,*APT] #g 
,! ,AMBASSADOR 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>NE ,ROSS 

,TEXT 3 

#g4 ,! ,A,M,B,A,S,S,A,D,O,R 

,! MORAL LIMITS ( ! DIPLOMAT & 0GO+ TOO F>0 

0,Y\ CANNOT ?9K )\T AB/RACTIONS2 ACCORD+LY1 IT IS ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE TO BE VIGILANT 9 CRITICALLY REVIS+ Y\R MODES ( AB/RACTION4 ,IT IS H]E ?AT PHILOSOPHY F9DS ITS NI*E AS ESS5TIAL TO ! HEAL?Y PROGRESS ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ! CRITIQUE ( AB/RACTIONS4 ,A CIVILIZATION :I* CANNOT BUR/ ?R\< ITS CURR5T AB/RACTIONS IS DOOM$ TO /]ILITY AFT] A V]Y LIMIT$ P]IOD ( PROGRESS40 

,ALFR$ ,:ITEHEAD1 ,SCI5CE & ! ,MOD]N ,WORLD 

0,Y\ MU/ REALIZE ?IS3 ?AT A PR9CE & ESPECIALLY A NEW PR9CE CANNOT OBS]VE ALL ?OSE ?+S :I* GIVE M5 A REPUTATION = VIRTUE1 BECAUSE 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 HIS /ATE HE IS (T5 =C$ TO ACT 9 DEFIANCE ( GOOD FAI?1 ( *>ITY1 ( K9DNESS1 ( RELIGION4 ,& SO HE %\LD HAVE A FLEXIBLE DISPOSITION1 V>Y+ AS =TUNE & CIRCUM/ANCES DICTATE40 

,MA*IAVELLI1 ,! ,PR9CE 

7,AFT] ,MA*IAVELLI4447 

,! AMBASSADOR IS AT ! SUMMIT ( HIS C>E]4.<#d#d.> ,!SE >E ! DAYS = :I* HE HAS BE5 PREP>+ ALL HIS LIFE4 ,HE HAS BE5 HONOR$ BY HIS C\NTRY1 ) M$ALS & TITLES1 & D\BTLESS WILL RECEIVE MORE BE=E HE RETIRES4 ,PEOPLE CALL HIM ,SIR1 UNBIDD54 

,HIS CLO?+ IS ELEGANT1 UND]/AT$ BUT PROJECT+ A /YLE ( HIS TYPE4 ,D>K1 WELL-CUT1 HIS SUITS HANG WELL ON HIM1 AS !Y >E TAILOR$ TO4 ,HIS %IRTS >E PRESS$ & )\T WR9KLE4 ,HIS COLL>S >E CLEAN & CRISP4 ,HIS TIE IS COLORFUL1 BUT NEV] IDIOSYNCRATIC4 ,HIS SOCKS HAVE NO HOLES1 ?\< !Y MAY1 9 A FLA% ( SELF-EXPRESSION1 OCCASIONALLY BE R$4 

,HIS DEMEANOR IS FRI5DLY BUT GRAVE4 ,HIS EXPRESSION SAYS ?AT HE IS A MAN TO BE TAK5 S]I\SLY3 HE HAS MU* ON HIS M9D4 ,HE MAY FR[N BUT HE WILL NEV] GRIMACE4 ,HE MAY RAISE HIS VOICE1 BUT HE WILL NEV] %\T4 ,MEASURE IS HIS MI54 ,9 ALL ?+S1 MEASURE4 

,! AMBASSADOR IS ! APO!OSIS ( ! DIPLOMAT4 ,! Y\NG DIPLOMAT MAY BE EXUB]ANT1 MAY LAU< & %\T 7OCCASIONALLY72 ! AMBASSADOR1 NEV]4 ,9 ! YE>S LEAD+ TO ?IS PO9T1 ! AMBASSADOR HAS LE>N$ TO HOLD ANY EMOTION 9 *ECK & TO >TICULATE :AT HE HAS TO SAY PRECISELY & EFFICI5TLY4 ,FEW WORDS >E WA/$1 EXCEPT :5 MANY WORDS >E NE$$4 

,HE IS ABOVE ALL PR(ESSIONAL4 ,I WAT* HIM AS HE *AIRS MEET+S ( O!R DIPLOMATS4 ,HE IS C>EFUL TO %[ ?AT HE LI/5S1 NODD+ :5 O!RS SPEAK1 ACKN[L$G+ :AT !Y SAY :5 !Y HAVE F9I%$4 ,:5 IT IS HIS TURN TO SPEAK1 HE DOES SO ) A S(T VOICE2 IT HELPS ?AT HIS VOICE IS DEEP4 ,PEOPLE LI/54 

,IF HE DISAGREES1 HE SAYS 0,I DISAGREE10 NOT 0,Y\ >E WRONG40 ,HE NEV] GIVES ANYONE A REASON TO DISLIKE HIM1 OR TO COMPLA9 ?AT HE HAS WRONG$ !M4 ,P]SONAL DIFF]5CE CANNOT BE ALL[$ TO 9TRUDE 9TO BUS9ESS4 ,HE IS *>M+ & POLITE1 ?\< Y\ CAN NEV] REALLY TELL :E!R HE LIKES Y\1 OR ANYONE ELSE4 

,HE IS A SUCCESSFUL DIPLOMAT4 ,HE IS ! VESSEL = HIS NATION'S WI%ES4 ,HE HAS TRAVEL$ ! WORLD1 LIV$ 9 MANY ( ITS C\NTRIES4 ,HE CAN SAY HELLO & H[ >E Y\ 9 AB\T SIX DIFF]5T LANGUAGES4 ,MAYBE MORE1 NO ONE IS EV] SURE4 

,I HAVE BE5 ) HIM = MANY DAYS & NI<TS ( H>D DIPLOMACY1 ( DISCUSSION ( W> & PEACE4 ,I HAVE WAT*$ & TRI$ TO KN[ HIM1 BUT HAVE NEV] SUCCE$$4 ,ONE NI<T WE W5T TO W> & = ! FIR/ TIME ,I SAW 9 HIM A K9D ( EXCITEM5T4 ,HIS EYES GLITT]$ AS WE WAT*$ ! TELEVISION ) ITS IMAGES ( EXPLOSIONS & ! BOMB]S ?AT CAUS$ !M4 ,BUT ?AT WAS ! ONLY TIME4 ,O!RWISE1 A WRY SMILE MI<T BE ALL Y\ SEE ( ! MAN B5EA?4 ,& :AT SIGNIFIES ! SMILE1 NO ONE CAN TELL1 P]HAPS NOT EV5 HIM4 

,! /UFF ?AT WE WORK ON TOGE!R IS ( 9F9ITE MOM5T & IMPORTANCE4 ,ON \R WORK RE/S ! LIVES ( MANY1 SOMETIMES CONFLICT & SOMETIMES PEACE4 ,GREAT ISSUES >E AT /AKE1 ( FRE$OM1 ( DEMOCRACY1 ( RI<TS & HUMAN SUFF]+4 ,BUT :ILE ,I AM 9 TURMOIL & A FR5ZY ( D\BT & QUE/IONS1 HE IS S]5E4 

,I 5VY HIS S]5ITY & = A TIME ?\<T IT A SIGN ( GREAT WISDOM4 

,HIS GOV]NM5T GIVES HIM A L>GE & EXP5SIVE C>1 & A DRIV]1 TO :OM HE IS ALWAYS POLITE4 ,! C> C>RIES A FLAG ON SOME SPECIAL OCCASIONS4 ,HE LIVES 9 A HUGE H\SE1 :]E S]VANTS PREP>E HIS MEALS & MAKE HIS B$4 ,?\< MAGNIFIC5T1 ! H\SE IS NOT HIS4 ,ITS /YLE IS G5]IC1 DESIGN$ 0NOT TO (F5D04 ,A PANOPLY ( HI/ORIC PR9TS & TA/EFUL WALLPAP]1 IT CONVEYS NO P]SONALITY1 = !RE IS NONE BEH9D IT4 ,NO S+LE M9D HAS DESIGN$ IT4 ,NO ONE LOVES ?IS H\SE1 S9CE = NO ONE IS IT A HOME4 

,! H\SE SEES AN 5DLESS PROCESSION ( GUE/S4 ,(FICIAL GUE/S COME FROM ! HOME C\NTRY TO VISIT 0ABROAD04 ,A CEASELESS R\ND ( RECEPTIONS1 LUN*ES & D9N]S IS HELD !RE4 ,! WAIT]S >E DISCREET & C\RTE\S1 & KN[ H[ TO S]VE A GOOD W9E1 ?\< IT IS NEV] ! BE/ 7GOV]NM5T SP5D+ BE+ :AT IT IS74 ,! FOOD IS GOOD1 BUT NEV] GREAT4 ,! FURNITURE IS ATTRACTIVE1 BUT NOT SPL5DID4 ,IT MU/ S]VE A ?\S& GUE/S1 AFT] ALL4 ,& AFT] A FEW YE>S ( USE1 IT WILL BE REPLAC$1 LIKE ! AMBASSADOR4 

,! AMBASSADOR'S (FICE IS ! EMBASSY4 ,SOME EMBASSIES >E EXQUISITE1 SOME >E UGLY4 ,BUT :]EV] !Y >E 9 ! WORLD1 !Y C>RY ! AIR ( ! HOME C\NTRY )9 !M4 ,PICTURES ( ! ,QUE5 ADORN !IR WALLS4 ,! CORRIDORS R+ ) ACC5TS ( HOME2 DISCUSSIONS ( ! LATE/ SOAP-OP]A OR FOOTBALL GAME CAU<T ON SATELLITE TELEVISION4 ,! AMBASSADOR'S (FICE IS A LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM HIS /AFF'S4 ,IT IS L>G]1 & HAS COM=TABLE S(AS ON :I* TO SEAT HIS MANY GUE/S4 ,!RE IS ! SIL5CE ( AN IMPORTANT PLACE3 ! *ATT] & TICK]+ KEYBO>DS ( HIS SECRET>IES >E BANI%$ TO AN ANTE-ROOM \TSIDE4 ,IF Y\ VISIT1 Y\ WILL QUICKLY BE (F]$ TEA4 

----------------- 

,!RE IS NO?+ LIKE A W> TO HELP MAP ! MORAL LIMITS ( ?OSE :O WORK ON IT4 

,IRAQ 9VAD$ ,KUWAIT 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#i4 ,ONE AFT]NOON1 AS ! COALITION PREP>$ TO RETAKE ,KUWAIT1 ,I WAS TELEPHON$ AT MY SLEEPY ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN DESK & SUMMON$ TO JO9 ! W> EF=T4 ,! (FICE NE$$ /AFF TO RUN ! POLITICAL-MILIT>Y LIAISON UNIT 9 :AT WAS CALL$ ! ,EM]G5CY ,UNIT4 ,! ,EM]G5CY ,UNIT WAS LOCAT$ 9 A SPECIAL SUITE ( (FICES UND]NEA? ,:ITEHALL4 ,QUITE :Y IT NE$$ TO BE SITUAT$ D[N !RE WAS NEV] CLE> TO ME1 S9CE !RE WAS NO ?REAT ( ,IRAQI ,SCUD MISSILES DE/ROY+ ! (FICES ABOVE GR\ND4 ,! ABS5CE ( NATURAL LI<T & ! NECESS>Y DESC5T ?R\< COMB9ATION-LOCK$ DOORS TO ! ROOMS C]TA9LY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! S5SE ( 0EM]G5CY0 & DRAMA4 ,! HEAD ( ! UNIT DID HIS BIT TO HEI<T5 ! FEEL+ ( DISORI5TATION & CRISIS BY IMM$IATELY 9/ITUT+ A %IFT SY/EM ( TWELVE H\RS ON DUTY & TW5TY-F\R (F 7! UNIT HAD TO BE MANN$ TW5TY-F\R H\RS A DAY74 ,?US )9 AB\T TWO DAYS ( />T+ WORK1 \R SLEEP PATT]NS W]E TOTALLY DISRUPT$1 WE W]E EXHAU/$ &1 ON LEAV+ ! UNIT TO EM]GE ON TO ! /REETS ABOVE1 WE W\LD NEV] KN[ :E!R IT %\LD BE NI<T OR DAY4 

,MY JOB CONSI/$ ( SITT+ 9 A SMALL (FICE & READ+ REAMS ( 9TELLIG5CE REPORTS & SUMM>IZ+ !M = S5IOR (FICIALS & M9I/]S4 ,NATURALLY1 ?IS WAS FASC9AT+1 ?\< ,I SOON LE>N$ ?AT !RE IS LITTLE 9=MATION ) A SCANTI] CONNECTION TO REALITY ?AN 09TELLIG5CE0 9=MATION4 ,I W\LD (T5 READ BLOOD-CURDL+ REPORTS ( ! IMM95T USE ( NUCLE> WEAPONS -- ,I REMEMB] ONE :I* GAVE A SPECIFIC TIME = ! LAUN* ( ! NUCLE>-TIPP$ MISSILE -- OR ! TORTURE ( ,BRITI% ,P,[S 7ONE SUPPOS$ EYE-WITNESS REPORT /AT$ ?AT CAPTUR$ ,BRITI% PILOTS HAD BE5 DRAGG$ 9 *A9S BY A PICK-UP TRUCK ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,BASRA1 SOME?+ :I* ?ANKFULLY NEV] HAPP5$74 ,I W\LD RELAY ?IS TO MY S5IORS & !Y W\LD SAY ?+S LIKE1 0?ANK Y\1 V]Y USEFUL0 AL?\< ,I WAS NEV] TOLD :AT ?IS 9=MATION WAS USEFUL =1 &1 LOOK+ BACK1 ,I SUSPECT IT WAS NOT USEFUL AT ALL S9CE ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE WAS NOT AT ALL 9VOLV$ 9 ! MILIT>Y PROSECUTION ( ! W>4 

,I HAD O!R TASKS4 ,BE=E ! W>1 EA* BLE>Y-EY$ %IFT 9 ! ,POL-,MIL ,UNIT1 AS WE W]E KN[N1 HAD BE5 GIV5 9/RUCTIONS ON :AT TO DO ONCE ! OP]ATION TO RETAKE ,KUWAIT BEGAN4 ,WE W]E TO BE TELEPHON$ BY A S5IOR (FICIAL :O W\LD GIVE US A PASSWORD --0,MIKADO0-- & A TIME AT :I* OP]ATIONS W]E DUE TO BEG9 7IF ,IRAQI 9TELLIG5CE HAD BE5 BUGG+ \R PHONES P]HAPS !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO ?9K ?AT WE W]E OP]A BUFFS74 ,ON RECEIPT ( ! PASSWORD1 WE W]E TO TELEPHONE EA* MEMB] ( ! ,BRITI% ,CAB9ET TO 9=M !M4 

,SO IT CAME AB\T ?AT ONE ,JANU>Y NI<T ,I WAS ON DUTY ) ANO!R (FIC]4 ,IT WAS A REGUL> EV5+ )\T MU* TO DO4 ,WE HAD EAT5 ! REVOLT+ FOOD PROVID$ = \R SUPP] & W]E SETTL+ 9 = ANO!R NI<T ( WAT*+ TELEVISION4 ,SUDD5LY1 ,C,N,N BEGAN TO REPORT EXPLOSIONS & GUNFIRE 9 ,BA<DAD4 ,H[ EXCIT+1 WE ?\<T1 P]HAPS IT'S A C\P1 S9CE NO ONE HAD CALL$ US ) ! PASSWORD4 ,?IS W5T ON = AB\T HALF AN H\R UNTIL EV5TUALLY ! PHONE RANG4 0,MIKADO01 SAID ! DISEMBODI$ VOICE1 ADD+ A TIME :I* WAS SOME ?IRTY M9UTES LAT]4 ,& WE !N RU%$ AB\T TO CALL ! ,CAB9ET4 ,I REMEMB] WAT*+ MY F+]S %AKE SO MU* ?AT ,I C\LD NOT PRESS ! BUTTONS ON ! TELEPHONE4 ,I PUT ON MY MO/ S]I\S ,=EIGN ,(FICE VOICE TO SAY1 0,M9I/]1 ?IS IS ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE ,EM]G5CY ,UNIT4 ,OP]ATIONS TO RETAKE ,KUWAIT HAVE BEGUN40 ,MO/ ( !M POLITELY ?ANK$ US4 ,ONE SAID1 0,?ANK Y\1 ,I KN[1 ,I AM ALREADY WAT*+ IT ON TELEVISION40 

,!RE WAS A L>GE ROOM ( ! ,EM]G5CY ,UNIT FILL$ ) BANKS ( TELEPHONES = CONSUL> CALLS1 I4E4 = ORD9>Y PEOPLE1 :E!R 9 TR\BLE OR M]ELY WORRI$4 ,9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 SURPRISE1 NONE ( ITS /AFF HAD BE5 TOLD ?AT HO/ILITIES W]E TO BEG9 ?AT NI<T 79DE$ NONE ( US HAD BE5 TOLD EXCEPT ,MIKADO74 ,SO NO ONE WAS ON DUTY4 ,WE RU%$ 9TO ! ROOM4 ,EV]Y TELEPHONE WAS R++ FURI\SLY4 ,ON ! WALL WAS A C\NT] %[+ ! NUMB] ( UNANSW]$ CALLS4 ,ITS DIGITS W]E RAC+ LIKE A /OPWAT*4 ,AT R&OM1 ,I PICK$ UP A TELEPHONE4 ,AN HY/]ICAL WOMAN SCREAM$ 0,GET MY HUSB& \T ( !RE601 MEAN+ ,SAUDI ,>ABIA OR SOME:]E ELSE 9 ! ,GULF4 ,ANO!R PHONE1 ! SAME ?+4 ,I ASK$ ! HEAD ( ! UNIT :AT ! ADVICE %\LD BE TO !SE CALL]S4 ,HE REPLI$1 0,! (FICIAL ADVICE IS ',KEEP ,Y\R ,HEADS ,D[N'04 ,I (F]$ ?IS TO V>I\S ( ! PANICK$ CALL]S4 ,IT DID LITTLE TO CALM !M4 

,! W> ADD$ A GLAM\R TO MY PRIVATE EXI/5CE4 ,I HAD TO C>RY A BEEP] :I* ,I W\LD O/5TATI\SLY P>ADE AT SOCIAL OCCASIONS 70JU/ 9 CASE ,I'M NE$$ AT ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE0 ,I W\LD SAY SELF-IMPORTANTLY IF SOMEONE1 AS ,I HOP$1 NOTIC$ IT74 ,I W\LD EM]GE FROM A NI<T %IFT 9TO A GRAY ,:ITEHALL DAWN FEEL+ SOMEH[ P>T ( ! GREAT SC5]Y ( 0HI/ORY04 ,& 9DE$ 9 A M9USCULE WAY ,I WAS4 ,!RE HAD BE5 REPORTS ?AT ,ALLI$ BOMB]S HAD DAMAG$ ,%I'ISM'S MO/ HOLY SITES AT ,NAJAF & ,K]BALA4 ,I WROTE A PRESS L9E AB\T H[ EV]Y C>E WAS TAK5 BY \R AIRCRAFT TO AVOID DAMAG+ SITES ( 0CULTURAL S5SITIVITY04 ,IT WAS A CONV9C+1 WELL-CRAFT$ PIECE ( TEXT4 ,! ONLY ?+ TO NOTE AB\T IT WAS ?AT ,I HAD NO IDEA :E!R 0\R0 AIRCRAFT W]E TAK+ SU* C>E4 ,I C]TA9LY DIDN'T ASK ! ,ROYAL ,AIR ,=CE PEOPLE 9 ,LONDON1 LET ALONE 9 ! REGION4 ,I ASSUM$ !Y W]E1 BUT = ALL ,I ACTUALLY KNEW !Y C\LD HAVE BE5 DIRECT+ !IR BOMBS ON TO ! V]Y TOMB ( ,IMAM ,HUSSE9 HIMSELF4 ,YET ,I WROTE ! PRESS L9E1 & IT WAS US$ ) CONSID]ABLE CONVICTION BY BO? \R M9I/]S & 9DE$ BY ,COL9 ,P[ELL4 

,BURI$ 9 \R BUNK]1 ,I LE>N$ & PRACTIC$ ! >TS ( PROPAG&A4 ,BE=E ! W> BEGAN1 ! ,ALLI$ GOV]NM5TS TALK$ UP ! AWFULNESS ( ! ,IRAQI ?REAT4 ,I CALCULAT$ ?AT ,IRAQ HAD MORE MA9 BATTLE TANKS ?AN ALL ! >MIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE COMB9$ 7AS LONG AS Y\ C\NT$ !M 9 A P>TICUL> WAY74 ,ONE ( \R ,M9I/]S 7IT MI<T EV5 HAVE BE5 ! ,PRIME ,M9I/]7 SAID ?AT ! ,IRAQI >MY WAS ! ?IRD L>GE/ 9 ! WORLD4 ,SOME J\RNALI/S HAD QU]I$ ?IS CLAIM4 ,I WAS !RE=E TASK$ TO 0PROVE0 ?IS /ATEM5T4 ,I DULY CONSULT$ ,JANE'S ,>MIES ( ! ,WORLD & P]=M$ ! NECESS>Y CALCULATIONS4 ,I C\LD ONLY 0PROVE0 ! ,PRIME ,M9I/]'S ASS]TION BY 9CLUD+ ,IRAQ'S 5ORM\S RES]VE =CES 7:I* AM\NT$ TO OV] A MILLION7 & IGNOR+ ! RES]VES ( ! O!R CONT5D]S = ! ?IRD-L>GE/ SPOT4 ,BUT ,I NE$ NOT HAVE WORRI$4 ,! 0FACT0 ?AT ,IRAQ HAD ! ?IRD L>GE/ =CES 9 ! WORLD HAD BECOME ONE ( ?OSE FACTOIDS1 BELIEV$ BY ALMO/ EV]YONE 7EXCEPT ?OSE :O BO!R$ TO READ ! BOOKS71 VALIDAT$ M]ELY BY MULTIPLE REPETITION4 

,OP]ATION ,DES]T ,/ORM PROCE$$4 ,SOME MEMB]S ( MY UNIT PA/$ L>GE MAPS ON ! WALLS ( \R SUBT]RANEAN (FICES1 %[+ ! DISPOSITIONS ( \R & ! ,IRAQI =CES4 ,AS ! 9TELLIG5CE CAME 9 -- OR AS ,C,N,N REPORT$ MOVEM5TS -- !Y W\LD MOVE LITTLE FLAGS & SYMBOLS UP & D[N ! MAPS4 ,Y\ C\LD TELL ?AT !Y LOV$ DO+ IT BECAUSE WE HAD NO NE$ = ! MAPS AS WE W]E NOT 9VOLV$ 9 ANY WAY ) ACTUAL MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS4 ,IT REM9D$ ME ( ! FUN ,I HAD PLAY+ W>GAMES AT S*OOL1 MASS+ ,RUSSIAN DIVISIONS1 SYMBOLIZ$ ) LITTLE C>DBO>D HEXAGONS1 AGA9/ ! ,G]MANS ON ! ,EA/]N ,FRONT ON A L>GE BO>DMAP ( ,EUROPE4 ,I HAD MY [N DUTIES4 ,BEH9D MY DESK WAS A R[ ( OLD-FA%ION$ BAKELITE TELEPHONES4 ,OCCASIONALLY ONE W\LD R+ & IT WAS MY JOB TO ANSW] IT4 ,A VOICE W\LD SAY 0,A SCUD .<MISSILE.> HAS BE5 LAUN*$ T[>DS ,DHAHRAN .<OR ,TEL ,AVIV OR :]EV].>04 ,I W\LD SAY 0?ANK Y\ V]Y MU*0 & REPLACE ! RECEIV]4 ,I W\LD !N ANN\NCE TO ! UNIT ?AT A ,SCUD HAD BE5 LAUN*$ T[>DS ,TEL ,AVIV & WE W\LD ALL TURN ON ,C,N,N TO SEE %OTS ( PEOPLE FRANTICALLY PUTT+ ON GAS MASKS 9 ,TEL ,AVIV4 ,!RE WAS NO O!R PURPOSE = ! TELEPHONE CALLS4 

,AL?\< !RE WAS AN UND\BT$ EXCITEM5T TO !SE MOM5TS1 !RE WAS ALSO SOME?+ T]RIBLE AB\T !M4 ,WE HAD SE5 PL5TY ( 9=MATION1 FROM A V>IETY ( S\RCES1 SUGGE/+ ?AT ,IRAQ W\LD USE *EMICAL1 BIOLOGICAL OR EV5 NUCLE> WEAPONS4 ,WE NEV] KNEW IF ?IS ,SCUD LAUN* MI<T BE ! ONE ?AT W\LD BR+ HIDE\S DE/RUCTION ) IT4 ,ONE NI<T ,I READ A REPORT 9DICAT+ A SPECIFIC TIME :5 ,IRAQ W\LD LAUN* A NUCLE>-TIPP$ MISSILE T[>DS ,ISRAEL4 ,IT WAS A T5SE NI<T4 ,BUT1 ,I DON'T C>E TO ADMIT1 !RE WAS ALSO SOME?+ 0REAL0 AB\T IT1 EV5 ?\< WE W]E EXP]I5C+ ! W> ONLY REMOTELY4 ,!RE WAS A V]VE & PUN* TO ?OSE DAYS4 ,! EYES ( ! (FICIALS 9 ! UNIT1 DESPITE ! /RANGE H\RS WE WORK$1 W]E ALIVE & SP>KL+4 ,PEOPLE LOV$ TO WORK ON ! W>4 ,/AFF W\LD COME 9 TO ! UNIT EV5 :5 !Y W]5'T ON DUTY4 ,!RE WAS NO WORK = !M TO DO 7TRU? BE TOLD1 !RE WAS (T5 V]Y LITTLE = ANY ( US TO DO71 BUT !Y CLE>LY WANT$ TO BE P>T ( ! 0ACTION04 ,ONE S5IOR (FICIAL MADE A FETI% ( COM+ TO WORK & ANN\NC+ TO ALL AB\T H[ HIS M>RIAGE WAS COLLAPS+ OR HE WAS MISS+ HIS DAU<T]'S BIR?DAY BECAUSE ( HIS WORK1 YET HE DIDN'T NE$ TO BE !RE4 ,!RE WAS A <A/LY MA*ISMO AB\T IT4 ,I REMEMB] US ALL HAV+ A GOOD MANLY GUFFAW AT ! NEWS ?AT ONLY ONE ( ! FIVE BOMB]S ! PA!TIC ,ITALIANS S5T HAD MANAG$ TO REA* ITS T>GET4 

,ALL ( ! (FICIALS 9 ?AT RABBIT W>R5 ( (FICES1 9CLUD+ ME1 W\LD SAY !N1 & P]HAPS N[1 ?AT IT WAS ALL T]RIBLY S]I\S1 BUT ,I SUSPECT ?AT MANY W\LD KN[ 9 !IR DEEPE/ S5SES ?AT !Y 5JOY$ IT4 ,!RE IS NO?+ LIKE ! EXCITEM5T ( W>1 P>TICUL>LY ONE :]E Y\ Y\RSELF >E AT NO RISK :ATSOEV]4 

,AT ! SAME TIME AS ,I BEGAN1 9 A SOME:AT SCATT]$ & 9COH]5T WAY1 TO REALIZE :Y PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY M51 >E DRIV5 T[>DS ! EXCITEM5T ( CONFLICT 7AS ,I WAS TOO71 ,I ALSO BECAME AW>E ( A /RANGE DISCONNECTION4 ,ONE NI<T1 A ,BRITI% ,TORNADO PILOT WAS 9T]VIEW$ ON ! TELEVISION4 ,ASK$ :AT HE ?\<T ( ! RI<TNESS OR WRONGNESS ( :AT HE WAS DO+1 HE REPLI$ ?AT HE SIMPLY DID :AT ! 0POLITICIANS0 WANT$4 ,HE ADD$ ?AT HE DID NOT HAVE TIME TO ?9K AB\T ! 0:YS & :]E=ES01 AS HE PUT !M - HE JU/ DID HIS JOB4 ,I POND]$ ?IS /ATEM5T & REALIZ$ ?AT WE (FICIALS TOO1 ?\< 9 A LESS PO9T$ FA%ION ?AN ! MAN :O ACTUALLY DROPP$ ! BOMBS1 W]E 9 ! SAME POSITION4 ,AL?\< WE W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! 5T]PRISE ( W>1 NONE ( US SEEM$ TO FEEL ANY REAL S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY = IT4 

,I ?\<T AB\T ?IS DUR+ ! #bc W> ) ,IRAQ1 :5 ,BRITI% (FICIALS 7BY ?AT TIME MY =M] COLLEAGUES7 W\LD TELL ME ?AT !Y ?OR\<LY DISAGRE$ ) ! W>1 EV5 ?\< -- !Y DID NOT ADD -- !Y W]E ?OR\<LY 9VOLV$ 9 EXECUT+ IT TOO4 ,! ULTIMATE CONCLUSION ( ?IS LOGIC IS ?AT ONLY ! M9I/]S :O DECIDE TO 5GAGE 9 A W> >E MORALLY RESPONSIBLE = IT4 

,!RE >E REASONS TO QUE/ION ?IS COM=TABLE ASSUMPTION4 ,SU* A LOGIC RUNS C\NT] TO ! EVOLUTION ( 9T]NATIONAL LAW :I*1 S9CE ! ,NUREMB]G ,TRIALS1 HAS EMPHASIZ$ ?AT 0OBEY+ ORD]S0 IS NOT A LEGITIMATE DEF5SE4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT \R V>I\S W>S ) ,IRAQ 9VOLV$ W> CRIMES1 BUT 9/EAD TO PO9T \T ! 9CONSI/5CY ( ! LOGIC :I* MANY GOV]NM5T & MILIT>Y PEOPLE SEEM TO ADH]E TO4 ,=1 :E!R BOMB] PILOT OR BACKROOM (FICIAL1 WE W]E ALL ( US ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ 9 ! 5T]PRISE3 ! MAT]IAL FACTS ( \R ACTIONS C\LD NOT BE D5I$4 

,! >GUM5T ( ! PILOT1 :I* ,I ?9K W\LD HAVE BE5 %>$ BY MANY IF NOT ALL ( ! (FICIALS ,I WORK$ )1 IS AS FOLL[S4 ,W> IS DECID$ BY 0! POLITICIANS02 !Y >E ACC\NTABLE ?R\< P>LIAM5T2 WE -- ! FUNCTION>IES -- DO :AT ! POLITICIANS TELL US4 ,\R ACC\NTABILITY IS TO !M4 ,WE HAVE NO WID] MORAL ACC\NTABILITY4 ,?IS REASON+ FAILS SOME FUNDAM5TAL MORAL TE/S1 SU* AS ,KANT'S BELIEF ?AT Y\ >E MORALLY RESPONSIBLE ONLY = ?AT :I* Y\ CAN CONTROL4 7,= ! MORE RELIGI\S1 ,GOD SEES EV]Y?+ WE DO47 ,= ! PILOT & ! (FICIAL BO? HAVE CONTROL 9 ?AT !Y CAN *OOSE NOT TO P>TICIPATE4 ,!Y >E NOT =C$ TO COLLABORATE 9 POLICY4 ,!Y CAN RESIGN4 ,!RE MAY BE P5ALTIES = DO+ SO1 BUT !Y DO NONE!LESS HAVE ?AT *OICE4 ,?IS OBJECTION NOT)/&+1 ! BELIEF1 :E!R RATIONALLY >TICULAT$ OR BELIEV$ 9 SOME LESS COH]5T1 EMOTIONAL WAY1 IS WIDESPREAD 9 GOV]NM5T S]VICE4 ,WE JU/ DO :AT WE >E TOLD4 

,! P[]FUL & DANG]\S CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS M5TAL HABIT IS ?AT IT CONTRIBUTES TO AN UND\BT$ MORAL NUMBNESS1 AL?\< IT FELT NOT LIKE NUMBNESS 9 ! ,GULF ,W> ,EM]G5CY ,UNIT1 BUT LIKE COMPLETE 9DIFF]5CE4 ,IT SIMPLY WASN'T \R JOB TO WORRY AB\T ! MORAL IMPLICATIONS ( :AT WE W]E DO+4 ,TO BELIEVE SO W\LD HAVE BE5 SE5 AS HOPELESSLY NAIVE4 ,I HAVE NOTIC$ ! PH5OM5ON P>TICUL>LY AMONG SOME S5IOR (FICIALS1 :OSE S5SIBILITIES HAVE BE5 BLUNT$ BY YE>S ( EXP]I5CE4 ,! MORAL LIMITS ( ! 0SY/EM01 ( 0POLITICS01 HAVE BECOME !IR [N MORAL LIMITS1 SO ?AT !Y EXHIBIT NO SEP>ATION BETWE5 !IR [N P]SONAL MORAL SPH]E & ?AT ( ! POLITICAL SY/EM 9 :I* !Y >E WORK+4 ,MORAL UGL9ESS IS BREEZILY DISMISS$1 0?AT'S JU/ POLITICS_/! WAY ! WORLD IS_/! SY/EM1 GET OV] IT40 ,WORSE1 ?IS MORAL 9DIFF]5CE IS PRES5T$ AS A VIRTUE3 ?AT ?OSE LIKE !M :O SEE ?+S AS !Y 0REALLY >E0 >E ! MORE 0PRACTICAL0 & 0REALI/IC04 ,?OSE :O D>E TO EXHIBIT !IR [N MORAL JUDGM5T OR CRITICISM >E CONDEMN$ AS 0ROMANTIC01 0S5TIM5TAL0 OR JU/ PLA9 0IMMATURE04 

,!RE IS A P>TICUL> SOBRIQUET ?AT ATTA*ES ITSELF TO ?OSE :O EXHIBIT !IR MORAL S5SIBILITY TOO (T5 OR TOO OP5LY1 ONE :I* SPEAKS ALSO ( ! UNSPOK51 CLASS-D]IV$ NORMS ( ,=EIGN ,(FICE MANN]S1 ?AT ( 0GO+ TOO F>04 ,9 ! #a#i#iS !RE WAS ONE P>TICUL> S5IOR AMBASSADOR TO A L>GE ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N C\NTRY :O1 IT WAS FELT1 WAS 0GO+ TOO F>04 ,HE W\LD S5D TELEGRAMS TO ,LONDON SUGGE/+ ?AT ,WE/]N POLICY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ WAS 9IQUIT\S3 ! ,PALE/9IANS W]E BE+ TREAT$ T]RIBLY & ! ,ISRAELIS %\LD BE MORE H>%LY C5SUR$4 ,& HE W\LD SAY ?IS QUITE (T54 ,= ?IS EXPRESSION ( VIEWS1 IT WAS SAID 9 ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE 7PHONE CALLS AMONG COLLEAGUES1 (FICE GOSSIP1 MUTT]$ ASIDES AT MEET+S7 ?AT ,SIR ,X HAD 0GONE TOO F>01 ?AT HE HAD AB&ON$ ?AT FABL$ QUALITY3 0BALANCE04 ,OCCASIONALLY1 ,I TOO WAS CALL$ TO ORD] 9 MY P]=MANCE REPORTS = 0GO+ TOO F>04 ,DEBAT+ AT A /AFF D9N] 9 ,BONN1 ,I HAD ATTACK$ A COLLEAGUE = HIS DEF5SE ( ,BRITA9'S 9ACTION TO PREV5T ! ,HOLOCAU/ 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO4 ,?IS1 MY REPORT SAID1 %[$ A T5D5CY TO 0GO TOO F>04 ,MY P]=MANCE RAT+ WAS DULY D[NGRAD$4 

,ONE IMPORTANT PO9T TO NOTICE AB\T BO? !SE EXAMPLES IS ?AT ! T5D5CY TO 0GO TOO F>0 WAS 9 BO? CASES EXHIBIT$ 9 PRIVATE1 )9 ! CONF9ES ( ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE'S WALLS4 ,I HAVE LITTLE D\BT ?AT ! S5IOR AMBASSADOR DID HIS JOB & WAS DULY LOYAL TO GOV]NM5T POLICY :5 HE WAS 9 =EIGN COMPANY1 JU/ AS ,I WAS 9 PURSU+ :AT 0WE0 WANT$ 9 MY (FICIAL WORK4 ,BUT 0GO+ TOO F>0 WAS NONE!LESS CONDEMN$ AS A DANG]\S *>ACT] FLAW4 

,IT ONLY SL[LY BECAME CLE> TO ME :]E ! B\ND>Y LAY BETWE5 0BALANCE0 & 0GO+ TOO F>04 0,BALANCE0 LAY 9 NEV] QUE/ION+ ! BROAD ?RU/ ( :AT 0WE0 WANT$ OR W]E DO+4 ,ONE WAS 5TITL$ TO QUE/ION & DEBATE SMALL DETAILS1 BUT SUGGE/+1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT SANCTIONS W]E MORALLY WRONG WAS V]Y MU* 0NOT DONE04 ,9DE$1 TO M5TION ?AT !RE %\LD BE A MORAL COMPON5T TO POLICY WAS REG>D$1 9 ! UN/AT$ & 9EXPLICIT WAY ?AT A CULTURE OP]ATES1 AS NAIVE & UNPR(ESSIONAL4 

,?IS WAS V]Y MU* ! CULTURE ( ! (FICIALS 9 ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE4 ,I ALWAYS F\ND ?AT M9I/]S 7I4E4 ! POLITICIANS71 BY COMP>ISON1 W]E MU* MORE WILL+ TO DEBATE & HE> CRITICISM ( ! FUNDAM5TALS ( POLICY4 ,I W\LD HAVE TO SEEK !M \T 9 PRIVATE1 9 ORD] TO AVOID ANO!R 0GO+ TOO F>0 REM>K 9 MY NEXT P]SONNEL REPORT1 BUT :5EV] ,I DID SO1 ,I 9V>IABLY F\ND !M RECEPTIVE4 ,?IS WAS P>ADOXICAL BECAUSE ,I WAS TOLD BY MY S5IORS ON A T$I\S NUMB] ( OCCASIONS ?AT (FICIALS W]E NOT SUPPOS$ TO QUE/ION :AT M9I/]S WANT$4 ,9 FACT1 ,I (T5 F\ND ?AT M9I/]S WANT$ US TO DO JU/ ?AT1 PROVID$ IT WAS 9 PRIVATE4 

,M9I/]S SEEM$ TO %[ AN 9/9CTIVE UND]/&+ ?AT POLICY WAS AB\T SOME?+ MORE ?AN JU/ ! ALLEG$LY-EMPIRICAL WORLD ( 0FACTS0 7H[EV] DUBI\SLY D]IV$7 LIKE /ATES1 SECURITY & 9T]E/S4 ,= 0GO+ TOO F>0 9 SOME WAYS REPRES5TS CROSS+ OV] 9TO ! NON-EMPIRICAL REALM ( MORALITY4 ,TO REMA9 0BALANC$0 WAS TO *OOSE TO REMA9 9 ! WORLD ( ! /ATE SY/EM1 ! WORLD AS IT IS3 A WORLD ( /ATI/ICS1 EV5 9V5T$ ONES LIKE ,IRAQ'S ?IRD-L>GE/ >MY 9 ! WORLD1 & COLD-EY$ 0REALISM04 ,TO ACCEPT SU* A R$UCTIONI/ V]SION ( ! WORLD IS TO SUCCUMB TO ! WOR/ K9D ( CYNICISM1 :]E ?AT CYNICISM IS NOT EV5 DECL>$ OR ADMITT$ AS SU*4 ,SOMETIMES :5 ,I LOOK$ 9 ! EYES ( ?OSE S5IOR (FICIALS ,I ?\<T ,I SAW A K9D ( DEA?1 ?AT SOME P>T ( !IR S\L HAD %RIVEL$ & DI$ ) DISUSE4 

,BUT AT ! TIME ( ! 0,GULF ,W>0 SU* M$ITATIONS W]E F> 9 ! FUTURE4.<#d#e.> ,MY 9T]IOR MORAL DEBATE DID NOT PREV5T ME FROM 5JOY+ ! EXT]IOR EXP]I5CE4 ,9DE$ IT GAVE IT A C]TA9 AMBIGU\S DRAMA4 

----------------- 

,TO ?9K ?AT ! /ATE & ITS S]VANTS MU/ EMBODY A DIFF]5T MORALITY FROM ?AT ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE IS WIDESPREAD 9 ! WORLD ( DIPLOMACY4 ,IT IS AN ACCEPTANCE (T5 EXPRESS$ ) WE>Y CYNICISM OR AN 9DIFF]5T %RUG1 0IT IS ! WAY ( ! WORLD03 REALPOLITIK4 ,IT IS AN IDEA :OSE ANTEC$5TS /RET* BACK 9TO ANTIQUITY4 ,ITS MO/ FAM\S PHILOSOPHICAL PROPON5TS >E ! ,GREEK HI/ORIAN ,?UCYDIDES1 ,MA*IAVELLI 7MO/ NOTABLY 9 ,! ,PR9CE7 & ,?OMAS ,HOBBES 79 ,LEVIA?AN74 ,! MORE REC5T EXPON5TS ( REALISM 9CLUDE ,H5RY ,KISS+] & ! =M] ,BRITI% ,=EIGN ,SECRET>Y ,D\GLAS ,HURD1 :O 9FAM\SLY DISMISS$ ?OSE :O S\<T ,WE/]N 9T]V5TION 9 ! ,YUGOSLAV MELTD[N AS ! 0SOME?+-MU/-BE-DONE BRIGADE04.<#d#f.> 

,9 ACADEMIC CIRCLES !Y >E KN[N AS PROPON5TS ( ! 0REALI/0 VIEW ( 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 ,= REALI/S ! LAWS GOV]N+ POLITICS HAVE *ANG$ LITTLE IF AT ALL ?R\< ! YE>S4 ,AL?\< !RE >E SOME DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SO-CALL$ NEO-REALI/S & CLASSICAL REALI/S1 ALL !ORIES ( REALISM >E SKEPTICAL ( UNIV]SAL MORAL PR9CIPLES4 ,! /ATE1 !Y >GUE1 IS BY F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9/ITUTION 9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 ,!Y CLAIM ?AT COLLECTIVE ACTION 7= 9/ANCE 9 ! ,U,N7 IS UNLIKELY TO WORK BEYOND %ORT-T]M AGREEM5TS1 ?AT A BALANCE ( P[] WILL EM]GE BETWE5 RIVAL ALLIANCES1 & ?AT W> CANNOT BE ]ADICAT$ FROM 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 ,RAISON D'ETAT GOV]NS ! WORLD4 

,I SUPPOSE MY VIEWS REPRES5T MORE ( :AT IS KN[N AS ! 0LIB]AL0 VIEW ( 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 ,ALONGSIDE REALISM1 LIB]ALISM REMA9S ONE ( ! PR$OM9ANT /R&S ( ,WE/]N POLITICAL ?\<T & PRACTICE4 ,LIKE REALISM1 LIB]ALISM HAS A RI* H]ITAGE1 5COMPASS+ SU* FIGURES AS ,JOHN ,LOCKE1 ,J4,S4 ,MILL1 ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU & ,IMMANUEL ,KANT4 ,?\< DIFFICULT TO G5]ALIZE 9TO ONE P>ADIGM1 IT (F]S A MORE UNIV]SALI/ APPROA* -- LAW1 HUMAN RI<TS -- TO 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS4 ,AS LIB]ALISM EVOLV$ 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY 7& SOME CALL$ IT NEO-LIB]ALISM71 IT >GU$ ?AT COOP]ATION & COLLECTIVE SECURITY 9 A MULTIPOL> SY/EM ( DEMOCRATIC /ATES & /RONG 9T]NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS W\LD BE/ S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( /ABILITY 7E*O+ ,KANT'S 0P]PETUAL PEACE074 ,MANY CONTEMPOR>Y LIB]ALS VIEW$ ! 5D ( ! ,COLD ,W> 7! REALI/ P>ADIGM ( A BIPOL> SY/EM7 AS ! ULTIMATE CONFIRMATION ( LIB]ALISM AS ! ONLY VIABLE MODE ( POLITICAL LIFE4 

,*AMPION AMONG SU* ?9K]S WAS ,FRANCIS ,FUKUYAMA :O1 9 HIS SEM9AL BOOK ,! ,5D ( ,HI/ORY & ! ,LA/ ,MAN1 >GU$ ?AT POLITICAL HI/ORY HAD COME TO A CLOSE ) ! DEA? ( ! ,COLD ,W> &1 BY DEFAULT1 ! TRIUMPH ( LIB]ALISM4 ,NOT ONLY WILL LIB]AL DEMOCRACY & CAPITALISM SPREAD ?R\< AN EV]-GLOBALIZ+ WORLD1 BUT ALSO SU* A SY/EM W\LD BE IDEAL4 ,A WORLD :]E9 ALL /ATES ADH]E TO LIB]AL DEMOCRATIC NORMS1 9/ITUTIONS & UNIV]SAL POLITICAL VALUES W\LD BE ONE ?AT NEUTRALIZES W> & CONFLICT4 ,FROM ,KANT ONW>DS1 LIB]ALS EMBRAC$ ! IDEA ?AT REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS W\LD NEV] RESORT TO VIOL5CE BECAUSE RATIONAL1 FREE-?9K+ 9DIVIDUALS W\LD NEV] CONSID] W> 9 !IR BE/ 9T]E/4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 GR[+ ECONOMIC 9T]DEP5D5CE MEANS ?AT /ATES HAVE 9CREAS+LY HI<] /AKES 9 5SUR+ MUTUAL PEACE & PROSP]ITY4 

,MEAN:ILE1 9 ! ,U,S1 A NEW S*OOL ( ?\<T1 NEO-CONS]VATISM1 EM]G$1 :I* REFLECTS ELEM5TS ( BO? REALISM & LIB]ALISM4 ,UNLIKE ! PROPON5TS ( !SE O!R S*OOLS1 ! NEO-CONS >E MORE POLICYMAK]S & POLITICIANS ?AN !ORI/S4 ,! MO/ DEF9ITIVE EXPOSITION ( NEO-CONS]VATISM AS A MOVEM5T HAS BE5 PUT =W>D BY ! ,PROJECT = ! ,NEW ,AM]ICAN ,C5TURY1 A ?9K-TANK :OSE /ATEM5T ( PR9CIPLES C>RIES ! NAMES ( ,VICE ,PRESID5T ,DICK ,*5EY1 =M] ,VICE ,PRESID5T ,DAN ,QUAYLE1 =M] ,ASSI/ANT ,SECRET>Y ( ,DEF5SE & CURR5T ,WORLD ,BANK ,PRESID5T ,PAUL ,WOLF[ITZ1 =M] ,SECRET>Y ( ,DEF5SE ,DONALD ,RUMSFELD & ANO!R TW5TY-ODD PROM95T ,AM]ICAN POLICYMAK]S & ACADEMICS4 

,9 BRIEF1 CONTEMPOR>Y NEO-CONS]VATIVES PROMOTE F\R KEY =EIGN POLICIES3 MA9TA9+ & EXP&+ ,U,S MILIT>Y =CES1 OP5LY *ALL5G+ HO/ILE REGIMES1 PROMOT+ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL FRE$OM & %AP+ ! 9T]NATIONAL ORD] TO ONE BE/ FIT = ,AM]ICAN 0SECURITY1 PROSP]ITY & PR9CIPLES04 ,9 %ORT1 NEO-CONS]VATIVES HOLD ?AT ! ADVANCEM5T ( ,AM]ICAN GOALS & 9T]E/S IS IMPORTANT & B5EFICIAL NOT ONLY = ! ,U,S BUT = ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 

,) SOME E*OES ( ,WOODR[ ,WILSON'S LIB]AL IDEALISM 9 PROMOT+ ,AM]ICAN IDEALS ( GOV]NM5T & ECONOMICS ABROAD1 NEO-CONS]VATIVES DIFF] FROM O!R CONS]VATIVES ) !IR AGGRESSIVE & MORALI/ =EIGN POLICY /ANCE4 7,MANY NEO-CONS = 9/ANCE1 AL?\< NOT 9 GOV]NM5T AT ! TIME1 SUPPORT$ ! DECID$LY ANTI-REALI/ POSITION ?AT ! ,U,S %\LD 9T]V5E TO /OP ,S]B E?NIC CLEANS+ & SEIZURE ( T]RITORY DUR+ ! ,YUGOSLAV W>S47 ,?AT NEO-CONS]VATISM DRAWS ON ! IDEAS ( ,WILSON 9DICATES ! IDEOLOGICAL DIV]SITY )9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,9DE$1 MANY NEO-CONS]VATIVES ONCE AFFILIAT$ !MSELVES ) LIB]AL OR EV5 F>-LEFT POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES2 MANY CONSID]$ !MSELVES NEO-CONS]VATIVE 9 ! PA/ BUT >E NO LONG]4 ,AP>T FROM !IR COMMON 9T]E/S 9 =EIGN POLICY1 NEO-CONS]VATIVES >E ALMO/ UNIV]SALLY UNIT$ 9 !IR OPPOSITION TO COMMUNISM4 ,! 0,W> ON ,T]ROR0 & ! 0,BU% DOCTR9E0 %[ ! SIGNIFICANT 9FLU5CE ( ! 0NEO-CONS0 ON ,AM]ICAN POLICY TODAY4 

,9 ANY DEBATE ON =EIGN POLICY1 Y\ WILL OBS]VE !SE /R&S EM]GE3 MORALITY VS RAISON D'ETAT2 9T]V5TION VS P]SUASION & NONMILIT>Y CO]CION2 CONFRONTATION VS NEGOTIATION OR COOP]ATION4 ,ADD$ TO ! MIX IS ! DI*OTOMY ( S(T VS H>D P[]1 AN IDEA 7ORIG9AT$ BY ,H>V>D PR(ESSOR ,JOSEPH ,NYE7 ?AT P[] HAS MANY EXPRESSIONS O!R ?AN MILIT>Y =CE1 9CLUD+ CULTURAL & 9/ITUTIONAL P]SUASION4 ,AS ,NYE HIMSELF SAYS1 

0,! BASIC CONCEPT ( P[] IS ! ABILITY TO 9FLU5CE O!RS TO GET !M TO DO :AT Y\ WANT4 ,!RE >E ?REE MAJOR WAYS TO DO ?AT3 ONE IS TO ?REAT5 !M ) /ICKS2 ! SECOND IS TO PAY !M ) C>ROTS2 ! ?IRD IS TO ATTRACT !M OR CO-OPT !M1 SO ?AT !Y WANT :AT Y\ WANT4 ,IF Y\ CAN GET O!RS TO BE ATTRACT$1 TO WANT :AT Y\ WANT1 IT CO/S Y\ MU* LESS 9 C>ROTS & /ICKS40 

,! CONTRA/ IS (T5 MADE BETWE5 ! 0S(T P[]0 ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION1 :I* 5C\RAGES /ATES TO BEHAVE BETT] ?R\< ! C>ROT ( ,E,U MEMB]%IP OR O!R ,E,U-GRANT$ ADVANTAGES1 & ! 0H>D0 MILIT>I/IC APPROA* ( ! ,BU% ADM9I/RATION4 

,!SE !ORIES W]E DEVELOP$ TO HELP EXPLA9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 & 9 SOME CASES -- ! NEO-CONS BE+ ! MO/ REC5T EXAMPLE -- TO HELP %APE POLICY4 ,LOOK+ BACK AT MY EXP]I5CE ( POLICYMAK+ & IMPLEM5T+ =EIGN POLICY1 ,I F9D H[EV] ?AT !IR RELEVANCE IS LIMIT$4 ,I HAVE >GU$ 9 E>LI] *APT]S ?AT REALI/ CONCEPTS /ILL PLAY A L>GE ROLE 9 %AP+ H[ DIPLOMATS ?9K AB\T ! WORLD -- /ATES ID5TIFY+ !IR 9T]E/S & 9T]ACT+1 & SOMETIMES FI<T+1 ON ! BASIS ( !SE 9T]E/S4 ,LIB]AL IDEAS ( PROJECT+ UNIV]SAL VALUES -- RI<TS & LAW -- ALSO HAVE AN 9FLU5CE1 TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE DEP5D+ ON ! CIRCUM/ANCE4 ,BUT ! V]Y COH]5CE & NEATNESS ( !SE !ORETICAL EXPLANATIONS ( DIPLOMATIC BEHAVIOR BETRAYS ! REALITY1 & ! COMPLEXITY1 ( :AT ACTUALLY TOOK PLACE4 

,9 GOV]NM5T1 (FICIALS T5D TO ?9K 9 A 0REALI/0 MANN]1 DEF9+ !IR 9T]E/S & *OICES ACCORD+ TO REALPOLITIK4 ,:ILE ,I HAVE >GU$ ?AT SU* ?9K+ IS /ILL F> TOO DOM9ANT 9 POLICY-MAK+1 !RE IS ALSO A SUB/ANTIAL 0LIB]AL0 S5TIM5T AT PLAY TOO 7& ?IS WAS TRUE ( ,CONS]VATIVE AS WELL AS ,LABOR GOV]NM5TS 9 ,BRITA91 ,REPUBLICANS & ,DEMOCRATS 9 ! ,U,S73 ?AT WE %\LD BE DRIV5 BY MORE UNIV]SAL CONC]NS = HUMAN RI<TS & ! DIM9I%+ ( SUFF]+4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT NEO-CONS]VATIVE IDEAS PLAY$ A SUB/ANTIAL P>T 9 DRIV+ ! ,U,S DECISION TO 9VADE ,IRAQ 9 #b#c1 BUT AS ,I HAVE DISCUSS$ 9 *APT] #d1 !Y CANNOT HAVE BE5 ! ONLY FACTOR4 ,!RE W]E D\BTLESS MANY O!RS AT PLAY4 ,ONLY 9 NEWSPAP] COLUMNS IS ! >GUM5T PUT 9TO SIMPLE DI*OTOMIES4 

,:AT ONE F9DS 9 ! WORLD ( DIPLOMACY TODAY IS R>ELY DI/+UI%ABLE 9TO !SE !ORETICAL BOXES4 ,POLICYMAK]S >E 9FLU5C$ BY A MASS ( DIFF]5T FACTORS1 SOME HI/ORICAL1 SOME CULTURAL1 SOME EMOTIONAL & SOME 9DEF9ABLE4 ,TO PRET5D ?AT DECISION-MAK]S OR POLICY-FRAM]S LOOK AT ! WORLD 9 T]MS ( !ORY 7:E!R LIB]AL OR REALI/7 IS DANG]\SLY R$UCTIONI/4 ,! MORE SUBTLE & COMPLEX REALITY ,I EXP]I5C$ SUGGE/S A C]TA9 SKEPTICISM AB\T ! EXPLANATORY UTILITY ( !SE !ORIES4 ,9 %ORT1 POLICYMAK+ IS MORE R&OM1 MORE >BITR>Y1 JU/ SIMPLY MESSI] & MORE HUMAN ?AN !ORY W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 

7,ONE CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS REALITY IS1 AGA91 TO UND]L9E ! REQUIREM5T = GREAT] SCRUT9Y ( ?OSE )9 ! SY/EM4 ,= IF DECISION-MAK+ IS AS >BITR>Y & UNSY/EMATIC AS ,I CLAIM1 !N ALL ! GREAT] IS ! P[] ( ?OSE )9 ! SY/EM -- S9CE !Y >E NOT FOLL[+ A CONSI/5T !ORY -- & ?US GREAT] ! NE$ TO QU]Y & *ECK !IR ACTIONS47 

,?IS IS UND]/&ABLE4 ,=EIGN M9I/]S & DIPLOMATS >E HUMAN AFT] ALL4 ,BUT ! DESIRE TO FIT REAL EV5TS 9TO !SE CONCEPTUAL /RUCTURES (T5 DIM9I%ES1 NOT 9CREASES1 \R UND]/&+4 ,N,A,T,O'S 9T]V5TION 9 ,KOSOVO IS (T5 PRES5T$ AS A PIVOTAL MOM5T 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! DOCTR9E ( 0HUMANIT>IAN 9T]V5TION01 NAMELY ! IDEA ?AT /ATES CAN 9T]V5E 9 O!R /ATES1 AGA9/ !IR GOV]NM5TS' WILL1 9 ORD] TO PROTECT CIVILIANS AGA9/ G5OCIDE OR WIDESPREAD OPPRESSION4 ,?IS RI<T IS NOT YET 9CORPORAT$ 9TO 9T]NATIONAL LAW4 

,BUT ,N,A,T,O'S 9T]V5TION WAS DRIV5 BY MANY FACTORS1 9CLUD+ GUILT OV] ITS FAILURE TO PREV5T G5OCIDE 9 ,BOSNIA & 9 P>TICUL> ! ,SREBR5ICA MASSACRE4 ,O!R FACTORS 9CLUD$ ! FACT ?AT ! MAJORITY 9 ,KOSOVO 7! ,KOSOVO-,ALBANIANS7 W]E BE+ SO CLE>LY REPRESS$ BY ,MILOSEVIC'S ,BELGRADE1 ! P[] ( ! ALMO/ REAL-TIME IMAG]Y ( ,KOSOVO REFUGEES BE+ DRIV5 FROM !IR C\NTRY1 ! DIPLOMATIC ISOLATION ( ,MILOSEVIC & ! S5SE ?AT HE WAS NE> ! 5D ( HIS P[]1 ! OV]:ELM+ MILIT>Y SUP]IORITY ( ,N,A,T,O :I* ALL[$ 9T]V5TION )\T RISK+ ,WE/]N TROOPS ON ! GR\ND1 ! P[] ( ! PRO-,ALBANIAN LOBBY 9 ! ,U,S1 ! ROLE ( ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL & 9T]NATIONAL LAW 7! ,C\NCIL NEI!R 5DORS$ NOR CONDEMN$ ! 9T]V5TION71 ! IDEA ?AT ! ,WE/ C\LD NOT ADMIT MORE *AOS & G5OCIDE 9 ,EUROPE 7?\< IT WAS READY TO ALL[ IT 9 ,AFRICA71 & ( C\RSE ! P]SONAL 9CL9ATIONS ( ! LEAD]S CONC]N$ :I* MU/ P]=CE HAVE COMPRIS$ !IR [N PRIVATE N>RATIVES ( ! MEAN+ ( MORALITY1 HI/ORY1 ! NATION /ATE & !IR [N EMOTIONAL MOTORS4 ,?IS COMB9ATION ( FACTORS CAME TO A HEAD AT A P>TICUL> MOM5T 9 #aiii & PU%$ ! DECISION-MAK]S T[>DS 9T]V5TION4 ,HAD ! CRISIS >IS5 9 #aiif OR #b#b1 IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE MADE ! SAME DECISION4 ,& EV5 ?IS ACC\NT IS 9EVITABLY SIMPLI/IC4 

,IT SEEMS TO BE SOME?+ 9TR9SIC TO DISCUSSION ( =EIGN RELATIONS ?AT WE T5D TO CONCEPTUALIZE 9 SU* G5]ALIZ$ T]MS4 ,:5 ,MA*IAVELLI WAS WRIT+ AB\T 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 HIS WORLD WAS DIVID$ 9TO /ATES :I* TRAD$ & OCCASIONALLY W5T TO W> ) ONE ANO!R1 BUT ?AT WAS AB\T ALL1 & !IR TRADE & O!R 9T]ACTIONS W]E BUT A T9Y PROPORTION ( !IR TOTAL ECONOMIC & O!R ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS A V]Y DIFF]5T /ORY TODAY :]E ! 9T]ACTIONS ( /ATES 7) ! EXCEPTION ( A FEW ISOLAT$ H]MITS LIKE ,NOR? ,KOREA7 >E MASSIVE & HET]OG5E\S4 ,! WORLD IS NOT DIVISIBLE4 ,HOBBES'S IDEAS W]E V]Y MU* DRIV5 BY ! NE$ TO AVOID CIVIL W> 7:I* GRIPP$ ,5GL& DUR+ HIS LIFETIME7 NOT 9T]NATIONAL W>1 YET HIS IDEAS ( ! /ATE & ! ALT]NATIVES TO IT /ILL 9FLU5CE BASIC1 & (T5 UNSPOK51 ASSUMPTIONS AB\T 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 

,ONE ( ! ODDITIES ( ! DISC\RSE ( 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS IS ?AT IT TREATS ! WORLD ( /ATES & !IR DO+S AS ON A SEP>ATE PLANE4 ,IT IS AS IF /ATES FLOAT ABOVE ! REALM ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE & ?AT !RE=E !Y REQUIRE DIFF]5T =MS ( ANALYSIS & MORAL SCRUT9Y4 ,P]HAPS ?IS IS BECAUSE WE >E TAU<T1 BY ! 9EVITABLE SIMPLIFICATIONS ( HI/ORY1 TO REG>D /ATES AS SEP>ATE 5TITIES1 DISCRETE & ) AG5CY4 ,P]HAPS \R NATURAL DESIRE = ORD] & PATT]NS 5C\RAGES US TO DO ?IS TOO4 ,HI/ORY WE PREF] TO SEE AS A L9E> PROGRESSION1 9DE$ AS 0PROGRESS01 UNTIL ! PRES5T MOM5T4.<#d#g.> ,LIKE US1 ! WORLD BETRAYS LITTLE ORD]1 & AS WE ADVANCE 9TO ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 ! NEATNESS ( PA/ C5TURIES 7?\< W]E !Y EV] REALLY NEAT87 FALLS AWAY1 & WE 5C\NT] SOME?+ ?AT LOOKS MORE & MORE LIKE 5TROPY1 DISORD]4 

,!RE IS DANG] H]E TOO4 ,! MORE COMPLEX ! WORLD BECOMES1 ! LESS IT WILL RESPOND TO \R SIMPLI/IC MODELS ( H[ IT %\LD BEHAVE4 ,! TEMPTATION WILL >ISE TO MAKE IT RESPOND4 ,?IS IS ONE WAY 7& ONLY ONE ( MANY WAYS7 ( VIEW+ ! ,BU% ,ADM9I/RATION'S 9VASION ( ,IRAQ 7:OSE PUTATIVE MOTIVATIONS >E DISCUSS$ AT FUR!R L5G? 9 *APT] #d73 IT WAS AN ATTEMPT1 PO/ ! DEVA/AT+ RUCTION ( #i_/#a#a1 TO REASS]T AN ,AM]ICAN ORD] ON ! WORLD1 AN ORD] MORE REFLECTIVE ( ! REALI/ ANALYSIS ( ! #ba ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL /RATEGY DOCUM5T3 A WORLD ( /ATES & ?REATS :I* MU/ BE C\NT]$4 ,! PO/-9VASION HI/ORY ( ,IRAQ HAS %[N H[ 9APPROPRIATE ?AT =M ( ANALYSIS IS4 ,AS ,I WRITE 9 #b#f1 ! REMOVAL ( A DICTATOR HAS SPAWN$ NOT /ABILITY BUT *AOS 9 A C\NTRY ?AT B>ELY W>RANTS SU* A DESIGNATION1 :]E MANY PO/-NATIONAL 7OR PRE-NATIONAL7 =CES -- RELIGI\S1 E?NIC1 ANTI-,AM]ICAN1 FUNDAM5TALI/ -- >E AT PLAY 9 A CONFUS+ & VIOL5T MELEE4 

,?US TO UND]/& ! WORLD 9T]NATIONALLY TODAY1 WE NE$ MORE ?AN ! !ORY ( H[ /ATES BEHAVE4 ,WE NE$ TO UND]/& ?AT A /ATE IS A M]E AGGLOM]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT A S+UL>ITY4 ,TO UND]/& !SE GR\PS & !IR LEAD]S1 WE MU/ ACKN[L$GE !IR GREAT COMPLEXITY1 & DEVELOP A DEBATE AB\T !IR MORAL BEHAVIOR 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL CONTEXT 7NOT D5Y ITS RELEVANCE74 ,WE MU/ APPLY ! TOOLS ) :I* WE UND]/& O!R =MS ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 :E!R COLLECTIVE OR 9DIVIDUAL3 PSY*OLOGY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 & P]HAPS ! MORE >CANE MEANS ( 9T]PRET+ HIDD5 MOTIVES SU* AS SEMIOTICS & EV5 >T4 ,WE MU/ EMPLOY TOO \R UND]/&+ ( \R PHYSICAL SPACE -- ! 5VIRONM5T1 NATURAL RES\RCES -- 9 ORD] TO ACCOMMODATE ITS EFFECTS UPON \R BEHAVIOR & \R LIVES4 ,NONE ( !SE FACTORS IS SEP>ABLE )\T >TIFICE2 EV5 TOGE!R1 !Y L5D !MSELVES POORLY TO G5]IC !ORIZ+4 ,WE MU/ BE HUMBLE BE=E !SE MANY SIGNALS1 & AW>E ( ! LIMITS ( \R CAPACITY TO 9T]PRET !M4 

,& :ILE !ORY HAS ITS LIMITS1 EV5 WORDS & T]MS !MSELVES SOMETIMES CANNOT CONVEY ALL ?AT IS IMPORTANT4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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