,*APT] #e 
,!M & ,US 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>NE ,ROSS 

,TEXT 3 

#e4 ,!,M ,& ,U,S 

,ESS5TIALISM & ! ,CULT ( 0,WE0 

0,NATIONS6 ,:AT >E NATIONS8 ,T>T>S1 & ,HUNS1 & ,*9AM56 ,LIKE 9SECTS1 !Y SW>M4 ,! HI/ORIAN /RIVES 9 VA9 TO MAKE !M MEMORABLE4 ,IT IS = WANT ( A MAN ?AT !RE >E SO MANY M54 ,IT IS 9DIVIDUALS ?AT POPULATE ! WORLD40 

,H5RY ,DAVID ,?OREAU1 ,LIFE ,)\T ,PR9CIPLE 

,DIPLOMACY IS (T5 COMP>$ TO GAMES LIKE *ESS4 ,9DE$1 *ESS PIECES FREQU5TLY ADORN ! COV]S ( BOOKS OR WEBSITES AB\T DIPLOMACY4 ,DIPLOMACY IS DEPICT$ AS AN 9TRICATE SPORT :]E VICTORY IS ! OBJECT1 & ! MOVEM5TS1 MOTIVES & CAPABILITIES ( ! TEAMS >E F9ITE & KN[ABLE1 EV5 IF !Y CAN BE COMPLEX4.<#b#c.> 

,9 ORD] TO PLAY *ESS1 Y\ NE$ TWO SIDES1 CLE>LY DEL9EAT$3 ONE :ITE1 ONE BLACK4 ,SO IT IS TO PLAY DIPLOMACY4 ,9 ORD] = DIPLOMACY TO FUNCTION AS A DISC\RSE1 TO MAKE ANY S5SE1 & TO P]PETUATE ITSELF 9 ITS CURR5T =M1 ! SIDES 9VOLV$ >E REQUIR$ TO DEL9EATE !MSELVES 9TO DISCRETE SETS3 ,US & ,!M4 

,ESS5TIALIS+ ,US 

,:5 A DIPLOMAT SPEAKS TO ! MICROPHONE \TSIDE ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL OR IS 9T]VIEW$ ON ,C,N,N1 9V>IABLY HE OR %E WILL TALK AB\T 0WE04 ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ,CONDOLEEZZA ,RICE DOES IT1 ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T PRESS SPOKESMAN DOES IT4 ,9DIVIDUAL DIPLOMATS DO IT4 

0,WE SEEK ! DIS>MAM5T ( ,IRAN & >E DISSATISFI$ ) !IR ASSURANCES TO DATE40 

0,WE WELCOME ! REC5T ELECTIONS 9 ,UKRA9E40 

0,\R 9T]E/S 9 ,*9A V]SUS ?OSE 9 ,TAIWAN DICTATE ! CONT9UATION ( ! ,ONE-,*9A POLICY40 

,?IS WAS H[ ,I SPOKE ) J\RNALI/S4 ,IT WAS H[ ,I TALK$ 9 NEGOTIATIONS ) O!R DIPLOMATS3 0,WE DO NOT AGREE ) Y\R PROPOS$ TEXT = P>AGRAPH #ab ( ! RESOLUTION & 9/EAD (F] ! FOLL[+ WORDS44404 ,EV5 9 \R 9T]NAL MEET+S1 WE SPOKE 9 ?IS WAY3 0,?IS MORN+ \R OBJECTIVE 9 ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL DISCUSSION %\LD BE TO44404 ,\R 9T]NAL TELEGRAMS DISCUSS+ POLICY DISCUSS$ :AT 0WE0 %\LD DO AB\T C\NTRY X OR Y4 

,?IS MANN] ( SPEAK+ IS A REFLECTION ( ! WAY ! WORLD IS4 ,9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS IS SE51 & PRACTIC$1 V]Y MU* AS A BUS9ESS ( /ATES 9T]ACT+ ) ONE ANO!R1 ) DIPLOMATS ! =MAL EXPON5TS ( ?AT PROCESS1 AU?ORIZ$ TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( !IR /ATE4 ,*9ESE DIPLOMATS WILL SPEAK ( ,*9A'S WI%ES AS ?OSE ( A S+LE 5TITY1 DESPITE ! MASSIVE SIZE & DIV]SITY ( ?AT C\NTRY4 ,IT IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! REALITY ?AT ! /ATE REMA9S1 = GOOD OR ILL1 ! ORGANIZ+ UNIT ( CONTEMPOR>Y 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS4 

,IT MAY !RE=E SEEM NAIVE -- EV5 QUIXOTIC -- TO QUE/ION :E!R SU* A SY/EM IS ! RI<T ONE4 ,BUT DELV+ 9TO ! PROCESS BY :I* A GR\P ( PEOPLE >E ASSIGN$ ! RI<T TO DET]M9E 7OR EV5 9V5T7 ! WI%ES ( ! /ATE REVEALS SOME TR\BL+ 9SI<TS4 ,9 ORD] = ! DIPLOMAT TO >TICULATE HIS C\NTRY'S WI%ES1 ?OSE WI%ES MU/ BE BOIL$ D[N 9TO A DISCRETE SET ( DESID]ATA4 ,?IS PROCESS 9EVITABLY 9VOLVES SIMPLIFICATION BUT1 AS WE SEE 9 ! NEXT *APT]1 IT IS AN >BITR>Y PROCESS & ONE RE/+ ON SOME QUE/IONABLE ASSUMPTIONS ( :AT =EIGN POLICY IS 0AB\T04 ,! CREATION ( A SEP>ATE POLITICAL & MORAL ID5TITY = A GR\P ( PEOPLE -- ! POLICYMAK]S ( =EIGN POLICY -- MU/ 9EVITABLY RISK >TIFICE1 >BITR>9ESS &1 AS ,I HAVE >GU$ ELSE:]E1 A LACK ( ACC\NTABILITY4 

,IF ! DIPLOMATIC 0WE0 IS >BITRAT+ :AT ! /ATE WANTS 7& ?US H[ ! WORLD IS RUN71 H[ IS ?IS ID5TITY DEVELOP$ & MA9TA9$1 & :AT VALUES DOES IT EMBODY8 ,9 %ORT1 :O IS 0WE08 

,BE=E ,I JO9$ ! ,BRITI% DIPLOMATIC S]VICE1 ,I GAVE LITTLE ?\<T TO :AT IT WAS TO BE ,BRITI%4 ,I WAS JU/ ME4 ,BUT BY SOME SUBT]RANEAN & UNEXPLA9$ PROCESS :5 Y\ JO9 ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 Y\ BEG9 TO ID5TIFY Y\RSELF ) ! /ATE4 ,9 BO? SPEE*1 WRIT+1 & -- MORE 9SIDI\SLY -- ?\<T1 ,I BECAME 0WE04 ,A S+UL> BECAME A PLURAL4 ,H[ DID ?IS TRANS=MATION TAKE PLACE8 

,:5 ,I 5T]$ ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE 9 #a#i#h#i1 ALL NEW 5TRANTS W]E REQUIR$ TO UND]GO :AT WAS CALL$ 09DUCTION TRA9+04 ,\R GR\P ( AB\T A DOZ5 EAG] TW5TY-SOME?+S WAS S5T TO AN O!RWISE ANONYM\S BUILD+ (F ,MILLBANK1 NE> TO ! ,H\SES ( ,P>LIAM5T4 ,ALMO/ AS SOON AS MY FELL[ NEW 5TRANTS & ,I W]E SITT+ 9 A L>GE GRAY ROOM :]E \R TRA9+ TOOK PLACE1 \R 9/RUCTOR BEGAN TO TALK TO US1 & HE TALK$ AB\T 0WE04 

0,I'M H]E TO TELL Y\ AB\T ! WAY WE DO ?+S 9 ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE01 HE SAID4 ,WE !N LE>N$ AB\T ! CORRECT WAY TO ADDRESS M9I/]S1 ! CORRECT WAY TO COMPOSE A M9UTE 7NOT A MEMO1 BUT A M9UTE71 A TELEGRAM & A SUBMISSION4 ,WE LE>N$ ?AT M9UTES 7NOT MEMOS7 TO UND]-SECRET>IES & ABOVE1 9CLUD+ M9I/]S1 W]E TO BE WRITT5 ON 0BLUE0 PAP]1 OR SIMPLY JU/ 0BLUE04 ,! ONLY TWI/ TO ?IS O!RWISE /RAI<T=W>D PROC$URE WAS ?AT 0BLUE0 PAP] WAS 9 FACT GRE51 A LOVELY TWILL$ PAP]1 RI* & TEXTUR$4 ,V]Y EXP5SIVE1 IT LOOK$1 & V]Y GRE54 ,WE W]E NOT TOLD :Y BLUE WAS GRE54 ,MY FELL[ NEW 5TRANTS & ,I W]E *>M$ BY !SE QUA9T TRADITIONS4 

,BUT NOR W]E WE TOLD :O 0WE0 W]E4 ,IT WAS SIMPLY ASSUM$ ?AT 0WE0 9 ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE W]E ,BRITA94 ,?IS ASSUMPTION SUFFUS$ EV]Y?+ WE W]E TAU<T & SUBSEQU5TLY DID 9 \R ,=EIGN ,(FICE C>E]S4 ,IT BEGAN AT ! BEG9N+ & QUICKLY BECAME A HABIT ( SPEE* & WRIT+4 ,IT BECAME A HABIT ( ?\<T3 ,I BECAME 0WE04 ,EV5 AFT] ,I HAD RESIGN$ FROM ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 ,I F\ND MYSELF SAY+ 0WE ?9K ?AT ! ,ZIMBABWEAN GOV]NM5T NE$S TO44404 0,WE0 WAS WIR$ DEEP4 

,A FEI/Y Y\NG DIPLOMAT FROM ! ,BRITI% MISSION 9 ,PRETORIA GAVE US A LECTURE AB\T H[ 0WE0 ?\<T SANCTIONS ON AP>!ID ,S\? ,AFRICA W]E A BAD IDEA 7!SE W]E ! DAYS ( ,M>G>ET ,?AT*]'S POLICY ( 0CON/RUCTIVE 5GAGEM5T074 ,A DIPLOMATIC DISPAT* WAS PRES5T$ TO US AS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ TO WRITE SU* PIECES4 ,9 IT1 ! AMBASSADOR WROTE AB\T H[ 0WE0 HAD GOT ?IS C\NTRY 0WRONG0 & 0WE0 NE$$ A NEW APPROA*4 ,9 A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T WAYS1 WE W]E TAU<T H[ 0WE0 SAW ! WORLD4 ,:AT WE W]E NEV] TAU<T1 H[EV]1 WAS H[ IT WAS ?AT 0WE0 SAW ! WORLD ?AT WAY4 ,?AT 0WE0 SAW IT ?AT WAY & ?AT 0WE0 W]E ! >BIT]S ( :AT ,BRITA9 WANT$ WAS TAK5 = GRANT$4 

,P>T ( \R TRA9+ WAS A GAME4 ,! ,=EIGN ,(FICE 9V5T$ A POLICY EX]CISE AB\T A CRISIS 9 A FICTIONAL C\NTRY CALL$ ,BOREMEYA & :AT 0WE0 %\LD DO AB\T IT4 ,IT WAS A GOOD GAME1 & FUN4 ,IT LA/$ AB\T A DAY & CONSI/$ ( CRISIS MEET+S1 SUBMISSIONS TO M9I/]S 70MAKE SURE TO USE ! BLUE PAP]607 & DIFFICULT 5C\NT]S ) ! ,BOREMEYAN ,=EIGN ,M9I/]1 PLAY$ BY ONE ( \R 9/RUCTORS4 ,?R\<\T ! GAME1 ! NEW 5TRANTS W]E TOLD TO CONSID] :AT 0WE0 WANT$ OR NE$$ 9 ! SITUATION4 ,AT SEV]AL PO9TS1 :AT WE WANT$ WAS PUT 9TO O!R T]MS3 :AT >E \R 09T]E/S0 9 ?IS SITUATION8 ,A ,BRITI% COMPANY WAS NEGOTIAT+ A CONTRACT ) ! ,BOREMEYAN GOV]NM5T :5 A POLITICAL CRISIS ]UPT$1 =C+ US TO REAPPRAISE ! SITUATION & ADVISE ! M9I/] ON :AT 0\R0 POLICY %\LD BE4 

,! =EIGN S]VICES ( O!R C\NTRIES GIVE MORE EXT5D$ TRA9+ TO !IR NEOPHYTE DIPLOMATS BE=E LETT+ !M LOOSE ON ! WORLD4 ,! ,G]MAN =EIGN M9I/RY1 AT ! MORE 9T5SIVE 5D ( ! SPECTRUM1 REQUIRES ITS NEW 5TRANTS TO SP5D TWO TAX+ YE>S AT ! ,AUSW>TIGES ,AMT'S TRA9+ S*OOL1 :]E !Y >E TAU<T A GREAT DEAL ( HI/ORY1 DIPLOMATIC PRACTICE1 RULES ( PROTOCOL &1 ABOVE ALL1 LAW4 ,FULLY-QUALIFI$ LAWY]S :O JO9 ! ,G]MAN DIPLOMATIC S]VICE1 & !RE >E MANY ( !M1 >E EXCUS$ ! SECOND YE> ( TRA9+4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ALL ,G]MAN DIPLOMATS HAVE A M9IMUM ( ONE YE>'S FULLTIME TRA9+ 9 9T]NATIONAL LAW4 ,WE HAD NONE4 ,IF WE WANT$ TO LE>N AB\T 9T]NATIONAL LAW WE C\LD1 IF WE WI%$ 7IT WAS 5TIRELY VOLUNT>Y7 ATT5D A TWO-WEEK C\RSE AT ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY4 

,?IS ?9 $UCATION 9 LAW H[EV] DID NOT PREV5T US FROM BE+ TOLD1 ) FREQU5T REPETITION1 ?AT ,BRITA9 /OOD = ! 0RULE ( LAW0 OR A 0WORLD ( RULES04 ,?IS WAS ONE ( ! CORE *>ACT]I/ICS :I* ,BRITI% DIPLOMACY CLAIM$ TO REPRES5T4 ,NEV] WAS ?IS /ATEM5T ( BELIEF ANALYZ$2 IT WAS PRES5T$ TO US AS A GIV5 & ONE FUR!RMORE ?AT WE %\LD \RSELVES PROPAGATE H5CE=W>D4 ,AL?\< WE W]E NOT TAU<T 0! RULE ( LAW01 WE W]E TAU<T ?AT ,BRITI% DIPLOMATS /OOD = IT4 

,IT WAS A SIMIL> /ORY ) ECONOMICS4 ,G]MAN DIPLOMATS-9-TRA9+ SP5T MON?S LE>N+ ECONOMICS4 ,9 ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 ?OSE )\T ECONOMICS TRA9+ W]E NOT 5C\RAG$ TO GET ANY BUT1 IF !Y W]E SO DISPOS$1 !Y C\LD ATT5D ANO!R TWO-WEEK TRA9+ C\RSE :I*1 IT WAS ALLEG$1 TOOK ! TRA9EE TO 0DEGREE LEVEL04 ,AGA91 ?IS DID NOT PREV5T ! REPEAT$ ASS]TION ( ! BELIEF ?AT 0,BRITA90 & !RE=E 0WE0 BELIEV$ 9 M>KET ECONOMICS & ! PROMOTION ( TRADE AS CORE VALUES4 

,BEYOND ! ?\<T-HABIT ( ?9K+ AS 0WE01 !RE IS ANO!R WAY ?AT NEW DIPLOMATS >E 9CULCAT$ 9TO ID5TIFY+ !MSELVES ) ! /ATE4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! ,BRITI% ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 IT BEG9S BE=E Y\ EV5 JO91 :5 Y\ MU/ UND]GO A PROCESS KN[N AS 0POSITIVE VETT+04 ,!RE IS A SIMIL> PROCESS 9 ! ,U,S & O!R MAJOR =EIGN S]VICES4 

,AFT] ,I HAD PASS$ ! MANY 5TRANCE EXAMS & 9T]VIEWS TO GET 9TO ! DIPLOMATIC S]VICE1 ! ,SECURITY ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE ASSIGN$ AN 9VE/IGATOR 79 MY CASE1 A =M] POLICEMAN7 TO EXAM9E MY BACKGR\ND1 & QUIZ MY ACQUA9TANCES & FRI5DS1 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ?AT ,I W\LD NOT POSE A SECURITY RISK TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,)\T ?IS CLE>ANCE ,I C\LD NOT BEG9 WORK S9CE MU* ?AT ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE DOES 9VOLVES ACCESS TO 0,TOP ,SECRET0 MAT]IAL1 ! COMPROMISE ( :I*1 9 !ORY AT LEA/1 POSES A GRAVE RISK TO ! SECURITY ( ! /ATE4 ,O!RS :O HAD GONE BE=E TOLD ME ?AT ! PROCESS WAS /RAI<T=W>D 0AS LONG AS Y\ DON'T TELL !M ANY?+04 ,UN=TUNATELY = ME1 MY P]SONAL REF]EES HAD ALREADY TOLD MY 9VE/IGATOR V>I\S ?+S1 9CLUD+ ! FACT ?AT ,I OCCASIONALLY DRANK TOO MU* AT UNIV]SITY & ?AT ,I WAS %>+ A FLAT ) A GAY MAN4 ,I TOOK ! NAIVE VIEW ?AT S9CE ,I HAD NO?+ 9 MY LIFE TO BE A%AM$ (1 ,I W\LD TELL !M ! TRU?4 ,?IS APPROA* PROV$ TO BE A MI/AKE4 

,MY VETT+ TOOK PLACE AS ! ,COLD ,W> WAS 5D+1 9 #a#i#h#i4 ,BUT ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE /ILL FE>$ ! P]NICI\S ATT5TIONS ( ! ,K,G,B & O!RS1 & IT WAS FELT ?AT BE+ HOMOSEXUAL RISK$ EXPOS+ ! (FIC] TO BLACKMAIL4 ,IT DID NOT SEEM TO HAVE OCCURR$ TO ! M&>9S 9 *>GE ( ! ,SECURITY ,DEP>TM5T ?AT A BLANKET PROHIBITION ON HOMOSEXUALITY WAS MORE LIKELY TO =CE S]V+ OR POT5TIAL ,=EIGN ,(FICE (FIC]S TO LIE AB\T !IR TRUE SEXUAL NATURES & ?US 9CREASE !IR VULN]ABILITY TO BLACKMAIL4.<#b#d.> ,SO MY VETT+ (FIC] SUBJECT$ ME TO A LONG S]IES ( ABSURD & 9SULT+ QUE/IONS AB\T MY SEXUALITY1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! CONCLUSIVE1 0,SO Y\'VE NEV] BE5 TEMPT$ (F ! /RAI<T & N>R[ !N804 ,TO :I* ,I C\LD HONE/LY ANSW]1 0,NO04 

,MEAN:ILE1 MY VETT+ (FIC] HAD F\ND \T FROM MY APPLICATION =MS ?AT MY GR&MO!R WAS ,POLI%4 ,POL& WAS AT ?AT TIME UND]GO+ ITS TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT ! 9QUISITOR FELT1 FOLL[+ POLICY1 ?AT ! M]E FACT ?AT ,I HAD ,POLI% RELATIONS POS$ A SECURITY RISK1 S9CE ! ,K,G,B MI<T 0GET AT0 !M & USE !M TO 0GET AT0 ME 7IT HAD HAPP5$ 9 ! PA/ :5 ,POL& WAS A VASSAL ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION74 ,MY FAMILY WAS ?US =C$ TO DIG UP LONG-BURI$ FAMILY RECORDS & 9=M ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE EXACTLY :51 :]E & H[ ALL MY ,POLI% ANCE/ORS HAD DI$ 79 ORD] ?AT ! ,K,G,B C\LDN'T DISCOV] !IR NAMES & IMP]SONATE !M TO 0T>GET0 ME74 ,9 ! PROCESS1 !Y MADE ! UPSETT+ DISCOV]Y ?AT SOME ( !M1 AS MEMB]S ( ! ,POLI% RESI/ANCE1 HAD DI$ 9 ,AUS*WITZ4 

,I WAS OBLIG$ TO ATT5D SEV]AL 9T]VIEWS ) ! 9VE/IGATOR 9 A SP>SE (FICE 9 ANO!R ANONYM\S BUILD+ NE> ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E1 FURNI%$ ) S9I/]-LOOK+ /EEL FIL+ CAB9ETS4 ,HIS DESK1 LIKE ?AT ( A FILM NOIR 9T]ROGATOR1 HAD NO PAP]S & JU/ ONE GOV]NM5T-ISSUE SWIVEL LAMP1 ! ONLY LI<T 9 ! O!RWISE GLOOMY ROOM4 ,! 9T]VIEWS W\LD SOMETIMES LA/ = H\RS4 ,I W\LDN'T BE TOLD H[ LONG4 ,MY FAMILY & FRI5DS W]E AT FIR/ AMUS$ BY HIS QUE/IONS1 BUT SOON BECAME IRRITAT$ & 9 SOME CASES DEEPLY UPSET 7MY FLATMATE WAS -- UND]/&ABLY -- ESPECIALLY (F5D$74 

,MY FIR/ 5TRY DATE 9TO ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE CAME & W5T1 & ,I HAD NOT PASS$ MY 0,P,V0 AS POSITIVE VETT+ IS KN[N4 ,MY P]SONNEL (FIC] SEEM$ TO TAKE PLEASURE 9 TELL+ ME ?AT IT WAS EXTREMELY UNLIKELY ?AT ,I W\LD EV5TUALLY BE ALL[$ 94 ,I SWALL[$ !SE HUMILIATIONS -- ,I WANT$ TOO BADLY TO BECOME A MEMB] ( ?AT R>EFI$ SPECIES1 A DIPLOMAT4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,I WAS =C$ TO F9D TEMPOR>Y WORK = A FUR!R FEW MON?S UNTIL ! NEXT 5TRY DATE CAME UP :51 AGA9/ EXPECTATIONS1 ! N[-COMPLET$ 9VE/IGATIONS HAD CONV9C$ ,! ,(FICE1 AS MY 9VE/IGATOR CALL$ IT 7& AS ,I TOO W\LD COME TO KN[ IT71 ?AT ,I WAS NOT GAY1 COMMUNI/1 A DRUNK1 A DRUG ADDICT OR A DEBTOR1 & ,I WAS AT LA/ 9VIT$ TO ATT5D MY FIR/ DAY ( WORK4 

,! 9CULCATION DOES NOT /OP !RE4 ,:5 Y\ JO9 ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 & ONCE Y\ HAVE BE5 0POSITIVELY VETT$01 Y\ >E REQUIR$ TO SIGN ! ,(FICIAL ,SECRETS ,ACT4 ,?IS DRACONIAN DOCUM5T COMPRISES Y\R AGREEM5T NEV] 9 Y\R LIFETIME TO REVEAL TO \TSID]S OR TO PUBLICIZE 9 ANY WAY ! CONT5T ( Y\R WORK4 ,) A/ONI%+ BREAD?1 ! ACT DEF9ES ! 9=MATION ?AT Y\ MU/ PROTECT TO Y\R GRAVE AS ANY (FICIAL BUS9ESS1 DET]M9$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ANY?+ ?AT Y\ DO 9 ! C\RSE ( Y\R WORK IS TO BE KEPT SECRET1 =EV]4 ,ANY REVELATION AB\T :AT ?AT WORK 5TAIL$ 7SU* AS ?IS BOOK = 9/ANCE7 IS 9 !ORY A CRIM9AL (F5SE4 ,:5 ,I WAS (F]$ ! DOCUM5T TO SIGN 7IT WAS MAIL$ TO ME AT HOME71 ,I DID NOT HESITATE4 ,! GLAM\R ( SECRECY LUR$ ME 91 & ,I SIMPLY NEV] BELIEV$ ?AT ! DAY MI<T COME :5 ITS /RICTURES MI<T SEEM MORE A ?REAT ?AN AN 9VITATION4 

,! SIGNATURE ( ! ,(FICIAL ,SECRETS ,ACT M>KS ONE 9ITIATION 9TO ! CULTURE ( SECRECY ?AT P]VADES GOV]NM5T1 & P>TICUL>LY ?OSE P>TS ( IT DEAL+ ) =EIGN POLICY4 ,:5 Y\ LE>N H[ TO H&LE DOCUM5TS1 = 9/ANCE1 Y\ >E TAU<T ?AT ! ORIG9ATOR ( ! DOCUM5T MU/ CLASSIFY IT1 US+ DESIGNATIONS />T+ ) 0RE/RICT$0 UP TO 0TOP SECRET04 ,Y\ >E TAU<T ?AT ONLY ?OSE DOCUM5TS ?AT W\LD NOT P]TURB Y\ IF !Y W]E H&$ \T TO PASS]SBY ON ! /REET CAN BE DESIGNAT$ 0UNCLASSIFI$04 ,UNSURPRIS+LY !RE=E1 ALMO/ EV]Y DOCUM5T PRODUC$ 9SIDE ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE IS CLASSIFI$ 0RE/RICT$0 OR ABOVE4 

,?IS CULTURE IS CON/ANTLY RE9=C$ ?R\<\T ONE'S C>E]4 ,TELEGRAMS >E TRANSMITT$ ONLY :5 HI<LY 5CRYPT$4 ,ALL COMPUT]S >E H>D5$ AGA9/ ELECTRONIC EAVESDROPP+4 ,TELEPHONES C>RY /ICK]S W>N+ AGA9/ DIVULG+ /ATE CONFID5CES4 ,SO MANY & SO UBIQUIT\S >E !SE LIMITATIONS ?AT IT IS SOON CLE> ?AT ! ONLY PEOPLE ONE CAN DISCUSS C&IDLY :AT 0WE0 >E DO+ >E ONE'S COLLEAGUES -- O!R MEMB]S ( ! CLUB ( 0WE04 ,= :AT 0WE0 >E DO+ IS ! AFFAIRS ( /ATE1 & O!R /ATES MI<T TRY TO F9D \T \R SECRETS2 !RE=E ONE %\LD ONLY TALK TO PEOPLE ) A 0NE$ TO KN[04 ,?IS EXCLUDES ALMO/ EV]YONE1 9CLUD+ ?OSE 9 :OSE NAME 0WE0 >E ACT+4 

,! CREATION ( ! ID5TITY ( A ,BRITI% DIPLOMAT1 ! EXPON5T ( ! /ATE1 CAN SEEM A PROCESS :I* IS 9NOC5T1 UNLOAD$ & NECESS>Y4 ,IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT SU* A PROCESS IS REQUISITE = ! 9T]NATIONAL SY/EM ! WORLD TODAY 5JOYS4 ,/ATES 9T]ACT 9 ?IS SY/EM2 !RE=E ! SY/EM REQUIRES EXPON5TS ( ! /ATE'S WI%ES1 /EEP$ 9 ! RI*E/ S5SE ( :AT !IR NATION /&S =4 ,BUT MY EXP]I5CE SUGGE/S ?AT 9TR9SIC 9 ?IS PROCESS ( DIPLOMATIC ID5TITY-CREATION IS SOME?+ DANG]\S4 

,9 SPITE ( ! ALMO/ COMPLETE ABS5CE ( \TSIDE SCRUT9Y1 ! ,BRITI% ,=EIGN ,(FICE DOES NOT 0DO0 SELF-CRITICISM4 ,EMB$D$ )9 ! ACCULTURATION PROCESS IS A DEEP S5SE ?AT 0WE0 >E 9 ! RI<T4 ,FROM ! DAY ,I /EPP$ 9TO ! TRA9+ DEP>TM5T1 TO ! DAY ,I LEFT MY LA/ FULL JOB AT ! ,U,K ,MISSION 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 IT WAS P>T ( ! AIR ,I BREA!D ?AT :AT 0WE0 W]E (F]+ ! WORLD WAS GOOD4 ,! WORLD'S OLDE/ P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY1 A SUCCESSFUL ECONOMY1 AN ANCI5T CULTURE1 WE REPRES5T$ ! ACME ( :AT ! RE/ ( ! WORLD %\LD ASPIRE TO4 ,WE W]E MOREOV] PRAGMATIC & 0S5SIBLE0 7NEV] IDEALI/1 ?AT WAS TOO ROMANTIC & !RE=E SILLY74 ,AM]ICAN DIPLOMACY1 ?\< M>K$ ) DIFF]5T EMPHASES 7! 9F9ITELY V>IABLE NOTION ( 0FRE$OM071.<#b#e.> IS LITTLE DIFF]5T4 ,EV5 :5 \R MOTIVES W]E TRANSP>5TLY DIFF]5T1 WE W]E 5C\RAG$1 SUBTLY & ?R\< IMITATION1 TO CLAIM ?AT WE W]E (F]+ O!RS V]SIONS ( \RSELVES3 \R DEMOCRACY1 \R LAWS1 \R 0VALUES04 ,9 ,AF<ANI/AN 9 #b#b1 \R POLICY WAS FRAM$ AS ! DELIV]Y ( /ABILITY & DEMOCRACY1 EV5 :5 \R MOTIVE WAS SOLELY 7& NOT ILLEGITIMATELY7 \R [N SECURITY4 ,I BELIEV$ ?IS ID5TITY3 IT MADE ME FEEL BETT] 7P>TICUL>LY :5 DEF5D+ ! EFFECTS ( SANCTIONS 9 ,IRAQ7 & IT GAVE ME PURPOSE4 ,I ONLY /OPP$ BELIEV+ IT :5 ! CONTR>Y EVID5CE BECAME TOO COMPELL+ TO IGNORE4 ,& EV5 !N ! AB&ONM5T ( ?IS P]SONA WAS A PA9FUL & DRAWN-\T BUS9ESS4 

,?IS SELF-REG>D BRE$S A P]VASIVE COMPLAC5CY4 ,IF \R MOTIVES >E ALWAYS PURE1 IT FOLL[S ?AT 0WE0 CANNOT BE WRONG4 ,:5 ,BRITA9 FAIL$ TO SECURE ! 9FAM\S 0SECOND0 RESOLUTION AU?ORIZ+ AN 9VASION ( ,IRAQ1 (FICIALS W]E V]Y QUICK TO BLAME ,FRANCE 7= ?REAT5+ A VETO71 RA!R ?AN ACKN[L$G+ ! REALITY ( 0\R0 FAILURE TO G>N] SUFFICI5T SUPPORT4.<#b#f.> ,EXAM9ATION ( ,BRITA9'S FAILURE 7) O!RS7 TO /OP ! G5OCIDE 9 ,BOSNIA WAS LEFT TO J\RNALI/S & S*OL>S3.<#b#g.> NO COMPREH5SIVE 9T]NAL 9QUIRY WAS 9/IGAT$4 ,!SE >E BUT TWO ( ! MORE BLATANT EXAMPLES ( A CULTURE ?AT BROOKS NO SELF-EXAM9ATION :ILE RESI/+ MEAN:ILE ! RIGOR ( EXT]NAL SCRUT9Y4 

,BRITI% DIPLOMATS >E NOT ALONE 9 MA9TA9+ A COM=TABLE & FLATT]+ SELF-IMAGE4 ,9 MY EXP]I5CE1 DIPLOMATS ( MANY O!R C\NTRIES RE/ ON SIMIL> CONCEITS4 ,AN ,EGYPTIAN MI<T CLAIM ?AT HIS TRADITION IS ONE ( BROK]+ ! PAN-,>AB VIEW 7A ,NASS]I/ 9H]ITANCE7 :ILE (F]+ A BRIDGE BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/ 7A ROLE CLAIM$ TOO BY ,TURKI% DIPLOMATS72 ! ,DUT* >E ! H>D-HEAD$ PRAGMATI/S ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION2 ! ,S+APOREANS >E ! POLITICALLY-9-CORRECT REALI/S1 & SO ON4 ,NO ONE IS ! BAD GUY4 ,EV]YONE BELIEVES !Y >E S]V+ ! ,GOOD4 ,!RE IS A DEGREE ( C>ICATURE H]E1 BUT 9 ?AT C>ICATURE LIES AN UNCOM=TABLE TRU?3 ?AT TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE1 DIPLOMATS >E REQUIR$ TO DEF9E !MSELVES1 TO CREATE AN ID5TITY1 9 ORD] TO FUNCTION4 

,ESS5TIALIS+ ,!M 

,?US IS ONE SIDE ( ! *ESS BO>D DEL9EAT$3 0,US04 ,BUT = ! GAME TO BE PLAY$1 ! O!R TEAM NE$S TO BE DEF9$1 OR ESS5TIALIS$1 TOO3 0,!M04 ,)\T SU* DEL9EATION1 ! GAME CANNOT BE PLAY$4.<#b#h.> 

,DIPLOMACY REQUIRES A SY/EM ( ORD]+ TO FUNCTION2 ?\<T REQUIRES SU* A SY/EM TOO 7OR SO SOME PHILOSOPH]S W\LD >GUE74 ,9 DIPLOMACY IT IS NOT SE5 AS A MI/AKE TO BOIL ! WORLD D[N TO SOME SIMPLE ESS5CE2 IT IS M&ATORY4 ,! EASIE/ WAY TO PRET5D ?AT Y\ UND]/& ! WORLD IS TO ESS5TIALIZE IT4 ,! ,>ABS 7ALL ( !M7 >E ?IS2 ! ,ISRAELIS >E ?AT4 ,! ,?AIS >E A LITTLE BIT444! ,MALAYSIANS F> TOO444& ! ,FR5*1 WELL1 ! ,FR5* >E ALWAYS 9CR$IBLY444 4 

,Y\ WILL SEE ?IS K9D ( ESS5TIALISM PRACTIC$ EV]Y DAY4 ,Y\ NE$ ONLY OP5 Y\R NEWSPAP]4 ,!RE Y\ WILL READ H[ ! ,U,S ,PRESID5T DESCRIBES ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,IRANIAN PEOPLE = FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY 7?\< CURI\SLY 9 #bf HE NO LONG] DOES SO :5 TALK+ AB\T ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE1 :OSE BEHAVIOR S9CE !IR 0LIB]ATION0 HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT MORE COMPLICAT$ AMBITIONS MAY ALSO BE AT PLAY74 ,SWIT* ON Y\R TELEVISION & ANALY/S TALK AB\T ! NE$S ( ! 0PEOPLE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/0 OR ! APPROA* 0! ,EUROPEANS0 TAKE TO BUILD+ DEMOCRACY 7(T5 9 ! ,AM]ICAN DISC\RSE ! APPELLATION 0! ,EUROPEANS0 C>RIES NEGATIVE OV]TONES74 ,& IT IS NOT ONLY ! ,WE/ :I* 9DULGES 9 SU* *>ACT]IZATIONS4 ,9 ,APRIL #bf ,EGYPT'S ,PRESID5T ,MUB>AK UPSET S5SIBILITIES ACROSS ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ BY SUGGE/+ 9 AN 9T]VIEW ?AT ,IRAQ'S ,%IA1 9DE$ ALL ,%IA 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 W]E MORE LOYAL TO ,IRAN ?AN !Y W]E TO !IR [N C\NTRIES4 

,TW5TY YE>S S9CE ,$W>D ,SAID'S ,ORI5TALISM1 HIS EXCORIAT+ CRITIQUE ( WE/]N *>ACT]IZATIONS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 DIPLOMATS /ILL ORI5TALIZE ALMO/ ! :OLE WORLD1 R$UC+ ITS COMPLEXITIES & UNC]TA9TIES TO SIMPLE CULTURAL & RACIAL /]EOTYPES4 ,R\T9ELY1 Y\ CAN /ILL HE> DIPLOMATS TALK+ 7& SOME J\RNALI/S DO IT TOO7 AB\T ! ,>AB /REET1 A PLACE :]E PRESUMABLY ,>ABS GA!R TO TALK & EXPRESS OP9IONS 7FURTIVELY1 PRESUMABLY74 7,9 MY ,ECONOMI/ ?IS WEEK IS A REVIEW ( ?REE BOOKS AB\T 0! ,>ABS01 9CLUD+ ONE BY AN ,>AB1 :I* 9 DIFF]5T WAYS ANALYZE :Y ! ,>ABS HAVE DIFFICULTY ASSIMILAT+ DEMOCRACY4 ,! PIECE IS TITL$ 0,NOT YET1 SAY ! ,>ABS047 ,OR Y\ CAN HE> ,*9A EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( ! WAY 0!Y01 ! ,*9ESE1 ?9K1 ALL #a4#b BILLION ( !M4 

,I HAVE BE5 WORK+ = SOME TIME 9 ,KOSOVO4 ,:5 TALK+ AB\T ?IS PLACE1 MANY WE/]N DIPLOMATS & =EIGN POLICY ANALY/S TALK AB\T ! NE$ = ,KOSOVO TO 0PROGRESS02 ?AT ITS MAJORITY-,ALBANIAN CULTURE IS 0CLAN-BAS$01 ITS VALUES >E ?OSE ( 0LOYALTY & REV5GE0 RA!R ?AN 0\R0 MORE 5LI<T5$ WAYS4 ,AS = !IR POLITICAL AMBITIONS1 !Y JU/ WANT A GREAT] ,ALBANIA4 ,MORE ?AN ONE S5IOR ,U,N (FICIAL TOLD ME ?AT 0!SE PEOPLE0 W]E 0PRIMITIVE04 

,HAV+ LIV$ 9 ,KOSOVO1 IT IS H>D TO RECOGNIZE !SE DESCRIPTIONS4 ,NO ONE ,I MET TALK$ AB\T !IR 0CLAN04 ,MANY ,KOSOV>S ,I KN[ >E AMONG ! MO/ HOSPITABLE1 FRI5DLY BUT ALSO URBANE PEOPLE ,I'VE MET4 ,MANY SPEAK SEV]AL LANGUAGES 7SOME?+ MANY ,AM]ICAN & ,BRITI% DIPLOMATS DO NOT74 ,NO ONE HAS EV] M5TION$ 9 MY HE>+ A DESIRE TO UNIFY ) ,ALBANIA 7A V]Y DIFF]5T C\NTRY FROM ,KOSOVO74 ,!RE >E ALSO ,KOSOV>S :O DO NOT %>E !SE ATTRACTIVE *>ACT]I/ICS1 BUT ?AT IS ! PO9T4 ,ESS5TIALISM ALWAYS LEAVES SOMEONE \T4 

,! PRODUCTION ( !SE DEPICTIONS IS SOMETIMES TRIVIAL1 BUT NONE!LESS REVEAL+ ( ! M9DSET4 ,ON MY FIR/ EV] OV]SEAS PO/+1 TO ,NORWAY1 ,I WROTE A LETT] -- AT ! 5C\RAGEM5T ( MY BOSS -- TO ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN ,DEP>TM5T 9 ,LONDON ANALYZ+ ! 0,NORWEGIAN NATIONAL *>ACT]04 ,?IS LETT] WAS SUP]FICIAL 9 ! EXTREME1 MA9LY BECAUSE ITS OBS]VATIONS HAD BE5 GA!R$ FROM WAT*+ ! BEHAVIOR ( ,NORWEGIANS AT ! LUGGAGE C>\SEL AT ,OSLO AIRPORT :5 ,I FIR/ >RIV$4 ,I SPOKE NO ,NORWEGIAN 7& NEV] DID74 ,?IS DID NOT H[EV] PREV5T ME FROM S5D+ ! LETT]4 

,?IS K9D ( ?+ IS1 ,I HOPE1 LESS COMMON TODAY ?AN IT WAS !N 79 ! E>LY 'N9ETIES74 ,BUT Y\ WILL /ILL F9D AMBASSADORS & EMBASSIES R\T9ELY G5]ALIZ+ AB\T ! CULTURES & 0NATIONAL *>ACT]S0 ( ! C\NTRIES :]E !Y >E HO/$3 !Y DO IT BECAUSE1 AS ,I WAS1 !Y >E 5C\RAG$ TO4 ,IF Y\ >E SITT+ 9 AN (FICE 9 ,:ITEHALL1 OR ,FOGGY ,BOTTOM1 Y\ WANT Y\R EMBASSIES TO EXPLA9 ! WORLD TO Y\1 SO ?AT Y\ CAN FEEL Y\ UND]/& IT4 ,Y\ >E P>T ( A PYRAMID ( R$UCTIONISM & Y\ CANNOT ESCAPE IT4 ,AS AN (FICIAL1 Y\ >E REQUIR$ TO TELL Y\R M9I/] OR ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ?AT Y\ UND]/& ! WORLD4 ,IF Y\ >E A M9I/] OR ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE1 Y\ >E OBLIG$ TO SAY TO Y\R LEGISLATURE1 OR ! PRESS1 ?AT Y\ UND]/& :AT IS GO+ ON 91 SAY1 ,IRAN OR ,*9A4 ,! ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE CANNOT GIVE A T5-WEEK SEM9> ON ,*9A'S COMPLEXITIES2 !Y HAVE TO BE SUMM$ UP 9 A FEW S5T5CES 7OR LESS74 ,9 !SE ANALYZES1 Y\ CANNOT ADMIT TO UNC]TA9TY OR EV5 COMPLEXITY4 ,ESS5TIALISM IS1 UN=TUNATELY1 ESS5TIAL4 ,! QUE/ION H[EV] IS :E!R SU* R$UCTIONISM HELPS OR H9D]S \R /RUGGLE TO UND]/& ! WORLD4 

,AS A DIPLOMAT1 Y\ >E MOREOV] ABETT$ BY Y\R =EIGN COLLEAGUES 9 ! DISC\RSE4 ,JU/ AS ! ,BRITI% DIPLOMAT ESS5TIALIZES HIS [N C\NTRY 9TO :AT 0WE0 WANT1 !Y WILL ESS5TIALIZE !IRS4 ,)\T HESITATION ! ,G]MAN DIPLOMAT1 9 DESCRIB+ HIS VIEWS AB\T ! G5OCIDE 9 ,RW&A1 OR DEMOCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA1 WILL SPEAK AS ,G]MANY -- 0WE ?9K 9T]V5TION IS IMPRACTICABLE04 ,! ,EGYPTIAN WILL DO ! SAME1 & ! ,RUSSIAN LIKEWISE4 ,?US ONE CAN REPORT !IR VIEWS AS 0,G]MANY'S01 0,EGYPT'S0 OR 0,RUSSIA'S02 & 9 MY TELEGRAMS FROM ,NEW ,YORK ,I W\LD DESCRIBE !M 9 JU/ ?IS WAY1 SOMETIMES )\T EV5 RECORD+ ! REAL NAMES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL DIPLOMATS ,I HAD SPOK5 TO1 JU/ !IR C\NTRIES4 ,ODDLY1 ! ONLY DIPLOMATS ,I HAVE F\ND :O DON'T 9DULGE 9 ?IS MANN] ( SPEAK+ >E ?OSE NEW TO ! DIPLOMATIC SC5E3 ! ,SOMALIL&]S & ! ,KOSOV>S4 ,!Y HAVE YET TO LE>N ! HABIT ( G5]ALIZATION4 

,A REC5T SCI5TIFIC /UDY ANALYZ$ ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES1 ASK+ :E!R !RE WAS ANY TRU? TO WELL-WORN NATIONAL /]EOTYPES4 ,RESE>*]S = ! ,NATIONAL ,9/ITUTE ON ,AG+ 7,N,I,A7 9 ! ,U,S EXAM9$ ! ACCURACY ( NATIONAL *>ACT] /]EOTYPES 9 =TY-N9E CULTURES WORLDWIDE4 ,!Y ASK$ NE>LY F\R ?\S& PEOPLE TO DESCRIBE ! 0TYPICAL0 MEMB] ( !IR [N CULTURE4.<#b#i.> 

,:5 RESE>*]S COMP>$ ! AV]AGE TRAIT LEVELS1 I4E4 ! CULTURAL GR\P'S TRUE ATTRIBUTES TO ! /]EOTYPES1 !RE WAS NO AGREEM5T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,AM]ICANS BELIEVE ! TYPICAL ,AM]ICAN IS V]Y ASS]TIVE1 & ,CANADIANS BELIEVE ! TYPICAL ,CANADIAN IS SUBMISSIVE1 BUT 9 FACT ,AM]ICANS & ,CANADIANS HAVE ALMO/ ID5TICAL SCORES ON MEASURES ( ASS]TIV5ESS4 ,LOOK+ AT EA* O!R'S P]SONALITY TRAITS1 ! RESE>*]S F\ND ?AT ,9DIAN CITIZ5S SEE !MSELVES AS UNCONV5TIONAL & OP5 TO A WIDE RANGE ( NEW EXP]I5CES1 BUT MEASUREM5TS ( P]SONALITY %[ ?AT !Y >E MORE CONV5TIONAL ?AN ! RE/ ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! WORLD4 ,CZE*S BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E ANTAGONI/IC & DISAGREEABLE1 BUT :5 P]SONALITY IS ACTUALLY OBS]V$1 !Y SCORE HI<] ?AN MO/ PEOPLE 9 ! WORLD ON MEASURES ( ALTRUISM & MODE/Y4 

,ONE ( ! /UDY'S LEAD]S1 ,DR ,ROB]T ,MC,CRAE1 SAID 0,PEOPLE %\LD UND]/& ?AT WE >E ALL PRONE TO !SE K9DS ( PRECONCEPTIONS & LIKELY TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E JU/IFI$ BY \R EXP]I5CE1 :5 9 FACT !Y >E (T5 UNF\ND$ /]EOTYPES4 ,WE NE$ TO REM9D \RSELVES TO SEE PEOPLE AS 9DIVIDUALS1 :E!R !Y >E ,AM]ICANS OR ,LEBANESE1 ,G5 ,X]S OR S5IOR CITIZ5S0 7! ,N,I,A'S OBJECTIVE WAS 9 P>T TO DISPROVE PRECONCEPTIONS AB\T AGE GR\PS1 P>TICUL>LY OLD] ONES74 

,DIPLOMACY IS /ILL (T5 IGNORANT ( ?IS LESSON1 PREF]R+ TO TALK ( NATIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 C\NTRIES AS S+LE1 UNI=M 5TITIES &1 IF !Y >E NOT CONV5I5TLY UNI=M 7LIKE ! ,JAPANESE OR ! ,DUT*71 ( !IR SUBGR\PS & E?NICITIES4 ,IT W\LD NOT SURPRISE ,SAID TO DISCOV] ?AT1 9 WE/]N DIPLOMATIC SY/EMS LIKE ,BRITA9 OR ! ,U,S1 ! T5D5CY TO ESS5TIALIZE O!R C\NTRIES 9CREASES ! MORE UNLIKE US !SE C\NTRIES >E4 ,9 ! ANNUAL AMBASSADORIAL DISPAT*ES & TELEGRAMS1 ! AMBASSADOR 9 ,G]MANY IS MU* LESS LIKELY TO G5]ALIZE AB\T 0! ,G]MANS0 OR ! CULTURAL ID5TITY ( ,G]MANY ?AN ! AMBASSADOR REPORT+ FROM ,RIYADH4 ,9 ! ,AM]ICAN DISC\RSE1 IT IS R\T9E TO G5]ALIZE AB\T 0! ,EUROPEANS04 ,H>DLY ANYONE 9 ,EUROPE1 NOTABLY1 EV5 USES ! T]M4 

,ONE CURI\S MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS WAY ( ?9K+ IS :AT HAPP5S TO LANGUAGE :5 NATIONAL G5]ALIZATIONS FAIL4 ,BE=E ! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ 9 #b#c1 ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN DIPLOMATS & POLITICIANS W\LD R\T9ELY TALK AB\T ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE AS A HOMOG5E\S :OLE1 AS 9 0SANCTIONS >E NOT 9T5D$ TO H>M ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE01 0WE HAVE NO QU>REL ) ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE1 JU/ ) ! LEAD]%IP01 OR1 AS ! 9VASION APPROA*$1 0! ,IRAQI PEOPLE YE>N = !IR LIB]ATION04 

,AFT] ! 9VASION1 & AS SECT>IAN & RELIGI\S T5SIONS EM]G$ 9TO VIOL5T CONFRONTATION1 ! LANGUAGE *ANG$4 ,COMM5TATORS & LEAD]S ALIKE BEGAN TO TALK AB\T ! 0,%I-ITES01 0! ,BAA?I/S01 0! ,SUNNIS0 &1 JU/ AS !Y DID =M]LY ) ! 0,IRAQI PEOPLE01 !Y ASCRIB$ COLLECTIVE *>ACT]I/ICS TO !SE GR\PS1 AS 9 0! ,SUNNIS FEEL ?REAT5$ BY ,%IA DOM9ANCE0 OR 0! ,KURDS WANT !IR [N /ATE04 

,I ONCE ATT5D$ A LECTURE BY A =M] ,BRITI% DIPLOMAT :O F\ND HIMSELF1 PO/-9VASION1 GOV]NOR ( AN 5TIRE PROV9CE ( ,IRAQ4 ,TO EXPLA9 ! COMPLEXITIES ( HIS 5VIRONM5T1 HE BEGAN TO DRAW CIRCLES ON A BO>D1 9SCRIB+ )9 !M ! NAMES ( ,IRAQ'S DIFF]5T E?NIC GR\PS & !N DRAW+ L9ES & >R[S TO 9DICATE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 !M4 ,HE CLE>LY NE$$ SU* A DEL9EAT$ SY/EM TO HELP HIM UND]/& :AT WAS GO+ ON4 ,BUT TO REALIZE ! DEFICI5CIES ( ANY SU* SY/EM1 ONE NE$ ONLY APPLY IT TO ONE'S [N REALITY3 ,BRITA9'S 0MIDDLE CLASSES WANT ECONOMIC GR[? & SOCIAL /ABILITY01 0,AM]ICA'S BLACKS SUPPORT ! ,DEMOCRATS04 ,WE FEEL 9SULT$ :5 O!RS DO IT TO US4 ,ANTI-,AM]ICANISM IS BUILT ON SIMPLI/IC C>ICATURES :I* GROSSLY MISDESCRIBE ,AM]ICA'S MASSIVE DIV]SITY4 ,AS A ,BRITON LIV+ 9 ,AM]ICA1 MY HACKLES RISE :5EV] ,I HE> A S5T5CE BEG9N+1 0! ,BRITS >E44404 ,IT IS CRASS TO DESCRIBE \R [N SOCIETIES 9 SU* T]MS1 BUT ?IS IS :AT DIPLOMATS & ANALY/S R\T9ELY TO DO O!R SOCIETIES1 & IT IS ALWAYS 9ACCURATE4 

,DIPLOMATS DON'T ?9K & TALK LIKE ?IS BECAUSE !Y >E RACI/4 ,MO/ >E NOT1 & LOVE ! WID] WORLD2 !Y DO SO BECAUSE IT R$UCES ! WORLD'S COMPLEXITY TO SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE ORD]$ & PUT 9TO A SY/EM3 MADE S5SE (4 

,MOREOV] ?IS HABIT ( ESS5TIALIS+ IS A PRACTICE ?AT REFLECTS ! WAY ! DIPLOMATIC WORLD ACTUALLY IS4 ,DIPLOMATS SPEAK ( :AT ,*9A WANTS 9 A DRAFT ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL TEXT BECAUSE ! ,*9ESE AMBASSADOR SAYS 0,*9A WANTS P>AGRAPH #ab DELET$44404 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ESS5TIALIS+1 IT IS ALSO A REFLECTION ( DIPLOMATIC & POLITICAL REALITY4 ,BUT IT IS A SELF-RE9=C+ REALITY1 & = ?AT RE9=CEM5T TO FUNCTION !RE MU/ BE A PROCESS ( ESS5TIALIS+ P]=M$ BO? UPON \RSELVES 7AS ,I DESCRIBE ABOVE7 & UPON !M4 ,9 NEGOTIATIONS AT ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL1 ,I REALIZ$ ?AT P>T ( ! WAY 9 :I* WE WORK$ \T :AT WE -- ,BRITA9 -- WANT$ WAS BY DI/+UI%+ \R WI%ES FROM ?OSE ) :OM WE SAW \RSELVES 9 NATURAL COMPETITION 7,FRANCE OR ,RUSSIA74 ,SO SUBTLE & 9SIDI\S WAS ?IS PROCESS ?AT IT IS H>D TO (F] CONV9C+ PRO(1 EXCEPT TO SAY ?AT MORE (T5 ?AN ,I W\LD WANT TO ADMIT WE SAW ISSUES SU* AS SANCTIONS ON ,IRAQ NOT PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( ! ISSUE ITSELF BUT AS A MEANS ( GETT+ :AT 0WE0 WANT$ 7?IS 0COMPETITIVE0 MODEL ( DIPLOMACY IS DISCUSS$ FUR!R 9 *APT] #f74 ,& :AT 0WE0 WANT$ WAS SOMETIMES DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( :AT !Y -- \R OPPON5TS -- DIDN'T WANT4 

,A P>ADOXICAL EXAMPLE ( ! BOIL+ D[N ( :AT WE & !Y WANT IS TO BE F\ND 9 TRADE NEGOTIATIONS4 ,9T]NATIONAL TRADE TALKS AT ! ,W,T,O -- ! MO/ REC5T BE+ ! SO-CALL$ 0,DOHA ,R\ND0 -- (T5 REVOLVE >\ND ! TRAD+ ( CONCESSIONS BETWE5 NATIONAL DELEGATIONS 7OR GR\PS ( DELEGATIONS74 ,ONE ( ! MO/ COMMON 0CONCESSIONS0 IS ! GRANT+ ( TRADE ACCESS TO ! DOME/IC M>KET ( ! /ATE (F]+ ! CONCESSION4 ,SU* CONCESSIONS >E (F]$ 9 EX*ANGE = ACCESS TO O!RS' M>KETS 9 ! SAME OR DIFF]5T PRODUCTS1 9 A HI<LY-COMPLEX B>GA9+ PROCESS4 ,! (F]+ ( SU* 0CONCESSIONS0 IS H[EV] BUNKUM1 BECAUSE ! B5EFITS ( FREE TRADE FL[ MORE TO ! IMPORT] ?AN ! EXPORT]3 IMPORTS ( *EAP] OR BETT] GOODS GIVE CONSUM]S MORE = !IR MONEY &1 ?R\< COMPETITION1 RAISE DOME/IC PRODUCTIVITY4.<#c.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 :AT IS BE+ (F]$ IS NOT A CONCESSION AT ALL -- ! P>TY (F]+ ! CONCESSION IS PROPOS+ SOME?+ ?AT WILL B5EFIT IT MORE4 ,BUT SO FAMILI> HAVE ! DISC\RSE ( TRADE TALKS & ! CALCULUS ( CONCESSION-BAS$ B>GA9+ BECOME ?AT EV]YONE PRET5DS ?AT :AT IS NOT A CONCESSION IS ONE1 & VICE V]SA4 

,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT IT IS GOV]NM5TS ?AT P]=M ?IS ESS5TIALIS+4 ,!Y MU/4 ,IT IS PR(\NDLY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( GOV]NM5T1 & ! POLITICIANS :O LEAD IT1 TO CLAIM ?AT ONLY !Y CAN SPEAK = ! :OLE C\NTRY4 ,EQUALLY1 !RE=E1 !Y MU/ AFFIRM ! NATURE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SY/EM BY ACCEPT+ ?AT O!R GOV]NM5TS SPEAK = !IR :OLE C\NTRIES4 ,A MOD]N DIPLOMAT W\LD D5Y ?AT !Y >E SO CRASS AS TO ESS5TIALIZE O!R CULTURES & C\NTRIES 9 ! WAY ,I HAVE DESCRIB$4 ,( C\RSE1 !Y AV]1 ?AT :5 !Y TALK AB\T ,IRAN'S POLICY1 !Y MEAN ! POLICY ( ! ,IRANIAN GOV]NM5T1 & 9DE$ ?AT IS (T5 H[ !Y WILL DESCRIBE IT4 

,BUT ! HABIT ( REF]R+ TO :OLE C\NTRIES 9 ! S+UL> & TO !IR GOV]NM5T AS ! EMBODIM5T ( ?AT /ATE IS ONE AS DEEP-ROOT$ AS ! /ATE-BAS$ 9T]NATIONAL SY/EM ITSELF4 ,TO *ANGE ! NOM5CLATURE ( ! ACTORS W\LD BE TO REMOVE ! ASSUMPTION ?AT GOV]NM5TS REPRES5T ! TOTALITY OR 9DE$ ! DIV]SITY ( !IR C\NTRIES4 ,?IS W\LD ALT] ! NATURE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SY/EM FROM ONE BAS$ >\ND /ATES AS ! UNIT ( AG5CY TO ONE BAS$ ON SOME O!R UNIT OR UNITS4 ,BUT AS LONG AS GOV]NM5TS WI% TO HOLD SWAY 9 9T]NATIONAL POLICY & DECISION-MAK+1 !Y MU/ CONT9UALLY REAFFIRM NOT ONLY !IR [N BUT EA* O!R'S LEGITIMACY TO SPEAK = !IR C\NTRIES1 EV5 :5 ! GOV]NM5T IS AS UNDEMOCRATIC AS1 SAY1 ,MUAMM> ,GADHAFI'S 9 ,LIBYA4 

,P]HAPS ONE REASON :Y ?IS HABIT P]SI/S IS BECAUSE ( ! WAY ?AT DIPLOMACY EVOLV$4 ,FROM ITS ORIG9S 9 ,CLASSICAL TIMES1 ?R\< ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /ATE-BAS$ SY/EM ( ! ,PEACE ( ,WE/PHALIA1 DIPLOMATS REPRES5T$ -- & NEGOTIAT$ BETWE5 -- DISCRETE 5TITIES3 CITIES1 PROV9CES & LAT] /ATES4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO TODAY1 ! BUS9ESS BETWE5 !M WAS LIMIT$ TO RELATIVELY N>R[ >EAS LIKE W> & PEACE1 & TRADE4 ,!SE W]E IMPORTANT BUT !Y DID NOT HAVE ! *>ACT] ( ! MASSIVE & DIV]SE CONTACTS & 9T]ACTIONS 7WORDS :I* DO NOT BY !MSELVES ADEQUATELY CONVEY ! COMPLEX & DYNAMIC NATURE ( !SE FL[S7 ( TODAY'S WORLD4 

,ONE ( ! SEM9AL TEXTS ?AT HELP$ DEF9E ! NATURE ( DIPLOMACY IS ,DE LA MANI]E DE NEGOCI] AVEC LES S\V]A9S1 DE L'UTILITE DES NEGOTIATIONS1 DU *OIX DES AMBASSADEURS ET DES 5VOYEZ1 ET DES QUALITEZ NECESS>IES P\R REUSSIR DANS CES EMPLOYS1 PUBLI%$ BY ,FRANCOIS DE ,CALLI]ES 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#g#a#f4 ,DE ,CALLI]ES SAW ! PR9CIPAL FUNCTION ( DIPLOMACY AS MOD]AT+ & MANAG+ ! CLA% ( CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S AS EFFICI5TLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,?US IT WAS IMPORTANT = DIPLOMATS TO BE HONE/ 9 !IR DEAL+S4 ,DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY WAS ALSO TO BE UPHELD1 NOT M]ELY BECAUSE ( LEGAL PROVISIONS BUT BECAUSE ! 9T]E/S ( PR9CES COMPELL$ IT4 ,! DIPLOMATI/ W\LD BE ! AG5T RA!R ?AN ! >*ITECT ( POLICY1 BUT W\LD BE CRUCIAL BO? 9 ! FRAM+ ( POLICY & EV5 MORE 9 ! BUS9ESS ( SEEK+ TO P]SUADE REPRES5TATIVES ( O!R GOV]NM5TS TO SEE MATT]S 9 ?IS RA!R ?AN ?AT LI<T4 ,HE W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO ASSESS H[ ! 9T]E/S ( HIS /ATE & ! O!R /ATE C\LD BE MET ON T]MS ACCEPTABLE TO BO?4 

,FROM ?IS SUMM>Y ONE CAN SEE H[ REM>KABLY SIMIL> ?IS CONCEPTION ( DIPLOMACY IS TO ! WAY IT IS USUALLY CONCEIV$ TODAY4 ,YET ! WORLD WE LIVE 9 TODAY IS REM>KABLY DIFF]5T4 ,! PO/W> E/ABLI%M5T ( NEW MULTILAT]AL DIPLOMATIC MA*9]IES SU* AS ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS1 ,N,A,T,O & ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION -- :ILE CREAT+ NEW =UMS = /ATE-TO-/ATE 9T]ACTIONS -- HAS NOT ALT]$ ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA ?AT DIPLOMACY IS AB\T /ATES ID5TIFY+ !IR 9T]E/S & >BITRAT+ !M ) ONE ANO!R4 ,9DE$1 !SE 9/ITUTIONS >E PREMIS$ ON ! V]Y NOTION ?AT /ATES CAN MEET !RE & DECIDE UPON !IR COMMON PROBLEMS4 ,IT IS !RE=E NO SURPRISE ?AT DIPLOMATS T5D TO MAKE ! WORLD & ITS MYRIAD PROBLEMS FALL 9TO !SE %APES4 ,?AT ?IS PROCESS IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE >TIFICIAL & DISCONNECT$ FROM ! REALITY ( ! =CES AT WORK 9 ! WORLD IS NOT YET EVID5T 5\< TO COMPEL *ANGE4 

,ESS5TIALIS+ ! ,WORLD 

,IT IS F> TOO DISCONC]T+ A PROSPECT = GOV]NM5TS OR ! DIPLOMATS :O REPRES5T !M TO ANALYZE OR TALK AB\T ! WORLD AS IT REALLY IS1 ONE %AP$ & AFFECT$ BY MULTITUD9\S & COMPLEX =CES1 AMONG :I* GOV]NM5TS >E BUT ONE GR\P ( MANY 9VOLV$4 ,TO PRES]VE !IR [N ROLE1 & ! BELIEF -- COM=T+ TO US AS WELL TO !M -- ?AT GOV]NM5TS >E 09 *>GE0 ( EV5TS1 !Y MU/ CONT9UALLY ASS]T ?AT GOV]NM5TS >E ON TOP ( ! PILE ( AG5TS & MU/ DET]M9E :AT IS IMPORTANT & :AT IS TO BE DONE1 & MAKE & 5=CE ! RULES4 

,?IS MAY HAVE BE5 APPROPRIATE 9 #afdh OR #a#i#d#e4 ,BUT TODAY ! TR\BLE IS ?AT ! WORLD IS GR[+ MORE & MORE COMPLICAT$4 ,ITS PROBLEMS >E EV] LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO ! ESS5TIALIS+ ANALYSIS TRADITIONAL 9 DIPLOMACY4 ,EV]YONE1 9CLUD+ ! DIPLOMATS1 ACCEPTS ?AT MANY ( \R MO/ TR\BL+ PROBLEMS >E TRANSNATIONAL 9 NATURE -- POLLUTION1 BIRD FLU1 T]RORISM -- COMPLEX 9 !IR CAUSES & ?US SOLUTIONS1 & REQUIRE MASS ACTION TO TACKLE4 ,! DIVISION ( ! WORLD 9TO ! COLOR$ PIECES ( ! BO>D GAME MAKES LESS & LESS S5SE4 ,IT ALWAYS WAS A SIMPLIFICATION1 BUT IT IS BECOM+ AN EV] MORE ABSURD ONE4 

,GLOBALIZATION 9 SOME RESPECTS IMPLIES A GREAT] SIMPLICITY1 = 9/ANCE ! N>R[+ ( ! WORLD 9TO ONE M>KET4 ,BUT EV5 ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?IS MU/ ALSO ACKN[L$GE ! WORLD'S CONT9U+ IF NOT BURGEON+ COMPLEXITY4 ,WAS IT CONCEIVABLE ?IRTY YE>S AGO ?AT ! FURY ( ONE Y\NG ,EGYPTIAN OV] ! W> 9 ,*E*NYA W\LD LEAD HIM TO FLY AN AIRCRAFT 9TO ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,C5T] 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 AN ACT FACILITAT$ BY AN ORGANIZATION BORN ( ,OSAMA B9 ,LAD5'S ANG] AGA9/ ! ,U,S OCCUPATION ( ,SAUDI ,>ABIA1 & ITSELF GIV5 A BASE BY A FUNDAM5TALI/ REGIME 9 ,AF<ANI/AN1 :OSE ASSUMPTION ( CONTROL WAS A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ,SOVIET OCCUPATION & SL[ DECL9E 7& ?IS ITSELF IS A SIMPLIFI$ ACC\NT ( A COMPLEX S]IES ( CAUSES & EV5TS78 ,?IS S+UL> ACT1 ITSELF ! PROG5ITOR ( MASSIVE1 COMPLEX & UN=ESEEABLE *ANGE1 WAS BRILLIANTLY ANATOMIZ$ 9 ! #i_/#a#a ,COMMISSION ,REPORT1 :I* TOOK NE>LY #d PAGES TO DESCRIBE ! ANTEC$5TS & *RONOLOGY ( ?IS S+LE EV5T4 

,! R$UCTIONI/ T5D5CY 9 DIPLOMACY IS RE9=C$ BY1 & ITSELF RE9=CES1 ! COMM5T>Y WE READ 9 ! PRESS4 ,ODDLY1 ! MORE COMPLICAT$ \R GLOBALIZ+ WORLD BECOMES1 ! MORE ?OSE COMM5T+ ON IT T5D TO SU* SIMPLIFICATION4 ,CONF\ND$ BY ! WORLD'S COMPLEXITY1 WE GROPE = SIMPLIFY+ METAPHORS -- ! BIG IDEA -- TO EXPLA9 :AT IS GO+ ON4 ,ACADEMICS & COMM5TATORS DULY OBLIGE1 (F]+ UP 0! WORLD IS FLAT01 0! CLA% ( CIVILIZATIONS0 OR 0! MOM5T0 7:5 ,AM]ICA C\LD SAVE ! WORLD74 

,?OSE CONSUM+ !SE NO/RUMS HAVE P]HAPS ONLY !MSELVES TO BLAME4 ,! \TLETS ( ! MASS M$IA >E 9 %>P COMPETITION4 ,! MEASUR$ COMM5T>Y ATTRACTS LESS ATT5TION ?AN ! S5SATIONAL4 ,A REC5T /UDY BY ,PHILIP ,E4 ,TETLOCK.<#c#a.> CONFIRMS ! SUSPICION3 ?OSE (F]+ ! MO/ DRAMATIC POLITICAL PR$ICTIONS ATTRACT ! MO/ PRESS ATT5TION1 BUT >E UNSURPRIS+LY ! MO/ 9ACCURATE4 ,HIS /UDY EXAM9$ PR$ICTIONS FROM ?\S&S ( EXP]TS AB\T ! FATES ( DOZ5S ( C\NTRIES1 & !N SCOR$ ! PR$ICTIONS = ACCURACY4 ,HIS TEAM F\ND ?AT ! M$IA NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO WE$ \T BAD IDEAS1 BUT (T5 FAVOR$ !M1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! TRU? WAS TOO MESSY TO BE PACKAG$ NEATLY4 

,TETLOCK'S EVID5CE FALLS 9TO TWO CATEGORIES3 OPTIMI/S & PESSIMI/S 7OR 0BOOM/]S0 & 0DOOM/]S01 AS HE CALLS !M74 ,BETWE5 #aihe & #b#e1 BOOM/]S MADE T5 YE> =ECA/S ?AT EXAGG]AT$ ! *ANCES ( BIG POSITIVE *ANGES 9 BO? F9ANCIAL M>KETS 7E4G4 A ,D[ ,JONES ,9DU/RIAL ,AV]AGE ( #c#f17 & WORLD POLITICS 7E4G4 TRANQUILITY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & DYNAMIC GR[? 9 SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA74 ,!Y ASSIGN$ PROBABILITIES ( #f#e.0 TO ROSY SC5>IOS ?AT MAT]IALIZ$ ONLY #a#e.0 ( ! TIME4 

,9 ! SAME P]IOD DOOM/]S P]=M$ EV5 MORE POORLY1 EXAGG]AT+ ! *ANCES ( NEGATIVE *ANGES 9 ALL ! SAME PLACES :]E BOOM/]S ACC5TUAT$ ! POSITIVE1 PLUS SEV]AL MORE 79CLUD+ ! PR$ICTION ( ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ,CANADA1 ,NIG]IA1 ,9DIA1 ,9DONESIA1 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ,BELGIUM1 & ,SUDAN74 ,!Y ASSIGN$ PROBABILITIES ( #g.0 TO BLEAK SC5>IOS ?AT MAT]IALIZ$ ONLY #a#b.0 ( ! TIME4 ,BUT DESPITE !SE GROSS 9ACCURACIES1 !SE 0OV]-CLAIM]S0 R>ELY PAID ANY P5ALTIES = BE+ WRONG4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! M$IA %[]$ LAVI% ATT5TION ON !M :ILE NEGLECT+ !IR MORE C>EFUL 7& ACCURATE7 COLLEAGUES4 

,!RE IS P]HAPS SOME?+ UN/AT$ AT PLAY H]E4 ,\R ATTA*M5T TO SIMPLE MODELS ( ! WORLD & GR& OV]/ATEM5T MAY BE RELAT$ TO ! DIPLOMAT'S NE$ -- :I* ,I C\LD ONCE ID5TIFY AS MY [N -- TO ATTRIBUTE TO !MSELVES A B5EFIC5T RA!R ?AN A MALIGN P]SONA4 ,WE NE$ N>RATIVES ( \RSELVES & ( ! WORLD TO EXPLA9 IT4 ,& WE >E UNLIKELY TO *OOSE NEGATIVE ONES 7IF NOT = O!RS1 AT LEA/ = \RSELVES74 ,JU/ AS WE NE$ TO VIEW \RSELVES 9 A POSITIVE LI<T1 WE DESP]ATELY WANT ! WORLD TO MAKE S5SE1 TO RESPOND TO ORD] & SY/EMATIZATION4 ,IT IS P>ADOXICAL ?AT )9 ?IS 9NOC5T-SEEM+ DESIRE LIES ACUTE DANG]4 

,AS WE %ALL SEE 9 ! NEXT *APT]S1 !SE BIASES 9 ! WAY ! WORLD IS DESCRIB$ TO US1 & IS >BITRAT$ BY POLICYMAK]S1 CONTRIBUTE TO ]ROR4 ,9DE$1 !Y MAY COMP\ND ONE ANO!R & ?US COMP\ND ! FAILURE4 ,A COMPLEX SY/EM 7IS IT EV5 A SY/EM87 IS DESCRIB$ & GOV]N$ BY ?OSE :O PREF] TO SEE IT 9 SIMPL] T]MS ?AN IT ACTUALLY IS4 ,UN=TUNATELY = ITS W\LD-BE PLAY]S 7& = ?OSE :O W\LD COMM5T ON !M71 ! WORLD IS NOT A *ESSBO>D4 

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