,*APT] #b 
,RUSSIAN ,PRISONS 

#ahhgahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,TAMMI/O1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,IT IS PRETTY G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$ 9 ,EUROPE ?AT ALTOGE!R \R P5AL 9/ITUTIONS >E V]Y F> FROM BE+ :AT !Y \<T1 & NO BETT] 9DE$ ?AN SO MANY CONTRADICTIONS 9 ACTION ( ! MOD]N !ORY ( ! TREATM5T ( CRIM9ALS4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ! LEX TALIONIS--( ! RI<T ( ! COMMUNITY TO AV5GE ITSELF ON ! CRIM9AL--IS NO LONG] ADMISSIBLE4 ,WE HAVE COME TO AN UND]/&+ ?AT SOCIETY AT L>GE IS RESPONSIBLE = ! VISES ?AT GR[ 9 IT1 AS WELL AS IT HAS ITS %>E 9 ! GLORY ( ITS H]OES2 & WE G5]ALLY ADMIT1 AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 ?AT :5 WE DEPRIVE A CRIM9AL ( HIS LIB]TY1 IT IS TO PURIFY & IMPROVE HIM4 ,BUT WE KN[ H[ HIDE\SLY AT V>IANCE ) ! IDEAL ! REALITY IS4 ,! MURD]] IS SIMPLY H&$ OV] TO ! HANGMAN2 & ! MAN :O IS %UT UP 9 A PRISON IS SO F> FROM BE+ BETT]$ BY ! *ANGE1 ?AT HE COMES \T MORE RESOLUTELY ! FOE ( SOCIETY ?AN HE WAS :5 HE W5T 94 ,SUBJECTION1 ON DISGRACEFUL T]MS1 TO HUMILIAT+ WORK GIVES HIM AN ANTIPA?Y TO ALLK9DS ( LABOR4 ,AFT] SUFF]+ EV]Y SORT ( HUMILIATION AT ! 9/ANCE ( ?OSE :OSE LIVES >E LIV$ 9 IMMUNITY FROM ! PECULI> CONDITIONS :I* BR+ MAN TO CRIME--OR TO SU* SORTS ( IT AS >E PUNI%ABLE BY ! OP]ATIONS ( ! LAW--HE LE>NS TO HATE ! SECTION ( SOCIETY TO :I* HIS HUMILIATION BELONGS1 & PROVES HIS HATR$ BY NEW (F5SES AGA9/ IT4 

,IF ! P5AL 9/ITUTIONS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAVE FAIL$ ?US COMPLETELY TO REALIZE ! AMBITI\S AIM ON :I* !Y JU/IFY !IR EXI/5CE :AT %ALL WE SAY ( ! P5AL 9/ITUTIONS ( ,RUSSIA8 ,! 9CR$IBLE DURATION ( PRELIM9>Y DET5TION2 ! DISGU/+ CIRCUM/ANCES ( PRISON LIFE2 ! CONGREGATION ( HUNDR$S ( PRISON]S 9TO SMALL & DIRTY *AMB]S2 ! FLAGRANT IMMORALITY ( A CORPS ( JAIL]S :O >E PRACTICALLY OMNIPOT5T1 :OSE :OLE FUNCTION IS TO T]RORIZE & OPPRESS1 & :O ROB !IR *>GES ( ! FEW COPP]S DOL$ \T TO !M BY ! ,/ATE2 ! WANT ( LABOR & ! TOTAL ABS5CE ( ALL ?AT CONTRIBUTES TO ! MORAL WELF>E ( MAN2 ! CYNICAL CONTEMPT = HUMAN DIGNITY1 & ! PHYSICAL DEGRADATION ( PRISON]S--!SE >E ! ELEM5TS ( PRISON LIFE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,NOT ?AT ! PR9CIPLES ( ,RUSSIAN P5AL 9/ITUTIONS >E WORSE ?AN ?OSE APPLI$ TO ! SAME 9/ITUTIONS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,I AM RA!R 9CL9$ TO HOLD ! CONTR>Y4 ,SURELY1 IT IS LESS DEGRAD+ = ! CONVICT TO BE EMPLOY$ 9 USEFUL WORK 9 ,SIB]IA1 ?AN TO SP5D HIS LIFE 9 PICK+ OAKUM1 OR 9 CLIMB+ ! /EPS ( A :EEL2 &--TO COMP>E TWO EVILS--IT IS MORE HUMANE TO EMPLOY ! ASSASS9 AS A LABOR] 9 A GOLD-M9E &1 AFT] A FEW YE>S1 MAKE A FREE SETTL] ( HIM1 ?AN QUIETLY TO TURN HIM OV] TO A HANGMAN4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 PR9CIPLES >E ALWAYS RU9$ 9 APPLICATION4 ,& IF WE CONSID] ! ,RUSSIAN PRISONS & P5AL SETTLEM5TS1 NOT AS !Y \<T TO BE ACCORD+ TO ! LAW1 BUT AS !Y >E 9 REALITY1 WE CAN DO NO LESS ?AN RECOGNIZE1 ) ALL EFFICI5T ,RUSSIAN EXPLOR]S ( \R PRISONS1 ?AT !Y >E AN \TRAGE ON HUMANITY4 

,ONE ( ! BE/ RESULTS ( ! ,LIB]AL MOVEM5T ( #a#h#e#i--#a#h#f#b WAS ! JUDICIAL RE=M4 ,! OLD LAW-C\RTS1 9 :I* ! PROC$URE WAS 9 WRIT+1 & :I* W]E REAL S9KS ( CORRUPTION & BRIB]Y1 W]E DONE AWAY )4 ,TRIAL BY JURY1 :I* WAS AN 9/ITUTION ( OLD ,RUSSIA1 BUT HAD DISAPPE>$ UND] ! ,CZ>S ( ,MOSC[1 WAS RE9TRODUC$4 ,PEASANT-C\RTS1 TO JUDGE SMALL (F5SES & DISPUTES 9 VILLAGES ACCORD+ TO ! UNWRITT5 CU/OM>Y LAW1 HAD ALREADY BE5 E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,EMANCIPATION ,ACT ( #a#h#f#a4 ,! NEW LAW ( ,JUDICIAL ,PROC$URE1 PROMULGAT$ 9 #ahfd 9TRODUC$ ! 9/ITUTION ( JU/ICES ( PEACE1 ELECT$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT NOM9AT$ BY ,GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,LI?UANIAN PROV9CES & 9 ,POL&4 ,!Y HAD TO DISPOSE ( SMALL] CRIM9AL (F5SES1 & ( ALL CIVIL DISPUTES AB\T MATT]S NOT EXCE$+ #c,G,B,P4 9 VALUE4 ,APPEAL AGA9/ !IR DECISIONS C\LD BE MADE TO ! ,DI/RICT ,GA!R+ ( ,JU/ICES ( ! ,PEACE1 & EV5TUALLY TO ! ,S5ATE4 

,ALL CASES IMPLY+ A PRIVATION ( CIVIL RI<TS W]E PLAC$ UND] ! JURISDICTION ( ,C\RTS ( ,JU/ICE1 SITT+ ) OP5 DOORS1 & SUPPORT$ BY A JURY4 ,!IR DECISIONS C\LD BE C>RI$ TO ,C\RTS ( ,APPEAL1 & CASES DECID$ BY V]DICTS ( JURORS C\,ID BE BR\<T BE=E ,C\RTS ( ,CASSATION4 ,! PRELIM9>Y 9VE/IGATION1 H[EV]1 /ILL REMA9$ PRIVATE1 ?AT IS 79 CON=MITY ) ! ,FR5* SY/EM1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! ,5GLI%71 NO C\NSEL WAS ADMITT$ TO ! PRISON] DUR+ ! PRELIM9>Y EXAM9ATION2 BUT PROVISIONS W]E MADE TO GU>ANTEE ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! EXAM9+ MAGI/RATES4 ,SU* W]E1 9 A FEW WORDS1 ! LEAD+ FEATURES ( ! NEW ORGANIZATION ( JU/ICE UND] ! LAW ( #a#h#f#d4 ,AS TO ITS G5]AL SPIRIT IT IS ONLY FAIR TO SAY ?AT--AP>T FROM ! PRELIM9>Y 9QUIRY--IT WAS CONCEIV$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! MO/ ,LIB]AL IDEAS N[ CURR5T 9 ! JUDICIAL WORLD ( ,EUROPE4 

,TWO YE>S AFT] ! PROMULGATION ( ?IS LAW1 ! MO/ %AMEFUL FEATURE ( ! OLD ,RUSSIAN P5AL CODE--PUNI%M5T BY ! KNUT & BR&+-IRON--WAS ABOLI%$4 ,IT WAS HI< TIME4 ,PUBLIC OP9ION WAS REVOLT$ BY ! USE ( !SE RELICS ( A B>B>\S PA/1 & IT WAS SO P[]FUL AT ?AT TIME ?AT GOV]NORS ( PROV9CES REFUS$ TO CONFIRM S5T5CES ?AT 5JO9$ ! USE ( ! KNUT2 :ILE O!RS--AS ,I HAVE KN[N 9 ,SIB]IA--W\LD 9TIMATE TO ! EXECUTION] ?AT UNLESS HE M]ELY CRACK$ ! T]RIBLE 9/RUM5T ( TORTURE 9 ! AIR1 B>ELY T\*+ HIS VICTIM 7AN >T WELL KN[N & V]Y PR(ITABLE TO EXECUTION]S71 0 HIS [N SK9 %\LD BE TORN TO PIECES40 ,CORPORAL PUNI%M5T WAS ?US ABOLI%$1 BUT NOT COMPLETELY4 ,IT REMA9$ 9 ! VILLAGES 7! PEASNNT-C\RTS BE+ /ILL EMP[]$ TO ADM9I/] FLOGG+71 9 ! >MY1 & 9 ! CONVICT-PRISONS4 ,ONLY WOM5 C\LD NO LONG] BE SUBMITT$ TO FLOGG+ AS LONG AS NOT DEPRIV$ ( !IR CIVIL RI<TS4 

,BUT1 LIKE ALL O!R RE=MS ( ?AT P]IOD1 ! B5EFITS ( !SE TWO GREAT *ANGES W]E TO A GREAT EXT5T P>ALYZ$ BY SUBSEQU5T MODIFICATIONS1 OR BY LEAV+ !M 9COMPLETE4 ,! OLD P5AL CODE1 CONTA9+ A SCALE ( PUNI%M5TS 9 FLAGRANT DISAGREEM5T ) ! /ATE ( PRISONS1 WAS /ILL MA9TA9$4 ,TW5TY YE>S HAVE ELAPS$ S9CE A ?OR\< REVISION ( ! CODE WAS PROMIS$2 COMMITTEE HAS SUCCE$$ COMMITTEE2 LA/ YE> AGA9 TILE NEWSPAP]S REPORT$ ?AT TILE REVISION ( ! CODE HAD BE5 T]M9AT$1 ?AT TILE S5T5CES W\LD BE %ORT5$1 & ?AT ! B>B>\S PROVISIONS 9TRODUC$ 9 #ahde W\LD BE ABOLI%$4 ,BUT ! CODE REMA9S /ILL :AT IT WAS :5 IT ISSU$ FROM TILE H&S ( ,NI*OLAS ,I4'S COMMITTEES2 & WE MAY /ILL READ 9 TILE REVIS$ $ITION ( #a#h#e#g1 ,S #gii ?AT CONVICTS CAN BE PUNI%$ BY FIVE TO SIX ?\S& /ROKES ( ! :IP1 & BY BE+ RIVET$ TO A :EEL-B>R[ = T]MS V>Y+ FROM ONE TO ?REE YE>S4 

,AS TO ! JUDICIAL RE=M1 IT HAD H>DLY BECOME LAW ]E IT WAS RU9$ BY M9I/]IAL CIRCUL>S4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 YE>S PASS$ & 9 ?IRTY-N9E PROV9CES \T ( SEV5TY-TWO ! OLD C\RTS W]E MA9TA9$ & PROGRESS 9 ANY SUIT1 AS WELL AS ! F9A#a DECISION1 C\LD BE OBTA9$ ONLY BY VZYATKI1 ?AT IS1 BY BRIB]Y4 ,UNTIL #a#h#h#e1 ! OLD SY/EM REMA9$ 9 OP]ATION OV] ! :OLE ( ,SIB]IA4 ,& :5 ! LAW ( #ahfd WAS EXT5D$ TO ?REE ,SIB]IAN PROV9CES1 IT WAS SO MUTILAT$ AS TO LOSE PRECISELY ITS BE/ FEATURES4 ,A JURY IS /ILL A DESID]ATUM BEYOND ! ,URALS4 ,! ,LI?UANIAN PROV9CES1 ,POL&1 & ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES1 AS ALSO SEV]AL PROV9CES 9 ! NOR? & 9 ! S\?-EA/ 7,>KHANGELSK 9CLUD$7 REMA9 /ILL UND] ! OLD JURISDICTION2 :ILE ,WILNO & ,M9SK RECEIV$ ! NEW LAW QUITE MUTILAT$ BY ! REACTION>Y PROCLIVITIES ( ! PRES5T RUL]S4 

,AS TO ! ,RUSSIAN PROV9CES :]E ! LAW HAS BE5 9 =CE S9CE #a#h#f#d1 ALL ?AT C\LD BE DEVIS$ TO ATT5UATE ITS GOOD EFFECTS--%ORT ( ACTUAL REPEAL1 HAS BE5 DONE4 ,! EXAM9+ MAGI/RATES 7JUGES D'9/RUCTION7 HAVE NEV] 5JOY$ ! 9DEP5D5CE BE/[$ ON !M BY ! NEW LAW2 & ?IS WAS MANAG$ BY MEANS ( A V]Y SIMPLE /RATAGEM3 NO EXAM9+ MAGI/RATES W]E NOM9AT$1 & ?OSE TO :OM !IR WORK WAS 5TRU/$ W]E NOM9AT$ M]ELY AD 9T]IM4 ,SO ! ,M9I/RY C\LD DISPLACE & DIS*>GE !M AT WILL4 ,! JUDGES HAVE BE5 MADE MORE & MORE DEP5D5T UPON ! ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE1 :OSE NOM9EES !Y >E1 & :O HAS ! RI<T TO TRANSF] !M FROM ONE PROV9CE TO ANO!R--FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 = 9/ANCE1 TO ,SIB]IA ,! 9/ITUTION ( SWORN ADVOCATES1 UNCONTROLL$ BY CRITICISM1 HAS DEG5]AT$2 & ! PEASANT :OSE CASE IS NOT LIKELY TO BECOME A CAUSE CELEBRE1 HAS NOT ! B5EFITS ( A C\NSEL1 & IS COMPLETELY 9 ! H&S ( A CREATURE LIKE ! PROCUREUR-IMP]IAL 9 ,ZOLA'S NOVEL4 ,FRE$OM ( DEF5SE WAS TRAMPL$ UND] FOOT1 & ! FEW ADVOCATES1 LIKE ,URUS(F1 :O HAVE 9DULG$ 9 ANY?+ APPROA*+ TO FREE SPEE* 9 ! TRIAL ( POLITICAL PRISON]S1 HAVE BE5 EXIL$ M]ELY BY ORD] ( ! ,?IRD ,SECTION4 

,9DEP5D5T JURORS >E1 ( C\RSE1 IMPOSSIBLE 9 A C\NTRY :]E ! PEASANT-JUROR KN[S ?AT HE MAY BE BEAT5 BY ANY?+ 9 UNI=M AT ! V]Y DOORS ( ! C\RT4 ,AS = ! V]DICTS ( ! JURIES1 !Y >E NOT RESPECT$ AT ALL IF !Y >E 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! OP9IONS ( ! GOV]NOR ( ! PROV9CE2 & ! ACQUITT$ MAY BE SEIZ$ AS !Y LEAVE ! DOCK1 & IMPRISON$ ANEW1 ON A SIMPLE ORD] ( ! ,ADM9I/RATIVE4 ,SU*1 = 9 /ANCE1 WAS ! CASE ( ! PEASANT ,BORUN(F4 ,HE CAME TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ON BEHALF ( HIS FELL[-VILLAG]S TO BR+ A COMPLA9T TO ! ,CZ> AGA9/ ! AU?ORITIES1 & HE WAS TRI$ AS A 0REBEL40 ,HE WAS ACQUITT$ BY ! C\RT2 BUT HE WAS RE->RE/$ ON ! V]Y FLI<T ( /EPS \TSIDE1 & EXIL$ TO ! P59SULA ( ,KOLA4 ,SU*1 TOO1 WAS ! CASE ( ! RASKOLNIK 7NONCON=MI/7 ,TET5(F1 & SEV]AL MORE4 ,AS TO ,V]A ,ZASS\LIT*1 :O ALSO WAS ACQUITT$ BY ! JURY1 ! ,GOV]NM5T ORD]$ H] RE->RE/ AT ! V]Y DOORS ( ! C\RT1 & RE->RE/$ %E W\LD HAVE BE5 IF H] COMRADES HAD NOT RESCU$ H]1 LEAV+ ONE DEAD 9 ! RIOT :I* 5SU$4 

,! ,?IRD ,SECTION1 ! C\RTI]S1 & ! GOV]NORS ( PROV9CES LOOK ON ! NEW C\RTS AS M]E NUISANCES1 & ACT ACCORD+LY4 ,A GREAT MANY CASES >E DISPOS$ ( BY ! ,EXECUTIVE A HUIS CLOTS1 AWAY FROM EXAM9+ MAGI/RATES1 JUDGES1 & JURORS ALIKE4 ,! PRELIM9>Y 9QUIRY1 9 ALL CASES 9 :I* A 0POLITICAL MEAN+0 IS DISCOV]$1 IS SIMPLY MADE BY G5D>M]IE-(FIC]S1 SOMETIMES 9 ! PRES5CE ( A PROCUREUR :O ACCOMPANIES !M 9 !IR RAIDS4 ,?IS PROCUREUR--AN (FICIAL 9 CIVIL DRESS1 ATTA*$ TO ! BLUE UNI=MS ( ! G5D>MES--IS A BLACK %EEP TO HIS COLLEAGUES2 HIS FUNCTION IS TO ASSI/1 OR APPE> TO ASSI/1 AT ! EXAM9ATION ( ?OSE >RE/$ BY ! SECRET POLICE1 & ?US GIVE AN ASPECT ( LAWFULNESS TO ITS PROCE$+S4 ,S5T5CE & PUNI%M5T >E (T5 AW>D$ BY ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,/ATES' ,POLICE 7:I* IS BUT ANO!R NAME = ! ,?IRD ,SECTION7 OR ! ,EXECUTIVE2 & A PUNI%M5T AS T]RIBLE AS EXILE--MAY BE = LIFE--)9 ! ,>CTIC CIRCLE 9 ,SIB]IA IS PRON\NC$ ON M]E REPORTS ( ! G5D>M]IE (FIC]S4 ,9 FACT1 ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,EXILE IS RESORT$ TO 9 ALL CASES :5 !RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ 9DICATION :I* C\LD LEAD TO CONDEMNATION1 EV5 BY A PACK$ C\RT4 0,Y\ >E EXIL$ TO ,SIB]IA1 BECAUSE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO COMMIT Y\ = TRIAL1 !RE BE+ NO PRO(S AGA9/ Y\10--SU* IS ! CYNICAL =M 9 :I* ! ANN\NCEM5T IS MADE TO ! PRISON]4 0 ,BE HAPPY ?AT G\ HAVE ESCAP$ SO *EAP 0--!Y ADD2 & PEOPLE >E S5T = FIVE1 T51 FIFTE5 YE>S TO SOME SMALL BOR\< ( #e 9HABITANTS )9 OR 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! ,>CTIC CIRCLE4 ,9 ?IS CATEGORY >E 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY ! CASES ( POLITICAL (F5D]S :O >E SUPPOS$ TO BELONG TO SOME SECRET SOCIETY1 BUT ALSO ?OSE ( RELIGI\S DISS5T]S2 ( PEOPLE :O FRANKLY SPEAK \T !IR OP9IONS ON ,GOV]NM5T2 WRIT]S :OSE ROMANCES >E CONSID]$ 0DANG]\S20 ALMO/ ALL P]SONS ACCUS$ ( 0DISOB$I5CE0 & 0TURBUL5T *>ACT]20 WORKM5 :O HAVE BE5 MO/ ACTIVE 9 /RIKES2 ?OSE ACCUS$ ( V]BAL 0(F5EES AGA9/ ! ,SACR$ ,P]SON ( HIS ,MAJE/Y ! ,EMP]OR10 UND] :I* HEAD #be PEOPLE W]E >RE/$ 9 #ahha 9 ! C\RSE ( SIX MON?S2 9 %ORT1 ALL ?OSE CASES :I* MI<T T5D--TO USE ! (FICIAL LANGUAGE--0TO ! PRODUCTION ( EXCITEM5T 9 ! PUBLIC M9D0 W]E !Y BR\<T BE=E A C\RT4 

,AS TO POLITICAL TRIALS1 ONLY ! E>LY REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETIES W]E TRI$ UND] ! LAW ( #a#h#f#d4 ,AFT]W>DS1 :5 ! ,GOV]NM5T P]CEIV$ ?AT ! JUDGES W\LD NOT S5D TO H>D LABOR ?OSE POLITICAL (F5D]S :O W]E BR\<T BE=E !M1 M]ELY BECAUSE !Y W]E SUSPECT$ ( BE+ ACQUA9T$ ) REVOLUTIONI/S1 ! POLITICAL CASES W]E TRI$ BY PACK$ C\RTS1 ?AT IS1 BY JUDGES NOM9AT$ ESPECIALLY = ?AT PURPOSE4 ,TO ?IS RULE ! CASE ( ,V]A ,ZASS\LIT* WAS A MEMORABLE EXCEPTION4 ,%E WAS TRI$ BY A JURY1 & ACQUITT$4 ,BUT1 TO QUOTE ,PR(ESSOR ,GRADOVSKY'S WORDS 9 ! ,GOLOS 7SUPPRESS$ S9CE7-0,IT IS AN OP5 SECRET 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ?AT ! CASE W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 BR\<T BE=E A JURY BUT = C]TA9 'QU>RELS' BETWE5 ! ,PREFECT ( ! ,POLICE ON ! ONE SIDE1 & ! ,?IRD ,SECTION & ! ,M9I/]S ( ,JU/ICE & ! ,9T]IOR ON ! O!R1--BUT = C]TA9 ( ?OSE JAL\SIES DE METI] )\T :I*1 9 \R DISORD]$ /ATE ( EXI/5CE1 IT W\LD (T5 BE IMPOSSIBLE = US SO MU* AS TO BREA!40 ,9 PLA9 WORDS1 ! C\RTI]S QU>REL$1 SOME ( !M CONSID]$ ?AT IT W\LD BE ADVANTAGE\S TO DISCR$IT ,TREP(F1 :O WAS !N OMNIPOT5T 9 ! C\NSELS ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I41 & ! ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE SUCCE$$ 9 OBTA9+ P]MISSION FROM ! ,EMP]OR ?AT ,V]A ,ZASS\LIT* %\LD BE S5T BE=E A JURY3 HE SURELY DID NOT EXPECT ?AT %E W\LD BE ACQUITT$1 BUT HE KNEW ?AT ! TRIAL W\LD R5D] IT IMPOSSIBLE = ,TREP(F TO REMA9 ,PREFECT ( ! ,POLICE AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 

,IT IS1 AGA91 TO A LIKE JAL\SIE DE METI]1 ?AT WE W]E 9DEBT$ = A PUBLIC TRIAL ON ! MO/ SC&AL\S AFFAIR ( ,PRIVY ,C\NCILOR ,TOK>EFF1 ,G5]AL-,LIEUT5ANT ,LO%K>EFF1 & !IR ACCOMPLICES3 ,SEVA/IAN(F1 *IEF ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION ( ,DOMA9S 9 ,M9SK1 & ,KAPG]1 *IEF ( ,POLICE 9 ! SAME PROV9CE4 ,!SE P]SONAGES1 ( :OM ,TOK>EFF WAS ,GOV]NOR ( ,M9SK1 & ,LO%K>EFF WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR 0= PEASANTS' AFFAIRS10 HAD CONTRIV$ TO SIMPLY /EAL AN E/ATE ( #h ACRES BELONG+ TO ! PEASANTS ( ,LOGI%9O1 A SMALL T[N 9 ,M9SK4 ,!Y MANAG$ TO BUY IT FROM ! ,CR[N = ! NOM9AL SUM ( #a#d1 RUBLES 7#a1#d,G,B,P47 PAYABLE 9 TW5TY YE>LY 9/ALLM5TS ( #g RUBLES EA*4 ,! PEASANTS1 ROBB$ ( L& ?AT BELONG$ TO !M1 APPLI$ TO ! ,S5ATE1 & ! ,S5ATE RECOGNIZ$ !IR RI<TS4 ,IT ORD]$ ! RE/ORATION ( ! L&2 BUT ! UKAZE ( ! ,S5ATE WAS 0LO/10 & ! *IEF ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION ( ,DOMA9S FEIGN$ IGNORANCE ( ! DECISION ( ! ,S5ATE4 ,9 ! MEANTIME ! GOR]NOR ( ! PROV9CE EXACT$ FROM ! PEASANTS #e1#d#g#d RUBLES AS A YE>'S R5T1 7= ! E/ATE :I* HE HAD B\<T = TW5TY YE>LY PAYM5TS ( #g RUBLES EA*74 ,! PEASANTS REFUS$ TO PAY1 & S5T !IR DELEGATES TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,BUT AS !SE DELEGATES APPLI$ TO ! ,M9I/RY :]E ,G5]AL ,LO%K>EFF WAS P[]FUL1 !Y W]E DIRECTLY EXIL$ AS 0REBELS40 ,! PEASANTS /ILL REFUS$ TO PAY1 & !N ,GOV]NOR ,TOK>EFF ASK$ = TROOPS TO EXACT ! MONEY4 ,G5]AL ,LO%K>EFF1 HIS FRI5D1 WAS IMM$IATELY S5T BY ! ,M9I/RY AT ! HEAD ( A MILIT>Y EXP$ITION1 9 ORD] TO 0RE/ORE ORD]0 AT ,LOGI%9O4 ,SUPPORT$ BY A BATTALION ( 9FANTRY & #b ,COSSACKS1 HE FLOGG$ ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGE UNTIL !Y HAD PAID1 & !N REPORT$ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ?AT HE HAD CRU%$ AN \TBREAK 9 ! ,WE/]N PROV9CES4 ,HE DID BETT]4 ,HE OBTA9$ ! MILIT>Y CROSS ( ,VLADIMIR TO DECORATE HIS FRI5D ,TOK>EFF & ! ,ISPRAVNIK ,KAPG]4 

,WELL1 ?IS ABOM9ABLE AFFAIR1 WIDELY KN[N & SPOK5 ( 9 ,RUSSIA1 W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 BR\<T BE=E A C\RT BUT = ! ,W9T] ,PALACE 9TRIGUES4 ,:5 ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 SURR\ND$ HIMSELF ) NEW M51 ! NEW C\RTI]S :O CAME TO P[] F\ND IT DESIRABLE TO CRU% ) A S+LE BL[ ! P>TY ( ,POTAP(F1 :I* WAS 9TRIGU+ = A RETURN TO P[]4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DISCR$IT ?IS P>TY1 & ! ,LO%K>EFF AFFAIR1 MORE ?AN FIVE YE>S OLD1 WAS BR\<T BE=E ! ,S5ATE 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#h#h#a4 ,ALL PUBLICITY WAS GIV5 TO IT1 & WE C\LD !N READ = SEV]AL DAYS 9 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG NEWSPAP]S ! HORRIBLE TALE ( SPOLIATION & PLUND]1 ( OLD M5 FLOGG$ NE>LY TO DEA?1 ( ,COSSACKS EXACT+ MONEY ) !IR :IPS FROM ! ,LOGI%9O PEASANTS1 :O W]E ROBB$ ( !IR [N L& BY ! GOV]NOR ( ! PROV9CE4 ,BUT1 = ONE ,TOK>EFF CONDEMN$ BY ! ,S5ATE1 H[ MANY O!R ,TOK>EFFS >E /ILL PEACEFULLY 5JOY+ ! FRUITS ( !IR ?IEV+ 9 ! ,WE/]N & ,S\?-,EA/]N PROV9CES1--SURE ?AT NONE ( !IR DE$S WILL EV] SEE ! LI<T ( A LAW C\RT2 ?AT ANY AFFAIR :I* MAY >ISE 9 SU* A C\RT 9 CONNECTION ) !IR %AMEFUL DE$S WILL BE /IFL$ 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! ,TOK>EFF AFFAIR WAS /IFL$ = FIVE YE>S BY ORD]S EMANAT+ FROM ! ,M9I/RY ( ,JU/ICE8 

,AS TO POLITICAL AFFAIRS !Y HAVE BE5 COMPLETELY REMOV$ FROM ! JURISDICTION ( ! ORD9>Y C\RTS4 ,A FEW SPECIAL JUDGES NOM9AT$ = ! PURPOSE1 >E ATTA*$ TO ! ,S5ATE = JUDG+ POLITICAL (F5D]S1--IF ,GOV]NM5T DOES NOT DISPOSE ( !M O!RWISE4 ,MO/ ( !M >E S5T BE=E A C\RT-M>TIAL2 BUT1 :ILE ! LAW IS EXPLICIT 9 ORD]+ FULL PUBLICITY ( ! PROCE$+S ( ! MILIT>Y C\RTS1 !IR JUDGM5TS 9 POLITICAL CASES >E PRON\NC$ 9 ABSOLUTE SECRECY4 

,IT NE$ H>DLY BE SAID ?AT TRUE REPORTS ( POLITICAL TRIALS 9 ! PRESS HAVE NEV] BE5 P]MITT$4 ,=M]LY ! J\RNALS W]E B\ND TO REPRODUCE ! 0COOK$0 REPORT PUBLI%$ BY ! ,(FICIAL ,MESS5G]2 BUT N[ ! ,GOV]NM5T HAS P]CEIV$ ?AT EV5 SU* REPORTS PRODUCE A PR(\ND IMPRESSION ON ! PUBLIC M9D1 :I* IS ALWAYS FAVORABLE TO ! ACCUS$2 & N[ ! WORK IS DONE 9 COMPLETE D>KNESS4 ,BY ! LAW ( ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#h#a1 ! GOV]NOR G5]AL & ! GOV]NORS ( PROV9CES >E 5ABL$ TO REQUE/ 0?AT ALL ?OSE CASES BE HE>D 9 CAM]A :I* MI<T PRODUCE A 'DI/URBANCE ( M9DS' 7SIC7 OR DI/URB ! PUBLIC PEACE40 ,TO PREV5T ! SPEE*ES ( ! ACCUS$1 OR SU* FACTS :I* MI<T COMPROMISE ! ,GOV]NM5T1 FROM BE+ DIVULG$1 NOBODY IS ADMITT$ TO ! C\RT1 NOT EV5 MEMB]S ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,JU/ICE--0ONLY ! WIFE OR ! HUSB& ( ! ACCUS$ 7MO/LY 9 CU/ODY ALSO71 OR ! FA!R1 MO!R1 OR ONE ( ! *ILDR52 BUT NO MORE ?AN ONE RELATIVE = EA* ACCUS$ P]SON40 ,AT ! TRIAL ( TW5TY-ONE ,T]RORI/S AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 :5 T5 PEOPLE W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 ! MO!R ( ,SUKHAN(F WAS ! ONE P]SON :O 5JOY$ ?IS PRIVILEGE4 ,MANY CASES >E GOT RID ( 9 SU* A WAY ?AT NOBODY KN[S :5 ! TRIALS TAKE PLACE4 ,?US1 = 9/ANCE1 WE REMA9$ 9 IGNORANCE ( ! FATE ( AN (FIC] ( ! >MY1 SON ( ! GOV]NOR ( A JAIL 9 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG =TRESS1 :O HAD BE5 CONDEMN$ TO H>D LABOR = CONNECTION ) REVOLUTIONI/S1 UNTIL WE LE>N$ IT CASUALLY FROM AN ACCUSATION READ AT A TRIAL A LONG :ILE PO/]IOR TO HIS [N4 ,! PUBLIC LE>NS FROM ! ,(FICIAL ,MESS5G] ?AT ! ,CZ> HAS COMMUT$ S5T5CES ( DEA? PRON\NC$ ON REVOLUTIONI/S TO H>D LABOR = LIFE2 BUT NO?+ TRANSPIRES EI!R ( ! TRIAL1 OR ( ! CRIMES IMPUT$ TO ! CONDEMN$4 ,NAY1 EV5 ! LA/ CONSOLATION ( ?OSE CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 ! CONSOLATION ( DY+ PUBLICLY1 WAS TAK5 AWAY4 ,HANG+ WILL N[ BE DONE SECRETLY )9 ! WALLS ( ! =TRESS1 9 ! PRES5CE ( NONE FROM ! WORLD )\T4 ,! REASON IS1 ?AT :5 ,RYSAK(F WAS BR\<T \T TO ! GALL[S HE %[$ ! CR[D HIS MUTILAT$ H&S1 & %\T$1 L\D] ?AN ! DRUMS1 ?AT HE HAD BE5 TORTUR$ AFT] TRIAL4 ,HIS WORDS W]E HE>D BY A GR\P ( 0,LIB]ALS10 :O1 REPUDIAT+ ANY SYMPA?Y ) ! ,T]RORI/S1 YET HELD IT !IR DUTY TO PUBLI% ! FACTS ( ! CASE 9 A CL&E/9E PROCLAMATION1 & TO CALL ATT5TION TO ?IS FLAGRANT (F5SE AGA9/ ! LAWS ( HUMANITY4 ,N[ NO?+ WILL BE KN[N ( :AT HAPP5S 9 ! CASEMATES ( ! =TRESS ( ,PAUL & ,PET] AFT] ! TRIAL & BE=E ! EXECUTION4 

,! TRIAL ( ! F\RTE5 ,T]RORI/S1 AMONG :OM W]E ,V]A ,FIGN] & ,LUDMILA ,VOLK5/E91 & :I* T]M9AT$ 9 EI<T CONDEMNATIONS TO DEA?1 WAS CONDUCT$ 9 SU* PRIVACY ?AT--AS AN ,5GLI% CORRESPOND5T WROTE--NOBODY KNEW ANY?+ AB\T IT1 EV5 9 ! H\SES CLOSE BY ?AT 9 :I* ! C\RT M>TIAL WAS SITT+4 ,N9E P]SONS ONLY--ALL C\RTI]S ANXI\S TO SEE ! REPUT$ BEAUTY ( ONE ( ! ACCUS$ H]O9ES--W]E ADMITT$ TO ! C\RT2 & IT WAS AGA9 FROM ! CORRESPOND5T ( AN ,5GLI% NEWSPAP] ?AT ! PUBLIC LE>N$ ?AT TWO ( ! CONDEMN$1 NAMELY ,/ROMB]G & ,ROGAT*(F1 W]E EXECUT$ 9 GREATE/ SECRECY4 ,! NEWS HAS BE5 S9CE CONFIRM$ FROM AN (FICIAL S\RCE4 ,! ,(FICIAL ,MESS5G] ANN\NC$ ?AT \T ( EI<T CONDEMNATIONS TO DEA? SIX HAD BE5 COMMUT$1 & ?AT ,/ROMB]G & ,ROGAT*(F W]E HANG$4 ,BUT ?AT WAS ALL :I* TRANSPIR$ ( ?IS TRIAL4 ,NOBODY C\LD EV5 SAY :]E ! EXECUTION TOOK PLACE4 ,AS TO ?OSE :OSE S5T5CE WAS COMMUT$ TO H>D LABOR1 ALL WE CAN SAY IS1 ?AT !Y HAVE NEV] BE5 S5T TO H>D LABOR2 !Y HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,IT IS SUPPOS$ ?AT !Y >E CONF9$ 9 ! NEW ,/ATE PRISON AT ,S*LUSSELBURG4 ,BUT :AT HAS BECOME ( !M !RE--REMA9S A SECRET4 ,IT TRANSPIR$ ?AT SEV]AL W]E %OT = SUPPOS$1 OR REAL1 0DISCIPL9>Y (F5SES40 ,BUT1 :AT HAS BECOME ( ! REMA9D]8 ,NONE CAN SAY1 NOT EV5 !IR MO!RS1 :O MAKE UNCEAS+ BUT USELESS EF=TS TO DISCOV] ! FATE ( !IR SONS & DAU<T]S4444 

,LIKE ATROCITIES BE+ POSSIBLE UND] ! 0RE=M$0 ,JUDICIAL ,PROC$URE1 IT IS EASY TO =ESEE :AT MAY BE EXPECT$ FROM ! 0UNRE=M$0 PRISONS4 

,9 #a#h#f#a1 ! GOV]NORS ( \R PROV9CES W]E ORD]$ TO 9/ITUTE A G5]AL 9QUIRY 9TO ! /ATE ( PRISONS4 ,! 9QUIRY WAS FAIRLY MADE1 & ITS RESULTS DET]M9$ :AT WAS G5]ALLY KN[N3 NAMELY1 ?AT ! PRISONS 9 ,RUSSIA & ,SIB]IA W]E 9 ! WOR/ /ATE IMAG9ABLE4 ,! NUMB] ( PRISON]S 9 EA* WAS V]Y (T5 TWICE & ?RICE 9 EXCESS ( ! MAXIMUM ALL[$ BY LAW4 ,! BUILD+S W]E SO OLD & DILAPIDAT$1 & 9 SU* A %OCK+ /ATE ( FIL?1 AS TO BE = ! MO/ P>T NOT ONLY UN9HABITABLE1 BUT BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ANY !ORY ( RE=M ?AT /OPP$ %ORT ( RECON/RUCTION4 

,)91 AFFAIRS W]E EV5 WORSE ?AN )\T4 ,! SY/EM WAS F\ND CORRUPT TO ! CORE1 & ! (FICIALS W]E YET MORE 9 NE$ ( IMPROVEM5T ?AN ! JAILS4 ,9 ! ,TRANSBAIKAL PROV9CE :]E1 AT ?AT TIME1 ALMO/ ALL H>D LABOR CONVICTS W]E KEPT1 ! COMMITTEE ( 9QUIRY REPORT$ ?AT ! PRISON BUILD+S W]E MO/LY 9 RU9S1 & ?AT ! :OLE SY/EM ( EXILE HAD FOLL[$ SUIT4 ,?R\<\T ! ,EMPIRE IT WAS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT !ORY & PRACTICE /OOD EQUALLY 9 NE$ ( LI<T & AIR2 ?AT EV]Y?+ MU/ BE *ANG$1 ALIKE 9 MATT] & 9 SPIRIT2 & ?AT WE MU/ NOT ONLY REBUILD \R PRISONS1 BUT COMPLETELY RE=M \R PRISON SY/EM1 & RECON/ITUTE ! PRISON /AFF FROM ! FIR/ MAN TO ! LA/4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T1 H[EV]1 ELECT$ TO DO NO?+4 ,IT BUILT A FEW NEW PRISONS :I* PROV$ 9SUFFICI5T TO ACCOMMODATE ! YE>LY 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( PRISON]S2 CONVICTS W]E F>M$ \T TO PROPRIETORS ( PRIVATE GOLD-M9ES 9 ,SIB]IA2 A NEW P5AL COLONY WAS SETTL$ ON ,SAKHAL91 TO COLONIZE AN ISL& :]E NOBODY WAS WILL+ TO SETTLE FREELY2 A NEW ,C5TRAL ,BO>D ( ,PRISONS WAS NOM9AT$2 & ?AT WAS ALL4 ,! OLD ORD] REMA9$ UN*ANG$1 ! OLD MIS*IEF UNREPAIR$4 ,YE> AFT] YE> ! PRISONS FALL FUR!R 9TO DECAY1 & YE> AFT] YE> ! PRISON /AFF ( DRUNK5 SOLDI]S REMA9S UN*ANG$4 ,YE> AFT] YE> ! ,M9I/RY ( ,JU/ICE APPLIES = MONEY TO SP5D 9 REPAIRS1 & YE> AFT] YE> ! ,GOV]NM5T IS CONT5T TO PUT IT (F ) ! HALF1 OR LESS ?AN ! HALF1 ( :AT IT ASKS2 & :5 IT CALLS--DUR+ ! YE>S #ahge TO #a#h#h#a--= OV] SIX MILLION RUBLES = ! MO/ UNAVOIDABLE REPAIRS :I* CAN NO LONG] BE PO/PON$1 CAN SP>E IT NO MORE ?AN A PALTRY TWO & A HALF MILLIONS4 ,! CONSEQU5CE IS ?AT ! JAILS >E BECOM+ P]MAN5T C5T]S ( 9FECTION1 & ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! REPORT ( A REC5T COMMITTEE1 AT LEA/ TWO-?IRDS ( !M >E URG5TLY 9 NE$ ( BE+ REBUILT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM4 ,RI<TLY TO ACCOMMODATE H] PRISON]S1 ,RUSSIA %\LD HAVE TO BUILD HALF AS MANY PRISONS AGA9 AS %E HAS4 ,9DE$1 ON ,JANU>Y #a/1 #a#h#h#d1 !RE W]E #g#c1#g#i#f PRISON]S1 & ! AGGREGATE CAPACITY ( ! PRISONS 9 ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA IS ONLY = #e#d1#b#e#c S\LS4 ,9 S+LE JAILS1 BUILT = ! DET5TION ( #b TO #be P]SONS1 ! NUMB] ( PRISON]S IS COMMONLY #g & #h AT A TIME4 ,9 ! PRISONS ON ! R\TE TO ,SIB]IA1 :5 CONVICT P>TIES >E /OPP$ BY FLOODS1 ! OV]CR[D+ IS /ILL MORE MON/R\S4 ,! ,*IEF ,BO>D ( ,PRISONS DOES NOT1 H[EV]1 CONCEAL ?IS TRU?4 ,9 ITS REPORT = #a#h#h#b1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 & EXTRACTS ( :I* HAVE APPE>$ 9 \R REVIEWS1 IT /AT$ ?AT1 :]EAS ! AGGREGATE CAPACITY ( ALL PRISONS 9 ! EMPIRE IS ONLY SUFFICI5T = #g#f1 M51 !Y CONTA9$ ON ,JANU>Y #a/1 #a#h#h#b1 #i#e1 S\LS4 ,9 ! PRISONS ( ,PIOTROK[--IT REPORT$--! SPACE DESIGNATE = ONE MAN WAS OCCUPI$ BY FIVE P]SONS4 ,9 TWO PROV9CES ( ,POL& & 9 SEV5 PROV9CES ( ,RUSSIA ! REAL POPULATION ( ! PRISONS WAS TWICE ! AM\NT :I* C\LD NOM9ALLY BE CONTA9$ BY !M AT ! L[E/ ALL[ABLE CUBIC SPACE1 & 9 ELEV5 PROV9CES IT EXCE$$ ! SAME AT ! RATIO ( #c TO #b4  7#a7 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?AT1 TYPHOID EPIDEMICS >E CON/ANT 9 SEV]AL PRISONS4  7#b7 

,! ,RUSSIAN PRISON SY/EM IS ?US CON/ITUT$3 ,FIR/ ( ALL WE HAVE1 9 ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA1 #fbd PRISONS OR LOCK-UPS1 = CASES AWAIT+ TRIAL1 = A MAXIMUM ( #e#d1#b#e#c 9MATES1 ) F\R H\SES ( DET5TION = #aacd 9MATES4 ,IF ALL LOCK-UPS AT ! POLICE-/ATIONS BE ADD$ TO ! ABOVE1 !IR NUMB] MU/ BE RAIS$ TO #f#e#e2 & 9 #a#h#h#c1 NO LESS ?AN #e#g#a1#i#c P]SONS PASS$ ?R\< !M4 ,9 ,POL& !RE >E #aaf LOCK UPS ( ! SAME TYPE4 ,! POLITICAL PRISONS AT ! ,?IRD ,SECTION & 9 ! =TRESSES >E NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS CATEGORY4 ,( CONVICT DEPOTS--= PRISON]S WAIT+ TRANSF] TO !IR F9AL /ATIONS--!RE >E T51 ) ACCOMMODATION = #g#a#e2 ) TWO = POLITICAL CONVICTS 7AT ,MTS5SK & ,VY%NIY-,VOLO*OK71 ) ACCOMMODATION = #a#d4 ,NO LESS ?AN #a#a#b1#f#c#h PRISON]S PASS$ ?R\< !SE PRISONS 9 #a#h#h#c1 & FROM !SE FIGURES ALONE IT IS EASY TO CONCEIVE ! OV]CR[D+4 ,!N COME ! ISPRAVITELNYIA >E/ANTSKIYA OTDEL5IYA1 OR H\SES ( CORRECTION1 :I* >E MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS = ! P]=MANCE ( COMPULSORY LABOR1 & :I* >E WORSE ?AN ! H>D-LABOR PRISONS 9 ,SIB]IA1 ?\< !Y >E NOM9ALLY A LI<T] PUNI%M5T4 ,( !SE !RE >E #c#c1 ) ACCOMMODATION = #g1#a#c#f 7#i1#f#i 9MATES 9 #a#h#g#i74 ,9 ?IS CATEGORY MU/ BE 9CLUD$ ALSO ! #ac 0H\SES ( CORRECTION30 TWO L>GE ONES ) ACCOMMODATION = #aab 7#i#f#b 9 #a#h#g#i71 & #aa SMALL] ONES = #d#c#e4 ,!SE PRISONS1 H[EV]1 CANNOT RECEIVE ALL CONDEMN$ TO ?IS K9D ( PUNI%M5T1 SO ?AT #a1 M5 CONDEMN$ TO IT REMA9 9 ! LOCK-UPS4 ,! H>D-LABOR CASES >E PROVID$ = 9 #ag 0C5TRAL PRISONS40 ,( !SE1 !RE >E SEV5 9 ,RUSSIA1 ) ACCOMMODATION = #b#g#d#e2 ?REE 9 ,WE/]N ,SIB]IA1 ) ACCOMMODATION = #a#a#e2 TWO 9 ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA1 ) ACCOMMODATION = #a#f#e2 & ONE ON ,SAKHAL9 ,ISL&1 ) ACCOMMODATION = #f 7#a#a#c 9MATES 9 #a#h#g#i1 #hb ( ,JANU>Y #a/1 #a#h#h#d74 ,NO LESS ?AN #a#e1#d#d#d CONVICTS W]E KEPT 9 !SE PRISONS 9 #a#h#h#c4 ,O!R H>D LABOR CONVICTS--#a1#d#b#d 9 NUMB]-->E DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! ,GOV]NM5T M9ES1 GOLD WA%+S1 & FACTORIES 9 ,SIB]IA2 NAMELY1 AT ! ,K>A GOLD-WA%+S1 :]E !RE >E #b2 AT ! ,TROITSK1 ,U/-,KUT1 & ,IRKUTSK SALT-WORKS1 AT ! ,NIKOLAYEVSK & ,PETROVSK IRON-WORKS1 AT A PRISON AT ! =M] SILV]-WORKS ( ,AKATUI1 & ON ! ,SAKHAL9 ,ISL&4 ,F9ALLY1 H>D-LABOR CONVICTS W]E F>M$ \T1 A FEW YE>S AGO1 TO PRIVATE [N]S ( GOLD-WA%+S 9 ,SIB]IA1 BUT ?IS SY/EM HAS BE5 AB&ON$ ( LATE4 ,! SEV]ITY ( ! PUNI%M5T CAN ?US BE V>I$ AD 9F9ITUM1 ACCORD+ TO ! WI% ( ! AU?ORITIES & TO ?AT DEGREE ( REV5GE :I* IS DEEM$ APPROPRIATE4 

,! GREAT MAJORITY ( \R PRISON]S 7AB\T #a17 >E AWAIT+ TRIAL4 ,!Y MAY BE RECOGNIZ$ = 9NOC5T2 & 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E >RE/S >E MADE 9 ! MO/ HAPHAZ>D WAY1 ?REE TIMES \T ( T5 !IR 9NOC5CE IS PAT5T TO EV]YBODY4 ,WE LE>N1 9 FACT1 FROM ! ANNUAL REPORT ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,JU/ICE = #a#h#h#a1 ?AT ( #i#h1#e#d#d >RE/S MADE DUR+ ?AT YE>1 ONLY #d#i1#h#a#d CASES--?AT IS1 ONE HALF--C\LD BE BR\<T BE=E A C\RT1 & ?AT AMONG !SE #a#f1#f#g#e W]E ACQUITT$4 ,MORE ?AN #f#f1 P]SONS W]E ?US SUBJECT$ TO >RE/ & IMPRISONM5T )\T HAV+ ANY S]I\S *>GE BR\<T AGA9/ !M2 & ( ! #c#c1#a#c#i :O W]E CONVICT$ & CONV]T$ 9TO 0CRIM9ALS10 A V]Y L>GE PROPORTION 7AB\T #ae P]C5T47 >E M5 & WOM5 :O HAVE NOT COMPLI$ ) PASSPORT REGULATIONS1 OR ) SOME O!R VEXATI\S MEASURE ( \R ,ADM9I/RATION4 ,IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT ALL !SE PRISON]S1 ?REE-QU>T]S ( :OM >E RECOGNIZ$ AS 9NOC5T1 SP5D MON?S1 & V]Y (T5 YE>S1 9 ! PROV9CIAL LOCK-UPS1 ?OSE FAM\S O/ROGS :I* ! TRAVEL] SEES AT ! 5TRANCE ( EV]Y ,RUSSIAN T[N4 ,!Y LIE !RE IDLE & HOPELESS1 AT ! M]CY ( A SET ( OMNIPOT5T JAIL]S1 PACK$ LIKE H]R+S 9 A CASK1 9 ROOMS ( 9CONCEIVABLE F\LNESS1 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ?AT SICK5S1 EV5 9S5SIBILITY1 ANY ONE 5T]+ DIRECTLY FROM ! OP5 AIR1 & :I* IS *>G$ ) ! EMANATIONS ( ! HORRIBLE P>A%A--A BASKET KEPT 9 ! ROOM TO S]VE ! NECESSITIES ( A HUNDR$ HUMAN BE+S4 

,9 ?IS CONNECTION ,I CANNOT DO BETT] ?AN QUOTE A FEW PASSAGES FROM ! PRISON EXP]I5CES ( MY FRI5D ,MADAME ,C----1 NEE ,K\T\Z(F1 :O HAS COMMITT$ !M TO PAP] & 9S]T$ !M 9 A ,RUSSIAN REVIEW1 ! ,OBS*EYE ,DYELO1 PUBLI%$ AT ,G5EVA4 ,%E WAS F\ND GUILTY ( OP5+ A S*OOL = PEASANTS' *ILDR51 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION4 ,AS H] CRIME WAS NOT P5AL1 & AS1 MOREOV]1 %E WAS M>RI$ TO A =EIGN]1 ,G5]AL ,G\RKO M]ELY ORD]$ H] TO BE S5T OV] ! FRONTI]4 ,?IS IS H[ %E DESCRIBES H] J\RNEY FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG TO ,PRUSSIA4 ,I %ALL GIVE EXTRACTS FROM H] N>RATIVE )\T COMM5T1 M]ELY PREMIS+ ?AT ITS ACCURACY1 EV5 TO ! M9UTE/ DETAIL1 IS ABSOLUTELY UNIMPEA*ABLE3-- 

0,I WAS S5T TO ,WILNO ) FIFTY PRISON]S-- M5 & WOM54 ,FROM ! RAILWAY /ATION WE W]E TAK5 TO ! T[N PRISON & KEPT !RE = TWO H\RS1 LATE AT NI<T1 9 AN OP5 Y>D1 UND] A DR5*+ RA94 ,AT LA/ WE W]E PU%$ 9TO A D>K CORRIDOR & C\NT$4 ,TWO SOLDI]S LAID HOLD ON ME & 9SULT$ ME %AMEFULLY4 ,I WAS NOT ! ONLY ONE ?US \TRAG$1 = 9 ! D>KNESS ,I HE>D ! CRIES ( MANY DESP]ATE WOM5 BESIDES4 ,AFT] MANY OA?S & MU* F\L LANGUAGE1 ! FIRE WAS LI<T$1 & ,I F\ND MYSELF 9 A SPACI\S ROOM 9 :I* IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO TAKE A /EP 9 ANY DIRECTION )\T TREAD+ ON ! WOM5 :O W]E SLEEP+ ON ! FLOOR4 ,TWO WOM5 :O OCCUPI$ A B$ TOOK PITY ON ME1 & 9VIT$ ME TO %>E IT ) !M4 4 4 4 ,:5 ,I AWOKE NEXT MORN+1 ,I WAS /ILL SUFF]+ FROM ! SC5ES ( YE/]DAY2 BUT ! FEMALE PRISON]S--ASSASS9S & ?IEVES--W]E SO K9D TO ME ?AT BY-&-BY ,I GREW CALM4 ,NEXT NI<T WE W]E 'TURN$ \T' FROM ! PRISON & P>AD$ 9 ! Y>D = A />T1 UND] A HEAVY RA94 ,I DO NOT KN[ H[ ,I HAPP5$ TO ESCAPE ! FI/S ( ! JAIL]S1 AS ! PRISON]S DID NOT UND]/& ! EVOLUTIONS & P]=M$ !M UND] A /ORM ( BL[S & CURSES2 ?OSE :O PROTE/$--SAY+ ?AT !Y \<T NOT TO BE BEAT5--W]E PUT 9 IRONS & S5T SO TO ! TRA91 9 ! TEE? ( ! LAW :I* SAYS ?AT 9 ! CELLUL> WAGONS NO PRISON] %ALL BE *A9$4 

0,>RIV$ AT ,KOVNO1 WE SP5T ! :OLE DAY 9 GO+ FROM ONE POLICE-/ATION TO ! O!R4 ,9 ! EV5+ WE W]E TAK5 TO ! PRISON = WOM51 :]E ! LADY-SUP]9T5D5T WAS RAIL+ AGA9/ ! HEAD-JAIL]1 & SWE>+ ?AT %E W\LD GIVE HIM BLOODY TEE?4 ,! PRISON]S TOLD ME ?AT %E (T5 KEPT H] PROMISES ( ?IS SORT4 4 4 4 ,H]E ,I SP5T A WEEK AMONG MURD]ESSES1 ?IEVES1 & WOM5 >RE/$ BY MI/AKE4 ,MIS=TUNE UNITES ! UN=TUNATE1 & EV]YBODY TRI$ TO MAKE LIFE MORE TOL]ABLE = ! RE/2 ALL W]E V]Y K9D TO ME & DID ! BE/ TO CONSOLE ME4 ,ON ! PREVI\S DAY ,I HAD EAT5 NO?+1 = ! DAY ! PRISON]S >E BR\<T TO ! PRISON !Y RECEIVE NO FOOD2 SO ,I FA9T$ FROM HUNG]1 & ! PRISON]S GAVE ME ( !IR BREAD & W]E AS K9D AS !Y C\LD BE2 ! FEMALE 9SPECTOR1 H[EV]1 WAS ON DUTY3 %E WAS %\T+ \T SU* %AMELESS OA?S AS FEW DRUNK5 M5 W\LD USE4 4 4 4 ,AFT] A WEEK'S /AY 9 ,KOVNO1 ,I WAS S5T ON FOOT TO ! NEXT T[N4 ,AFT] ?REE DAYS' M>* WE CAME TO ,M>IAMPOL2 MY FEET W]E W\ND$1 & MY /OCK+S FULL ( BLOOD4 ,! SOLDI]S ADVIS$ ME TO ASK = A C>1 BUT ,I PREF]R$ PHYSICAL SUFF]+ TO ! CONT9U\S CURS+ & F\L LANGUAGE ( ! *IEFS4 ,ALL ! SAME1 !Y TOOK ME BE=E !IR COMM&]1 & HE REM>K$ ?AT ,I HAD WALK$ ?REE DAYS & SO C\LD WALK A F\R?4 ,WE CAME NEXT DAY TO ,WOLK[YSK1 FROM :5CE WE W]E TO BE S5T ON TO ,PRUSSIA4 ,I & FIVE O!RS W]E PUT PROVISIONALLY 9 ! DEPOT4 ,! WOM5'S DEP>TM5T WAS 9 RU9S1 SO WE W]E TAK5 TO ! M5'S4 4 4 4 ,I DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO1 AS !RE WAS NO PLACE TO SIT D[N1 EXCEPT ON ! DREADFULLY FIL?Y FLOOR3 !RE WAS EV5 NO /RAW1 & ! /5* ON ! FLOOR SET ME VOMIT+ 9/ANTLY4 4 4 4,! WAT]-CLOSET WAS A L>GE POND2 IT HAD TO BE CROSS$ ON A BROK5 LADD] :I* GAVE WAY UND] ONE ( US & PLUNG$ HIM 9 ! FIL? BEL[4 ,I C\LD N[ UND]/& ! SMELL3 ! POND GOES UND] ! BUILD+1 ! FLOOR ( :I* IS IMPREGNAT$ ) SEWAGE4 

0,H]E ,I SP5T TWO DAYS & TWO NI<TS1 PASS+ ! :OLE TIME AT ! W9D[4 4 4 4 ,9 ! NI<T ! DOORS W]E OP5$1 &1 ) DREADFUL CRIES1 DRUNK5 PRO/ITUTES W]E ?R[N 9TO \R ROOM4 ,!Y ALSO BR\<T US A MANIAC2 HE WAS QUITE NAK$4 ,! MIS]ABLE PRISON]S W]E HAPPY ON SU* OCCURR5CES2 !Y TORM5T$ ! MANIAC & R$UC$ HIM TO DESPAIR1 UNTIL AT LA/ HE FELL ON ! FLOOR 9 A FIT & LAY !RE FOAM+ AT ! M\?4 ,ON ! ?IRD DAY1 A SOLDI] ( ! DEPOT1 A ,JEW1 TOOK ME 9TO HIS ROOM1 A T9Y CELL1 :]E ,I /AY$ ) HIS WIFE4 4 4 4,! PRISON]S TOLD ME ?AT MANY ( !M W]E DETA9$ 'BY MI/AKE' = SEV5 & EI<T MON?S AWAIT+ !IR PAP]S BE=E BE+ S5T ACROSS ! FRONTI]4 ,IT IS EASY TO IMAG9E !IR CONDITION AFT] A SEV5 MON?S' /AY 9 ?IS SEW] )\T A *ANGE ( L954 ,!Y ADVIS$ ME TO GIVE ! JAIL] MONEY1 AS HE W\LD !N S5D ME ON TO ,PRUSSIA IMM$IATELY4 ,BUT ,I HAD BE5 SIX WEEKS ON ! WAY ALREADY1 & MY LETT]S HAD NOT REA*$ MY PEOPLE1 4 4 4 ,AT LA/1 ! SOLDI] ALL[$ ME TO GO TO ! PO/-(FICE ) HIS WIFE1 & ,I S5T A REGI/]$ LETT] TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG40 ,MADAME ,C----HAS 9FLU5TIAL K9SFOLK 9 ! CAPITAL1 & 9 A FEW DAYS ! GOV]NOR-G5]AL TELEGRAPH$ = H] TO BE S5T ON 9/ANTLY TO ,PRUSSIA4 0,MY PAP]S 7%E SAYS7 W]E DISCOV]$ IMM$IATELY1 & ,I WAS S5T TO ,EYDTKUN5 & SET AT LIB]TY40 

,IT MU/ BE [N$ ?AT ! PICTURE IS HORRIBLE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT A :IT OV]*>G$4 ,TO SU* ( US ,RUSSIANS AS HAVE HAD TO DO ) PRISONS1 EV]Y WORD R+S TRUE & EV]Y SC5E LOOKS NORMAL4 ,OA?S1 FIL?1 BRUTALITY1 BRIB]Y1 BL[S1 HUNG]--!SE >E ! ESS5TIALS ( EV]Y O/ROG & ( EV]Y DEPOT FROM ,KOVNO TO ,KAM*ATKA1 & FROM ,>KHANGEL TO ,]Z]UM4 ,DID SPACE P]MIT1 ,I MI<T PROVE IT ) A SCORE ( SU* /ORIES4 

,SU* >E ! PRISONS ( ,WE/]N ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y >E NO BETT] 9 ! ,EA/ & 9 ! ,S\?4 ,A P]SON :O WAS CONF9$ AT ,P]M WROTE TO ! ,PORYADOK3--0,! JAIL] IS ONE ,GAVRIL(F2 4 4 4 BEAT+ '9 ! JAWS' 7V MORDU71 FLOGG+1 CONF9EM5T 9 FROZ5 BLACK-HOLES1 & />VATION--SU* >E ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! JAIL4 4 4 4,= EV]Y COMPLA9T ! PRISON]S >E S5T 'TO ! BA?' 7?AT IS1 >E FLOGG$71 OR HAVE A TA/E ( ! BLACK-HOLE4 4 4 4 ,! MORTALITY IS DREADFUL40 ,AT ,VLADIMIR1 !RE W]E SO MANY ATTEMPTS AT ESCAPE ?AT IT WAS MADE ! SUBJECT ( A SPECIAL 9QUIRY4 ,! PRISON]S DECL>$ ?AT ON ! ALL[ANCE !Y RECEIV$ IT WAS UTT]LY IMPOSSIBLE TO KEEP BODY & S\L TOGE!R4 ,MANY COMPLA9TS W]E ADDRESS$ TO HEADQU>T]S1 BUT !Y ALL REMA9$ UNANSW]$4 ,AT LA/ ! PRISON]S COMPLA9$ TO ! ,MOSC[ ,SUP]IOR ,C\RT2 BUT ! JAIL] GOT TO HE> ( ! MATT]1 9/ITUT$ A SE>*1 & TOOK POSSESSION ( ! DOCUM5T4 ,IT IS EASY TO IMAG9E ?AT ! MORTALITY MU/ BE IMM5SE 9 SU* PRISONS2 BUT1 SURELY1 ! REALITY SURPASSES ALL ?AT MI<T BE IMAG9$4 

,! H>D-LABOR DEP>TM5T ( ! CIVIL PRISON AT ,P]M WAS BUILT 9 #ahgb = #ab 9MATES4 ,BUT BY ! 5D ( ! SAME YE> IT RECEIV$ #bd PRISON]S1 ( :OM #i ,CIRCASSIANS SOME ( ?OSE POOR VICTIMS ( ! ,RUSSIAN CONQUE/ :O CANNOT SUPPORT ! RULE ( ! ,COSSACK :IP1 REVOLT AGA9/ IT1 & >E DEPORT$ BY HUNDR$S TO ,SIB]IA4 ,?IS PRISON CONSI/S ( ?REE ROOMS1 ONE ( :I*1 = 9/ANCE--#b#g FEET LONG1 #ai FEET WIDE1 & #a FEET HI<--CONTA9$ ?IRTY-ONE 9HABITANTS4 ,! OV]CR[D+ WAS ! SAME 9 ! O!R TWO ROOMS1 SO ?AT ! AV]AGE SPACE WAS FROM #bb TO #bf CUBIC FEET P] EA* MAN2 ?AT IS1 LET ME EXPLA91 AS IF A MAN W]E COMPELL$ TO LIVE 9 A C(F9 #h FEET LONG1 #f FEET WIDE1 & #e FEET HI<4 ,NO WOND] ?AT ! PRISON]S C\LD NOT LIVE 9 SU* CONF9EM5T & DI$4 ,?US1 FROM ! 5D ( #ahgb TO ,APRIL #a#e1 #a#h#g#d1 #cgg ,RUSSIANS & #a* ,CIRCASSIANS 5T]$ ! PRISON2 !Y W]E COMPELL$ TO LIVE !RE 9 DREADFUL HUMIDITY1 T]RIBLE DAMP & COLD1 )\T ANY?+ ( ! NATURE ( A BLANKET2 & !Y DI$ 9 ! PROPORTION ( #i ,RUSSIANS & #hf ,CIRCASSIANS 9 ! SPACE ( FIFTE5 MON?S2 ?AT IS1 TW5TY-F\R P]C5T ( ! ,RUSSIANS & SIXTY-TWO P]C5T ( ! ,CIRCASSIANS1 NOT TO SPEAK1 ( C\RSE1 ( ?OSE :O W]E S5T AWAY TO DIE ON ! R\TE TO ,SIB]IA4 ,! CAUSES ( ! DEA?S W]E NO SPECIAL EPIDEMICS3 NO?+ BUT SCURVY1 TAK+ A GREAT V>IETY ( =MS1 V]Y MALIGNANT 9 ITS *>ACT]1 & (T5 T]M9AT+ BY DEA?  7#c7 

,SURELY1 NO ,>CTIC EXP$ITION1 REC5T OR REMOTE1 HAS BE5 SO FATAL AS DET5TION 9 A ,RUSSIAN C5TRAL PRISON4 ,AS TO ! ,P]M DEPOT PRISON = CONVICTS S5T TO ,SIB]IA1 ! SAME (FICIAL PUBLICATION DESCRIBES IT 9 WORDS H>DLY CR$IBLE3 IT REPRES5TS IT AS 9COMP>ABLY WORSE4 ,! WALLS >E DRIPP+1 !RE IS NO QUE/ION ( V5TILATION1 & IT IS COMMONLY SO OV]CR[D$ ?AT 9 ! SUMM] EV]Y 9MATE HAS 0LESS ?AN #abd CUBIC FEET 7A C(F9 ( EI<T FEET BY FIVE & ?REE7 TO LIVE & BREA! 940 7#d7 

,AS TO ! FIR/ ,KH>K(F C5TRAL PRISON1 ! *APLA9 ( ?IS PRISON SAID 9 #ahfh FROM ! PULPIT1 & ! ,EP>*IAL ,GAZETTE ( #ahfi REPRODUC$ ! FACT1 ?AT 9 ! C\RSE ( F\R MON?S1 ( ! #e 9MATES ( ! PRISON TWO HUNDR$ DI$ FROM SCURVY4 ,?+S W]E NOT BETT] 9 ! ,BYELGOROD PRISON4 ,\T ( #cc 9MATES :O W]E KEPT !RE 9 #a#h#g1 #ae DI$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! YE>1 & =TY-FIVE 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! NEXT YE> \T ( ! SAME NUMB] ( PRISON]S4  7#e7 ,AT ,KIEFF1 ! JAIL WAS A S9K ( TYPHUS FEV]4 ,9 ONE MON? 9 #a#h#h#a1 ! DEA?S W]E C\NT$ BY HUNDR$S1 & FRE% BAT*ES W]E BR\<T 9 TO FILL ! ROOM ( ?OSE REMOV$ BY DEA?4 ,?IS WAS 9 ALL ! NEWSPAP]S4 ,ONLY A YE> AFT]W>DS 7,JUNE #a#b1 #a#h#h#b71 A CIRCUL> FROM ! ,*IEF ,BO>D ( ,PRISONS EXPLA9$ ! EPIDEMICS AS FOLL[S3--0#a4 ,! PRISON WAS DREADFULLY OV]CR[D$1 AL?\< IT WAS V]Y EASY TO TRANSF] MANY ( ! PRISON]S TO O!R PRISONS4 #b4 ,! ROOMS W]E V]Y DAMP2 ! WALLS W]E COV]$ ) MILDEW1 & ! FLOOR WAS ROTT5 9 MANY PLACES4 #c4 ,! CESSPOOLS W]E 9 SU* A /ATE ?AT ! GR\ND AB\T !M WAS IMPREGNAT$ ) SEWAGE20 & SO ON1 & SO ON4 ,! ,BO>D ADD$ ?AT [+ TO ! SAME F\LNESS O!R PRISONS W]E ALSO EXPOS$ TO ! SAME EPIDEMICS4 

,IT MI<T BE SUPPOS$ ?AT SOME IMPROVEM5TS HAVE S9CE BE5 MADE1 & ! RECURR5CE ( SU* EPIDEMICS PREV5T$4 ,AT LEA/1 ! (FICIAL PUBLICATION ( ! ,/ATI/ICAL ,COMMITTEE = #ahhc W\LD SUPPORT SU* A SUPPOSITION4 7#f7 ,!RE REMA9S1 H[EV]1 SOME D\BT AS TO ! ACCURACY ( ITS FIGURES4 ,?US1 9 ! ?REE PROV9CES ( ,P]M1 ,TOBOLSK1 & ,TOMSK1 WE F9D ONLY AN AGGREGATE ( #dca DEA?S REPORT$ 9 #ahhc AMONG PRISON]S ( ALL CATEGORIES4 ,BUT IF WE REV]T TO ANO!R PUBLICATION ( ! SAME ,M9I/RY--! ,M$ICAL ,REPORT = #a#h#h#c--WE F9D ?AT #aag PRISON]S DI$ SAME YE> 9 ! HOSPITALS ( ! PRISONS ( ! V]Y SAME ?REE PROV9CES4 7#g7 ,& EV5 9 #a#h#h#c1 AL?\< NO SPECIAL EPIDEMICS >E M5TION$ ?IS YE>1 ! MORTALITY AT ! TWO ,KH>K(F C5TRAL PRISONS APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 #ad \T ( #hdf 9MATES1 ?AT IS1 #abc 9 ! ?\S&2 & ! SAME REPORT /ATES ?AT SCURVY & TYPHUS CONT9U$ !IR RAVAGES 9 MO/ ,RUSSIAN PRISONS1 & ESPECIALLY ON ! WAY TO ,SIB]IA4 

,! *IEF PRISON 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ! SO CALL$ 0,LITOVSKIY ,ZAMOK10 IS CLEAN]2 BUT ?IS OLD-FA%ION$1 DAMP1 & D>K BUILD+ %\LD SIMPLY BE LEVEL$ TO ! GR\ND4 ,! COMMON PRISON]S HAVE A C]TA9 AM\NT ( WORK TO DO4 ,BUT ! POLITICAL ONES >E KEPT 9 !IR CELLS 9 ABSOLUTE IDL5ESS2 & SOME FRI5DS ( M9E--! H]OES ( ! TRIAL ( ! HUNDR$ & N9ETY-?REE :O HAD TWO YE>S & MORE ( ?IS PRISON--DESCRIBE IT AS ONE ( ! WOR/ !Y KN[4 ,! CELLS >E V]Y SMALL1 V]Y D>K1 & V]Y DAMP2 & ! JAIL] ,MAK>(F WAS A WILD BEA/ PURE & SIMPLE4 ,! CONSEQU5CS ( SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T 9 ?IS PRISON ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ ELSE:]E4 ,IT IS WOR?Y ( NOTICE ?AT ! COMMON ALL[ANCE = FOOD IS SEV5 KOPECKS P] DAY1 & T5 KOPECKS = PRISON]S ( PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 ! PRICE ( BLACK RYE BREAD BE+ F\R KOPECKS A P\ND4 

,BUT ! PRIDE ( \R AU?ORITIES--! %[PLACE = ! =EIGN VISITORS--IS ! NEW 0,H\SE ( ,DET5TION0 AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,IT IS A 0MODEL PRISON0--! ONLY ONE ( ITS K9D 9 ,RUSSIA-BUILT ON ! PLAN ( ! ,BELGIAN JAILS4 ,I KN[ IT FROM P]SONAL EXP]I5CE1 AS ,I WAS DETA9$ !RE = ?REE MON?S1 BE=E MY TRANSF] TO ! LOCK-UP AT ! ,MILIT>Y ,HOSPITAL4 ,IT IS ! ONLY CLEAN JAIL = COMMON PRISON]S 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,CLEAN IT C]TA9LY IS4 ,! SCRUBB+-BRU% IS NEV] IDLE !RE1 & ! ACTIVITY ( BROOM & PAIL IS ALMO/ DEMONIAC4 ,IT IS AN EXHIBITION1 & ! PRISON]S HAVE TO KEEP IT BRI<T4 ,ALL ! MORN+ LONG DO !Y SWEEP1 & SCRUB1 & POLI% ! ASPHALT FLOOR2 & DE>LY HAVE !Y TO PAY = ! %9E UPON IT4 ,! ATMOSPH]E IS LOAD$ ) ASPHALTIC P>TICLES 7,I MADE A PAP]-%ADE = MY GAS1 & 9 A FEW H\RS ,I C\LD DRAW PATT]NS ) MY F+] 9 ! DU/ ) :I* IT WAS COAT$72 & ?IS Y\ HAVE TO BREA!4 ,! ?REE UPP] /ORIES RECEIVE ALL ! EXHALATIONS ( ! FLOORS BEL[1 & ! V5TILATION IS SO BAD ?AT 9 ! EV5+S1 :5 ALL DOORS >E %UT1 ! PLACE IS LIT]ALLY SUFFOCAT+4 ,TWO OR ?REE SPECIAL COMMITTEES W]E APPO9T$ ONE AFT] ! O!R TO F9D \T ! MEANS ( IMPROV+ ! V5TILATION2 & ! LA/ ONE1 UND] ! PRESID5CY ( ,M4 ,GRO?1 ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE1 REPORT$ 9 ,JUNE1 #a#h#h#a1 ?AT TO BE MADE HABIT- ABLE1 ! :OLE BUILD+ 7:I* HAS CO/ TWICE AS MU* AS SIMIL> PRISONS 9 ,BELGIUM & ,G]MANY7 MU/ BE COMPLETELY REBUILT1 AS NO REPAIRS1 H[EV] ?OR\<1 C\LD MAKE ! V5TILATION TOL]ABLE4 ,! CELLS >E T5 FEET LONG & FIVE FEET WIDE2 & AT ONE TIME ! PRISON RULES OBLIG$ US TO KEEP OP5 ! TRAPS 9 \R DOORS TO ! 5D ?AT WE MI<T NOT BE ASPHYXIAT$ :]E WE SAT4 ,AFT]W>DS ! RULE WAS CANCEL$1 & ! TRAPS W]E %UT1 & WE W]E COMPELL$ TO FACE AS BE/ WE C\LD ! EFFECTS ( A TEMP]ATURE ?AT WAS SOMETIMES /IFL+LY HOT & SOMETIMES FREEZ+4 ,BUT = ! GREAT] ACTIVITY & LIFE ( ! PLACE1 ,I %\LD HAVE REGRETT$1 ALL D>K & DRIPP+ AS IT WAS1 MY CASEM5T 9 ! =TRESS ( ,PET] & ,PAUL--A TRUE GRAVE1 :]E ! PRISON] = TWO1 ?REE1 FIVE YE>S1 HE>S NO HUMAN VOICE & SEES NO HUMAN BE+1 EXCEPT+ TWO OR ?REE JAIL]S1 DEAF & MUTE :5 ADDRESS$ BY ! PRISON]S4 ,I %ALL NEV] =GET ! *ILDR5 ,I MET ONE DAY 9 ! CORRIDOR ( ! ,H\SE ( ,DET5TION4 ,!Y ALSO1 LIKE US1 W]E AWAIT+ TRIAL = MON?S & YE>S4 ,!IR GRAYI% YELL[1 EMACIAT$ FACES1 !IR FRI<T5$ & BEWILD]$ LOOKS1 W]E WOR? :OLE VOLUMES ( ESSAYS & REPORTS 0 ON ! B5EFITS ( CELLUL> CONF9EM5T 9 A MODEL PRISON40 ,AS = ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,H\SE ( ,DET5TION1 SUFFICI5T TO SAY ?AT EV5 ! ,RUSSIAN PAP]S TALK$ OP5LY ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! PRISON]S' ALL[ANCES W]E SEQUE/RAT$2 SO ?AT 9 #a#h#h#b1 A COMMITTEE ( 9QUIRY WAS APPO9T$1 :5 IT WAS F\ND ?AT ! FACTS W]E EV5 D>K] ?AN HAD BE5 REPORT$4 ,BUT ALL ?IS IS A TRIFLE1 9DE$1 9 COMP>ISON ) ! TREATM5T ( PRISON]S4 ,H]E IT WAS ?AT ,G5]AL ,TREP(F ORD]$ ,BOGOLUB(F TO BE FLOGG$ BECAUSE HE DID NOT TAKE HIS HAT (F ON MEET+ ! OMNIPOT5T SATRAP1 HAD ! PRISON]S :O PROTE/$ 9 !IR CELLS KNOCK$ D[N & BEAT51 & AFT]W>DS CONF9$ SEV]AL ( !M--= FIVE DAYS--9 CELLS BY ! WA%+-ROOMS1 AMONG EXCREM5T & 9 A TEMP]ATURES ( #aa DEGREES ,FAHR4 7#d#e DEGREES ,CELSIUS74 ,9 ! FACE ( !SE FACTS1 :AT PITIFUL IRONY IS CONVEY$ 9 AN ,5GLI% PANEGYRI/'S ADMIR+ REM>K3--0 ,?OSE :O WI% TO KN[ :AT ,RUSSIA CAN DO1 \<T TO VISIT ?IS ,H\SE ( ,DET5TION06 ,ALL ?AT ,IMP]IAL ,RUSSIA REALLY CAN DO1 IS TO BUILD PRISONS :]E ! PRISON]S >E ROBB$1 OR FLOGG$ BY MADM51 & $IFICES :I* MU/ BE REBUILT FIVE YE>S AFT] !IR CON/RUCTION4 

,! GREAT V>IETY ( PUNI%M5TS 9FLICT$ UND] \R P5AL CODE MAY BE DIVID$ BROADLY 9TO F\R CATEGORIES4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT ( H>D LABOR1 ) ! LOSS ( ALL CIVIL RI<TS4 ,! CONVICT'S PROP]TY PASSES TO HIS HEIRS2 HE IS DEAD 9 LAW1 & HIS WIFE CAN M>RY ANO!R2 HE MAY BE FLOGG$ ) RODS1 OR ) ! PLETE 7CAT-O'-N9E-TAILS7 AD LIBITUM BY EA* DRUNK5 JAIL]4 ,AFT] HAV+ BE5 KEPT TO H>D-LABOR 9 ! ,SIB]IAN M9ES1 OR FACTORIES1 HE IS SETTL$ = LIFE SOME:]E 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,! SECOND CATEGORY IS ?AT ( COMPULSORY COLONIZATION1 ACCOMPANI$ BY A COMPLETE OR P>TIAL LOSS ( CIVIL RI<TS1 & IS EQUIVAL5T TO ,SIB]IA = LIFE4 ,! ?IRD CATEGORY DEALS ) ALL CONVICTS CONDEMN$ TO COMPULSORY LABOR 9 ! >RE/ANTSKIYA ROTY1 )\T LOSS ( CIVIL RI<TS4 ,! F\R?--OMITT+ MU* ( LESS IMPORTANCE--CONSI/S ( BANI%M5T TO ,SIB]IA1 ) \T TRIAL1 & BY ORD] ( ! ,EXECUTIVE M]ELY1 = LIFE1 OR = AN UNDET]M9$ P]IOD4 

,=M]LY1 ! H>D-LABOR CONVICTS W]E S5T /RAI<T (F TO ,SIB]IA3 TO ! M9ES BELONG+ 0TO ! ,CAB9ET ( ! ,EMP]OR0--:I* >E1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! ,IMP]IAL FAMILY4 ,SOME ( !SE1 H[EV]1 GOT WORK$ \T2 O!RS W]E F\ND 7OR REPRES5T$7 AS SO UNREMUN]ATIVE 9 ! H&S ( ! ,CR[N ADM9I/RATION ?AT !Y W]E SOLD TO PRIVATE P]SONS :O MADE =TUNES ) !M2 & ,RUSSIA 9 ,EUROPE WAS COMPELL$ TO TAKE *>GE ( H] H>D-LABOR CASES H]SELF4 ,A FEW C5TRAL PRISONS W]E !RE=E BUILT 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E CONVICTS >E KEPT = A TIME 7ONE ?IRD TO ONE-F\R? ( !IR S5T5CE7 BE=E BE+ S5T TO ,SIB]IA OR ,SAKHAL94 ,SOCIETY AT L>GE IS ( C\RSE 9CL9$ TO REG>D H>D LABOR CONVICTS AS ! WOR/ ( CRIM9ALS4 ,BUT 9 ,RUSSIA ?IS IS V]Y F> FROM BE+ ! CASE4 ,MURD]1 ROBB]Y1 BURGL>Y1 =G]Y1 WILL ALL BR+ A MAN TO H>D LABOR2 BUT SO1 TOO1 WILL AN ATTEMPT AT SUICIDE2 SO WILL 0SACRILEGE & BLASPHEMY10 :I* USUALLY MEAN NO MORE ?AN DISS5T2 SO WILL 0 REBELLION 0--OR RA!R :AT IS CALL$ REBELLION 9 ,RUSSIA--:I* IS MO/LY NO MORE ?AN COMMON DISOB$I5CE TO AU?ORITIES2 SO WILL ANY & EV]Y SORT ( POLITICAL (F5SE2 & SO WILL 0VAGRANCY10 ?AT MO/LY MEANS ESCAPE FROM ,SIB]IA4 ,AMONG ! MURD]]S1 TOO1 Y\ WILL F9D NOT ONLY ! PR(ESSIONAL %$D] ( BLOOD--A V]Y R>E TYPE ) US--BUT M5 :O HAVE TAK5 LIFE UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES AS1 BE=E A JURY1 OR 9 ! H&S ( AN HONE/ ADVOCATE1 W\LD HAVE 5SUR$ !IR ACQUITTAL4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ONLY #c P]C5T OR SO ( ! #b TO #be M5 & WOM5 YE>LY S5T D[N TO H>D-LABOR >E CONDEMN$ AS ASSASS9S4 ,! RE/--9 NE>LY EQUAL PROPORTIONS-->E EI!R 0 VAGRANTS 0 OR M5 & WOM5 *>G$ ) ONE ( ! JU/-M5TION$ M9OR (F5SES4 

,! ,C5TRAL ,PRISONS W]E 9/ITUT$ ) ! IDEA ( 9FLICT+ A PUNI%M5T ( ! SEV]E/ TYPE4 ,! IDEA WAS--!RE CAN1 ,I AM AFRAID BE NO D\BT AB\T IT--?AT Y\ C\LD NOT TAKE TOO LITTLE TR\BLE ) CONVICTS1 NOR GET RID ( !M TOO SOON4 ,TO ?IS 5D !SE PRISONS W]E PROVID$ ) SU* JAIL]S & KEEP]S--MO/LY MILIT>Y (FIC]S--AS W]E R5[N$ = CRUELTY2 & !SE RUFFIANS W]E GIFT$ ) FULL P[] OV] !IR *>GES1 & ) FULL LIB]TY ( ACTION1 & HAD ORD]S TO BE AS H>% AS POSSIBLE4 ,! 5D TO :I* !Y W]E APPO9T$ HAS BE5 MAGNIFIC5TLY ATTA9$3 ! ,C5TRAL ,PRISONS >E SO MANY PRACTICAL HELLS3 ! HORRORS ( H>D-LABOR 9 ,SIB]IA HAVE PAL$ BE=E !M1 & ALL ?OSE :O HAVE EXP]I5CE ( !M >E UNANIM\S 9 DECL>+ ?AT ! DAY A PRISON] />TS = ,SIB]IA IS ! HAPPIE/ ( HIS LIFE4 

,EXPLOR+ !SE PRISONS AS A 0DI/+UI%$ VISITOR10 Y\ WILL1 IF Y\ >E 9 SE>* ( EMOTIONS1 BE EGREGI\SLY DISAPPO9T$4 ,Y\ WILL SEE NO MORE ?AN A DIRTY BUILD+1 CRAMM$ ) IDLE 9MATES L\NG+ & SPRAWL+ ON ! BROAD1 9CL9$ PLAT=MS :I* RUN R\ND ! WALLS1 & >E COV]$ ) NO?+ BUT A %EET ( FIL?4 ,Y\ MAY BE P]MITT$ TO VISIT A NUMB] ( CELLS = 0SECRET0 OR POLITICAL CASES2 & IF Y\ QUE/ION ! 9 MATES1 Y\ WILL C]TA9LY BE TOLD BY !M ?AT !Y >E 0QUITE SATISFI$ ) EV]Y?+40 ,TO KN[ ! REALITY1 ONE MU/ ONESELF HAVE BE5 A PRISON]4 ,RECORDS ( ACTUAL EXP]I5CE >E FEW2 BUT !Y EXI/1 & TO ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ ,I PROPOSE TO REF]4 ,IT WAS WRITT5 ( AN (FIC] :O WAS CONDEMN$ TO H>D LABOR = AN ASSAULT COMMITT$ 9 A MOM5T ( EXCITEM5T & :O WAS P>DON$ BY ! ,CZ> AFT] A FEW YE>S' DET5TION4 ,HIS /ORY WAS PUBLI%$ 9 A ,CONS]VATIVE REVIEW 7! ,RUSSKAYA ,RYE*1 = ,JANU>Y1 #a#h#h#b71 AT A TIME1 UND] ,LORIS-,MELIK(F'S ADM9I/RATION1 :5 !RE WAS MU* TALK ( PRISON RE=M & SOME LIB]TY 9 ! PRESS2 & !RE WAS NOT A J\RNAL ?AT DID NOT RECOGNIZE ! UNIMPEA*ABLE V]ACITY ( ?IS TALE4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( \R FRI5DS :OLLY CONFIRMS IT4 

,!RE IS NO?+ UNCOMMON 9 ! ACC\NT ( ! MAT]IAL CIRCUM/ANCES ( LIFE 9 ?IS ,C5TRAL ,PRISON4 ,!Y >E 9 SOME SORT 94 V>IABLE ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 ,IF WE KN[ ?AT ! JAIL WAS BUILT = #be 9MATES1 & ACTUALLY CONTA9$ #d1 WE DO NOT NE$ TO 9QUIRE MORE AB\T SANIT>Y CONDITIONS4 ,9 LIKE MANN]1 ! FOOD WAS NEI!R BETT] NOR WORSE ?AN ELSE:]E4 ,SEV5 KOPECKS 7#a #c_/#dD7 A DAY IS A V]Y POOR ALL[ANCE P] PRISON]1 & ! JAIL] & BURS> BE+ FAMILY M51 ( C\RSE !Y SAVE AS MU* AS !Y CAN4 ,A QU>T] ( A P\ND ( BLACK RYE BREAD = BREAKFA/2 A S\P MADE ( BULL'S HE>T & LIV]1 OR ( SEV5 P\NDS ( MEAT1 TW5TY P\NDS ( WA/E OATS1 TW5TY P\NDS ( S\R CABBAGE1 & PL5TY ( WAT]--MANY ,RUSSIAN PRISON]S W\LD CONSID] IT AS AN 5VIABLE FOOD4 ,! MORAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE >E NOT SO SATISFY+4 ,ALL DAY LONG !RE IS NO?+ TO DO--= WEEKS1 & MON?S1 & YE>S4 ,!RE >E WORK%OPS1 IT IS TRUE2 BUT TO !SE ONLY SKILL$ CRAFTSM5 7:OSE A*IEVEM5TS >E ! PRISON-KEEP]'S P]QUISITE7 >E ADMITT$4 ,= ! O!RS !RE IS NEI!R WORK1 NOR HOPE ( WORK--UNLESS IT IS 9 /ORMY WEA!R1 :5 ! GOV]NOR MAY SET ONE HALF ( !M TO %OVEL ! SN[ 9TO HEAPS1 & ! O!R HALF TO %OVEL IT FLAT AGA94 ,! BLANK MONOTONY ( !IR LIVES IS ONLY V>I$ BY *A/ISEM5T4 ,9 ! P>TICUL> PRISON ( :I* ,I AM WRIT+1 ! PUNI%M5TS W]E V>I$ & +5I\S4 ,= SMOK+1 & M9OR (F5SES ( ?AT SORT1 A PRISON] C\LD GET TWO H\RS ( KNEEL+ ON ! B>E FLAGS1 9 A SPOT--! ?OR\<F>E ( ICY W9T] W9DS--SELECT$ DILIG5TLY AD HOC4 ,! NEXT PUNI%M5T = ! SAME M9OR (F5SES WAS ! BLACKHOLES--! W>M ONE1 & ! COLD ONE UND]GR\ND ) A TEMP]ATURE AT FREEZ+ PO9T4 ,9 BO?1 PRISON]S SLEPT ON ! /ONES' & ! T]M ( DURANCE DEP5D$ ON ! WILL ( ! GOV]NOR4 

0,SEV]AL ( US0 7SAYS \R AU?OR7 0W]E KEPT !RE = A =TNI<T2 AFT] :I* SOME W]E LIT]ALLY DRAGG$ \T 9TO DAYLI<T & !N DISMISS$ TO ! L& :]E PA9 & SUFF]+ >E NOT40 ,IS IT ANY WOND] ?AT DUR+ ! F\R YE>S OV] :I* ! WRIT]'S EXP]I5CE EXT5D$1 ! AV]AGE MORTALITY 9 ! PRISON %\LD HAVE BE5 ?IRTY P]C5T P] ANNUM8 0,IT MU/ NOT BE ?\<T0 7! WRIT] GOES ON TO SAY7 0?AT ?OSE ON :OM P5ALTIES ( ?IS SORT W]E 9FLICT$ W]E H>D5$ DESP]ADOES2 WE 9CURR$ !M IF WE SAV$ A MORSEL ( BREAD FROM D9N] = SUPP]1 OR IF A MAT* WAS F\ND ON A PRISON]40 ,! 9SUBORD9ATE W]E TREAT$ AFT] ANO!R FA%ION4 ,ONE1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS KEPT = N9E MON?S 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T 9 A D>K CELL--ORIG9ALLY 9T5D$ = CASES ( OPH?ALMIA--& CAME \T ALL BUT BL9D & MAD4 ,!RE IS WORSE TO FOLL[4 

0,9 ! EV5+0 7HE CONT9UES7 0! GOV]NOR W5T HIS R\NDS & USUALLY BEGAN HIS FAVORITE OCCUPATION--FLOGG+4 ,A V]Y N>R[ B5* WAS BR\<T \T1 & SOON ! PLACE RES\ND$ ) %RIEKS1 :ILE ! GOV]NOR1 SMOK+ A CIG>1 LOOK$ ON & C\NT$ ! LA%ES4 ,! BIR*-RODS W]E ( EXCEPTIONAL SIZE1 & :5 NOT 9 USE W]E KEPT IMM]S$ 9 WAT] TO MAKE !M MORE PLIANT4 ,AFT] ! T5? LA% ! %RIEK+ CEAS$1 & NO?+ WAS HE>D BUT GROANS4 ,FLOGG+ WAS USUALLY APPLI$ 9 BAT*ES1 TO FIVE1 T5 M51 OR MORE1 & :5 ! EXECUTION WAS OV]1 A GREAT POOL ( BLOOD W\LD REMA9 TO M>K ! SPOT4 ,\R NEI<BORS )\T ! WALLS US$ AT !SE TIMES TO PASS TO ! O!R SIDE ( ! /REET1 CROSS+ !MSELVES 9 HORROR & DREAD4 ,AFT] EV]Y SU* SC5E WE HAD TWO OR ?REE DAYS ( COMP>ATIVE PEACE2 = ! FLOGG+ HAD A SOO?+ 9FLU5CE ON ! GOV]NOR'S N]VES4 ,HE SOON1 H[EV]1 BECAME HIMSELF AGA94 ,:5 HE WAS V]Y DRUNK1 & HIS LEFT MU/A*E WAS DROPP+ & LIMP1 OR :5 HE W5T \T %OOT+ & CAME HOME ) AN EMPTY BAG1 WE KNEW ?AT ?AT SAME EV5+ ! RODS W\LD BE SET TO WORK40 ,AFT] ?IS IT IS UNNECESS>Y TO SPEAK AB\T MANY O!R REVOLT+ DETAILS ( LIFE 9 ! SAME PRISON4 ,BUT !RE IS A ?+ ?AT =EIGN VISITORS W\LD DO WELL TO LAY TO HE>T4 

0,ON ONE OCCASION0 7! WRIT] SAYS7 0WE W]E VISIT$ BY AN 9SPECTOR ( PRISONS4 ,AFT] CA/+ A LOOK D[N ! SCUTTLE1 HE ASK$ US IF \R FOOD WAS GOOD8 OR WAS !RE ANY?+ ( :I* WE C\LD COMPLA98 ,NOT ONLY DID ! 9MATES DECL>E ?AT !Y W]E COMPLETELY SATISFI$1 !Y EV5 5UM]AT$ >TICLES ( DIET :I* WE HAD NEV] SO MU* AS SMELT4 ,?IS SORT ( ?+0 7HE ADDS7 0IS ONLY NATURAL4 ,IF COMPLA9TS W]E MADE1 ! 9SPECTOR W\LD LECTURE ! GOV]NOR A LITTLE & GO AWAY2 :ILE ! PRISON]S :O MADE !M W\LD REMA9 BEH9D & BE PAID = !IR TEM]ITY ) ! ROD OR ! BLACK-HOLE40 

,! PRISON 9 QUE/ION IS CLOSE BY ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,:AT MORE REMOTE PROV9CIAL PRISONS >E LIKE1 MY READ]S MAY IMAG9E4 ,I HAVE M5TION$ ABOVE ?OSE ( ,P]M & ,KH>D(F2 &1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,GOLOS1 ! ,C5TRAL ,PRISON AT ,SIMBIRSK IS A C5T] ( PECULATION & ?IEV]Y4 ,9 ONLY TWO ( ! C5TRAL PRISONS1 NAMELY AT ,WILNO & ,SIMBIRSK1 ! 9MATES >E OCCUPI$ ) SOME USEFUL WORK4 ,AT ,TOBOLSK1 ! AU?ORITIES1 BE+ AT !IR WITS' 5D H[ TO OCCUPY ! 9MATES1 DISCOV]$ A LAW ( ,M>* #b#h?1 #a#h#g1 :I* ORD]$ ! PRISON]S TO BE OCCUPI$ 9 ! REMOVAL ( S&1 /ONES1 OR CANNON-BALLS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANO!R1 & FROM !RE BACK AGA92 & !Y ACT$ ACCORD+LY = SOME TIME1 9 ORD] TO GIVE SOME EX]CISE TO ! 9MATES1 & PREV5T ! SPREAD+ ( SCURVY4 ,AS TO ! O!R H>D LABOR PRISONS1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( SOME BOOK B9D+1 OR SOME REPAIRS MADE BY A FEW PRISON]S1 ! GREAT BULK SP5T !IR LIFE 9 ABSOLUTE IDL5ESS4 0,ALL !SE PRISON]S >E 9 ! SAME ABOM9ABLE /ATE AS ?OSE ( ! OLD TIMES0 WRITES A ,RUSSIAN EXPLOR]4 7#h7 

,ONE ( ! WOR/ ( ! H>D-LABOR PRISONS WAS ?AT ( ,BYELGOROD1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,KH>K(F1 & IT WAS !RE ?AT ! POLITICAL PRISON]S CONDEMN$ TO H>D-LABOR W]E DETA9$ 9 #ahgd TO #a#h#h#b1 BE=E BE+ S5T TO ,SIB]IA4 ,! FIR/ ?REE BAT*ES ( \R FRI5DS--?OSE ( ! ,DOLGU%9 & ,DMOHOVSKY TRIAL1 ! TRIAL ( ! FIFTY AT ,MOSC[1 & ?AT ( ! HUNDR$ & N9ETY-?REE AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1--W]E S5T TO ?AT PRISON4 ,! MO/ AL>M+ REPORTS W]E 9 CIRCULATION AB\T ?IS GRAVE1 :]E SEV5TY PRISON]S W]E BURI$ )\T BE+ ALL[$ TO HAVE ANY 9T]C\RSE ( ANY K9D ) ! \T] WORLD1 & )\T ANY OCCUPATION4 ,!Y HAD MO!RS1 SI/]S1 :O1 UNDAUNT$ BY REPEAT$ REFUSALS1 NEV] CEAS$ TO APPLY TO ALL :O HAD ANY AU?ORITY AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 TO OBTA9 P]MISSION TO SEE-W]E IT ONLY = A FEW M9UTES-!IR SONS1 OR !IR BRO!RS4 ,IT WAS KN[N ?R\< ! ,BYELGOROD PEOPLE ?AT ! TREATM5T ( ! PRISON]S WAS EXECRABLE2 FROM TIME TO TIME IT WAS REPORT$ ?AT SOMEBODY HAD DI$1 OR ?AT ANO!R HAD GONE MAD2 BUT ?AT WAS ALL4 ,/ATE SECRETS1 H[EV]1 CANNOT BE KEPT AD 9F9ITUM4 ,! TIME CAME :5 ONE MO!R OBTA9$ P]MISSION TO SEE H] SON1 ONCE A MON?1 = ONE H\R1 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! GOV]NOR ( ! PRISON1 & %E DID NOT HESITATE TO LIVE UND] ! WALLS ( ! PRISON = ! SAKE ( !SE %ORT & R>E 9T]VIEWS ) H] SON4 ,& !N1 CAME ! YE> #a#h#h1 :5 IT WAS DISCOV]$ AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 7AFT] ! EXPLOSION AT ! ,W9T] ,PALACE7 ?AT IT WAS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO TORTURE POLITICAL PRISON]S AT ,BYELGOROD1 & TO REFUSE !M ! RI<T !Y HAD ACQUIR$ TO BE TRANSPORT$ TO A H>D-LABOR PRISON 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,SO1 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#h1 ?IRTY ( \R COMRADES W]E TRANSPORT$ FROM ,BYELGOROD TO ,MTS5SK4 ,IT WAS F\ND ?AT !Y C\LD NOT BE> ! LONG ,J\RNEY TO ! ,N]T*9SK M9ES1 & !Y W]E BR\<T TO ,MTS5SK1 TO RECOV] A LITTLE /R5G?4 ,!N ! TRU? CAME \T4 ,REPORTS AB\T ! CONF9EM5T AT ,KH>K(F W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y PAP]S1 & P>TIALLY P5ETRAT$ ALSO ! PRESS ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 WRITT5 ACC\NTS ( ! LIFE AT ,BYELGOROD W]E CIRCULAT$4 ,IT !N BECAME KN[N ?AT ! PRISON]S HAD BE5 KEPT = ?REE TO FIVE YE>S 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T1 & 9 IRONS1 9 D>K1 DAMP CELLS ?AT MEASUR$ ONLY T5 FEET BY SIX2 ?AT !Y LAY !RE ABSOLUTELY IDLE1 ABSOLUTELY ISOLAT$ FROM ANY 9T]C\RSE ) HUMAN BE+S4 ,! DAILY ALL[ANCE ( ! ,CR[N BE+ FIVE F>?+S A DAY1 !Y RECEIV$ ONLY BREAD & WAT]1 & ?RICE OR F\R TIMES A WEEK A SMALL B[L ( W>M S\P1 ) A FEW GRITS MIX$ ) EV]Y K9D ( RUBBI%4 ,T5 M9UTES' WALK 9 ! Y>D EA* SECOND DAY1 WAS ALL ! TIME ALL[$ TO BREA! FRE% AIR4 ,NO B$1 NO SORT ( PILL[1 NO?+ :ATEV] TO COV] !M2 = ! RE/1 !Y SLEPT ON ! B>E FLOOR1 ) SOME ( !IR CLO!S PUT UND] !IR HEADS1 WRAPP$ 9 ! PRISON]'S GRAY CLOAK4 ,UNBE>ABLE LONEL9ESS1 ABSOLUTE SIL5CE2 NO OCCUPATION ( ANY K9D6 ,IT WAS ONLY AFT] ?REE :OLE YE>S ( SU* CONF9EM5T ?AT !Y W]E ALL[$ TO HAVE SOME BOOKS4 

,KN[+ BY TWO YE>S & A HALF ( P]SONAL EXP]I5CE :AT SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T IS1 ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO SAY ?AT1 AS PRACTIC$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 IT IS ONE ( ! CRUELE/ TORTURES MAN CAN SUFF]4 ,! PRISON]'S HEAL?1 H[EV] ROBU/1 IS IRREP>ABLY-RU9$4 ,MILIT>Y SCI5CE TEA*ES ?AT 9 A BELEAGU]$ G>RISON :I* HAS BE5 = SEV]AL MON?S ON %ORT RATIONS1 ! MORTALITY 9CREASES BEYOND MEASURE4 ,?IS IS /ILL MORE TRUE ( M5 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T4 ,! WANT ( FRE% AIR1 ! LACK ( EX]CISE = BODY & M9D1 ! HABIT ( SIL5CE1 ! ABS5CE ( ?OSE ?\S& & ONE IMPRESSIONS1 :I*1 :5 AT LIB]TY1 WE DAILY & H\RLY RECEIVE1 ! FACT ?AT WE >E OP5 TO NO IMPRESSIONS ?AT >E NOT IMAG9ATIVE--ALL !SE COMB9E TO MAKE SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T A SURE & CRUEL =M ( MURD]4 ,IF CONV]SATION ) NEI<BOR PRISON]S 7BY MEANS ( LI<T KNOCKS ON ! WALL7 IS POSSIBLE1 IT IS A RELIEF1 ! IMM5SITY ( :I* CAN BE DULY APPRECIAT$ ONLY BY ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 CONDEMN$ = ONE OR TWO YE>S TO ABSOLUTE SEP>ATION FROM ALL HUMANITY4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO A NEW S\RCE ( SUFF]+1 AS V]Y (T5 Y\R [N MORAL SUFF]+S >E 9CREAS$ BY ?OSE Y\ EXP]I5CE FROM WITNESS+ DAY BY DAY ! GR[+ MADNESS ( Y\R NEI<BOR1 :5 Y\ P]CEIVE 9 EA* ( HIS MESSAGES ! DREADFUL IMAGES ?AT BESET & OV]RUN HIS TORM5T$ BRA94 ,?AT IS ! K9D ( CONF9EM5T TO :I* POLITICAL PRISON]S >E SUBMITT$ :5 AWAIT+ TRIAL = ?REE OR F\R YE>S4 ,BUT IT IS /ILL WORSE AFT] ! CONDEMNATION1 :5 !Y >E BR\<T TO ! ,KH>K(F ,C5TRAL ,PRISON4 ,NOT ONLY ! CELLS >E D>K] & DAMP] ?AN ELSE:]E1 & ! FOOD IS WORSE ?AN COMMON2 BUT1 9 ADDITION1 ! PRISON]S >E C>EFULLY MA9TA9$ 9 ABSOLUTE IDL5ESS4 ,NO BOOKS1 NO WRIT+ MAT]IALS1 & NO IMPLEM5TS = MANUAL LABOR4 ,NO MEANS ( EAS+ ! TORTUR$ M9D1 NOR ANY?+ ON :I* TO CONC5TRATE ! MORBID ACTIVITY ( ! BRA92 &1 9 PROPORTION AS ! BODY DROOPS & SICK5S1 ! SPIRIT BECOMES WILD] & MORE DESP]ATE4 ,PHYSICAL SUFF]+ IS SELDOM OR NEV] 9SUPPORTABLE2 ! ANNALS ( W>1 ( M>TYRDOM1 ( SICKNESS AB\ND 9 9/ANCES 9 PRO(4 ,BUT MORAL TORM5T--AFT] YE>S ( 9FLICTION--IS UTT]LY 9TOL]ABLE4 ,?IS \R FRI5DS HAVE F\ND TO !IR CO/4 ,%UT UP 9 ! =TRESSES & H\SES ( DET5TION FIR/ ( ALL1 & AFT] W>DS 9 ! C5TRAL PRISONS1 !Y GO RAPIDLY TO DECAY1 & EI!R GO CALMLY TO ! GRAVE1 OR BECOME LUNATICS4 ,!Y DO NOT GO MAD AS1 AFT] BE+ \TRAG$ BY G5D>MES1 ,MISS ,M---1 ! PROMIS+ Y\NG PA9T]1 W5T MAD4 ,%E WAS B]EFT ( REASON 9/ANTLY2 H] MADNESS WAS SIMULTANE\S ) H] %AME4 ,UPON !M 9SANITY /EALS GRADUALLY & SL[LY3 ! M9D ROTS 9 ! BODY 0FROM H\R TO H\R40 

,9 ,JULY1 #a#h#g#h1 ! LIFE ( ! PRISON]S AT ! ,KH>K(F PRISON HAD BECOME SO 9SUPPORTABLE1 ?AT SIX ( !M RESOLV$ TO />VE !MSELVES TO DEA?4 ,= A :OLE WEEK !Y REFUS$ TO EAT1 & :5 ! GOV]NOR-G5]AL ORD]$ !M TO BE F$ BY 9JECTION1 SU* SC5ES 5SU$ AS OBLIG$ ! PRISON AU?ORITIES TO AB&ON ! IDEA4 ,TO S$UCE !M BACK TO LIFE1 (FICIALISM MADE !M C]TA9 PROMISES3 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 TO ALL[ !M WALK+ EX]CISE1 & TO TAKE ! SICK \T ( IRONS4 ,NONE ( !SE PROMISES W]E KEPT4 ,IT WAS ONLY LAT] ON1 :5 SEV]AL HAD DI$1 & TWO W5T MAD 7,PLOTNIK(F & ,BOGOLUB(F71 ?AT ! PRISON]S OBTA9$ ! PRIVILEGE ( SAW+ SOME WOOD 9 ! Y>D1 9 COMPANY ) TWO ,T>T>S1 :O UND]/OOD NOT A WORD ( ,RUSSIAN4 ,ONLY AFT] OB/9ATE DEM&S = WORK1 AFT] WEEKS SP5T 9 BLACK-HOLES = ?AT OB/9ACY1 !Y OBTA9$ SOME WORK 9 ! CELLS BY ! 5D ( ! ?IRD YE> ( !IR DET5TION4 

,9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#h1 A FIR/ P>TY ( ?IRTY PRISON]S1 CONDEMN$ MO/LY 9 #a#h#g#d1 WAS S5T TO ! ,MTS5SK DEPOT BE=E BE+ DISPAT*$ TO ,SIB]IA4 ,!Y W]E FOLL[$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! W9T] BY =TY MORE ( !IR COMRADES1 FROM ! HUNDR$ & N9ETY-?REE4 ,ALL W]E DESIGNAT$ = ! ,K>A GOLD M9ES 9 ,NEZT*9SK4 ,!Y KNEW WELL ! FATE ?AT WAS RES]V$ = !M1 & /ILL ! DAY !Y LEFT ! ,BYELGOROD HELL WAS CONSID]$ AS A DAY ( DELIV]ANCE4 ,AFT] ! ,C5TRAL ,PRISON1 H>D LABOR 9 ,SIB]IA LOOKS LIKE A P>ADISE4 

,I HAVE BE=E ME AN ACC\NT WRITT5 BY A P]SON :O WAS ALL[$ TO VISIT ONE ( ! PRISON]S AT ! ,MS5SK DEPOT1 & ,I NEV] SAW ANY?+ MORE T\*+ ?AN ?IS PLA9 TALE4 ,IT WAS WRITT5 UND] ! FRE% IMPRESSION ( 9T]VIEWS AT ,MTS5SK ) A BELOV$ BE+ RECOV]$ AFT] MANY YE>S ( DISAPPE>ANCE FROM ! WORLD2 & ) A =GIV+ HE>T ! WRIT] CONSECRATES BUT A FEW L9ES1 A DOZ5 OR SO1 TO ! HORRORS ?AT HAD BE5 SUFF]$ AT ,BYELGOROD4 0,I %ALL NOT 9SI/ ON !SE HORRORS0--IT /&S 9 ! ACC\NT--0 BECAUSE ,I AM EAG] TO TELL :AT HAS BE5 A W>M RAY ( LI<T 9 ! GREAT D>KNESS ( ! PRISON]S' LIFE10 & PAGES >E FILL$ 9 DESCRIB+ 9 DETAIL ! JOY ( ! %ORT 9T]VIEWS AT ,MTS5SK ) ?OSE :O = SO MANY YE>S HAD BE5 BURI$ ALIVE4 

0,OLD & Y\NG PEOPLE1 P>5TS1 WIVES1 SI/]S & BRO!RS1 ALL W]E COM+ TO ,MTS5SK FROM DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,RUSSIA1 FROM DIFF]5T CLASSES ( SOCIETY2 ! COMMON JOY ( ! 9T]VIEWS & ! COMMON SORR[ ( P>T+ HAD UNIT$ !M 9TO ONE GREAT FAMILY444 ,:AT A DE>1 PRECI\S TIME IT WAS60 

0,:AT A DE>1 PRECI\S TIME IT WAS60--,:AT A DEP? ( SORR[ APPE>S 9 ?IS EXCLAMATION COM+ FROM ! V]Y HE>T ( ! WRIT]1 :5 ONE KN[S ?AT ! 9T]VIEWS W]E 9T]VIEWS ) PRISON]S :O W]E GO+ TO LEAVE ,RUSSIA = EV]1 :O HAD A J\RNEY ( MORE ?AN F\R ?\S& MILES BE=E !M1 :O HAD TO BE TRANSPORT$ = EV] TO ! L& ( SORR[--,SIB]IA6 0 ,:AT A DE>1 PRECI\S TIME IT WAS60 ,& MY 9=MANT M9UTELY DESCRIBES ! 9T]VIEWS2 ! SUPPLIES ( FOOD !Y BR\<T TO2 ! PRISON]S TO 9VIGORATE !M AFT] A SIX YE>S' SECLUSION1 ! TOOLS TO GIVE !M SOME DI/RACTION2 ! TIDY PREP>ATIONS = ! LONG J\RNEY ?R\< ,SIB]IA2 ! PADD+ !Y W]E MANUFACTUR+ TO PREV5T ! *A9S FROM W\ND+ ! ANKLES ( ?OSE FIVE :O HAD TO P]=M ! :OLE ( ! J\RNEY 9 IRONS2 & F9ALLY1 ! SI<T ( A LONG R[ ( C>TS1 ) TWO PRISON]S & TWO G5D>MES 9 EA*1 :I* TOOK !M AWAY TO ! NEXT RAILWAY /ATION1 & ! SORR[ ( P>T+ ) BELOV$ BE+S1 NONE ( :OM HAVE YET RETURN$1 :ILE SO MANY HAVE DI$ EI!R ON ! J\RNEY OR 9 ,SIB]IAN JAILS1 & SO MANY AGA9 HAVE PUT AN 5D TO !IR LIVES FROM %E] DESPAIR ( EV] SEE+ ! DAY ( LIB]ATION4 4 4 4 

,! ABOVE FULLY %[S :AT ! COMMON-LAW PRISONS 9 ,RUSSIA >E4 ,MORE PAGES C\LD BE FILL$ ) LIKE DESCRIPTIONS1 MORE SEP>ATE JAILS C\LD BE DESCRIB$1 IT W\LD BE A M]E REPETITION4 ,NEW & OLD PRISON]S >E ALIKE4 ,! :OLE ( \R P5AL 9/ITUTIONS IS DESCRIB$ 9 ONE S5T5CE ( ?AT RECORD ( PRISON-LIFE ON :I* ,I HAVE ALREADY DRAWN SO MU*3-- 

0,9 CONCLUSION10 WRITES ! AU?OR1 0,I MU/ ADD ?AT ! PRISON N[ REJOICES 9 ANO!R GOV]NOR4 ,! OLD ONE QU>REL$ ) ! TREASUR] ON ! SUBJECT ( PECULATION FROM ! PRISON]S' ALL[ANCE1 & 9 ! 5D !Y W]E BO? DISMISS$4 ,! NEW GOV]NOR IS NOT SU* A RUFFIAN AS HIS PR$ECESSOR2 ,I UND]/&1 H[EV]1 ?AT ) HIM ! PRISON]S >E />V$ F> MORE ?AN =M]LY1 & ?AT HE IS 9 ! HABIT ( GIV+ FULL PLAY TO HIS FI/S ON ! C\NT5ANCES ( HIS *>GES40 

,?IS REM>K SUMS UP ! :OLE 0,RE=M ( ,PRISONS0 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ONE TYRANT MAY BE DISMISS$1 BUT HE WILL BE SUCCE$$ BY SOME ONE AS BAD1 OR EV5 WORSE1 ?AN HIMSELF4 ,IT IS NOT BY *ANG+ A FEW M51 BUT ONLY BY *ANG+ COMPLETELY FROM TOP TO BOTTOM ! :OLE SY/EM1 ?AT ANY AMELIORATION CAN BE MADE2 & SU* IS ALSO ! CONCLUSION ( A SPECIAL COMMITTEE REC5TLY APPO9T$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE M]E SELF-DELUSION TO CONCEIVE IMPROVEM5T POSSIBLE UND] SU* A REGIME AS WE N[ 5JOY4 ,AT LEA/ HALF A DOZ5 COMMISSIONS HAVE ALREADY GONE =? TO 9QUIRE1 & ALL HAVE COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT UNLESS ! ,GOV]NM5T IS PREP>$ TO MEET EXTRAORD9>Y EXP5SES1 \R PRISONS MU/ REMA9 :AT !Y >E4 ,BUT HONE/ & CAPABLE M5 >E F> MORE NE$$ ?AN MONEY1 & !SE ! PRES5T ,GOV]NM5T CANNOT & WILL NOT DISCOV]4 ,!Y EXI/ 9 ,RUSSIA1 & !Y EXI/ 9 GREAT NUMB]S2 BUT !IR S]VICES >E NOT REQUIR$4 ,!RE WAS1 = 9/ANCE1 ONE HONE/ MAN1 ,COLONEL ,KONONOVIT*1 *IEF ( ! P5AL SETTLEM5T AT ,K>A4 ,)\T ANY EXP5SE TO ! ,CR[N1 ,M4 ,KONONOVIT* HAD REPAIR$ ! WEA!R WORN1 ROTT5 BUILD+S1 & HAD MADE !M MORE OR LESS HABITABLE2 ) ! MICROSCOPIC MEANS AT HIS DISPOSAL1 HE CONTRIV$ TO IMPROVE ! FOOD4 ,BUT ! PRAISE ( AN OCCASIONAL VISITOR ( ! ,K>A COLONY1 TOGE!R ) LIKE PRAISE CONTA9$ 9 A LETT] 9T]CEPT$ ON ITS WAY FROM ,SIB]IA1 W]E SUFFICI5T REASONS = R5D]+ ,M4 ,KONONOVIT* SUSPICI\S TO \R ,GOV]NM5T4 ,HE WAS IMM$IATELY DISMISS$1 & HIS SUCCESSOR RECEIV$ ! ORD] TO RE9TRODUCE ! IRON RULE ( PA/ YE>S4 ,! POLITICAL CONVICTS1 :O 5JOY$ A RELATIVE LIB]TY AFT] ! LEGAL T]M ( IMPRISONM5T HAD EXPIR$1 W]E PUT 9 IRONS ONCE MORE2 NOT ALL1 H[EV]1 AS TWO HAVE PREF]R$ TO KILL !MSELVES2 & ONCE MORE AFFAIRS >E ORD]$ AS ! ,GOV]NM5T DESIRES TO SEE !M4 ,ANO!R G5TLEMAN 9 ,SIB]IA1 ,G5]AL ,P$A%5KO1 HAS BE5 DISMISS$ TOO1 = REFUS+ TO CONFIRM A S5T5CE ( DEA? :I* HAD BE5 PASS$ BY A MILIT>Y TRIBUNAL ON ! CONVICT ,S*$R91 F\ND GUILTY ( /RIK+ AN (FIC] = 9SULT+ TWO ( HIS FELL[ SUFF]]S1 ,M,M4 ,BOGOMOLETS & ,KOVALSKY4 

,IT IS EV]Y:]E ! SAME4 ,TO DEVOTE ONESELF TO ANY $UCATIONAL WORK1 OR TO ! CONVICT POPULATION1 IS 9EVITABLY TO 9CUR DISMISSAL & DISGRACE4 ,NE> ,/4 ,PET]SBURG WE HAVE A RE=MATORY--A P5AL SETTLEM5T = *ILDR5 & GR[+ LADS4 ,TO ! CAUSE ( !SE POOR CREATURES A G5TLEMAN NAM$ ,H]D--GR&SON ( ! FAM\S ,SCOT*MAN EMPLOY$ BY ,ALEX&] ,I4 9 ! RE=M ( \R PRISONS--HAD DEVOT$ HIMSELF BODY & S\L4 ,HE HAD AN ABUNDANCE ( 5]GY & *>M2 HIS :OLE HE>T WAS 9 ! WORK2 HE MI<T HAVE RIVAL$ ,PE/ALOZZI4 ,UND] HIS 5NOBL+ 9FLU5CE BOY-?IEVES & RUFFIANS1 P5ETRAT$ ) ALL ! VISES ( ! /REETS & ! LOCK UPS1 LE>N$ TO BE M5 9 ! BE/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,TO S5D A BOY AWAY FROM ! COMMON LABOR GR\NDS OR FROM ! CLASSES WAS ! GREATE/ PUNI%M5T ADMITT$ 9 ?IS P5AL COLONY1 :I* SOON BECAME A REAL MODEL COLONY4 ,BUT M5 LIKE ,H]D >E NOT ! M5 \R ,GOV]NM5T IS 9 NE$ (4 ,HE WAS DISMISS$ FROM HIS PLACE1 & ! 9/ITUTION HE RUL$ SO WISELY HAS BECOME A G5U9E ,RUSSIAN PRISON1 COMPLETE EV5 TO ! ROD & ! BLACK-HOLE4 

,!SE EXAMPLES >E TYPICAL BO? ( :AT WE HAVE TO SUFF] & ( :AT WE HAVE TO EXPECT4 ,IT IS A FANCY TO IMAG9E ?AT ANY?+ C\LD BE RE=M$ 9 \R PRISONS4 ,\R PRISONS >E ! REFLECTION ( ! :OLE ( \R LIFE UND] ! PRES5T REGIME2 & !Y WILL REMA9 :AT !Y >E N[ UNTIL ! :OLE ( \R SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T & ! :OLE ( \R LIFE HAVE UND]GONE A ?OR\< *ANGE4 ,!N1 BUT ONLY !N1 0,RUSSIA MAY %[ :AT IT CAN REALIZE20 BUT ?IS1 ) REG>D TO CRIME1 W\LD BE--,I HOPE--SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM :AT IS N[ UND]/OOD BY ! NAME ( 0A GOOD PRISON40 

,FOOTNOTES 

7#a7 ,YE>LY ,REPORT ( ! ,*IEF ,BO>D ( ,PRISONS = #ahhb 7,RUSSIAN74-,VYE/NIK ,EUROPY1 #a#h#h#c1 VOL4 I4  

7#b7 ,V4 ,NIKIT91 0 ,PRISON & ,EXILE10 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 #a#h#h4 0 ,\R ,P5AL ,9/ITUTIONS10 BY ! SAME1 9 ,RUSSKIY ,VYE/NIK1 #a#h#h#a1 VOL4 CLIII4-,REPORT ( ! ,M$ICAL ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,9T]IOR = #a#h#h#c4 

7#c7 ,!RE IS NO NE$ TO TRAVEL TO ,SIB]IA TO ASC]TA9 !SE FACTS4 ,!Y >E PUBLI%$ 9 AN (FICIAL PUBLICATION :I* MAY BE CONSULT$ AT ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 NAMELY1 9 ! 0,J\RNAL ( ,LEGAL ,M$IC9E0 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,M$ICAL ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR1 #a#h#g#d1 VOL4 III4 

7#d7 ,SAME (FICIAL PUBLICATION1 VOL4 III4 

7#e7 ,DR4 ,LEONTOVIT*1 9 ,>*IV ( ,LEGAL ,M$IC9E & ,HYGI5E1 = #a#h#g#a1 VOL4 III42 & 9 ,SBORNIK1 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,M$ICAL ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR1 #a#h#g#c1 VOL4 III41 P4 #a#b#g4 ,%ALL ,I ADD ?AT BO? ( ! ,>*IV & ,SBORNIK HAVE BE5 SUPPRESS$ = !IR OPASNOYE NAPRAVL5IYE1 ?AT IS1 0DANG]\S DIRECTION08 ,EV5 (FICIAL FIGURES >E DANG]\S TO ! ,RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY4 

7#f7 ,SBORNIK ,SVY$5IY PO ,ROSSII = #a#h#h#c4 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 #a#h#h#f4 

7#g7 ,OT*OT ,M$IC9SKAGO ,DEP>TAM5TA = #a#h#h#c4 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 #a#h#h#f4 

7#h7,MR4 ,?ALB]G1 9 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG REVIEW ! ,VYE/NIK ,EVROPY1 ,MAY #a#h#g#i4 

7,S\RCE3 ,9 ,RUSSIAN & ,FR5* ,PRISONS1 ,LONDON3 ,W>D & ,D[NEY2 #a#h#h#g47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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