,9 ,MEMORY ( ! ,PROLET>IAN ,P>TY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

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 ,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 7,POLI%7 ,PRZEGLAD ,SOCIALDEMOKRATYCZSY1 ,JANU>Y-,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c4 
  
,S\RCE3 7,G]MAN7 ,POLITIS*E ,S*RIFT51 ,I,I,I 7,FRANKFURT3 ,EUROPAIS*E1 ,V]LAGSAN/ALT1 #a#i#f#h71 PP4#b#c-#h#b4 7,5GLI%7 ,SELECT$ ,POLITICAL ,WRIT+S ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 #a#i#g#a1 $IT$ BY ,DICK ,H[>D4 
  
,AB/RACT3 ,! ORIG9AL >TICLE CONTA9S P>TS #a-#g4 ,?IS WORK PRES5TS ONLY #a-#d4 ,WE E>NE/LY HOPE TO F9D SOMEONE :O CAN TRANSLATE ! REMA9+ SECTIONS ( ?IS WORK4 
  
,TRANSLAT$3 ,ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 9 ,POLI%1 !N TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,G]MAN 7BY ,TADEUSZ ,KA*LAK1 ) ! HELP ( ,B]NH]D ,BLANKE & ,VICTORIA ,VI]HELLES71 ?IS TEXT WAS TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,G]MAN TRANSLATION 9TO ,5GLI% BY ,TOM ,H]B/4 
  
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,T$ ,CRAW=D_/,BRIAN ,BAGG9S1 ) SPECIAL ?ANKS TO ,DICK ,H[>D & ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS = P]MISSIONS4 
     
,COPYRI<T3 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#a4 ,PR9T$ ) ! P]MISSION ( ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS4 ,LUXEMBURG ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 7M>XI/S4ORG7 #b#d4 
     

     

,= MANY YE>S N[ ON ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! H]OIC DEA?S ( ,KUNICKI1 ,B>D[SKI1 ,OSS[SKI1 & ,PIETRUS9SKI1.<#a.> SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC SKIRMI%ES :I* ONLY H>M ! MEMORY ( ! F\ND]S ( ! FIR/ SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 ,POL& HAVE TAK5 PLACE AT ! GRAVES ( ?OSE :O FELL = ! CAUSE ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 ,WE >E SPEAK+ ( ?OSE YE>LY FE/IVITIES :I* - ESPECIALLY 9 =EIGN L&S - >E ORGANIZ$ BY ! 0,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY0 .<,P,P,S.>1 :OSE GOAL IS TO USURP ! PA/ ( ! ,POLI% LABOR MOVEM5T = ! USE ( TODAY'S NATIONALISM 9 ! GUISE ( SOCIALISM4 ,WE MEAN ! OBTRUSIVE HOMAGES ( ?AT POLITICAL MOVEM5T = :OSE PROGRAM & POLITICAL E?IC ! LIVES & ACTIONS ( ! FALL5 W]E ONLY DAMNABLE4 

,M5 :O /OOD ON SU* A HI< 9TELLECTUAL PLANE AS ?OSE F\R1 :O MET DEA? = AN IDEA ) HEADS HELD HI<1 & :O 9 DY+ 5C\RAG$ & 9FLAM$ ! LIV+1 >E D\BTLESS NOT ! EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY ( ANY P>TICUL> P>TY1 GR\P1 OR SECT4 ,!Y BELONG 9 ! PAN!ON ( ALL MANK9D1 & ANYONE TO :OM ! IDEA ( FRE$OM1 NO MATT] :AT ITS CONT5T OR =M1 IS TRULY PRECI\S %\LD EMBRACE !M AS K9DR$ SPIRITS & HONOR !IR MEMORY4 ,ESPECIALLY :5EV] ! ACADEMIC Y\? ( ,POL& TAKE P>T 9 GREAT NUMB]S 9 ! FE/IVITIES 9 MEMORY ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY1 WE VIEW IT ) REAL JOY AS A SYMPTOM ( IDEALISM & PROMIS+ REVOLUTION>Y LEAN+S AMONG \R 9TELLIG5TSIA4 

,WE WANT NEI!R TO MONOPOLIZE ! MEMORY ( ! H]OES ( ! ,PROLET>IAT NOR TO FI<T = IT 9 ! N>R[ 9T]E/ ( ! ,P>TY1 AS = ! BODY ( ,PATROCLUS4 ,BUT :5 ! HONOR+ ( ! MEMORY ( ! EXECUT$ BECOMES A NOISY & M9DLESS SPORT1 :5 IT IS L[]$ TO ! LEVEL ( COMMON ADV]TIS+1 TO ! SIGNBO>D ( A POLITICAL GR\P1 & :5 ! IDEAS & DE$S ( ! ,PROLET>IANS = :I* !Y DI$ >E MISUS$ & MIS9T]PRET$ BE=E ! PEOPLE = ?IS BASE PURPOSE1 !N IT IS SIMPLY ! DUTY ( ?OSE :O1 BECAUSE ( ! SPIRIT ( !IR PR9CIPLES1 >E ! HEIRS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ( ! ,PROLET>IAT1 TO PROTE/ L\DLY4 ,WE >E NO FRI5DS ( ?OSE REGUL> ANNUAL FE/IVALS 9 HONOR ( REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS :I* BECOME BO? COMMONPLACE1 BECAUSE ( !IR ME*ANICAL REGUL>ITY1 & LIKE EV]Y?+ ?AT IS 0TRADITIONAL0 RA!R BANAL4.<#b.> ,WE >E NEV]!LESS ( ! OP9ION ?AT1 = ! PRES5T1 ?OSE :O FELL ON ,JANU>Y #bh CAN BE/ BE HONOR$ BY %[+ ?AT !IR GRAVES >E NOT ! PROP] SPOT = SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC CAP]S OR = T9 SOLDI]S EX]CIS+ = ! 0NATIONAL UPRIS+04 

,IT IS ALSO UN=TUNATE ?AT ! TRADITIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 \R L& >E SO LITTLE KN[N TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y G5]ATION ( ,POLI% REVOLUTION>IES4 ,9 \R OP9ION1 IT IS TIME TO REVIVE ! MEMORIES ( \R PA/ /RUGGLE1 A /RUGGLE :I* TODAY CAN BE A RI* S\RCE ( MORAL RE9=CEM5T & POLITICAL 9/RUCTION4 ,ABOVE ALL1 IT IS TIME ?AT ! 9TELLECTUAL *>ACT] ( ! FIR/ 9FLU5TIAL & ORGANIZATIONALLY /RONG SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 ,POL&1 ! ,PROLET>IAT1 BE /UDI$ & ?AT IT BE DESCRIB$ 9 ITS [N WORDS & DE$S 9 ! LI<T ( HI/ORICAL TRU?4 

,HE :O W\LD CORRECTLY EVALUATE & UND]/& ! POLITICAL IDEAS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY1 MU/ />T FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ?IS P>TY WAS NOT UNIT$ 9 ITS PROGRAM1 ?AT ITS PROGRAM & DIRECTION W]E 9FLU5C$ BY TWO DI/9CT ELEM5TS3 BY ! ,WE/ & BY ,RUSSIA1 BY ! ,M>XI/ !ORY & BY ! PRACTICE ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA4 

,! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ,CONGRESS ,POL& 9 ! #a#h#hS W]E A SUITABLE BASE = A 0LABOR MOVEM5T0 9 ! ,EUROPEAN S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,! L& RE=M & ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! LA/ UPRIS+ COMPLET$ ! F9AL TRIUMPH ( CAPITALISM 9 ! CITIES &1 P>TIALLY1 9 ! C\NTRY4.<#c.> ,! POSITIVI/IC !ORY ( 0ORGANIC WORK0 SWEPT AWAY ! LA/ VE/IGES ( ! FEUDAL-NATIONAL IDEOLOGY FROM SOCIETY & LAID ! F\NDATION = ! SOCIAL & 9TELLECTUAL RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 A MORE NAK$ =M ?AN 9 ANY O!R C\NTRY4.<#d.> ,MOD]N CLASS ANTAGONISM1 ! ECONOMIC SITUATION1 & ! SOCIAL IMPORTANCE ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT BECAME CLE>4 0,?US ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS :I* =M ! F\NDATION ( ! ,M>XI/ TEA*+ W]E ALMO/ TOTALLY FULFILL$ 9 ,CONGRESS ,POL&1 & ! SOCIALI/ /RUGGLE ( ! ,PROLET>IAT C\LD BE LOGICALLY BAS$ ON ,M>XI/ PR9CIPLES4 

,?IS VIEW IS CLE>LY >TICULAT$ 9 ! SECOND *APT] ( ! PROCLAMATION ( ! WORK]S' COMMITTEE ( ! SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY 9 #a#h#h#b3 0,\R L& IS NOT AN EXCEPTION TO ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY - ITS PA/ & PRES5T CON/ITUTION1 BAS$ ON EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION1 (F]S \R WORK] NO?+ BUT MIS]Y & DEGRADATION4 ,\R SOCIETY TODAY %[S ALL ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ CON/ITUTION1 & EV5 ?\< ! LACK ( POLITICAL FRE$OM GIVES IT A DI/ORT$ & SICKLY APPE>ANCE1 ?IS DOES NOT ALT] ! ESS5CE ( ITS *>ACT]4.<#e.> 

,H]E TOO SOCIALISM HAS A MOD]N F\NDATION APPROPRIATE TO ! CLASS /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY3 

 0,! 9T]E/S ( ! EXPLOIT$ CANNOT BE BR\<T 9TO H>MONY ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! EXPLOIT]S4 ,!SE CANNOT PROGRESS TOGE!R 9 ! NAME ( SOME FICTIONAL NATIONAL UNITY4 ,IF ONE ALSO ASSUMES ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK] 9 ! CITY & ! LABOR] 9 ! C\NTRY >E ! SAME1 ONE MU/ AFFIRM ?AT ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT DIFF]S BASICALLY FROM ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES & ?AT IT TAKES UP ! /RUGGLE ) !M AS AN 9DEP5D5T CLASS :I* HAS COMPLETELY DIFF]5T ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & MORAL T5D5CIES40.<#f.> 

,! PROCLAMATION M>KS ! *>ACT] ( ! SOCIALI/ CLASS /RUGGLE FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ AS PURELY 9T]NATIONAL & /RESSES ?AT 0ECONOMIC CONDITIONS >E ! BASIS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS3 ALL O!R PH5OM5A >E SUBORD9ATE TO !SE CONDITIONS0.<#g.> ,?US ! PROCLAMATION =MALLY RECOGNIZES HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM AS ! F\NDATION = ITS WELTANS*AUUNG4 ,9 ALL DECISIVE PO9TS ! VIEWS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT SIMPLY TRANSPLANT$ ! IDEAS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS' ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O TO ,POLI% SOIL4 

,?IS G5]AL CRITICISM ( CAPITALISM1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT FIX ! =M ( DIRECT ACTION ( ! ,P>TY1 NOR DOES IT DET]M9E ITS POLITICAL PROGRAM OR TACTICS4 ,!RE IS A HUGE GAP BETWE5 #a7 ! RECOGNITION ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM & !IR CONSEQU5CES = ! ACTIVITY & DUTIES ( ! ,P>TY1 & #b7 ! !ORY ( ! ,MANIFE/O1 & ! DIRECT PROGRAM & PRACTICE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,! POLITICAL VIEWS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY W]E TO BE 9FLU5C$ TO A GREAT EXT5T BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA4 

,! 5TIRE =M ( ?IS .<LATT].> ORGANIZATION WAS /AMP$ BY COMPLETELY DIFF]5T SOCIAL CONDITIONS FROM ?OSE 9FLU5C+ ! ,POLI% GR\P4 ,IT GREW 9 ! SOIL ( A WEAKLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY 9 :I* SOCIAL EXI/5CE WAS /ILL L>GELY CONTROLL$ BY AGRICULTURE & ! REMNANTS ( ! ANCI5T ,RUSSIAN SY/EM ( COMMUNAL PROP]TY4 ,! SOCIALI/ !ORY ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA DID NOT RELY ON ! CITY PROLET>IAT BUT RA!R ON ! [N] - ! PEASANT COMMUNITY4 ,IT DID NOT /RIVE = ! REALIZATION & OV]COM+ ( CAPITALISM2 IT S\<T ONLY TO H9D] CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT DID NOT SE>* = SUCCESS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE BUT RA!R 9 ! EF=TS ( A C\RAGE\S M9ORITY TO SEIZE CONTROL ( ! /ATE4 ,IF WE CONSID] SUBJECTIVE IDEALISM.<#h.> TO BE ! BASIS ( ! HI/ORICAL VIEWS ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA1 WE SEE ?AT ITS !ORY DIFF]S 9 ALL ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS FROM ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY4 

,TO BE SURE1 ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA WAS NOT A P]FECTLY UNIT>Y /RUCTURE3 ,WE/]N 9FLU5CES & ! BEG9N+S ( ,M>XI/ !ORY CAN BE NOT$ 9 SEV]AL >EAS4 ,YET ! POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ?IS P>TY IS NOT EASILY FIX$4 ,ONLY AFT] S]I\S ?\<T & A ?OR\< ANALYSIS ( ! P]IODIC PUBLICATIONS ( ?IS P>TY CAN ONE >RIVE AT A CLE> ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ( H[ ! POLITICAL ACTION ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA MAY REALLY BE UND]/OOD4 ,DID IT AIM AT ! OV]?R[ ( P]SONAL RULE & ! CALL+-9 ( ! ,ZEMSKY ,SOBOR 9 ORD] IMM$IATELY TO 5ACT TRANSITIONAL MEASURES ( A SOCIALI/ NATURE SO AS TO /R5G!N ! SY/EM ( COMMUNAL PROP]TY :I* W\LD S]VE AS A FUTURE BASIS = ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY8 ,OR DID IT WANT FIR/ TO E/ABLI% ! USUAL CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS8 ,9 ITS [N TIME1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 !RE W]E ?OSE :O 9T]PRET$ ! GOALS ( ! ,N>ODNAVA ,VOLYA 9 ! LATT] MANN]4 ,H[EV]1 IF ONE IS WILL+ TO TAKE A FITT+ LABEL FROM ! HI/ORY ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM1 !N ! T]M 0,BLANQUI/0 W\LD UND\BT$LY BE ! BE/ DESCRIPTION ( ! POLITICAL /RATEGY ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA4 ,BLANQUISM IS A /RATEGY :I* IS DET]M9$1 ON ! ONE H&1 TO W9 ! TRU/ ( ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 & ON ! O!R H&1 TO SEIZE P[] BY MEANS ( A CONSPIRATORIAL P>TY :I* !N 9/ITUTES ONLY ?OSE P>TS ( ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM 0:I* >E POSSIBLE40 ,?IS JUDGM5T ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA IS PRECISELY ?AT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1.<#i.> :OSE PROGRAMMATIC PUBLICATIONS CONTA9 A WIDE & EXHAU/IVE CRITIQUE ( ! HI/ORICAL ,WELTANS*AUUNG2 & ! ECONOMIC !ORIES ( ?AT P>TY AS WELL AS ( ITS POLITICAL ME?ODS4 

,CONSID]+ !IR CONTRA/+ P]SPECTIVES1 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA ON ! ,PROLET>IAT AT FIR/ SEEMS 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 & ! UNIT+ ( SU* DIFF]5T ELEM5TS APPE>S AS A NE> 9SOLUBLE PROBLEM4 ,:ILE 9 ITS BASIC VIEWS ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY WAS F\ND$ ON COMMON ,EUROPEAN-9T]NATIONAL BASES1 ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA WAS A PURELY 0HOME-MADE0 ,RUSSIAN /RUCTURE4 ,! CORRECT UND]/&+ ( H[ & :Y !SE TWO COMPLETELY DIFF]5T IDEAS NEV]!LESS UNIT$ IS V]Y IMPORTANT BECAUSE ( ! DECISIVE ROLE PLAY$ BY ?IS UNION 9 ! HI/ORY & F9AL DEMISE ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY4 
      

,I,I 

,!RE W]E ?REE PHASES 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! F\ND]S (' ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY4 ,! SECOND ( !SE1 :I* HAD ! MO/ 9FLU5CE ON ! PROGRAM (' ! ,P>TY1 IS CLOSELY TI$ TO ! ACTIVITIES ( ! BRI<TE/ M9D & MO/ 9FLU5TIAL LEAD] ( ,POLI% SOCIALISM AT ! TIME1 ,LUDWIK ,W>Y9SKI4 

,! FIR/ PHASE LA/$ UNTIL AB\T #a#h#h4 ,IT WAS A TIME ( !ORETICAL F]M5TATION1 SPECIALLY AMONG ! SOCIALI/ EMIGRES 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,ITS LIT]>Y ORGAN WAS ! ,R[NOSC .<,EQUALITY.> ( ,G5EVA4 ,! !ORY ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ITS ECONOMICS AS WELL AS ITS G5]AL CRITIQUE ( ! B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ORD] IS1 AT BA/ TO AN EXT5T1 RECOGNIZ$ 9 ?IS P]IODICAL4 ,H[EV]1 CONC]N+ ! APPLICATION ( ?IS !ORY1 ! PROGRAM ( DIRECT POLITICAL ACTION1 ! /&PO9T ( ! ,R[NOSC IS NOT AT ALL CLE>4 ,ITS VIEWS >E 5UNCIAT$ 9 ! SO-CALL$ ,BRUSSELS ,PROGRAM ( #a#h#g#h4 ,AFT] SETT+ =? ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL F\NDATIONS ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 9 ITS FIR/ F\R PO9TS1 ?IS PROGRAM DECL>ES ?AT ! REALIZATION ( !SE PR9CIPLES %\LD BE ! TASK ( A 0G5]AL & 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION40 ,ON ?IS BASIS ! PROGRAM GOES ON1 SOME:AT VAGUELY1 TO CALL = A 0F$]AL ALLIANCE ) ! SOCIALI/S ( ALL C\NTRIES04 ,CONC]N+ PRACTICAL ACTIVITY1 ! PROGRAM CONTA9S ONLY A FAIRLY OBSCURE DECL>ATION ?AT 0! F\NDATION ( \R ACTIVITY IS ! MORAL CONCURR5CE ( ! MEANS ) ! 5D40 ,9 A V]Y G5]AL MANN] IT NAMES AS ! 0MEANS :I* CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( \R P>TY03 ORGANIZATION ( ! 5]GY ( ! PEOPLE1 ORAL & WRITT5 PROPAG&A AB\T ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIALISM1 & AGITATION1 0?AT IS1 PROTE/S1 DEMON/RATIONS1 & ANY SORT ( ACTIVE /RUGGLE :I* IS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL ORD] & :I* IS 9 ACCORD ) \R PR9CIPLES40 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS ! ALLUSION ?AT1 9 VIEW ( ! LACK ( SUCCESS ( LEGAL MEANS ( /RUGGLE1 ?IS PROGRAM CAN BE FULFILL$ ONLY 0?R\< A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION40.<#a.> ,POLITICAL DEM&S1 OR ANY SORT ( CALL = DIRECT ACTION1 >E NOT TO BE F\ND 9 ?IS PROGRAM4 

,?US1 !  ,R[NOSC GR\P DOES NOT DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 ! ?REE DIVISIONS ( ,POL&4 ,IT APPLIES ITS PR9CIPLES & ACTIONS 9 EXACTLY ! SAME MANN] 9 ,GALICIA AS 9 ! ,POS5 >EA OR 9 ,CONGRESS ,POL&4 ,IF1 9 FACT1 ! SOCIALI/S SET UP NO SPECIAL PROGRAM DESIGN$ TO FIT ! CONDITIONS ( A P>TICUL> REGION BUT PREF] TO TRY TO A*IEVE ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION ?R\< SOME 0ORGANIZATION0 ( WORK]S1 !N ! V>I\S NATIONAL-POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( ! ?REE DIVISIONS ( ,POL& >E ( NO SIGNIFICANCE & REQUIRE NO SPECIAL PROC$URES4 ,NOT ONLY ?AT ! PROGRAM ( !  ,R[NOSC C\LD BE APPLI$ JU/ AS WELL OR POORLY 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 OR ,G]MANY AS 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL DIVID$ SECTIONS ( ,POL&4 ,! SOCIALI/ POLITICAL /&PO9T AT ?AT TIME BECOMES CLE> 9 ONLY ONE ASPECT - 9 ITS REJECTION ( NATIONALISM1 9 ITS RIGOR\S 9T]NATIONALI/ ATTITUDE4 ,9 ! LEAD >TICLE ( ,R[NOSC1 0,PATRIOTISM & ,SOCIALISM10 WE RE AD3  0,( ! PATRIOTIC P>TIES !RE >E /ILL SOME SMALL GR\PS LEFT :I* HOLD TO ! BELIEF ?AT !Y WILL ONCE AGA9 RAISE ! FLAG = ! 'FRE$OM ( ! FA!RL&1' ?AT !Y WILL PLUNGE ONE LA/ TIME 9TO BATTLE ) ! 5EMY1 & ?AT !Y WILL !N SEE ! DE> FA!RL& ONCE MORE6 ,LET US RESPECT EV]Y G5U9E FEEL+ ( !SE M51 :O YE/]DAY W]E READY TO (F] EV]Y?+1 JU/ AS !Y >E TODAY4 ,BUT WE ,POLI% SOCIALI/S HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) !M6 ,PATRIOTISM & SOCIALISM >E TWO IDEAS :I* CANNOT BE BR\<T 9TO ACCORD4.<#a#a.> 

,AT AN ASSEMBLY 9 ,G5EVA 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#h1 ,LUDWIK ,W>YNSKI /RESS$3 
     

,:AT DIFF]5TIATES \R PRES5T MEET+ FROM SO MANY PREVI\S ONES IS ! WAY 9 :I* WE RELATE TO ONE ANO!R - WE ,POLI% SOCIALI/S & Y\1 \R ,RUSSIAN COMRADES4 ,WE DO NOT APPE> BE=E Y\ AS *AMPIONS ( ! FUTURE ,POLI% /ATE1 AS ! OPPRESS$ SUBJECTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE1 BUT RA!R AS REPRES5TATIVES & DEF5D]S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT 9 RELATION ) Y\1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,! IDEALS ( ,SLAVIC CONF$]ATION1 ( :I* ,BAKUN9 DREAM$1 >E 5TIRELY =EIGN TO US4 ,WE >E COMPLETELY 9DIFF]5T TO !SE OR ?OSE BORD]S ( ! ,POLI% /ATE1 :I* SO EXCITE \R PATRIOTS4 ,\R FA!RL& IS ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,WE >E NOT ! CONSPIRATORS ( ! 0?IRTIES01 :O SEEK \T ONE ANO!R 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE \R [N NUMB]S4 ,WE >E NOT ! FI<T]S ( #a#h#f#c1 :O W]E B\ND TOGE!R ONLY BY A MUTUAL HATR$ ( !   ,CZ>1 & :O LO/ !IR LIVES ON ! FIELD ( ! NATIONALI/ /RUGGLE4 ,WE HAVE NO NATIONAL 5EMIES4 ,WE >E C\NTRYM51 MEMB]S ( ONE GREAT NATION :I* IS EV5 MORE UN=TUNATE ?AN ,POL&1 ! NATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4.<#a#b.> 

,9 EV5 /RONG] LANGUAGE1 !  ,R[NOSC ANN\NC$ 9 A LEAD >TICLE3 0,WE HAVE BROK5 ONCE & = ALL ) PATRIOT PROGRAMS2 WE WANT NEI!R A FEUDAL NOR A DEMOCRATIC ,POL& & NOT ONLY DO WE NOT WANT IT1 WE >E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! /RUGGLE = ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& BY ! PEOPLE TODAY AN ABSURD IDEA40.<#a#c.> 

,EXCEPT+ ?IS /RONGLY 9T]NATIONAL ATTITUDE1 :I* HAD1 TO BE SURE1 A MU* MORE POSITIVE POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE 9 \R L& ?AN 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 ,POLI% SOCIALISM ( ! TIME1 9 IGNOR+ ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 %[$ AN UNCONSCI\S K9%IP ) AN>*ISM4 ,WE HAVE NO POSSIBILITY TODAY ( DET]M9+ :AT EXT5T 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( !  ,R[NOSC GR\P ACTUALLY HELD AN>*I/ VIEWS4 ,BUT CONSID]+ ! QUICK TRANSITION TO A MORE MATURE POLITICAL POSITION1 ONE CAN ASSUME ?AT ! AN>*I/IC WAV]+S W]E1 MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 A SYMPTOM ( ! MULTIPLICITY ( OP9IONS )9 ! GR\P4 

,9 ANY CASE1 IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! VIEWS PRES5T$ 9 !  ,R[NOSC ?AT ! NATIONAL-POLITICAL CONDITIONS 9 ANY C\NTRY C\LD ONLY PRES5T AN OB/ACLE TO ! 9T]NATIONAL T5D5CIES ( SOCIALISM4 ,! F\ND+ ( SEP>ATE SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 AS WELL AS ! POLITICAL BATTLES :I* >E ! RESULTS ( P>TICUL> NATIONAL CONDITIONS1 W]E RECOGNIZ$ AS ONLY A NECESS>Y EVIL3 0,\R IDEAL REMA9S AN 9T]NATIONAL UNION1 & IF ! GIV5 POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( A WIDE 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION DID NOT CREATE OB/ACLES1 IF !Y DID NOT ABSORB A P>T ( ! SOCIALI/ =CES 9TO ! BATTLE ) !  GOV]NM5T1 !N ! F\NDATION ( A COMMON SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION W\LD ALREADY BE PRES5T 9 ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS40.<#a#d.> ,:AT CAN BE 9F]R$ FROM ?IS IS1 AT BE/1 ! FACT ?AT ! ORGANIC CONNECTION ( ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ) ! GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS WAS !N1 AT LEA/ = SEV]AL LEAD]S ( !  ,R[NOSC   GR\P1 A COMPLETE MY/]Y4 ,! BASIC TEA*+ ?AT EV]Y CLASS /RUGGLE IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE A POLITICAL /RUGGLE ALSO APPE>S TO HAVE MADE NO IMPRESSION ON ! GR\P'S LEAD]S4 ,?IS IS LOGICAL 9 LI<T ( ! FACT ?AT AL?\< !  ,R[NOSC /ROVE = ! 0IDEAL0 ( AN 9T]NATIONAL UNION1 IT DID NOT UND]/& ?AT ! COLLAPSE ( SU* A UNION & ! BIR? ( 9DIVIDUAL LABOR P>TIES 9 EA* /ATE >E NECESS>Y & PROGRESSIVE PH5OM5A AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( ! SOCIALI/ /RUGGLE4 

,BUT1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 A DECISIVE *ANGE TOOK PLACE 9   ! PROGRAM ( ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#h#h#a1 WE CAN ALREADY SEE ! TRANSITION TO ! SECOND PHASE ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! GR\P'S PROGRAM UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,W>YNSKI4 ,! PROGRAM ( ! WORK]'S ( ,GALICIA 9 ! FIR/ YE> ( !   MAGAZ9E   ,PRZ$SWIT .<,DAWN.> %[S US ! IDEAS ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ALREADY 9 FULL MATURITY1 :ILE ! POLITICAL *>ACT] ( ! PROGRAM ALSO BECOMES COMPLETELY CLE>4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! 9T]NATIONAL & ANTI-NATIONAL /&PO9T IS JU/ AS OBVI\S AS 9 ! PREVI\S PHASE4 ,YET AS ,W>YNSKI'S GR\P MOV$ 9TO ! REALM ( PRACTICAL POLITICAL ACTIVITY 9/EAD ( CONT9U+ TO SPREAD HAZY SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A1 EV5 ITS ANTI-NATIONALISM ASSUM$ CONCRETE & PALPABLE =MS & ATTA9$ TO A POSITION ( SOME IMPORTANCE 9 ! OV]ALL POLITICAL VIEWS ( ! GR\P4 

,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,W>YNSKI'S SPEE*1 ! SOLID>ITY ) !  ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES & ! NEGATIVE EVALUATION ( ,POLI% NATIONALISM SEEM ONLY TO /EM FROM ! 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT] ( SOCIALISM'S F9AL GOAL & ?IS HAD BE5 ! VIEW ( !  ,R[NOSC - !N ?IS SAME IDEA IS DEVELOP$ BY ,PRZ$SWIT  EXPLICITLY AS ! BASIS ( A M9IMAL PROGRAM1 OR MORE EXACTLY1 AS A POLITICAL  /RATEGY  = SOCIALI/S4 ,W>YNSKI'S CRITIQUE ( ! SOCIAL-POLITICAL UNION ,LUD ,POLSKI .<,! ,POLI% ,PEOPLE.>1 :I* BECAME PROM95T 9 ,AUGU/ #ahha ) A PROCLAMATION ANN\NC+ ITS PROGRAM1 IS ESPECIALLY REPRES5TATIVE ( ! POLITICAL POSITION ( ,PRZ$SWIT4 

,O!R SOCIALI/S ( ! ,G5EVA GR\P1 ,BRZEZ9SKI1 ,JABLONSKI1 ,PADLEWSKI1 SPOKE AGA9/ ! ABOVE-M5TION$ PROCLAMATION BECAUSE1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 0WE SEE  ! GOALS ( SOCIALISM NOT AS F>-(F1 ULTIMATE GOALS 7AS DOES ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,LUD ,POLSKI7 BUT RA!R AS ! ONLY GOALS4 ,?US1 :ILE O!R SOCIALI/S ( ! GR\P W]E /ILL COMPLETELY UNAW>E ( ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! F9AL GOALS & ! DIRECT POLITICAL PROGRAM1 ,W>YNSKI WRITES ) AMAZ+ CL>ITY3     

,9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,LUD ,POLSKI1 ?AT :I* ,I HAVE JU/ DISCUSS$ IS NOT ACCID5TAL2 IT IS NOT SIMPLY AN 9ACCURACY BUT AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ?IS PROGRAM4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ALL O!R SOCIALI/ P>TY PROGRAMS & 9 OPPOSITION TO ! !ORIES ( MOD]N SOCIALISM1 IT PLACES ! PROBLEM ( POLITICAL-NATIONAL LIB]ATION ON A LEVEL ) ! COMMON HUMAN TASK ( SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIB]ATION4 ,SU* A COEXI/5CE ( G5]AL ) SPECIFIC PROBLEMS AS IS CONTA9$ 9 ?IS PROCLAMATION IS ONLY POSSIBLE 9 A S+LE PROGRAM :5 ! SPECIFIC PROBLEM IS TREAT$ AS A M9IMAL1 %ORT-T]M DEM&4 ,O!RWISE1 IT IS COMPLETELY UN9TELLIGIBLE H[ SU* 9DIVIDUAL PROBLEMS AS ALLEVIAT+ POLITICAL OPPRESSION 9 ! V>I\S REGIONS ( ,POL& CAN BE EQUAT$ ) SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIB]ATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 A POOR UND]/&+ IS %[N = ! FACT ?AT LIB]ATION FROM SOCIO-ECONOMIC S]VITUDE ALSO SIGNIFIES A SIMULTANE\S EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! GR\P FROM MAT]IAL & MORAL OPPRESSION4 ,!RE=E1 ,I VIEW ! REMOVAL ( POLITICAL-NATIONAL OPPRESSION 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,LUD ,POLSKI AS A POORLY =MULAT$ 0M9IMAL PROGRAM0 & ,I MU/ DISCUSS IT AS SU*4 

,AFT] ,W>YNSKI HAS DEMOLI%$ ! EQUATION ( A PROGRAM ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION ) ! F9AL GOALS ( SOCIALISM 9 A FEW WORDS1 HE ANALYZES ! SAME PO/ULATE AS AN IMM$IATE TASK ( ! PROLET>IAT3     

,)\T ASK+ :Y ! ,LUD ,POLSKI UNION =MULATES ?IS M9I MAL PROGRAM SO VAGUELY1 )\T ASK+ :Y IT DOES NOT CLE>LY SET ?IS AS AN IMM$IATE GOAL ( ITS EF=TS1 ,I FEEL ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SU* A PROGRAM = ALL ?REE DIVISIONS ( ,POL&1 OR   = EA* SEP>ATELY1 HAS ONLY IT NEGATIVE EFFECT ON ! WORK :I* ! SOCIALI/S MU/ KEEP 9 M9D AS !IR PRACTICAL DUTY4     

,! M9IMAL PROGRAM SET UP BY ! SOCIALI/S ASSUMES   A  DAY-TO-DAY /RUGGLE ) CAPITAL4 ,!IR GOAL IS NOT A 0NATIONAL RE BIR?0 BUT ! WID5+ ( ! POLITICAL RI<TS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ORD] TO 5HANCE ! POSSIBILITY ( BUILD+ MASS ORGANIZATIONS = ! /RUGGLE ) ! B\RGEOISIE AS A POLITICAL & SO CIAL CLASS4     

,! 0,PROGRAM ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY ( ,GALICIA0 WAS COMPOS$ ( SIMIL> /UFF1 AL?\< IT WAS WRITT5 NOT ONLY = ! ,POLI%  PEOPLE BUT ALSO = ! V>I\S PROLET>IAN GR\PS ( ?OSE NATIONS :I* HAD UNIT$ !MSELVES 9TO ONE P>TY 9 ,GALICIA4 ,?IS FACT %\LD S]VE AS AN ANSW] TO ?OSE :O WANT TO TALK ( ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ( DEVELOPM5T 9 \R SOCIETY4 ,WE ALSO ADVISE \R SOCIALI/ *AMPIONS TO ?9K A BIT MORE AB\T ?IS FACT4     

,IT IS EASY TO SEE  ?AT 9 ,POS5 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WILL GO ! SAME WAY AS 9 ,GALICIA4 ,!RE1 TOO1 ! ,POLI% & ,G]MAN  WORK]S WILL UNITE TO =M A /RONG ORGANIZATION :I* IS NOT ONLY CONDITION$ BY ET]NAL RELATIONS1 BUT 9 ITS CONT5T & ITS ESS5CE IS F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY 444 ,WE DO NOT D\BT ?AT 9 ,CONGRESS ,POL&1 TOO1 M5 :O WELL UND]/& ! OBLIGATIONS ( SOCIALISM & :O >E TRULY   DEVOT$ TO ! CAUSE ( SOCIALISM WILL CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! SAME DIRECTION !RE4 

,WE HAVE T>RI$ AT ?IS QUOTATION BECAUSE1 AS ! READ] ) A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( MOD]N SOCIALI/ ?\<T WILL RECOGNIZE1 IT IS A PRIME EXAMPLE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC CRE$4 ,?AT :I* SEP>ATES ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC POSITION FROM ?OSE ( O!R SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS IS1 ABOVE ALL1 ITS CONCEPTION ( ! TRANS=MATION ( ! MOD]N SOCIETY 9TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ITS CONCEPTION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! IMM$IATE TASKS ( SOCIALISM & ITS F9AL GOALS4 

,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :I* BASES ITS VIEWS ON ! !ORY ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 ! TRANSITION TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY CAN ONLY BE ! RESULT ( A PHASE ( DEVELOPM5T1 ( GREAT] OR LESS] DURATION4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T1 TO BE SURE1 DOES NOT PRECLUDE ! NECESSITY = ! F9AL CONV]SION ( SOCIETY BY MEANS ( A VIOL5T POLITICAL OV]?R[1 ?AT IS1 BY :AT IS USUALLY CALL$ REVOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS RESOLUTION IS IMPOSSIBLE IF ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAS NOT PREVI\SLY PASS$ ?R\< ! NECESS>Y PHASES ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T MU/ TAKE PLACE 9 ! OBJECTIVE FACTOR ( ! SOCIALI/ OV]?R[1 ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ITSELF1 AS WELL AS 9 ! SUBJECTIVE FACTOR1 ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,BEG9N+ ) ! PR9CIPLE ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ?AT ! 0LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF40 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY RECOGNIZES ?AT ONLY ! WORK+ CLASS AS SU* CAN C>RY \T ! OV]?R[1 ?AT IS1 ! REVOLUTION = ! REALIZATION ( ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION4 ,BY WORK+ CLASS1 IT MEANS ! TRULY BROAD MASS ( ! WORK]S1 ABOVE ALL ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,?US A PR]EQUISITE = ! CONV]SION TO SOCIALISM MU/ BE ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 A NECESS>Y /EP = ! 9/ITUTION ( TRANSITIONAL MEASURES4 

,BUT 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO FULFILL ?IS TASK1 ! WORK+ MASSES  MU/ BE FULLY AW>E ( !IR GOAL & BECOME A CLASS-ORGANIZ$ MASS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY MU/ HAVE ALREADY REA*$ A /ATE ( ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T :I* ALL[S ! 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!SE PR]EQUISITES >E DEP5D5T ON ONE ANO!R & 9FLU5CE EA* O!R RECIPROCALLY4 ,! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT ATTA9 TO ANY ORGANIZATION OR CONSCI\SNESS )\T SPECIFIC POLITICAL CONDITIONS :I* ALL[ AN OP5 CLASS /RUGGLE1 ?AT IS1 )\T DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! /ATE4 ,& CONV]SELY1 ! ATTA9+ ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! /ATE & !IR SPREAD 9TO ! WORK+ CLASS IS - AT A C]TA9 HI/ORICAL MOM5T1 9 A C]TA9 PHASE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CLASS ANTAGONISM - IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! ACTIVE /RUGGLE ( A CONSCI\S & ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT4 

,! SOLUTION TO ?IS APP>5T P>ADOX LIES 9 ! DIALECTICAL PROCESS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT FI<T+ = DEMOCRATIC CONDITIONS 9 ! /ATE & AT ! SAME TIME ORGANIZ+ ITSELF & GA9+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BECAUSE IT GA9S ?IS CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & ORGANIZES ITSELF 9 ! C\RSE ( ! /RUGGLE1 IT A*IEVES A DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE &1 9 ! MEASURE ?AT IT ITSELF RIP5S1 MAKES ! B\RGEOIS /ATE RIPE = A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES = ! PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY DEP5D ON ! ABOVE CONCEPTION3 ! SOCIALI/ /RUGGLE MU/ BE A MASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT MU/ BE A DAILY /RUGGLE = ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! /ATE1 = ! RAIS+ ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & MAT]IAL LEVEL ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES 9TO A P>TICUL> POLITICAL P>TY :I*  CONSCI\SLY SETS ITSELF AGA9/ ! 5TIRE B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 ITS /RUGGLE = A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,! APPROPRIATION ( !SE PR9CIPLES TO ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & !IR APPLICATION 9 ?IS MOVEM5T W]E EXTREMELY IMPORTANT & DIFFICULT TASKS4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! NATIONS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ! SITUATION ( ! SOCIALI/S 9 ,POL& IS COMPLICAT$ BY1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ?REE SORTS ( POLITICAL CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT MU/ LIVE .<9 ! ?REE DIVISIONS ( ,POL&.> - ?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE = ! SPECIFIC POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT DIVISION ( ,POL&1 ! ,RUSSIAN ZONE - & ON ! O!R H&1 BY ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 

,!SE IMPORTANT & DIFFICULT TASKS W]E ACCOMPLI%$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,POLI% LABOR MOVEM5T BY ,LUD[IK ,W>YNSKI 7AS ! ABOVE QUOTATION HAS %[N71 :O =MULAT$ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES SO CLE>LY & PRECISELY4 ,NEI!R BE=E NOR DUR+ HIS TIME DO WE HE> EQUALLY COG5T /ATEM5TS FROM O!R ,POLI% SOCIALI/S4 

,CONC]N+ ! NATIONAL QUE/ION1 ,W>YNSKI REJECTS ! REBUILD+ ( ,POL& ) ! SAME DECISIV5ESS %[N BY !  ,R[NOSC GR\P2 H[EV]1 HE PLACES ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ON A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T LEVEL4 ,!  ,R[NOSC GR\P EXPLA9$ ITS NEGATIVE POSITION ON NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES AS RESULT+ FROM ! CONTRADICTION ( !SE T5D5CIES ) ! 9T]NATIONAL GOALS ( SOCIALISM AS SELL AS ) ! GR\P'S [N 9DIFF]5CE TO POLITICAL WORK 9 G5]AL4.<#a#e.> ,W>YNSKI1 ON ! O!R H&1 REJECTS ! NATIONALI/ PROGRAM NOT BECAUSE ( ! ULTIMATE GOALS ( SOCIALISM BUT BECAUSE ( ! PRIORITY ( IMM$IATE PROBLEMS4 ,HE OPPOSES ! POLITICS ( ! WORK]S TO ! POLITICS ( ! NATIONALISM4 

,S9CE ! GOAL ( ! DAY-TO-DAY EF=T ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY IS ! ORGANIZATION & 5LI<T5M5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ,W>YNSKI D$UCES ?AT ITS POLITICAL PROGRAM CAN BE NEI!R ?AT ( ! OV]?R[ NOR ?AT ( ! E/ABLI%M5T ( /ATES4 ,RA!R1 ITS PROGRAM MU/ BE ! W9N+ & WID5+ ( ! POLITICAL RI<TS :I* >E ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES )9 ! B\RGEOIS /ATES 9 :I* !Y >E ACTIVE4 

,W>YNSKI DEF9ES TWO PR9CIPLES ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL PROGRAM = ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT3 #a7 AS ! />T+ PO9T = POLITICAL ACTION1 ! RECOGNITION ( ! EXI/+ HI/ORICAL & GOV]NM5TAL SITUATION AS A GIV5 CONDITION2 #b7 AS ! GOAL ( ?IS POLITICAL ACTION1 ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! GIV5 POLITICAL CONDITIONS4 

,?US IF ! NEGATIVE CONCLUSION D$UC$ FROM !SE PR9CIPLES WAS ! REJECTION ( ! PROGRAM = ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,POLI% /ATE1 !N ! RESULT W\LD HAVE TO BE ! =MULATION ( A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM OR BETT]1 ?REE SEP>ATE PROGRAMS = ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,IF ! POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( EA* ( ! ?REE DIVISIONS ( ,POL& >E VIEW$ AS DECISIVE 9 DET]M9+ ! ACTION TO BE TAK5 BY ! PROLET>IAT1 !N IT MU/ BE REALIZ$ ?AT A S+LE PROGRAM = ALL ( ! WORK]S ( ! ?REE P>TS ( ,POL& IS IMPOSSIBLE1 ?AT ! PROGRAM & ACTION MU/ BE DIFF]5T 9 EA* DIVISION1 & YET ?AT )9 EA* ( !SE ?REE ZONE'S1 ! PROGRAM MU/ BE COMPLETELY EQUALLY APPLI$ TO ALL NATIONAL GR\PS4 

,W>YNSKI EXPRESSES ?IS 9 ! A=EM5TION$ >TICLE 9 RELATION TO ! ,POS5 >EA & TO ,GALICIA4 ,?IS CONCEPT WAS FIR/ RELAT$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ZONE 9 A SOME:AT LAT] DOCUM5T1 :I* IS ! PRODUCT ( ! MO/ MATURE ?9K+ ( ,W>YNSKI & HIS GR\P DUR+ ?AT MIDDLE PHASE ( ,POLI% SOCIALISM DIRECTLY BE=E ! =MAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,PROLET>AT ,P>TY4 ,?IS DOCUM5T1 AN APPEAL 7DAT$ ,NOVEMB] #h1 L#h#h#a TO ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S BY A GR\P ( =M] MEMB]S ( !  ,R[NOSC GR\P & ! $ITORIAL /AFF ( ! SOCIALI/ MAGAZ9E ,PRZ$SWIT1 WAS PR9T$ 9 ! ,DECEMB] #a1 #a#h#h#a71 ISSUE (  ,PRZ$SWIT4 ,!  GOAL ( ?IS APPEAL WAS TO CONV9CE ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S ?AT !Y %\LD WORK ) !IR ,POLI% COMRADES 9 =MULAT+ A COMMON PROGRAM4 ,IT WAS ! BOLDE/ POLITICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ,W>YNSKI'S PR9CIPLES4 ,NOT ONLY ! CONCLUSION BUT ALSO ! WAY 9 :I* IT IS SUB/ANTIAT$ BY ,W>YNSKI'S *>ACT]I/ICALLY CLE> & EMPHATIC ?9K+ >E ( SU* NOTE ?AT WE DO NOT HESITATE TO REPRODUCE ! 5TIRE F9AL SECTION ( ?IS DOCUM5T H]E4 

,AFT] AN 9T]PRETATION ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! POLITICAL  /RUGGLE  9 ,RUSSIA & ! HI/ORICAL DECL9E 9 IMPORTANCE ( ! QUE/ION ( ,POL&1 ! APPEAL CLOSES ) ! WORDS3   

,WE N[ SUMM>IZE3   

A7,SOCIALISM IS H]E1 AS IT IS EV]Y:]E1 AN ECONOMIC PROBLEM :I* HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! NATIONAL PROBLEM & :I*1 9 PRACTICE1 TAKES ON ! =M ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4   

B7 ,GU>ANTEES = ! PROGRESS ( ?IS /RUGGLE & ! FUTURE VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION >E #a7 ! MAXIMUM DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ MASSES & #b7 !IR ORGANIZATION AS A CLASS ON ! BASIS ( !IR CLASS 9T]E/S4   

C7 ,POLITICAL FRE$OM IS NECESS>Y TO ! REALIZATION ( !SE GOALS4 ,! LACK ( ?IS FRE$OM PLACES A MASS ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S ( ,RUSSIA BE=E AN 5ORM\S OB/ACLE4   

,FUR!R1 9 AGREEM5T ) ! CONCLUSIONS REA*$ 9 A DISCUSSION BETWE5 !  ,R[NOSC GR\P & ! ,RUSSIAN COMRADES DUR+ ! PREVI\S YE>3 

A7   ,! *>ACT] ( ! SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION IS  9FLU5C$ SOLELY BY G5]AL ECONOMIC 9T]E/S & ! POLITICAL SITUATION4 

B7  ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$1 ON ! ONE H&1 ON ! BASIS ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ON ! BASIS ( ! EXI/+ GOV]NM5TAL-POLITICAL CONDITIONS4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE1 ! B\ND>IES ( NATIONALITY CANNOT S]VE AS A F\NDATION = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! P>TY4 

C7   ,IT FOLL[S1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! SOCIALI/ P>TY ( ,POL& CANNOT EXI/ AS A HOMOG5E\S UNITY4 ,!RE CAN ONLY BE ,POLI% SOCIALI/ GR\PS 9 ,AU/RIA1 ,G]MANY1 & ,RUSSIA1 :I* =M UNIONS ) ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS ( O!R NATIONALITIES )9 ! P>TICUL> /ATE4 ,?IS DOES NOT1 H[EV]1 EXCLUDE ! POSSIBILITY ( CONNECTIONS ) ONE ANO!R & ) /ILL O!R SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 

,F9ALLY1 ! FOLL[+ %\LD S]VE AS A GUIDEL9E3 

A7     ,! SUCCESS ( ! T]RORI/ /RUGGLE = POLITICAL FRE$OM 9 ,RUSSIA IS DEP5D5T ON ! COLLABORATION ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK  + MASSES ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES )9 ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE4 

B7  ,EMPHASIS ON ! ,POLI% NATIONAL-POLITICAL PROBLEM CAN  ONLY H>M ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL FRE$OM 9 ,RUSSIA2 NATIONALISM CAN ONLY OP]ATE TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

   

,IF WE VIEW EV]Y?+ SAID UP TO ?IS PO9T1 WE COME TO ! FOLL[+ RESULTS3 

,I7         ,! ORGANIZ+ ( A COMMON SOCIALI/ P>TY CONTA9+ ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! V>I\S NATIONALITIES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE IS AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY4 

,I,I7       ,! WELD+ TOGE!R ( GR\PS PREVI\SLY FI<T+ SEP>ATELY ON ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC FRONTS IS ALSO ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL TO ! 9T5SIFICATION ( UNIT$ /RUGGLE4 

,I,I,I7      ,! =MULATION ( A POLITICAL PROGRAM :I* IS COMMON TO ALL SOCIALI/S ACTIVE 9 ,RUSSIA & :I* FULFILLS ALL ( ! ABOVE CONDITIONS IS 9DISP5SABLE4 

,A GLANCE IS SUFFICI5T TO ASSURE US ?AT WE HAVE H]E A DOCUM5T ( EXTRAORD9>Y SIGNIFICANCE = ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,POL&4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! 0,APPEAL ( ,DECEMB] #a#h#h#a0 =MULATES A POLITICAL PROGRAM :I* IS1 TO A GREAT DEGREE1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC & COMPLETELY ID5TICAL ) ! IDEAS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y 0,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA40.<#a#f.> 

,?IS IS TRUE NOT ONLY = ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES3 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( A COMMON PROGRAM & COMMON ORGANIZATION = ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S FROM ALL ?REE DIVISIONS ( ,POL&1 & ! 9DISP5SABILITY ( A COMMON PROGRAM & A COMMON ORGANIZATION = ! SOCIALI/S UND] EA* DIVISIONAL P[]4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE = ! DECISIVE REJECTION ( A PROGRAMS ( 9DEP5D5CE = ,POL&4 ,BUT MO/ IMPORTANT1 ! APPEAL ( ! ,PRZ$SWIT & ! OLD  ,R[NOSC =MULATES = ! FIR/ TIME A POSITIVE PROGRAM ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY = ! ,RUSSIAN ZONE3 ! W9N+ ( POLITICAL FRE$OMS1 I4E41 CON/ITUTIONAL =MS )9 ,RUSSIA4 

,BUT ?AT IS NOT ALL4 ,! ATT5TIVE READ] WILL NOTICE ?AT 9 ! APPEAL ITSELF1 ,W>YNSKI & HIS COMRADES PRESUPPOSE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S SET !MSELVES ! SAME GOAL4 ,9 ! ,APPEAL1 !Y CLE>LY M5TION ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA4 ,!Y SPEAK1 )\T A SECOND ?\<T1 ( ! 0T]RORI/ /RUGGLE = POLITICAL FRE$OM 9 ,RUSSIA0 & VIEW ?IS T]RORISM ON ! P>T ( ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY SIMPLE AS A TACTIC 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,CZ> & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS 9 ! ,EUROPEAN S5SE4 ,9 ADDITION1 !Y ATTEMPT TO F\ND ?IS VIEW1 AS F> AS IS POSSIBLE1 9 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC !ORY :5 !Y DECL>E ?AT ! T]RORISM ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA WILL ONLY HAVE POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE :5 IT IS SUPPORT$ BY ! CONSCI\S ACTION ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS ?R\<\T ! /ATE4 

,D\BTLESS1 T]RORISM W\LD NOT BE VIEW$ TODAY BY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ,POLI% OR ,RUSSIAN1 AS AN APPROPRIATE & USEFUL =MS ( /RUGGLE4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 5RI*$ BY ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY & ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA1 UND]/& ?AT T]ROR CANNOT BE COMB9$ ) ! MASS /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS3 9/EAD1 IT ONLY MAKES ?AT /RUGGLE MORE DIFFICULT & DANG]\S4 ,BUT ,W>YNSKI & HIS COMRADES 9 ! YE> #ahha C\LD NOT HAVE HAD ?IS KN[L$GE4 ,!Y HAD TO BELIEVE 9 ! 9DISP5SABILITY & USEFULNESS ( T]RORISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 = 9 ?AT MOM5T 9 :I* !Y APPE>$ ) !IR ,APPEAL  ! T]RORI/ P>TY ( ,RUSSIA /OOD AT ! APEX ( ITS P[] & ACTUALLY APPE>$ TO %AKE ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( CZ>ISM4.<#a#g.> ,WE CAN A#aSO NOTE PRECISELY ! SAME VIEWPO9T 9 ! BASIC PUBLICATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 :O EXAM9$ ! 5TIRE !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL F\NDATION ( ! ,N>ODNALYA ,VOLYA F\R YE>S AFT] ,W>YNSKI HAD >TICULAT$ HIS POSITION4 

,?US1 ! MO/ /RIK+ FACT H]E IS NOT ! RECOGNITION GIV5 T]ROR ITSELF BUT RA!R ! FACT ?AT ! APPEAL ( ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S ATTEMPTS TO GIVE T]RORISM BO? ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC GOALS & A BROAD F\NDATION 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,TO :AT EXT5T ?IS CONCEPTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM ( ! TIME CORRESPONDS TO REALITY WILL BE SE5 PRES5TLY4 ,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 ANO!R SIDE ( ! SUBJECT :I* IS IMPORTANT4 ,W>YNSKI'S GR\P1 9 DEVELOP+ !IR [N PROGRAM1 >RIV$ AT A PURELY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC /&PO9T1 & FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 !Y S\<T UNITY ( PROGRAM & ACTION ) ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S4 

,?IS MOM5T IS ! HI< PO9T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,PROLET>IAT1 & ALSO A TURN+ PO9T 9 !IR HI/ORY4 ,AS SOON AS ! LA/ POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES W]E DRAWN1 ,W>YNSKI & HIS COMRADES APPLI$ !IR PROGRAM 9 PRACTICE TO ! =MAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY 9 ,POL&4 ,?IS IS ! BEG9N+ ( ! ?IRD & LA/ P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T = ! ,P>TY4 
     ,I,I,I     

,! APPEAL TO ! ,RUSSIAN COMRADES %[S ?AT ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S AT ! 5D ( #ahha HAD ATTA9$ A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC POSITION 9 ! FOLL[+  TWO PO9TS3 #a7 ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ?AT ! POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT %\LD BE ! SAME & COMMON ) ! PROGRAM ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! OCCUPY+ P[]S1 & #b7 ! RECOGNITION ( ! FACT ?AT 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ZONE1 ?IS PROGRAM HAD TO CONTA9 BO? ! OV]?R[ ( P]SONAL RULE ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL FRE$OM & A P>LIAM5T>Y-DEMOCRATIC =M ( GOV]NM5T4 

,AL?\< !SE TWO CONCLUSIONS BELONG TOGE!R & MODIFY EA* O!R LOGICALLY1 !Y NEV]!LESS CAME 9TO CONTRADICTION AS SOON AS ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S ATTEMPT$ TO APPLY !M 9 PRACTICE4 ,! G5]AL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE L$ !M TO SEEK UNITY ( PROGRAM & ACTION SMI? ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S4 ,BUT ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM ( ! TIME WAS 9 NO WAY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOC RACY ,W>YNSK I'S GR\P NAM$ ! /RUGGLE = A CON/ITUTION AS AN >EA SUITABLE = COMMON ACTION2 BUT ?IS HAD ABSOLUTELY NO RELEVANCE TO ! PROGRAM ( !4 ,! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S KNEW ?AT ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CZ>ISM C\LD ONLY BE L$ BY ! ORGANIZ$ MASSES ( WORK]S2 BUT ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S C>RI$ \T NO MASS AGITATION1 & NEI!R 9 !ORY NOR 9 PRACTICE DID !Y BASE !MSELVES ON ! WORK+ CL ASS4  ,9 REALITY1 ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA DID NOT FI<T = 0! WID5+ ( ! POLITICAL RI<TS ( ! PROLET>IAT0 OR = ! IMPOSE ( 0CREAT+ MASS ORGANIZATIONS = ! /RUGGLE ) ! B\RGEOISIE0 AS ,W>YNSKI1 9 ! SPIRIT ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 HAD =MULAT$ ! CONT5TS ( A POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,! ,NALODNAYA ,VOLYA F\<T SIMPLY = ! 0SEIZURE ( P[]40 ,ITS GOAL WAS ! IMM$IATE E/ABLI%M5T ( SOME ( ! TRANSITIONAL =MS ( ! SOCIALI/ RESOLUTION4 ,YET 9 ?IS SEIZURE ( P[]1 ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA DID NOT DEP5D ON ! ACTIONS ( ! CLASS-CONSCI\S MASSES1 ON ! ORGANIZATION & /RUGGLE ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 BUT RA!R ON ! CONSPIRATORIAL MA*9ATIONS ( A 0C\RAGE\S M9ORITY 444 ,?US ,W>YNSKI'S DECISIVE PR9CIPLES HAD TO LEAD TO A CONFLICT :5 !Y W]E APPLI$ 9 PRACTICE4 

,IF ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA AT ?AT TIME HAD /OOD FIRMLY ON A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC BASE AS IS TODAY ! CASE1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ONLY A FEW ORGANIZATIONS1 !N ! PR9CIPLES ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY W\LD HAVE L$1 ON ! ONE H&1 TO A COMPLETELY H>MONI\S COLLABORATION BETWE5 ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% SOCIALI/S &1 ON ! O!R H&1 TO !  FL[]+ ( A LABOR MOVEM5T ) A CONSCI\S ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC *>ACT] AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! EI<TIES4 

,S9CE !RE WAS NO ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! TIME ?AT ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY WAS ORGANIZ$ BUT ONLY A CONSPIRATORIAL P>TY ( ,BLANQUI/ /AMP1 ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S F\ND !MSELVES 9 A DILEMMA4 ,!Y C\LD EI!R =EGO UNITY ( PROGRAM & ACTION ) ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE !IR [N ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM & TAKE UP ! /RUGGLE = ! OV]?R[ ( CZ>ISM 9 ,POL& BY MEANS ( MASS AGITATION & ORGANIZATION ( ! ,POLI% WORK]S2 OR !Y C\LD REJECT !IR ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM ) ITS IDEA ( MASS /RUGGLE & SUBORD9ATE !MSELVES TO ! ME?ODS ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA 9 ORD] TO FOLL[ !IR PR9CIPLE ( UNITY ( ACTION ) ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM4 

,! RESOLUTION ( ?IS DILEMMA WAS DECISIVE = ! FATE ( ,POLI% SOCIALISM = ALMO/ A DECADE2 9DE$1 IT WAS FATAL4 ,WE DO NOT HESITATE1 H[EV]1 TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! SELECTION ( ! SECOND ALT]NATIVE WAS ALL TOO NATURAL & UND]/&ABLE UND] ! PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS4 ,9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT ,RUSSIA ITSELF HAD TO BE ! DECISIVE T]RA9 ( ! ,POLI% /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RUL+ SY/EM ( ,RUSSIA2 ?AT ,CONGRESS ,POL& CAME 9TO QUE/ION ONLY SECOND>ILY2 ?AT ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA F> SURPASS$ ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 BO? MEMB]%IP & POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE2 & ?AT :ILE ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY HAD SC>CELY BE5 =M$1 ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA HAD ALREADY GA9$ A V]Y IMPORTANT MORAL & POLITICAL VICTORY 9 ! ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPT ON ! ?IRTE5? ( ,M>*1 :I* SEEM$ TO AFFIRM ! PROGRAM & /RATEGY ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA BE=E ! EYES ( ! 5TIRE WORLD - UND] ALL !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION HAD TO TRY TO JO9 ! ,RUSSIAN MOVEM5T4 

,TO :AT EXT5T ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA RUL$ ! IMAG9ATION ( ! TIME & :AT GREAT HOPES = A POLITICAL OV]?R[ 9 ! NE> FUTURE IT AWOKE1 IS WITNESS$ BY ! WORDS ( ,F4 ,5GELS 9 #a#h#i#d4 ,CONC]N+ ?IS EPO* 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,5GELS SAYS3  

0,AT ?AT TIME !RE W]E TWO GOV]NM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,CZ> & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! SECRET EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! T]RORI/ CONSPIRATORS4 ,! P[] ( ?IS SECRET 'ASSOCIATE' GOV]NM5T GREW FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,! OV]?R[ ( CZ>ISM SEEM$ TO BE IMM95T4 ,A REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA HAD TO ROB ! ,EUROPEAN C\NT]-REVOLUTION ( ITS /RONGE/ SUPPORT1 ITS GREATE/ RES]VE >MY2 & 9 ! PROCESS IT W\LD GIVE ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T ( ! ,WE/ A NEW & P[]FUL MOM5TUM - & 9F9ITELY BETT] OP]AT+ CONDITIONS40.<#a#h.> 

,IF SOB] RESE>*]S ( SOCIAL HI/ORY SU* AS ,5GELS & ,M>X - = ! ABOVE WORDS ALSO *>ACT]IZE ! VIEWS & FEEL+S ( ,M>X AT ! TIME .<I4E4 9 #a#h#h#a.> - RI* 9 !IR [N EXP]I5CES FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE1 GAVE SU* CLE> DIRECTIONS = ! EVALUATION ( HI/ORICAL PROCESSES ( DEVELOPM5T1 IF SU* RESE>*]S C\LD SO OV]E/IMATE ! RESULTS ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA1 !N IT IS NO SURPRISE ?AT ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S1 :O /OOD 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! >5A ( /RUGGLE FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T ( !IR POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 HAD TO FALL UND] ! UNBELIEVABLY /RONG 9FLU5CE ( ?IS P>TY4 

,?US1 AFT] ,POLI% SOCIALISM1 FROM ITS DEVELOPM5T 9 ! SPIRIT ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 HAD DRAWN ! POLITICAL CONCLUSION ( ! NECESSITY ( A UNION = COMMON ACTION ) ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM1 ! GIV5 CONCRETE CONDITIONS HAD TO LEAD IT GRADUALLY 9TO ,BLANQUI/ PA?S4 ,ITS HI/ORY IS1 FROM ! MOM5T ( ! =MAL ORGANIZATION ( ! P>TY UNTIL ITS D[NFALL AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#h'S1 A CONT9UAL TURN+ T[>D ,BLANQUISM & AWAY FROM ! POSITION :I* HAD BE5 >TICULAT$ 9 ! ,APPEAL ( ,DECEMB] #a#h#h#a4 

,NATURALLY1 IT W\LD BE FALSE TO ASSUME ?AT ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S F\ND !MSELVES 9 A POSITION 9 :I* !Y C\LD ACTUALLY MAKE ! CONSCI\S *OICE AS DISCUSS$ ABOVE4 ,WE HAVE =MULAT$ !SE ALT]NATIVES 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE AN ANALYSIS ( ! REAL SITUATION4 ,W>YNSKI'S GR\P WAS1 H[EV]1 NOT SO CATEGORICALLY AW>E ( ?IS REAL SITUATION BECAUSE ! TRUE NATURE  (  ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA1 & ITS CONTRADICTION ) ! POSITION ( ,W>YNSKI & HIS COMRADES1 WAS NO:]E NE> SO CLE> & C\LD NOT BE SO EASILY DEF9$ 9 #ahhb AS WAS LAT] POSSIBLE ) ! HELP ( FACTS & DOCUM5TS4 ,9 ! ,APPEAL ( ! ,W>YNSKI GR\P1 WE SAW ?AT !RE W]E MANY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ILLUSIONS AB\T ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA4.<#a#i.> ,BESIDES ?IS1 AMONG ,POLI% SOCIALI/S1 AS A C>EFUL READ+ ( SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE ( ! TIME %[S 7 ,R[NOSC1 ,PRZ$SWIT1 & PAMPHLETS !RE WAS NONE O!R ?AN ,W>YNSKI :O C\LD HAVE BE5 SU* AN OBS]VANT & CAPABLE ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT AS ! ,APPEAL W\LD LEAD ONE TO EXPECT4 

,?US1 ! SPIRITUAL UNION ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ) ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA WAS ACCOMPLI%$ NOT AS ! RESULT ( AN E>NE/ DISCUSSION ( ! SOCIALI/ IDEA 9 ,POL& BUT RA!R AS A NATURAL \TGR[? ( ! G5]AL SITUATION4 ,FUR!R1 S9CE ! HI/ORY & PHYSIOGNOMY ( A FAIRLY SMALL GR\P1 AS ! LEAD+ SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION 9 ,POL& HAS BE5 UNTIL N[1 9 A P]IOD ( ONLY A FEW YE>S IS DET]M9$ NOT ONLY BY GREAT KEY IDEAS 9 A PROCESS ( LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T BUT ALSO BY NUM]\S ACCID5TAL P]SONAL ELEM5TS1 ! ,PROLET>IAT1 BECAUSE ( ! UNEQUAL !ORETICAL MATURITY ( ITS 9DIVIDUAL F\ND]S1 HAD TO COME UND] ,RUSSIAN 9FLU5CE ALL ! SOON]4 ,AL?\< ! PUBLICATIONS & ACTIVITY ( ! ,PROLET>IAT DID NOT DI/+UI% !MSELVES BY !IR UNITY1 ! REMOVAL ( ,W>YNSKI FROM ! FIELD ( /RUGGLE FOLL[+ HIS >RE/ 9 ! FALL ( #ahhc WAS 5\< TO S5D ! MOVEM5T HURTL+ 9TO ! MORASS ( HOPELESS POLITICAL CONSPIRACY4 

,IF WE WANT TO UND]L9E ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,WELTANS*AUUNG ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS & SO-CALL$ ,BLANQUISM1 WE MU/ ABOVE ALL %[ ?AT ,BLANQUISM DID NOT POSSESS ITS [N !ORY 9 ! SAME S5SE ?AT ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY DOES1 ?AT IS1 A !ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY T[>D SOCIALISM4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ?AT IS NOT A SPECIFIC *>ACT]I/IC ( JU/ ?IS SPL9T] P>TY ( SOCIALISM1 S9CE ! !ORY ( ,M>X & ,5GELS IS ! FIR/ &1 WE MI<T ADD1 UNTIL N[ ! ONLY SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO F\ND SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES ON ! SCI5TIFIC CONCEPT ( ! LAWS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 G5]AL & ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9 P>TICUL>4 ,! PREVI\S UTOPIAN !ORIES ( SOCIALISM1 IF ONE CAN 9DE$ SPEAK ( !ORIES1 LIMIT !MSELVES ESS5TIALLY TO JU/IFY+ SOCIALI/ EF=TS ?R\< AN ANALYSIS ( ! FAIL+S ( ! EXI/+ SOCIETY 9 COMP>ISON TO ! P]FECTION & MORAL SUP]IORITY ( ! SOCIALI/ ORD]4 

,BECAUSE ,BLANQUISM1 LIKE ALL ( !SE SOCIALI/ S*OOLS1 SUPPORT$ ITS VIEWS BY NEGATIVE CRITICISM ( ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 IT REPRES5T$ ONLY A SORT ( /RATEGY = PRACTICAL ACTIVITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT IT BETRAY$ ITS L9EAGE FROM ! RADICAL REVOLUTION>IES ( ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & REPRES5T$ AN APPLICATION ( ,JACOB9 TACTICS TO SOCIALI/ GOALS1 ! FIR/ ATTEMPT AT :I* WAS ! CONSPIRACY ( ,BABEUF4 ,! BASIC IDEA ( ?IS /RATEGY IS ! LIMITLESS BELIEF 9 ! ABILITY ( POLITICAL RULE TO C>RY \T1 AT ANY TIME1 ANY ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL ORGANISM CONSID]$ GOOD & USEFUL4 

,TO BE SURE1 ! !ORY ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ALSO SEES 9 POLITICAL RULE A LEV] = SOCIALI/ OV]?R[4 ,YET1 9 ! CONCEPTION ( ,M>S & ,5GELS1 ! ROLE ( POLITICAL P[] 9 REVOLUTION>Y TIMES IS ?AT ( AN 0AG5T0 :I* SIMPLY PUTS 9TO PRACTICE ! RESULTS ( ! 9N] DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY & F9DS ITS POLITICAL EXPRESSION 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! WELL-KN[N ,M>XIAN ANALOGY1 9 REVOLUTION>Y TIMES POLITICAL P[] PLAYS ! ROLE ( A 0MIDWIFE0 :O ACCEL]ATES & EASES ! BIR? ( ! NEW SOCIETY :I* WAS ALREADY ALIVE )9 ! OLD4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ESS5TIAL SOCIAL *ANGES BY MEANS ( POLITICAL P[] >E ONLY TO BE A*IEV$ AT A SPECIFIC /AGE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,POLITICAL P[] AS AN 9/RUM5T ( OV]?R[ CAN ONLY FUNCTION 9 ! H&S ( A SOCIAL CLASS :I* IS1 9 ! P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL MOM5T1 ! AG5T ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! APTITUDE ( ?IS CLASS = ! LONG-T]M CONTROL ( POLITICAL P[] IS ! ONLY LEGITIMIZATION = ! CORRECTNESS ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,9ASMU* AS ,BLANQUISM DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ?IS !ORY1 OR RA!R DOES NOT EV5 KN[ ?IS !ORY1 IT TREATS POLITICAL P[] AS A TOOL ( SOCIAL OV]?R[ COMPLETELY \TSIDE ! CONTEXT ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 G5]AL4 ,?IS TOOL /&S READY TO S]VE ANYONE :O HAPP5S TO CONTROL IT AT ANY TIME4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 ! ONLY CONDITIONS = REVOLUTION >E ! WILL ( A RESOLUTE GR\P & A CONSPIRACY1 :OSE GOAL IS ! SEIZURE ( P[] AT ! MO/ PROPITI\S MOM5T4 

0,BLANQUI10 SAYS ,5GELS 9 HIS WELL-KN[N >TICLE 9 ! ,VOLK/AAT 9 ! YE> #a#h#g#d1 0IS ESS5TIALLY A POLITICAL REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ ONLY 9 FEEL+ - SYMPA?IZ+ ) ! SUFF]+S ( ! PEOPLE4 ,HE HAS NEI!R A SOCIALI/ !ORY NOR SPECIFIC PRACTICAL SUGGE/IONS = SOCIAL AID4 ,9 HIS POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 HE WAS BASICALLY A 'MAN ( ACTION1' ( ! BELIEF ?AT A SMALL1 WELL-ORGANIZ$ M9ORITY ATTEMPT+ A REVOLUTION>Y C\P AT ! PROP] MOM5T CAN1 BY VIRTUE ( A FEW 9ITIAL SUCCESSES1 SWEEP ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE ) IT & ?US MAKE A VICTORI\S REVOLUTION4 ,S9CE ,BLANQUI CONCEIV$ EV]Y REVOLUTION AS A BL[ /RUCK BY A SMALL REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY1 ! NECESSITY ( A DICTATOR%IP AFT] ! SUCCESS ( ! V5TURE FOLL[S DIRECTLY - ! DICTATOR%IP1 ( C\RSE1 NOT ( ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION>Y CLASS1 ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT RA!R ( ! SMALL NUMB] ( ?OSE :O HAD '/RUCK ! REVOLUTION>Y BL[' & :O HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$ PREVI\SLY UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE OR SEV]AL O!RS40.<#b.> 

,WE SEE ?AT ! /RATEGY ( ! ,BLANQUI/S IS AIM$ DIRECTLY AT ! C>RY+ \T ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ANY SORT ( TRANSITIONAL P]IOD OR DEVELOPM5TAL PHASE4 ,BLANQUISM IS A RECIPE = ! MAK+ ( REVOLUTION UND] ANY CONDITIONS & AT ANY TIME2 IT IGNORES ALL CONCRETE HI/ORICAL-SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,BLANQUISM APPE>$ AS A UNIV]SAL /RATEGY :I* C\LD BE APPLI$ TO ALL C\NTRIES ) ! SAME DEGREE ( SUCCESS4 ,BUT NO:]E C\LD ! APPLICATION ( ?IS ME?OD ( ACTION EX]CISE SO DECISIVE AN 9FLU5CE ON ! FATE ( SOCIALISM AS UND] ! CONDITIONS PECULI> TO CZ>ISM4 ,! /RATEGY ( A SUDD5 0LEAP0 DIRECTLY 9TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAD TO 9FLU5CE FATALLY ! POLITICAL PHYSIOGNOMY ( A P>TY :I* WORK$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A /ATE ) AN ABSOLUTE-DESPOTIC =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,!RE=E1 ONE CAN BE/ FOLL[ ! 9FLU5CE ( ,BLANQUISM ON ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S /EP BY /EP 9 ! GRADUAL *ANG+ ( !IR POLITICAL VIEWS4 

,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#h#b1 ! (FICIAL PUBLI%$ PROGRAM ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY HAD ALREADY DI/ANC$ ITSELF SIGNIFICANTLY BO? FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! >TICLE BY ,W>YNSKI 9 ,PRZ$SWIT1 ,NO4#c-#d1 & FROM ! VIEWS ( ! ,APPEAL TO ! ,RUSSIAN COMRADES4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY IMPLI$1 ?IS DOCUM5T SEES ! SOCIALI/ FUTURE ( ,POL& F9D+ A FOO?OLD ON ! GR\ND ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM & 9 ! PR9CIPLES ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,! *>ACT] ( ! ACTUAL PROGRAM IS1 H[EV]1 NOT SO EASILY DET]M9$4 ,H]E !RE >E ?REE P>ALLEL SECTIONS1 NAMELY DEM&S ( ! P>TY 09 ! ECONOMIC >EA10 09 ! POLITICAL >EA10 & 09 ! >EA ( MORAL LIFE40.<#b#a.> 

,IF WE IGNORE ! LA/ P>T AS PRACTICALLY 9SIGNIFICANT1 !N MO/ NOTICEABLE 9 ! FIR/ P>T IS1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! P>ALLEL =MULATION ( ! DEM&S :I* =M ! CONT5T ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION3 0#a7 ?AT ! L& & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION CEASE TO BE ! PROP]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & BECOME ! COMMON PROP]TY ( ! WORK]S1 ?AT IS1 ! PROP]TY ( ! SOCIALI/ /ATE1 #b7 ?AT WAGE LABOR BE CONV]T$ 9TO COMMUNAL WORK1 ETC402 ON ! O!R H&1 ! =MULATION ( ! POLITICAL DEM&S :I*1 AT FIR/ GLANCE1 HAVE ! CONT5T ( P>LIAM5T>Y-DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS DESIGN$ = ! B\RGEOIS /ATE3 0#a7COMPLETE AUTONOMY ( POLITICAL GR\PS1 #b7 ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL CITIZ5S 9 ! MAK+ ( LAWS1 #c7 DIRECT ELECTION ( ALL PUBLIC (FICIALS1 #d7 COMPLETE FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 PRESS1 ASSEMBLY1 ORGANIZATIONS ETC4 #e7 COMPLETELY EQUAL RI<TS = WOM51 #f7 COMPLETELY EQUAL RI<TS = ALL RELIGIONS & NATIONALITIES1 #g7 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY AS A GU>ANTEE ( ! COMMON PEACE04 

,IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY TO :AT CATEGORY ?IS PROGRAM ACTUALLY BELONGS4 ,UPON CLOSE EXAM9ATION1 TWO DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATIONS >E POSSIBLE4 ,! POLITICAL DEM&S LI/$ H]E1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! FIR/1 :I* IS NOT 5TIRELY CLE>1 REM9D ONE ( ! USUAL M9IMAL PROGRAM ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES4 ,BUT JU/ ?IS PLAC+ ( !SE DEM&S AS COORD9ATES ( ! DEM&S = A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION AWAK5S ! SUSPICION ?AT !Y W]E NOT RELAT$ TO ! ACTUAL B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ORD]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO DEAL ) ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 S9CE !Y TAKE SO /RONGLY 9TO ACC\NT ! ACTUAL SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ ON 9EQUALITY ( CLASSES1 SEXES1 & NATIONALITIES4 ,P]HAPS WE HAVE H]E NOT A M9IMAL PROGRAM BUT A PROGRAM :I* IS AIM$ AT ! TRANSITIONAL P]IOD AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT1 & :I* HAS AS ITS GOAL ! K9DL+ ( ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION4 

,! PATT]N ( A SIMIL> PROGRAM1 :I* ALSO PUTS POLITICAL-DEMOCRATIC DEM&S & SOCIALI/ RE=MS ON ! SAME LEVEL & :I* AIMS DIRECTLY = ! TRANSITIONAL PHASE AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 IS F\ND1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! DEM&S ( ! 0,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY0 =MULAT$ BY ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#h#d#h1 & C>RY+1 AMONG O!RS1 ! SIGNATURES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4.<#b#b.>       

,ONE MU/ NEV]!LESS EMPHASIZE ?AT ! ABOVE PROGRAM BY ! CREATORS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 CONTA9S NO TRACE ( ,BLANQUI/ /RATEGY AS IS CLAIM$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ,$U>D ,B]N/E9 AMONG O!RS4 ,9 ORD] TO UND]TAKE ! SETT+ ( PRICES1 
NE$ ONLY BE AW>E ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS =MULAT$ IT UND] ! FRE% 9FLU5CE ( ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE & ! \TBREAK ( ! ,M>* ,RESOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT BO? OV]E/IMAT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOM5TUM ( ! B\RGEOISIE & CALCULAT$ ?AT ! ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE1 ONCE !Y W]E SWEPT 9TO ! :IRL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 W\LD - OV] EI!R A %ORT OR A LONG P]IOD - RUN ?R\< ! 5TIRE CYCLE ( !IR P[]1 ?AT !Y W\LD RE-MAKE ! POLITICAL RELATIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES 09 !IR [N IMAGE10 FOLL[+ :I* ! SURGE ( REVOLUTION %\LD ITSELF C>RY ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE 9TO !IR PLACE & !N  F9ALLY ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! PROLET>IAT C\LD FOLL[ DIRECTLY ON ! HEELS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO C>RY \T ITS REVOLUTION>Y TASK ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ALL CLASSES4 

,TODAY1 RI* 9 HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE1 WE >E 9 A POSITION TO RECOGNIZE ! UTT] OPTIMISM ( ?IS VIEW4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ! ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE BEGAN !IR RETREAT IMM$IATELY AFT] ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y /ORM2 & AFT] !Y HAD SUPPRESS$ !IR [N REVOLUTION1 !Y BR\<T SOCIETY ONTO ITS 0NORMAL0 C\RSE1 & ONCE AGA9 UND] !IR CONTROL4 ,WE KN[ ALSO ?AT ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 9 ! ,EUROPE ( #ahdh W]E V]Y DI/ANT FROM ?AT DEGREE ( MATURITY :I* IS NECESS>Y = A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,CAPITALISM WAS NOT PREP>+ ITSELF = DEA? BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 = ! TRUE BEG9N+ ( ITS RULE4 ,! PHASE :I* SEEM$ TO SEP>ATE ! COMMUNI/S ( #ahdh BY ONLY   A FEW YE>S FROM ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS BROAD5$ TO AN EPO* ?AT HAS LA/$ HALF A C5TURY &1 EV5 TODAY1 HAS NOT >RIV$ AT ITS CONCLUSION4 

,! REASON1 H[EV]1 :I* L$ ,M>X & ,5GELS TO SET =? SU* A PROGRAM ( ACTION BAS$ ON ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION WAS NOT ! DESIRE OR HOPE ( SKIPP+ ! PHASE ( B\RGEOIS CONTROL BUT ONLY AN 9ACCURATE E/IMATION ( ! ACTUAL RATE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ACTIVITY ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO F9D ANALOG\S CIRCUM/ANCES :I* C\LD EXPLA9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,POLI% P>TY4 ,IF WE WANT TO ATTRIBUTE TO ITS DEM&S ! *>ACT] ( A PROGRAM APPROPRIATE TO ! TRANSITIONAL /AGE1 !N ! ONLY ASSUMPTION :I* WE CAN /ILL MAKE IS ?AT ! ,PROLET>IAT HAD ALREADY ASSUM$ A ,BLANQUI/ POSITION1 AT LEA/ TO SOME DEGREE4 

,IT MU/1 H[EV]1 BE NOT$ ?AT1 \TSIDE ( ?IS CONFUSION ( F9AL GOALS ) IMM$IATE GOALS1 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE IS SATURAT$ ) ! SPIRIT ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY4 ,?IS IS PROV$ BY ! 9FLU5CE ( ! IDEA ?AT ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE COMPLET$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS1 ?AT ONLY ! MASS /RUGGLE1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT & ITS 5LI<T5M5T CAN BR+ AB\T ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ! FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,! IDEA ( AGITATION & ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES IS ! LEITMOTIF ( ! 5TIRE PROGRAM & MAKES CLE> ?AT ! ,P>TY WAS !N PREP>+ ITSELF = A LONG P]IOD ( WORK ON ! BASIS ( ! DAILY 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,A FEW SECTIONS ( ! PROGRAM 9 :I* ! ,PROLET>IAT VIEWS POLITICAL FRE$OM AS ! PR]EQUISITE = ORGANIZATION & MASS /RUGGLE ALSO PO9T 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,?IS EVOKES ! =MULATIONS ( ,W>YNSKI 9 ! ,PRZ$SWIT ( ! PREVI\S YE>4 0,WE DISAPPROVE /RONGLY10 WE READ 9 ! PROGRAM1 0( ! LACK ( FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE1 FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 ( ASSEMBLY1 ( ORGANIZATION1 & ( ! PRESS - BECAUSE ALL ( ?IS IMP$ES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK]S' CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT AWAK5S A RELIGI\S-NATIONAL HATR$ & FANATICISM4 ,IT R5D]S IMPOSSIBLE ! PROPAG&A & MASS ORGANIZATION :I* ALONE CAN LAY ! CORN]/ONE = ! FUTURE ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY40 ,& SOME:AT FUR!R3 0,WE WILL FI<T ON AGA9/ OPPRESSION BO? DEF5SIVELY & (F5SIVELY4 ,DEF5SIVELY1 9S(> AS WE WILL  ALL[ NO *ANGES = ! WORSE2 (F5SIVELY1 9S(> AS WE DEM& AN IMPROVEM5T  (  ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE40 

,IF1 9 SPITE ( ?IS1 WE DO NOT F9D A CLE> & CATEGORICAL >TICULATION ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CZ>ISM & = DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS 9 ! PROGRAM - A C]TA9 9DECISIV5ESS & WAV]+ ( POLITICAL VALUES PR$OM9ATES - /ILL ?IS PROGRAM & ! BASES ( ITS POSITIVE VIEWS %[ ABSOLUTELY NO ,BLANQUISM4 ,! ONLY FACT :I* CAN BE DET]M9$ ON ! BASIS ( ?IS DOCUM5T IS ?AT ! POSITION ( ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S HAD ALREADY LO/ MU* ( ?AT CRY/ALL9E CL>ITY :I* SO *>ACT]IZ$ IT 9 ! DOCUM5TS ( ! ,G5EVA GR\P :I* WE ANALYZ$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! PROGRAM ( #ahhb IS ! WORK ( ! ,W>SAW GR\P WORK+ 9 ! HOMEL& & ?AT ,W>YNSKI1 AFT] HE HAD MOV$ HIS ACTIVITY 9TO ! ,RUSSIAN ZONE1 PROBABLY HAD TO DEP5D MU* MORE ON ! COMRADES !RE1 :O /OOD UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,RUSSIANS MU* MORE DIRECTLY ?AN DID ! ,POLI% EMIGRANTS 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,BUT IF ! *>ACT] ( ! (FICIAL PROGRAM ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY IS MO/ DI/9CTIVE 9 ITS UNCL>ITY1 /ILL ! FUR!R =MS ( ITS ACTIVITY ALL[ NO MORE D\BT AB\T ! GR[+ 9FLU5CE ( ,BLANQUISM4 ,IF WE N[ LOOK OV] ! 5TIRE DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,PROLET>IAT1 WE %ALL HAVE TO *>ACT]IZE ! PROGRAM ( #ahhb AS A TRANSITIONAL PH5OM5ON :I*1 ?R\< ITS V]Y LACK ( CL>ITY1 REFLECTS ! TURN+ PO9T BETWE5 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC & ! ,BLANQUI/ PHASES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLI% SOCIALISM4 
     ,I,V     

,9 ! PREC$+ SECTION WE 9VE/IGAT$ D$UCTIVELY ! TRANSITION ( ! P>TY F\ND$ BY ,W>YNSKI & HIS COMRADES FROM A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC TO A ,BLANQUI/ /&PO9T4 ,?IS TRANSITION WAS VIEW$ AS ! LOGICAL RESULT ( ! APPLICATION ( ! ,P>TY'S GUID+ PR9CIPLE - NAMELY1 COMMON ACTION ) ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM - UND] ! GIV5 CONDITIONS4 

,?IS CONCLUSION IS PALPABLY CONFIRM$ BY AN ANALYSIS ( ! DOCUM5TS FROM ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,PROLET>IAT4 ,!SE %[ H[ ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S LIT]ALLY TOOK OV] ! VIEWS & TACTICS ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA AT EV]Y NEW APPROA* TO ?AT P>TY4 ,?IS PROCESS CAN BE PRECISELY OBS]V$ *RONOLOGICALLY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! FIR/ DOCUM5T ( #ahhc - ONLY A FEW MON?S AFT] ! ,APPEAL ( ! ,WORK]S' ,COMMITTEE1 ! =MAL PROGRAM ( ! ,PROLET>IAT - IS REPRES5TATIVE 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,WE >E ?9K+ ( ! RESOLUTION :I* WAS APPROV$ BY ! 0,CONGRESS ( ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ,SEV]AL ,SOCIAL-,REVOLUTION>Y ,GR\PS10 :I* MADE ! FIR/ /EP T[>D MUTUAL CONTACT & T[>D ! CON/RUCTION ( A RIGIDLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ?IS DOCUM5T DOES NOT MAKE CLE> :I* 0SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS0 >E MEANT1 NOR DOES IT BE> ! (FICIAL SIGNATURE ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY4 ,YET ITS V]Y PUBLICATION 9 ! 0(FICIAL SECTION0 ( ! ,PRZ$SWIT AS WELL AS ITS G5]AL POLITICAL T5D5CY - I4E41 AGREEM5T ) ! VIEWS ( ,W>YNSKI & HIS COMRADES - LEAVES NO D\BT ?AT WE >E CONFRONT$ ) ! IDEOLOGICAL VIEWS ( A GR\P ( ! ,PROLET>IAT'S MO/ 9FLU5TIAL ACTIVI/S1 IF NOT ) ?OSE ( ! :OLE ,P>TY OR ITS LEAD]S4 ,WE %ALL NOT /RESS ! PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE ( !SE RESOLUTIONS H]E1 AL?\< !Y LAT] APPE> 9 V>I\S PUBLICATIONS AS ! F\NDATION ( ! CONFID5TIAL AGREEM5T ) ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA4 ,RA!R1 WE WI% TO VIEW !M SIMPLE AS SYMPTOMATIC ( ! MOOD ( ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S %ORTLY AFT] ! ,P>TY'S F\ND+4 

,! RESOLUTIONS1 :OSE GUID+ PR9CIPLE1 JU/ AS 9 ! ,APPEAL TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,COMRADES1 IS ! =MATION ( A S+LE P>TY ) A COMMON PROGRAM = ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE1 BEG9S ) ! *>ACT]I/IC QUE/ION3 0,%\LD A P>TICUL> ,POLI%-,LI?UANIAN-,:ITE ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y P>TY BE =M$80   

,UNANIM\SLY3 ,NO6 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,POLI%1 ,LI?UANIAN1 & ,:ITE ,RUSSIAN GR\PS %\LD JO9 A UNIFI$ P>TY :I* IS ACTIVE )9 ! BORD]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE4   

,:AT %\LD BE ! ACTIVITIES ( ?IS P>TY8   

,! ACTIVITY %\LD BE CONC]N$ ) TWO >EAS3 FIR/1 SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A & AGITATION2 SECOND1 ! /RUGGLE  ) ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T AT ITS C5T]4 

,IF ! 5D ( ! LA/ S5T5CE - :I* IS AIM$ AT ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA - BETRAYS ! CONSPIRATORIAL POSITION ) REG>D TO POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 !N ! FOLL[+ P>AGRAPH IS /ILL MORE *>ACT]I/IC4   
  

,POLITICAL AGITATION MAY BE REG>D$ AS S5SIBLE ONLY :5 POLITICAL OPPRESSION GOES H& 9 H& ) ECONOMIC OPPRESSION4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ! GOV]NM5T PLAC$ ITSELF ON ! SIDE ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASS1 !N ! /RUGGLE ) ! LATT] W\LD BE AT ! SAME TIME A /RUGGLE ) ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! GOV]NM5T DEP5DS ON NO SOCIAL CLASS & YET ?R\< ITS PRESSURE H9D]S ! WORK ( ! SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 !N IT %\LD - & ?IS IS QUITE POSSIBLE - BE OV]?R[N BY A CONSPIRACY4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! CLOSE COOP]ATION ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE ON ! BASIS ( ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !IR 9T]E/S & ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES IS AN 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ! FUR!R PROGRESS ( ! REVOLUTION4.<#b#c.> 

,ANYONE :O IS FAMILI> ) ! !ORIES ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S WILL IMM$IATELY RECOGNIZE H]E AN E*O ( ! VIEWS ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA1 :I*1 = ITS P>T1 HAD 9H]IT$ !M FROM ! ,BAKUN9I/S4 

,AS E>LY AS #ahgd ! $ITOR ( ,NABAT1 ,TKA*EV1 :O WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN ,BLANQUI/S1 =MULAT$ ! !ORY ?AT ! CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T WAS 0BAS$ ON NO P>TICUL> SOCIAL CLASS0 & ?AT IT !RE=E 0C\LD & %\LD0 BE OV]?R[N4 ,TKA*EV ANN\NC$ ?AT 0?IS /ATE APPE>S TO BE A P[] ONLY FROM A DI/ANCE 444 ,IT HAS NO ROOTS 9 ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! PEOPLE1 IT DOES NOT P]SONIFY ! 9T]E/S ( ANY P>TICUL> CLASS 444 .<,9 ,G]MANY & ! ,WE/ - ,R4,L4.> ! /ATE IS NOT A FICTITI\S P[]4 ,IT /&S ) BO? FEET ON ! F\NDATION ( CAPITAL & P]SONIFIES C]TA9 ECONOMIC 9T]E/S        .<,9 ,RUSSIA - ,R4,L4.> ! SITUATION IS EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE3 ! EXI/5CE ( \R SOCIAL SY/EM IS DUE TO ! /ATE .<444.> :I* ITSELF HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]4 ,IT HAS ITS ROOTS NOT 9 ! PRES5T1 BUT 9 ! PA/40.<#b#d.> 

,?IS !ORY ( A ,RUSSIAN /ATE :I* 0FLOAT$ ON AIR0 =M$ ONLY A P>T ( ! L>G] !ORY ( ,RUSSIA'S 09DEP5D5T0 DEVELOPM5T1 :I* DOM9AT$ ! CONCEPTIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S DUR+ ! SEV5TIES & EI<TIES4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 ?IS !ORY WAS REPRES5T$ BY ! CONCLUSION ?AT CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA WAS AN 0>TIFICIAL FL[]0 :I* HAD BE5 0TRANSPLANT$0 9TO ,RUSSIAN SOIL BY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 & BY ! CONVICTION ?AT ! SY/EM ( RURAL COMMUNAL PROP]TY WAS ! PROP] =M = ! ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,NATURALLY ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ( A SOCIETY & ITS POLITICAL SY/EM HAD BECOME COMPLETELY CONFUS$4 ,! ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 9S(> AS !SE W]E CONSID]$ 9 !IR CAPITALI/ =M1 W]E VIEW$ BY ?IS !ORY AS ! >BITR>Y PRODUCT ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA1 CZ>ISM /OOD 9 M>K$ OPPOSITION TO RURAL COMMUNAL PROP]TY1 ?IS NATURAL =M ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,! ONLY LOGICAL ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION 0,ON :AT DOES ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE BASE ITS EXI/5CE80 WAS ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE 0FLOATS ON AIR0 OR1 AS IT IS MORE PRECISELY =MULAT$ 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA3 0,?IS GOV]NM5TAL-B\RGEOIS TUMOR MA9TA9S ITSELF SOLELY BY MEANS ( NAK$ =CE40.<#b#e.> 

,AFT] ! 5TIRE EXTANT POLITICAL SY/EM ( ,RUSSIA HAD BE51 9 ?IS WAY1 TRAC$ BACK TO PURE POLITICAL P[]1 IT WAS A LOGICAL D$UCTION ?AT ! REMOVAL ( ?IS SY/EM C\LD ONLY BE A QUE/ION ( P[]4 ,?US IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ! ALMI<TY GOV]NM5T 0CAN & %\LD BE EASILY OV]?R[N BY CONSPIRACY40 

,ALREADY 9 #a#h#g#d1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS HAD REFUT$ ?IS TRA9 ( ?\<T1 AS HE IMM$IATELY & ) EXTREME PR(UNDITY PO9T$ \T ! WEAK ASPECTS ( ! !ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,N>ODNIKI4 ,HE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE DID NOT 0FLOAT ON AIR0 AT ALL1 BUT RA!R ?AT IT LEAN$ V]Y HEAVILY ON ! CLASS ( NOBLE L&HOLD]S :ILE ALSO DEP5D+ ON ! DEVELOP+ B\RGEOISIE4 ,HE %[$ ?AT IT WAS ?OSE ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S :O DID NOT RECOGNIZE ! MAT]IAL BASES ( ! CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T :O W]E ACTUALLY 0FLOAT+ ON AIR40 ,5GELS ALSO PO9T$ \T ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,OB%*9A .<PEASANT COMMUNE ,D4,H4.> :I* ! 09DEP5D5T0 ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S SAW AS A BASIS = SOCIALISM 9 ,RUSSIA'S NE> FUTURE1 WAS A SUITABLE BASIS1 NOT = A SOCIALI/ ORD]1 BUT = ! ,ORI5TAL DESPOTISM ( ,RUSSIAN CZ>ISM4 ,HE ALSO NOT$ ! SIGNS ( DECAY )9 ! ,OB%*9A & PROPHESI$ ITS FUR!R DISSOLUTION1 IF LEFT ON ITS [N1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! /EADILY GR[+ B\RGEOISIE4 

,9 A WORD1 AL?\< ,5GELS DID NOT PO9T \T ! POSITIVE TASKS ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S & DID NOT TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! FUTURE ACTIONS ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA1 HE DID DE/ROY ! FANTA/IC CONCEPT ( ! 0FLOAT+ ON AIR10 09DEP5D5T0 PA? TO SOCIALISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 HE EXPLA9$ ?AT PEOPLE LIKE ,TKA*EV & O!R SOCIALI/ ,N>ODNIKI :O ?9K ?AT ,RUSSIA IS CLOS] TO SOCIALISM ?AN ! WE/]N C\NTRIES BECAUSE 0S9CE ,RUSSIA HAS NO PROLET>IAT1 %E ALSO HAS NO B\RGEOISIE10 /ILL 0HAVE TO LE>N ! ,A,B,C'S ( SOCIALISM40.<#b#f.> 

,9 EFFECT1 ! ,A,B,C'S ( SOCIALISM1 NAMELY ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM1 TEA* ?AT ! SOCIALI/ ORD] IS NOT SOME SORT ( POETIC IDEAL SOCIETY1 ?\<T \T 9 ADVANCE1 :I* MAY BE REA*$ BY V>I\S PA?S 9 V>I\S MORE OR LESS IMAG9ATIVE WAYS4 ,RA!R1 SOCIALISM IS SIMPLY ! HI/ORICAL T5D5CY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY AGA9/ ! CLASS RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,\TSIDE ( ?IS /RUGGLE BETWE5 TWO COMPLETELY DISCRETE SOCIAL CLASSES1 SOCIALISM CANNOT BE REALIZ$ - NEI!R ?R\< ! PROPAG&A ( ! MO/ +5I\S CREATOR ( A SOCIALI/ UTOPIA NOR ?R\< PEASANT W>S OR REVOLUTION>Y  CONSPIRACIES4 ,! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S1 AS WE SAW1 BAS$ !IR =MAL PROGRAM ON ! BASIC PR9CIPLES & WANT$ TO C5T] !IR ACTIVITIES ON ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,ESS5TIALLY H[EV]1 !Y FAIL$ ! ,A,B,C'S ( SOCIALISM 9 ! ABOVE-CIT$ DOCUM5T AS BADLY AS ! ,RUSSIAN ,N>ODNIKI4 

,AS SOON AS \R REVOLUTION>IES TOOK OV] ! VIEW ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,N>ODNIKI ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE WAS NOT TI$ TO ANY SOCIAL CLASS1 WAS 0FLOAT+ ON AIR10 & ?AT ?IS /ATE C\LD !RE=E EASILY BE OV]?R[N BY A CONSPIRACY1 !Y >TIFICIALLY SEP>AT$ !IR POLITICAL /RUGGLE FROM ! RE/ ( !IR SOCIALI/ ACTIVITIES4 ,!Y SEP>AT$ ! /RUGGLE ) ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* !Y VIEW$ AS ! P>TICUL> TASK ( ! CONSPIRATORS' P>TY1 FROM SOCIALI/ AGITATION & ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* !Y SAW AS ! TASK ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,POL&4 ,?IS CONCEPTION CON=MS TO ! CATEGORICAL DIVISION ( ! TASKS ( ! P>TY 9TO #a7 0PROPAG&A & SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION0 & #b7 0/RUGGLE ) ! GOV]NM5T AT ITS C5T]10 AS /AT$ 9 ! CIT$ RESOLUTIONS4 

,WE M5TION$ PREVI\SLY ?AT IT IS A *>ACT]I/IC ( ,BLANQUISM ?AT IT VIEWS POLITICAL P[] AS ! MEANS = A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 9DEP5D5T ( BO? SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,AL?\< ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S DID NOT ACCEPT ?IS !ORY 9 ITS COMMON =M 9DE$1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 !Y WORK$ CONSCI\SLY & ) GREAT CONVICTION FROM ! /&PO9T ?AT 0! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN ONLY BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF0 - !Y DID1 9 FACT1 ASSUME A ,BLANQUI/ /ANCE :5 !Y UNCONSCI\SLY BUT FACTUALLY ACCEPT$ ! VIEWS ( ! ,N>ODNIKI AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE4 ,! HOPE = ! POSSIBILITY ( C>RY+ \T A SOCIALI/ OV]?R[ DIRECTLY1 )\T GO+ ?R\< ! B\RGEOIS-P>LIAM5T>Y PHASE1 HAD TO BE ! LOGICAL RESULT ( !IR POSITION4 

,ACTUALLY ! ,P>TY PUBLICATIONS %[ ?IS DEVELOPM5T 9 !IR P]SPECTIVE V]Y E>LY4 ,9 ! ,POLI% MAGAZ9E ,PROLET>IAT FIVE NUMB]S ( :I* W]E PUBLI%$ ON A SECRET PR9T+ PRESS BETWE5 ,SEPTEMB] #ahhc & ,MAY #ahha A *>ACT]I/ICALLY 7= CONSPIRATORIAL SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM7 IRONIC S>CASM T[>D ! 0B\RGEOIS FRE$OM0 ( LIB]ALISM IS APP>5T4 ,:ILE ! SECOND NUMB] (  ,PROLET>IAT CONTA9S ! SATIRICAL POEM ,A ,LIB]AL ,HYMN TO ! ,YE> #ahh 9 ,EXPECTATION ( A ,CON/ITUTION WE F9D 9 ! LEAD >TICLE ( ! SAME $ITION ! FOLL[+ ORIG9AL VIEWPO9T CONC]N+ ! ADVANTAGES ( ! 0NEW SLOGAN0 :I* HAD JU/ BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,P>TY3     

,! /RUGGLE1 :I* HAS ALREADY BEGUN1 HAS /ILL A ?IRD ADVANTAGE3 IT ?R[S ! B\RGEOISIE 9TO ! >MS ( ! GOV]NM5T  ) ! HOPE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T'S ALMI<TY SUPPORT CAN SAVE !M FROM ! 5EMY :O IS TRY+ TO DE/ROY !IR PRIVILEGES4 ,! /RUGGLE WELDS !SE TWO ELEM5TS EV5 TI<T] & MAKES   !M A S+LE 5EMY ( ! WORK+ CLASS NO LONG] HIDD5 BEH9D A MASK ( EMPTY PHRASES4 

,AT FIR/ GLANCE IT IS PUZZL+ H[1 9 ! E>LIE/ /AGES ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T :]E EV5 ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS >E NON-EXI/5T1 ! GR[+ REACTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE CAN BE VIEW$ AS A FAVORABLE DEVELOPM5T4 ,:5 ! B\RGEOISIE ?R[S ITSELF 9TO ! >MS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 IT PROLONGS ! EXI/5CE ( CZ>ISM & AT ! SAME TIME =TIFIES ALL ( ?OSE ?+S :I*1 9 ! WORDS ( ! PROGRAM ( ! ,PROLET>IAT1 0IMP$E ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK]S' CONSCI\SNESS1 :I* MAKE IMPOSSIBLE ! PROPAG&A & MASS ORGANIZATION NECESS>Y = LAY+ A F\NDATION = ! FUTURE CON/RUCTION ( A SOCIALI/ ORD]440 

,BUT ! /&PO9T ( ! PROGRAM ( #ahhb WAS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 NO LONG] ?AT ( ! ,P>TY 9 #a#h#h#c1 & ! POSITION FROM :I* ! ,P>TY EVALUAT$ POLITICAL PH5OM5A WAS N[ COMPLETELY DIFF]5T3     

,IT .<! REACTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE - ,R4,L4.> DOES ( C\RSE MAKE ! /RUGGLE MORE DIFFICULT AT FIR/ 9 ?AT IT ALI5ATES L>GE CIRCLES ( NEUTRALS & EV5 MANY ( ?OSE :O >E ACTUALLY DISSATISFI$ ) ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT DOES1 H[EV]1 CREATE FIRM] F\NDATIONS = ! /RUGGLE4 ,IT GIVES ! /RUGGLE A DIRECTION & !REBY PREV5TS ?AT S$UCTION ( ! MASSES BY ! RUL+ CLASSES :I* WAS EI!R POSSIBLE OR ACTUALLY PRACTIC$ UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT GU>DS AGA9/ AN ADULT]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4   

,! /&>D = ! EVALUATION ( POLITICAL CONDITIONS IS H]E NO LONG] ! 9DISP5SABILITY ( GRADUAL ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES1 I4E41 ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! DAILY /RUGGLE1 BUT RA!R ! REG>D = ! MOM5T ( 0\TBREAK10 ! IMM$IATE PREP>ATION ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,?IS VIEW ( ! SITUATION ( SOCIALISM 9 ,POL& CO9CIDES H>MONI\SLY ) ! ,PROLET>IAT'S VIEW ( ! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA & ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! T]RORI/ ATTACKS ( ! LATT]1 0A HI< OP9ION ( ! /R5G? ( ! REVOLUTION>IES IS =M$ BY ! PEOPLE SO ?AT !Y MU/ F9ALLY BEG9 TO ASK !MSELVES :E!R IT MI<T NOT BE BETT] TO ALIGN !MSELVES ) ! REVOLUTION>IES1 :E!R !SE  W\LD NOT RETURN ! L&S1 =E/S1 & PA/URES TO ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS UP TO ! REVOLUTION>IES TO SAY 'YES' TO ! PEOPLE1 & ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION IS DECID$40.<#b#g.> 

0,9DE$10 ONE MU/ REM>K ) ,5GELS1 0AN EASI] & MORE PLEASANT REVOLUTION C\LD NOT BE IMAG9$40 ,NO LONG] IS !RE DISCUSSION AB\T ! PREP>ATORY WORK ( 5LI<T5M5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ONE PO/ULATES ?AT ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE HAVE AN 9H]5T 9CL9ATION T[>D *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL ORD]4 ,FROM ?IS VIEWPO9T1 ALL ! P>TIAL *ANGES )9 ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T1 SU* AS DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE1 NATURALLY APPE> TO BE 9SIGNIFICANT TRIVIALITIES & A WA/E ( TIME4 ,9 ! ?IRD NUMB] ( ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#h#h#c1 WE SEE ! FOLL[+ DECL>ATION 9 ! >TICLE 0,WE & ! ,B\RGEOISIE03     

,! MASSES .<( WORK+ PEOPLE - ,R4,L4.> RECOGNIZE !IR 9ABILITY TO C>RY \T A C\P - !Y >E LOOK+ = M5 :OM !Y CAN TRU/1 TO :OM !Y CAN 5TRU/ !IR LEAD]%IP4 ,UNTIL !N1 !Y REMA9 SIL5T4 ,:O IF NOT US C\LD & %\LD W9 ?IS TRU/6 ,H[EV]1 9 ORD] TO W9 IT1 WE MU/ %[ BY \R DE$S ?AT WE >E ! 5EMIES ( !IR TYRANTS1 ?AT WE DO NOT %R9KFROM ! BATTLE :I* WE >E TODAY C>RY+ ON 9 !IR BEHALF1 ?AT WE >E TRY+ TO GIVE TO ! MASSES ?AT :I* BELONGS TO !M1 & ?AT ONLY !RE=E DO WE REJECT ?AT GAME ( ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS 9 :I* AN UN5LI<T5$ MAJORITY GIVES ! DECISION AB\T ! OV]?R[ 9TO ! H&S ( ITS 5EMIES4 ,?US1 IT SEEMS TO US ?AT AN 5]GETIC PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T - MADE UP SOLELY ( SOCIALI/S - IS ! BE/ GU>ANTEE ( AS COMPLETE A TRANSF] ( PROP]TY TO ! WORK+ CLASS AS IS POSSIBLE4 

,?AT IS A CLASSIC /ATEM5T ( BELIEF 9 ! ,BLANQUI/ SPIRIT - !  CONTRA/+  ( A 0PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T ( SOCIALI/S0 ) ! 0GAME ( ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS09 :I* ! POLITICAL PROGRAM 9 ITS ACTUAL SIGNIFICANCE IS FULLY IGNOR$4 

,9 ! SAME VE91 ! MANIFE/O ( ! ,FR5* ,BLANQUI/S1 PUBLI%$ 9 #ahgd 9 ,LONDON1 ANN\NCES1 0,WE >E COMMUNI/S BECAUSE WE WANT TO >RIVE AT \R GOALS )\T HAV+ TO /OP AT 9T]M$IATE /AGES1 AT COMPROMISES1 :I* ONLY DELAY VICTORY & PROLONG SLAV]Y 4440.<#b#h.> 

,9 HIS CRITIQUE ( ?IS MANIFE/O 7:I* BORE ! SIGNATURES ( ?IRTY-?REE ,BLANQUI/S71 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS /AT$1     

,! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/S >E COMMUNI/S BECAUSE !Y SEE & /RIVE T[>D !IR F9AL GOAL ?R\< ALL ( ?OSE 9T]M$IATE /AGES & COMPROMISES :I* >E CREAT$ NOT BY !MSELVES1 BUT BY HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?AT F9AL GOAL IS ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES & ! CON/RUCTION ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L& & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION NO LONG] EXI/4 0,!SE ?IRTY-?REE >E COMMUNI/S BECAUSE !Y IMAG9E ?AT IF !Y ONLY HAVE ! GOOD WILL TO SKIP OV] ALL !1 9T]M$IATE /AGES & COMPROMISES1 !Y CAN4 ,& IF1 AS IS ( C\RSE C]TA91 ?+S 0BREAK LOOSE0 TOMORR[ & !Y COME TO P[]1 :Y !N BY ! DAY AFT] TOMORR[ 0COMMUNISM WILL HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$40 ,IF ?AT IS NOT IMM$IATELY POSSIBLE1 !N !Y >E NOT COMMUNI/S4 ,SU* *ILDI% NAIVETE1 CIT+ IMPATI5CE AS A !ORETICALLY CONV9C+ >GUM5T6 

,! F\R? NUMB] ( ,PROLET>IAT %[S C]TA9 V>IATIONS ) RESPECT TO A RETURN TO ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC VIEWS4 ,9 ! >TICLES ,WE & ! ,GOV]NM5T1 WE READ       

,H[EV]1 UNTIL ! F9AL PHASE ( /RUGGLE \R MOVEM5T WILL HAVE TO PASS ?R\< V>I\S /AGES4 ,ONE ( ! MAW TASKS ( \R PREP>ATORY WORK IS ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ATTACKS ( GOV]NM5TS :I*1 REPRES5T+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 P]SECUTE US1 I4E41 WE MU/ DEF5D POLITICAL FRE$OM FROM ?IS BASE CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! DESIRES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,YET POLITICAL FRE$OM HAS NOT PROTECT$ ! PEOPLE FROM OPPRESSION3 WE VALUE IT = ANO!R REASON3 ,9 ORD] TO BE SUCCESSFUL1 \R ACTIVITY NE$S DAYLI<T 9 :I* IT CAN DEVELOP WIDE & FREE4 ,ONLY :5 =C$ TO DOES IT BECOME A SECRET CONSPIRACY4 ,UND] CONDITIONS ( POLITICAL FRE$OM1 AN EFFECT ON ! MASSES IS A*IEV$ MORE EASILY1 !IR CONSCI\SNESS IS MORE QUICKLY AWAK5$1 !Y GA!R MORE QUICKLY >\ND ! BANN] ( ! SOCIAL IDEA1 & !IR ORGANIZATION BECOMES POSSIBLE TO A V]Y HI< DEGREE4 ,! /RUGGLE ) ! POLITICAL DIFFICULTIES SET BE=E US BY GOV]NM5TS MU/ BE ESPECIALLY T5ACI\S :]E POLITICAL OPPRESSION RULES 9 ITS PRIMAL & MO/ %AMELESS =M1 :]E COMPLETE >BITR>9ESS GOV]NS1 :]E ! MO/ PRIMITIVE HUMAN RI<TS >E TOTALLY IGNOR$4 ,H]E1 ! OV]?R[ ( ! GOV]NM5T MU/ BE ONE ( ! MA9 PO9TS ( ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM ( ACTION4 

,ON ! BASIS ( ! ABOVE QUOTATION1 IT C\LD APPE> ?AT ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY DID UND]/& ! NECESSITY ( W9N+ POLITICAL FRE$OMS BE=E ! 0\TBREAK0 9 ORD] TO MAKE AGITATION & ORGANIZATION POSSIBLE 9 GREAT] MEASURE4 ,BUT H]E TOO ! /RONGLY ONE-SID$ & FLAT1 =MALI/IC EVALUATION ( POLITICAL FRE$OMS M]ELY AS TE*NICAL AIDS = ! ACTIVITIES ( ! SOCIALI/S IS OBVI\S4 ,! OBJECTIVE1 HI/ORICAL SIDE ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y-B\RGEOIS =MS ( GOV]NM5T AS AN 9DISP5SABLE /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS TOTALLY IGNOR$4 ,S9CE P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY IS VIEW$ ONLY AS AN EXT]NAL MEANS ( FACILITAT+ PREP>ATIONS = ! 0\TBREAK40 ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ?AT ! /RUGGLE = ! REALIZATION ( DEMOCRATIC =MS IS A NECESS>Y & PRIM>Y TASK ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS NOT NE$$4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! VIEW REMA9S ?AT ! W9N+ ( !SE FRE$OMS IS1 TO BE SURE1 A PLEASANT DEVELOPM5T :I* CANNOT BE REJECT$1 BUT :I*1 IF NECESS>Y1 CALL BE =EGONE4 

,!SE >E ESS5TIALLY ! CONCLUSIONS :I* !  ,PROLET>IAT DRAWS 9 ! SECOND P>T ( ! >TICLE 0,WE & ! GOV]NM5T01 :I* APPE>$ 9 ! FIF? & LA/ NUMB] ( ITS ,W>SAW MAGAZ9E3     

,%\LD ! GOV]NM5T - HAV+ BE5 FRI<T5$ BY ! PROGRESS ( \R REVOLUTION>Y WORK - APPROA* \R MORE OR LESS PATRIOTIC B\RGEOISIE & MAKE A FEW POLITICAL-NATIONAL CONCESSIONS TO IT 9 ORD] TO BR+ IT 9TO A COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ US - WELL1 PLEASE DO4 ,WE WILL C]TA9LY NOT PROTE/ AGA9/ SU* CONCESSIONS4 ,BUT WE WILL MAKE AN EF=T TO USE ALL ( ?AT :I* WAS DONE = ! B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ IT & ! GOV]NM5T4 

,AN EV5 CLE>] REPRES5TATION ( ?IS PURE ,BLANQUI/ CONCEPTION ( POLITICAL FRE$OMS APPE>S 9 ! CLOS+ SECTION ( ! SAME >TICLE1 :]E CONCLUSIONS >E DRAWN FROM ! TWO FUNDAM5TAL >TICLES3  

0,WE CONCLUDE3 ,! PRES5T /ATE HAS A S+LE BASIC SIGNIFICANCE = US4 ,S9CE ! /ATE TIES ITS EXI/5CE CLOSELY TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC SY/EM1 IT DEF5DS ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES & OPPRESSES & P]SECUTES ! P>TIES :I* /RIVE = SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,DE/ROY+ ! GOV]NM5TAL APP>ATUS SIMPLY MEANS TOPPL+ ! B>RI] :I* /&S BETWE5 US & \R GOAL 4440 

,! DISCUSSION H]E IS NO LONG] AB\T DESPOTIC GOV]NM5T BUT AB\T ! 0PRES5T /ATE40 ,?US1 ! PECULI>LY ,RUSSIAN =M ( GOV]NM5T IS ID5TIFI$ ) ! 9/ITUTION ( ! CLASS /ATE AS SU*4 ,!RE=E1 ! TASK ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY IS NOT PRIM>ILY ! PROGRESSIVE RE=M ( GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS BUT RA!R ! 0DE/RUCTION ( ! GOV]NM5TAL APP>ATUS10 I4E41 ! DIRECT OV]?R[ ( ! GOV]NM5T :I*1 S9CE IT IS BAS$ ON CLASS RULE1 IS A =TRESS ( ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM ( DOM9ATION4 

,F9ALLY1 9 #a#h#h#d1 AFT] ,LUDWIK ,W>YNSKI HAD BE5 >RE/$ & HAD DISAPPE>$ FROM ! FIELD ( BATTLE1 ! DEVELOPM5T 9 POLITICAL ?\<T CRITICIZ$ H]E APPE>S 9 FULL REGALIA 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT DOCUM5T ( ! ,P>TY'S HI/ORY1 ! =MAL AGREEM5T ) ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA4 ,?IS CONTRACT :I*1 AS USUAL1 (FICIALLY RECOGNIZES ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS ONLY LONG AFT] !Y HAD ACTUALLY BE5 E/ABLI%$1 IS AN EXCELL5T C\NT]P>T TO ! E>LI] ,APPEAL TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMRADES4 ,IT %[S ! LONG PA? ( POLITICAL *ANGE :I* ,POLI% SOCIALISM COV]$ 9 ! %ORT P]IOD BETWE5 ! 5D ( #ahha & ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#h#d4 

,9 ! REPORT ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,PROLET>IAT TO ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA1 WE F9D ! DECL>ATION ?AT !     

FI<T+ UNITS .<( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY - ,R4,L4.> :I* HAVE BE5 TRA9$ & ORGANIZ$ = BATTLE %\LD BE DEPLOY$ AT ! PROP] MOM5T AS RE9=CEM5TS TO AID 9 ! OV]?R[ ( ! EXI/+ GOV]NM5T & ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE4 ,! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ITSELF WILL BE BAS$ UPON ! MASSES1 S9CE IT WILL BE ! ONLY TRUE REPRES5TATIVE ( !IR 9T]E/S1 & WILL 9/ITUTE A S]IES ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL RE=MS ?R\< :I* ! EXI/+ CONCEPTS ( PROP]TY WILL BE =EV] DISCR$IT$4 ,! C5TRAL COMMITTEE WILL C>RY \T ?AT P>T ( ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM :OSE REALIZATION AT ! MOM5T ( OV]?R[ IS POSSIBLE4.<#b#i.> 

,H]E ! 0OV]?R[ ( ! EXI/+ GOV]NM5T0 7PRAVITEL/VO71 I4E41 CZ>ISM1 IS OBVI\SLY CONCEIV$ AS ! DIRECT PRELUDE TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ DESPOTISM COMPLETELY LOSES ITS *>ACT] AS A DAILY /RUGGLE ON ! SOIL ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! DI/ANCE BETWE5 ! M9IMAL DEM&S & ! F9AL GOAL1 BETWE5 ! POLITICAL PROGRAM & ! PROGRAM ( SOCIALI/ OV]?R[1 DISAPPE>S & ! DAILY ACTIVITY BECOMES M]E SPECULATION AB\T ! IMP5D+ 0\TBREAK0 :I* WILL IMM$IATELY U%] 9 ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,9 ACCORD ) ?IS1 ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE DISCUSSES ! DETAILS ( ! 0\TBREAK10 PROMISES NOT TO BEG9 ! 0OV]?R[ ( ! /ATE0 7GOSUD>/VJ5NYI P]EVOROD7 UNTIL ! SIGNAL FROM ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA1 RES]VES = ITSELF 9DEP5D5CE 09 ITS CREATIVE WORK0 AFT] ! OV]?R[1 ETC4 

,5\<4 ,WE HAVE H]E1 DESPITE ! VIEWS ON CLASS /RUGGLE1 MASS ACTION1 ETC41 :I* >E /RESS$ 9 O!R P>TS ( ! DOCUM5T1 A TYPICAL ,BLANQUI/ PROGRAM4 ,?US1 ?IS DOCUM5T1:I* CR[NS ! PRACTICAL REALIZATION ( ?AT IDEA :I* WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,APPEAL TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMRADES1 IS ALSO ! 5D PO9T ( A S]IES ( GRADUAL *ANGES )9 ,POLI% SOCIALISM4     

.<#a.> ,!SE F\R MILITANTS W]E LEAD]S ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>IS :O W]E HANG$ ON ,JANU>Y #b#h1 #a#h#h#f1 AS P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T'S REPRISALS = A S]IES ( ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS 9 ,POL&4 ,KUNICKI WAS SECOND-9-COMM& ( ! ,P>TY3 IT WAS HE :O SIGN$ ! TACTICAL AGREEM5T TO WORK ) ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA1 ( :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG SPEAKS BEL[4 
   

.<#b.> ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS1 DESPITE ?IS PASSAGE1 A GREAT BELIEV] 9 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! TRADITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ITS REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( TRADITION1 ! IMPORTANCE ( HI/ORY & ( HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS RUNS LIKE A R$ ?READ ?R\<\T H] LIFE & WORK4 ,CF41 = EXAMPLE1 ! GREAT /RESS :I* %E PLAC$ ON ! ,MAY ,DAY CELEBRATION1 & ! /RESS ON ! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! DEBATE CONC]N+ ! ,P>TY ,S*OOL1 AS WELL AS ! NEXT P>AGRAPHS H]E4 
   

.<#c.> ,9 #ahfc ! ,POLI% NOBILITY REBELL$ AGA9/ ITS CZ>I/ MA/]1 ATTEMPT+ TO W9 ! OPPRESS$ S]FS TO ITS SIDE ) >GUM5TS %[+ ?AT ! ,CZ> WAS RESPONSIBLE = !IR MIS]Y ,! REBELLION WAS DEFEAT$4   ,TO  PREV5T ! NOBILITY FROM FUTURE DEMAGOGIC APPEALS TO ! S]FS1 ! ,CZ> ABOLI%$ ! 9/ITUTION ( S]FDOM 9 ,POL&4 ,?IS SIGNIFI$ ! 5D ( ! FEUDAL-NATURAL ECONOMY1 & L$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLI% CAPITALISM4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY ! CASE 9 ,CONGRESS ,POL&1 ! ,RUSSIAN-CONTROLL$ SECTOR ( :AT HAD BE5 ! NATION ,POL&1 :]E ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS BORN4 
   

.<#d.> ,! !ORY   (  0ORGANIC WORK0 DEVELOP$ 9 ,POL& AMONG A SEGM5T ( ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! #ahfc REBELLION4 ,?R\< 0ORGANIC WORK0 IT WAS HOP$ ?AT ,POLI% ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T W\LD BE FUR!R$ 
   

.<#e.>,Z ,POLA ,WALKI 7,G5EVA3 ,V]LAG 0,WALKA KLAS40 #a#h#h#f7 P4#b#g4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#f.>,IBID41 P4#b#i4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#g.>,IBID41 P4#c#b4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#h.> ,! REF]5CE IS TO A COMMON T5D5CY AMONG RADICAL MOVEM5TS TO DIVIDE 0TRU?0 FROM 0REALITY0 9 AN UNDIALECTICAL MANN] & TO USE ! =M] AS A MEASUR+ ROD TO CRITICIZE ! LATT]4 ,! ORIG9 ( ! T]M IS 9 ,KANT'S 0CRITICAL0 PHILOSOPHY ME?ODOLOGICALLY1 H[EV]1 IT *>ACT]IZES ! UTOPIAN CURR5T ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T :I* WAS P>TICUL>LY /RONG 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! TIME4 ,9 ,SOCIAL ,RE=M OR ,REVOLUTION1 ,B]N/E9'S REJECTION ( ,M>XISM IS %[N TO LEAD TO AN IDEALISM ( ! WILL4 ,M>XISM IS NOT AN 0IDEALISM0 9 ?IS S5SE BECAUSE IT %[S DIALECTICALLY H[ ! SE$S ( ! SOCIALI/ FUTURE >E CONTA9$ ALREADY 9 ! CAPITALI/ PRES5T4 
   

.<#i.> ,?AT IS1 ! P>TY ( ,PLEKHANOV1 ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 ,M>TOV1 ETC4 
   

.<#a.> ,ALL CITATIONS >E FROM  ,R[NOSC1  ,YE> ,I1 ,NO4,I 7,OCTOB] #a#h#g#i74 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#a#a.>,R[NOSC 1  ,YE> ,I1 ,NO4#b 7,NOVEMB] #a#h#g#i74 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#a#b.>,REPORT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ,CALL$ ON ! ,FIFTIE? ,ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,NOVEMB] ,REBELLION   7,G5EVA  #a#h#h#a71 PP4#g#g & #h#c4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#a#c.>,R[NOSC1  ,YE>  ,I,I1 ,NO4 ,I  7,NOVEMB]  #a#h#h74 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#a#d.>,R[NOSC1 ,YE> ,I,I1 ,NO4#c-#d 7,JANU>Y-,FEBRU>Y #a#h#h#a74 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#a#e.> ,9 ?IS REG>D1 ! FOLL[+ P>T ( AN >TICLE BY ,K4 ,DTUSKI1 ,PATRIOTISM & ,SOCIALISM1  IS *>ACT]I/IC3 ! IDEA ( SOCIALISM IS GREAT] & MORE 9CLUSIVE ?AN ! IDEA ( PATRIOTISM4 ,IT BEG9S 9 ! DOMA9 ( POLITICAL RELATIONS 9 :I* PATRIOTISM LIES &1 BAS+ ITSELF ON ECONOMIC GR\NDS1 DEM&S ! TRANS=MATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,9 ?IS1 IT REG>DS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ONLY AS ! BACKGR\ND ON :I* ALL O!R RELATIONS & 9T]E/S >E GR\P$1 :I* >E B\ND UP ) ! LIVES ( :OLE SOCIETIES AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAL M540 ,R[NOSC1 ,YE> ,I1 ,NO4#b1 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#g#i74 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#a#f.> ,?AT IS1 ! P>TY ( :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS ONE ( ! F\ND]S & LEAD]S1 & 9 :OSE PAP] ?IS >TICLE APPE>$4 
   

.<#a#g.> ,ON ,M>* #a#c1 #a#h#h#a1 ! S]IES ( T]RORI/ ACTIONS ( ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA CULM9AT$ 9 ! SLAY+ ( ! ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 ,CF4 ,5GELS OP9ION ( ! P[] (  ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA1 SEE BEL[4 
   

.<#a#h.> ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 ,9T]NATIONALES AUS DEM ,VOLKS/AAT1 ,SOZIALES AUS ,RUSSL& 7,B]L9 #a#h#i#d71 P4#f#i4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#a#i.> ,?IS CAN BE SE5 9 ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5TS ( !  ,R[NOSC CONC]N+ ! ATTACK ( ,M>* #a#c1 #a#h#h#a1 ON ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 ,!  ,R[NOSC ANALYZ$ ! PROGRAM ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA4 & ATTRIBUT$ TO IT 0A MOD]ATE DEM& = A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y04 ,ACCORD+ TO !  ,R[NOSC1 ! AU?ORS ( ! ,M>* #ac ATTACK WANT$ NO MORE ?AN CONCESSIONS4 0,WE WANT *ANGES 9 ! POLITICAL =M ( ! PRES5T REGIME ?AT IS :AT ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA .<ALSO.> WANTS40  ,R[NOSC1 ,YE> ,I,I1 ,NO4#e-#f 7,M>*-,APRIL #a#h#h#a74 ,R4,L47 
   

.<#b.>,9T]NATIONALES AUS DEM ,VOLKS/AAT1 PP4#d#a-#d#b4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#b#a.>,Z ,POLA ,WALKI1 PP4#c-#c#a4 ,ALSO1 ,PRZ$SWIT1 ,YE> ,I,I ,NO4#d 7,OCTOB] #a#h#h#b74 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#b#b.> ,! MO/ IMPORTANT DEM&S >E3 #a7 ,ALL ,G]MANY %ALL BE UNIT$ 9TO AN 9DIVISIBLE ,REPUBLIC2 #d7 ,G5]AL >M+ ( ! PEOPLE2 #a#a7 ,ALL MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION3 TRA9S1 CANALS1 /EAMBOATS1 HI<WAYS1 ! PO/ (FICE4 ETC41 %ALL BE TAK5 OV] BY ! /ATE4 ,!Y %ALL BECOME ! PROP]TY ( ! /ATE1 & %ALL BE PUT 7GRATIS7 AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! POOR] CLASS2 #a#b7 ,CREATION ( /ATE WORK%OPS4 ,! /ATE GU>ANTEES ! SUBSI/5CE ( ALL WORK]S1 & C>ES = ?OSE 9CAPABLE ( WORK+2 #a#g7 ,UNIV]SAL1 FREE $UCATION4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#b#c.>,PRZ$SWIT1 ,I,I1 ,NO4#a#g1 ,MAY #a#d1 #a#h#h#c74 ,! $ITORIAL /AFF ( ,PRZ$SWIT ADDS ! PROVISO TO ! ABOVE RESOLUTIONS ?AT IT IS NOT 9 COMPLETE AGREEM5T ) ALL ! VIEWS EXPRESS$ 9 !SE RESOLUTIONS4 ,= US1 H[EV]1 ! VIEWS ( ! ACTIVI/S WORK+ 9 ,POL& AT ! TIME >E ( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,BESIDES1 ! $ITORIAL /AFF DOES NOT LI/ ! PO9TS ON :I* ITS VIEWS DIFF] FROM ?OSE EXPRESS$ 9 ! RESOLUTIONS SO ?AT A BASIS = ANY SORT ( CONCLUSION AB\T ITS /&PO9T IS NON-EXI/5T4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#b#d.> ,CIT$ 9 ,9T]NATIONALES AUS DEM ,VOLKS/AAT1 ,SOZIALES AUS ,RUSSL&1 P4#e4 ,FROM ,AN ,OP5 ,LETT] TO ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 :I* APPE>$ 9 ,G]MAN 9 ,ZURI*4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#b#e.>,KAL5D> ,N>ODNOJ ,WOLI1 P4#e4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#b#f.>,9T]NATIONALES AUS DEM ,VOLKS/AAT1 ,SOZIALES AUS ,RUSSL&1 P4#e4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#b#g.>,PROLET>IAT1 ,NO4#b 7,OCTOB] #a1 #a#h#h#c74 ,FROM ,RUSSIA4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#b#h.>,9T]NATIONALES AUS DEM ,VOLKS/AAT4 ,ZWEI ,FLU*TL+SKUNDGEBUNG51 P4#d#e4 7,R4,L47 
   

.<#b#i.>,WE/NIK ,N>ODNOJ ,WOLI1 ,NO4#d1 #a#h#h#e1 P4#b#d#b4 7,R4,L47 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,9 ,MEMORY ( ! ,PROLET>IAN ,P>TY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,9 ,MEMORY ( ! ,PROLET>IAN ,P>TY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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