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,! ,EXILE 9 ,SIB]IA 

#ahhgahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY WAWOODWOR?1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,IT IS NOT 9 VA9 ?AT ! WORD KATORGA 7H>D LABOR7 HAS RECEIV$ SO HORRIBLE A MEAN+ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE1 & HAS BECOME SYNONYM\S ) ! MO/ AWFUL PA9S & SUFF]+S4 0 ,I CANNOT BE> ANY LONG] ?IS KATAORJNAYALIFE10 ?IS LIFE ( MORAL & PHYSICAL SUFF]+S1 ( 9FAM\S 9SULTS & PITILESS P]SECUTIONS1 ( PA9S BEYOND MAN'S /R5G?1 SAY ?OSE :O >E BR\<T TO DESPAIR BE=E ATTEMPT+ TO PUT AN 5D TO !IR LIFE BY SUICIDE4 ,IT IS NOT 9 VA9 ?AT ! WORD KATORGA HAS RECEIV$ ?IS MEAN+1 & ALL ?OSE :O HAVE S]I\SLY 9QUIR$ 9TO ! ASPECTS ( H>D LABOR 9 ,SIB]IA HAVE COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT IT REALLY CORRESPONDS TO ! POPUL> CONCEPTION4 ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ ! J\RNEY :I* LEADS TO ! KATORGA4 ,LET US SEE N[ :AT >E ! CONDITIONS ( ! CONVICTS 9 ! H>D-LABOR COLONIES & PRISONS ( ,SIB]IA4 

,SOME FIFTE5 YE>S AGO1 NE>LY ALL ?OSE #a1#e PEOPLE :O W]E CONDEMN$ EV]Y YE> TO H>D LABOR W]E S5T TO ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA4 ,ONE P>T ( !M WAS EMPLOY$ AT ! SILV]1 LEAD1 & GOLD M9ES ( ! ,N]T*9SK DI/RICT1 OR AT ! IRON-WORKS ( ,PETROVSK 7NOT F> FROM ,KIAKHTA7 & ,IRKUTSK1 OR AT ! SALT-WORKS ( ,USOLIE & ,U/-,KUT2 A FEW W]E EMPLOY$ AT A DRAP]Y 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,IRKUTSK1 & ! REMA9D] W]E S5T TO ! GOLD-M9ES1 OR RA!R GOLD-WA%+S1 ( ,K>A1 :]E !Y W]E B\ND TO DIG \T ! TRADITIONAL 0HUNDR$ POODS0 7#c#b LBS47 ( GOLD = ! 0 ,CAB9ET ( HIS ,MAJE/Y10 ?AT IS1 = ! P]SONAL PURSE ( ! ,EMP]OR4 ,! HORRIBLE TALES ( SUBT]RANEAN WORK 9 ! SILV] & LEAD-M9ES1 UND] ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE CONDITIONS1 UND] ! :IPS ( OV]SE]S :O COMPELL$ EA* T5 M5 TO ACCOMPLI% A WORK ?AT W\LD BE H>D EV5 = D\BLE ?IS NUMB]2 ( CONVICTS WORK+ 9 ! D>KNESS1 *>G$ ) HEAVY *A9S & RIVET$ TO B>R[S2 ( PEOPLE DY+ FROM ! POISON\S EMANATIONS ( ! M9ES2 ( PRISON]S FLOGG$ TO DEA?1 OR DY+ UND] FIVE & SIX ?\S& /ROKES ( ! ROD1 BY ORD] ( TRADITIONAL MON/]S LIKE ,ROZ<ILDEEFF -- !SE TALES1 WELL KN[N EV]Y:]E1 >E NOT TALES DUE TO ! FANCY ( IMAG9ATIVE WRIT]S1!Y >E TRUE HI/ORICAL RECORDS ( A SAD REALITY47#a7 

,& !Y >E NOT TALES ( A REMOTE PA/1= SU* W]E ! CONDITIONS ( H>D LABOR 9 ! ,N]T*9SK M9+ DI/RICT NO F>!R BACK ?AN TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AGO4 ,!Y MI<T BE TOLD BY M5 /ILL 9 LIFE4 

,MORE ?AN ?AT 2 MANY1 V]Y MANY1 FEATURES ( ?IS HORRIBLE PA/ HAVE BE5 MA9TA9$ UNTIL \R [N TIMES4 ,EV]Y ONE 9 ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA KN[S ( ! T]RIBLE SCURVY EPIDEMICS :I* BROKE \T AT ! ,K>A GOLD-M9ES 9 #a#h#e#g1 :5 ACCORD+ TO (FICIAL REPORTS P]US$ BY ,M4 ,MAXIM(F--NO LESS ?AN A ?\S& CONVICTS DI$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ONE S+LE SUMM]1 & ! CAUSE ( ! EPIDEMICS IS A SECRET TO NOBODY2 IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ! AU?ORITIES1 HAV+ P]CEIV$ ?AT !Y W\LD BE UNABLE TO DIG \T ! TRADITIONAL HUNDR$ POODS ( GOLD1 CAUS$ ! CONVICTS TO WORK )\T RE/1 ABOVE !IR /R5G?1 UNTIL MANY FELL DEAD 9 ! V]Y M9ES4 ,& LAT] ON1 9 #a#h#g#c1 HAVE WE NOT SE5 AGA9 A SIMIL> EPIDEMIC1 DUE TO SIMIL> CAUSES1 BREAK+ \T 9 ! ,Y5ISEISK DI/RICT1 & SWEEP+ AWAY HUNDR$S ( LIVES AT ONCE8 ,! PLACES ( TORTURE1 ! PROCE$+S W]E SL[LY MODIFI$1 BUT ! V]Y ESS5CE ( H>D LABOR HAS REMA9$ ! SAME1 & ! WORD KATORGA HAS /ILL MA9TA9$ ITS HORRIBLE MEAN+4 

,DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S ! SY/EM ( H>D LABOR HAS UND]GONE SOME MODIFICATION4 ,! RI*] SILV]-M9ES ( ! ,N]T*9SK M9+ DI/RICT HAVE BE5 WORK$ \T2 9/EAD ( 5RI*+ EV]Y YE> ! ,CAB9ET ( ! ,EMP]OR ) #bb TO #bh POODS ( SILV] 7#g1 TO #i1 LBS471 AS IT WAS BE=E1 !Y YIELD$ BUT FIVE TO SEV5 POODS 7#a#e TO #ba LBS47 9 #ahf TO #a#h#f#c1 & !Y W]E AB&ON$4 ,AS TO ! GOLD-WA%+S1 ! M9+ AU?ORITIES SUCCE$$ AB\T ! SAME TIME 9 CONV9C+ ! ,CAB9ET ?AT !RE W]E NO MORE GOLD- WA%+S WOR? BE+ WORK$ 9 ! DI/RICT 2 & ! ,CAB9ET AB&ON$ ! DI/RICT TO PRIVATE 5T]PRISE1 RES]V+ = ! ,CR[N ONLY ! M9ES ON ! ,K>A RIV]1 A TRIBUT>Y ( ! ,%ILKA 7( C\RSE1 RI* M9ES1 WELL KN[N BE=E1 W]E 0 DISCOV]$ 0 BY PRIVATE P]SONS IMM$IATELY AFT] ! PROMULGATION ( ! LAW74 ,! ,GOV]NM5T WAS ?US COMPELL$ TO F9D SOME O!R K9D ( EMPLOYM5T = ! CONVICTS1 & TO MODIFY TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ! :OLE SY/EM ( H>D LABOR4 ,! C5TRAL PRISONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ( :I* ,I HAVE GIV5 A DESCRIPTION 9 A PREC$+ *APT]1 W]E 9V5T$ 2 &1 BE=E BE+ S5T TO ,SIB]IA1 ! H>D-LABOR CONVICTS REMA9 N[ 9 !SE PRISONS = AB\T ONE-?IRD ( ! DURATION ( !IR S5T5CE4 ,! NUMB] ( !SE SUFF]]S1 = :OM EV5 ! HORRIBLE ,TCATORGA 9 ,SIB]IA APPE>S AS A RELIEF1 TOGE!R ) ?OSE :O >E KEPT 9 ! H>D-LABOR PRISONS ( ,SIB]IA1 IS AB\T #g4 ,BESIDES1 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO COLONIZE ! ,SAKHAL9 ISL& ) H>D-LABOR CONVICTS4 

,AS TO ! EI<TE5 TO N9ETE5 HUNDR$ H>D- LABOR CONVICTS :O >E TRANSPORT$ EV]Y YE> TO ,SIB]IA1 !Y >E SUBMITT$ TO DIFF]5T K9DS ( TREATM5T4 ,A C]TA9 NUMB] ( !M 7#b#g TO #c7 >E LOCK$ UP 9 ! H>D-LABOR PRISONS ( ,WE/]N & ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA2 :IL/ ! REMA9D] >E TRANSPORT$1 EI!R TO ! ,K>A GOLD - WA%+S1 OR TO ! SALT-WORKS ( ,USOLIE & ,U/-,KUT4 ,! FEW M9ES & WORKS ( ! ,CR[N 9 ,SIB]IA BE+1 H[EV]1 UNABLE TO EMPLOY ! NE>LY #a1 CONVICTS CONDEMN$ TO H>D LABOR :O \<T TO BE KEPT 9 ,SIB]IA1 A NOVEL EXP$I5T WAS 9V5T$1 9 R5T+ ! CONVICTS TO PRIVATE [N]S ( GOLD-WA%+S4 ,IT IS EASY TO P]CEIVE ?AT ! PUNI%M5T ( CONVICTS BELONG+ TO ! SAME H>D-LABOR CATEGORY CAN BE ?US V>I$ TO AN IMM5SE DEGREE1 DEP5D+ ON ! CAPRICE ( ! AU?ORITIES1 & A GOOD DEAL ON ! L5G? ( ! PURSE ( ! CONVICT4 ,HE MAY BE KILL$ UND] ! PLETES AT ,K>A OR ,U/- ,KUT1 AS ALSO HE MAY COM=TABLY LIVE AT ! PRIVATE GOLD-M9E ( SOME FRI5D1 AS 0OV]SE] ( WORKS10 & BE AW>E ( HIS REMOVAL TO ,SIB]IA ONLY BY ! LONG DELAY 9 RECEIV+ NEWS FROM HIS ,RUSSIAN FRI5DS4 

,LEAV+ ASIDE1 H[EV]1 !SE EXCEPTIONAL FAVORS & A V>IETY ( SUBDIVISIONS ( LESS IMPORTANCE1 ! H>D-LABOR CONVICTS 9 ,SIB]IA CAN BE CLASSIFI$ UND] ?REE GREAT CATEGORIES3 ?OSE :O >E KEPT 9 PRISON2 ?OSE :O >E EMPLOY$ AT ! GOLD-M9ES ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,CAB9ET OR ( PRIVATE P]SONS3 & ?OSE :O >E EMPLOY$ AT ! SALT-WORKS4 

,! FATE ( ! FIR/ IS V]Y MU* LIKE ! FATE ( ?OSE :O >E LOCK$ UP 9 C5TRAL PRISONS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,SIB]IAN JAIL] MAY SMOKE A PIPE1 9/EAD ( A CIG>1 :5 FLOGG+ HIS 9MATES2 HE MAY MAKE USE ( LA%ES1 9/EAD ( BIR* RODS1 & FLOG ! CONVICTS :5 HIS S\P IS SPOIL$1 :IL/ ! ,RUSSIAN JAIL]'S BAD TEMP] DEP5DS UPON AN UNSUCCESSFUL HUNT+3 ! RESULTS = ! CONVICTS >E ! SAME4 ,9 ,SIB]IA1 AS 9 ,RUSSIA1 A JAIL] 0:O PITILESSLY FLOGS0 IS SUB/ITUT$ BY A JAIL] 0:O GIVES FREE PLAY TO HIS [N FI/S & /EALS ! LA/ COPP]S ( ! PRISON]S20 & AN HONE/ MAN1 IF HE IS OCCASIONALLY NOM9AT$ AS ! HEAD ( A H>D-LABOR PRISON1 WILL SOON BE DISMISS$1 OR EXPELL$ FROM AN ADM9I/RATION :]E HONE/ M5 >E A NUISANCE4 

,! FATE ( ?OSE #b CONVICTS :O >E EMPLOY$ AT ! ,K>A GOLD-M9ES IS NOT BETT]4 ,TW5TY YE>S AGO ! (FICIAL REPORTS REPRES5T$ ! PRISON AT ,UPP] ,K>A AS AN OLD1 WEA!R-WORN LOG-WOOD BUILD+1 ]ECT$ ON A SWAMPY GR\ND1 & IMPREGNAT$ ) ! FIL?9ESS ACCUMULAT$ BY LONG G5]ATIONS ( OV]CR[D$ CONVICTS4 ,!Y CONCLUD$ ?AT IT \<T TO BE PULL$ D[N AT ONCE2 BUT ! SAME F\L & ROTT5 BUILD+ CONT9UES TO %ELT] ! CONVICTS UNTIL N[2 &1 EV5 DUR+ ,M4 ,KONONOVIT*'S REASONABLE RULE1 IT WAS SAID TO BE :ITEWA%$ ONLY F\R TIMES EA* YE>4 ,IT IS ALWAYS FILL$ UP TO D\BLE ITS CUBICAL CAPACITY1 & ! 9MATES SLEEP ON TWO /ORIES ( PLAT=MS1 AS ALSO ON ! FLOOR ?AT IS COV]$ ) A ?ICK %EET ( /ICKY FIL?1 !IR WET & NA/Y CLO!S BE+ MATTRESSES & COV]+S AT ONCE4 ,SO IT WAS TW5TY YE>S AGO2 SO IT IS N[4 ,! *IEF PRISON ( ! ,K>A GOLD-WA%+S1 ! ,L[] ,K>A1 WAS DESCRIB$ BY ,M4 ,MAXIM(F 9 #a#h#f#c1 & BY ! (FICIAL DOCUM5TS ,I P]US$1 AS A ROTT5 NA/Y BUILD+ :]E W9D & SN[ FREELY P5ETRATE4 ,SO IT IS DESCRIB$ AGA9 BY MY FRI5DS4 ,! ,MIDDLE ,K>A PRISON WAS RE/OR$ A FEW YE>S AGO1 BUT IT SOON BECAME AS FIL?Y AS ! TWO O!RS4 ,= SIX TO EI<T MON?S1 \T ( TWELVE1 ! CONVICTS REMA9 9 !SE PRISONS )\T ANY OCCUPATION2 & IT IS QUITE SUFFICI5T1 ,I IMAG9E1 TO ! PRIVATE M9ES1 & MANY ( !M >E LOAD$ ) *A9S2 AT ,K>A1 !Y HAVE MOREOV] TO WALK FIVE MILES FROM ! PRISON TO ! EXCAVATION1 ADD+ ?US A NE>LY ?REE H\RS' M>* TO ! DAY'S TASK4 ,SOMETIMES1 :5 ! AURIF]\S GRAVEL & CLAY >E POOR] ?AN WAS EXPECT$1 & ! QUANTITY ( GOLD CALCULAT$ ON C\LD NOT BE EXTRACT$1 ! CONVICTS >E LIT]ALLY EXHAU/$ BY OV]WORK2 !Y >E COMPELL$ TO WORK UNTIL V]Y LATE 9 ! NI<TS1 & !N ! MORTALITY1 :I* IS ALWAYS HI<1 BECOMES REALLY HORRIBLE4 ,9 %ORT1 IT IS CONSID]$ AS A RULE1 BY ALL ?OSE :O HAVE S]I\SLY /UDI$ ! ,SIB]IAN H>D-LABOR 9/ITUTIONS1 ?AT ! CONVICT :O HAS REMA9$ = SEV]AL YE>S AT ,K>A1 OR AT ! SALT-WORKS1 COMES AWAY QUITE BROK5 9 HEAL?1 & UNFIT = ULT]IOR WORK1 & ?AT HE REMA9S !NCE=? A BURD5 ON ! C\NTRY4 

,! FOOD-H[EV] LESS SUB/ANTIAL ?AN AT ! PRIVATE GOLD-WA%+S MI<T BE CONSID]$ AS NE>LY SUFFICI5T :5 ! CONVICTS RECEIVE ! RATIONS ALL[$ TO ! M5 :5 AT WORK2 ! DAILY ALL[ANCE BE+ 9 SU* CASES #c #f_/#a ,5GLI% P\NDS ( RYE BREAD1 & ! AM\NT ( MEAT1 CABBAGE1 BUCK:EAT1 @&C41 ?AT CAN BE SUPPLI$ = ONE RUBLE P] MON?4 ,A GOOD MANAG] C\LD GIVE = ?AT 

 PRICE NE>LY HALF A P\ND ( MEAT EV]YDAY4 ,BUT1 [+ TO ! WANT ( ANY REAL 

 CONTROL1 ! CONVICTS MO/LY >E PITILESSLY ROBB$ ( !IR POOR ALL[ANCE4 ,IF1 AT 

 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,H\SE ( ,DET5TION1 UND] ! EYES ( SCORES ( 9SPECTORS1 ROBB]Y WAS 

 C>RI$ ON = YE>S ON A COLOSSAL SCALE1 H[ C\LD IT BE O!RWISE 9 ! WILD]NESSES ( 

 ! ,T'RANSBAIKALIAN M\NTA9S8 ,HONE/ MANAG]S1 :O SUPPLY ! CONVICTS ) ALL DUE 

 TO !M1 >E R>E EXCEPTIONS4 ,BESIDES1 ! ABOVE ALL[ANCE IS GIV5 ONLY DUR+ ! 

 %ORT P]IOD ( GOLD-WA%+1 :I* LA/S = LESS ?AN F\R MON?S 9 ! YE>4  

 ,DUR+ ! W9T]1 :5 ! FROZ5 GR\ND IS AS H>D AS /EEL1 !RE IS NO WORK AT 

 ALL4 ,& AS SOON AS ! WA%+ ( GOLD-! YE>'S CROP ( ! M9ES-IS F9I%$1 

 ! FOOD IS R$UC$ TO AN AM\NT H>DLY SUFFICI5T TO KEEP MUSCLES & BONES 

 TOGE!R4 ,AS TO ! PAYM5T = WORK1 IT IS QUITE LUDICR\S1 BE+ SOME?+ LIKE 

 ?REE TO F\R %ILL+S P] MON?1 \T ( :I* ! CONVICT MO/LY PUR*ASES SOME CLO? TO 

 SUPPLY ! QUITE 9SUFFICI5T DRESS GIV5 BY ! ,CR[N4 ,NO WOND] ?AT SCURVY-?AT 

 T]ROR ( ALL ,SIB]IAN GOLD-WA%+S IS ALWAYS M[+ D[N ! LIVES ( ! CONVICTS1 & 

 ?AT ! MORTALITY AT ,K>A IS FROM #i TO #b#h#g1 \T ( LESS ?AN #b1 EV]Y YE>2 ?AT IS1 

 ONE \T ( ELEV5 TO ONE \T ( SEV51 A V]Y HI< FIGURE 9DE$ = A POPULATION ( 

 ADULTS4 ,!SE (FICIAL FIGURES1 H[EV]1 >E /ILL BEL[ ! TRU?1 AS ! 

 DESP]ATELY SICK >E USUALLY S5T AWAY1 TO DIE 9 SOME BOGADELNYA OR 9VALID H\SE4 

,! SITUATION ( ! CONVICTS W\LD BE /ILL WORSE IF ! OV]CR[D+ ( ! PRISONS & 

 ! 9T]E/S ( ! [N]S ( ! GOLD-M9ES HAD NOT COMPELL$ ! ,GOV]NM5T TO %ORT5 

 ! TIME ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,AS A RULE1 ! H>D-LABOR CONVICT MU/ BE KEPT 9 PRISON1 

 AT ! M9ES1 ONLY = AB\T ONE-?IRD ( ! TIME TO :I* HE HAS BE5 CONDEMN$4  

 ,BEYOND ?IS TIME1 HE MU/ BE SETTL$ 9 ! VILLAGE CLOSE BY ! M9E1 9 A SEP>ATE 

 H\SE1 ) HIS FAMILY1 IF HIS WIFE HAS FOLL[$ HIM2 HE IS B\ND TO GO TO WORK LIKE O!R 

 CONVICTS1 BUT )\T *A9S1 & HE HAS HIS [N H\SE & HE>?4 ,IT IS OBVI\S 

 ?AT ?IS LAW MI<T BE AN IMM5SE B5EFIT = ! CONVICTS1 BUT ITS PROVISIONS >E M>R$ 

 BY ! MANN] 9 :I* IT IS APPLI$4 ,! LIB]ATION ( ! CONVICT DEP5DS 5TIRELY 

 UPON ! CAPRICE ( ! SUP]9T5D5T ( ! M9E4 ,MOREOV]1 ) ! ABSURD 

 PAYM5T = HIS LABOR1 :I* H>DLY REA*ES A FEW %ILL+S P] MON? 9 ADDITION TO ! 

 RATION ( FL\R1 ! LIB]AT$ CONVICT FALLS1 ) BUT FEW EXCEPTIONS1 9TO ! MO/ 

 DREADFUL MIS]Y4 ,ALL 9VE/IGATORS ( ! SUBJECT >E AGRE$ 9 REPRES5T+ UND] 

 ! D>KE/ ASPECTS ! MIS]Y ( ?IS CLASS ( CONVICTS1 & 9 SAY+ ?AT ! IMM5SE 

 NUMB] ( RUNAWAYS FROM ?IS CATEGORY ( EXILE IS *IEFLY DUE TO !IR WRET*$NESS4  

 ,! PUNI%M5TS DEP5D ALSO 5TIRELY UPON ! FANCY ( ! SUP]9T5D5T ( ! WORKS1 

 & MO/LY !Y >E ATROCI\S4 ,! PRIVATION ( FOOD & ! BLACKHOLE--& ,I HAVE 

 TOLD ON ! PREC$+ PAGES :AT BLACKHOLE MEANS 9 ,SIB]IA >E CONSID]$ AS M]ELY 

 *ILDI% PUNI%M5TS4 ,ONLY ! PLETE1 ! CAT-O'-N9E-TAILS1 DI/RIBUT$ AT WILL1 = ! 

 SLI<TE/ DEL9QU5CY1 & TO ! AM\NT DICTAT$ BY ! GOOD OR BAD TEMP] ( ! 

 MANAG]1 IS CONSID]$ AS A PUNI%M5T4 ,IT IS SO USUAL A ?+ 9 ! M9DS ( ! 

 OV]SE]S1 ?AT 0HUNDR$ PLETES10 A HUNDR$ LA%ES ) ! CAT-O'-N9E-TAILS1 

 >E ORD]$ ) ! SAME EAS9ESS AS ONE WEEK'S 9C>C]ATION W\LD BE ORD]$ 9 

 ,EUROPEAN PRISONS2 BUT !RE >E O!R HEAVI] PUNI%M5TS 9 /ORE3 = 9/ANCE1 ! 

 *A9+ = SEV]AL YE>S TO ! WALL ( AN UND]GR\ND BLACKHOLE1 ESPECIALLY AT ! 

 ,AKATUI PRISON2 ! RIVET+ = FIVE OR SIX YE>S TO ! B>R[1 :I* IS1 P]-HAPS1 ! 

 WOR/ IMAG9ABLE MORAL TORTURE2 & F9ALLY1 ! LEESSA 7! FOX7 -?AT IS1 A BEAM ( 

 WOOD1 OR A PIECE ( IRON1 WEI<+ =TY-EI<T P\NDS1 ATTA*$ TO ! *A9 = SEV]AL 

 YE>S4 ,! HORRIBLE PUNI%M5T BY ! LEESSA IS BECOM+ R>E1 BUT ! *A9+ = 

 SEV]AL YE>S TO A B>R[ IS QUITE USUAL4 ,QUITE REC5TLY1 ! POLITICAL CONVICTS1 ,POPKO1 

 ,FOMI*EFF1 & ,B]EZNUK W]E CONDEMN$1 = AN ATTEMPT AT ESCAPE FROM ! ,IRKUTSK PRISON1 

 TO BE RIVET$ TO B>R[S = TWO YE>S4 

,I H>DLY NE$ TO ADD ?AT ! SUP]9T5D5T ( 

 ! M9ES IS A K+ 9 HIS DOM9IONS1 & ?AT TO COMPLA9 AB\T HIM IS QUITE USELESS4 

 ,HE MAY ROB HIS 9MATES ( !IR LA/ COPP]S1 HE MAY SUBMIT !M TO ! MO/ 

 HORRIBLE PUNI%M5TS1 HE MAY TORTURE ! *ILDR5 ( CONVICTS-NO COMPLA9TS WILL REA* ! 

 AU?O-RITIES2 & ! CONVICT :O W\LD BE BOLD 5\< TO D>E A COMPLA9T W\LD BE SIMPLY 

 />V$ 9 BLACKHOLES1 OR KILL$ UND] ! PLETES4 ,ALL ?OSE :O WRITE AB\T EXILE 9 

 ,SIB]IA \<T TO BE> CON/ANTLY 9 M9D ?AT !RE IS NO S]I\S CONTROL OV] ! 

 MANAG]S ( ! P5AL COLONIES1 & ?AT AN HONE/ MAN WILL NEV] REMA9 = LONG AT ! 

 HEAD ( A P5AL COLONY 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,IF HE IS M]ELY HUMANE ) ! CONVICTS1 HE WILL BE DISMISS$ = :AT WILL BE DESCRIB$ AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG AS 

 DANG]\S S5TIM5TALISM4 ,IF NOT1 HE WILL BE EXPELL$ BY ! ASSOCIATION ( ROBB]S 

 :O GA!R >\ND SO LUCRATIVE A BUS9ESS AS ! MANAGEM5T ( A GOLD-M9E ( ! ,CR[N4 

 ,! ,RUSSIAN PROV]B SAYS 3 0,LET HIM N\RI% A ,CR[N'S SP>R[1 HE WILL N\RI% 

 ALL HIS FAMILY20 BUT A GOLD-M9E IS SOME?+ MU* MORE ATTRACTIVE ?AN A ,CR[N'S 

 SP>R[4 ,!RE >E ?\S&S ( CONVICTS TO SUPPLY ) FOOD & TOOLS2 !RE >E 

 ! MA*9ES TO REPAIR2 & !RE IS ! MO/ LUCRATIVE CL&E/9E TRADE 9 /OL5 GOLD4 

 ,!RE IS AT !SE M9ES A :OLE TRADITION & A SOLID ORGANIZATION ( ROBB]Y1 

 E/ABLI%$ & GR[N UP LONG AGO1 AN ORGANIZATION :I* EV5 ! DESPOTIC & ALMI<TY 

 ,M\RAVIEFF C\LD NOT BREAK D[N4 ,AN HONE/ MAN CA/ AMID !SE ORGANIZ$ GANGS ( 

 ROBB]S IS CONSID]$ BY HIS COMRADES AS A TR\BLESOME 9DIVIDUAL1 &1 IF NOT RECALL$ BY 

 ! ,GOV]NM5T1 HE WILL BE COMPELL$ TO LEAVE HIMSELF1 WE>Y ( W>F>E4 ,!RE=E1 

 ! ,K>A GOLD-M9ES HAVE SELDOM SE5 AT !IR HEAD HONE/ M5 LIKE ,B>BOT DE ,M>NY OR 

 ,KONONOVIT*1 BUT NE>LY ALWAYS SU* PEOPLE AS ,ROZ<ILDEEFF4 

,& SO IT GOES ON UNTIL \R [N TIMES4  

 ,NOT ONLY ! ABOM9ABLE CRUELTY ( ! MANAG]S ( ,K>A HAS BECOME PROV]BIAL1 BUT WE NE$ 

 NOT GO FUR!R BACK ?AN #ahga TO DISCOV] ! M$IEVAL TORTURE FL\RI%+ !RE 9 

 FULL4 ,EV5 SO CAUTI\S A WRIT] AS ,M4 ,YADR9TSEFF RELATES A CASE ( TORTURE APPLI$ 

 BY ! MANAG] ( ! M9ES1 ,DEMID(F1 TO A FREE WOMAN & TO H] DAU<T]1 ELEV5 YE>S 

 OLD4 0,9 #a#h#g#a10 HE SAYS1 0! *IEF ( ! ,K>A GOLD-M9ES1 ,DEMID(F1 

 WAS 9=M$ ( A MURD] COMMITT$ BY A CONVICT4 ,! BETT] TO DISCOV] ! DETAILS 

 ( ! CRIME1 ,DEMID(F SUBMITT$ TO TORTURE1 ?R\< ! EXECUTION]1 ! WIFE ( ! 

 MURD]] - A FREE WOMAN1 :O W5T TO ,SIB]IA TO FOLL[ H] HUSB& & H] DAU<T]1 

 ELEV5 YE>S OLD4 ,! GIRL WAS SUSP5D$ 9 ! AIR1 & ! EXECUTION] FLOGG$ H] FROM 

 ! HEAD TO ! SOLES ( H] FEET4 ,%E HAD ALREADY RECEIV$ SEV]AL LA%ES ) ! 

 CAT-O'-N9E-TAILS :5 %E ASK$ TO DR9K4 ,A SALT$ H]R+ WAS PRES5T$ TO H]4  

 ,! TORTURE W\LD HAVE BE5 PROSECUT$ IF ! EXECUTION] HAD NOT REFUS$ TO 

 CONT9UE40 7#b7  

,MAN DOES NOT BECOME SO F]OCI\S AT ONCE1 & EV]Y 

 9TELLIG5T ?9K] WILL DISCOV] BEH9D ?IS S+LE CASE A :OLE TRA9+ 9 CRUELTY ( 

 ! ,DEMID(FS2 A :OLE HORRIBLE /ORY ( B>B>ITIES C>RI$ ON ) ! CONVIC-TION ( 

 IMPUNITY4 ,AS ! WOMAN 9 ?IS CASE WAS NOT A CONVICT1 H] COMPLA9TS REA*$ ! 

 AU?ORITIES2 BUT1 = ONE CASE BR\<T TO ,PUB-LICITY1 H[ MANY HUNDR$S ( LIKE CASES 

 NEV] COME1 & NEV] WILL COME1 TO ! KN[L$GE ( PUBLIC OP9ION6 

,I HAVE BUT LITTLE TO SAY AB\T ?OSE 

 H>D-LABOR CONVICTS :O >E R5T$ ( ! ,CR[N BY PRIVATE [N]S ( GOLD-WA%+S4 ,?IS 

 9NOVATION WAS NOT YET 9TRODUC$ :5 ,I WAS SOJ\RN+ 9 ,SIB]IA1 & LITTLE HAS 

 TRANSPIR$ AB\T IT S9CE IT HAS BE5 PRACTIC$4 ,I KN[ ?AT ! EXP]IM5T HAS BE5 

 RECOGNIZ$ A FAILURE4 ,! BE/ PROPRIETORS DID NOT C>E TO EMPLOY CONVICTS1 AS !Y 

 SOON LE>N$ H[ EXP5SIVE EV]Y CONTACT ) ! AU?ORITIES IS 9 ,SIB]IA2 & ONLY ! 

 WOR/ [N]S CONT9U$ TO TAKE !M TO !IR M9ES4 ,AT SU* M9ES ! CONVICTS 

 HAD P]HAPS LESS TO SUFF] FROM !IR MANAG]S1 BUT /ILL MORE FROM WANT ( FOOD1 FROM 

 OV]WORK1 & BAD LODG+S1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! H>DNESS ( LONG J\RNEYS TO & FROM ! 

 GOLD-M9ES1 ON FOOTPA?S CROSS+ ! WILD ,SIB]IAN =E/S4 ,AS TO ! SALT-WORKS1 

 :]E A NUMB] ( CONVICTS >E /ILL EMPLOY$1 !Y IMPLY ! WOR/ K9D ( H>D LABOR1 

 & ,I %ALL NEV] =GET ! ,POLI% EXILES ,I SAW AT ! ,U/-,KUT SALT WORKS4 ,! 

 WAT] ( ! SALT SPR+S IS USUALLY PUMP$ BY MEANS ( ! MO/ PRIMITIVE MA*9ES2 & 

 ! WORK1 :I* IS PURSU$ EV5 DUR+ ! W9T]1 IS UNANIM\SLY CON-SID]$ AS ONE ( 

 ! MO/ EXHAU/+4 ,BUT ! CONDITION ( ?OSE M5 :O >E EMPLOY$ AT ! L>GE 

 PANS1 :]E ! SALT SOLUTION IS CONC5TRAT$ BY AN IMM5SE FIRE BLAZ+ UND] ! PANS1 

 IS /ILL WORSE4 ,!Y /AY = H\RS QUITE NAK$1 /IRR+ UP ! SALT 9 ! PAN2 

 ! P]SPIRATION IS LIT]ALLY /REAM+ ON !IR BODIES1 :IL/ !Y >E EXPOS$ TO A 

 /RONG CURR5T ( COLD AIR BL[+ ?R\< ! BUILD+ 9 ORD] TO ACCEL]ATE ! 

 EVAPORATION4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ! FEW :O >E EMPLOY$ AT SOME PRIVILEG$ WORK AT ! 

 M9E1 ,I HAVE SE5 BUT LIVID PHANTOMS1 AMONG :OM CONSUMPTION & SCURVY F9D AN ABUNDANT 

 H>VE/4  

,I %ALL NOT T\* 9 ?IS *APT] ! REC5T 

 9NOVATION--! H>D LABOR & SETTLEM5T ( CONVICTS 9 A NEW & REMOT] ,SIB]IA -- ! ISL& ( ,SAKHAL94 ,! FATE ( ! CONVICTS ON ?IS 

 ISL&1 :]E NOBODY W\LD SETTLE FREELY1 & !IR /RUGGLES AGA9/ AN 9HOSPITABLE SOIL 

 & CLIMATE1 DES]VE A SEP>ATE /UDY4 ,NOR %ALL ,I T\* ON !SE PAGES ! 

 CONDITION ( ! ,POLI% EXILES ( #a#h#f#d4 ,?IS SUBJECT DES]VES MORE ?AN A %ORT 

 NOTICE2 & ,I HAVE NOT YET SPOK5 ( ! IMM5SE CLASS ( EXILES TRANSPORT$ TO ,SIB]IA TO 

 BE SETTL$ !RE AS AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL LABOR]S4 

,?OSE :O >E CONDEMN$ TO H>D LABOR1 NOT 

 ONLY LOSE ALL !IR CIVIL & P]SONAL RI<TS1 !Y >E SEP>AT$ = EV] FROM !IR 

 MO!RL&4 ,AFT] !IR RELEASE FROM H>D LABOR !Y >E EMBODI$ 9 ! GREAT 

 CATEGORY ( ! SSYLNO-POSEL5TSY1 & !Y REMA9 9 ,SIB]IA = LIFE4 ,NO 

 POSSIBLE RETURN1 UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO ,RUSSIA4 ,! CATEGORY ( SETTL$ EXILES IS ! MO/ NUM]\S 9 

 ,SIB]IA4 ,IT COMPRISES NOT ONLY ! RELEAS$ H>D-LABOR CONVICTS1 BUT ALSO ! 

 NE>LY #c M5 & WOM5 7#b#h1#c#h#b 9 ! SPACE ( T5 YE>S1 #ahfg TO #a#h#g#f7 TRANSPORT$ 

 EV]Y YE> UND] ! HEAD ( SSYLNO-POSEL5TSY-?AT IS1 TO BE SETTL$ 9 ,SIB]IA1 ALSO = 

 LIFE1 & ) A TOTAL OR P>TIAL LOSS ( !IR CIVIL & P]SONAL RI<TS4 ,TO !SE 

 SSYLNO-POSEL5TSY-OR1 SIMPLY POSEL5TSY 9 ! CURR5T LANGUAGE-MU/ BE ADD$ ! 

 #b#c1#c#h#c EXIL$ DUR+ ! SAME T5 YE>S NA VODVOR5IEF ?AT IS1 TO BE SETTL$ ) A 

 P>TIAL LOSS ( !IR CIVIL RI<TS2 #beea EXIL$ NA JITIE 70TO LIVE 9 ,SIB]IA07 

 )\T LOSS ( !IR P]SONAL RI<TS2' & ! #g#f1#f#h#f EXIL$ DUR+ ! SAME TIME BY 

 SIMPLE ORD]S ( ! ,ADM9I/RATIVE1 MAK+ ?US A TOTAL ( NE>LY #a#c1 EXILES = T5 

 YE>S4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ FIVE YE>S ?IS FIGURE HAS /ILL 9CREAS$1 REA*+ FROM 

 #a#f1 TO #a#g1 EXILES EV]Y YE>4 ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID :AT >E ! 

 0CRIMES0 ( ?IS MASS ( HUMAN BE+S CA/ \T FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,AS TO !IR 

 SITUATION 9 ! L& ( EXILE1 IT PROV$ SO BAD ?AT A :OLE LIT]ATURE ON ?IS SUBJECT1 

 FULL ( ! MO/ T]RIBLE REVELATIONS1 HAS GR[N UP DUR+ ! LA/ T5 YE>S4 

 ,(FICIAL 9QUIRIES HAVE BE5 MADE1 & SCORES ( PAP]S HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ ON ! 

 CONSEQU5CES ( ! TRANSPORTATION TO ,SIB]IA1 ALL BE+ AGRE$ AS TO ! FOLL[+ CONCLUSION3--,LEAV+ ASIDE SOME ISOLAT$ CASES1 SU* AS ! EXCELL5T 

 9FLU5CE ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL EXILES ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( SKILL$ LABOR 

 9 ,SIB]IA1 AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! ,NONCON=MI/S & ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS 7:O HAVE BE5 

 TRANSPORT$ BY :OLE LEAV+ COMMUNES AT ONCE7 ON AGRICULTURE-- LEAV+ ASIDE !SE FEW 

 EXCEPTIONS1 ! GREAT MASS ( EXILES1 F> FROM SUPPLY+ ,SIB]IA ) USEFUL COLONI/S & SKILL$ WORK+-M51 SUPPLIES 

 IT ) A FLOAT+ POPULATION1 MO/LY />V+ & QUITE UNABLE TO DO ANY USEFUL WORK 7SEE 

 ! WORKS & PAP]S BY ,M,M4 ,MAXIM(F1 ,LV(F1 ,ZAVALISLH91 ,ROV9SKY1 ,YADR9TSEFF1 ,PEYS51 

 ,DR4 ,SP]*1 & MANY O!RS1 & ! EXTRACTS FROM (FICIAL 9QUIRIES !Y HAVE 

 PUBLI%$74  

,IT APPE>S FROM !SE 9VE/IGATIONS ?AT1 

 :IL/ MORE ?AN HALF A MILLION ( PEOPLE HAVE BE5 TRANSPORT$ TO ,SIB]IA DUR+ ! LA/ 

 SIXTY YE>S1 ONLY #b1 >E N[ ON ! LI/S ( ! LOCAL ,ADM9I/RATION 2 ! REMA9D] 

 HAVE DI$ )\T LEAV+ ANY PO/]ITY1 OR HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,EV5 ( !SE #b1 :O 

 FIGURE ON ! (FICIAL LI/S1 NO LESS ?AN ONE-?IRD1 ?AT IS1 #g1 7OR EV5 MU* MORE1 

 ACCORD+ TO O!R VALUATIONS71 HAVE DISAPPE>$ DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S )\T ANYBODY 

 KN[+ :AT HAS BECOME ( !M4 ,!Y HAVE VANI%$ LIKE A CL\D 9 ! SKY ON A HOT 

 SUMM] DAY4 ,P>T ( !M HAVE RUN AWAY & HAVE JO9$ ! HUMAN CURR5T1 #b1 M5 

 /RONG1 ?AT SIL5TLY FL[S ?R\< ! =E/-L&S ( ,SIB]IA1 FROM EA/ TO WE/1 

 T[>DS ! ,URALS4 ,O!RS-- & !SE >E ! GREAT NUMB]--ALREADY HAVE DOTT$ ) !IR 

 BONES ! 0 RUNAWAY PA?S 0 ( ! =E/S & M>%ES1 AS ALSO ! PA?S ?AT 

 LEAD TO & FROM ! GOLD-M9ES4 ,& ! REMA9D] CON/ITUTE ! FLOAT+ POPULATION ( 

 ! L>G] T[NS1 TRY+ TO ESCAPE AN OBNOXI\S SUP]-VISION BY ASSUM+ FALSE NAMES4 

 ,AS TO ! #a#c1 7OR MU* LESS1 ACCORD+ TO 

 O!R /ATI/ICIANS7 :O HAVE REMA9$ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION1 ! 

 UNANI-M\S TE/IMONY ( ALL 9QUIRIES1 (FICIAL OR PRIVATE1 IS ?AT !Y >E 9 SU* A 

 WRET*$ /ATE ( MIS]Y AS TO BE A REAL BURD5 ON ! C\NTRY4 ,EV5 9 ! MO/ F]TILE 

 PROV9CES ( ,SIB]IA-,TOMSK & ! S\!RN P>T ( ,TOBOLSK-ONLY ONE-QU>T] ( !M HAVE 

 !IR [N H\SES1 & ONLY ONE \T ( N9E HAVE BECOME AGRICULTURI/S4 ,9 ! EA/]N 

 PROV9CES ! PROPORTION IS /ILL LESS FAVORABLE4 ,?OSE :O >E NOT AGRICULTURI/S--& 

 !Y >E SOME HUNDR$ ?\S& M5 & WOM5 ?R\<\T ,SIB]IA-->E W&]+ FROM T[N 

 TO T[N )\T ANY P]MAN5T OCCUPATION1 OR GO+ TO & FROM ! GOLD-WA%+S1 OR 

 LIV+ 9 VILLAGES FROM H& TO M\?1 9 ! WOR/ IMAG9ABLE MIS]Y1 ) ALL ! VISES 

 ?AT NEV] FAIL TO FOLL[ MIS]Y4  7#c7  

,SEV]AL CAUSES CONTRIBUTE TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( ?IS RESULT4 ,! *IEF ONE--ALL 

 AGREE 9 ?AT--IS ! DEMORALIZATION ! CONVICTS UND]GO 9 ! PRISONS1 & DUR+ !IR 

 P]EGR9ATIONS ON ! ETAPES4 ,LONG BE=E HAV+ REA*$ !IR DE/9ATION 9 

 ,SIB]IA1 !Y >E DEMORALIZ$4 ,! LAZ9ESS 5=C$ = YE>S ON ! 9MATES ( 

 TILE LOCK-UPS2 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PASSION = GAMES ( HAZ>D2 ! SY/EMATIC 

 SUPPRESSION ( ! WILL ( ! PRISON]1 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( PASSIVE QUALITIES1 QUITE 

 OPPOSITE TO ! MORAL /R5G? REQUIR$ = COLONIZ+ A Y\NG C\NTRY2 ! PRO/RATION ( 

 ! /R5G? ( *>ACT] & ! DEVELOPM5T ( L[ PASSIONS1 ( %ALL[ & FUTILE 

 DESIRES1 & ( ANTI-SOCIAL CONCEPTIONS G5]AT$ BY ! PRISON-ALL ?IS \<T TO BE KEPT 

 9 M9D TO REALIZE ! DEP? ( MORAL CORRUPTION ?AT IS SPREAD BY \R JAILS1 & TO 

 UND]/& H[ AN 9MATE ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS NEV] CAN BE ! MAN TO 5DURE ! H>D 

 /RUGGLE = LIFE 9 ! SUB->CTIC ,RUSSIAN COLONY4 

  

,BUT NOT ONLY IS ! MORAL =CE ( ! CONVICT 

 BROK5 BY ! PRISON2 HIS PHYSICAL =CE1 TOO1 IS MO/LY BROK5 = EV] BY ! J\RNEY 

 & ! SOJ\RN AT ! H>D-LABOR COLONIES4 ,MANY CONTRACT1 9CURABLE DISEASES2 ALL 

 >E WEAK4 ,AS TO ?OSE :O HAVE SP5T SOME TW5TY YE>S 9 H>D-LABOR 7AN ATTEMPT AT 

 ESCAPE EASILY BR+S ! SECLUSION TO ?IS L5G?71 !Y >E = ! MO/ P>T ABSOLUTELY 

 UNABLE TO P]=M ANY WORK4 ,EV5 PUT 9 ! BE/ CIRCUM/ANCES1 !Y W\LD /ILL BE 

 A BURD5 ON ! COMMUNITY4 ,BUT ! CONDITIONS IMPOS$ ON ! POSEL5TSY >E V]Y 

 H>D4 ,HE IS S5T TO SOME REMOTE VILLAGE COMMUNE1 :]E HE RECEIVES SEV]AL ACRES ( 

 K9D-! LEA/ F]TILE 9 ! COMMUNE1 & HE MU/ BECOME A F>M]4 ,9 REALITY HE 

 KN[S NO?+ ( ! PRACTICE ( AGRICULTURE 9 ,SIB]IA1 &1 AFT] ?REE OR F\R YE>S' 

 DET5TION1 HE HAS LO/ ! TA/E = IT1 EV5 IF HE =M]LY WAS AN AGRICULTURI/4 

 ,! VILLAGE COMMUNE RECEIVES HIM ) HO/ILITY & SCORN4 ,HE IS 0A 

 ,RUSSIAN0--A T]M ( CONTEMPT ) ! ,SIB]YAK--&1 MOREOV]1 A CONVICT6 ,HE IS 

 ALSO ONE ( ?OSE :OSE TRANSPORT & ACCOMMODATION CO/ ! ,SIB]IAN PEASANT SO HEAVILY4 

 ,= ! MO/ P>T HE IS NOT M>RI$ & CANNOT M>RY1 ! PROPORTION ( EXIL$ 

 WOM5 BE+ AS ONE TO SIX M51 & ! ,SIB]YAK WILL NOT ALL[ HIM TO M>RY HIS DAU<T]1 

 NOT)/&+ ! FIFTY RUBLES ALL[$ 9 ?IS CASE BY ! ,/ATE1 BUT USUALLY MELT$ 

 AWAY ON !IR LONG J\RNEY ?R\< ! H&S ( NUM]\S (FICIALS4 ,!RE WAS NO 

 LACK 9 ,SIB]IA ( (FICIAL S*EME-9V5TORS :O ORD]$ ! PEASANTS TO BUILD H\SES = 

 ! EXILES1 & :O SETTL$ ! POSEL5TSY1 FIVE OR SIX TOGE!R1 DREAM+ ( PA/ORAL 

 EXILE-COMMUNITIES4 ,! PRACTICAL RESULT WAS 9V>IABLY ! SAME4 ,! FIVE 

 POSEL5TSY ?US ASSOCIAT$ 9 !IR MIS]IES 9V>IABLY RAN AWAY AFT] A USELESS /RUGGLE 

 AGA9/ />VATION1 & W5T UND] FALSE NAMES TO ! T[NS1 OR TO ! GOLD-M9ES1 9 

 SE>* ( ,IAB\R4 ,:OLE VILLAGCS ) EMPTY H\SES ON ! ,SIB]IAN HI<-WAY /ILL 

 REM9D ! TRAVEL] ( ! /]ILITY ( (FICIAL ,UTOPIAS 9TRODUC$ ) ! HELP ( 

 BIR* RODS4  

  

,?OSE :O F9D SOME EMPLOYM5T ON ! F>MS ( 

 ! ,SIB]IAN PEASANTS >E NOT HAPPI]4 ,! :OLE SY/EM ( 5GAG+ WORKM5 9 

 ,SIB]IA IS BAS$ ON GIV+ !M L>GE SUMS ( H&-MONEY 9 ADVANCE1 9 ORD] TO PUT !M 

 P]MAN5TLY 9 DEBT1 & TO R$UCE !M TO A K9D ( P]PETUAL S]FDOM2 & ! ,SIB]IAN 

 PEASANTS L>GELY USE ?IS CU/OM4 ,AS TO ?OSE EXILES-& !Y >E ! GREAT 

 PROPORTION-:O E>N !IR LIVELIHOOD BY WORK ON ! GOLD-WA%+S1 !Y >E DEPRIV$ ( 

 ALL !IR SAV+S AS SOON AS !Y HAVE REA*$ ! FIR/ VILLAGE & PUBLIC-H\SE1 AFT] 

 ! F\R OR FIVE MON?S ( LABOR-( H>D LABOR1 9 FACT1 ) ALL ITS PRIVATIONS--AT ! M9ES4 ,! 

 VILLAGES ON ! ,L5A1 ! ,Y5ISSEI1 ! ,KAN1 @&C41 :]E ! P>TIES ( GOLD-M9]S 

 >RIVE 9 ! AUTUMN1 >E WIDELY FAM$ = ?IS PECULI>ITY4 ,& :O DOES NOT KN[ 

 9 ,SIB]IA ! TWO WRET*$1 MIS]ABLE HAMLETS ON ! ,L5A1 :I* HAVE RECEIV$ ! NAMES 

 ( ,P>IS & ,LONDON1 FROM ! ADMIRABLE SKILL ( !IR 9HABITANTS 9 DEPRIV+ ! M9]S 

 ( !IR V]Y LA/ COPP]8 ,:5 ! M9] HAS LEFT 9 ! PUBLIC-H\SE HIS LA/ HAT 

 & %IRT1 HE IS IMM$IATELY RE5GAG$ BY ! AG5TS ( ! GOLD-M9+ COMPANY = ! 

 NEXT SUMM]1 & RECEIVES 9 EX*ANGE = HIS 0PASSPORT1 SOME H&-MONEY = 

 RETURN+ HOME4 ,HE COMES TO HIS VILLAGE ) EMPTY H&S1 & ! LONG W9T] MON?S 

 HE WILL SP5D--P]HAPS1 9 ! NEXT LOCK-UP6 ,9 %ORT1 ! F9AL CONCLUSION ( ALL 

 (FICIAL 9QUIRIES :I* HAVE BE5 MADE UP TO ?IS TIME IS1 ?AT ! FEW H\SEKEEP]S 

 AMONG ! EXILES >E 9 A WRET*$ /ATE ( MIS]Y2 & ?AT ! PAUP]S >E EI!R S]FS 

 TO ! F>M]S & M9E-PROPRIETORS OR1 -TO USE ! WORDS ( AN (FICIAL REPORT-0 >E 

 DY+ FROM HUNG] & COLD40 

,! TAIGA-! =E/-L& :I* COV]S 

 ?\S&S ( SQU>E MILES 9 ,SIB]IA-IS ?ICKLY PEOPL$ ) RUNAWAYS1 :O SL[LY 

ADVANCE1 LIKE A CONT9U\S HUMAN /REAM1 T[>DS ! WE/1 MOV$ BY ! 

HOPE ( F9ALLY REA*+ !IR NATIVE VILLAGES ON ! O!R SLOPE ( ! 

,URALS4 ,AS SOON AS ! CUCKOO CRIES1 ANN\NC+ TO ! PRISON]S ?AT 

! WOODS >E FREE FROM !IR SN[ COV]+1 ?AT !Y CAN %ELT] A MAN 

)\T ! RISK ( HIS BECOM+ DUR+ ! NI<T A MOTIONLESS BLOCK ( 

ICE1 & ?AT !Y WILL SOON PROVIDE ! W&]] ) MU%ROOMS & B]RIES1 

?\S&S ( CONVICTS MAKE !IR ESCAPE FROM ! GOLD-M9ES & SALT-WORKS1 

FROM ! VILLAGES :]E !Y />V$1 & FROM ! T[NS :]E !Y CONCEAL$ 

!M-SELVES4 ,GUID$ BY ! POL> />1 OR BY ! MOSSES ON ! TREES1 

OR BY OLD RUNAWAYS :O HAVE ACQUIR$ 9 ! PRISONS ! PRECI\S KN[-L$GE 

( ! 0RUNAWAY PA?S0 & 0RUNAWAY /ATIONS10 !Y UND]TAKE ! LONG 

& P]IL\S BACKW>D J\RNEY4 ,!Y PASS >\ND ,LAKE ,BAIKAL1 CLIMB+ 

! HI< & WILD M\NTA9S ON ITS %ORES1 OR !Y CROSS IT ON A RAFT1 

OR EV5-- AS ! POPUL> SONG SAYS--9 A FI%-CASK4 ,!Y AVOID ! 

HI<WAYS1 ! T[NS1 & ! SETTLEM5TS ( ! ,BURYATES1 BUT FREELY CAMP 

9 ! WOODS >\ND ! T[NS2 & EA* SPR+ Y\ SEE AT ,T*ITA ! FIRES 

( ! *ALDONS  

7RUNAWAYS7 LI<T$ ALL >\ND ! LITTLE CAPITAL ( ,TRANS- BAIKALIA1 ON ! WOODY SLOPES ( ! SURR\ND- + M\NTA9S4 ,!Y FREELY 5T] ALSO ! ,KUSSIAN VILLAGES1 :]E !Y F9D1 UP TO ! PRES5T DAY1 BREAD & MILK EXPOS$ ON ! W9D[S ( ! PEASANTS' H\SES 0 = ! POOR RUNAWAYS4'"9  

,AS LONG AS NO?+ IS /OL5 BY ! RAMBL]S1 !Y MAY BE SURE ( NOT BE+ DI/URB$ 9 !IR J\RNEY BY ! PEASANTS4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ANY ( !M BREAKS ?IS TACIT MUTUAL 5GAGEM5T1 ! ,SIB]YAKS BECOME PITILESS4 ,! HUNT]S -- & EA* ,SIB]IAN VILLAGE HAS ITS TRAPP]S -- SPREAD ?R\< ! =E/S1 & PITILESSLY EXT]M9ATE ! RUNAWAYS1 SOMETIMES ) AN ABOM9ABLE REF9EM5T ( CRUELTY4 ,SOME ?IRTY YE>S AGO1 "9"9 TO HUNT ! *ALDONS 0 WAS A TRADE1 & ! HUMAN *ASE HAS /ILL REMA9$ A TRADE ) A FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 ESPECIALLY ) ! H>YMS OR HALF-BRE$S4 0 ,! ANTELOPE GIVES BUT ONE SK910 !SE HUNT]S SAY1 0 :IL/ !  

,I HAVE N[ TO EXAM9E ! SITUATION ( POLITICAL EXILES 9 ,SIB]IA4  

,( C\RSE ,I %ALL NOT V5TURE TO TELL H]E ! /ORY ( POLITICAL EXILE 

S9CE ! YE> #a#f#g1 :5 ONE ( ! =EFA!RS ( ! N[ REIGN+ DYNA/Y1 

,VASSILIY ,NIKITI* ,ROMAN(F OP5$ ! LONG LI/ ( PROSCRIPTIONS1 & T]M9AT$ HIS 

LIFE 9 AN UND]GR\ND CELL AT ,NYRDOB1 LOAD$ ) SIXTY-F\R P\NDS' WEI<T 

( HEAVY *A9S4 ,I %ALL NOT TRY TO REVIVE ! HORRIBLE /ORY ( 

! ,B> CONF$]ATES >RIV+ 9 ,SIB]IA ) !IR NOSES & E>S TORN 

AWAY1 &--SO SAYS1 AT LEA/1 ! TRADITION--ROLL$ D[N ! HILL ( ! 

,KREML AT ,TOBOLSK TI$ TO BIG TREES2 ,I %ALL NOT TELL ! 9FAMIES ( ! 

MADMAN ,TRESK9 & HIS ISPRAVNIK ,LOSKUT(F 2 NOR DWELL UPON ! EXECUTION 

( ,M>* #g?1 #a#h#c#g1 :5 ! ,POLES ,SZOKASKI1 ,SI]OCZYNSKI1 & F\R O!RS 

W]E KILL$ UND] ! /ROKES ( ! RODS2 NOR WILL ,I DESCRIBE ! SUFF]+S 

( ! 0,DECEMBRI/S0 & ( ! EXILES ( ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4'S 

REIGN 2 NEI!R GIVE H]E ! LI/ ( \R POETS & PUBLICI/S EXIL$ TO 

,SIB]IA S9CE ! TIMES ( ,RADIS*EFF UNTIL ?OSE ( ,ODOEVSKY1 & LAT] 

ON1 ( ,T*]NY%EVSKY & ,MIKHAIL(F4 ,I %ALL SPEAK ONLY ( ?OSE 

POLITICAL EXILES :O >E N[ 9 ,SIB]IA4 

,K>A IS ! PLACE :]E ?OSE CONDEMN$ TO H>D LABOR W]E IMPRISON$1 

TO ! NUMB] ( #ae M5 & WOM51 DUR+ ! AUTUMN ( #a#h#h#b4 ,AFT] 

HAV+ BE5 KEPT FROM TWO TO F\R YE>S 9 PRELIM9>Y DET5TION AT ! 

,/4 ,PET]SBURG =TRESS1 AT ! FAM\S ,LITOVSKIY ,ZAMOK1 AT ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 

,H\SE ( ,DET5-TION1 & 9 PROV9CIAL PRISONS1 !Y W]E S5T1 AFT] !IR 

CONDEMNATION TO ! ,KH>K(F ,C5TRAL ,PRISON4 ,!RE !Y REMA9$ 

= ?REE TO FIVE YE>S1 AGA9 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T1 )\T ANY OCCUPATION4  

,!N !Y W]E TRANSF]R$1 = A FEW MON?S TO ! ,MTS5SK DEPOT --:]E 

!Y W]E TREAT$ MU* BETT]--& !NCE !Y W]E S5T TO ,TRANSBAIKALIA4  

,MO/ ( !M P]=M$ ! J\RNEY TO ,K>A 9 ! MANN] ,I HAVE ALREADY 

DESCRIB$--ON FOOT BEYOND ,TOMSK1 & *A9$4 ,A FEW W]E FAVOR$ ) ! 

USE ( C>S1 = SL[LY MOV+ FROM ONE ETAPE TO ANO!R4 ,EV5 !SE 

LA/ DESCRIBE ?IS J\RNEY AS A REAL TORTURE1 & SAY3 --0,PEOPLE BECOME 

MAD FROM ! MORAL & PHYSICAL TORTURES 5DUR$ DUR+ SU* A J\RNEY4  

,! WIFE ( ,DR4 ,BIELYI1 :O ACCOM-PANI$ H] HUSB&1 & TWO OR ?REE 

O!RS1 HAVE HAD ?IS FATE40 

,! PRISON :]E !Y >E KEPT AT ,MIDDLE ,K>A IS ONE ( ?OSE ROTT5 BUILD+S 

,I HAVE ALREADY M5TION$4 ,IT WAS OV]CR[D$ :5 N9ETY-ONE M5 

W]E CONF9$ 9 IT1 & IT IS /ILL MORE OV]CR[D$ S9CE ! >RIVAL 

( SIXTY MORE PRISON]S2 W9D & SN[ FREELY 5T] ! 9T]/ICES BETWE5 

! ROTT5 PIECES ( LOGWOOD ( ! WALLS1 & FROM B5EA? ! ROTT5 

PLANKS ( ! FLOOR4 ,! *IEF FOOD ( ! PRISON]S IS RYE-BREAD 

& SOME BUCK:EAT 2 MEAT IS DI/RIBUT$ ONLY :5 !Y >E AT WORK 9 

! GOLD-M9E1 ?AT IS1 DUR+ ?REE MON?S \T ( TWELVE1 & ONLY TO 

FIFTY M5 \T ( #a#e4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! LAW & CU/OM1 ALL W]E *A9$ 

9 #a#h#h#a1 & W5T TO WORK LOAD$ ) *A9S4 

,!RE IS NO HOSPITAL = 'C ! POLITICAL10 & ! SICK1 :O >E NUM]\S1 

REMA9 ON ! PLAT=MS1 SIDE BY SIDE ) ALL O!RS1 9 ! SAME COLD 

ROOMS1 9 ! SAME SUFFOCAT+ ATMOSPH]E4 ,EV5 ! 9SANE ,MADAME 

,KOVALEVSKAYA IS /ILL KEPT 9 PRISON4 ,HAPPILY 5\<1 !RE >E SURGEONS 

AMONG !M4 ,AS TO ! SURGEON ( ! PRISON1 IT IS SUFFICI5T TO SAY ( 

HIM ?AT ! 9SANE ,MADAME ,KOVALEVSKAYA WAS KICK$ D[N & BEAT5 UND] 

HIS EYES DUR+ AN ATTACK ( MADNESS4 ,! WIVES ( ! PRISON]S 

W]E ALL[$ TO /AY AT ,L[] ,K>A1 & TO VISIT !IR HUSB&S TWICE A 

WEEK1 AS ALSO TO BR+ !M BOOKS4 ,! GREAT] NUMB] >E SL[LY 

DY+ FROM CONSUMPTION1 & ! LI/ ( DEA?S RAPIDLY 9CREASES4 

,BUT ! MO/ HORRIBLE CURSE ( H>D LABOR AT ,K>A IS ! ABSOLUTE >BITR>9ESS 

( ! JAIL]S2 ! PRISON]S >E COMPLETELY AT ! M]CY ( ! CAPRICES 

( M5 :O W]E NOM9AT$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T ) ! SPECIAL PURPOSE (  

0KEEP+ !M 9 UR*9-GLOVES40 ,! *IEF ( ! G>RISON OP5LY 

SAYS HE W\LD BE HAPPY IF SOME 0POLITICAL0 (F5D$ HIM1 AS ! (F5D] 

W\LD BE HANG$ 2 ! SURGEON DOCTORS BY MEANS ( HIS FI/S 2 & ! ADJUTANT 

( ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL1 A ,CAPTA9 ,ZAG>M1 L\DLY SAID1 0,I AM Y\R ,GOV]NOR1 

Y\R ,M9I/]1 Y\R ,CZ>10 :5 ! PRISON]S ?REAT5$ HIM ) MAK+ 

A COMPLA9T TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ,JU/ICE4 ,ONE MU/ READ ! /ORY ( 

! 09SURRECTION0 AT ! ,KRASNOY>SK PRISON1 PROVOK$ BY ?IS ,CAPTA9 

,ZAG>9 TO BE CONV9C$ ?AT ! RI<T PLACE = SU* AN 9DIVIDUAL W\LD 

BE A LUNATIC ASYLUM4 ,EV5 LADIES DID NOT ESCAPE HIS MAD BRUTALITY1 

& W]E SUBMITT$ BY HIM TO A TREATM5T :I* REVOLT$ ! SIMPLE/ FEEL+S 

( DEC5CY2 &1 :5 ! PRISON] ,S*$R91 9 DEF5SE ( HIS BRIDE1 GAVE 

HIM A BL[ ON HIS FACE1 ! MILIT>Y ,C\RT CONDEMN$ ,S*$R9 TO DEA?4  

,G5]AL ,P$A%5KO ACT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! L\DLY EXPRESS$ PUBLIC 

FEEL+ AT ,IRKUTSK1 :5 HE COMMUT$ ! S5T5CE ( DEA? 9TO A S5T5CE 

( 9C>C]ATION = A =TNI<T1 BUT FEW (FICIALS HAVE ! C\RAGE ( 

! !N PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL ( ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA4 ,! BLACKHOLES1 

! *A9S1 ! RIVET+ TO B>R[S1 >E USUAL PUNI%M5TS1 & !Y >E 

ACCOMPANI$ SOMETIMES ) ! REGULATION 0HUNDR$ PLETES40  

,I %ALL KILL Y\ UND] ! RODS1 Y\ WILL ROT 9 ! BLACKHOLES10 SU* 

IS ! LANGUAGE ?AT CONT9UALLY S\NDS 9 ! E>S (' ! PRISON]S4  

,BUT1 HAPPILY 5\<1 CORPORAL PUNI%M5T HAS NOT BE5 US$ ) POLITICAL 

PRISON]S4 ,A FIFTY YE>S' EXP]I5CE HAS TAU<T ! (FICIALS ?AT 

! DAY IT WAS APPLI$ 0W\LD BE A DAY ( GREAT BLOOD%$10 AS ! PUBLI%]S 

( ! ,WILL ( ! PEOPLE SAID :5 DESCRIB+ ! LIFE ( !IR FRI5DS 

9 ,SIB]IA4 

,AS TO ! PRESCRIPTIONS ( ! LAW ) REG>D TO EXILES1 !Y >E OP5LY 

TRAMPL$ UPON BY ! HI<] & L[] AU?ORITIES4 ,?US1 ,USP5SKIY1 

,T*>\%91 ,SEM5OVSKIY1 ,%I%KO W]E LIB]AT$ FROM ! PRISON & SETTL$ 

9 ! ,K>A VILLAGE AFT] HAV+ REA*$ ! T]M ( 0PROBATION0 E/ABLI%$ 

BY ! LAW4 ,BUT 9 #a#h#h#a1 A M9I/]IAL DECISION1 TAK5 AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 

)\T ANY REASONABLE CAUSE1 ORD]$ !M TO BE AGA9 LOCK$ UP4  

,! LAW BE+ ?US TRAMPL$ UND] FOOT1 & ! LA/ HOPES ( AMELIORATION 

( ! FATE ( ! PRISON]S HAV+ ?US VANI%$1 TWO ( !M COMMITT$ 

SUICIDE4 ,USP5SKIY1 :O 5DUR$ HORRIBLE SUFF]+S 9 H>D LABOR 

S9CE #a#h#f#g1 & :OSE *>ACT] C\LD NOT BE BROK5 BY !SE PA9S1 

WAS UNABLE TO LIVE MORE ( ?IS HOPELESS LIFE1 & FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE 

( HIS TWO COMRADES4 ,IF ! POLITICAL CONVICTS AT ,K>A W]E COMMON MURD]]S1 

!Y W\LD /ILL HAVE ! HOPE ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ P]=M$ !IR SEV51 

T51 OR TWELVE YE>S ( H>D LABOR = HAV+ SPREAD ,SOCIALI/ PAMPHLETS 

AMONG WORK-M51 !Y W\LD F9ALLY BE SET AT LIB]TY & TRANSF]R$ TO 

SOME PROV9CE ( ,S\!RN ,SIB]IA1 ?US BECOM+ SETTL]S1 ACCORD+ TO 

! PRESCRIPTIONS ( \R P5AL SY/EM4 ,BUT !RE IS NO LAW = POLITICAL 

EXILES4 ,T*]NY-%EVSKY1 ! TRANSLATOR ( ,J4 ,S4 ,MILL'S 0,POLITICAL 

,ECONOMY10 T]M9AT$ 9 #ahga HIS SEV5 YE>S ( H>D LABOR4 ,IF HE HAD 

MURD]$ HIS FA!R & MO!R1 & BURN$ A H\SE ) A DOZ5 *ILDR51 

HE W\LD BE SETTL$ AT ONCE 9 SOME VILLAGE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ,IRKUTSK4 

,BUT HE HAD WRITT5 ECONOMICAL PAP]S2 HE HAD PUBLI%$ !M ) ! AU?ORIZATION 

( ! ,C5SOR%IP 2 ! ,GOV]NM5T CONSID]$ HIM AS A POSSIBLE LEAD] 

( ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,P>TY 9 ,RUSSIA1--& HE WAS BURI$ 9 ! HAMLET 

( ,VILUISK1 AMID M>%ES & =E/S1 #e MILES BEYOND ,YAKUTSK4 ,!RE1 

ISOLAT$ FROM ALL ! \TSIDE WORLD1 CLOSELY WAT*$ 

BY TWO G5D>MES :O LODG$ 9 HIS H\SE1 HE WAS KEPT = T5 YE>S1 & 

NEI!R ! 5TREATIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN PRESS NOR ! RESOLUTIONS ( AN ,9T]-NATIONAL 

,LIT]>Y ,CONGRESS C\LD SAVE HIM FROM ! H&S ( A SUSPICI\S ,GOV]NM5T4  

,SU* WILL BE1 TOO1 )\T D\BT1 ! FATE ( ?OSE :O >E N[ KEPT AT 

,K>A4 ,! DAY !Y BECOME POSEL5TSY WILL NOT BE = !M A DAY ( 

LIBE-RATION 3 IT WILL BE A DAY ( TRANSPORTATION FROM ! MILD] REGIONS 

( ,TRANSBAIKALIA TO ! TUNDRAS )9 ! ,>CTIC ,CIRCLE4 

,H[EV] BITT] ! CONDITION 

( ! H>D-,IAB\R CONVICTS 9 ,SIB]IA1 ! ,GOV]NM5T HAS SUCCE$$ 9 

PUNI%+ AS H>DLY1 & P]HAPS EV5 MORE SO1 ?OSE ( ITS POLITICAL FOES 

:OM IT C\LD NOT CONDEMN TO H>D LABOR OR EXILE1 EV5 BY MEANS ( PACK$ 

C\RTS1 NOM9AT$ AD HOC4 ,?IS RESULT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ BY MEANS 

( ! 0,ADM9I/RATIVE EXILE10 OR TRANSPORTATION TO 0MORE OR LESS REMOTE 

PROV9CES ( ! ,EMPIRE0 )\T JUDGM5T1 )\T ANY K9D OR EV5 PHANTOM 

( TRIAL1 ON A S+LE ORD] ( ! OMNIPOT5T ,*IEF ( ! ,?IRD ,SECTION4 

  

 ,EV]Y YE> SOME FIVE OR 

SIX HUNDR$ Y\NG M5 & WOM5 >E >RE/$ UND] SUSPICION ( REVOLUTION>Y 

AGITATION4 ,! 9QUIRY LA/S = SIX MON?S1 TWO YE>S1 OR MORE1 ACCORD+ 

TO ! NUMB] ( P]SONS >RE/$ 9 CONNECTION (1 0! AFFAIR40)1 

& ! IMPORTANCE ,ONE-T5? ( !M >E COMMITT$ = TRIAL4 ,AS TO ! 

REMA9D]1 ALL ?OSE AGA9/ :OM !RE IS NO SPECIFIC *>GE1 BUT :O 

W]E REPRE-S5T$ AS 0DANG]\S0 BY ! SPIES2 ALL ?OSE :O1 ON ACC\NT 

( !IR 9TELLIG5CE1 5]GY & 0RADICAL OP9IONS10 >E SUPPOS$ TO BE 

ABLE TO BECOME DANG]\S2 & ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O HAVE %[N DUR+ ! 

IMPRISONM5T A ''SPIRIT ( IRREV]5CE0-->E EXIL$ TO SOME MORE OR LESS 

REMOTE SPOT1 BETWE5 ! P59SULA ( ,KOLA & ?AT ( ,KAM*ATKA4 ,! OP5 

& FRANK DESPOTISM ( ,NI*OLAS ,I4 C\LD NOT ACCOMMODATE ITSELF TO SU* 

HYPOCRITICAL MEANS ( PROSECUTION 2 & DUR+ ! REIGN ( ! 'IRON DESPOT' 

! ,ADM9I/RATIVE EXILE WAS R>E4 ,BUT ?R\<\T ! REIGN ( ,ALEX&] 

,I,I41 S9CE #a#h#f#b1 IT HAS BE5 US$ ON SO IMM5SE A SCALE1 ?AT Y\ H>DLY WILL F9D N[ A HAMLET1 OR BOR\<1 BEYOND ! 

FIFTY-FIF? DEGREE ( LATITUDE1 FROM ! B\ND>Y ( ,NORWAY TO ! COA/S 

( ! ,SEA ( ,OKHOTSK1 NOT CONTA9+ FIVE1 T51 TW5TY ,ADM9I/RATIVE 

EXILES4 ,9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#h#h#a1 !RE W]E #bi AT ,P9EGRA1 A HAMLET :I* HAS BUT #ge 9HABITANTS1 #ee AT ,MEZ5 7#a#h 9HABITANTS71 

#aa AT ,KOLA 7#g#d 9HABITANTS71 #dg AT ,KHOLMOGORY--A VILLAGE HAV+ BUT #i H\SES1 #af AT 

,Z>AISK 7#e 9HABI-TANTS71 #ai AT ,Y5ISEISK1 & SO ON4 

,! CAUSES ( EXILE W]E 

ALWAYS ! SAME2 /UD5TS & GIRLS SUSPECT$ ( SUBV]SIVE IDEAS2 WRIT]S 

:OM IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO PROSECUTE = !IR WRIT+S1 BUT :O W]E KN[N 

TO BE IMBU$ ) 0 A DANGOR\S SPIRIT 20 WORKM5 :O HAVE SPOK5 0AGA9/ 

! AU?ORITIES 20 P]SONS :O HAVE BE5 0IRREV]5T0 TO SOME GOV]NOR 

( PROV9CE1 OR ISPVAVNIK1 & SO ON1 W]E TRANSPORT$ BY HUNDR$S EV]Y 

YE> TO PEOPLE ! HAMLETS ( ! 0MORE OR LESS RE-MOTE PROV9CES ( ! 

,EMPIRE40 ,AS TO ,RADICAL PEOPLE SUSPECT$ ( 0DANG]\S T5D5CIES10 ! 

B>E/ D5UNCIATION & ! MO/ FUTILE SUSPICIONS W]E SUFFICI5T = 

S]V+ AS A MOTIVE TO EXILE4 ,:5 GIRLS 7LIKE ,MISS ,B>D9E1,S\BBOT9E1 

,LUBATOVI*1 & SO MANY O!RS7 W]E CONDEMN$ TO SIX OR EI<T YE>S ( 

H>D LABOR = HAV+ GIV5 ONE ,SOCIALI/IC PAMPHLET TO ONE WORKMAN 2 

:5 O!RS 7LIKE ,MISS ,G\KOVSKAYA1 F\RTE5 YE>S OLD7 W]E CONDEMN$ 

TO EXILE AS POSEL5TSY = HAV+ %\T$ 9 ! CR[D ?AT IT IS A %AME 

TO CONDEMN PEOPLE TO DEA? = NO?+2 :5 H>D LABOR & EXILE W]E 

SO EASILY DI/RIBUT$ BY ! C\RTS1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ONLY ?OSE W]E 

EXIL$ BY ! ,ADM9I/RATIVE1 AGA9/ :OM NO PALPABLE *>GE AT ALL C\LD 

BE PRODUC$4 7#d7 ,9 %ORT1 ! ,ADM9I/RATIVE EXILE BECAME SO SC&AL\SLY 

EXT5D$ DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 ?AT1 AS SOON AS ! ,PROV9CIAL 

,ASSEMBLIES RECEIV$ SOME LIB]TY ( SPEE* DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,LORIS-,MELIK(F1 

A LONG S]IES ( REPRES5TATIONS W]E ADDRESS$ BY ! ,ASSEMBLIES TO ! 

,EMP]OR1 ASK+ = ! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ?IS K9D ( EXILE1 & 

/IGMATIZ+ 9 VIGOR\S EXPRESSIONS ?IS MON/R\S PRACTICE4  7#e7  

,IT IS KN[N ?AT NO?+ HAS BE5 DONE1 & AFT] HAV+ L\DLY ANN\NC$ 

ITS 9T5TION ( P>DON+ ! EXILES1 ! ,GOV]NM5T HAS M]ELY NOM9AT$ 

A COMMISSION :I* EXAM9$ ! CASES1 P>DON$ A FEW--V]Y FEW--& APPO9T$ 

= ! GREAT] NUMB] A T]M ( FIVE TO SIX YE>S1 :5 EA* CASE WAS 

TO BE REEXAM9$4 7#f7  ,!Y HAVE BE5 REEXAM9$ 9DE$1 & = V]Y MANY 

! DET5TION WAS PROLONG$ = ?REE YE>S1 AFT] :I* T]M !IR CASES 

WILL BE REEXAM9$ AGA94 ,A GREAT MANY DID NOT WAIT = ! NEW REEXAM9ATION1 

& LA/ YE> !RE WAS A REAL EPIDEMIC ( SUICIDES 9 ,SIB]IA4 

  

,ONE WILL EASILY REALIZE 

! CONDITIONS ( !SE EXILES IF HE IMAG9ES A /UD5T1 OR A GIRL FROM 

A WELL-TO-DO FAMILY1 OR A SKILL$ WORKMAN1 TAK5 BY TWO G5D>MES TO A 

BOR\< NUMB]+ A HUNDR$ H\SES & 9HABIT$ BY A FEW ,LAPO-NIANS OR 

,RUSSIAN HUNT]S1 BY ONE OR TWO FUR-TRAD]S1 BY ! PRIE/1 & BY ! POLICE 

(FICIAL4 ,BREAD IS AT FAM9E PRICES2 EA* MANUFACTUR$ >TICLE CO/S ITS WEI<T 9 SILV]1 &1 ( C\RSE1 !RE IS ABSOLUTELY 

NO MEANS ( E>N+ EV5 A %ILL+4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T GIVES TO SU* EXILES 

ONLY F\R TO EI<T RUBLES 7EI<T TO T5 %ILL+S7 P] MON?1 & IMM$IATELY 

REFUSES ?IS POOR PITTANCE IF ! EXILE RECEIVES FROM HIS P>5TS OR FRI5DS ! SMALLE/ SUM ( MONEY1 BE IT EV5 T5 RUBLES 7#a,L47 

DUR+ TWELVE MON?S4,TO GIVE LESSONS IS /RICTLY =BIDD51 EV5 IF !RE 

W]E LESSONS TO GIVE1 = 9/ANCE TO ! SIANOVOY'S *ILDR54 ,MO/ ( 

! EXILES DO NOT KN[ MANUAL TRADES4 ,AS TO F9D+ EMPLOYM5T 9 SOME 

PRIVATE (FICE--9 ?OSE BOR\<S :]E !RE >E (FICES--IT IS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE3- 

 0,WE >E AFRAID ( GIV+ 

!M EMPLOYM5T0 7WROTE ! ,Y5ISEISK CORRESPOND5T ( ! ,RUSSKIY ,KURI]71 

0AS WE >E AFRAID ( BE+ \RSELVES SUBMITT$ TO ! SUP]VISION ( ! 

POLICE4 4 4 4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO MEET ) AN ,ADM9I/RATIVE EXILE1 OR 

TO EX*ANGE A FEW WORDS ) HIM1 TO BE 9SCRIB$ UND] ! HEAD ( SUSPECTS4 

4 4 4 ,! *IEF ( A COMM]CIAL UND]TAK+ HAS REC5TLY COMPELL$ HIS 

CL]KS TO SIGN AN 5GAGEM5T /AT+ ?AT !Y WILL NOT BE ACQUA9T$ 

) 'POLITICAL1' NOR GREET !M 9 ! /REETS4 0 

,MORE ?AN ?AT1 WE READ 

9 #ahh 9 \R PAP]S ?AT4 ! ,M9I/RY ( ,F9ANCE BR\<T =W>D A S*EME 

= A LAW 0TO ALL[ ! COMMON-LAW & POLITICAL ,ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES 

TO C>RY ON ALL K9DS ( TRADES1 ) ! P]-MISSION ( ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL1 

:I* P]MISSION IS TO BE ASK$ 9 EA* SPECIAL CASE40 ,I DO NOT KN[ IF 

?IS S*EME HAS BECOME LAW1 BUT ,I KN[ ?AT =M]LY NE>LY ALL K9DS ( 

TRADE W]C PROHIBIT$ TO EXILES1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT 

TO C>RY ON MANY TRADES WAS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE1 ! EXILES BE+ SEV]ELY 

PROHIBIT$ FROM LEAV+ ! T[M EV5 = A FEW H\RS4 ,%ALL ,I DESCRIBE1 

AFT] ?IS1 ! HORRIBLE1 UNIMAGITABLE MIS]Y ( ! EXILES8-- 0,)\T 

DRESS1 )\T %OES1 LIV+ 9 ! NA/IE/ HUTS1 )\T ANY OCCUPATION1 

!Y >E MO/LY DY+ FROM CONSUMPTION10 WAS WRITT5 TO ! ,GOLOS ( ,FEBRU>Y 

#bND1 #a#h#h#a4 0,\R ,AM9I/RATIVE EXILES >E ABSOLUTELY />V+4 ,SEV]AL ( 

!M1 HAV+ NO LODG+S1 W]E DISCOV]$ LIV+ 9 AN EXCAVATION UND] 

! BELL T[]10 WROTE ANO!R CORRESPOND5T4 0,ADM9I/RATIVE EXILE SIMPLY 

MEANS KILL+ PEOPLE BY />VATION 0--SU* WAS ! CRY ( \R PRESS :5 

IT WAS P]MITT$ TO DISCUSS ?IS SUBJECT4 0,IT IS A SL[1 BUT SURE EXECUTION10 WROTE ! ,GOLOS4 

,& YET1 MIS]Y IS NOT ! 

WOR/ ( ! CONDITION ( ! EXILES4 ,!Y >E AS A RULE SUBMITT$ TO ! MO/ DISGRACEFUL TREATM5T BY ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES4 

,= ! SMALLE/ COMPLA9T 

ADDRESS$ TO NEWSPAP]S1 !Y >E TRANSF]R$ TO ! REMOTE/ P>TS 

( ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA4 ,Y\NG GIRLS1 CONF9$ AT ,K>GOPOL1 >E COM-PELL$ TO 

RECEIVE DUR+ ! NI<T ! VISITS ( DRUNK5 (FICIALS1 :O 5T] !IR 

ROOMS BY VIOL5CE1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( HAV+ ! RI<T ( VISIT+ ! 

EXILES AT ANY TIME4 ,AT ANO!R PLACE1 ! POLICE-(FIC] COMPELS ! EXILES 

TO COME EV]Y WEEK TO ! POLICE-/ATION1 & 0SUBMITS !M TO A VISITATION1 

TOGE!R ) /REET-GIRLS40 7#g7  ,& SO ON1 & SO ON6 

  

,SU* BE+ ! SITUATION 

( ! EXILES 9 ! LESS REMOTE P>TS ( ,RUSSIA & ,SIB]IA1 IT IS EASY 

TO CONCEIVE :AT IT IS 9 SU* PLACES AS ,OLEKM9SK1 ,V]KHOYANSK1 OR ,NIJNE-KOLYMSK1 

9 A HAMLET SITUAT$ AT ! M\? ( ! ,KOLYMA1 BEYOND ! #f#h? DEGREE 

( LATITUDE1 & HAV+ BUT #ai 9HABITANTS4 ,=1 ALL !SE HAMLETS CONSI/+ ( A FEW H\SES EA*1 HAVE !IR EXILES1 !IR SUFF]]S1 

BURI$ !RE = EV] = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT !RE WAS NO *>GE BR\<T 

AGA9/ !M SUFFICI5T TO PROCURE A CONDEMNATION1 EV5 FROM A PACK$ C\RT4 

,AFT] HAV+ WALK$ = MON?S & MON?S ACROSS SN[4 COV]$ M\NTA9S1 

ON ! ICE ( ! RIV]S1 & 9 ! T\NDRAS1 !Y >E N[ CON-F9$ 9 

!SE HAMLETS :]E BUT A FEW HUNT]S >C VEGATAT+1 ALWAYS UND] ! 

APPREH5SION ( DY+ FROM />VATION4 ,& NOT ONLY 9 ! HAMLETS--IT 

WILL BE H>DLY BELIEV$1 BUT IT IS SO--A NUMB] ( !M HAVE BE5 CONF9$ 

TO ! ULUSSES1 OR 5CAMPM5TS ( ! ,YAKUTS1 & !Y >E LIV+ !RE 

UND] FELT T5TS1 ) ! ,YAKUTS1 SIDE BY SIDE ) PEOPLE COV]$ ) 

! MO/ DISGU/+ SK9 DISEASES4 0,WE LIVE 9 ! D>KNESS10 WROTE ONE 

( !M TO HIS FRI5DS1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( SOME HUNT] GO+ TO ,V]KHOYANSK1 

:5CE HIS LETT] TOOK T5 MON?S TO REA* ,OLEKM9SK2 0WE LIVE 9 ! D>KMESS1 

& BURN C&LES ONLY = ONE H\R & A HALF EV]Y DAY2 !Y CO/ TOO 

DE>4 ,WE HAVE NO BREAD1 & EAT ONLY FI%4 ,MEAT CAN BE HAD AT NO PRICE40 

,ANO!R SAYS 3 0,I WRITE TO Y\ 9 A VIOL5T PA91 DUE TO P]IO/OSIS4 4 4 4 ,I HAVE ASK$ 

TO BE TRANSF]R$ TO A HOSPITAL1 BUT )\T SUCCESS4 ,I DO NOT KN[ H[ 

LONG ?IS TORTURE WILL LA/2 MY ONLY WI% IS TO BE FRE$ FROM ?IS PA94 

,WE >E NOT ALL[$ TO SEE ONE ANO!R1 AL?\< WE >E SEP>AT$ ONLY BY 

! DI/ANCE ( ?REE MILES4 ,! ,CR[N ALL[S US F\R RUBLES & FIFTY 

KOPECKS--N9E %ILL+S--P] MON?40 ,A ?IRD EXILE WROTE AB\T ! SAME TIME3 

0 ,?ANK Y\1 DE> FRI5DS1 = ! PAP]S2 BUT ,I CANNOT READ !M 3 ,I HAVE 

NO C&LES1 & !RE >E NONE TO BUY4 ,MY SCURVY IS RAPIDLY PROGRESS+1 

& HAV+ NO HOPE ( BE+ TRANSF]R$1 ,I HOPE TO DIE 9 ! C\RSE ( 

?IS W9T]40 

  

0 ,I HOPE TO DIE 9 

! C\RSE ( ?IS W9T]6 0 ,?AT IS ! ONLY HOPE ?AT AN EXILE CONF9$ 

TO A ,YAKUT 5CAMPM5T UND] ! #f#h? DEGREE ( LATITUDE CAN *]I% 6 

 ,:5 READ+ !SE L9ES 

WE >E TRANSPORT$ BACK AT ONCE TO ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 & SEEM TO 

HE> AGA9 ! WORDS ( ! PROTOPOPE ,AVVAKUM 3--0 ,& ,I REMA9$ !RE1 

9 !COLD BLOCK-H\SE1 & AFT]W>DS ) ! DIRTY ,TUNGUSES1 AS A GOOD 

DOG LY+ ON ! /RAW2 SOMETIMES !Y N\RI%$ ME1 SOMETIMES !Y =GOT40 

,&1 LIKE ! WIFE ( ,AVVAKUM1 WE ASK N[ AGA9 3 0,AH1 DE>1 H[ LONG1 !N1 WILL !SE SUFF]+S GO 

ON 80 ,C5TURIES HAVE ELAPS$ S9CE1 & A :OLE HUNDR$ YE>S ( PA!TIC 

DECLAMATIONS AB\T PROGRESS & HUMANIT>IAN PR9CIPLES1 ALL TO BR+ US 

BACK TO ! SAME PO9T :]E WE W]E :5 ! ,CZ>S ( ,MOSC[ S5T !IR 

ADV]S>IES TO DIE 9 ! T\NDRAS ON ! SIMPLE D5UNCIATION ( A FAVORITE4 

  

,& TO ! QUE/ION ( ,AVVAKUM'S 

WIFE1 REPEAT$ N[ AGA9 ?R\<\T ,SIB]IA1 WE HAVE BUT ONE POSSIBLE REPLY3 

,NO P>TIAL RE=M1 NO *ANGE ( M5 CAN AMELIORATE ?IS HORRIBLE /ATE 

( ?+S2 NO?+ %ORT ( A COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL 

CONDITIONS ( ,RUSSIAN LIFE4 

 7#a7 ,! ,KUTOM>A & ,ALEXANILROVSK 

 SILV]-M9ES HAVE ALWAYS BE5 R5[N$ = !IR 9SALULBRITY1 ON ACC\NT ( 0 ! 

 >S5ICAL EMANATIONS FROM ! ORE2 NOT ONLY M51 BUT ALSO CATTLE1 SUFF]$ FROM !M1 & 

 IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ! 9HABITANTS ( !SE VILLAGES W]E COMPELL$1 = ?IS REASON1TO 

 RAISE !IR Y\NG CATTLE 9 NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES4 ,A,S TO ! QUICKSILV] EMANATIONS1 EV]Y 

 ONE :O HAS CONSULT$ ANY S]I\S WORK ON ! ,N]T*9SK M9+ DI/RICT KN[S ?AT ! 

 SILV]-ORE ( !SE M9ES IS USUALLY ACCOMPANI$ ) C9NAB>-ESPECIALLY 9 ! M9ES ( 

 ,%AKHTAMA & ,KUL-TUMA1 BO? WORK$ \T BY CONVICTS :O W]E POISON$ BY M]CURIAL 

 EMANATIONS-& ?AT ATTEMPTS TO GET M]CURY FROM !SE M9ES HAVE BE5 MADE SEV]AL TIMES 

 BY ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,AKATUI SILV]-M9ES ( ! SAME DI/RICT HAVE ALWAYS HAD ! MO/ 

 DREADFUL REPUTATION = !IR 1 UNHEAL?9ESS4 

7#b7 0,SIB]IA AS A ,COLONY10 P4 #b#g1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 L#h#h#b4 

7#c7 ,SEE ,APP5DIX4 

7#d7 ,ONE ( ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC 

CASES \T ( ?OSE :I* BECAME KN[N BY SCORES 9 #a#h#h#a1 IS ! FOLL[+ 

3--9 #a#h#g#b1 ! ,KURSK NOBILITY TREAT$ ! ,GOV]NOR ( ! PRO-V9CE TO 

A D9N]4 ,A BIG PROPRIETOR1 ,M4 ,ANN5K(F1 WAS 5TRU/$ ) PROPOS+ 

A TOA/ = ! ,GOV]NOR4 ,HE PROPOS$ IT1 BUT ADD$ 9 CONCLUSION 3--0,Y\R 

,EXCELL5CE1 ,I DR9K Y\R HEAL?1 BUT ,I HE>TILY WI% ?AT Y\ W\LD DEVOTE 

SOME MORE TIME TO ! AFFAIRS ( Y\R PROV9CE40 ,NEXT WEEK A PO/C> 

) TWO G5D>MES /OPP$ AT ! DOOR ( HIS H\SE2 & )\T ALL[+ 

HIM TO SEE HIS FRI5DS1 OR EV5 TO BID A F>EWELL TO HIS WIFE1 HE WAS TRANSPORT$ 

TO ,VYATKA4 ,IT TOOK SIX MON?S ( ! MO/ ACTIVE APPLICATIONS TO P[]FUL 

P]SONS AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ON BEHALF ( HIS WIFE & ! M>%ALS ( ! 

,FATE% & ,KURSK NOBILITY1 TO LIB]ATE HIM FROM ?IS EXILE 7 ,GOTOS1 ,PORYADOK1 

@&C4 = ,FEBRU>Y #b? & #b#a/1 #a#h#h#a74 

7#e7 ,EXTRACTS FROM ! SPEE* 

( ,M4 ,%AKEEFF AT ! SITT+S ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 

NOBILITY >E GIV5 9 ! ,APP5DIX ,C4 

7#f7 ,9 ! C\RSE ( #a#h#h#a1 #bhcg CASES 

( 0POLITICALS10 EXIL$ BY ORD] ( ,ADM9I/RATION1 W]E EXAM9$2 \T 

( !M #aie W]E 9 ,SIB]IA 7,PORYADOK1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#g?1 #a#h#h#a7 

7#g7 ,GOLOS1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#b?1' #a#h#h#a4 

,S9CE ,APRIL1 #a#h#h#a1 ! $ITORS ( NEWSPAP]S W]E SEV]ELY PROHIBIT$ FROM 

PUBLI%+ ANY?+ AB\T ! ,ADM9I/RATIVE EXILES2 & ALL NEWSPAP]S 

HAV+ ! SLI<TE/ PRET5SION TO BE 9DEP5D5T W]E SUPPRESS$4 

7,S\RCE3 ,9 ,RUSSIAN & ,FR5* ,PRISONS1 ,LONDON3 ,W>D & ,D[NEY2 #a#h#h#g47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/