,*APT] #f 
,! ,TELEGRAM OR ,H[ TO BE ,IGNOR$ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>NE ,ROSS 

,TEXT 3 

#f4 ,! ,T,E,L,E,G,R,A,M ,O,R ,H,[ ,T,O ,B,E ,I,G,N,O,R,$ 

,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL & ,T9D\F1 ,ALG]IA 

,ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL >TIFACTS ( DIPLOMATIC BUS9ESS IS ! 5CRYPT$ TELEGRAM BETWE5 ! EMBASSY & ! CAPITAL4 ,9 ! ,BRITI% ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 TELEGRAM WRIT+ IS A HI<LY FETI%IZ$ BUS9ESS4 ,! DRAFT+ PROCESS IS /YLIZ$ & HI]>*ICAL1 9 A WAY AN UNCONSCI\S METAPHOR = ! :OLE BUS9ESS ( DIPLOMACY4 

,IF A JUNIOR DIPLOMAT WRITES ! FIR/ DRAFT1 IT MU/ BE *ECK$ BY A S5IOR DIPLOMAT BE=E BE+ 0SIGN$ (F04 ,P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT DISPAT*ES MU/ BE *ECK$ BY AMBASSADORS !MSELVES1 S9CE IT IS !IR NAME ?AT GOES AT ! 5D ( ! MESSAGE 7ITSELF AN UNCONSCI\S RE9=CEM5T ( ! HI]>*ICALISM ( ! SY/EM74 

,:5 Y\ JO9 ! DIPLOMATIC S]VICE1 Y\ >E 9/RUCT$ 9 ! 0H\SE /YLE0 :I* /RIVES = CL>ITY1 CONCIS5ESS1 DETA*M5T &1 ABOVE ALL1 OBJECTIVITY4 ,DRAFT+ SKILL IS HI<LY RAT$4 ,SOME AMBASSADORS BECOME KN[N = WRIT+ P>TICUL>LY WELL-CRAFT$ & WITTY MISSIVES & ! BE/ TELEGRAMS >E CIRCULAT$ WIDELY ON AN 9=MAL NETWORK AS A K9D ( SALUTE TO ! AU?OR4 

,BUT ! TELEGRAM IS ALSO ! EMBODIM5T ( :AT DIPLOMACY IS AB\T4 ,9 ! ,BRITI% S]VICE1 IT IS DIVID$ 9TO ,SUMM>Y3 A FEW L9ES2 ,DETAIL3 ! MA9 BODY ( REPORTAGE2 & F9ALLY ! ALL-IMPORTANT ,COMM5T3 :AT ! EMBASSY ?9KS ( :AT IS BE+ REPORT$ & :AT POLICY !Y RECOMM5D TO ,LONDON4 ,?US A TELEGRAM MAY READ SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 

,IMM$IATE 

,TO3 ,F,C,O ,LONDON 

,FROM3 ,BRITI% ,EMBASSY ,RURITANIAVILLE 

,CLASSIFICATION3 ,CONFID5TIAL 

,SUMM>Y 

#a4 ,C\P 9 ,RURITANIA4 ,AN OPPORTUNITY = ! ,U,K3 NEW ,PRESID5T A GOOD FRI5D4 ,NO *ANGE RECOMM5D$ = TRAVEL ADVICE4 

,DETAIL 

#b4 ,AT #b,Z.<#c#b.> TODAY1 A SMALL B& ( >MY (FIC]S L$ BY ,G5]AL ,POTATO SEIZ$ ! NATIONAL RADIO /ATION1 MA9 >MY B>RACKS & ALL PR9CIPAL GOV]NM5T BUILD+S4 ,!RE WAS A BRIEF /&-(F AT ! PRESID5TIAL PALACE1 BUT O!RWISE LITTLE FI<T+ & FEW CASUALTIES4 ,=M] PRESID5T ,TOMATO HAS BE5 IMPRISON$ BY ,POTATO'S M51 :O HAVE ANN\NC$ ?AT HE WILL BE TRI$ = CORRUPTION & O!R 0ANTI-/ATE0 CRIMES4 

#c4 ,9 A RADIO ADDRESS AT #g,Z1 ,POTATO DECL>$ ?AT ! C\P IS = ! 0PEOPLE ( ,RURITANIA0 TO DELIV] !M FROM ! CORRUPTION & ECONOMIC *AOS ( ! ,TOMATO REGIME4 ,:ILE DECL>+ HIMSELF 0TRANSITIONAL0 ,PRESID5T1 ,POTATO HAS ANN\NC$ ?AT !RE WILL BE G5]AL ELECTIONS )9 SIX MON?S OR 0AS LONG AS IT TAKES = /ABILITY TO BE RE/OR$04 

#d4 ,! SITUATION 9 ,RURITANIA IS G5]ALLY CALM4 ,SOME DEMON/RATORS HAVE COME ON TO ! /REETS TO CELEBRATE ! C\P BUT O!RWISE !RE IS LITTLE DI/URBANCE4 

,COMM5T 

#e4 ,?IS C\P HAS BE5 BREW+ = SOME TIME 7AS O!R 9=MATION HAS SUGGE/$74 

#f4 ,:ILE WE .<I4E4 ! ,U,K.> MAY DISAPPROVE ( ,POTATO'S ME?OD ( REMOV+ ! GOV]NM5T1 ,TOMATO'S REGIME WAS A DISA/] = ,RURITANIA1 CAUS+ ECONOMIC COLLAPSE & MASSIVE SOCIAL UNRE/4 ,POTATO 7:OM ,I KN[ WELL7 HAS A LEVEL HEAD & SEEMS COMMITT$ TO ! RE/ORATION ( DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T AS SOON AS ! SECURITY SITUATION ALL[S4 ,WE MU/ 9SI/ ?AT HE KEEPS HIS WORD4 

#g4 ,POTATO'S >RIVAL (F]S AN OPPORTUNITY = US4 ,I HAVE D9$ PRIVATELY ) HIM FREQU5TLY4 ,UNLIKE ,TOMATO1 HE IS WELL-DISPOS$ T[>DS ! ,U,K 7HE ATT5D$ ,OX=D = ONE T]M74 ,WE %\LD IMM$IATELY REEXAM9E \R COMM]CIAL & MILIT>Y EXPORT /RATEGY4 

#h4 ,WE WILL KEEP ! SECURITY SITUATION UND] CLOSE REVIEW1 BUT ,I SEE NO NE$ AT PRES5T TO ALT] \R CURR5T TRAVEL ADVICE4 

,B,A,C,O,N .<! SURNAME ( ! AMBASSADOR.> 

,ALMO/ ALL SU* MESSAGES >E CLASSIFI$ FROM ,RE/RICT$1 ! L[E/ LEVEL1 UP TO ,TOP ,SECRET4 ,! ,=EIGN ,(FICE HAS SUCCE$$ 9 5C\RAG+ (FICIALS TO D[NGRADE ! CLASSIFICATION ( MANY DOCUM5TS1 = ! MORE HI<LY-CLASSIFI$ A DOCUM5T1 ! GREAT] ! CO/ & AWKW>DNESS ( CIRCULAT+ & /OR+ IT4 ,H[EV] ! VA/ BULK ( SU* 9T]NAL COMMUNICATIONS REMA9 CLASSIFI$ 9 SOME =M4 ,?US A VA/1 EFFECTIVELY SECRET DISC\RSE IS CREAT$4 

,HUNDR$S ( SU* COMMUNICATIONS 7?\< FEW ( SU* DRAMA7 EMANATE FROM EMBASSIES ALL OV] ! WORLD EV]Y DAY4 ,!RE IS AN UNSPOK51 ALMO/ 9/9CTIVE1 UND]/&+ ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>TS ( ! WORLD DEM& ! MO/ ATT5TION1 SO ! ,BRITI% EMBASSY 9 ,WA%+TON1 A HUGE (FICE ) MANY HUNDR$S ( (FICIALS1 WILL S5D ?\S&S ( MESSAGES A YE>1 :ILE ! TWO-P]SON EMBASSY 9 ,ULAN ,BATA> WILL ONLY BO!R ,LONDON A C\PLE ( TIMES A MON? - OR :5 !RE'S A C\P4 

,HI/ORIANS MAY REG>D SU* WRITT5 RECORDS AS CRUCIAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( :AT IS 0REALLY0 GO+ ON 9SIDE A GOV]NM5T -- ! CORE ( ITS PRIVATE DELIB]ATIONS4 ,?IS IS TRUE1 BUT ONLY UP TO A PO9T4 ,9 ! CRAFT+ ( !SE DOCUM5TS1 TO :I* DIPLOMATS DEVOTE CONSID]ABLE C>E1 !RE >E (T5 DI/ORT+ FACTORS AT PLAY4 

,FIR/1 ! DOCUM5TS >E CIRCULAT$ WIDELY 9 ! =EIGN M9I/RY & BEYOND1 9CLUD+ TO S5IOR (FICIALS & M9I/]S4 ,!Y >E ?US1 9 ! CLOS$ WORLD ( GOV]NM5T1 ! MO/ PUBLIC DEMON/RATION ( ! SKILL & A*IEVEM5T ( ! AU?OR4 ,?IS 5C\RAGES ALL BUT ! MO/ UNASSUM+ AMBASSADORS TO PLAY UP ! DEP? & 9TIMACY ( !IR POLITICAL CONTACTS3 NOTE 7ABOVE7 ! FICTIONAL ,BACON'S EMPHASIS ON HIS CLOSE P]SONAL RELATION%IP ) ! NEW PRESID5T4 ,IT IS ALSO WOR? REM>K+ ?AT ?IS K9D ( ANALYSIS RE9=CES & P]PETUATES ! VIEW ?AT GOV]NM5TS -- & ! 9DIVIDUALS COMPRIS+ !M -- >E ! DET]M9+ FACTORS 9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS3 ?AT !Y >E :AT REALLY MATT]S4 ,! QUALITY ( RELATIONS ) KEY LOCAL ACTORS IS ! K9D ( ?+ :I* W9S A BIG TICK 9 ! P]=MANCE APPRAISAL BOX :5 ! AMBASSADOR IS CONSID]$ = PROMOTION4 ,LIKEWISE1 SU* TELEGRAMS WILL 9V>IABLY /RESS ! EMBASSY'S DEEP COMPREH5SION ( ! LOCAL SC5E4 ,NEV] WILL !Y CONFESS ?AT !Y HAVE LITTLE IDEA AB\T :AT IS GO+ ON4 

,I WILL H]E ADMIT ONE %AMEFUL EPISODE FROM MY [N C>E]3 :5 ,I WAS PO/$ TO ,KABUL1 ,I WAS TELEPHON$ BY ! DEP>TM5T 9 ,LONDON & ASK$ = A REPORT ON 0! C> BOMB 9 ,JALALABAD04 ,I ACKN[L$G$ ! REQUE/ & PUT D[N ! PHONE4 ,I HAD NO IDEA :AT !Y W]E TALK+ AB\T4 ,I DULY W5T TO ! ,B,B,C WEBSITE ON ! 9T]NET 7:5CE PRESUMABLY ,LONDON HAD HE>D AB\T IT TOO71 & TOOK D[N A FEW DETAILS ( ! ATTACK4 ,?US 9=M$1 ,I COMPOS$ A %ORT TELEGRAM BACK TO ,LONDON1 CLASSIFI$ IT 0RE/RICT$0 & S5T IT4 

,SECOND1 ! DIVISION BETWE5 0DETAIL01 I4E4 FACT1 & 0COMM5T01 I4E4 JUDGM5T1 9 ANY SU* TELEGRAM IMPLIES SU* A SEP>ATION 9 ! M9D & REPORT+ ( ! AMBASSADOR4 ,! SEP>ATION MAKES S5SE 9 A SY/EM :]E READ]S NE$ TO KN[ :AT IS FACT & :AT IS OP9ION1 BUT SU* A DIVISION BELIES ! REALITY ?AT ! *OICE ( :AT IS REPORT$ AT ALL IMPLIES A JUDGM5T 9 ITSELF4 ,RECALL H[ 9 ,BONN 7*APT] #b7 MY EXAM9ATION ( ! CONDITION ( ! ,ROMA DID NOT JU/IFY A TELEGRAM4 ,:AT EMBASSIES *OOSE TO REPORT -- :AT !Y SEE AS A CR$IBLE P>T ( ! DISC\RSE -- IS ( C\RSE A JUDGM5T & A HI<LY VALUE-LAD5 ONE AT ?AT4 

,?IRD1 SU* TELEGRAMS >E WRITT5 TO GIVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y >E (F]+ CONSID]$ & OBJECTIVE POLICY *OICES TO ! CAPITAL4 ,:5 ,I WAS NEGOTIAT+ AT ! ,U,N 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 WE W\LD (T5 9 ! 0DETAIL0 7I4E4 ALLEG$LY ! 0FACTS07 SECTION ( ! TELEGRAM DESCRIBE ! NEGOTIATIONS 9 SU* A WAY TO P]SUADE ! READ] 7A S5IOR (FICIAL OR A M9I/]7 ( A P>TICUL> C\RSE ( ACTION4 ,= 9/ANCE1 IF WE 9 ! MISSION DISLIK$ A PROPOSAL ?AT ,LONDON HAD ASK$ US TO PUT =W>D 9 A P>TICUL> NEGOTIATION1 WE W\LD (T5 EXAGG]ATE 9 \R REPORTS ! DEGREE ( OPPOSITION 9 ORD] TO 5C\RAGE ,LONDON TO DROP IT4 ,?IS WAS A SUBTLE SKILL1 BUT ONE 9 :I* WE BECAME V]Y >TFUL4 ,I AM SURE WE W]E NOT ALONE 9 ?IS PRACTICE1 ?\< ,I D\BT :E!R ANY S]V+ DIPLOMAT WILL ADMIT IT4 ,IT W\LD !RE=E BE WRONG TO TAKE SU* REPORTS AS FULLY ACCURATE ACC\NTS ( :AT !Y PURPORT TO BE RECORD+4 

,F9ALLY1 & P]HAPS MO/ SUBTLY1 SU* COMMUNICATIONS DO NOT NECESS>ILY COMMUNICATE :AT ! AU?OR REALLY ?9KS4 ,9 MY DIPLOMATIC C>E] !RE >E MANY TELEGRAMS ,I WROTE ?AT /& \T 9 MY MEMORY4 ,ONE COMMEMORAT$ ! CULM9ATION ( A YE>'S GRUEL+ NEGOTIATION TO REE/ABLI% ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL'S APPROA* ON ,IRAQ 7RESOLUTION #abhd 7#a#i#i#i71 :I* IS ,I ?9K ! LONGE/ ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL RESOLUTION ( ALL TIME -- SEE *APT] #h72 ANO!R1 ON #ab ,SEPTEMB] #b#a1 REPORT$ ! ,C\NCIL'S CONDEMNATION ( ! ATTACKS ! DAY BE=E4 ,A ?IRD -- 9 LATE #aiih -- REPORT$ ,IRAQ'S PROMISE ( COOP]ATION ) ! WEAPONS 9SPECTORS1 ?US /OPP+ ! BOMB]S :I* W]E ALREADY 9 ! AIR FROM /RIK+ ,IRAQ1 AL?\< ,IRAQ'S PROMISE WAS NOT FULFILL$ & ! BOMB]S NONE!LESS ATTACK$ LAT] ?AT YE>4 ,I REMEMB] ?AT :5 ,I COMPOS$ ?IS TELEGRAM1 MY H&S W]E %AK+ SO H>D ,I C\LD H>DLY TYPE4 

,BUT ONE /ICKS \T ABOVE ALL1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE IT WAS AB\T AN ISSUE ,I HAVE COME TO KN[ V]Y WELL1 N[ FROM BO? SIDES ( ! TABLE4 ,! TELEGRAM WAS AB\T ! ,WE/]N ,SAH>A1 ONE ( ! ISSUES ,I WAS RESPONSIBLE = AS HEAD ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ SECTION AT ! ,U,K ,MISSION TO ! ,U,N4 

,FEW PEOPLE HAVE HE>D ( ?IS ISSUE4 ,?OSE :O CAMPAIGN AB\T IT >GUE ?AT ?IS IS BECAUSE ! B5I<T$ PEOPLE ( ,WE/]N ,SAH>A 7OR ,SAH>AWIS1 AS !Y >E KN[N7 HAVE NEV]1 UNLIKE ! ,PALE/9IANS1 RESORT$ TO T]RORISM4 ,! ,POLIS>IO1 ! ORGANIZATION ?AT REPRES5TS ! ,SAH>AWIS1 HAS NEV] US$ VIOL5CE AS A POLITICAL TOOL1 EXCEPT 9 DIRECT RESI/ANCE TO ! =CES :I* OCCUPY ! ,WE/]N ,SAH>A 9 A GU]RILLA W> :I* 5D$ 9 #a#i#i#a4.<#c#c.> 

,! HI/ORY IS /RAI<T=W>D4 ,:5 ,SPA91 ! COLONIAL P[]1 LEFT ! REGION KN[N AS ,WE/]N ,SAH>A 9 #a#i#g#e1 ,MOROCCO IMM$IATELY 9VAD$ & OCCUPI$ ! T]RITORY4 ,! 9HABITANTS ( ! REGION W]E (F]$ NO *OICE 9 ?IS 9VASION1 & !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 ! ,POLIS>IO1 HAVE CEASELESSLY CAMPAIGN$ = ! ,SAH>AWIS TO BE GIV5 ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,9 ! E>LY YE>S1 BETWE5 #aige & #a#i#i#a1 ?IS CAMPAIGN TOOK ! =M ( A SPORADIC GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN4 ,! ,POLIS>IO DECID$ TO 5D ! FI<T+ 9 #aiia :5 ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL AGRE$ A PROCESS1 KN[N AS ! ,SETTLEM5T ,PLAN1 :]EBY !RE W\LD BE A REF]5DUM 9 ! T]RITORY ON SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,MOROCCO ?REW UP 9CESSANT OB/ACLES TO ! PLAN'S IMPLEM5TATION4 ,ONE ( ITS TE*NIQUES WAS TO 5C\RAGE ,MOROCCAN SETTL]S 9 ! T]RITORY TO FILE ?\S&S ( OBJECTIONS TO ! VOT] REGI/RATION LI/S PREP>$ BY ! ,U,N1 !REBY 9T]M9ABLY DELAY+ ! PREP>ATIONS = ! REF]5DUM4 ,! ,MOROCCANS HAD ALSO MANAG$ TO CONV9CE !IR ALLIES ! ,FR5* & ,U,S ?AT IF !Y LO/ ! REF]5DUM1 !Y W\LD REFUSE TO ACCEPT IT4 

,9 #b1 ! ,U,N ,SECRET>Y-,G5]AL APPO9T$ ,JAMES ,BAK]1 ! =M] ,U,S ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE1 AS HIS ,P]SONAL ,REPRES5TATIVE ON ,WE/]N ,SAH>A4 ,HIS M&ATE1 UNDECL>$ (FICIALLY BUT UN(FICIALLY UND]/OOD BY ! P]MAN5T MEMB]S ( ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL1 WAS TO BREAK ?IS 0DEADLOCK0 7A WAY ( *>ACT]IZ+ ! PROBLEM SO ?AT ! MA9 CAUSE ( IT IS ABSOLV$74 ,9 #bb ,BAK] (F]$ ?REE OPTIONS TO ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL3 ONE TO CONT9UE ) ! ,SETTLEM5T ,PLAN1 ! SECOND TO (F] ! ,SAH>AWIS A MORE LIMIT$ AUTONOMY 7) ! PROMISE ( A REF]5DUM ON ! T]RITORY'S F9AL /ATUS )9 FIVE YE>S7 BUT UND] ,MOROCCAN SOV]EIGNTY1 & ! ?IRD WAS TO GIVE UP4 ,! ?RU/ ( ! RECOMM5DATIONS -- TO AB&ON ! ,SETTLEM5T ,PLAN -- WAS OBVI\S3 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL %\LD AB&ON ITS [N AGRE$ APPROA* TO RESOLVE ! DISPUTE SIMPLY BECAUSE ONE ( ! P>TIES WAS OB/RUCT+ IT4 

,9 E>LY #b ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE ASK$ V>I\S ( ITS EMBASSIES & MISSIONS1 9CLUD+ ,NEW ,YORK1 = !IR VIEWS ON :AT 0WE0 %\LD DO AB\T ,WE/]N ,SAH>A4 ,IT FELL TO ME TO WRITE ! TELEGRAM FROM ,NEW ,YORK4 ,MY TELEGRAM DULY REPORT$ :AT ! ,U,N ,SECRET>IAT ?\<T1 :AT ! ,FR5* & ,U,S MISSIONS ?\<T 7NOTABLY1 ,I DID NOT SEEK ! VIEWS ( ! ,POLIS>IO REPRES5TATIVE1 A *>M+ & SOME:AT WOEBEGONE FIGURE :O CEASELESSLY TRAMP$ ! CORRIDORS ( ! ,U,N71 & !N :AT 0WE0 ?\<T4 ,AS WAS & IS ! PRACTICE1 ,I DIVID$ ! TELEGRAM 9TO ,SUMM>Y1 ,DETAIL & ,COMM5T4 ,! ,DETAIL COMPRIS$ MY REPORTS ON :AT ! ,U,N1 ,FR5* & ,AM]ICANS HAD TOLD ME4 ,!SE ?REE ACTORS HAD CONCLUD$ ?AT ! ,SETTLEM5T ,PLAN WAS RUNN+ 9TO TR\BLE & ?AT NEI!R ! ,U,S NOR ,FRANCE WAS PREP>$ TO OV]COME ,MOROCCAN OB/RUCTION ( ! REF]5DUM4 ,!SE W]E SUPPOS$LY ! 0FACTS0 ON :I* ,I BAS$ MY JUDGM5TS1 ?\<1 AS ,I HAVE NOT$1 !SE FACTS DID NOT 9CLUDE SOME DETAILS1 SU* AS ! VIEWS ( ! ,SAHRAWI REPRES5TATIVE1 :I* TO SOME MI<T HAVE SEEM$ P]T95T4 

,& JU/ LIKE \R REVIEW ( POLICY ON ,IRAQ SANCTIONS1 !SE 0FACTS0 DID NOT 9CLUDE ONE WORD AB\T ! REALITY ( LIFE 9 ,WE/]N ,SAH>A = ! ,SAH>AWIS1 ,MOROCCANS OR 9DE$ ANYBODY ELSE4 ,I HAD NEV] VISIT$ ! ,WE/]N ,SAH>A4 ,:5 EV5TUALLY ,I DID1 9 ! AUTUMN ( #b#e1 ,I WAS APPALL$ BY ! FUTILITY & SUFF]+ ( SOME #a#e1 ,SAH>AWI REFUGEES :O TO ?IS DAY REMA9 9 T5T$ REFUGEE CAMPS 9 ! WE/]N REA*ES ( ! ,SAH>A1 WAIT+ = ! 09T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY0 TO RE/ORE TO !M ! JU/ICE !Y HAVE BE5 D5I$4.<#c#d.> ,HAV+ TOLD 0,LONDON0 ( ! FACTS -- :I* W]E M]ELY ! POSITIONS ( ! O!R 0KEY0 PLAY]S -- ,I !N PRODUC$ MY JUDGM5T ON :AT %\LD BE DONE AB\T ! ,WE/]N ,SAH>A PROBLEM4 ,& H]E ANO!R DEEPLY 5TR5*$ HABIT WAS PUT 9TO PLAY1 NAMELY ?AT ( ID5TIFY+1 9 AN 5TIRELY >BITR>Y & SUBJECTIVE WAY1 :AT W]E ,BRITA9'S1 OR RA!R 0\R0 9T]E/S 9 ?IS AFFAIR4 ,?IS IS :AT ! SUMM>Y SECTION ( MY TELEGRAM SAID3 

0,WE %\LD TAKE A BACK SEAT3 WE HAVE NO DOG 9 ?IS FI<T40 

,ELSE:]E1 9 ! 0,COMM5T0 SECTION ( ! TELEGRAM1 ,I WROTE1 0,WE HAVE NO NATIONAL 9T]E/ AT /AKE01 BE=E RECOMM5D+ ?AT WE ACQUIESCE1 ?R\< QUIET SUPPORT1 9 ! ,U,N'S IMP5D+ DECISION TO SEEK SOME ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,SETTLEM5T ,PLAN & ITS REF]5DUM1 AN APPROA* :I* WE HAD MANY TIMES 5DORS$ & WAS SUPPORT$ 9 9T]NATIONAL LAW4 

,:Y DID ,I WRITE ?IS8 ,I WAS1 AS A ,BRITI% DIPLOMAT ( SOME T5 YE>S' EXP]I5CE1 FIRMLY GRIPP$ BY A WAY ( SEE+ ! WORLD :I* ORD]S IT 9 T]MS ( /ATES & !IR 9T]E/S4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE IT WAS & IS 9DE$ ! CASE ?AT 0,BRITA90 HAD NO NATIONAL 9T]E/ AT /AKE 9 DO+ ANY?+ AB\T ! DISPUTE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT HAD1 BY ! TRADITIONAL ANALYSIS1 SOME MEASURABLE 9T]E/ 9 NOT DO+ ANY?+4 ,BRITA9'S EXPORTS TO ,MOROCCO AM\NT$ 9 #b TO SOME ,G,B,P#d#b MILLION4 ,MO/ ( !SE EXPORTS W]E PUR*AS$ DIRECTLY BY ! ,MOROCCAN GOV]NM5T & COMPRIS$ >MAM5TS4 ,= ,BRITA9 TO TAKE A /& ON ! ,WE/]N ,SAH>A ISSUE W\LD HAVE JEOP>DIZ$ ?AT TRADE1 P>TICUL>LY ?AT ) ! GOV]NM5T4 ,SO BY ?IS MEASURE IT WAS CLE>LY 9 0\R0 9T]E/S TO DO NO?+ AB\T ,WE/]N ,SAH>A4 

,:AT >E \R 9T]E/S ANYWAY1 & H[ >E !Y CALCULAT$8 ,AS ELSE:]E 9 ! R>EFI$ BUS9ESS ( =EIGN POLICY1 !RE IS NO 0H[ TO0 GUIDE OR TEXTBOOK TO GUIDE ONE4 ,9 ! ,BRITI% ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 IT IS SUBLIM9ALLY 9/ILL$ 9TO Y\ ?AT 0\R0 9T]E/S G5]ALLY CONSI/ ( ?REE ?+S3 TRADE1 SECURITY & :AT >E MY/]I\SLY CALL$ 0VALUES04 ,I HAVE TALK$ TO MANY DIPLOMATS FROM O!R C\NTRIES :O TELL ME ?AT !IR POLICIES >E BAS$ ON SIMIL>LY-T]M$ ANALYZES4 ,9 ! ,BRITI% ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 WE W]E NOT TAU<T ?IS CALCULUS DUR+ \R 9DUCTION C\RSE1 BUT IT IS SOME?+ ONE 9F]S FROM ! 5DLESS DISQUISITIONS ONE SUBSEQU5TLY READS :]E :AT 0WE0 WANT IS PUT 9TO !SE T]MS4 ,?IS IS AN >BITR>Y PROCESS4 ,V]Y R>ELY >E MEET+S HELD :]E M9I/]S ASK OR EV5 /ATE :AT ,BRITI% 09T]E/S0 >E 9 ANY P>TICUL> CASE4 ,IT IS ALL PRETTY MU* ASSUM$4 ,EV5 TO DIVIDE ?IS AMORPH\S SET ( 9T]E/S 9TO ?REE SUBSETS -- TRADE1 SECURITY & VALUES -- IS TO GIVE A DEF9ITION & RIGOR ?AT ?IS TYPE ( ?9K+ R>ELY EMPLOYS4 ,9DE$1 SU* IS ! SUBJECTIVITY & >BITR>9ESS ( ! COMPON5TS ( =EIGN POLICY1 ?AT EV5 TO DEF9E !M 9 ?IS WAY IS LIKELY TO BE DISPUT$4 ,BUT = ! SAKE ( \R [N CL>ITY ( ANALYSIS1 ,I MU/4 

,ECONOMIC 0,9T]E/S0 

,TRADE IS ! FIR/ OBVI\S ONE4 ,BRITI% TRADE ) =EIGN C\NTRIES IS AN EASILY MEASUR$ V>IABLE4 ,SU* /ATI/ICS APPE> 9 EV]Y ANNUAL REVIEW FROM EMBASSIES & 9 EV]Y ANALYSIS ( BILAT]AL RELATIONS ) C\NTRY X OR Y4 ,!SE /ATI/ICS GIVE ! TRADE FACTOR A WEI<T & PSY*OLOGICAL IMPACT 9 ANY DEBATE AB\T POLICY4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,WE/]N ,SAH>A1 MY TELEGRAM PUT TRADE V]Y MU* AS PRIMUS 9T] P>ES 9 T]MS ( \R 09T]E/S01 & ,I SUSPECT ?AT ITS /ATI/ICAL QUALITY PLAY$ A ROLE4 ,!RE IS 9DE$ SOME PSY*OLOGICAL RESE>* EVID5CE :I* /RONGLY SUGGE/S ?AT PEOPLE GIVE MORE WEI<T TO CLE>LY QUANTIFI$ DATA -- NUMB]S1 P]C5TAGES1 ETC4 

,IT IS ASSUM$ 9 PLACES LIKE ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE & 9 GOV]NM5TS WORLD-WIDE ?AT TRADE IS :AT !IR C\NTRIES 0WANT04 ,BUT ?IS ( C\RSE IS A V]Y BIG ASSUMPTION4 ,! F\NDATION ( ?IS ASSUMPTION IS ( C\RSE :AT UND]P9S NEO-CLASSICAL ECONOMICS1 NAMELY ?AT 9DIVIDUALS SEEK TO MAXIMIZE UTILITY ?R\< CONSUMPTION1 I4E4 PEOPLE WANT MORE ?+S4 ,WRIT ON ! NATIONAL SCALE1 ?IS ASSUMPTION IS EXPRESS$ AS MORE TRADE & MORE GR[?4 ,BUT !RE IS GR[+ EVID5CE -- & GOOD1 H>D EMPIRICAL DATA TOO -- ?AT ?IS IS NOT 9 FACT ! CASE4 

,AT ! MO/ BASIC LEVEL -- ?AT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL -- !RE IS PL5TY ( EVID5CE TO SUGGE/ ?AT 9DIVIDUALS >E NOT PRIM>ILY MOTIVAT$ BY ! DESIRE TO MAXIMIZE !IR [N WEAL?4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,PR(ESSOR 7N[ ,LORD7 ,RI*>D ,LAY>D HAS GIV5 A REM>KABLE S]IES ( LECTURES 7N[ A BOOK.<#c#e.>7 %[+ ?AT ! PURSUIT ( WEAL? HAS NOT MADE US ANY HAPPI]4 ,ONCE PEOPLE RISE ABOVE A LEVEL ( ABJECT POV]TY1 !IR LEVEL ( HAPP9ESS /AGNATES1 DESPITE 9CREASES 9 WEAL?4 ,9 ! WE/]N WORLD1 ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S HAVE SE5 MASSIVE 9CREASES 9 WEAL?1 BUT !RE HAS BE5 NO CORRESPOND+ 9CREASE 9 HAPP9ESS4 ,! EVID5CE HE CITES IS NOT ! NICE1 H>D /ATI/ICS ( ECONOMICS :I* HAVE NO MEASURE ( HAPP9ESS1 BUT PSY*OLOGY1 :]E NEUROSCI5CE HAS PRODUC$ SOME COMPELL+ EVID5CE 9 SUPPORT ( ,LAY>D'S CLAIMS4 ,LAY>D'S ASS]TIONS SEEM TO BE BORNE \T BY MORE GLOBAL EVID5CE4 ,GLOBAL OP9ION SURVEYS1 SU* AS ?OSE CONDUCT$ BY ! ,PEW ,C5T] & ,GALLUP ,9T]NATIONAL1 SUGGE/ ?AT :ILE ! ESCAPE FROM POV]TY IS A PRIM>Y GLOBAL CONC]N1 O!R CONC]NS1 P>TICUL>LY ONCE WEAL? LEVELS RISE1 BECOME MORE PRESS+4.<#c#f.> ,!SE CONC]NS1 9CLUD+ ?+S LIKE CRIME1 CORRUPTION & DISEASE1 DO NOT FIT EASILY1 OR EV5 AT ALL1 9TO ! ASSUMPTIONS ( CONV5TIONAL ECONOMICS ON :AT MOTIVATES US4 

,?IS EVID5CE FITS 9 ) WELL-E/ABLI%$ PSY*OLOGICAL !ORY AB\T HUMAN NE$S & WANTS1 SU* AS ,ABRAHAM ,MASL['S 0HI]>*Y ( NE$S04 ,?IS CLAIM$ ?AT ! HI<E/ LEVEL ( HUMAN MOTIVATION WAS ! NE$ TO A*IEVE SELF-FULFILLM5T4 ,BEL[ ?AT W]E O!R LEVELS ( NE$1 EA* ( :I* HAD TO BE SATISFI$ BE=E PEOPLE C\LD PROGRESS TO ! NEXT4 ,AT ! BOTTOM ( ,MASL['S PYRAMID ( NE$S W]E ! BASICS ( LIFE SU* AS FOOD1 WAT] & MAT]IAL COM=TS4 ,NEXT W]E SAFETY & SECURITY NE$S4 ,!N CAME LOVE & BELONG+NESS1 9CLUD+ ! DESIRE TO FEEL ACCEPT$ BY ! FAMILY1 ! COMMUNITY & COLLEAGUES AT WORK4 ,AFT] ?AT CAME ! NE$ = E/EEM -- BO? SELF-E/EEM & O!R PEOPLE'S RESPECT & ADMIRATION4 ,!N F9ALLY1 AT ! TOP1 CAME :AT ,MASL[ CALL$ SELF-ACTUALIZATION -- ! PO9T AT :I* PEOPLE A*IEV$ ! HAPP9ESS ?AT CAME FROM BECOM+ ALL !Y W]E CAPABLE ( BECOM+4 ,AT ?IS LEVEL PEOPLE MI<T SEEK KN[L$GE & ES!TIC EXP]I5CES = !MSELVES & HELP O!RS TO A*IEVE SELF-FULFILLM5T4 

,! MEASUREM5T ( HAPP9ESS IS 9EVITABLY A MESSI] BUS9ESS ?AN ?AT (1 SAY1 ,G,D,P4 ,BUT ! EVID5CE CLE>LY SUGGE/S ?AT ,MASL['S HI]>*Y IS 9 OP]ATION4 ,! POORE/ >E LEA/ HAPPY2 ! BETT] (F G5]ALLY MORE HAPPY4 ,BUT ONCE A C]TA9 BASIC LEVEL ( 9COME IS REA*$1 :I* MAY ONLY BE AS LITTLE AS @s#a1 P] HEAD P] YE>1 !N LEVELS ( HAPP9ESS /ABILIZE4 ,9CREASES 9 9COME & WEAL? DO NOT SUBSEQU5TLY TRIGG] 9CREASES 9 HAPP9ESS4 ,9 FACT1 LEVELS ( HAPP9ESS CAN EV5 DECL9E4 

,?IS 9SI<T1 :I* IS OCCURR+ TO MORE & MORE ECONOMI/S1 SUGGE/S MANY CONSEQU5CES4 ,ONE IS ?AT ! WELL-BE+ ( ! WORLD W\LD BE 9CREAS$ BY GREAT] R$I/RIBUTION FROM RI* TO POOR1 AS ! POOR B5EFIT FROM 9CREASES 9 9COME MU* MORE ?AN ! RI* DO4 ,BUT IT ALSO SUGGE/S ?AT ! C5TRAL OBJECTIVE ( GOV]NM5TS 9 ! RI*] C\NTRIES -- ! 5DLESS CAMPAIGN TO MAXIMIZE NATIONAL WEAL? -- MAY BE ! WRONG ONE4 

,TAK5 TO ITS FULLE/ EXT5T1 ?IS W\LD MEAN A FUNDAM5TAL REORGANIZATION ( CONV5TIONAL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ?\<T4 ,BUT AT A M9IMUM1 IT W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ! CONV5TIONAL ASSUMPTION ( =EIGN POLICY DOES NOT /& UP3 ?AT A CORE 09T]E/0 ( ANY P>TICUL> C\NTRY IS EXPORTS & ! MAXIMASATION ( NATIONAL GR[?4 

,SECURITY 0,9T]E/S0 

,LET US N[ LOOK AT ! SECOND GREAT SET ( 09T]E/S0 :I* /ATES >E COMMONLY ASSUM$ TO REPRES5T4 ,?IS SET IS USUALLY PRES5T$ AS A RESPONSIBILITY3 TO PROVIDE = ! SECURITY ( A /ATE'S CITIZ5S4 ,?IS IS SU* A WIDELY-ACCEPT$ NORM ( :AT /ATES >E MEANT TO DO ?AT IT HAS BECOME AN AXIOM1 IF NOT TO SAY A TAUTOLOGY1 ( H[ WE ?9K AB\T /ATES & ! WORLD SY/EM3 /ATES EXI/ TO PROVIDE SECURITY = !IR CITIZ5S1 ]GO /ATES MU/ PROVIDE SECURITY = !IR CITIZ5S4 

,H[EV]1 !RE IS ROOM TO SUPPOSE ?AT )9 ?IS TAUTOLOGY !RE LIES A SELF-P]PETUAT+ CYCLE4 ,/ATES EXI/ TO PROVIDE SECURITY4 ,!RE=E1 9 ORD] = /ATES TO EXI/1 !Y MU/ CEASELESSLY PROVE ?AT !RE >E ?REATS TO !IR EXI/5CE1 !REBY REAFFIRM+ !IR 9DISP5SABILITY4 ,! ORIG9AL REASON :Y /ATES EXI/1 ONE IS TAU<T AT MO/ UNIV]SITIES 9 ! WE/1 IS TO PROVIDE SECURITY = !IR CITIZ5S4 ,)\T ! /ATE1 !RE IS *AOS4 ,Y\ WILL F9D ?IS ASSUMPTION EV]Y:]E 9 ! CORE ACADEMIC TEXTS ON =EIGN POLICY4 ,9 HIS ESSAY 0,P]PETUAL ,PEACE01 ,IMMANUEL ,KANT REPEATS ! ASSUMPTION1 R\T9ELY BELIEV$ EV5 9 HIS DAY1 ?AT ! /ATE ( NATURE -- I4E4 :AT ! WORLD W\LD BE LIKE )\T /ATES -- IS A P]PETUAL ONE ( W> & LAWLESSNESS4 ,!RE=E ! /ATE IS 9DISP5SABLE1 & ?OSE :O >BITRATE :AT IT WANTS >E 9DISP5SABLE TOO4 

,ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO ?9K TOO H>D TO REALIZE ?AT /ATE ELITES HAVE AN 9T]E/ 7TO USE !IR T]MS7 9 MAK+ !MSELVES 9DISP5SABLE1 & TO DO SO !Y MU/ 5DLESSLY PROVE ?AT ! /ATE IS UND] ?REAT4 ,MORE DANG]\SLY /ILL1 !Y MAY ACTUALLY BEHAVE 9 A WAY ?AT 5C\RAGES ?REATS AGA9/ ! /ATE4 ,ONE WAY !Y DO SO IS BY EMPHASIZ+ ! COMPETITIVE OR REALI/ MODEL ( 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS1 A WORLD ( 9T]ACT+ & 9EVITABLY COMPET+ 09T]E/S04 ,IT'S A DOG-EAT-DOG WORLD1 !Y SAY4 ,EAT OR BE EAT54 

,!RE >E MANY EXAMPLES ( H[ GOV]NM5T ELITES HAVE EXAGG]AT$ ! ?REATS AGA9/ ! /ATE4 ,DUR+ ! ,COLD ,W> ! ,C,I,A OV]E/IMAT$ ! SIZE ( ! ,SOVIET ECONOMY & ?US ! RES\RCES ?AT C\LD BE DEVOT$ TO MILIT>Y PRODUCTION BY AT LEA/ A FACTOR ( TWO4 ,MORE REC5TLY BO? ! ,U,S & ,BRITI% GOV]NM5TS EXAGG]AT$ ! EXT5T ( ! ?REAT POS$ BY ,IRAQ TO ! PEOPLES ( ,BRITA9 & ! ,U,S 9 ORD] TO FI<T A W> ?AT CAN ONLY HAVE BE5 MOTIVAT$ BY O!R REASONS4.<#c#g.> ,9 ?IS LATT] CASE1 UNABLE TO PROVE AN EXI/5TIAL ?REAT TO !IR /ATES !MSELVES 7EV5 ,SADDAM DIDN'T HAVE WEAPONS CAPABLE ( H>M+ ! ,U,S OR ,BRITI% T]RITORIES71 BO? GOV]NM5TS CLAIM$ ?AT ,IRAQ WAS A ?REAT TO !IR 09T]E/S04 ,!SE W]E NEV] CLE>LY DEF9$4 

,! EXAGG]ATION ( ?REATS IS V]Y MU* A FUNCTION ( ! COMPETITIVE1 0REALI/0 MODEL ( =EIGN POLICY ?9K+ ?AT IS SO P]VASIVE TODAY4 ,TO ?9K 9 ANY O!R WAY -- TO CLAIM1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ECONOMIC & SECURITY 09T]E/S0 MAY NOT BE PRIM>Y AMONG A C\NTRY'S POLICY CONC]NS -- IS 9/ANTLY TO EXILE ONESELF TO ! WILD]NESSES \TSIDE POLICYMAK+ CIRCLES4 

,IF 9/EAD Y\ >E A MEMB] ( A =EIGN POLICY ELITE - SAY 9 ! ,BRITI% ,=EIGN ,(FICE OR ! ,U,S ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL1 OR1 9 ! ,U,S1 ONE ( ! ?9K-TANKS /AFF$ BY ! SORT ( PEOPLE :O MI<T 5D UP 9 ! ,N,S,C - Y\ WILL ALREADY T5D TO ?9K 9 ! REALI/ WAY 7IF Y\ DO NOT1 Y\R C>E] 9 SU* PLACES IS LIKELY TO BE %ORT74 ,! SIMPLIFICATIONS ?AT Y\ USE TO SUMM>IZE :AT Y\R /ATE WANTS 7USUALLY UNMODIFI$ BY ANY RELATION%IP ) ! OP9IONS ( REAL PEOPLE71 PRETTIFY+ !SE ?+S BY T]M+ !M AS 09T]E/S01 Y\ WILL ALSO T5D TO EMPLOY :5 ?9K+ AB\T O!R /ATES3 WE WANT ?IS2 !Y WANT ?AT4 ,A MODEL ?AT 9EVITABLY EMPHASIZES COMPETITION1 = ONLY 9 A WORLD ( UNLIMIT$ PL5TY CAN ALL WANTS BE SATISFI$4 ,! NE$ = A CL>ITY :I* ANY ORD] REQUIRES 9EVITABLY 5C\RAGES A T5D5CY TO POL>IZE ,US FROM ,!M4 ,AS ,S>TRE ONCE PUT IT1 WE >E DEF9$ BY :AT WE OPPOSE4 

,! COMPETITION MODEL IS A DEEPLY-ROOT$ HABIT ( ?\<T & BEHAVIOR AMONG NATION /ATES1 CLE> EV5 TO ?OSE :O >E FRE% TO ! SC5E4 ,A RELATIVE NEWCOM] TO ! WORLD ( 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY IS ,LUIZ ,9ACIO DA ,SILVA1 ! ,PRESID5T ( ,BRAZIL4 ,PREP>+ TO ATT5D HIS MEET+ ) ! ,GR\P ( ,EI<T 7,G#h7 9DU/RIALIZ$ NATIONS 9 ,JUNE #b#c1 HE COMM5T$ ON ! LEAD]S HE W\LD MEET1 0,POLITICIANS >E LIKE FOOTBALL COA*ES1 !Y MAY LIKE EA* O!R BUT !Y WANT !IR TEAM TO W94 ,*IRAC1 ,BU%1 ,BLAIR MAY LIKE ME BUT !Y'RE PASSIONATE AB\T !IR [N PEOPLE04.<#c#h.> ,9 ,BRITI% NEWSPAP]S1 SUMMITS & 9T]NATIONAL MEET+S >E TREAT$ AS DIPLOMATIC FOOTBALL MAT*ES1 :]E SUCCESS OR FAILURE IS JUDG$ ON ! BASIS ( :E!R ,WE HAVE GOT ,\R ,WAY4 

,VALUES 

,?IS IS AN ALTOGE!R MORE CONTE/$ >EA ( :AT %\LD DRIVE =EIGN POLICY4 ,!RE >E PL5TY ( PEOPLE :O TODAY CONT5D ?AT 0VALUES0 IS :AT ,BRITI% =EIGN POLICY IS PRIM>ILY 0AB\T0 7Y\ WILL F9D SU* CLAIMS 9 ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE ANNUAL REPORT OR ITS WEBSITE2 SU* CLAIMS >E REPEAT$LY MADE 9 M9I/]IAL SPEE*ES74 ,AM]ICAN LEAD]S >E EV5 MORE =?RI<T 9 CLAIM+ !IR MISSION TO BE ! PROPAGATION ( FRE$OM1 DEMOCRACY & O!R ,AM]ICAN VALUES4 ,SOME COMM5TATORS GO SO F> AS TO SUGGE/ ?AT 9 ?IS ]A ( 0PO/-MOD]N0 9T]NATIONAL ORD]1 VALUES >E A MORE IMPORTANT MOTOR ( =EIGN POLICY ?AN MORE TRADITIONAL 9DICES ( /ATES' 9T]E/S4 ,?IS PROCESS P>ALLELS ! EVOLUTION ( SUPRANATIONAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION 7! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION IS (T5 GIV5 AS ! PRIM>Y EXAMPLE71 REPLAC+ ! /ATE AS ! PR9CIPAL UNIT ( ! 9T]NATIONAL ORD]4.<#c#i.> ,9DE$1 IT IS 9/ILL$ 9 Y\ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( Y\R C>E] 9 ! ,BRITI% =EIGN S]VICE ?AT 0,BRITI% VALUES0 >E :AT Y\ >E MEANT TO REPRES5T4 ,AT FIR/ SI<T1 !SE >E SIMPLE ?+S LIKE DEMOCRACY1 ACC\NTABILITY1 ! RULE ( LAW & OP5 M>KETS4 ,MORE REC5TLY1 ! PROMOTION ( HUMAN RI<TS HAS JO9$ ! LI/ ( 0VALUES0 ?AT 0WE0 PROMOTE 7AT LEA/ 9 SOME PLACES74 

,BE=E ,I JO9$ ! ,BRITI% ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 ,I HAD NEV] GIV5 MU* ?\<T TO :AT ,BRITI% VALUES W]E4 ,9DE$1 ,I W\LD HAVE ?\<T IT RA!R RIDICUL\S TO ATTEMPT TO SUMM>IZE !M4 ,?IS RES]VATION HAD DISAPPE>$ :51 AFT] AB\T SIX YE>S AS A DIPLOMAT1 ,I ATT5D$ A CONF]5CE ( Y\NG ,BRITI% & ,EUROPEAN 0OP9ION-=M]S0 -- J\RNALI/S1 TRADE UNIONI/S1 CIVIL S]VANTS & ! LIKE4 ,IT WAS NOT A V]Y DIV]SE GR\P3 !RE W]E NO WRIT]S1 PA9T]S OR MUSICIANS & ONLY A FEW PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,! PR$OM9ANT SOCIAL DESIGNATOR WAS :ITE1 URBAN & MIDDLE CLASS4 ,QUITE 9T5TIONALLY ! CONF]5CE WAS DESIGN$ TO REA* 0OP9ION-=M]S0 -- IT WAS AN ELITE4 

,! QUE/ION >OSE3 :AT W]E ,BRITI% VALUES8 ,ALREADY /EEP$ 9 ! UNCRITICAL COMPLAC5CY ( ! GOV]NM5T VIEW ( ! WORLD1 ,I V5TUR$ AN ANSW]3 DEC5CY1 TOL]ANCE 7,I DO NOT RECALL1 ?ANK ,GOD1 ?AT ,I SAID 0FAIR PLAY0 BUT ,I C\LD EASILY HAVE DONE74 ,I NAIVELY ?\<T ?AT ?IS DESCRIPTION W\LD KICK (F A FRI5DLY CONS5SUAL DISCUSSION BUT 9/EAD MY DESCRIPTION WAS VEHEM5TLY D5\NC$ BY ANO!R P>TICIPANT4 ,HE US$ WORDS LIKE ELITI/1 >ROGANT & %ORT-SI<T$4 ,MY CRITIC WAS A :ITE1 ?IRTY-SOME?+ POLICEMAN ) CROPP$ HAIR :OSE BEAT WAS :]E ,I HAD BE5 BORN1 ,LEWI%AM 9 ,S\? ,LONDON4 ,?IS EXAMPLE SIMPLY ILLU/RATES ?AT !RE IS LITTLE CONS5SUS ON :AT ,BRITI% VALUES >E4 ,MORE PROBLEMATIC /ILL IS H[ Y\ PRIORITIZE & WEI<T !M3 ABOVE ALL1 H[ Y\ PURSUE !M4 

,9 HIS ESSAY 0,! ,PURSUIT ( ! ,IDEAL01 ,ISAIAH ,B]L9 GIVES A MEASUR$ YET DEVA/AT+ CRITIQUE ( ALL ?OSE :O PURSUE ABSOLUTI/1 IDEAL SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEMS ( MANK9D4 ,HE CONCLUDES ?AT 9 DECID+ :AT TO DO1 ! ONLY OPTION1 9 PRIVATE LIFE AS 9 PUBLIC POLICY1 IS TO 5GAGE 9 TRADE(FS3 RULES1 VALUES1 PR9CIPLES MU/ YIELD TO EA* O!R 9 V>Y+ DEGREES 9 SPECIFIC SITUATIONS1 ADD+ ?AT 0A C]TA9 HUMILITY 9 !SE MATT]S IS V]Y NECESS>Y0 S9CE WE HAVE NO GU>ANTEE ?AT ANY P>TICUL> C\RSE WE *OOSE WILL BE RI<T4 

,ONE WILL R>ELY F9D SU* C>E AMONG 9T]NATIONAL POLICYMAK]S4 ,R>E N[ >E ! DIPLOMATS OR POLITICAL LEAD]S :O WILL CLAIM !IR MOTIVES AS PURELY SELFI%4 ,EV]YONE N[ CLAIMS ?AT 0VALUES0 -- :E!R !Y >E IMPOSITION ( DEMOCRACY OR ! PRES]VATION ( PEACE 7! UBIQUIT\S MOTIVE ( 0SECURITY07 -- >E ! MOTIVE4 ,! ,=EIGN ,(FICE IS NO DIFF]5T4 ,9 POLICY SUBMISSIONS & TELEGRAMS (F]+ VIEWS ON :AT TO DO AB\T A P>TICUL> SITUATION1 ONE WILL ALMO/ 9V>IABLY F9D REF]5CES TO DEMOCRACY1 HUMAN RI<TS OR ANO!R 0VALUE04 

,IT IS1 ,I SUPPOSE1 A GOOD ?+ ?AT VALUES >E N[ REIFI$ TO A HI<] PLACE 9 ! HI]>*Y ( 09T]E/S01 ?\< ,I QUE/ION :E!R 0VALUES0 HAVE NOT SIMPLY BECOME A MORE PALATABLE & POLITICALLY-CORRECT EXCUSE = REALI/ 0BUS9ESS AS USUAL04 ,! TR\BLE IS ?AT ! ABS5CE ( CONS5SUS ON :AT VALUES >E IMPORTANT OR EV5 :AT ?OSE VALUES SIGNIFY HAS GIV5 RISE TO 5ORM\S CONFUSION4 ,RELATIVELY SIMPLE CONCEPTS LIKE 0DEMOCRACY0 >E OP5 TO DISCUSSION AB\T :E!R C]TA9 TYPES ( REPRES5TATION >E MORE OR LESS DEMOCRATIC ?AN O!RS4 ,:5 IT COMES TO CONCEPTS LIKE 0FRE$OM01 MEAN+S >E EV5 MORE CONTE/$4 ,?R[ 9TO ! MIX O!R VAGUE OBJECTIVES LIKE 0/ABILITY0 & 0SECURITY0 & Y\ CAN GET V]Y CONFUS$ AB\T :I* IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! O!R & EV5 :AT !SE T]MS ACTUALLY MEAN4 

,! RESULT IS1 AS ,HUMPTY ,DUMPTY SAID TO ,ALICE3 0:5 ,I USE A WORD1 IT MEANS JU/ :AT ,I *OOSE IT TO MEAN1 NEI!R MORE NOR LESS04 ,?IS TRANSLATES TO A TOTAL RELIANCE1 9 PLACES LIKE ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 ON HI<LY SUBJECTIVE JUDGM5TS ( :AT VALUES >E & :I* PRIORITIES TO ADOPT4 ,AL?\<1 LIKE MO/ PEOPLE1 ,I PREF] TO BELIEVE ?AT ,I AM A MORAL P]SON1 ,I HAVE NEV]!LESS MANY TIMES LI$ & *EAT$ 9 ! NAME ( ,BRITI% DIPLOMACY1 :I* IS 9 !ORY SUPPOS$ TO REPRES5T 0,BRITI% VALUES04 ,N[ ?AT ,I HAVE LEFT ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE ,I DO NOT MAKE ANY CLAIM TO KN[ :AT ! VALUES ( ! ,BRITI% PEOPLE >E4 ,I D\BT :E!R ANYBODY ELSE CAN HAVE SU* AN IDEA4 ,WE MAY TALK AB\T ?+S LIKE DEMOCRACY1 FAIRNESS & DEC5CY1 & ,I W\LD AGREE ?AT !SE >E ?+S ?AT MANY PEOPLE 9 ,BRITA9 ?9K >E IMPORTANT4 ,BUT ,I W\LD NOT KN[4 ,ASK O!RS \TSIDE ,BRITA9 AB\T :AT !Y ?9K ,BRITI% VALUES >E & !Y >E LIKELY TO (F] A MORE DISCOMFIT+ VIEW4 ,BOSNIAN ,MUSLIMS WILL PRES5T A RA!R DIFF]5T ANSW] FROM ! ONE ,I GAVE AT ! CONF]5CE4 ,= ?AT MATT]1 :Y NOT ASK ,BRITI% ,MUSLIMS8 ,BUT ( C\RSE NO ONE 9 ,BRITI% DIPLOMACY EV] DOES ASK ANYONE ELSE1 LEA/ ( ALL ! PEOPLE !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO REPRES5T1 :AT ,BRITI% VALUES >E4.<#d.> ,FROM ! FIR/ DAY !Y 5T] ! (FICE1 !Y >E 5C\RAG$ TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y KN[4 

,ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 SECURITY 9T]E/S & VALUES >E ! ?REE +R$I5TS ?AT G5]ALLY MAKE UP ! SUBJECTIVE MIX ( ASSUMPTIONS ?AT UND]P9 =EIGN POLICY CALCULATIONS1 EV5 9 RELATIVELY OP5 & DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES LIKE ,BRITA94 

,& IT WAS ?IS TYPE ( ANALYSIS ?AT ,BRITI% POLICY ON ,WE/]N ,SAH>A ADOPT$ BO? BE=E & S9CE MY 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! SUBJECT4 ,! DIPLOMATIC SITUATION HAS *ANG$ NOT ONE IOTA S9CE !N3 !RE IS /ILL SCANT PROSPECT ( A REF]5DUM1 & Z]O PRESSURE1 FROM ! ,U,N OR ITS MEMB]S1 ON ,MOROCCO TO HAVE ONE4 ,! ,SAH>AWI REFUGEES REMA9 9 !IR CAMPS4 ,9 ?IS CASE 0VALUES0 DO NOT MAKE MU* ( AN APPE>ANCE 9 ! CALCULUS1 AL?\< ,I SUSPECT ?AT A CLOSE READ+ ( ! FILES 7:5 !Y >E OP5$ 9 ?IRTY YE>S' TIME7 WILL REVEAL ?AT VALUES SU* AS 0REALISM0 & 0PRAGMATISM0 >E GIV5 PROM95CE 9 ! 9T]NAL POLICY ANALYZES4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,WE/]N ,SAH>A1 ! MORE TRADITIONAL 9T]E/S ( TRADE & SECURITY PO9T HEAVILY 9 ! DIRECTION ( NOT /&+ UP TO ! ,MOROCCAN GOV]NM5T4 ,BRITI% TRADE MAY BE JEOP>DIZ$ BY DO+ SO4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,MOROCCAN GOV]NM5T HAS BECOME ONE ( ,BRITA9'S SUPPOS$ 0ALLIES0 9 ! 0W> AGA9/ T]RORISM01 I4E4 BY HELPFULLY LOCK+ UP ,ISLAMI/ T]RORI/ 0SUSPECTS0 USUALLY )\T TRIAL OR ACCESS TO LAWY]S1 ACCORD+ TO ,AMNE/Y ,9T]NATIONAL4.<#d#a.> ,?US \R SECURITY 09T]E/0 IS RE9=C$2 ?IS IS ALSO TRUE ( ! ,U,S1 :I* HAS REPORT$LY S5T T]RORI/ SUSPECTS TO ,MOROCCO = 9T]ROGATION 9 ! PROGRAM KN[N AS 0EXTRAORD9>Y R5DITION04 ,CLE>LY 9 ?IS CASE \R 0VALUES0 >E NOT HELD SUFFICI5TLY /RONGLY TO TRUMP ! O!R TWO SETS ( 9T]E/S4 

,I ?\<T ,I WAS BE+ RA!R CLEV] 9 PUTT+ ?IS BLUNT EXAMPLE ( REALPOLITIK 9 ! =M 0WE HAVE NO DOG 9 ?IS FI<T40 ,!SE W]E1 9FAM\SLY1 ! WORDS US$ BY ,JAMES ,BAK] 9 #aiib TO DECL>E ?AT ! ,U,S HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 9T]V5+ 9 ! W> 9 ! COLLAPS+ /ATE ( ,YUGOSLAVIA4 ,MY PHRASE WAS MEANT AS AN IRONIC E*O ( HIS1 BUT IF !RE WAS IRONY 9 MY *OICE ( WORDS1 ! JOKE WAS ON ME BECAUSE ! TELEGRAM BETRAY$ A DEEP & UNCONSCI\S CYNICISM NOT ONLY AB\T ,BRITI% =EIGN POLICY1 BUT AB\T MYSELF4 

,LOOK+ BACK1 ?IS MOM5T REPRES5TS ! TRIUMPH ( ! 0WE0 OV] ! 0,I0 ( ME1 ! 9/ANT :5 MY [N P]SONAL VALUES W]E SUBSUM$ & ANNIHILAT$ BY ! GR\P?9K ( 0,BRITI% NATIONAL 9T]E/S04 ,IF Y\ HAD ASK$ ME !N & N[ :AT ,I ?9K AB\T ! ,WE/]N ,SAH>A ISSUE1 ,I W\LD SAY ?AT A GREAT 9JU/ICE WAS BE+ DONE TO ! ,SAH>AWI PEOPLE & ?AT !IR RI<TS WAS BE+ IGNOR$ BECAUSE NO C\NTRY WAS PREP>$ TO SACRIFICE ITS 09T]E/S0 BY PUTT+ REAL PRESSURE ON ,MOROCCO TO GRANT ! ,SAH>AWIS !IR RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT :AT MY TELEGRAM SAID2 9/EAD ,I WROTE 0WE HAVE NO DOG 9 ?IS FI<T04 ,MY BOSSES APPROV$ ! TELEGRAM & (F IT W5T TO ,LONDON1 SO !Y CLE>LY AGRE$ ) ME4 ,& TELEGRAMS FROM O!R EMBASSIES & MISSIONS SAID MORE OR LESS ! SAME ?+4 ,IF ,I HAD WRITT5 ?AT ! ,SAH>AWIS W]E BE+ SCREW$ SIDEWAYS & SOME?+ %\LD BE DONE1 ,I HAVE LITTLE D\BT ?AT MY DRAFT W\LD HAVE BE5 RETURN$ TO ME ) ! COMM5T ?AT ,I %\LD BE MORE 0REALI/IC0 OR 0LESS EMOTIONAL04 

,:AT IS BIZ>RE & TR\BL+ AB\T ! EPISODE IS ?AT MO/ ( MY COLLEAGUES1 & C]TA9LY ?OSE :O DEALT ) ,WE/]N ,SAH>A AT ! ,MISSION1 ALL FELT ?AT A HORRIBLE 9JU/ICE WAS BE+ DONE4 ,\R P]SONAL SYMPA?IES W]E V]Y MU* ) ! ,SAH>AWIS4 ,WE W\LD SAY SO TO EA* O!R :5EV] WE DISCUSS$ ! ISSUE4 ,9DE$1 9 LAT] YE>S1 ! ,U,N 5VOY DEAL+ ) ! MATT] TOLD ME ?AT MO/ DIPLOMATS HE TALK$ TO FELT ! SAME WAY4 ,BUT NONE ( US SAID SO 9 \R (FICIAL TELEGRAMS1 M9UTES & LETT]S4 ,SOMEH[ WE FELT ?AT TO DO SO W\LD BE 0NAIVE0 OR 0NOT DONE04 ,\R SELVES HAD BE5 SUBSUM$ 9TO A BROAD] ID5TITY1 ONE ?AT HAD V]Y LITTLE TO DO ) :AT WE EA* ?\<T BUT ) :AT WE ALL ?\<T WE \<T TO ?9K4.<#d#b.> 

,I HAVE (T5 WOND]$ S9CE !N :O 0WE0 W]E TO MAKE SU* JUDGM5TS AB\T :AT 0,BRITA90 WANT$4 ,IF EV5 ! DIPLOMATS 9VOLV$ FELT ?AT AN 9JU/ICE WAS BE+ IGNOR$1 :AT AB\T 0ORD9>Y0 ,BRITI% PEOPLE8 ,W\LD !IR REACTION BE ?AT EXPORTS W]E MORE IMPORTANT ?AN L>GE-SCALE HUMAN MIS]Y8 ,! TRU? IS ?AT ,I DO NOT KN[4 ,I C]TA9LY DIDN'T KN[ :5 ,I WROTE ! TELEGRAM SAY+ :AT ,I ?\<T 0\R0 9T]E/S W]E4 ,! ,BRITI% PEOPLE W]E NEV] CONSULT$ & !Y NEV] WILL BE4 

,9 !ORY POPUL> WI%ES >E M$IAT$ ?R\< P>LIAM5T :]E ,M,PS >E SUPPOS$ TO HOLD M9I/]S TO ACC\NT4 ,BUT ! CONFLICTUAL NATURE ( ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS1 LIKE ,CONGRESS1 5C\RAGES ALL P>TIES TO FOCUS ON ?OSE MO/ CONT5TI\S ISSUES -- ,IRAQ1 ! ,EURO -- RA!R ?AN ON O!R LESS FA%IONABLE CASES LIKE ,WE/]N ,SAH>A4 ,R>E IS ! ,M,P :O KN[S AB\T ,WE/]N ,SAH>A1 R>] /ILL ! ONE :O RAISES IT 9 ! ,H\SE OR WRITES LETT]S TO M9I/]S4 ,IF AN ,M,P DOES RAISE ,WE/]N ,SAH>A1 HE OR %E WILL BE GIV5 A S5SIBLE-S\ND+ BUT V]Y MU* A /OCK ANSW] BY ! M9I/]1.<#d#c.> PREP>$ BY A DESK (FIC] LIKE ME4 ,IF !Y'RE LUCKY !RE MI<T BE AN OPPORTUNITY = A BRIEF FOLL[-UP QUE/ION1 BUT ?AT IS ALL4 ,YET ! ,U,K'S ROLE AS A P]MAN5T MEMB] ( ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL IS IMPORTANT & HAS ! POT5TIAL TO BE CRUCIAL1 IF ONLY IT W\LD USE IT 7,I N[ SPEAK AS ! FRU/RAT$ CAMPAIGN]1 RA!R ?AN ! CYNICAL 9SID]74 ,9 ! ,U,S ! ,WE/]N ,SAH>A IS B>ELY DISCUSS$ AT ALL1 DESPITE ,AM]ICA'S 5ORM\S POT5TIAL TO 9FLU5CE ,MOROCCO4 

,TAKE AWAY ?IS DEMOCRATIC 9PUT1 & IT IS LEFT TO (FICIALS MORE OR LESS TO MAKE UP :AT !Y ?9K 0\R0 POLICY %\LD BE4 ,M9I/]S ( C\RSE TAKE ! DECISIONS1 & !IRS IS ! ULTIMATE RESPONSIBILITY1 BUT ! *OICES !Y >E PRES5T$ ) >E 9V>IABLY PREMIS$ ON EXACTLY ! K9D ( ?9K+ ?AT ,I HAVE DESCRIB$1 I4E4 A CALCULUS ( :AT 0WE01 ! /ATE1 WANT1 BAS$ ON AN ASSESSM5T -- 9V>IABLY SUBJECTIVE -- ( :AT ?OSE 09T]E/S0 >E4 ,! SUFF]+ ( ! ,SAH>AWIS IS NOT IGNOR$1 & ,I ASSUME ?AT IT CONC]NS BO? ! (FICIALS & M9I/]S 9VOLV$1 BUT IT IS NOT GIV5 ! WEI<T ( O!R FACTORS4 

,! LESSON H]E IS OBVI\S & DEPRESS+4 ,= ! ,SAH>AWIS IT IS NOT 5\< TO HAVE RI<T ON !IR SIDE & 5JOY ! P]SONAL SYMPA?IES ( ?OSE :O DEAL DIPLOMATICALLY ) !IR SITUATION4 ,SOMEH[ !Y MU/ REGI/] ON ! SCALE ( :AT MATT]S TO /ATES1 09T]E/S0 & REALPOLITIK4 ,IT W\LD BE LITTLE WOND] !RE=E IF GR\PS LIKE !IRS 7BUT NOTABLY NOT !M1 YET71 M>G9ALIZ$ 9 ! CONV5TIONAL DISC\RSE ( :AT =EIGN POLICY %\LD BE AB\T1 W]E TO RESORT TO MORE VIOL5T ME?ODS TO GET NOTIC$4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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,FEBRU>Y #a#d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

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