,P5GU9 BOOK ,MAN & ,AUTOMATION PUTS ! MATT] 9 

 "9#a ?9K HE IS WRONG AB\T ELECTRICITY4 ,A FEW YE>S BACK ! 0,NEW ,SCI5TI/01 COMM5T+ ON ! APPALL+ COMPLEXITY ( ! PRES5T C5TRALIZ$ SY/EM1 PROPHESI$ ?AT 09 FUTURE !RE WILL BE A T5D5CY TO RETURN TO MORE OR LESS LOCAL G5]ATION ( ELECTRICITY40 ,9 ! 0,GU>DIAN0 7#i_/#a#a_/#f#a7 ,G]ALD ,HAY?ORN?WAITE COMM5TS ON ! ,C5TRAL ,ELECTRICITY ,G5]ATION ,BO>D'S 0SP9N+ A WEB ( ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION L9ES )\T MU* REF]5CE TO ANY O!R 9T]E/S ?AN ITS [N0 ?US 0PREJUDIC+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A MORE FLEXIBLE & USEFUL P[] SY/EM0 FROM SU* NEW DEVELOPM5TS AS ! ADVANC$ GAS-COOL$ REACTORS :I* C\LD PROVIDE A 0FOOTLOOSE P[] UNIT0 = 0A L>GE NUMB] ( SMALL & COMPACT P[] /ATIONS CLOSE TO ! C5T]S ( DEM&40 

,I ?9K HE IS WRONG AB\T RAILWAYS1 ESPECIALLY 9 VIEW ( ! PRES5T PROPOSALS = GRANT+ AUTONOMY TO ! ,REGIONS ( ,BRITI% ,RAILWAYS 9/EAD ( C5TRAL CONTROL BY ! ,BRITI% ,TRANSPORT ,COMMISSION4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF Y\ TRAVEL ACROSS ,EUROPE1 Y\ GO OV] ! L9ES ( A DOZ5 SY/EMS - CAPITALI/ & COMMUNI/ - CO-ORD9AT$ BY FREELY >RIV$ AT AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! V>I\S UND]TAK+S1 ) NO C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,PAUL ,GOODMAN REM>KS ?AT 0,IT IS JU/ SU* A SITUATION ?AT ,KROPOTK9 PO9TS TO AS AN >GUM5T = AN>*ISM - ! EXAMPLE HE USES IS ! RAILROAD-NETWORK ( ,EUROPE LAID D[N & RUN TO P]FECTION ) NO PLAN IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE40 

A V]Y 9T]E/+ 7POSITIVELY ,KROPOTK9IAN7 LI<T4 

,AUTOMATION CAN BE A =CE EI!R = CONC5TRATION OR DISP]SION4 ,!RE IS A T5D5CY TODAY = AUTOMATION TO DEVELOP ALONG ! L>G] & L>G] PRODUCTION UNITS1 BUT ?IS MAY ONLY BE A PHASE ?R\< :I* ! PRES5T TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE IS PASS+4 ,! COMP>ATIVELY L>GE SUMS ( MONEY :I* >E NE$$ TO DEVELOP AUTOMATION TE*NIQUES1 TOGE!R ) ! AM\NT ( TE*NOLOGICAL KN[L$GE & UNIQUE QUALITY ( MANAGEM5T1 >E POSSIBLY F\ND MORE 9 ! L>GE UNITS ?AN 9 ! SMALL] ONES4 ,?US ! L>G] UNITS WILL PROCE$ MORE QUICKLY T[>DS AUTOMATION4 ,:5 ?IS KN[L$GE IS DISP]S$ MORE WIDELY & ! SMALL] UNITS MAY TAKE UP AUTOMATION ! PATT]N MAY BE QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,AUTOMATION BE+ A L>GE EMPLOY] ( PLANT & A RELATIVELY SMALL EMPLOY] ( LABOR1 ALL[S PLANTS TO BE TAK5 AWAY FROM ! L>GE C5T]S ( POPULATION & BUILT 9 RELATIVELY SMALL C5T]S ( POPULATION4 ,?US ONE ASPECT ( ! ,BRITI% SC5E MAY *ANGE4 ,RURAL FACTORIES1 CLEAN1 SMALL1 CONC5TRAT$ UNITS WILL BE DOTT$ AB\T ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! EFFECTS ( ?IS MAY BE F>-REA*+4 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION CAUS$ A SEP>ATION ( L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE FROM ! L&1 & CONC5TRAT$ !M 9 T[NS4 ,! RESULT HAS BE5 A C]TA9 /&>DIZATION ( P]SONALITY1 IGNORANCE ( NATURE1 & LACK ( IMAG9ATIVE P[]4 ,N[ WE MAY SOON SEE SOME FACTORY WORK]S MOV+ BACK 9TO ! C\NTRY & BECOM+ P>T ( A RURAL COMMUNITY4 

,BUT P]HAPS ! MO/ /RIK+ EVID5CE 9 FAVOR ( R$UC+ ! SCALE ( 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION COMES FROM ! EXP]IM5TS CONDUCT$ BY 9DU/RIAL PSY*OLOGI/S1 SOCIOLOGI/S & SO ON1 :O1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( MORALE1 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY1 OR HEAL?1 HAVE S\<T TO BREAK D[N L>GE UNITS 9TO SMALL GR\PS4 ,! FAM\S EXP]IM5T ( ,ELTON ,MAYO AT ! ,HAW?ORNE ,WORKS ( ! ,WE/]N ,ELECTRIC ,COMPANY OR ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,GLACI] ,METAL ,COMPANY1 OR ,J4 ,J4 ,GILLESPIE'S IDEAS AB\T 'FREE EXPRESSION 9 9DU/RY' OR ! ,GR\P ,PRODUCTION ME?ODS ADOPT$ BY A ,SW$I% FIRM1 >E ALL EXAMPLES ( ?IS T5D5CY4 ,!IR AIM IS BY NO MEANS WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,!Y SIMPLY WANT TO 9CREASE PRODUCTIVITY OR TO R$UCE 9DU/RIAL NEUROSIS OR ABS5TEEISM1 BUT !Y DO 9DICATE ?AT ! PRECONDITIONS = WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY >E !RE4 ,?US ,PR(ESSOR ,NORMAN ,C4 ,HUNT1 9 A BROADCA/ 9 #aieh REM>K$ ?AT ! PROBLEMS >IS+ FROM ! GR[? ( 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES W]E SU* ?AT 

,A NUMB] ( L>GE COMPANIES HAVE REC5TLY DEC5TRALIZ$ !IR ORGANIZATIONS & E/ABLI%$ SMALL]1 L>GELY AUTONOM\S UNITS1 EA* TO SOME EXT5T A MANAG]IAL 5TITY 9 ITSELF4 ,A FEW YE>S AGO ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]AL ,ELECTRICITY ,COMPANY ( ,AM]ICA1 ONE ( ! COMPANIES :I* HAS FOLL[$ SU* A POLICY SAID3 0,) FEW] PEOPLE WE F9D ?AT MANAGEM5T CAN DO A BETT] JOB ( ORGANIZ+ FACILITIES & P]SONNEL4 ,?IS RESULTS 9 L[] MANUFACTUR+ CO/S & BETT] PRODUCTION CONTROL40 ,IT MAY BE ?AT ! CURR5T 9T]E/ 9 & APP>5T T5D5CY T[>DS ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( L>GE UND]TAK+ IS A SOME:AT BELAT$ RECOGNITION ( ! IMPORTANCE ( PEOPLE 9 ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ONE CAN ONLY HOPE ?AT AT LONG LA/ WE >E BEG9N+ TO ?9K AB\T ! PRESSURES :I* TRADITIONAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION PUT UPON ! PEOPLE :O >E REQUIR$ TO WORK 9 !M4 

,HE CONCLUD$ BY REFLECT+ ON ! POSSIBILITY ( REV]S+ ! TR5D ( SO-CALL$ SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T2 0DEC5TRALIZ+ RA!R ?AN C5TRALIZ+2 9CREAS+ ! SIGNIFICANT CONT5T ( JOBS RA!R ?AN SUBDIVID+ !M FUR!R2 H>NESS+ GR\P SOLID>ITY RA!R ?AN TRY+ TO BREAK IT UP2 PUTT+ MORE SATISFACTION 9TO ! WORK SITUATION RA!R ?AN EXPECT+ WORK]S TO F9D IT \TSIDE !IR JOBS2 9 %ORT1 MAK+ IT POSSIBLE = WORK]S TO UTILIZE !IR CAPACITIES MORE FULLY & ?US TRULY E>N !IR KEEP40 

,NOTICE HIS LA/ PHRASE :I* TELLS US :Y ! 9DU/RIALI/S EMPLOY ! PSY*OLOGI/S4 ,BUT IF ! 9DU/RIAL PSY*OLOGI/S W]E EMPLOY$ BY ! WORK]S 9/EAD ( BY ! EMPLOY]S1 :]E W\LD ?IS L9E ( ?9K+ 5D8 

,IT W\LD LEAD US TO CONCLUDE ?AT TE*NICALLY1 ORGANIZATIONALLY1 & 9 T]MS ( ! SOCIOLOGY & PSY*OLOGY ( WORK1 CONTROL ( 9DU/RY BY ! PEOPLE :O WORK 9 IT WAS BO? POSSIBLE & DESIRABLE4 ,?IS IS A REVOLUTION>Y DEM&1 = IT AFFECTS ! :OLE F\NDATIONS ( \R SOCIETY1 & IMPLIES A *ANGE 9 ! :OLE /RUCTURE ( PROP]TY RELATION%IPS UPON :I* IT IS BAS$4 ,IS !RE ANY DEM& = IT 7LET ALONE ANY LIKELIHOOD ( ITS BE+ A*IEV$ 9 ! IMM5SELY /ABLE & UNREVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY 9 :I* WE LIVE78 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! DEM& IS 9F9ITESIMAL4 ,BETWE5 =TY & FIFTY YE>S AGO1 9 ! TIME ( SYNDICALISM & ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM1 !RE WAS AT LEA/ A VOCAL M9ORITY 9 ! TRADE UNION & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS :I* S\<T WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY4 ,TODAY SU* A M9ORITY MOVEM5T DOES NOT EXI/1 ?\< !RE HAVE BE5 MANY ATTEMPTS - AFT] ! W> 9 ! ,LEAGUE = ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 & TODAY 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,RANK & ,FILE ,MOVEM5T - TO S[ ! SE$S = ! RE-CREATION ( SU* A MOVEM5T4 ,! LABOR MOVEM5T AS A :OLE HAS SETTL$ = ! NOTION ?AT Y\ GA9 MORE BY SETTL+ = LESS4 ,?IS IS :Y ,AN?ONY ,CROSL& CONT5DS ?AT 

,9 ! SPH]E :]E ! WORK] REALLY WANTS WORK]S' CONTROL1 NAMELY HIS DAY-TO-DAY LIFE 9 ! FACTORY1 WE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT ! ,BRITI% 7& ,AM]ICAN & ,SC&9AVIAN7 UNIONS1 GREATLY AID$ BY PROPITI\S *ANGES 9 ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC BACKGR\ND1 HAVE A*IEV$ A MORE EFFECTIVE CONTROL ?R\< ! 9DEP5D5T EX]CISE ( !IR COLLECTIVE B>GA9+ /R5G? ?AN !Y W\LD EV] HAVE A*IEV$ BY FOLL[+ ! PA? 7BESET AS IT IS BY PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES ON :I* ALL PA/ EXP]IM5TS HAVE F\ND]$7 ( DIRECT WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 ,9DE$ WE MAY RISK ! G5]ALIZATION ?AT ! GREAT] ! P[] ( ! ,UNIONS ! LESS ! 9T]E/ 9 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 

,N[ WE MAY REGRET ?IS PR(\NDLY1 BUT IF Y\ LOOK AT ! HI/ORY ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES Y\ WILL F9D ?IS G5]ALIZATION TO BE TRUE4 ,IT IS IDLE = DISAPPO9T$ REVOLUTION>IES TO PROCLAIM ?AT ! ORD9>Y DAY-TO-DAY 9DU/RIAL CONFLICTS OV] WAGES1 H\RS1 TEA-BREAKS & SO ON >E USELESS4 ,)9 !IR [N T]MS !Y JU/IFY !MSELVES COMPLETELY4 ,= JU/ AS ONE ( ! GREAT SOCIAL LIES IS ?AT CRIME DOESN'T PAY1 :5 IT DOES1 SO IT IS ANO!R MY? ?AT /RIKES DO NOT PAY(F - !Y DO4 7,& LET ME ADD1 P>5!TICALLY1 ?AT /RIKES OV] TEA-BREAKS1 ?AT MAKE ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,EV5+ ,/&>D READ]1 AS HE DR9KS HIS TEA1 SMILE BECAUSE ( !IR 0PETT9ESS0 OR SC[L BECAUSE ( !IR 0IRRESPONSIBILITY01 >E NOT AB\T TEA-BREAKS BUT AB\T HUMAN DIGNITY & AB\T ! 9TOL]ABLE BOR$OM ( DO+ :AT SOMEONE ELSE WANTS1 AS1 :51 & H[1 HE WANTS IT74 

,HAPPILY1 !RE NE$ NOT BE AN ALL OR NO?+ *OICE BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y & RE=MI/ 9DU/RIAL ACTION4 ,!RE IS AN APPROA* :I* COMB9ES ! DAY-TO-DAY /RUGGLE 9 9DU/RY ) ! AIM ( *ANG+ ! BALANCE ( P[] 9 ! FACTORY4 ,?IS IS :AT ! ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S CALL$ 05CROA*+ CONTROL04 ,AS ,K5 ,ALEX&] PUTS IT1 

,A FEW SIMPLE AIMS - = EXAMPLE CONTROL OV] HIRE & FIRE1 OV] ! 'MANN+ ( ! MA*9ES' & OV] ! WORK+ ( OV]TIME - PRESS$ 9 ! MO/ HOPEFUL 9DU/RIES ) ! AIM ( E/ABLI%+ BRIDGEHEADS FROM :I* WORK]S' CONTROL C\LD BE EXT5D$1 C\LD MAKE A BEG9N+4 ,! FACTORS DET]M9+ :E!R SU* DEM&S C\LD BE PRESS$ SUCCESSFULLY >E M>KET1 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION &1 MORE IMPORTANT1 ! EXT5T TO :I* ! NATURE ( !IR WORK COMPELS ! WORK]S TO EX]CISE MORE CONTROL4 

,= ! ELABORATION ( ?IS >GUM5T1 9 T]MS ( ! COLLECTIVE CONTRACT & 9 T]MS ( ! 'GANG SY/EM'1 ,I MU/ REF] Y\ TO ,A,N,>,*,Y #b- ! ISSUE ON ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL4 ,! EFFECT ( ! GR\P CONTRACT SY/EM1 AS ,G4 ,D4 ,H4 ,COLE PUT IT 0W\LD BE TO L9K ! MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ GR\P TOGE!R 9 A COMMON 5T]PRISE UND] !IR JO9T AUSPICES & CONTROL1 & TO EMANCIPATE !M FROM AN EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ DISCIPL9E 9 RESPECT ( !IR ME?OD ( GETT+ ! WORK DONE40 

,BUT S9CE WE >E DISCUSS+ ?IS TOPIC FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ W>1 WE MU/ ALSO RECOGNIZE ?AT - JU/ AS WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! GEOGRAPHICAL DEC5TRALIZATION ( 9DU/RY IS ONLY P>T ( ! /ORY1 SO IS ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( CONTROL ( 9DU/RY - A F> MORE RADICAL AIM1 & ONE 9F9ITELY H>D] TO A*IEVE4 ,:5 ,REG ,WRI<T 9 ,A,N,>,*,Y #b & #h1 OR ,SEYM\R ,MELMAN 9 HIS BOOK ,DECISION-,MAK+ & ,PRODUCTIVITY DESCRIBE H[ ?REE ?\S& M5 MADE HALF A MILLION ,F]GUSON TRACTORS 9 T5 YE>S ) PRACTICALLY NO SUP]VISION1 Y\ CAN REFLECT ?AT !Y C\LD JU/ AS WELL HAVE BE5 TANKS OR ANY O!R K9D ( W> MAT]IAL4 ,CONSID]+ ! FABUL\S \TPUT ( ! W> 9DU/RY FROM #aici TO #a#i#d#e1 ! /ORY W\LD HAVE BE5 ONE ( F> GREAT] MIRACLES ( PRODUCTION4 ,A SELF-GOV]N+ 9DU/RY WILL REFLECT ! G5]AL SOCIAL CLIMATE ) GREAT ACCURACY4 7,?9K ( ! RECORD ( ! ,BRITI% ,M$ICAL ,ASSOCIATION - ! M\?PIECE ( A SELF-GOV]N+ PR(ESSION - & ! WAY 9 :I* IT BEHAV$ OV] ! ABSORPTION ( REFUGEE DOCTORS 9 ?IS C\NTRY BE=E ! W>1 OR ?AT ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,M$ICAL ,ASSOCIATION TODAY OV] ALL & EV]Y EF=T TO CREATE HEAL? S]VICES AVAILABLE TO ALL 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES74 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ONLY WORK+-CLASS BODY CAMPAIGN+ TODAY = WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY1 ! ,NATIONAL ,RANK & ,FILE ,MOVEM5T1 HAS AS ITEM #h ( ITS AIMS & OBJECTS1 0,TO PROMOTE ! POLICY & SLOGAN ( AN ',9T]NATIONAL ,G5]AL ,/RIKE ,AGA9/ ,W>'4 ,BUT WE KN[ H[1 9 #a#i#a#d1 ! ID5TICAL POLICY & SLOGAN1 AT A TIME :5 9DU/RIAL MILITANCY WAS A HUNDR$ TIMES MORE WIDESPREAD1 VANI%$ 9TO ?9 AIR ! MOM5T W> WAS DECL>$4 ,! SLOGANS W]E NO MORE ?AN 444 SLOGANS4 ,DON'T ?9K ,I M5TION ?IS TO DISCR$IT ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS2 ! SAME VOLTE FACE WAS ACCOMPLI%$1 AS ,RI*>D ,GREGG PO9TS \T1 BY MANY HI<LY 9TELLIG5T PACIFI/S ON ! \TBREAK ( ! SECOND WORLD W>4 

,JU/ AS WE NE$ TO WID5 & DEEP5 ! MOTIVES & EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 SO WE NE$ TO WID5 & DEEP5 ?OSE ( ! PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 DRAWN1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 !IR LIVES1 TO MOVEM5TS ( SOCIAL PROTE/ & /RUGGLE BY ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! BOMB3 ,I AGREE COMPLETELY ) ! $ITORIAL 9 ONE ( ! ,RANK & ,FILE J\RNALS ?AT DECL>$ ?AT ! ,COMMITTEE ( #a MU/ %[ 0?AT IT NOT ONLY /&S AGA9/ NUCLE> WEAPONS1 BUT ?AT IT ALSO /&S = SOME?+ POSITIVE1 = A NEW PHILOSOPHY ( LIFE1 = A NEW SY/EM ( SOCIETY 9 :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE WILL BE MA/]S ( !IR [N FATE04 ,& ,I AGREE ) ,MI*AEL ,R&LE'S ANSW] TO A J\RNALI/ :5 *ALL5G$ ON ?IS PO9T3 0,PEOPLE HAVE COME 9TO ! NUCLE> DIS>MAM5T MOVEM5T FROM MANY DIFF]5T BACKGR\NDS4 ,IT'S QUITE LEGITIMATE = PEOPLE :O COME FROM A BACKGR\ND ( 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLE TO SEE !RE IS A RELATION BETWE5 :AT WE HAVE BE5 SAY+ AB\T NUCLE> DIS>MAM5T & :AT !Y >E SAY+ AB\T SOCIETY 9 G5]AL40 

,IT IS ALWAYS SAID ?AT ! WAY 9 :I* ! ,5GLI% >I/OCRACY HAS MA9TA9$ ITS ASC5DANCY IS BY CONT9UALLY ABSORB+ NEW BLOOD FROM BEL[1 & 9 ONE G5]ATION IMBU+ IT ) ITS [N VALUES & ATTITUDES4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ABSORBS ! \TSID]S4 ,?IS HAPP5S ALL ! WAY D[N ! SOCIAL SCALE4 ,ONE ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( 9DU/RIAL & SOCIAL *ANGE 9 ! LA/ =TY YE>S - & ONE :I* IS MOV+ AT A GREAT] PACE TODAY ?AN EV]1 HAS BE5 ! DECL9E 9 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 PRIM>Y PRODUCTION1 & ! GR[? ( ! NUMB]S 9 SECOND>Y OR S]VICE 9DU/RIES4 ,9 T]MS ( P]SONALITY TYPES1 ! *ANGE IS ONE FROM ! 0/ATUS-ACCEPT+0 TO ! 0/ATUS-ASPIR+01 IT IS A *ANGE FROM ! TRADITIONAL WORK+-CLASS VALUES TO ?OSE *>ACT]I/IC ( ! MIDDLE-CLASSES4 ,! GOOD SIDE ( ?IS *ANGE IS ! OPPORTUNITY IT PROVIDES TO BREAK \T ( ! RE/RICT$ & N>R[ TRADITIONAL 5VIRONM5T ( WORK+-CLASS LIFE4 ,! BAD SIDE IS ?AT1 9 ACCEPT+ ! VALUE SY/EM ( ! BOSSES1 ! TRADITIONAL /R5G? ( ! WORK+-CLASS ATTITUDE IS BE+ ]OD$4 ,9 9DU/RY ! *>ACT]I/IC WORK+-CLASS VALUE IS /ICK+ TOGE!R - SOLID>ITY1 BUT ! *>ACT]I/IC MIDDLE-CLASS VALUE IS :AT ,SEYM\R ,MELMAN CALLS 0PR$ATORY COMPETITION0 - 9DIVIDUAL SELF-ADVANCEM5T1 :I* BECAUSE IT IS 9DIVIDUAL1 MU/ BE AT ! EXP5SE ( O!RS4 ,O!R PEOPLE CALL ?IS ! RAT RACE4 ,:5 AFT] ! ,LEYL& TAKE-OV] ( ! ,/&>D ,MOTOR ,COMPANY1 A NUMB] ( EXECUTIVE /AFF W]E SACK$1 ONE ( !M SAID 0,IF ONE MAN ON ! %OP FLOOR WAS FIR$ !RE W\LD BE A /RIKE BECAUSE !Y >E ORGANIZ$4 ,AB\T #b ( US WILL GO & NO?+ WILL HAPP504 ,BUT ! REASON :Y !Y W]E P[]LESS TO PROTECT !IR [N 9T]E/S IS PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y HAD ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! EMPLOY]S & NOT ?OSE ( ! WORK]S4 ,!Y HAVE OPT$ \T ( ?AT WORK+-CLASS SOLID>ITY :I* IS ONE ( ! ALT]NATIVE FOCI ( P[] TO :I* ,G5E ,%>P REF]R$ 9 HIS LECTURE LA/ WEEK4 

,ONE GREAT 9CID5TAL VIRTUE ( ! ANTI-BOMB CAMPAIGN IS ?AT IT IS TEA*+ MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE WORK+-CLASS SOLID>ITY4 7,EV5 ITS FAVORITE DIRGE1 ! ONE AB\T ! ,H-,BOMB'S ,?UND] IS AN ADAPTATION ( A M9]'S SONG74 ,IT IS ALSO TEA*+ !M H[ MU* MORE REALI/IC ?AN !IR [N1 IS ! TRADITIONAL WORK+-CLASS ATTITUDE T[>DS ! POLICE4 ,BUT MO/ ( ALL1 IT IS TEA*+ !M H[ WEAK >E !IR ME?ODS ( RESI/ANCE TO POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 COMP>$ ) ! ME?ODS BY :I* ! WORK+-CLASS HAVE LE>N$ H[ TO RESI/ 9DU/RIAL AU?ORITY4 ,! MIDDLE-CLASS SITS 9 PUDDLES AS A SYMBOLIC GE/URE - ( ITS [N IMPOT5CE2 ! WORK+-CLASS HAS DEVELOP$ OV] ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SELF-PROTECTION & ( ITS [N CONCEPT ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WEAPON ( NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION YET DEVIS$3 ! /RIKE1 ! )DRAWAL ( P[] FROM 9DU/RIAL AU?ORITY4 

,IT IS 9 RECOGNITION ( ?IS ?AT ! ,COMMITTEE ( #a HAS ISSU$ ITS APPEAL = 9DU/RIAL ACTION AGA9/ ! BOMB4 ,BUT IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE ! BOMB IS NOT SOME?+ UNIQUE1 BUT IS ! 9EVITABLE \TCOME ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 ?AT WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT \R COMMON /RUGGLE IS AGA9/ AU?ORITY ITSELF1 AN AU?ORITY :I* IS ONLY EFFECTIVE BECAUSE WE HAVE SURR5D]$ TO IT \R [N P[] OV] \R [N LIVES4 

,WE HAVE ?REE DUTIES1 TO RESI/1 TO $UCATE & TO E/ABLI% MUTUAL AID COMMUNITIES4 ,BY !SE MEANS WE MAY MAKE POSSIBLE SURVIVAL IF ,WE/]N SOCIETY COLLAPSES1 ! ABILITY TO RESI/ IF TYRANNY SUCCE$S IT1 & ! READ9ESS ( ! PEOPLE IF RE=M CAN BE GA9$ BY COMPROMISE4 ,RESI/ANCE & DISOB$I5CE >E /ILL ! ONLY =CES ABLE TO COPE ) B>B>ISM1 & SO LONG AS WE DO NOT PRACTICE !M WE >E UN>M$4 ,! MEANS ( RESI/ANCE ON A SCALE L>G] ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL IS ! MUTUAL-AID COMMUNITY1 :I* IS 9 ITSELF AN ALT]NATIVE UNIT ABLE TO EXI/ )9 ! /ATE1 TO SURVIVE IT1 & TO COMBAT IT4 ,& )\T $UCATION FRE$OM IS IMPOSSIBLE1 = IT IS NOT A /ATE :I* CAN BE IMPOS$ UPON PEOPLE :O HAVE LE>N$ NO?+ AB\T ! NATURE ( RESPONSIBILITY4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,9DU/RIAL ,DEC5TRALISATION & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL -- ,UPDAT$4 

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