,*APT] #i 
,! ,NEGOTIATION 7#b7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>NE ,ROSS 

,TEXT 3 

#i4 ,! ,N,E,G,O,T,I,A,T,I,O,N 7#b7 

,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL1 ,NEW ,YORK #aiii 

,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#i#h1 ! ,U,S & ,U,K BOMB$ ,IRAQ 9 ,OP]ATION ,DES]T ,FOX1 9 RETALIATION = ,IRAQ'S FAILURE TO COOP]ATE ) ! WEAPONS 9SPECTORS DUR+ A TE/ P]IOD E>LI] ?AT YE>4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL #ag ,DECEMB] ! FOLL[+ YE> ?AT ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL WAS ABLE TO DECIDE A R5EW$ -- BUT NOT UNIT$ -- APPROA* TO ,IRAQ1 ON BO? C5TRAL ISSUES ( SANCTIONS & WEAPONS 9SPECTIONS4 ,?AT YE> 5COMPASS$ SOME ( ! H>DE/ WORK ( MY LIFE4 ,! PRODUCT -- RESOLUTION #abhd -- ADOPT$ BY #aa POSITIVE VOTES1 ) NONE AGA9/ & F\R AB/5TIONS1 WAS ONE ( ! LONGE/ & MO/ COMPLEX ,U,N RESOLUTIONS EV]4 

,9 ,JANU>Y ! FOLL[+ YE>1 :ILE /ILL AT ! ,U,K MISSION1 ,I WROTE AN >TICLE TO COMMIT ! NEGOTIATION TO ! RECORD4 ,I DID SO ) PUBLICATION 9 M9D SO ,I UTILIZ$ ! SORT ( LANGUAGE ?AT ,I ?\<T WAS REQUIR$3 ! CONV5TIONAL DISC\RSE ( /ATES & !IR 9T]E/S4 ,& ?IS IS :AT ,I WROTE3.<#e#c.> 

,AS #aiii BEGAN1 WE KNEW ?AT WE HAD A T\< JOB AHEAD TO REBUILD A ,C\NCIL POSITION ON ,IRAQ4 ,AT ?AT PO9T1 WE SET \RSELVES ?REE OV]LAPP+ OBJECTIVES4 ,! FIR/ WAS TO AVOID A POSITION :]E WE W\LD HAVE TO VETO A SANCTIONS-LIFT+ RESOLUTION 7A /EP :I* WAS 9 NO WAY JU/IFI$ GIV5 ,IRAQ'S RECORD ( NONCOMPLIANCE74 ,! SECOND WAS TO BUILD UP A CU%ION ( SUPPORT = \R POSITION 9 ! ,C\NCIL1 ?US PREV5T+ O!RS FROM BUILD+ UP SUPPORT = SANCTIONS-LIFT4 ,! ?IRD WAS TO PASS A NEW RESOLUTION1 :I* W\LD CLE>LY REE/ABLI% A ,C\NCIL POSITION & REAFFIRM ITS COMMITM5T TO ITS PA/ RESOLUTIONS & ! NECESSITY ( ,IRAQI COMPLIANCE4 ,WE ALWAYS JUDG$ ! ?IRD OBJECTIVE TO BE ! MO/ DIFFICULT1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE1 GIV5 ! VITUP]ATIVE OPPOSITION FROM ,RUSSIA & ,*9A 9 P>TICUL>1 BUT 9 ! 5D WE A*IEV$ ALL ?REE4 

,AS ! ,C\NCIL DISCUSS$ ,IRAQ ?R\< ,JANU>Y1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT MO/ ,C\NCIL MEMB]S WANT$ A FRE% APPROA*4 ,COMMON GR\ND AMONG US WAS ?AT MU* MORE %\LD BE DONE TO ADDRESS ! SUFF]+ ( ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE1 BUT ALSO ?AT ,IRAQ %\LD COMPLY ) ITS OBLIGATIONS UND] ! RESOLUTIONS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE RELAT+ TO DIS>MAM5T4 ,IT WAS ALSO CLE> ?AT MANY MEMB]S WANT$ A ?OR\< CONSID]ATION ( ! MANY & COMPLEX ISSUES 9VOLV$1 P>TICUL>LY ! >CANE QUE/IONS ( ,IRAQI ,W,M,D PROGRAMS & ! 9TRICATE & SOMETIMES OPAQUE OP]ATION ( ! OIL-=-FOOD PROGRAM1 A ,U,N-ADM9I/]$ S*EME :]EBY ,IRAQ C\LD SELL OIL 9 RETURN = HUMANIT>IAN SUPPLIES4 

,! UP%OT WAS ! CREATION ( ?REE PANELS1 ALL *AIR$ BY ! !N ,BRAZILIAN ,AMBASSADOR ,CELSO ,AMORIM1 ADDRESS+ DIS>MAM5T1 HUMANIT>IAN ISSUES & ! CONT9U+ QUE/ION ( ,KUWAITI MISS+ P]SONS & PROP]TY 7= :OM ,IRAQ HAD CONSI/5TLY FAIL$ TO ACC\NT74 ,! PANELS PROVID$ A BREA?+ SPACE = ! ,C\NCIL TO REEXAM9E ! ISSUES AT /AKE1 &1 FRANKLY1 TO COOL D[N AFT] ! BITT] >GUM5TS ( #a#i#i#h4 ,! REPORTS ! PANELS PRODUC$ PROVID$ ! BUILD+ BLOCKS = A NEW ,C\NCIL APPROA*4 

,AS SOON AS ! PANELS REPORT$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#i#i1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT ! MOOD 9 ! ,C\NCIL WAS TO TAKE =W>D ! WORK ( ! PANELS & PUT ! BULK ( !IR RECOMM5DATIONS 9TO ACTION4 ,! ,C\NCIL NE$$ TO DESIGN A COMPREH5SIVE WAY =W>D1 ONE ?AT SET \T A R\TE MAP TO DEAL ) ,IRAQ'S OBLIGATIONS TO DISPOSE ( & ACC\NT = ITS ,W,M,D1 BUT ALSO ONE ?AT ADDRESS$ ! HUMANIT>IAN NE$S ( ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE4 

,TO DO ?IS1 ! ,U,K DRAFT$ A NEW COMPREH5SIVE DRAFT RESOLUTION1 :I* TOOK =W>D ! PANEL RECOMM5DATIONS 9 ! ?REE MA9 >EAS 7DIS>MAM5T1 HUMANIT>IAN & ,KUWAITI ISSUES74 ,\R DRAFT PROVID$ = ! CREATION ( A NEW DIS>MAM5T BODY TO TAKE OV] ! WORK ( ,U,N,S,C,O,M4 ,IT ALSO TOOK =W>D A S]IES ( MEASURES TO IMPROVE ! RES\RCES AVAILABLE TO1 & ! OP]ATION (1 ! OIL-=-FOOD PROGRAM1 PR9CIPALLY BY REMOV+ ! CEIL+ LIMIT+ ,IRAQI OIL SALES BUT ALSO BY SIMPLIFY+ ! PROC$URES = ! IMPORT ( GOODS 9TO ,IRAQ & ALL[+ ! ,U,N TO SP5D MONEY LOCALLY TO REVIVE ! ECONOMY4 ,ON ! ?IRD SET ( ISSUES1 ! DRAFT RESOLUTION TOOK UP ! PANEL RECOMM5DATION = ! APPO9TM5T ( A NEW ,U,N ,SPECIAL ,COORD9ATOR TO PRESS = ,IRAQI COMPLIANCE ) ITS OBLIGATIONS TO ACC\NT = ! MISS+ ,KUWAITI P]SONS & PROP]TY4 

,BUT 9 ADDITION TO !SE PROVISIONS1 ! RESOLUTION PROVID$ A NEW /EPP+ /ONE ON ! PA? TO ! LIFT+ ( SANCTIONS4 ,! DRAFT'S MO/ IMPORTANT PROVISION WAS TO ALL[ = ! SUSP5SION 7RA!R ?AN ! FULL LIFT+7 ( SANCTIONS IF ,IRAQ FULFILL$ A LI/ ( KEY DIS>MAM5T TASKS1 :I* W\LD BE ID5TIFI$ BY ! DIS>MAM5T COMMISSION4 ,?IS (F]$ A NEW1 9T]IM /EP TO ,IRAQ1 %ORT ( ! FULL LIFT-=-FULL COMPLIANCE EQUATION ( ! E>LI] RESOLUTIONS4 ,9/EAD ( 0LI<T AT ! 5D ( ! TUNNEL01 !RE WAS ALSO 0LI<T 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! TUNNEL04 ,?IS WAS A CRUCIAL 9NOVATION 9 GA!R+ SUPPORT = ! RESOLUTION4 

,! ,/RUGGLE = ! 0,MIDDLE ,GR\ND0 

,?US BEGAN ! FIR/ PHASE ( \R CAMPAIGN4 ,L$ BY ,AMBASSADOR ,SIR ,J]EMY ,GRE5/OCK1 WE EMB>K$ ON A LONG & DETAIL$ LOBBY+ EX]CISE1 FOCUS$ PRIM>ILY ON ! NONP]MAN5T MEMB]S :OM WE CALL$ ! 0MIDDLE GR\ND0 ( ! ,C\NCIL3 ?OSE ,C\NCIL MEMB]S :O SUPPORT$ NEI!R ! IMM$IATE LIFT+ ( SANCTIONS1 NOR ! P]PETUATION ( ! 0ANCI5 REGIME04 ,! ,NE!RL&S WAS ! FIR/ TO COSPONSOR \R RESOLUTION1 & ! DRAFT RESOLUTION ?US BECAME KN[N AS ! 0,ANGLO-,DUT*0 DRAFT4 ,! ,DUT* W]E TO PROVIDE ROBU/ & 5]GETIC SUPPORT ?R\<\T \R CAMPAIGN4 

,O!RS TOOK LONG] TO CONV9CE1 & A GRUEL+ & L5G?Y PROCESS ( ADDRESS+ EA* MEMB]'S CONC]NS ONE BY ONE TOOK PLACE4 ,C\NTRIES LIKE ,CANADA & ,BRAZIL HAD1 LIKE US1 ?\<T LONG & H>D AB\T ! ,IRAQ PROBLEM4 ,!Y HAD /RONG VIEWS AB\T P>TICUL> ISSUES3 = EXAMPLE ! ,CANADIANS BELIEV$ ?AT !RE %\LD BE PROVISION1 IF ,IRAQ WAS COOP]AT+ ) ! ,U,N1 = =EIGN OIL COMPANIES TO BE ALL[$ BACK 9TO ,IRAQ TO 9VE/ 9 ! C\NTRY'S DECAY+ OIL 9FRA/RUCTURE1 ?US TO ALL[ MORE REV5UES TO BE PRODUC$ = ! HUMANIT>IAN PROGRAM4 ,BRAZIL1 HAV+ *AIR$ ! PANELS1 HAD A NUMB] ( CONC]NS1 9 P>TICUL> ON ! OP]ATION ( ! HUMANIT>IAN PROGRAM4 ,!Y1 & O!RS1 W]E 9SI/5T ?AT IF SUSP5SION ( SANCTIONS TOOK PLACE1 IT %\LD COV] IMPORTS 9TO ,IRAQ AS WELL AS EXPORTS FROM ,IRAQ4 ,AMONG ! NON-P]MAN5TS1 !RE WAS ALSO WIDESPREAD RESI/ANCE TO ! ,ANGLO-,DUT* DRAFT RESOLUTION'S PROVISION 7TAK5 FROM ! PANEL RECOMM5DATIONS7 ?AT ! ,U,N'S COMP5SATION FUND1 SET UP AFT] ! ,GULF ,W> TO COMP5SATE ?OSE :O HAD SUFF]$ LOSSES CAUS$ BY ! 9VASION1 %\LD BE RAID$ = FUNDS TO SUPPLEM5T ! HUMANIT>IAN PROGRAM 9 ,IRAQ4 ,ANO!R FACTOR WAS P]HAPS ! DESIRE ( SOME NON-P]MAN5TS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ) A WELL-DEVELOP$ S5SE ( ! 9JU/ICE ( ! P]MAN5T_/NONP]MAN5T DIVISION 9 ! ,C\NCIL1 NOT TO BE TOO EASILY BIDD5 9 ?IS1 ! MO/ T5D5TI\S ( ,C\NCIL ISSUES4 ,BUT AFT] DETAIL$ DISCUSSION1 BACK$ UP BY ! USUAL POLITICAL LOBBY+ BY EMBASSIES 9 CAPITALS1 P>TICUL>LY BY ! ,U,S1 & BY PHONE-CALLS BETWE5 =EIGN M9I/]S1 WE SL[LY BUILT UP ! LI/ ( CO-SPONSORS4 ,BY ,AUGU/ WE HAD A LI/ ( N9E CO-SPONSORS1 ?US A*IEV+ ! FIR/ & SECOND ( \R OBJECTIVES4 

,CLOSE COORD9ATION ) ! ,U,S DUR+ ?IS PHASE WAS CRUCIAL1 AS IT WAS ?R\<\T4 ,! PRES5TATION ( \R DRAFT RESOLUTION WAS DISCUSS$ 9 DETAIL ) ! ADM9I/RATION 9 ,WA%+TON4 ,BO? \R (FICIALS 9 ,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK1 ON FREQU5T VISITS & PHONECALLS TO ,WA%+TON1 & \R EMBASSY 9 ,WA%+TON1 KEPT 9 CON/ANT CONTACT ) ALL ! KEY ACTORS 9 ! ADM9I/RATION1 NOT ALL ( :OM W]E EASILY CONV9C$ ( ! M]ITS ( \R APPROA*4 ,SOME W]E UND\BT$LY MORE READY TO DISC>D ! ,C\NCIL APPROA*1 FRU/RAT$ BY ?OSE 9 ! ,C\NCIL :O SEEM$ F> TOO KE5 TO APPEASE ! ,IRAQIS1 & PREF]R$ 9/EAD A MORE UNILAT]AL APPROA* TO MILIT>Y CONTA9M5T4 

,WE >GU$ ?AT ! ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN COMMON 9T]E/ 9 LIMIT+ ! ,IRAQI ?REAT WAS BE/ A*IEV$ BY RE/OR+ 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT 9 ! ,C\NCIL4 ,A NEW ,C\NCIL RESOLUTION WAS ! BE/ WAY TO GET A ROBU/ 9SPECTION ME*ANISM BACK 9TO ,IRAQ & TO CONSOLIDATE SUPPORT = ! 9T]NATIONAL EF=T TO SECURE ,IRAQI COMPLIANCE ) ITS OBLIGATIONS4 

,AN ADDITIONAL >GUM5T WAS ! FE> ?AT ! ABS5CE ( A NEW RESOLUTION W\LD 5C\RAGE O!RS TO COME =W>D ) PROPOSALS TO LIFT SANCTIONS1 :I* WE W\LD HAVE TO RESI/ AS UTT]LY UNJU/IFI$4 ,9 ! 5D !SE >GUM5TS1 :I* W]E %>$ BY ! BULK ( ADM9I/RATION (FICIALS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T1 WON ?R\<4 ,! ,U,S ULTIMATELY DECID$1 LIKE US1 ?AT A MULTILAT]AL APPROA* TO DEAL+ ) ,IRAQ WAS BETT] ?AN GO+ IT ALONE4 ,!IR SUPPORT WAS ESS5TIAL4 ,A SIMPLE REALITY ( TODAY'S ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL IS ?AT NO RESOLUTION WILL PROSP] )\T IT4 

,:ILE WE W]E 5GAG$ 9 \R CAMPAIGN = SUPPORT1 O!RS W]E WAG+ !IR [N CAMPAIGNS4 ,! ,FR5*1 ,RUSSIANS & ,*9ESE PRES5T$ ALT]NATIVE DRAFT RESOLUTIONS 9 A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T P]MUTATIONS 7A TRIP>TITE WORK+ PAP]1 A ,FR5* WORK+ PAP] & A ,RUSSIAN_/,*9ESE WORK+ PAP] W]E ! MA9 PROPOSALS74 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !IR & \R PROPOSALS IS 5CAPSULAT$ 9 ! DI/9CTION1 SEEM+LY >CANE BUT NONE!LESS IMPORTANT1 BETWE5 COMPLIANCE & COOP]ATION4 ,! ,RUSSIAN1 ,*9ESE & ,FR5* PROPOSALS (F]$ ,IRAQ ! SUSP5SION & LIFT+ ( SANCTIONS 9 RETURN M]ELY = COOP]ATION ) ! NEW DIS>MAM5T ME*ANISM 7! ORIG9AL ,RUSSIAN DRAFT (F]$ SUSP5SION 9 RETURN = ,IRAQ SIMPLY ALL[+ ! 9SPECTORS BACK 9TO ,IRAQ74 ,WE 9SI/$ ON ACTUAL COMPLIANCE ) ,IRAQ'S OBLIGATIONS1 I4E4 ! MAT]IAL REVELATION ( 9=MATION AB\T ,W,M,D PROGRAMS OR MAT]IEL ( ?OSE PROGRAMS4 ,IT WAS NEV] CLE> :AT COOP]ATION W\LD MEAN IF !RE WAS NO COMPLIANCE4 .<,U,S DIPLOMAT.> ,?OMAS ,PICK]+ AT ONE PO9T LAT] 9 ! NEGOTIATIONS COMP>$ IT TO (F]+ ! NEW ,U,N,S,C,O,M TEA & BISCUITS4 

,!SE C\NTRIES W]E AS VIGOR\S AS WE W]E 9 >GU+ ! M]ITS ( !IR APPROA*1 CLAIM+ ABOVE ALL ?AT !IRS WAS ! ONLY 0REALI/IC0 WAY =W>D 9 ! LI<T ( ,IRAQ'S ANTIPA?Y TO ANY FUR!R >MS 9SPECTIONS & ITS /ATEM5TS ?AT IT W\LD ONLY COOP]ATE IF (F]$ ! IMM$IATE LIFT+ ( SANCTIONS4 ,BUT ONLY ,MALAYSIA DECL>$ FULL SYMPA?Y ) ! ALT]NATIVE APPROA*4 ,O!R ,C\NCIL MEMB]S W]E MORE READY TO AGREE ) US ?AT ! ,C\NCIL'S CR$IBILITY W\LD BE UND]M9$ IF WE DISC>D$ \R [N CONDITIONS = SANCTIONS RELIEF1 SIMPLY BECAUSE ,IRAQ HAD FAIL$ TO MEET !IRS4 

,! ,P#e ,PROCESS 

,BY ! SUMM] !RE=E1 WE HAD A MAJORITY ( ,C\NCIL MEMB]S SUPPORT+ \R RESOLUTION1 BUT IT WAS CLE> ?AT DIVISIONS 9 ! ,P#e W]E 5TR5*$4 ,WE REALIZ$ ?AT WE W\LD NE$ A NEW APPROA* TO ATTEMPT TO W9 CONS5SUS 9 ! ,C\NCIL1 OR FAIL+ ?AT1 ADOPTION ( ! RESOLUTION ) ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE MAJORITY 7&1 BY IMPLICATION1 NO VETOES74 ,NO ONE WANT$ ! IMPASSE TO LA/ ANY LONG]1 OR WANT$ ,C\NCIL DIVISIONS TO BECOME SET 9 /ONE4 ,BUT EQUALLY ! POSITIONS 9 ! ,P#e1 BETWE5 ! ,U,S & ,U,K ON ! ONE H&1 & ,RUSSIA1 ,*9A & ,FRANCE ON ! O!R1 W]E /ILL F> AP>T4 

,DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITY TRADITIONALLY IS A LITTLE QUIET] 9 ! SUMM] MON?S4 ,?AT ,AUGU/1 WE SAT D[N 9 ,LONDON & WORK$ \T A /RATEGY TO TRY TO GET ! ,P#e TOGE!R4 ,WE DECID$ TO ADOPT A ,FR5* SUGGE/ION ( WORK+ ON 0FLOAT+ ELEM5TS0 ( A RESOLUTION1 RA!R ?AN CONT9U+ TO FLOG \R NATIONAL TEXT1 9 ORD] TO GET R\ND NATIONAL S5SITIVITIES OV] [N]%IP ( ! TEXT4 7,ONE %\LD NEV] UND]E/IMATE ! ATTA*M5T A C\NTRY =MS TO ITS [N TEXT1 MU* AS 9DIVIDUALS DO47 ,WE W\LD DIVIDE ! RESOLUTION 9TO ITS MA9 COMPON5TS1 COV]+ DIS>MAM5T1 HUMANIT>IAN & ,KUWAITI ISSUES4 ,WE W\LD !N 9ITIATE DISCUSSION ( EA* ( !SE ELEM5TS SEP>ATELY1 ON ! BASIS ?AT NO?+ WAS AGRE$ UNTIL EV]Y?+ WAS AGRE$4 ,EA* P>T ( ! DISCUSSION W\LD BEG9 ON A G5]AL BASIS3 WE W\LD WORK ON CONCEPTS1 BE=E TRY+ TO WORK UP DETAIL$ LANGUAGE = A RESOLUTION4 

,WE 9ITIAT$ ?IS PHASE ( \R CAMPAIGN ) A ,P#e MEET+ ( ,POLITICAL ,DIRECTORS 9 ,LONDON 9 ,SEPTEMB]4 ,DISCUSSION W5T WELL1 ?\< !RE W]E /ILL L>GE DIFF]5CES4 ,!RE WAS A CLE> WILL+NESS AT LEA/ TO TRY TO OV]COME \R DIFF]5CES4 ,AFT] ?IS MEET+1 CONTACTS CONT9U$ BY TELEPHONE & VIA BILAT]AL MEET+S1 9 P>TICUL> BETWE5 ,FRANCE1 ! ,U,K & ! ,U,S4 

,! FIR/ WEEK ( ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,NEW ,YORK 7SO-CALL$ M9I/]IAL WEEK7 IS ALWAYS AN 9T5SE FEW DAYS ( DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITY4 ,WE DECID$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! WEEK'S HO?\SE ATMOSPH]E & ! PRES5CE ( EV]YONE'S S5IOR (FICIALS & =EIGN M9I/]S1 TO TRY = A BREAK?R\<4 ,TACTICALLY1 WE *OSE TO AB&ON TEMPOR>ILY \R 0FLOAT+ ELEM5TS0 APPROA*1 & ATTEMPT$ 9/EAD TO W9 AGREEM5T TO A MORE G5]AL ,P#e /ATEM5T ( COMMON PR9CIPLES 9 \R APPROA* TO ,IRAQ 7A TE*NIQUE COPI$ FROM ! ,KOSOVO ,G#h /ATEM5T NEGOTIATION1 :]E IT HAD PROV$ EFFECTIVE74 ,! TE*NIQUE FAIL$4 ,A WEEK'S 9T5SIVE DISCUSSION AMONG S5IOR (FICIALS PRODUC$ NO AGREEM5T ON A COMMON /ATEM5T4 

,LOOK+ BACK1 ,I AM NOT SURE ! /ATEM5T W\LD HAVE HELP$ US AGREE A RESOLUTION 9 ANY CASE4 ,:ILE IT WAS DIFFICULT 5\< TO AGREE COMMON PR9CIPLES ON H&L+ ,IRAQ1 ! REAL NUB ( \R >GUM5T LAY 9 ! DETAIL$ LANGUAGE ( ! RESOLUTION REG>D+ ! CONDITIONS = ! SUSP5SION ( SANCTIONS1 & O!R ISSUES SU* AS ! COMPOSITION ( ! NEW DIS>MAM5T BODY4 ,?IS WAS TO BECOME MORE APP>5T LAT] 9 ! PROCESS4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! M9I/]IAL WEEK DISCUSSIONS ALL[$ ! >GUM5TS TO BE FULLY AIR$1 & SOME CLOS] UND]/&+ ( EA* O!RS' POSITIONS TO BE A*IEV$4 ,P]HAPS ABOVE ALL1 ! M9I/]IAL WEEK DISCUSSIONS HELP$ TO DISPEL SOME ( ! SUSPICION ( ,U,S & ,U,K MOTIVES ?AT HAD GR[N UP1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] ,OP]ATION ,DES]T ,FOX1 ?AT WE W]E SEEK+ TO PASS A RESOLUTION SIMPLY AS A PRETEXT = ! FUR!R USE ( =CE 7S9CE ,IRAQ WAS LIKELY1 9ITIALLY AT LEA/1 TO REJECT IT74 ,BUT WE HAD HOP$ ?AT ! WEEK'S DISCUSSIONS W\LD RESULT 9 A HELPFUL BOO/ TO \R EF=TS ON ! RESOLUTION1 ?R\< A SUB/ANTIVE COMMON /ATEM5T FROM ! ,P#e ,=EIGN ,M9I/]S :O MET AT ! 5D ( ! WEEK4 ,?IS DID NOT HAPP54 

,9/EAD1 WE PRESS$ ON ) ,P#e MEET+S 9 ,NEW ,YORK4 ,MEAN:ILE1 CONTACTS ALSO CONT9U$ 9 P>ALLEL1 PR9CIPALLY BETWE5 ,LONDON1 ,P>IS & ,WA%+TON4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( !SE TRILAT]AL DISCUSSIONS1 CONDUCT$ AT S5IOR (FICIAL LEVEL1 WE W]E ABLE T5TATIVELY TO AGREE A =M ( WORDS = ! MO/ T5D5TI\S ELEM5T ( ! RESOLUTION1 NAMELY ! CONDITIONS = ! SUSP5SION & LIFT+ ( SANCTIONS1 :I* HAD BECOME KN[N AS 0! TRIGG]04 ,9 ! ,P#e =UM1 ! PR9CIPAL BONES ( CONT5TION W]E ! COMPOSITION ( ! NEW DIS>MAM5T BODY 7:]E ,RUSSIA WANT$ ALL RESIDUE ( ,U,N,S,C,O,M EXCIS$7 & ! TRIGG]4 ,IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ?IS LATT] ISSUE WAS ! ONLY ONE ?AT REALLY MATT]$3 IF WE C\LD GET AGREEM5T TO ?AT1 !N WE C\LD GET AGREEM5T TO EV]Y?+ ELSE4 

,WE W]E ABLE1 AFT] EXT5SIVE DISCUSSION1 TO F9D COMMON GR\ND ON ! HUMANIT>IAN PROVISIONS ( ! RESOLUTION 7) ONE OR TWO SMALL PO9TS1 SU* AS PROVISION = ,UMRA PILGRIMAGE FLI<TS1 /ILL \T/&+7 &1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ON ! E/ABLI%M5T & COMPOSITION ( ! NEW DIS>MAM5T BODY1 TO BE KN[N AS ,U,N,M,O,V,I,C 7AN ACRONYM RESULT+ FROM MY TORTUR$ ATTEMPT TO 9CORPORATE ! KEY 9ITIALS ( ,MONITOR+1 ,V]IFICATION1 ,9SPECTION & ,COMMISSION474.<#e#d.> 

,ON ! DIS>MAM5T BODY1 ,RUSSIA'S DEM&S H>D5$ AS DISCUSSIONS W5T ON1 9CLUD+ ! DEM& ?AT NO ,U,N,S,C,O,M /AFF %\LD BE ALL[$ TO S]VE 9 ! NEW BODY & ?AT ALL REF]5CES TO 0FULL0 COOP]ATION BY ,IRAQ %\LD BE REMOV$1 AS !SE W]E 0PROVOCATIVE0 & C\LD BE US$ AS A PRETEXT = MILIT>Y ACTION IF ,IRAQ FAIL$ TO PROVIDE FULL COOP]ATION4 ,BUT DESPITE ?IS1 ! F9AL LANGUAGE ?AT RESULT$ WAS BROADLY ACCEPTABLE TO ALL ( US3 ,U,K & ,U,S CONC]NS W]E SATISFI$ ?AT ! NEW BODY %\LD 5JOY ! FULL RI<TS ( ACCESS TO ,IRAQI 9/ALLATIONS 7IMM$IATE ACCESS1 ANY:]E1 ANYTIME7 & ?AT IT %\LD BE /AFF$ BY S]I\S DIS>MAM5T EXP]TS1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O HAD WORK$ = ,U,N,S,C,O,M4 

,BUT IT WAS ! TRIGG] ?AT TOOK UP MO/ ( \R TIME1 9 MEET+ AFT] MEET+1 V>I\SLY 9 \R SEP>ATE MISSIONS1 9 D+Y ROOMS 9 ! ,U,N BUILD+1 & F9ALLY 9 ! WELL-PROVISION$ *AMB]S ( ! ,U,S ,MISSION AS ! NEGOTIATIONS DREW TO !IR CLOSE4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,P#e PROCESS1 WE HAD DECID$ ?AT WE %\LD NOT ATTEMPT TO AGREE H[ SUSP5SION W\LD TAKE PLACE I4E4 :AT CONTROLS W\LD REMA9 ON ,IRAQ TO PREV5T ,W,M,D RE>MAM5T AFT] ! SUSP5SION ( SANCTIONS4 ,?IS W\LD UNNECESS>ILY BURD5 ! ALREADY-TORTU\S DISCUSSIONS ) AN ISSUE ?AT WE DID NOT NE$ TO RESOLVE UNTIL AFT] ! RESOLUTION HAD PASS$4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! O!R ,P#e QUICKLY AGRE$ TO ?IS3 ,FRANCE 9 P>TICUL> REALIZ$ E>LY ON ?AT TRY+ TO RESOLVE ?IS ISSUE W\LD MAKE NEGOTIATIONS MORE DIFFICULT RA!R ?AN EASI]4 ,9/EAD DISCUSSION FOCUS$ ON :5 & UND] :AT CONDITIONS SANCTIONS %\LD BE SUSP5D$4 

,! ,5D-,GAME 

,AS ! AUTUMN MON?S SLIPP$ BY1 WE KNEW DISCUSSION C\LD NOT LA/ 9DEF9ITELY4 ,! PRESSURE WAS ON US1 P>TICUL>LY FROM ! REGION1 TO GET A RESULT4 ,) ! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,C\NCIL *ANG+ AT ! 5D ( ! YE>1 :5 F\R ( \R COSPONSORS W\LD LEAVE ! ,C\NCIL1 TIME WAS RUNN+ \T4 ,WE /EPP$ UP ! PACE ( MEET+S1 & 5C\RAG$ ATT5DANCE FROM CAPITALS TO R$UCE ! SCOPE = DELAY4 

,AS DISCUSSION HEAD$ 9TO ITS F9AL WEEKS1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! AMBIGUITY 9H]5T 9 ! TRIGG] LANGUAGE WE1 ! ,FR5* & ,AM]ICANS HAD WORK$ \T TOGE!R1 WAS BECOM+ MORE A H9DRANCE ?AN A HELP4 ,?IS TEXT 9 COMPLEX LANGUAGE ESS5TIALLY SAID ?AT SANCTIONS SUSP5SION W\LD BE DECID$ BY ! ,C\NCIL AFT] A REPORT BY ! NEW ,EXECUTIVE ,*AIRMAN ( ,U,N,M,O,V,I,C ?AT ,IRAQ HAD COOP]AT$ = #ab DAYS & ?AT ?IS REPORT W\LD ALSO COV] PROGRESS MADE BY ,IRAQ 9 FULFILL+ ! KEY DIS>MAM5T TASKS 7EV5 ?IS DESCRIPTION IS A SIMPLIFICATION ( :AT ! RESOLUTION CONTA9S74 ,RUSSIA1 9 ! =M ( ITS VIGOR\S & T5ACI\S ,P]MAN5T ,REPRES5TATIVE1 TEAS$ AWAY AT ?IS LANGUAGE1 DEM&+ TO KN[ :AT PRECISELY WAS MEANT BY PROGRESS & 9SI/+ ?AT ALL AMBIGUITY BE REMOV$4 ,WE >GU$ ?AT :E!R ! PROGRESS WAS SUFFICI5T TO TRIGG] ! SUSP5SION ( SANCTIONS WAS SOME?+ ONLY ! ,C\NCIL C\LD JUDGE AT ! TIME4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! DECISION %\LD BE DEF]R$4 ,WE1 ! ,FR5* & ! ,AM]ICANS REALIZ$ ?AT SU* AMBIGUITY WAS ! ONLY WAY WE C\LD CONCEIVABLY BRIDGE \R DIFF]5CES4 

,IT EM]G$ ?AT BEH9D ?IS TEXTUAL DIFF]5CE LAY DEEP] POLITICAL DIFF]5CES ?AT P]HAPS C\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 RESOLV$ BY NEGOTIATION ON ! TEXT4 ,AS ! NEGOTIATIONS REA*$ !IR CLIMAX1 ! ,RUSSIANS REVEAL$ ?AT !Y W]E WORK+ ONLY = A RESOLUTION ON :I* ,RUSSIA C\LD AB/A94 ,!Y W]E NOT AIM+ TO VOTE = ! RESOLUTION4 ,*9A E*O$ ?IS POSITION4 ,FRANCE 9 ! 5D CONFIRM$ ?AT IT TOO W\LD ONLY AB/A9 IF ! RESOLUTION C\LD NOT BE UNANIM\SLY SUPPORT$1 DESPITE ! EXT5SIVE WORK WE HAD DONE TOGE!R ON ! TEXT4 ,NATURALLY1 WE W]E DISAPPO9T$ TO HE> ?IS NEWS1 P>TICUL>LY FROM ! ,FR5*4 

,I DO NOT KN[ :Y !SE C\NTRIES DECID$ TO AB/A94 ,NO D\BT1 LIKE ALL ( US1 !Y 9 ! 5D MADE A CALCULATION ( !IR OV]ALL 9T]E/S1 9CLUD+ !IR RELATION%IP ) ,IRAQ4 ,! ,IRAQI ,PRIME ,M9I/] VISIT$ ,MOSC[ 9 E>LY ,DECEMB] & >GU$ ?AT ,RUSSIA %\LD VETO ! RESOLUTION4 ,! ,RUSSIANS MAY HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT AB/5TION PROVID$ !M ) A GOOD BALANCE3 IT W\LD AVOID UNNECESS>ILY IRRITAT+ ! ,IRAQIS 7) :OM !Y HAVE WELL-KN[N COMMON 9T]E/S1 9 T]MS ( DEBT [$ & OIL CONTRACTS 9 ! (F+7 BUT ALSO M9IMIZE DAMAGE TO RELATIONS ) ! ,WE/1 :I* W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE BE5 UND]M9$ BY A ,RUSSIAN VETO 7! ,*E*NYA CAMPAIGN HAD REC5TLY BEGUN74 ,AS = ! ,FR5*1 !Y >GU$ TO US ?AT A NON-UNANIM\S RESOLUTION W\LD BE DIM9I%$ 9 =CE1 & ! ,IRAQIS W\LD BE UNLIKELY TO COMPLY -- 9 ITS WAY A SELF-FULFILL+ >GUM5T4 

,BY ! SECOND WEEK ( ,DECEMB]1 IT WAS CLE> TO ALL CONC]N$ ?AT FUR!R NEGOTIATION W\LD A*IEVE LITTLE4 ,!RE SEEM$ NO FUR!R PO9T 9 MASSAG+ ! TRIGG] LANGUAGE :5 ONLY A ,RUSSIAN AB/5TION WAS ON (F] 9 ANY CASE4 ,! PRECISION ! ,RUSSIANS W]E DEM&+ W\LD HAVE MADE ! CONDITIONS = SUSP5SION TOO L5I5T1 R$UC+ TO AN UNACCEPTABLE DEGREE ! OBLIGATIONS ON ,IRAQ & ! REAL LEV]AGE ON ! ,IRAQI GOV]NM5T TO COOP]ATE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! ,RUSSIAN DECL>ATION ( 9T5T TO AB/A9 NATURALLY R$UC$ \R & ! ,AM]ICANS' WILL+NESS TO CONSID] FUR!R CONCESSIONS4 ,! ,FR5*1 P]HAPS ! MO/ DISCOMFIT$ BY ! PROSPECTIVE \TCOME BE=E !M1 W]E ! LA/ TO ACCEPT ?IS REALITY & 9SI/$ ON FUR!R ATTEMPTS TO BRIDGE ! GAPS1 BUT !SE 9 ! 5D PROV$ FUTILE4 

,:5 WE F9ALLY TOOK ! RESOLUTION TO ! VOTE ON #ag ,DECEMB]1 WE KNEW ?AT ALL EF=TS TO REA* CONS5SUS HAD BE5 EXHAU/$4 ,IT WAS !RE=E ! BE/ POSSIBLE \TCOME WE C\LD HAVE A*IEV$ 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! NEGOTIATIONS HAD LA/$ P]HAPS T5 MON?S 7DEP5D+ ON :]E Y\ JUDGE ?AT !Y BEGAN72 9 ANY CASE !Y LA/$ F> LONG] ?AN WE HAD ANTICIPAT$4 ,EXHAU/+ ?\< ! EF=T WAS1 ! %E] DURATION ( ! TALKS DEMON/RAT$ TO EV]YONE ?AT EV]Y ATTEMPT HAD BE5 MADE TO OBTA9 AGREEM5T4 ,I D\BT IF ANYONE WILL BE KE5 TO REPEAT \R EF=T = A NEW COMPREH5SIVE RESOLUTION = SOME TIME YET4 

,AT ! ADOPTION1 EV]Y ,C\NCIL MEMB]1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O AB/A9$ 7,MALAYSIA JO9$ ,*9A1 ,RUSSIA & ,FRANCE71 /AT$ ?AT ! NEW RESOLUTION REPRES5T$ A NEW1 & 9DE$ ! ONLY1 WAY =W>D = ! ,U,N'S RELATION%IP ) ,IRAQ4 ,AS ,I WRITE 9 ,JANU>Y #b1 WORK ON IMPLEM5TATION ( ! RESOLUTION HAS BEGUN1 AS HAVE ! EF=TS TO P]SUADE ! ,IRAQIS TO COMPLY 7! ,RUSSIANS1 ,*9ESE1 ,FR5* & ,MALAYSIANS HAVE ALL CALL$ ON ,IRAQ TO COMPLY ) ,S,C,R #a#b#h#d74 ,?IS MAY PROVE A LONG TASK4 ,BUT ,IRAQ MU/ 9 ! 5D HE$ ! REALITY ?AT COMPLIANCE ) ! RESOLUTION IS ! ONLY WAY \T ( SANCTIONS & BACK TO A NORMAL RELATION%IP ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 

----------------- 

,I WAS NOT ALL[$ TO S5D ! >TICLE = PUBLICATION4 ,! ,BRITI% EMBASSIES 9 ,P>IS & ,WA%+TON BO? OP9$ ?AT ITS PUBLICATION MI<T RISK (F5D+ !IR HO/S4 

,LOOK+ BACK1 ! SELF-CONFID5T1 IF NOT TRIUMPHALI/1 TONE ( ! PIECE IS AS /RIK+ AS ITS EMPLOYM5T ( A V]Y P>TICUL> =M ( WRIT+ TO DESCRIBE ! EV5TS 9 :I* ,I HAD P>TICIPAT$4 ,9/EAD ( WRIT+1 = EXAMPLE1 :AT ! 0,RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR SAID01 ,I WROTE :AT 0,RUSSIA WANT$04 ,NOTE TOO ! REPEAT$ & UNCONSCI\S USE ( ! 0WE0 WORD TO DESCRIBE ,U,K POLICY4 ,BUT :AT IS MORE /RIK+ N[ IS ?AT :AT ,I WROTE IS NOT H[ ,I REMEMB] :AT ACTUALLY TOOK PLACE4 

,= 9/ANCE1 ,I WROTE ?AT ! 0MIDDLE GR\ND0 C\NTRIES LIKE ,BRAZIL & ,CANADA ALL HAD P>TICUL> NATIONAL CONC]NS AB\T :AT %\LD GO 9TO ! RESOLUTION4 ,BUT :5 ,I REMEMB] N[1 ,I REALIZE ?AT ?IS WAS NOT :AT ,I ACTUALLY OBS]V$4 ,= :5 ! AMBASSADOR & ,I TALK$ TO ! MEMB]S ( !SE DELEGATIONS1 AS WE DID MANY TIMES1 ONE RA!R />TL+ TRU? WAS EVID5T1 & ?AT WAS ?AT !SE SUPPOS$LY 0NATIONAL CONC]NS0 W]E NOT 0NATIONAL0 CONC]NS AT ALL4 

,S9CE ! NEGOTIATION HAD BECOME FRAM$ AS A GREAT BIG NEGOTIATION AB\T :AT ! ,C\NCIL %\LD 0DO0 AB\T ,IRAQ1 MANY ( ! 0EXP]TS01 MYSELF 9CLUD$1 HAD DEVELOP$ A LOT ( :IZ-BANG IDEAS AB\T H[ TO UNTANGLE ! ,GORDIAN KNOT4 ,?IS WAS AFT] ALL \R JOB1 OR AS WE *OSE TO SEE IT4 ,! ,CANADIAN1 ,BRAZILIAN & ,SLOV5E 0EXP]TS0 7MY OPPOSITE NUMB]S7 W]E NO DIFF]5T1 & HAD ALL TAK5 IT UPON !MSELVES TO DEVELOP P>TICUL> HOBBY-HORSES4 ,! ,CANADIAN EXP]T HAD BECOME OBSESS$ ) ! OIL ISSUE1 & 9 P>TICUL> AB\T SOME?+ CALL$ ,PRODUCTION ,%>+ ,AGREEM5TS2 ! ,BRAZILIAN ) V>I\S >CANE ASPECTS ( ! HUMANIT>IAN ISSUE4 ,!SE P]SONAL 9T]E/S BECAME TRANS=M$ 9TO NATIONAL CONC]NS4 

,= :AT WE F\ND :5 WE LOBBI$ !IR AMBASSADORS WAS ?AT !Y R>ELY UND]/OOD ! SUPPOS$LY NATIONAL CONC]NS ON :I* !IR EXP]TS HAD BRIEF$ !M4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,I PREP>$ MY AMBASSADOR = A DETAIL$1 TE*NICAL DISCUSSION ( ! OIL 9VE/M5T ISSUE ) ! ,CANADIAN AMBASSADOR1 ONLY TO DISCOV] ?AT ! ,CANADIAN HAD ! FLIMSIE/ GRASP ( :AT WAS ALLEG$LY A S]I\S NATIONAL CONC]N4 ,?IS DID NOT PREV5T ! LATT] FROM 9SI/+ ! PROVISION HE WANT$ BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! RESOLUTION4 ,:5 \R ,HI< ,COMMISSION 7AS EMBASSIES 9 ! ,BRITI% ,COMMONWEAL? >E KN[N7 9 ,OTTAWA TALK$ TO 0,OTTAWA01 I4E4 ! ,CANADIAN ,=EIGN ,M9I/RY1 !Y TOLD \R DIPLOMATS ?AT ! CONC]NS W]E ALL 5TIRELY G5]AT$ BY ! EXP]T 9 ,NEW ,YORK4 

,IF ! DELEGATIONS BECAME P>TICUL>LY OBDURATE1 WE W\LD ASK ,LONDON TO S5D 9 \R EMBASSIES 9 ! C\NTRIES CONC]N$ TO F9D \T :AT ! =EIGN M9I/RIES ?\<T AB\T !IR 0NATIONAL CONC]NS04 ,)\T EXCEPTION1 WE F\ND ?AT ,BRASILIA1 ,OTTAWA OR :I*EV] CAPITAL W]E EI!R COMPLETELY UNAW>E ( :AT !IR DELEGATIONS W]E DO+ 9 !IR NAME OR ?AT1 IF !Y W]E NOT UNAW>E1 !Y TOOK NO 9T]E/ :ATSOEV] 9 ! CONT5T ( ! ISSUE AT /AKE4 ,SOMETIMES ! AMBASSADORS *OSE TO ADOPT !IR EXP]TS' CONC]NS AS !IR [N & ?US ( !IR C\NTRY1 SOMETIMES !Y DID NOT4 ,IT WAS1 IT SEEM$ TO ME1 5TIRELY >BITR>Y & 9 ANY CASE IT DIDN'T REALLY MATT]4 

,:AT MATT]$ 9 W9N+ OV] ! 0MIDDLE GR\ND0 WAS NOT ! DELIB]ATION OV] ! ACTUAL CONT5T ( ! RESOLUTION -- BUT RA!R ! POLITICAL >M-TWI/+ ?AT W5T ON TO GET ! NON-P]MAN5TS TO SEE MATT]S 0\R0 WAY4 ,IT WAS CLE> TO ?OSE C\NTRIES1 & IF IT WASN'T CLE> IT WAS MADE CLE> TO !M ?AT 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS !Y W\LD ( C\RSE HAVE TO 5D UP SUPPORT+ US1 OR RA!R ! ,U,S4 ,!RE WAS NO WAY ?AT1 PUT TO A VOTE1 ! ,CANADIANS1 ,SLOV5ES OR ,BRAZILIANS W\LD VOTE AGA9/ US4 ,?IS MESSAGE WAS USUALLY CONVEY$ 9 PRIVATE TELEPHONE CALLS BETWE5 =EIGN M9I/]S OR1 9 ! CASE ( ,SLOV5IA1 DUR+ A /ATE VISIT BY ! ,U,S ,PRESID5T4 ,IT WAS M]ELY A QUE/ION ( H[ LONG IT TOOK = !M TO GET ! MESSAGE4 ,Y\ WILL NOTICE ?AT ?IS V]SION ( EV5TS MAKES NO APPE>ANCE 9 MY SO-CALL$ 09SID]'S ACC\NT ( ! NEGOTIATION01 AS ,I HAD TITL$ MY >TICLE4 

,READ+ ! RESOLUTION N[1.<#e#e.> ,I AM APPALL$ BY ITS LUDICR\S COMPLEXITY4 ,! 0TRIGG]0 SECTION 7SECTION ,D7 IS ALMO/ UN9TELLIGIBLE3 EV5 AT ! TIME ( ITS ADOPTION1 ,I SUSPECT ?AT ONLY A V]Y FEW PEOPLE -- & ,I WAS ONE ( !M -- C\LD HAVE EXPLA9$ :AT IT ACTUALLY MEANT4 ,READ1 IF Y\ CAN BE>1 JU/ ONE ( ! P>AGRAPHS SETT+ \T ! CONDITIONS = ! TRIGG]3 

#c#c4 ,EXPRESSES ITS 9T5TION1 UPON RECEIPT ( REPORTS FROM ! ,EXECUTIVE ,*AIRMAN ( ,U,N,M,O,V,I,C & FROM ! ,DIRECTOR ,G5]AL ( ! ,I,A,E,A ?AT ,IRAQ HAS COOP]AT$ 9 ALL RESPECTS ) ,U,N,M,O,V,I,C & ! ,I,A,E,A 9 P>TICUL> 9 FULFILL+ ! WORK PROGRAMS 9 ALL ! ASPECTS REF]R$ TO 9 P>AGRAPH #g ABOVE1 = A P]IOD ( #ab DAYS AFT] ! DATE ON :I* ! ,C\NCIL IS 9 RECEIPT ( REPORTS FROM BO? ,U,N,M,O,V,I,C & ! ,I,A,E,A ?AT ! RE9=C$ SY/EM ( ONGO+ MONITOR+ & V]IFICATION IS FULLY OP]ATIONAL1 TO SUSP5D ) ! FUNDAM5TAL OBJECTIVE ( IMPROV+ ! HUMANIT>IAN SITUATION 9 ,IRAQ & SECUR+ ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ! ,C\NCIL'S RESOLUTIONS1 = A P]IOD ( #ab DAYS R5EWABLE BY ! ,C\NCIL1 & SUBJECT TO ! ELABORATION ( EFFECTIVE F9ANCIAL & O!R OP]ATIONAL MEASURES TO 5SURE ?AT ,IRAQ DOES NOT ACQUIRE PROHIBIT$ ITEMS1 PROHIBITIONS AGA9/ ! IMPORT ( COMMODITIES & PRODUCTS ORIG9AT+ 9 ,IRAQ1 & PROHIBITIONS AGA9/ ! SALE1 SUPPLY & DELIV]Y TO ,IRAQ ( CIVILIAN COMMODITIES & PRODUCTS O!R ?AN ?OSE REF]R$ TO 9 P>AGRAPH #bd ( RESOLUTION #fhg 7#a#i#i#a7 OR ?OSE TO :I* ! ME*ANISM E/ABLI%$ BY RESOLUTION #aea 7#a#i#i#f7 APPLIES2 

,?IS COMPLEXITY WAS A FUNCTION ( ! POLITICAL DIVISIONS UND]LY+ ! TEXT4 ,WE C\LD NOT AGREE1 H5CE WE S\<T RESOLUTION 9 AMBIGUITIES4 ,?IS APPROA* WAS TO HAVE ITS [N PRICE LAT]4 

,S&Y ,B]G]1 !N ,U,S ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,ADVIS]1 ONCE DESCRIB$ ! TEXT ( ! RESOLUTION AS 0TALMUDIC0 9 ITS COMPLEXITY & 0HUMONG\S0 9 ITS DIFFICULTY4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS COMPLEXITY1 & DESPITE ! GRAVITY ( ! ISSUE1 ! NEGOTIATIONS W]E CONDUCT$ TO A V]Y L>GE EXT5T BY DIPLOMATS4 ,!RE WAS ONLY OCCASIONAL 9VOLVEM5T BY S5IOR POLITICIANS AT CRUCIAL MOM5TS4 ,USUALLY :5 ?IS HAPP5$1 ! M9I/]S W\LD BE QUITE UNABLE TO GET TO GRIPS ) ! TANGL$ SYNTAX & ESOT]IC SYMBOLISMS ( ! WORDS 7SU* AS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 COOP]ATION & COMPLIANCE74 ,?IS WAS UND]/&ABLE GIV5 ! %ORT TIME M9I/]S 9V>IABLY HAD TO PREP>E = SU* CONTACTS4 ,!IR 9T]V5TIONS W]E !RE=E ( LITTLE HELP1 EXCEPT = ! >M-TWI/+ ?AT W5T ON TO GET ! NON-P]MAN5TS ON-BO>D 7>M-TWI/+ DIDN'T WORK ) ! ,P#e74 

,! VIEWS & PREJUDICES ( ! SOMETIMES QUITE JUNIOR DIPLOMATS !RE=E MATT]$ MORE ?AN ,I HAD SUSPECT$4 ,SOME CONTRIBUT$ A GREAT DEAL TO ! RESOLUTION & \R EF=T TO REA* AGREEM5T 79CLUD+ AMONG ?OSE :O LAT] AB/A9$74 ,SOME DID NOT4 ,ONE MEMB] ( A ,P#e DELEGATION WAS ESPECIALLY DE/RUCTIVE4 ,AFT] A LONG DAY'S NEGOTIATION1 ,I W\LD RETURN TO MY ,MISSION TO WRITE ! TELEGRAM = ,LONDON RECORD+ :AT HAD HAPP5$4 ,! NEXT MORN+ ,I W\LD RETURN TO ! (FICE TO SEE ! REPORTS FROM \R EMBASSIES 9 ! O!R ,P#e CAPITALS ON !IR ?\<TS ON ! /ATE ( PLAY ( ! NEGOTIATIONS4 ,! REPORT FROM HIS CAPITAL RETAIL$ A V]SION ( ! PREVI\S DAY'S DISCUSSION :I* ,I C\LD NOT RECOGNIZE4 ,9 EV]Y CASE1 ! WOR/ POSSIBLE 9T]PRETATION HAD BE5 PLAC$ UPON :AT WE &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! ,AM]ICANS W]E SAY+4 ,?IS WAS V]Y MU* TO ! DETRIM5T ( \R AIM ( AGREEM5T & 9DE$ ,I AM CONV9C$ IT CONTRIBUT$ TO HIS C\NTRY'S DECISION TO AB/A94 ,BUT IT W\LD BE WRONG TO S+LE \T ONE DIPLOMAT = PUTT+ HIS [N P]SONAL 9T]PRETATION ON :AT WAS GO+ ON1 BECAUSE1 TO GREAT] & LESS] DEGREES1 ?AT WAS :AT WE W]E ALL DO+4 

,ONE ( ! ?+S Y\ REALIZE :5 P>TICIPAT+ 9 A PROCESS LIKE ?IS IS H[ P]SONAL IT IS4 ,WE W\LD NEGOTIATE = H\RS 9 SMALL1 UNCOM=TABLE LITTLE ROOMS 7(T5 ! 0,P#e ROOM0 (F ! CORRIDOR LEAD+ TO ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL74 ,:AT W5T ON 9 !RE WAS R$UC$ BY ME1 & MY COLLEAGUES 9 O!R MISSIONS1 9TO NEAT1 TIDY SUMM>Y RECORDS :I* W]E TRANSMITT$ BACK TO \R CAPITALS 70,RUSSIA PROPOS$ X2 ,U,S CONC$$ Y074 ,IT WAS = ME1 ) ! 5DORSEM5T ( MY AMBASSADOR :O *ECK$ :AT ,I WROTE1 TO DECIDE :AT WAS IMPORTANT & :AT WAS NOT & H[ TO REPORT IT4 ,IF WE FELT WE NE$$ MORE NEGOTIAT+ ROOM FROM ,LONDON1 WE W\LD EXAGG]ATE ! EXT5T ( OPPOSITION ON ?AT PO9T4 ,IF WE DIDN'T LIKE \R 9/RUCTIONS FROM ,LONDON ON ANO!R PO9T1 WE W\LD EMPHASIZE \R OPPON5TS' >GUM5TS AGA9/ IT4 ,?IS MU* ,I ?9K ANY NEGOTIATOR UND] ! CONTROL ( A DI/ANT AU?ORITY W\LD UND]/&4 

,BUT !RE WAS SOME?+ MORE TOO4 ,P>TICUL>LY DUR+ DISCUSSION ( ! TRIGG]1 :I* HAD BECOME A V]Y 9TIMATE ,P#e AFFAIR1 CONDUCT$ L>GELY BY ! AMBASSADORS ) ! EXP]TS AT !IR SIDE1 !RE W]E ?+S GO+ ON :I* DID NOT FIT 9TO ! CONV5TIONAL REPORTS WE W]E REQUIR$ TO WRITE HOME4 ,I REMEMB] ONE P>TICUL> AFT]NOON DUR+ A ,P#e MEET+ 9 ! ,U,S MISSION :5 AGREEM5T SEEM$ )9 \R GRASP4 ,IT RE/$ P>TLY ON ! 9T]PRETATION ( A WORD BUT P>TLY ON SOME?+ MU* MORE 9TANGIBLE1 DESCRIBABLE ONLY BY WORDS LIKE GOODWILL & TRU/4 ,:5 ! HI/ORY ( ?IS EPISODE WILL BE WRITT51 IT WILL NO D\BT ADOPT AN ANALYSIS BAS$ SOLELY UPON ! 9T]ACTION ( 9T]E/S4 ,BUT H[ ! NEGOTIATORS 9T]PRET$ ?OSE 9T]E/S & H[ !Y *OSE TO REPORT \R EXPRESSION ( \R POSITIONS 9VOLV$ AN ALTOGE!R MORE P]SONAL ASPECT4 

,SITT+ 9 ! UP/AIRS CONF]5CE ROOM ( ! ,U,S MISSION ON ,FIR/ ,AV5UE1 ! ,U,N COMPLEX ACROSS ! /REET1 ,I SOMETIMES HAD ! FEEL+ ?AT AGREEM5T WAS HANG+ 9 ! AIR ABOVE ! D>KLY V5E]$ CONF]5CE TABLE LIKE SOME HOV]+ PHANTOM4 ,IF WE ALL REA*$ \T = IT AT ONCE IT W\LD BECOME REAL2 9/EAD WE W]E SWIP+ AT IT ONE BY ONE1 FAIL+ TO MAKE ! CONNECTION4 

,:AT WAS ?IS AB\T8 ,A WORD ?AT NEV] APPE>$ 9 MY TELEGRAMS REPORT+ ! TALKS1 :I*1 LOOK+ BACK1 ,I ?9K %\LD HAVE DONE4 ,TRU/4 ,9TANGIBLE & IMMEASURABLE1 IT WAS A COMPON5T ?AT W\LD1 IF EXTANT1 HAVE COMPRIS$ ! MISS+ PIECE 9 \R JIGSAW PUZZLE4 ,! ,RUSSIANS1 :O W]E BY SOME WAY ! MO/ T5ACI\S 9 !IR OPPOSITION TO & CRITICISM ( \R APPROA*1 SIMPLY DID NOT TRU/ ?AT \R 9T5TIONS W]E NOT ONCE MORE TO F9D A PRETEXT TO ATTACK ,IRAQ4 ,UND]LY+ ?AT DI/RU/ MAY HAVE LA9 AN 9T]E/ 9 PRES]V+ ! POLITICAL /ATUS QUO 9 ,IRAQ :I* WAS1 !ORETICALLY1 B5EFICIAL TO ,RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 BUT HAD ! DI/RU/ BE5 ]AS$ !N WE W\LD HAVE KN[N MORE CLE>LY ?AT ! 9T]E/S W]E ! MOTOR4 

,IT IS ALWAYS EASY TO ATTRIBUTE TO ONE'S OPPON5TS ! BASE & SELFI% MOTIVES ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/4 ,?IS IS H[ ! ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN PRESS R\T9ELY DESCRIB$ ,FR5* & ,RUSSIAN MOTIVES 9 !IR ANALYZES ( :Y ?OSE C\NTRIES REFUS$ TO SUPPORT ! ,U,S MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN 9 #b#c4 ,MEAN:ILE1 TO \RSELVES1 WE R\T9ELY ATTRIBUTE 0HI<]0 MOTIVES ( SECURITY1 DEMOCRACY1 FRE$OM1 :5 ( C\RSE ! MAT]IAL MOTIVES >E1 ) ONLY A FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ALSO AT PLAY4 ,BUT ,I HAVE (T5 FELT1 LOOK+ FROM 9SIDE ! BOX ( POLICY-MAK+1 ?AT IT IS TOO SIMPLI/IC TO ASSIGN MOTIVES 9 ?IS WAY4 

,! #bc W> IS DISCUSS$ 9 *APT] #d1 BUT ,I DO NOT %>E ! VIEW ( ?OSE :O ?9K ! W> WAS 0AB\T0 OIL1 ANY MORE ?AN ,I ?9K ,FR5* & ,RUSSIAN OPPOSITION 7OR 9DE$ ,G]MAN OR ANYONE ELSE'S7 OPPOSITION WAS 0AB\T0 !IR ECONOMIC 9T]E/ 9 ! EXI/+ REGIME4 ,FROM MY EXP]I5CE1 & ,I HAVE TALK$ TO A NUMB] ( S5IOR DIPLOMATS & =EIGN POLICY-MAK]S :O %>E ?IS VIEW1 ONLY V]Y R>ELY DO DECISION-MAK]S SET D[N A LI/ ( !IR MOTIVES1 OBJECTIVES & 09T]E/S04 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 ?IS IS AN UNORD]$ & IT]ATIVE PROCESS :]E A P>ADIGMATIC VIEW ( A SITUATION IS BUILT UP & !N CONT9UALLY RE9=C$ UNTIL1 9 A PROCESS SIMIL> TO ! %IFTS 9 SCI5TIFIC VIEWS DESCRIB$ BY ,?OMAS ,KUHN1.<#e#f.> SOME?+ DRAMATIC HAPP5S ?AT =CES ?AT VIEW TO *ANGE4.<#e#g.> ,?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 =MULAT+ & EXP\ND+ ! VIEW ACCUMULATE A S]IES ( FACTS TO JU/IFY !IR 9T]PRETATION4 ,I SUSPECT ?AT ! ,RUSSIANS DO ?IS JU/ AS MU* AS WE DO4 

,?\< !IR POSITION MAY ALSO HAVE BE5 0AB\T0 ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 EV5 BAS$ UPON ?OSE 9T]E/S1 ! ,RUSSIANS G5U9ELY BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,U,S HAD NO 9T5TION EV] TO LIFT SANCTIONS REG>DLESS ( ,IRAQI P]=MANCE ON DIS>MAM5T4 ,!RE WAS MU* EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ?IS VIEW4 ,PRESID5T ,CL9TON HAD SAID SO PUBLICLY4 ,! ,U,S 9SI/5CE1 DUR+ ! 9SPECTION PROCESS1 ?AT ONLY ABSOLUTE & COMPLETE FULFILLM5T ( EV]Y LA/ /IPULAT$ OBLIGATION ( ! RESOLUTIONS W\LD LEAD TO MOVEM5T ON SANCTIONS -- :AT MOVEM5T !Y 9V>IABLY REFUS$ TO SPECIFY -- RE9=C$ ! IMPRESSION4 ,9 #aiih ! ,I,A,E,A HAD REPORT$ ?AT ,IRAQ HAD MET ITS OBLIGATIONS TO DIS>M ITSELF V]IFIABLY ( ITS NUCLE> WEAPONS-MAK+ CAPABILITY1 B>R+ TWO M9OR ISSUES4 ,9 ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL BO? ! ,U,S & WE REFUS$ TO AGREE A /ATEM5T GIV+ PUBLIC ACKN[L$GM5T ( ?IS A*IEVEM5T1 :I* WAS UND\BT$ PROGRESS BY ! ,IRAQIS4 ,?IS 9/ANCE 9 P>TICUL> WAS (T5 M5TION$ TO ME BY ! ,IRAQIS1 ,FR5* & ,RUSSIANS AS A CASE ( BAD FAI?3 IF ! ,IRAQIS W]E MAK+ PROGRESS WE %\LD AT A M9IMUM SAY SO & PAY PUBLIC HE$4 ,BUT WE DID NOT -- ! ,U,S DELEGATION TOLD US ?AT 9 DOME/IC POLITICAL T]MS ! ,ADM9I/RATION C\LD NOT MAKE ANY SUGGE/ION ?AT ,SADDAM WAS DO+ AS HE WAS SUPPOS$ TO4 

,!RE WAS A P]SONAL ASPECT TOO4 ,! ,RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR FELT ?AT HE HAD BE5 LI$ TO1 BO? BY ! ,U,S & ,U,K & BY ,RI*>D ,BUTL]1 ! HEAD ( ,U,N,S,C,O,M4 ,BE=E ,DES]T ,FOX TOOK PLACE1 WE HAD MANAG$ TO SQUEEZE \T ( ! ,C\NCIL A RESOLUTION YET AGA9 DEM&+ ?AT ,IRAQ GIVE ,U,N,S,C,O,M FULL COOP]ATION4 ,DUR+ ! NEGOTIATION1 ,AMBASSADOR ,S]GEI ,LAVROV SPECIFICALLY ASK$ US1 9 ! ,C\NCIL ,*AMB]1 :E!R WE REG>D$ ! LANGUAGE ( ! RESOLUTION AS AU?ORIZ+ ! USE ( MILIT>Y =CE 9 ! EV5T ( ,IRAQI NON-COOP]ATION4 ,WE RESPOND$ ?AT IT DID NOT4 ,& YET1 :5 ,DES]T ,FOX >RIV$1 WE DID 9DE$ USE ?IS RESOLUTION AS P>T ( \R LEGAL JU/IFICATION = ! USE ( =CE 7A SIMIL> TRICK WAS PULL$ BE=E ! #bc W>74 ,LAVROV WAS ALSO OBSESS$ BY :AT HE CLAIM$ WAS ,BUTL]'S DELIB]ATE DECEIT 9 TELL+ ! ,RUSSIANS 9 ,MOSC[ ?AT ,IRAQ WAS COOP]AT+1 %ORTLY BE=E RETURN+ TO ,NEW ,YORK TO ISSUE HIS REPORT /AT+ ?AT ,IRAQ HAD NOT 9 FACT COOP]AT$4 

,DUR+ ! ,P#e NEGOTIATION !RE WAS A P>TICUL> MOM5T ?AT /&S \T HI<LI<T$ 9 MY MEMORY 7AGA91 UNM5TION$ 9 MY >TICLE74 ,! ,RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR ASK$ ! ,U,S DELEGATE 7?AT DAY IT WAS AN ,ASSI/ANT ,UND]-,SECRET>Y FROM ,WA%+TON7 /RAI<T \T AB\T :AT WAS REALLY ! ,U,S POSITION ON SANCTIONS1 SPECIFICALLY1 :AT W\LD ,IRAQ QUALIFY = 9 T]MS ( SANCTIONS LIFT IF IT MET ! CONDITIONS SET \T 9 RESOLUTION #f#h#g8 7,! P>AGRAPHS 9 ?IS RESOLUTION E/ABLI%$ :AT ,IRAQ MU/ DO 9 T]MS ( DIS>M+ ITSELF ( ITS ,W,M,D & MISSILES 9 ORD] = SANCTIONS TO BE LIFT$1 :I* MEANS ?AT SANCTIONS >E IRREVOCABLY T]M9AT$1 RA!R ?AN SUSP5D$1 :I* MEANS :AT IT SAYS1 I4E4 ?AT SANCTIONS >E SUSP5D$ BUT C\LD LAT] BE REIMPOS$47 ,! ,U,S (FICIAL LOOK$ DISCOMFIT$ & />$ >\ND HIM1 CLE>LY UNPREP>$ = SO DIRECT A QUE/ION4 ,AFT] AN UNCOM=TABLE & TELL+ PAUSE1 0,SUSP5SION1 AT A M9IMUM0 WAS HIS REPLY & HE LOOK$ DISQUIET$ (F]+ EV5 ?IS G5]\S AN 9T]PRETATION ( ,U,S POLICY1 SOME?+ :I* NO MEMB] ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION W\LD BR+ HIMSELF TO SAY PUBLICLY1 = FE> ( SEEM+ 0S(T0 ON ,SADDAM4 

,?IS /ATEM5T -- ?AT ! ,U,S W\LD ONLY SUSP5D SANCTIONS IF ,IRAQ MET ! CONDITIONS = LIFT -- SEEMS RELATIVELY 9NOCU\S BUT1 TO ! COGNOSC5TI1 IT WAS HI<LY LOAD$4 ,IT S5T A %OCK ?R\< ! ,FR5* & ,RUSSIAN DELEGATIONS4 ,! EXP]TS FEV]I%LY SCRIBBL$ D[N ! QUOTATION1 WORD = WORD4 ,I KNEW IMM$IATELY ?AT 0WE0 HAD SCOR$ A MAJOR [N-GOAL4 ,I AM SURE ?AT ! TELEGRAMS TRANSMITT$ BACK TO ,P>IS & ,MOSC[ ?AT EV5+ HI<LI<T$ ?IS V]Y PO9T 9 TRIPLICATE4 ,P]HAPS IT WAS BR\<T TO ! SPECIAL ATT5TION ( ,PUT9 & ,*IRAC :51 A FEW WEEKS LAT]1 !Y W]E MAK+ !IR F9AL DECISIONS ON H[ TO VOTE4 ,! ,U,S HAD ADMITT$1 9 ALL C&OR & 9 A PRIVATE NEGOTIAT+ *AMB]1 ?AT EV5 IF ,IRAQ MET ! CONDITIONS = LIFT1 IT W\LD ONLY AGREE TO ! SUSP5SION ( SANCTIONS4 ,= ! ,FR5* & ,RUSSIANS1 ?IS WAS PRO( POSITIVE ?AT ! ,U,S WAS ACT+ 9 BAD FAI?3 :ILE DEM&+ ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE COMPLIANCE FROM ,IRAQ D[N TO ! LA/ LETT] ( ! RESOLUTIONS1 IT WAS NOT PREP>$ TO KEEP ITS SIDE ( ! B>GA9 BY LIFT+ SANCTIONS1 EV5 IF ,IRAQ MET ?OSE CONDITIONS4 

,?AT YE> ( NEGOTIATION WAS P>TLY AB\T F9D+ A PO9T AT :I* ! DIFF]+ VIEWS ( ! ,IRAQ ISSUE1 ABOVE ALL AMONG ! ,P#e1 C\LD F9D CONV]G5CE4 ,\R L5G?Y DISCUSSIONS W]E AB\T TEXTS & WORDS1 & AS !Y W]E REPORT$1 W]E A PROCESS ( F9D+ =MS ( ?OSE WORDS1 T]MS & COMPROMISES TO PRODUCE ?AT MEET+ PO9T4 ,IF A HI/ORIAN W]E TO EXAM9E ! DOCUM5T>Y RECORD 7,I ALONE MU/ HAVE WRITT5 HUNDR$S ( DETAIL$ TELEGRAMS AB\T ?IS ONE NEGOTIATION71 ?AT IS :AT HE OR %E W\LD SEE4 ,?IS IS ! N>RATIVE =M ?AT MY >TICLE1 QUOT$ ABOVE1 W\LD TAKE4 ,! PRESS1 D5I$ ACCESS TO \R LITTLE *AMB]1 REPORT$ ?IS ANODYNE V]SION ( EV5TS1 F$ TO !M BY PRESS (FIC]S HI<LY FLU5T 9 ! DISC\RSE4 

,BUT IT WAS ALSO AB\T TRU/ AMONG SMALL GR\PS ( PEOPLE 7ALL M574 ,9 EA* C\NTRY1 ONLY A SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE W]E 9VOLV$ 9 DECID+ :AT EA* C\NTRY WANT$4 ,WE HAD ALL BE5 DEEPLY1 P]HAPS TOO DEEPLY1 IMM]S$ 9 ?IS COMPLEX & TORTUR$ SUBJECT4 ,TRU/ WAS ! EVANESC5T PHANTOM ?AT ESCAP$ US4 ,& ?AT MOM5T1 :5 ! ,U,S (FICIAL REPLI$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN'S QUE/ION1 WAS ! MOM5T :5 ,I REALIZ$ ?AT IT HAD EVAD$ US = GOOD4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 

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