,*APT] #d 
,TURGU5EFF -- ,TOL/OY 

#aiaeaiae 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,>T ,GALL]Y ,]GS,>T1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,T,U,R,G,U,5,E,F,F3 ,! MA9 FEATURES ( HIS ,>T-,A ,SPORTSMAN'S ,NOTEBOOK-,PESSIMISM ( HIS E>LY NOVELS-,HIS S]IES ( NOVELS REPRES5T+ ! LEAD+ TYPES ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY--,RUD9-,LAVRETSKIY-,HEL5 & ,9S>(F -,BAZ>(F-,:Y ,FA!RS & ,SONS WAS MISUND]/OOD-,HAMLET & ,DON ,QUIXOTE-,VIRG9 ,SOIL3 MOVEM5T T[>DS ! PEOPLE-,V]SES 9 ,PROSE4 ,T,O,L,/,O,Y3 ,*ILDHOOD & ,BOYHOOD-,DUR+ & AFT] ! ,CRIMEAN ,W> -,Y\?3 ,9 SE>* ( AN IDEAL-,SMALL /ORIES-,! ,COSSACKS-,$UCATIONAL WORK-,W> & ,PEACE-,ANNA ,K>59A-,RELIGI\S CRISIS-,HIS 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*+-,MA9 PO9TS ( ! ,*RI/IAN E?ICS-,LATE/ WORKS ( ,>T-,KREUTZ] ,SONATA-,RESURRECTION4 

 ,T,U,R,G,U,5,E,F,F  

,P,U,%,K,91 ,L]MONT(F & ,GOGOL W]E ! REAL CREATORS ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE2 BUT TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE !Y REMA9$ NE>LY TOTAL /RANG]S4 ,IT WAS ONLY ,TURGU5EFF & ,TOL/OY-! TWO GREATE/ NOVELI/S ( ,RUSSIA1 IF NOT ( !IR C5TURY ALTOGE!R-&1 TO SOME EXT5T1 ,DO/OYEVSKIY1 :O BROKE D[N ! B>RI] ( LANGUAGE :I* HAD KEPT ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S UNKN[N TO ,WE/ ,EUROPEANS4 ,!Y HAVE MADE ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE FAMILI> & POPUL> \TSIDE ,RUSSIA2 !Y HAVE EX]CIS$ & /ILL EX]CISE !IR  %>E ( 9FLU5CE UPON ,WE/-,EUROPEAN ?\<T & >T2 & [+ TO !M1 WE MAY BE SURE ?AT H5CE=W>D ! BE/ PRODUCTIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN M9D WILL BE P>T ( ! G5]AL 9TELLECTUAL BELONG+S ( CIVILIZ$ MANK9D4 

,= ! >TI/IC CON/RUCTION1 ! F9I% & ! BEAUTY ( HIS NOVELS1 ,TURGU5EFF WAS V]Y PROBABLY ! GREATE/ NOVELWRIT] ( HIS C5TURY4 ,H[EV]1 ! *IEF *>ACT]I/IC ( HIS POETICAL G5IUS LAY NOT ONLY 9 ?AT S5SE ( ! BEAUTIFUL :I* HE POSSESS$ TO SO HI< A DEGREE1 BUT ALSO 9 ! HI<LY 9TELLECTUAL CONT5TS ( HIS CREATIONS4 ,HIS NOVELS >E NOT M]E /ORIES DEAL+ AT R&OM ) ?IS OR ?AT TYPE ( M51 OR ) SOME P>TICUL> CURR5T ( LIFE1 OR ACCID5T HAPP5+ TO FALL UND] ! AU?OR'S OBS]VATION4 ,!Y >E 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) EA* O!R1 & !Y GIVE ! SUCCESSION ( ! LEAD+ 9TELLECTUAL TYPES ( ,RUSSIA :I* HAVE IMPRESS$ !IR [N /AMP UPON EA* SUCCESSIVE G5]ATION4 ,! NOVELS ( ,TURGU5EFF1 ( :I* ! FIR/ APPE>$ 9 #a#h#d#e1 COV] A P]IOD ( MORE ?AN ?IRTY YE>S1 & DUR+ !SE ?REE DECADES ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY UND]W5T ONE ( ! DEEPE/ & ! MO/ RAPID MODIFICATIONS EV] WITNESS$ 9 ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY4 ,! LEAD+ TYPES ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES W5T ?R\< SUCCESSIVE *ANGES ) A RAPIDITY :I* WAS ONLY POSSIBLE 9 A SOCIETY SUDD5LY AWAK5+ FROM A LONG SLUMB]1 CA/+ AWAY AN 9/ITUTION :I* HI!RTO HAD P]MEAT$ ITS :OLE EXI/5CE 7,I MEAN S]FDOM71 & RU%+ T[>DS A NEW LIFE4 ,& ?IS SUCCESSION ( 0HI/ORYMAK+0 TYPES WAS REPRES5T$ BY ,TURGU5EFF ) A DEP? ( CONCEPTION1 A FULLNESS ( PHILOSOPHICAL & HUMANIT>IAN UND]/&+1 & AN >TI/IC 9SI<T1 ALMO/ EQUAL TO =ESI<T1 :I* >E F\ND 9 NONE ( ! MOD]N WRIT]S TO ! SAME EXT5T & 9 ?AT HAPPY COMB9ATION4 

,NOT ?AT HE W\LD FOLL[ A PRECONCEIV$ PLAN4 0,ALL !SE DISCUSSIONS AB\T 'T5D5CY' & 'UNCONSCI\SNESS' 9 >T10 HE WROTE1 0>E NO?+ BUT A DEBAS$ CO9 ( RHETORICS4 4 4 4 ,?OSE ONLY :O CANNOT DO BETT] WILL SUBMIT TO A PRECONCEIV$ PROGRAM1 BECAUSE A TRULY TAL5T$ WRIT] IS ! COND5S$ EXPRESSION ( LIFE ITSELF1 & HE CANNOT WRITE EI!R A PANEGYRIC OR A PAMPHLET3 EI!R W\LD BE TOO MEAN = HIM40 ,BUT AS SOON AS A NEW LEAD+ TYPE ( M5 OR WOM5 APPE>$ AMID ! $UCAT$ CLASSES ( ,RUSSIA1 IT TOOK POSSESSION ( ,TURGU5EFF4 ,HE WAS HAUNT$ BY IT1 & HAUNT$ UNTIL HE HAD SUCCE$$ 9 REPRES5T+ IT TO ! BE/ ( HIS UND]/&+ 9 A WORK ( >T1 JU/ AS = YE>S ,MURILLO WAS HAUNT$ BY ! IMAGE ( A ,VIRG9 9 ! EC/ASY ( PURE/ LOVE1 UNTIL HE F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 R5D]+ ON ! CANVAS HIS FULL CONCEPTION4 

,:5 SOME HUMAN PROBLEM HAD ?US TAK5 POSSESSION ( ,TUGU5EFF'S M9D1 HE EVID5TLY C\LD NOT DISCUSS IT 9 T]MS ( LOGIC-?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! MANN] ( ! POLITICAL WRIT]-HE CONCEIV$ IT 9 ! %APE ( IMAGES & SC5ES4 ,EV5 9 HIS CONV]SATION1 :5 HE 9T5D$ TO GIVE Y\ AN IDEA ( SOME PROBLEM :I* WORRI$ HIS M9D1 HE US$ TO DO IT BY DESCRIB+ A SC5E SO VIVIDLY ?AT IT W\LD = EV] 5GRAVE ITSELF 9 ! MEMORY4 ,?IS WAS ALSO A M>K$ TRAIT 9 HIS WRIT+S4 ,HIS NOVELS >E A SUCCESSION ( SC5ES-,SOME ( !M ( ! MO/ EXQUISITE BEAUTY-EA* ( :I* HELPS HIM FUR!R TO *>ACT]IZE HIS H]OES4 ,!RE=E ALL HIS NOVELS >E %ORT1 & NE$ NO PLOT TO SU/A9 ! READ]'S ATT5TION4 ,?OSE :O HAVE BE5 P]V]T$ BY S5SATIONAL NOVEL-READ+ MAY1 ( C\RSE1 BE DISAPPO9T$ ) A WANT ( S5SATIONAL EPISODE2 BUT ! ORD9>Y 9TELLIG5T READ] FEELS FROM ! V]Y FIR/ PAGES ?AT HE HAS REAL & 9T]E/+ M5 & WOM5 BE=E HIM1 ) REALLY HUMAN HE>TS ?ROBB+ 9 !M1 & HE CANNOT P>T ) ! BOOK BE=E HE HAS REA*$ ! 5D & GRASP$ ! *>ACT]S 9 FULL4 ,SIMPLICITY ( MEANS = ACCOMPLI%+ F>-REA*+ 5DS-?AT *IEF FEATURE ( TRULY GOOD >T-IS FELT 9 EV]Y?+ ,TURGU5EFF WROTE4 

,GEORGE ,BR&ES1 9 HIS ADMIRABLE /UDY ( ,TURGU5EFF 79 ,MOD]NE ,GEI/]71 ! BE/1 ! DEEPE/1 & ! MO/ POETICAL ( ALL ?AT HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! GREAT NOVELI/1 MAKES ! FOLL[+ REM>K3 

0,IT IS NOT EASY TO SAY QUITE DEF9ITELY :AT MAKES ( ,TURGU5EFF AN >TI/ ( ! FIR/ RANK4 4 4 4 ,?AT HE HAS 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE ! CAPACITY :I* MAKES A TRUE POET1 ( PRODUC+ LIV+ HUMAN BE+S1 DOES NOT1 AFT] ALL1 COMPRISE EV]Y?+4 ,:AT MAKES ! READ] FEEL SO MU* HIS >TI/IC SUP]IORITY IS ! CONCORDANCE ONE FEELS BETWE5 ! 9T]E/ TAK5 BY ! POET 9 ! P]SON :OM HE DEPICTS1 OR ! POET'S JUDGM5T AB\T ?IS P]SON1 & ! IMPRESSION :I* ! READ] HIMSELF GETS2 BECAUSE IT IS 9 ?IS PO9T-! RELATION ( ! >TI/ TO HIS [N CREATIONS-?AT EV]Y WEAKNESS ( EI!R ! MAN OR ! POET MU/ NECESS>ILY APPE>40 

,! READ] FEELS EV]Y SU* MI/AKE AT ONCE & KEEPS ! REMEMBRANCE ( IT1 NOT)/&+ ALL ! EF=TS ( ! AU?OR TO DISSIPATE ITS IMPRESSION4 

0,:AT READ] ( ,BALZAC1 OR ( ,DICK5S1 OR ( ,AU]BA*-TO SPEAK ( ! GREAT DEAD ONLY-DOES NOT KN[ ?IS FEEL+60 ,BR&ES CONT9UES4 0,:5 ,BALZAC SWIMS 9 W>M$-UP EXCITEM5T1 OR :5 ,DICK5S BECOMES *ILDI%LY T\*+1 & ,AU]BA* 9T5TIONALLY NAIVE1 ! READ] FEELS REPULS$ BY ! UNTRUE1 ! UNPLEASANT4 ,NEV] DO WE MEET ) ANY?+ >TI/ICALLY REPULSIVE 9 ,TURGU5EFF40 

,?IS REM>K ( ! GREAT CRITIC IS ABSOLUTELY TRUE1 & ONLY A FEW WORDS NE$ BE ADD$ TO IT1 ) REF]5CE TO ! WOND]FUL >*ITECTURE ( ALL ,TURGU5EFF'S NOVELS4 ,BE IT A SMALL NOVEL1 OR A L>GE ONE1 ! PROPORTION ( ! P>TS IS WOND]FULLY HELD2 NOT A S+LE EPISODE ( A M]ELY 0E?NOGRAPHICAL 0 *>ACT] COMES 9 TO DI/URB OR TO SLACK5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9N] HUMAN DRAMA2 NOT ONE FEATURE1 & C]TA9LY NOT ONE S+LE SC5E1 CAN BE OMITT$ )\T DE/ROY+ ! IMPRESSION ( ! :OLE2 & ! F9AL ACCORD1 :I* SEALS ! USUALLY T\*+ G5]AL IMPRESSION1 IS ALWAYS WORK$ \T ) WOND]FUL F9I%4 #a 

,& !N ! BEAUTY ( ! *IEF SC5ES4 ,EV]Y ONE ( !M C\LD BE MADE ! SUBJECT ( A MO/ >TI/IC & TELL+ PICTURE4 ,TAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! F9AL SC5ES ( ,HEL5 & ,9S>(F 9 ,V5ICE3 !IR VISIT TO ! PICTURE GALL]Y1 :I* MADE ! KEEP] EXCLAIM1 AS HE LOOK$ AT !M1 ,POV]ETTI6 OR ! SC5E 9 ! !AT]1 :]E 9 RESPONSE TO ! IMITAT$ C\< ( ! ACTRESS 7:O PLAY$ ,VIOLETTA 9 ,TRAVIATA7 RES\ND$ ! DEEP1 REAL C\< ( ! DY+ ,9S>(F4 ,! ACTRESS H]SELF1 ) H] POOR DRESS & BONY %\LD]S1 :O YET TOOK POSSESSION ( ! AUDI5CE BY ! W>M? & REALITY ( H] FEEL+1 & CREAT$ A /ORM ( 5?USIASM BY H] CRY ( DY+ JOY ON ! RETURN ( ,ALFR$2 NAY1 ,I %\LD EV5 SAY1 ! D>K H>BOR :]E ONE SEES ! GULL DROP FROM ROSY LI<T 9TO ! DEEP BLACKNESS ( ! NI<T-EA* ( !SE SC5ES COMES TO ! IMAG9ATION ON CANVAS4 ,9 HIS LECTURE1 ,HAMLET & ,DON ,QUIXOTE1 :]E HE SPEAKS ( ,%AKESPE>E & ,C]VANTES BE+ CONTEMPOR>IES1 & M5TIONS ?AT ! ROMANCE ( ,C]VANTES WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S LIFETIME1 SO ?AT HE MI<T HAVE READ IT1 ,TURGU5EFF EXCLAIMS3 0,:AT A PICTURE1 WOR?Y ( ! BRU% ( A ?\<TFUL PA9T]3 ,%AKESPE>E READ+ ,DON ,QUIXOTE6 0,IT W\LD SEEM AS IF 9 !SE L9ES HE BETRAY$ ! SECRET ( ! WOND]FUL BEAUTY-! PICTORIAL BEAUTY-( SU* A NUMB] ( HIS SC5ES4 ,HE MU/ HAVE IMAG9$ !M1 NOT ONLY ) ! MUSIC ( ! FEEL+ ?AT SPEAKS 9 !M1 BUT ALSO AS PICTURES1 FULL ( ! DEEPE/ PSY*OLOGICAL MEAN+ & 9 :I* ALL ! SURR\ND+S ( ! MA9 FIGURES-! ,RUSSIAN BIR* WOOD1 OR ! ,G]MAN T[N ON ! ,RH9E1 OR ! H>BOR ( ,V5ICE->E 9 H>MONY ) ! FEEL+4 

,TURGU5EFF KNEW ! HUMAN HE>T DEEPLY1 ESPECIALLY ! HE>T ( A Y\NG1 ?OR\<LY HONE/1 & REASON+ GIRL :5 %E AWAKES TO HI<] FEEL+S & IDEAS1 & ?AT AWAK5+ TAKES1 )\T H] REALIZ+ IT1 ! %APE ( LOVE4 ,9 ! DESCRIPTION ( ?AT MOM5T ( LIFE ,TURGU5EFF /&S QUITE UNRIVAL$4 ,ON ! :OLE1 LOVE IS ! LEAD+ MOTIVE ( ALL HIS NOVELS2 & ! MOM5T ( ITS FULL DEVELOPM5T IS ! MOM5T :5 HIS H]O-HE MAY BE A POLITICAL AGITATOR OR A MODE/ SQUIRE-APPE>S 9 FULL LI<T4 ,! GREAT POET KNEW ?AT A HUMAN TYPE CANNOT BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! DAILY WORK 9 :I* SU* A MAN IS 5GAG$-H[EV] IMPORTANT ?AT WORK MAY BE-& /ILL LESS BY A FL[ ( WORDS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 :5 HE DRAWS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! PICTURE ( AN AGITATOR 9 ,DMITRI ,RUD91 HE DOES NOT REPORT HIS FI]Y SPEE*ES-= ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT ! AGITATOR'S WORDS W\LD NOT HAVE *>ACT]IZ$ HIM4 ,MANY HAVE PRON\NC$ ! SAME APPEALS TO ,EQUALITY & ,LIB]TY BE=E HIM1 & MANY MORE WILL PRON\NCE !M AFT] HIS DEA?4 ,BUT ?AT SPECIAL TYPE ( APO/LE ( EQUALITY & LIB]TY-! 0MAN ( ! WORD1 & ( NO ACTION0 :I* HE 9T5D$ TO REPRES5T 9 ,RUD9-IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! H]O'S RELATIONS TO DIFF]5T P]SONS1 & P>TICUL>LY1 ABOVE ALL1 BY HIS LOVE4 ,BY HIS LOVE-BECAUSE IT IS 9 LOVE ?AT ! HUMAN BE+ APPE>S 9 FULL1 ) ITS 9DIVIDUAL FEATURES4 ,?\S&S ( M5 HAVE MADE 0PROPAG&A BY WORD10 ALL V]Y MU* 9 ! SAME EXPRESSIONS1 BUT EA* ( !M HAS LOV$ 9 A DIFF]5T WAY4 ,MAZZ9I & ,LASSALLE DID SIMIL> WORK2 BUT H[ DIFF]5T !Y W]E 9 !IR LOVES6 ,Y\ DO NOT KN[ ,LASSALLE UNLESS Y\ KN[ HIS RELATIONS TO ! ,C\NTESS ( ,HATZFELD4 

,9 COMMON ) ALL GREAT WRIT]S1 ,TURGU5EFF COMB9$ ! QUALITIES ( A PESSIMI/ & A LOV] ( MANK9D4 

0,!RE FL[S A DEEP & BROAD /REAM ( MELAN*OLY 9 ,TURGU5EFF'S M9D10 REM>KS ,BR&ES1 0& !RE=E IT FL[S ALSO ?R\< ALL HIS WORKS4 ,?\< HIS DESCRIPTION BE OBJECTIVE & IMP]SONAL1 & AL?\< HE H>DLY EV] 9TRODUCES 9TO HIS NOVELS LYRIC POETRY1 NEV]!LESS !Y PRODUCE ON ! :OLE ! IMPRESSION ( LYRICS4 ,!RE IS SO MU* ( ,TURGU5EFF'S [N P]SONALITY EXPRESS$ 9 !M1 & ?IS P]SONALITY IS ALWAYS SADNESS-A SPECIFIC SADNESS )\T A T\* ( S5TIM5TALITY4 ,NEV] DOES ,TURGU5EFF GIVE HIMSELF UP 5TIRELY TO HIS FEEL+S3 HE IMPRESSES BY RE/RA9T2 BUT NO ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN NOVELI/ IS SO SAD AS HE IS4 ,! GREAT MELAN*OLI/S ( ! ,LAT9 RACE1 SU* AS ,LEOP>DI & ,FLAUB]T1 HAVE H>D1 FA/ \TL9ES 9 !IR /YLE2 ! ,G]MAN SADNESS IS ( A CAU/IC HUMOR1 OR IT IS PA!TIC1 OR S5TIM5TAL2 BUT ,TURGU5EFF'S MELAN*OLY IS1 9 ITS SUB/ANCE1 ! MELAN*OLY ( ! ,SLAVONIAN RACES 9 ITS WEAKNESS & TRAGICAL ASPECT1 IT IS A DESC5DANT 9 A /RAI<T L9E FROM ! MELAN*OLY ( ! ,SLAVONIAN FOLK-SONG4 4 4 4 ,:5 ,GOGOL IS MELAN*OLY1 IT IS FROM DESPAIR4 ,:5 ,DO/OYEVSKIY EXPRESSES ! SAME FEEL+1 IT IS BECAUSE HIS HE>T BLE$S ) SYMPA?Y = ! D[N-TRODD51 & ESPECIALLY = GREAT S9N]S4 ,TOL/OY'S MELAN*OLY HAS ITS F\NDATION 9 HIS RELIGI\S FATALISM4 ,TURGU5EFF ALONE IS A PHILOSOPH]4 4 4 4 ,HE LOVES MAN1 EV5 ?\< HE DOES NOT ?9K MU* ( HIM & DOES NOT TRU/ HIM V]Y MU*40 

,! FULL =CE ( ,TURGU5EFF'S TAL5T APPE>$ ALREADY 9 HIS E>LI] PRODUCTIONS-?AT IS1 9 ! S]IES ( %ORT SKET*ES FROM VILLAGE LIFE1 TO :I* ! MISLEAD+ TITLE ( ,A ,SPORTSMAN'S ,NOTE,BOOK WAS GIV5 9 ORD] TO AVOID ! RIGORS ( C5SOR%IP4 ,NOT)/&+ ! SIMPLICITY ( !IR CONT5TS & ! TOTAL ABS5CE ( ! SATIRICAL ELEM5T1 !SE SKET*ES GAVE A DECID$ BL[ TO S]FDOM4 ,TURGU5EFF DID NOT DESCRIBE 9 !M SU* ATROCITIES ( S]FDOM AS MI<T HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ M]E EXCEPTIONS TO ! RULE2 NOR DID HE IDEALIZE ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT2 BUT BY GIV+ LIFE-PORTRAITS ( S5SIBLE1 REASON+1 & LOV+ BE+S1 B5T D[N UND] ! YOKE ( S]FDOM1 TOGE!R ) LIFE-PICTURES ( ! %ALL[NESS & MEANNESS ( ! LIFE ( ! S]F-[N]S-EV5 ! BE/ ( !M-HE AWAK5$ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WRONG DONE BY ! SY/EM4 ,! SOCIAL 9FLU5CE ( !SE SKET*ES WAS V]Y GREAT4 ,AS TO !IR >TI/IC QUALITIES1 SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT 9 !SE %ORT SKET*ES WE F9D 9 A FEW PAGES MO/ VIVID PICTURES ( AN 9CR$IBLE V>IETY ( HUMAN *>ACT]S1 TOGE!R ) MO/ BEAUTIFUL SKET*ES ( NATURE4 

,CONTEMPT1 ADMIRATION1 SYMPA?Y1 OR DEEP SADNESS >E IMPRESS$ 9 TURNS ON ! READ] AT ! WILL ( ! Y\NG AU?OR-EA* TIME1 H[EV]1 9 SU* A =M & BY SU* VIVID SC5ES ?AT EA* ( !SE %ORT SKET*ES IS WOR? A GOOD NOVEL4 

,9 ! S]IES ( %ORT NOVELS1 ,A ,QUIET ,CORN]1 ,CORRESPOND5CE1 ,YAKOV ,PASYNKOV1 ,FAU/1 & ,ASYA1 ALL DAT$ #ah$ & #a#h#e#e1 ! G5IUS ( ,TURGU5EFF REVEAL$ ITSELF FULLY3 HIS MANN]1 HIS 9N] SELF1 HIS P[]S4 ,A DEEP SADNESS P]VADES !SE NOVELS4 ,A SORT ( DESPAIR 9 ! $UCAT$ ,RUSSIAN1 :O1 EV5 9 HIS LOVE1 APPE>S UTT]LY 9CAPABLE ( A /RONG FEEL+ :I* W\LD C>RY AWAY ALL OB/ACLES1 & ALWAYS MANAGES1 EV5 :5 CIRCUM/ANCES FAVOR HIM1 TO BR+ ! WOMAN :O LOVES HIM TO GRIEF & DESPAIR4 ,! FOLL[+ L9ES FROM ,CORRESPOND5CE *>ACT]IZE BE/ ! LEAD+ IDEA ( ?REE ( !SE NOVELS3 ,A ,QUIET ,CORN]1 ,CORRESPOND5CE1 & ,ASYA4 ,IT IS A GIRL ( TW5TY-SIX :O WRITES TO A FRI5D ( H] *ILDHOOD3 

0,AGA9 ,I REPEAT ?AT ,I DO NOT SPEAK ( ! GIRL :O F9DS IT DIFFICULT & H>D TO ?9K4 4 4 4 ,%E LOOKS R\ND1 %E EXPECTS1 & ASKS H]SELF1 :5 ! ONE :OM H] S\L IS LONG+ = WILL COME4 4 4 4 ,AT LA/ HE APPE>S3 %E IS C>RI$ AWAY BY HIM2 %E IS LIKE S(T WAX 9 HIS H&S4 ,HAPP9ESS1 LOVE1 ?\<T-ALL !SE COME N[ 9 /REAMS2 ALL H] UNRE/ IS SETTL$1 ALL D\BTS RESOLV$ BY HIM2 TRU? ITSELF SEEMS TO SPEAK ?R\< HIS LIPS4 ,%E WOR%IPS HIM1 %E FEELS A%AM$ ( H] [N HAPP9ESS1 %E LE>NS1 %E LOVES4 ,GREAT IS HIS P[] OV] H] AT ?AT TIME6 4 4 4 ,IF HE W]E A H]O HE C\LD HAVE FIR$ H]1 TAU<T H] H[ TO SACRIFICE H]SELF1 & ALL SACRIFICES W\LD HAVE BE5 EASY = H]6 ,BUT !RE >E NO H]OES N[ADAYS4 4 4 4 4 ,/ILL1 HE LEADS H] :]EV] HE LIKES2 %E TAKES TO :AT 9T]E/S HIM2 EA* ( HIS WORDS P5ETRATES 9TO H] S\L-%E DOES NOT KN[ YET H[ 9SIGNIFICANT & EMPTY1 H[ FALSE1 WORDS CAN BE1 H[ LITTLE !Y CO/ ! ONE :O PRON\NCES !M1 H[ LITTLE !Y CAN BE TRU/$4 ,!N1 FOLL[+ !SE FIR/ MOM5TS ( HAPP9ESS & HOPES1 COMES USUALLY-[+ TO CIRCUM/ANCES 7CIRCUM/ANCES >E ALWAYS ! FAULT7-COMES USUALLY ! SEP>ATION4 ,I HAVE HE>D IT SAID ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 CASES :5 ! TWO K9DR$ S\LS HAVE UNIT$ IMM$IATELY2 ,I HAVE ALSO HE>D ?AT !Y DID NOT ALWAYS F9D HAPP9ESS 9 ?AT 4 4 4 H[EV]1 ,I WILL NOT SPEAK ( :AT ,I HAVE NOT SE5 MYSELF4 ,BUT-! FACT ?AT CALCULATION ( ! PETTIE/ SORT & ! MO/ MIS]ABLE PRUD5CE CAN LIVE 9 A Y\NG HE>T BY ! SIDE ( ! MO/ PASSIONATE EXALTATION1 ?IS ,I HAVE UN=TUNATELY LE>N$ FROM EXP]I5CE4 ,SO1 ! SEP>ATION COMES4 4 4 4 ,HAPPY ! GIRL :O AT ONCE SEES ?AT ?IS IS ! 5D ( ALL1 & WILL NOT SOO! H]SELF BY EXPECTATIONS6 ,BUT Y\1 BRAVE & JU/ M51 Y\ MO/LY HAVE NOT ! C\RAGE1 NOR ! DESIRE1 TO TELL US ! TRU? 4 4 4 IT IS EASI] = Y\ TO DECEIVE US 4 4 4 OR1 AFT] ALL1 ,I AM READY TO BELIEVE ?AT1 TOGE!R ) US1 Y\ DECEIVE Y\RSELVES40 

,A COMPLETE DESPAIR 9 ! CAPACITY = ACTION ( ! $UCAT$ MAN 9 ,RUSSIA RUNS ?R\< ALL ! NOVELS ( ?IS P]IOD4 ,?OSE FEW M5 :O SEEM TO BE AN EXCEPTION-?OSE :O HAVE 5]GY1 OR SIMULATE IT = A %ORT TIME1 G5]ALLY 5D !IR LIVES 9 ! BILLI>D ROOM ( ! PUBLIC H\SE1 OR SPOIL !IR EXI/5CES 9 SOME O!R WAY4 ,! YE>S #ah$ & #a#h#e#e1 :5 !SE NOVELS W]E WRITT51 FULLY EXPLA9 ! PESSIMISM ( ,TURGU5EFF4 ,9 ,RUSSIA !Y W]E P]HAPS ! D>KE/ YE>S ( ?AT D>K P]IOD ( ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY-! REIGN ( ,NI*OLAS ,I4-& 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 TOO1 ! YE>S CLOSELY FOLL[+ ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I4 W]E YE>S ( A G5]AL REACTION AFT] ! GREAT UNREALIZ$ HOPES ( #a#h#d#h4 

,TURGU5EFF1 :O CAME V]Y NE> BE+ M>*$ TO ,SIB]IA 9 #aheb = HAV+ PR9T$ AT ,MOSC[ HIS 9NOC5T NECROLOGICAL NOTE AB\T ,GOGOL1 AFT] IT HAD BE5 =BIDD5 BY ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG C5SOR%IP1 WAS COMPELL$ TO LIVE N[ ON HIS E/ATE1 BEHOLD+ R\ND HIM ! S]VILE SUBMISSIV5ESS ( ALL ?OSE :O HAD =M]LY %[N SOME SIGNS ( REVOLT4 ,SEE+ ALL R\ND ! TRIUMPH ( ! SUPPORT]S ( S]FDOM & DESPOTISM1 HE MI<T EASILY HAVE BE5 BR\<T TO DESPAIR4 ,BUT ! SADNESS :I* P]VADES ! NOVELS ( ?IS P]IOD WAS NOT A CRY ( DESPAIR2 IT WAS NOT A SATIRE EI!R2 IT WAS ! G5TLE T\* ( A LOV+ FRI5D1 & ?AT CON/ITUTES !IR MA9 *>M4 ,FROM ! >TI/IC PO9T ( VIEW1 ,ASYA & ,CORRESPOND5CE >E P]HAPS ! F9E/ GEMS :I* WE [E TO ,TURGU5EFF4 

,TO JUDGE ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ,TURGU5EFF'S WORK ONE MU/ READ 9 SUCCESSION-SO HE HIMSELF DESIR$-HIS SIX NOVELS3 ,DMITRI ,RUD91 ,A ,NOBLEMAN'S ,RETREAT 7,UNE NI*EE DE ,G5TIL%OMMES1 OR1 ,LIZA1 9 ,MR4 ,RAL/ON'S V]SION71 ,ON ! ,EVE1 ,FA!RS & ,SONS1 ,SMOKE1 & ,VIRG9 ,SOIL4 ,9 !M1 ONE SEES HIS POETICAL P[]S 9 FULL2 AT ! SAME TIME ONE GETS AN 9SI<T 9TO ! DIFF]5T ASPECTS :I* 9TELLECTUAL LIFE TOOK 9 ,RUSSIA FROM #ahdh TO #a#h#g#f1 & ONE UND]/&S ! POET'S ATTITUDE T[>DS ! BE/ REPRES5TATIVES ( ADVANC$ ?\<T 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ?AT MO/ 9T]E/+ P]IOD ( H] DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 SOME ( HIS E>LI] %ORT TALES ,TURGU5EFF HAD ALREADY T\*$ UPON ,HAMLETISM 9 ,RUSSIAN LIFE4 ,9 HIS ,HAMLET ( ! ,S*IGROVSKY ,DI/RICT1 & HIS ,DI>Y ( A ,USELESS ,MAN1 HE HAD ALREADY GIV5 ADMIRABLE SKET*ES ( ?AT SORT ( MAN4 ,BUT IT WAS 9 ,RUD9 7#a#h#e#e7 ?AT HE A*IEV$ ! FULL >TI/IC REPRES5TATION ( ?AT TYPE :I* HAD GR[N UPON ,RUSSIAN SOIL ) ESPECIAL PR(USION AT A TIME :5 \R BE/ M5 W]E CONDEMN$ TO 9ACTIVITY &-WORDS4 ,TURGU5EFF DID NOT SP>E M5 ( ?AT TYPE2 HE REPRES5T$ !M ) !IR WOR/ FEATURES1 AS WELL AS ) !IR BE/1 & YET HE TREAT$ !M ) T5D]NESS4 ,HE LOV$ ,RUD91 ) ALL HIS DEFECTS1 & 9 ?IS LOVE HE WAS AT ONE ) ! BE/ M5 ( HIS G5]ATION1 & ( \RS1 TOO4 

,RUD9 WAS A MAN ( ! 0=TIES10 NURTUR$ UPON ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY1 & DEVELOP$ UND] ! CONDITIONS :I* PREVAIL$ UND] ,NI*OLAS ,I41 :5 !RE WAS NO POSSIBILITY :ATEV] = A ?9K+ MAN TO APPLY HIS 5]GY1 UNLESS HE *OSE TO BECOME AN OB$I5T FUNCTION>Y ( AN AUTOCRATIC1 SLAVE[N+ ,/ATE4 ,! SC5E IS LAID 9 ONE ( ! E/ATES 9 MIDDLE ,RUSSIA1 9 ! FAMILY ( A LADY :O TAKES A SUP]FICIAL 9T]E/ 9 ALL SORTS ( NOVELTIES1 READS BOOKS ?AT >E PROHIBIT$ BY C5SOR%IP1 SU* AS ,TOCQUEVILLE'S ,DEMOCRACY 9 ,AM]ICA2 & MU/ ALWAYS HAVE R\ND H]1 :E!R IT BE 9 H] SALON 9 ! CAPITAL OR ON H] E/ATE1 ALL SORTS ( M5 ( M>K4 ,IT IS 9 H] DRAW+-ROOM ?AT ,RUD9 MAKES HIS FIR/ APPE>ANCE4 ,9 A FEW MOM5TS HE BECOMES MA/] ( ! CONV]SATION1 & BY HIS 9TELLIG5T REM>KS TO ! PO9T W9S ! ADMIRATION ( ! HO/ESS & ! SYMPA?Y ( ! Y\NG] G5]ATION4 ,! LATT] IS REPRES5T$ BY ! DAU<T] ( ! LADY & BY A Y\NG /UD5T :O IS ! TUTOR ( H] BOYS4 ,BO? >E 5TIRELY CAPTIVAT$ BY ,RUD94 ,:5 HE SPEAKS1 LAT] ON 9 ! EV5+1 ( HIS /UD5T YE>S1 & T\*ES UPON SU* TAK+ SUBJECTS AS LIB]TY1 FREE ?\<T1 & ! /RUGGLES 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE = FRE$OM1 HIS WORDS >E FULL ( SO MU* FIRE1 SO MU* POETRY & 5?USIASM1 ?AT ! TWO Y\NG] PEOPLE LI/5 TO HIM ) A FEEL+ :I* APPROA*ES WOR%IP4 ,! RESULT IS EVID5T3 ,NATA%A1 ! DAU<T]1 FALLS 9 LOVE ) HIM4 ,RUD9 IS MU* OLD] ?AN ,NATA%A-SILV] /REAKS ALREADY APPE> 9 HIS BEAUTIFUL HAIR1 & HE SPEAKS ( LOVE AS ( SOME?+ :I*1 = HIM1 BELONGS TO ! PA/4 0,LOOK AT ?IS OAK10 HE SAYS2 0! LA/ AUTUMN'S LEAVES /ILL COV] IT1 & !Y WILL NEV] FALL (F UNTIL ! Y\NG GRE5 LEAVES HAVE MADE !IR APPE>ANCE40 ,NATA%A UND]/&S ?IS 9 ! S5SE ?AT ,RUD9'S OLD LOVE CAN ONLY FADE AWAY :5 A NEW ONE HAS TAK5 ITS PLACE & GIVES HIM H] LOVE4 ,BREAK+ ) ALL ! TRADITIONS ( ! /RICTLY CORRECT H\SE ( H] MO!R1 %E GIVES AN 9T]VIEW TO ,RUD9 9 ! E>LY MORN+ ON ! BANKS ( A REMOTE POND4 ,%E IS READY TO FOLL[ HIM ANY:]E1 ANYH[1 )\T MAK+ ANY CONDITIONS2 BUT HE1 :OSE LOVE IS MORE 9 HIS BRA9 ?AN 9 HIS HE>T1 F9DS NO?+ TO SAY TO H] BUT TO TALK AB\T ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( OBTA9+ ! P]MISSION ( H] MO!R = ?IS M>RIAGE4 ,NATA%A H>DLY LI/5S TO HIS WORDS4 ,%E W\LD FOLL[ HIM ) OR )\T ! CONS5T ( H] MO!R1 & ASKS3 0,:AT IS !N TO BE DONE8 0-0 ,TO SUBMIT10 IS ,RUD9'S REPLY4 

,! H]O :O SPOKE SO BEAUTIFULLY AB\T FI<T+ AGA9/ ALL POSSIBLE OB/ACLES HAS BROK5 D[N BE=E ! FIR/ OB/ACLE ?AT APPE>$ 9 HIS WAY4 ,WORDS1 WORDS1 & NO ACTIONS1 WAS 9DE$ ! *>ACT]I/IC ( !SE M51 :O 9 ! =TIES REPRES5T$ ! BE/ ?9K+ ELEM5T ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 

,LAT] ON WE MEET ,RUD9 ONCE MORE4 ,HE HAS /ILL F\ND NO WORK = HIMSELF1 NEI!R HAS HE MADE PEACE ) ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE AT ?AT TIME4 ,HE REMA9S POOR1 EXIL$ BY ! GOV]NM5T FROM ONE T[N TO ANO!R1 TILL AT LA/ HE GOES ABROAD1 & DUR+ ! 9SURRECTION ( ,JUNE1 #a#h#d#h1 HE IS KILL$ ON A B>RICADE 9 ,P>IS4 ,!RE IS AN EPILOGUE TO ! NOVEL1 & ?AT EPILOGUE IS SO BEAUTIFUL ?AT A FEW PASSAGES FROM IT MU/ BE PRODUC$ H]E4 ,IT IS ,LEEZHNEFF1 =M]LY ,RUD9'S 5EMY1 :O SPEAKS4 

0 ,I KN[ HIM WELL10 CONT9U$ ,LEZHNEFF1 0,I AM AW>E ( HIS FAULTS4 ,!Y >E ! MORE CONSPICU\S BECAUSE HE IS NOT TO BE REG>D$ ON A SMALL SCALE40  

 0,HIS IS A *>ACT] ( G5IUS60 CRI$ ,BASSI/(F4  

 0,G5IUS1 V]Y LIKELY HE HAS6 0 REPLI$ ,LEHNEFF10 BUT AS = *>ACT]4 4 4 4 ,?AT'S JU/ HIS MIS=TUNE3 !RE'S NO =CE ( *>ACT] 9 HIM4 4 4 4 ,BUT ,I WANT TO SPEAK ( :AT IS GOOD1 ( :AT IS R>E 9 HIM4 ,HE HAS 5?USIASM2 &1 BELIEVE ME1 :O AM A PHLEGMATIC P]SON 5\<1 ?AT IS ! MO/ PRECI\S QUALITY 9 \R TIMES4 ,WE HAVE ALL BECOME 9SUFF]ABLY REASONABLE1 9DIFF]5T1 & SLO?FUL2 WE >E ASLEEP & COLD1 & ?ANKS TO ANYONE :O WILL WAKE US UP & W>M US6 ,IT IS HI< TIME6 ,DO Y\ REMEMB]1 ,SA%A1 ONCE :5 ,I WAS TALK+ TO Y\ AB\T HIM1 ,I BLAM$ HIM = COLDNESS8 ,I WAS RI<T1 & WRONG TOO1 !N4 ,! COLDNESS IS 9 HIS BLOOD-?AT IS NOT HIS FAULT-& NOT 9 HIS HEAD4 ,HE IS NOT AN ACTOR1 AS ,I CALL$ HIM1 NOR A *EAT1 NOR A SC\NDREL2 HE LIVES AT O!R PEOPLE'S EXP5SE1 NOT LIKE A SW9DL]1 BUT LIKE A *ILD4 4 4 4 ,YES2 NO D\BT HE WILL DIE SOME:]E 9 POV]TY & WANT2 BUT >E WE TO ?R[ /ONES AT HIM = ?AT8 ,HE NEV] DOES ANY?+ HIMSELF PRECISELY1 HE HAS NO VITAL =CE1 NO BLOOD2 BUT :O HAS ! RI<T TO SAY ?AT HE HAS NOT BE5 ( USE1 ?AT HIS WORDS HAVE NOT SCATT]$ GOOD SE$S 9 Y\NG HE>TS1 TO :OM NATURE HAS NOT D5I$1 AS %E HAS TO HIM1 P[]S = ACTION1 & ! FACULTY ( C>RY+ \T !IR [N IDEAS8 ,9DE$1 ,I MYSELF1 TO BEG9 )1 HAVE GA9$ ALL ?AT ,I HAVE FROM HIM4 ,SA%A KN[S :AT ,RUD9 DID = ME 9 MY Y\?4 ,I ALSO MA9TA9$1 ,I RECOLLECT1 ?AT ,RUD9'S WORDS C\LD NOT PRODUCE AN EFFECT ON M52 BUT ,I WAS SPEAK+ !N ( M5 LIKE MYSELF1 AT MY PRES5T AGE1 ( M5 :O HAVE ALREADY LIV$ & BE5 BROK5 9 BY LIFE4 ,ONE FALSE NOTE 9 A MAN'S ELOQU5CE1 & ! :OLE H>MONY IS SPOIL$ = US2 BUT A Y\NG MAN'S E>1 HAPPILY1 IS NOT SO OV]-F9E1 NOT SO TRA9$4 ,IF ! SUB/ANCE ( :AT HE HE>S SEEMS F9E TO HIM1 :AT DOES HE C>E AB\T ! 9TONATION8 ,! 9TONATION HE WILL SUPPLY = HIMSELF6 0  

0,BRAVO1 BRAVO6 0 CRI$ ,BASSI/(F1 0?AT IS JU/LY SPOK56 ,& AS REG>DS ,RUD9'S 9FLU5CE1 ,I SWE> TO Y\1 ?AT MAN NOT ONLY KN[S H[ TO MOVE Y\1 HE LIFTS Y\ UP1 HE DOES NOT LET Y\ /& /ILL1 HE /IRS Y\ TO ! DEP?S & SETS Y\ ON FIRE60#b 

,H[EV]1 ) SU* M5 AS ,RUD9 FUR!R PROGRESS 9 ,RUSSIA W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE3 NEW M5 HAD TO APPE>4 ,& SO !Y DID3 WE F9D !M 9 ! SUBSEQU5T NOVELS ( ,TURGU5EFF-BUT !Y MEET ) :AT DIFFICULTIES1 :AT PA9S !Y UND]GO6 ,?IS WE SEE 9 ,LAVRETSKIY & ,LIZA 7,A ,NOBLEMAN'S ,RETREAT7 :O BELONG$ TO ! 9T]M$IATE P]IOD4 ,LAVRETSKIY C\LD NOT BE SATISFI$ ) ,RUD9'S ROLE ( AN ]RANT APO/LE2 HE TRI$ HIS H&S AT PRACTICAL ACTIVITY2 BUT HE ALSO C\LD NOT F9D HIS WAY AMID ! NEW CURR5TS ( LIFE4 ,HE HAD ! SAME >TI/IC & PHILOSOPHICAL DEVELOPM5T AS ,RUD92 HE HAD ! NECESS>Y WILL2 BUT HIS P[]S ( ACTION W]E PALSI$-NOT BY HIS P[] ( ANALYSIS 9 ?IS CASE1 BUT BY ! M$IOCRITY ( HIS SURR\ND+S & BY HIS UN=TUNATE M>RIAGE4 ,LAVRETSKIY 5DS ALSO 9 WRECK4 

,A ,NOBLEMAN'S ,RETREAT WAS AN IMM5SE SUCCESS4 ,IT WAS SAID ?AT1 TOGE!R ) ! AUTOBIOGRAPHIC TALE1 ,FIR/ ,LOVE1 IT WAS ! MO/ >TI/IC ( ,TURGU5EFF'S WORKS4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS H>DLY SO4 ,ITS GREAT SUCCESS WAS SURELY DUE1 FIR/ ( ALL1 TO ! WIDE CIRCLE ( READ]S TO :OM IT APPEAL$4 ,LAVRETSKIY HAS M>RI$ MO/ UN=TUNATELY-A LADY :O SOON BECOMES A SORT ( A SECOND-RATE ,P>ISIAN LIONESS4 ,!Y SEP>ATE2 & !N HE MEETS ) A GIRL1 ,LIZA1 9 :OM ,TURGU5EFF HAS GIV5 ! BE/ IMP]SONATION IMAG9ABLE ( ! AV]AGE1 ?OR\<LY GOOD & HONE/ ,RUSSIAN GIRL ( ?OSE TIMES4 ,%E & ,LAVRETSKIY FALL 9 LOVE ) EA* O!R4 ,= A MOM5T BO? %E & ,LAVRETSKIY ?9K ?AT ! LATT]'S WIFE IS DEAD-SO IT /OOD1 AT LEA/1 9 A ,P>IS FEUILLETON2 BUT ! LADY REAPPE>S BR++ ) H] ALL H] ABOM9ABLE ATMOSPH]E1 & ,LIZA GOES TO A CONV5T4 ,UNLIKE ,RUD9 OR ,BAZ>(F1 ALL ! P]SONS ( ?IS DRAMA1 AS WELL AS ! DRAMA ITSELF1 >E QUITE FAMILI> TO ! AV]AGE READ]1 & = M]ELY ?AT REASON ! NOVEL APPEAL$ TO AN EXTREMELY WIDE CIRCLE ( SYMPA?IZ]S4 ,( C\RSE1 ! >TI/IC P[]S ( ,TURGU5EFF APPE> ) A WOND]FUL =CE 9 ! REPRES5TATION ( SU* TYPES AS ,LIZA & ,LAVRETSKIY'S WIFE1 ,LIZA'S OLD AUNT1 & ,LAVRETSKIY HIMSELF4 ,! NOTE ( POETRY & SADNESS :I* P]VADES ! NOVEL C>RIES AWAY ! READ] COMPLETELY4 ,& YET1 ,I MAY V5TURE TO SAY1 ! FOLL[+ NOVEL1 ,ON ! ,EVE1 F> SUP]S$$ ! =M] BO? 9 ! DEP? ( ITS CONCEPTION & ! BEAUTY ( ITS WORKMAN%IP4 

,ALREADY1 9 ,NATA%A1 ,TURGU5EFF HAD GIV5 A LIFE-PICTURE ( A ,RUSSIAN GIRL :O HAS GR[N UP 9 ! QUIETNESS ( VILLAGE LIFE1 BUT HAS 9 H] HE>T1 & M9D1 & WILL ! G]MS ( ?AT :I* MOVES HUMAN BE+S TO HI<] ACTION4 ,RUD9'S SPIRIT$ WORDS1 HIS APPEALS TO :AT IS GR& & WOR? LIV+ =1 9FLAM$ H]4 ,%E WAS READY TO FOLL[ HIM1 TO SUPPORT HIM 9 ! GREAT WORK :I* HE SO EAG]LY & USELESSLY SE>*$ =1 BUT IT WAS HE :O PROV$ TO BE H] 9F]IOR4 ,TURGU5EFF ?US =ESAW1 S9CE #a#h#e#e1 ! COM+ ( ?AT TYPE ( WOMAN :O LAT] ON PLAY$ SO PROM95T A P>T 9 ! REVIVAL ( ,Y\NG ,RUSSIA4 ,F\R YE>S LAT]1 9 ,ON ! ,EVE1 HE GAVE1 9 ,HEL51 A FUR!R & FULL] DEVELOPM5T ( ! SAME TYPE4 ,HEL5 IS NOT SATISFI$ ) ! DULL1 TRIFL+ LIFE 9 H] [N FAMILY1 & %E LONGS = A WID] SPH]E ( ACTION4 0,TO BE GOOD IS NOT 5\<2 TO DO GOOD-YES2 ?AT IS ! GREAT ?+ 9 LIFE10 %E WRITES 9 H] DI>Y4 ,BUT :OM DOES %E MEET 9 H] SURR\ND+S8 ,%UB91 A TAL5T$ >TI/1 A SPOIL$ *ILD1 0A BUTT]FLY :I* ADMIRES ITSELF 02 ,B]S5EFF1 A FUTURE PR(ESSOR1 A TRUE ,RUSSIAN NATURE-AN EXCELL5T MAN1 MO/ UNSELFI% & MODE/1 BUT WANT+ 9SPIRATION1 TOTALLY LACK+ 9 VIGOR & 9ITIATIVE4 ,!SE TWO >E ! BE/4 ,!RE IS A MOM5T :5 ,%UB9 AS HE RAMBLES ON A SUMM] NI<T ) HIS FRI5D ,B]S5EFF1 SAYS TO HIM3 0,I LOVE ,HEL51 BUT ,HEL5 LOVES Y\4 4 4 4 ,S+1 S+ L\D]1 IF Y\ CAN2 & IF Y\ CANNOT1 !N TAKE (F Y\R HAT1 LOOK ABOVE1 & SMILE TO ! />S4 ,!Y ALL LOOK UPON Y\1 UPON Y\ ALONE3 !Y ALWAYS LOOK ON ?OSE :O >E 9 LOVE40 ,BUT ,B]S5EFF RETURNS TO HIS SMALL ROOM1 &-OP5S ,RAUM]'S 0,HI/ORY ( ! ,HOH5/AUFF5S10 ON ! SAME PAGE :]E HE HAD LEFT IT ! LA/ TIME4 4 4 4 

,!REUPON COMES ,9S>(F1 A ,BULG>IAN PATRIOT1 5TIRELY ABSORB$ BY ONE IDEA--! LIB]ATION ( HIS MO!R-C\NTRY2 A MAN ( /EEL1 RUDE TO ! T\*1 :O HAS CA/ AWAY ALL MELAN*OLY PHILOSOPHICAL DREAM+1 & M>*ES /RAI<T =W>D1 T[>DS ! AIM ( HIS LIFE-& ! *OICE ( ,HEL5 IS SETTL$4 ,! PAGES GIV5 TO ! AWAK5+ ( H] FEEL+ & TO ITS GR[? >E AMONG ! BE/ EV] WRITT5 BY ,TURGU5EFF4 ,:5 ,9S>(F SUDD5LY BECOMES AW>E ( HIS [N LOVE = ,HEL51 HIS FIR/ DECISION IS TO LEAVE AT ONCE ! SUBURB ( ,MOSC[1 :]E !Y >E ALL /AY+1 & ,RUSSIA AS WELL4 ,HE GOES TO ,HEL5'S H\SE TO ANN\NCE !RE HIS DEP>TURE4 ,HEL5 ASKS HIM TO PROMISE ?AT HE WILL SEE H] AGA9 TO-MORR[ BE=E HE LEAVES1 BUT HE DOES NOT PROMISE4 ,HEL5 WAITS = HIM1 & :5 HE HAS NOT COME 9 ! AFT]NOON1 %E H]SELF GOES TO HIM4 ,RA9 & ?UND] OV]TAKE H] ON ! ROAD1 & %E /EPS 9TO AN OLD *APEL BY ! ROADSIDE4 ,!RE %E MEETS ,9S>(F1 & ! EXPLANATION BETWE5 ! %Y1 MODE/ GIRL :O P]CEIVES ?AT ,9S>(F LOVES H]1 & ! PATRIOT1 :O DISCOV]S 9 H] ! =CE :I*1 F> FROM /&+ 9 HIS WAY1 W\LD ONLY D\BLE HIS [N 5]GY1 T]M9ATES BY ,9S>(F EXCLAIM+3 0,WELL1 !N1 WELCOME1 MY WIFE BE=E ,GOD & M560 

,9 ,HEL5 WE HAVE ! TRUE TYPE ( ?AT ,RUSSIAN WOMAN :O A FEW YE>S LAT] JO9$ HE>T & S\L 9 ALL MOVEM5TS = ,RUSSIAN FRE$OM3 ! WOMAN :O CONQU]$ H] RI<T TO KN[L$GE1 TOTALLY RE=M$ ! $UCATION ( *ILDR51 F\<T = ! LIB]ATION ( ! TOIL+ MASSES1 5DUR$ UNBROK5 9 ! SN[S & JAILS ( ,SIB]IA1 DI$ IF NECESS>Y ON ! SCAFFOLD1 & AT ! PRES5T MOM5T CONT9UES ) UNABAT$ 5]GY ! SAME /RUGGLE4 ,! HI< >TI/IC BEAUTY ( ?IS NOVEL HAS ALREADY BE5 9CID5TALLY M5TION$4 ,ONLY ONE REPROA* CAN BE MADE TO IT3 ! H]O1 ,9S>(F1 ! MAN ( ACTION1 IS NOT SUFFICI5TLY LIV+4 ,BUT BO? = ! G5]AL >*ITECTURE ( ! NOVEL & ! BEAUTY ( ITS SEP>ATE SC5ES1 BEG9N+ ) ! V]Y FIR/ & 5D+ ) ! LA/1 ,ON ! ,EVE /&S AMONG ! HI<E/ PRODUCTIONS ( ! SORT 9 ALL LIT]ATURES4 

,! NEXT NOVEL ( ,TURGU5EFF WAS ,FA!RS & ,SONS4 ,IT WAS WRITT5 9 #ahei :51 9/EAD ( ! S5TIM5TALI/S & 0ES!TIC0 PEOPLE ( OLD1 QUITE A NEW TYPE ( MAN WAS MAK+ ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! $UCAT$ PORTION ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY-! NIHILI/4 ,?OSE :O HAVE NOT READ ,TURGU5EFF'S WORKS WILL P]HAPS ASSOCIATE ! WORD 0NIHILI/0 ) ! /RUGGLE :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#h#g#i-#a#h#h#a BETWE5 ! AUTOCRATIC P[] & ! T]RORI/S2 BUT ?IS W\LD BE A GREAT MI/AKE4 0,NIHILISM0 IS NOT 0T]RORISM10 & ! TYPE ( ! NIHILI/ IS 9F9ITELY DEEP] & WID] ?AN ?AT ( A T]RORI/4 ,TURGU5EFF'S ,FA!RS & ,SONS MU/ BE READ 9 ORD] TO UND]/& IT4 ,! REPRES5TATIVE ( ?IS TYPE 9 ! NOVEL IS A Y\NG DOCTOR1 ,BAZ>(F-0A MAN :O B[S BE=E NO AU?ORITY1 H[EV] V5]AT$ IT MAY BE1 & ACCEPTS ( NO PR9CIPLE UNPROV$40 ,CONSEQU5TLY HE TAKES A NEGATIVE ATTITUDE T[>DS ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! PRES5T TIME & HE ?R[S OV]BO>D ALL ! CONV5TIONALITIES & ! PETTY LIES ( ORD9>Y SOCIETY LIFE4 ,HE COMES ON A VISIT TO HIS OLD P>5TS & /AYS ALSO AT ! C\NTRY H\SE ( A Y\NG FRI5D ( HIS1 :OSE FA!R & UNCLE >E TWO TYPICAL REPRES5TATIVES ( ! OLD G5]ATION4 ,?IS GIVES TO ,TURGU5EFF ! POSSIBILITY ( ILLU/RAT+ 9 A S]IES ( MA/]LY SC5ES ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO G5]ATIONS-0! FA!RS0 & 0! SONS40 ,?AT CONFLICT WAS GO+ ON 9 ?OSE YE>S ) BITT] ACRIMONY ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 

,ONE ( ! TWO BRO!RS1 ,NIKOLAI ,PETROVIT*1 IS AN EXCELL5T1 SLI<TLY 5?USIA/IC DREAM] :O 9 HIS Y\? WAS FOND ( ,S*ILL] & ,PU%K91 BUT NEV] TOOK GREAT 9T]E/ 9 PRACTICAL MATT]S2 HE N[ LIVES1 ON HIS E/ATE1 ! LAZY LIFE ( A L&[N]4 ,HE W\LD LIKE1 H[EV]1 TO %[ TO ! Y\NG PEOPLE ?AT HE1 TOO1 CAN GO A LONG WAY ) !M3 HE TRIES TO READ ! MAT]IALI/IC BOOKS :I* HIS SON & ,BAZ>(F READ1 & EV5 TO SPEAK !IR LANGUAGE2 BUT HIS 5TIRE $UCATION /&S 9 ! WAY ( A TRUE 0REALI/IC0 COMPREH5SION ( ! REAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 

,! ELD] BRO!R1 ,PET] ,PETROVIT*1 IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A DIRECT DESC5DANT FROM ,L]MONT(F'S ,PET*OR9- ?AT IS1 A ?OR\<1 WELL-BR$ EGOTI/4 ,HAV+ SP5T HIS Y\? 9 HI< SOCIETY CIRCLES1 HE1 EV5 N[ 9 !4 DULLNESS ( ! SMALL C\NTRY E/ATE1 CONSID]S IT AS A 0DUTY0 TO BE ALWAYS PROP]LY DRESS$ 0AS A P]FECT G5TLEMAN10 /RICTLY TO OBEY ! RULES ( 0,SOCIETY10 TO REMA9 FAI?FUL TO ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 & NEV] TO AB&ON HIS ATTITUDE ( EXTREME RES]VE-:I* HE AB&ONS1 H[EV]1 EV]Y TIME ?AT HE 5T]S 9TO A DISCUSSION AB\T 0PR9CIPLES0 ) ,BAZ>(F4 ,! 0NIHILI/0 9SPIRES HIM ) HATR$4 

,! NIHILI/ IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! \T-&-\T NEGATION ( ALL ! 0PR9CIPLES0 ( ,PET] ,PETROVIT*4 ,HE DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 ! E/ABLI%$ PR9CIPLES ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 & OP5LY PR(ESSES A PR(\ND CONTEMPT = ALL ! E/ABLI%$ =MS ( SOCIETY-LIFE4 ,HE DOES NOT SEE ?AT ! WE>+ ( A CLEAN COLL> & A P]FECT NECKTIE %\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS ! P]=MANCE ( A DUTY4 ,:5 HE SPEAKS1 HE SAYS :AT HE ?9KS4 ,ABSOLUTE S9C]ITY-NOT ONLY 9 :AT HE SAYS1 BUT ALSO T[>DS HIMSELF-& A COMMON S5SE /&>D ( JUDGM5TS1 )\T ! OLD PREJUDICES1 >E ! RUL+ FEATURES ( HIS *>ACT]4 ,?IS LEADS1 EVID5TLY1 TO A C]TA9 ASSUM$ R\<NESS ( EXPRESSION1 & ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO G5]ATIONS MU/ NECESS>ILY TAKE A TRAGICAL ASPECT4 ,SO IT WAS EV]Y:]E 9 ,RUSSIA AT ?AT TIME4 ,! NOVEL EXPRESS$ ! REAL T5D5CY ( ! TIME & ACC5TUAT$ IT1 SO ?AT-AS HAS BE5 REM>K$ BY A GIFT$ ,RUSSIAN CRITIC1 ,S4 ,V5GU](F-! NOVEL & ! REALITY MUTUALLY 9FLU5C$ EA* O!R4 

,FA!RS & ,SONS PRODUC$ A TREM5D\S IMPRESSION4 ,TURGU@&EACTE2NEFF WAS ASSAIL$ ON ALL SIDES3 BY ! OLD G5]ATION1 :I* REPROA*$ HIM ) BE+ 0A NIHILI/ HIMSELF02 & BY ! Y\?1 :I* WAS DISCONT5T$ AT BE+ ID5TIFI$ ) ,BAZ>(F4 ,! TRU? IS ?AT1 ) A V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS1 AMONG :OM WAS ! GREAT CRITIC1 ,PISA>EFF1 WE DO NOT PROP]LY UND]/& ,BAZ>(F4 ,TURGU5EFF HAD SO MU* ACCU/OM$ US TO A C]TA9 POETICAL HALO :I* SURR\ND$ HIS H]OES1 & TO HIS [N T5D] LOVE :I* FOLL[$ !M1 EV5 :5 HE CONDEMN$ !M1 ?AT F9D+ NO?+ ( ! SORT 9 HIS ATTITUDE T[>DS ,BAX>(F1 WE SAW 9 ! ABS5CE ( !SE FEATURES A DECID$ HO/ILITY ( ! AU?OR T[>DS ! H]O4 ,MOREOV]1 C]TA9 FEATURES ( ,BAZ>(F DECID$LY DISPLEAS$ US4 ,:Y %\LD A MAN ( HIS P[]S DISPLAY SU* A H>%NESS T[>DS HIS OLD P>5TS3 HIS LOV+ MO!R & HIS FA!R-! POOR OLD VILLAGE-DOCTOR :O HAS RETA9$1 TO OLD AGE1 FAI? 9 HIS SCI5CE4 ,:Y %\LD ,BAZ>(F FALL 9 LOVE ) ?AT MO/ UN9T]E/+1 SELF-ADMIR+ LADY1 ,MADAME ,OD9TS(F1 & FAIL TO BE LOV$1 EV5 BY H]8 ,& !N :Y1 AT A TIME :5 9 ! Y\NG G5]ATION ! SE$S ( A GREAT MOVEM5T T[>DS FREE+ ! MASSES W]E ALREADY RIP5+1 :Y MAKE ,BAZ>(F SAY ?AT HE IS READY TO WORK = ! PEASANT1 BUT IF SOMEBODY COMES & SAYS TO HIM ?AT HE IS B\ND TO DO SO1 HE WILL HATE ?AT PEASANT8 ,TO :I* ,BAZ>(F ADDS1 9 A MOM5T ( REFLECTION3 0,& :AT ( ?AT8 ,GRASS WILL GR[ \T ( ME :5 ?IS PEASANT ACQUIRES WELLBE+60 ,WE DID NOT UND]/& ?IS ATTITUDE ( ,TURGU5EFF'S NIHILI/1 & IT WAS ONLY ON RE-READ+ ,FA!RS & ,SONS MU* LAT] ON1 ?AT WE NOTIC$1 9 ! V]Y WORDS ?AT SO (F5D$ US1 ! G]MS ( A REALI/IC PHILOSOPHY ( SOLID>ITY & DUTY :I* ONLY N[ BEG9S TO TAKE A MORE OR LESS DEF9ITE %APE4 ,9 #ahf WE1 ! Y\NG G5]ATION1 LOOK$ ON IT AS ,TURGU5EFF'S DESIRE TO ?R[ A /ONE AT A NEW TYPE ) :I* HE DID NOT SYMPA?IZE4 

,& YET1 AS ,PIS>EFF UND]/OOD AT ONCE1 ,BAZ>(F WAS A REAL REPRES5TATIVE ( ! Y\NG G5]ATION4 ,TURGU5EFF1 AS HE HIMSELF WROTE LAT] ON1 M]ELY DID NOT 0ADD SYRUP0 TO MAKE HIS H]O APPE> SOME:AT SWEET]4 

0,BAZ>(F10 HE WROTE1 0PUTS ALL ! O!R P]SONALITIES ( MY NOVEL 9 ! %ADE4 ,HE IS HONE/1 /RAI<T=W>D1 & A DEMOCRAT ( ! PURE/ WAT]1 & Y\ F9D NO GOOD QUALITIES 9 HIM6 ,! DUEL ) ,PETR ,PETROVIT* IS ONLY 9TRODUC$ TO %[ ! 9TELLECTUAL EMPT9ESS ( ! ELEGANT1 NOBLE KNI<?OOD2 9 FACT1 ,I EV5 EXAGG]AT$ & MADE IT RIDICUL\S4 ,MY CONCEPTION ( ,BAZ>(F IS SU* AS TO MAKE HIM APPE> ?R\<\T MU* SUP]IOR TO ,PETR ,PETROVIT*4 ,NEV]!LESS1 :5 HE CALLS HIMSELF NIHILI/ Y\ MU/ READ REVOLUTIONI/4 ,TO DRAW ON ONE SIDE A FUNCTION>Y :O TAKES BRIBES1 & ON ! O!R AN IDEAL Y\?-,I LEAVE IT TO O!RS TO MAKE SU* PICTURES4 ,MY AIM WAS MU* HI<] ?AN ?AT4 ,I CONCLUDE ) ONE REM>K3 ,IF ! READ] IS NOT WON BY ,BAZ>(F1 NOT)/&+ HIS R\<NESS1 ABS5CE ( HE>T1 PITILESS DRYNESS & T]S5ESS1 !N ! FAULT IS ) ME-,I HAVE MISS$ MY AIM2 BUT TO SWEET5 HIM ) SYRUP 7TO USE ,BAZ>(F'S [N LANGUAGE71 ?IS ,I DID NOT WANT TO DO1 AL?\< P]HAPS ?R\< ?AT ,I W\LD HAVE WON ,RUSSIAN Y\? AT ONCE TO MY SIDE40 

,! TRUE KEY TO ! UND]/&+ ( ,FA!RS & ,SONS1 &1 9 FACT1 ( :ATEV] ,TURGU5EFF WROTE1 IS GIV51 ,I WILL P]MIT MYSELF TO SUGGE/1 9 HIS ADMIRABLE LECTURE1 ,HAMLET & ,DON ,QUIXOTE 7 #a#h#f74 ,I HAVE ALREADY ELSE:]E 9TIMAT$ ?IS2 BUT ,I AM B\ND TO REPEAT IT H]E1 AS ,I ?9K ?AT1 BETT] ?AN ANY O!R ( ,TURGU5EFF'S WRIT+S1 ?IS LECTURE 5ABLES US TO LOOK 9TO ! V]Y PHILOSOPHY ( ! GREAT NOVELI/4 ,HAMLET & ,DON ,QUIXOTE-,TURGU5EFF WROTE-P]SONIFY ! TWO OPPOSITE P>TICUL>ITIES ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,ALL M5 BELONG MORE OR LESS TO ! ONE OR TO ! O!R ( !SE TWO TYPES4 ,&1 ) HIS WOND]FUL P[]S ( ANALYSIS1 HE ?US *>ACT]IZ$ ! TWO H]OES3 

0 ,DON ,QUIXOTE IS IMBU$ ) DEVOTION T[>DS HIS IDEAL1 = :I* HE IS READY TO SUFF] ALL POSSIBLE PRIVATIONS1 TO SACRIFICE HIS LIFE2 LIFE ITSELF HE VALUES ONLY SO F> AS IT CAN S]VE = ! 9C>NATION ( ! IDEAL1 = ! PROMOTION ( TRU?1 ( JU/ICE ON ,E>?4 4 4 4 ,HE LIVES = HIS BRO!RS1 = OPPOS+ ! =CES HO/ILE TO MANK9D3 ! WIT*ES1 ! GIANTS-?AT IS1 ! OPPRESSORS4 4 4 4 ,!RE=E HE IS FE>LESS1 PATI5T2 BE IS SATISFI$ ) ! MO/ MODE/ FOOD1 ! POORE/ CLO?3 HE HAS O!R ?+S TO ?9K (4 ,HUMBLE 9 HIS HE>T1 HE IS GREAT & D>+ 9 HIS M9D40 4 4 4 0,& :O IS ,HAMLET8 ,ANALYSIS FIR/ ( ALL1 & EGOTISM1 & !RE=E NO FAI?4 ,HE LIVES 5TIRELY = HIMSELF1 HE IS AN EGOTI/2 BUT TO BELIEVE 9 ONE'S SELF-EV5 AN EGOTI/ CANNOT DO ?AT3 WE CAN BELIEVE ONLY 9 SOME?+ :I* IS \TSIDE US & ABOVE US 4 4 4 ,AS HE HAS D\BTS ( EV]Y?+1 ,HAMLET EVID5TLY DOES NOT SP>E HIMSELF2 HIS 9TELLECT IS TOO DEVELOP$ TO REMA9 SATISFI$ ) :AT BE F9DS 9 HIMSELF3 HE FEELS HIS WEAKNESS1 BUT EA* SELF-CONSCI\SNESS IS A =CE :]EFROM RESULTS HIS IRONY1 ! OPPOSITE ( ! 5?USIASM ( ,DON ,QUIXOTE40 4 4 4 0 ,DON ,QUIXOTE1 A POOR MAN1 ALMO/ A BEGG>1 )\T MEANS & RELATIONS1 OLD1 ISOLAT$-UND]TAKES TO R$RESS ALL ! EVILS & TO PROTECT OPPRESS$ /RANG]S OV] ! :OLE E>?4 ,:AT DOES IT MATT] TO HIM ?AT HIS FIR/ ATTEMPT AT FREE+ ! 9NOC5T FROM HIS OPPRESSOR FALLS TWICE AS HEAVY UPON ! HEAD ( ! 9NOC5T HIMSELF8 4 4 4 ,:AT DOES IT MATT] ?AT1 ?9K+ ?AT HE HAS TO DEAL ) NOXI\S GIANTS1 ,DON ,QUIXOTE ATTACKS USEFUL W9DMILLS8 4 4 4 ,NO?+ ( ! SORT CAN EV] HAPP5 ) ,HAMLET3 H[ C\LD BE1 ) HIS P]SPICACI\S1 REF9$1 SKEPTICAL M9D1 EV] COMMIT SU* A MI/AKE6 ,NO1 HE WILL NOT FI<T ) W9DMILLS1 HE DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 GIANTS 4 4 4 BUT HE W\LD NOT HAVE ATTACK$ !M EV5 IF !Y DID EXI/ 4 4 4 4 ,& YET1 AL?\< ,HAMLET IS A SKEPTIC1 AL?\< HE DISBELIEVES 9 GOOD1 BE DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 EVIL4 ,EVIL & DECEIT >E HIS 9VET]ATE 5EMIES4 ,HIS SKEPTICISM IS NOT 9DIFF]5TISM40 4 4 4 0 ,BUT 9 NEGATION1 AS 9 FIRE1 !RE IS A DE/RUCTIVE P[]1 & H[ TO KEEP IT 9 B\NDS1 H[ TO TELL IT :]E TO /OP1 :5 ?AT :I* IT MU/ DE/ROY1 & ?AT :I* IT MU/ SP>E >E (T5 9SEP>ABLY WELD$ TOGE!R8 ,H]E IT IS ?AT ! (T5-NOTIC$ TRAGICAL ASPECT ( HUMAN LIFE COMES 93 = ACTION WE REQUIRE WILL1 & = ACTION WE REQUIRE ?\<T2 BUT ?\<T & WILL HAVE P>T$ FROM EA* O!R1 & SEP>ATE EV]Y DAY MORE & MORE4 4 4 4  

0,& ?US ! NATIVE HUE ( RESOLUTION 

 ,IS SICKLI$ O'] BY ! PALE CA/ ( ?\<T4 4 4 4 0 

,?IS LECTURE FULLY EXPLA9S1 ,I BELIEVE1 ! ATTITUDE ( ,TURGU5EFF T[>DS ,BAZ>(F4 ,HE HIMSELF BELONG$ TO A GREAT EXT5T TO ! ,HAMLETS4 ,AMONG !N HE HAD HIS BE/ FRI5DS4 ,HE LOV$ ,HAMLET2 YET HE ADMIR$ ,DON ,QUIXOTE-! MAN ( ACTION4 ,HE FELT HIS SUP]IORITY2 BUT1 :ILE DESCRIB+ ?IS SECOND TYPE ( M51 HE NEV] C\LD SURR\ND IT ) ?AT T5D] POETICAL LOVE = A SICK FRI5D :I* MAKES ! IRRESI/IBLE ATTRACTION ( ?OSE ( HIS NOVELS :I* DEAL ) ONE OR O!R ( ! ,HAMLET TYPE4 ,HE ADMIR$ ,BAZ>(F-HIS R\<NESS AS WELL AS HIS P[]2 ,BAZ>(F OV]P[]$ HIM2 BUT HE C\LD BY NO MEANS HAVE = HIM ! T5D] FEEL+S :I* HE HAD HAD = M5 ( HIS [N G5]ATION & HIS [N REF9EM5T4 ,9 FACT1 ) ,BAZ>(F !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 \T ( PLACE4 

,?IS WE DID NOT NOTICE AT ?AT TIME1 & !RE=E WE DID NOT UND]/& ,TURGU5EFF'S 9T5TION ( REPRES5T+ ! TRAGIC POSITION ( ,BAZ>(F AMID HIS SURR\ND+S4 0,I 5TIRELY %>E ,BAZ>(FS IDEAS10 HE WROTE LAT] ON4 0 ,ALL ( !M1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( HIS NEGATION ( >T40 0 ,I LOV$ ,BAZ>(F 2 ,I WILL PROVE IT TO Y\ BY MY DI>Y10 HE TOLD ME ONCE 9 ,P>IS4 ,C]TA9LY HE LOV$ HIM-BUT ) AN 9TELLECTUALLY ADMIR+ LOVE1 QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! COMPASSIONATE LOVE :I* HE HAD BE/[$ UPON ,RUD9 & ,LAVRETSKIY4 ,?IS DIFF]5CE ESCAP$ US1 & WAS ! *IEF CAUSE ( ! MISUND]/&+ :I* WAS SO PA9FUL = ! GREAT POET4 

,TURGU5EFF'S NEXT NOVEL1 ,SMOKE 7#a#h#f#g71 NE$ NOT BE DWELT UPON4 ,ONE OBJECT HE HAD 9 IT WAS TO REPRES5T ! P[]FUL TYPE ( A ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY LIONESS1 :I* HAD HAUNT$ HIM = YE>S1 & TO :I* HE RETURN$ SEV]AL TIMES1 UNTIL HE F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 F9D+ = IT1 9 ,SPR+ ,FLOOD1 ! FULLE/ & ! MO/ P]FECT >TI/IC EXPRESSION4 ,HIS O!R OBJECT WAS TO PICTURE 9 ITS TRUE COLORS ! %ALL[NESS-NAY1 ! SILL9ESS1 ( ?AT SOCIETY ( BUREAUCRATS 9TO :OSE H&S ,RUSSIA FELL = ! NEXT TW5TY YE>S4 ,DEEP DESPAIR 9 ! FUTURE ( ,RUSSIA AFT] ! WRECK ( ?AT GREAT RE=M MOVEM5T :I* HAD GIV5 TO US ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM P]VADES ! NOVEL2 A DESPAIR :I* CAN BY NO MEANS BE ATTRIBUT$ 5TIRELY1 OR EV5 *IEFLY1 TO ! HO/ILE RECEPTION ( ,FA!RS & ,SONS BY ! ,RUSSIAN Y\?1 BUT MU/ BE S\<T = 9 ! WRECK ( ! GREAT HOPES :I* ,TURGU5EFF & HIS BE/ FRI5DS BAD LAID 9 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! RE=M MOVEM5T ( #a#h#e#i-#a#h#f#c4 ,?IS SAME DESPAIR MADE ,TURGU5EFF WRITE 0,5\<2 FROM ! ,MEMOIRS ( A ,DEAD ,>TI/0 7#a#h#f#e71 & ! FANTA/IC SKET*1 0,<O/S0 7 #a#h#f#g71 & HE RECOV]$ FROM IT ONLY :5 HE SAW ! BIR? 9 ,RUSSIA ( A NEW MOVEM5T1 0T[>DS ! PEOPLE60 :I* TOOK PLACE AMONG \R Y\? 9 ! E>LY SEV5TIES4 

,?IS MOVEM5T HE REPRES5T$ 9 HIS LA/ NOVEL ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ S]IES1 ,VIRG9 ,SOIL 7#a#h#g#f74 ,?AT HE WAS FULLY SYMPA!TIC ) IT IS SELF-EVID5T2 BUT ! QUE/ION1 :E!R HIS NOVEL GIVES A CORRECT IDEA ( ! MOVEM5T1 MU/ BE ANSW]$ TO SOME EXT5T 9 ! NEGATIVE-EV5 ?\< ,TURGU5EFF HAD1 ) HIS WOND]FUL 9TUITION1 CAU<T SOME ( ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURES ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,! NOVEL WAS F9I%$ 9 #ahgf 7WE READ IT1 9 A FULL SET ( PRO(S1 AT ! H\SE ( ,P4,L4 ,LAVR(F1 9 ,LONDON1 9 ! AUTUMN ( ?AT YE>7-?AT MEANS1 TWO YE>S BE=E ! GREAT TRIAL ( ?OSE :O W]E >RE/$ = ?IS AGITATION TOOK PLACE4 ,& 9 #ahgf NO ONE C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE KN[N ! Y\? ( \R CIRCLES UNLESS HE HAD HIMSELF BELONG$ TO !M4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,VIRG9 ,SOIL C\LD ONLY REF] TO ! V]Y E>LIE/ PHASES ( ! MOVEM5T3 MISCONCEPTION ( ! PEASANTRY1 ! PECULI> 9CA-DID NOT MEET ) ANY ( ! BE/ REPRES5TATIVS ( IT4 ,MU* ( ! NOVEL IS TRUE1 BUT ! G5]AL IMPRESSION IT CONVEYS IS NOT PRECISELY ! IMPRESSION :I* ,TURGU5EFF HIMSELF W\LD HAVE RECEIV$ IF HE HAD BETT] KN[N ! ,RUSSIAN Y\? AT ?AT TIME4 

,) ALL ! =CE ( HIS IMM5SE TAL5T1 HE C\LD NOT SUPPLY BY 9TUITION ! LACK ( KN[L$GE4 ,& YET HE UND]/OOD TWO *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES ( ! E>LIE/ P>T ( ! MOVEM5T3 MISCONCEPTION ( ! PEASANTRY1 ! PECULI> 9CAPACITY ( MO/ ( ! E>LY PROMOT]S ( ! MOVEM5T TO UND]/& ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT1 ON ACC\NT ( ! BIAS ( !IR FALSE LIT]>Y1 HI/ORICAL1 & SOCIAL $UCATION2 & ! ,HAMLETISM3 ! WANT ( RESOLUTION1 OR RA!R 0RESOLUTION SICKLI$ O'] BY ! PALE CA/ ( ?\<T10 :I* REALLY *>ACT]IZ$ ! MOVEM5T AT ITS \TSET4 ,IF ,TURGU5EFF HAD LIV$ A FEW YE>S MORE HE SURELY W\LD HAVE NOTIC$ COM+ 9TO ! >5A ! NEW TYPE ( M5 ( ACTION-! NEW MODIFICATION ( ,9S>(F'S & ,BAZ>(FS TYPE1 :I* GREW UP 9 PROPORTION AS ! MOVEM5T WAS TAK+ FIRM ROOT4 ,HE HAD ALREADY P]CEIV$ !M ?R\< ! DRYNESS ( (FICIAL RECORDS ( ! TRIAL ( 0! HUNDR$-&-N9ETY ?REE10 & 9 #ah< HE ASK$ ME TO TELL HIM ALL ,I KNEW AB\T ,MY%K91 ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL 9DIVIDUALITIES ( ?AT TRIAL4 

,HE DID NOT LIVE TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS4 ,A DISEASE :I* NOBODY UND]/OOD & WAS MI/AK5 = 0G\T10 BUT :I* WAS 9 REALITY A CANC] ( ! SP9AL CORD1 KEPT HIM = ! LA/ FEW YE>S ( HIS LIFE AN 9VALID1 RIVET$ TO HIS C\*4 ,ONLY HIS LETT]S1 FULL ( ?\<T & LIFE1 :]E SADNESS & M]RIM5T GO ON 9 TURN1 >E :AT REMA9S FROM HIS P5 DUR+ ?AT P]IOD ( LIFE1 :5 HE SEEMS TO HAVE M$ITAT$ UPON SEV]AL NOVELS :I* HE LEFT UNF9I%$ OR P]HAPS UNWRITT54 ,HE DI$ AT ,P>IS 9 #ahhc AT ! AGE ( SIXTY-FIVE4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 A FEW WORDS1 AT LEA/1 MU/ BE SAID AB\T HIS 0,POEMS 9 ,PROSE10 OR 0,S5ILIA0 7#a#h#h#b74 ,!SE >E 0FLY+ REM>KS1 ?\<TS1 IMAGES10 :I* HE WROTE D[N FROM #ah< ONW>DS UND] ! IMPRESSION ( ?IS OR ?AT FACT ( HIS [N P]SONAL LIFE1 OR ( PUBLIC LIFE4 ,?\< WRITT5 9 PROSE1 !Y >E TRUE PIECES ( EXCELL5T POETRY1 SOME ( !M REAL GEMS2 SOME DEEPLY T\*+ & AS IMPRESSIVE AS ! BE/ V]SES ( ! BE/ POETS 7,OLD ,WOMAN2 ,! ,BEGG>2 ,MA%A2 ,H[ ,BEAUTIFUL1 H[ ,FRE% W]E ! ,ROSES7 2 :ILE O!RS 7,NATURE1 ,! ,DOG7 >E MORE *>ACT]I/IC ( ,TURGU5EFF'S PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTIONS ?AN ANY?+ ELSE HE HAS WRITT54 ,& F9ALLY1 9 ,ON ! ,?RE%OLD1 WRITT5 A FEW MON?S BE=E HIS DEA?1 HE EXPRESS$ 9 MO/ POETICAL ACC5TS HIS ADMIRATION ( ?OSE WOM5 :O GAVE !IR LIVES = ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & W5T ON ! SCAFFOLD1 )\T BE+ EV5 UND]/OOD AT ! TIME BY ?OSE = :OM !Y DI$4 

,T,O,L,/,O,Y-,*,I,L,D,H,O,O,D ,& ,B,O,Y,H,O,O,D 

,MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY AGO1 I4E4 9 #a#h#e#b1 ! FIR/ /ORY ( ,TOL/OY1 ,*ILDHOOD1 SOON FOLL[$ BY ,BOYHOOD1 MADE ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! MON?LY REVIEW1 ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y1 ) ! MODE/ SIGNATURE1 0,L4,N4,T40 ,! LITTLE /ORY WAS A GREAT SUCCESS4 ,IT WAS IMBU$ ) SU* A *>M2 IT HAD SU* FRE%NESS1 & WAS SO FREE ( ALL ! MANN]ISM ( ! LIT]>Y TRADE1 ?AT ! UNKN[N AU?OR AT ONCE BECAME A FAVORITE1 & WAS PLAC$ BY ! SIDE ( ,TURGU5EFF & ,GONT*>(F4 

,!RE >E EXCELL5T *ILDR5 /ORIES 9 ALL LANGUAGES4 ,*ILDHOOD IS ! P]IOD ( LIFE ) :I* MANY AU?ORS HAVE BE/ SUCCE$$ 9 DEAL+4 ,& YET NO ONE1 P]HAPS1 HAS SO WELL DESCRIB$ ! LIFE ( *ILDR5 FROM )91 FROM !IR [N PO9T ( VIEW1 AS ,TOL/OY DID4 ,) HIM1 IT IS ! *ILD ITSELF :I* EXPRESSES ITS *ILDI% FEEL+S1 & IT DOES ?IS SO AS TO COMPEL ! READ] TO JUDGE FULL-GR[N PEOPLE ) ! *ILD 'S PO9T ( VIEW4 ,SU* IS ! REALISM ( ,*ILDHOOD & ,BOYHOOD-?AT IS1 !IR RI*NESS 9 FACTS CAU<T FROM REAL LIFE-?AT A ,RUSSIAN CRITIC1 ,PIS>EFF1 DEVELOP$ QUITE A !ORY ( $UCATION *IEFLY ON ! BASIS ( ! DATA CONTA9$ 9 !SE TWO /ORIES ( ,TOL/OY'S4 

,IT IS RELAT$ SOME:]E ?AT ONE DAY1 DUR+ !IR RAMBLES 9 ! C\NTRY1 ,TURGU5EFF & ,TOL/OY CAME ACROSS AN OLD HACK ( A HORSE :I* WAS F9I%+ ITS DAYS 9 A LONELY FIELD4 ,TOL/OY 5T]$ AT ONCE 9TO !4 FEEL+S ( ! HORSE & BEGAN TO DESCRIBE ITS SAD REFLECTIONS SO VIVIDLY1 ?AT ,TURGU5EFF1 ALLUD+ TO ! !N NEW IDEAS ( ,D>W9ISM1 C\LD NOT HELP EXCLAIM+1 0,I AM SURE1 ,LYOV ,NIKOLAEVIT*1 ?AT Y\ MU/ HAVE HAD HORSES AMONG Y\R ANCE/ORS60 ,9 ! CAPACITY ( 5TIRELY ID5TIFY+ HIMSELF ) ! FEEL+S & ! ?\<TS ( ! BE+S ( :OM HE SPEAKS1 ,TOL/EY HAS BUT FEW RIVALS2 BUT ) *ILDR5 ?IS P[] ( ID5TIFICATION ATTA9S ITS HI<E/ DEGREE4 ,! MOM5T HE SPEAKS ( *ILDR51 ,TOL/OY BECOMES HIMSELF A *ILD4 

,*ILDHOOD & ,BOYHOOD >E1 IT IS N[ KN[N1 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL /ORIES1 9 :I* ONLY SMALL DETAILS >E ALT]$1 & 9 ! BOY ,IRT5EFF WE HAVE A GLIMPSE ( :AT ,L4,N4 ,TOL/OY WAS 9 HIS *ILDHOOD1 ,HE WAS BORN 9 #a#h#b#h1 9 ! E/ATE ( ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 :I* N[ 5JOYS UNIV]SAL FAME1 & = ! FIR/ FIFTE5 YE>S ( HIS LIFE HE REMA9$1 ALMO/ )\T 9T]RUPTION1 AN 9HABITANT ( ! C\NTRY4 ,HIS FA!R & GR&FA!R-SO WE >E TOLD BY ! ,RUSSIAN CRITIC1 ,S4 ,V5GU](T->E DESCRIB$ 9 ,W> & ,PEACE1 9 ,NI*OLAS ,RO/(F & ! OLD ,C\NT ,RO/(F RESPECTIVELY2 :ILE HIS MO!R1 :O WAS BORN A ,PR9CESS ,VOLKHONSKAYA1 IS REPRES5T$ AS ,M>Y ,BOLKONSKAYA4 ,LEO ,TOL/OY LO/ HIS MO!R AT ! AGE ( TWO1 & HIS FA!R AT ! AGE ( N9E1 & AFT] ?AT TIME HIS $UCATION WAS TAK5 C>E ( BY A WOMAN RELATIVE1 ,T4,A4 ,]GOLSKAYA1 9 ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 & AFT] #a#h#d1 AT ,KAZAN1 BY HIS AUNT ,P4,I4 ,YU%KOVA1 :OSE H\SE1 WE >E TOLD1 MU/ HAVE BE5 V]Y MU* ! SAME AS ! H\SE ( ! ,RO/(FS' 9 ,W> & ,PEACE4 

,LEO ,TOL/OY WAS ONLY FIFTE5 :5 HE 5T]$ ! ,KAZAN ,UNIV]SITY1 :]E HE SP5T TWO YE>S 9 ! ,ORI5TAL FACULTY & TWO YE>S 9 ! FACULTY ( ,LAW4 ,H[EV]1 ! TEA*+-/AFF ( BO? FACULTIES WAS SO FEEBLE AT ?AT TIME ?AT ONLY A S+LE PR(ESSOR WAS ABLE TO AWAK5 9 ! Y\NG MAN SOME PASS+ 9T]E/ 9 HIS SUBJECT4 ,F\R YE>S LAT]1 ?AT IS 9 #a#h#d#g1 :5 HE WAS ONLY N9ETE51 ,LEO ,TOL/OY HAD ALREADY LEFT ! ,UNIV]SITY & WAS MAK+ AT ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA SOME ATTEMPTS AT IMPROV+ ! CONDITIONS ( HIS PEASANT S]FS1 ( :I* ATTEMPTS HE HAS TOLD US LAT] ON1 ) SU* A /RIK+ S9C]ITY1 9 ,! ,MORN+ ( A ,L&LORD4 

,! NEXT F\R YE>S ( HIS LIFE HE SP5T1 EXT]NALLY1 LIKE MO/ Y\NG M5 ( HIS >I/OCRATIC CIRCLE1 BUT 9T]NALLY1 9 A CONT9UAL REACTION AGA9/ ! LIFE HE WAS LEAD+4 ,AN 9SI<T 9TO :AT HE WAS !N-SLI<TLY EXAGG]AT$1 ( C\RSE1 & DRAMATIZ$-WE CAN GET FROM ! ,NOTES ( A ,BILLI>D ,M>K]4 ,HAPPILY HE C\LD NOT PUT UP ) SU* PALTRY SURR\ND+S & 9 #a#h#e#a1 HE SUDD5LY R5\NC$ ! LIFE HE HAD HI!RTO L$-?AT ( AN IDLE >I/OCRATIC Y\?-& FOLL[+ HIS BRO!R ,NI*OLAS1 HE W5T TO ! ,CAUCASUS1 9 ORD] TO 5T] MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,!RE HE /AY$ FIR/ AT ,PYATIGORSK-! PLACE SO FULL ( REM9ISC5CES ( ,L]MONT(F-UNTIL1 HAV+ PASS$ ! NECESS>Y EXAM9ATIONS1 HE WAS RECEIV$ AS A NONCOMMISSION$ (FIC] 7YUNK]7 9 ! >TILL]Y & W5T TO S]VE 9 A ,COSSACK VILLAGE ON ! BANKS ( ! ,T]EK4 

,HIS EXP]I5CES & REFLECTIONS 9 !SE NEW SURR\ND+S1 WE KN[ FROM HIS ,COSSACKS4 ,BUT IT WAS !RE ALSO ?AT 9 ! FACE ( ! BEAUTIFUL NATURE :I* HAD SO P[]FULLY 9SPIR$ ,PU%K9 & ,L]MONT(F HE F\ND HIS TRUE VOCATION4 ,HE S5T TO ! ,CONTEMPOR>Y HIS FIR/ LIT]>Y EXP]IM5T1 ,*ILDHOOD1 & ?IS FIR/ /ORY1 AS HE SOON LE>N$ FROM A LETT] ( ! POET ,NEKRAS(F1 $ITOR ( ! REVIEW1 & FROM ! CRITICAL NOTES ( ,GRIGORIEFF1 ,ANN5K(F1 ,DRUZH991 & ,T*]NY%EVSKIY 7!Y BELONG$ TO F\R DIFF]5T ES!TIC S*OOLS71 PROV$ TO BE A *EF D'AEUVRE4 

,D,U,R,+ ,& ,A,F,T,] ,! ,C,R,I,M,E,A,N ,W,> 

,H[EV]1 ! GREAT ,CRIMEAN W> BEGAN T[>DS ! 5D ( ! NEXT YE> 7#a#h#e#c71 & ,L4,N4 ,TOL/OY DID NOT WANT TO REMA9 9ACTIVE 9 ! ,CAUCASUS >MY4 ,HE OBTA9$ HIS TRANSF] TO ! ,DANUBE >MY1 TOOK P>T 9 ! SIEGE ( ,SILI/RIA1 & LAT] ON 9 ! BATTLE ( ,BALAKLAVA1 & FROM ,NOVEMB]1 #a#h#e#d1 TILL ,AUGU/1 #a#h#e#e1 REMA9$ BESIEG$ 9 ,SEBA/OPOL-P>TLY 9 ! T]RIBLE 0,F\R? BA/ION10 :]E HE LIV$ ?R\< ALL ! DREADFUL EXP]I5CES ( ! H]OIC DEF5D]S ( ?AT =TRESS4 ,HE HAS !RE=E ! RI<T TO SPEAK ( ,W>3 HE KN[S IT FROM )94 ,HE KN[S :AT IT IS1 EV5 UND] ITS V]Y BE/ ASPECTS1 9 SU* A SIGNIFICANT & 9SPIR$ PHASE AS WAS ! DEF5SE ( !SE =TS & BA/IONS :I* HAD GR[N UP UND] ! 5EMY'S %ELLS4 ,HE OB/9ATELY REFUS$ DUR+ ! SIEGE TO BECOME AN (FIC] ( ! ,/AFF1 & REMA9$ ) HIS BATT]Y 9 ! MO/ DANG]\S SPOTS4 

,I P]FECTLY WELL REMEMB]1 AL?\< ,I WAS ONLY TWELVE OR ?IRTE51 ! PR(\ND IMPRESSION :I* HIS SKET*1 ,SEBA/OPOL 9 ,DECEMB]1 #ah #e#d1 FOLL[$1 AFT] ! FALL ( ! =TRESS1 BY TWO MORE ,SEBA/OPOL SKET*ES-PRODUC$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! V]Y *>ACT] ( !SE SKET*ES WAS ORIG9AL4 ,!Y W]E NOT LEAVES FROM A DI>Y1 & YET !Y W]E AS TRUE TO REALITY AS SU* LEAVES C\LD BE2 9 FACT1 EV5 MORE TRUE1 BECAUSE ! W]E NOT REPRES5T+ ONE CORN] ONLY ( REAL LIFE-! CORN] :I* ACCID5TALLY FELL UND] ! WRIT]'S OBS]VATIONS-BUT ! :OLE LIFE1 ! PREVAIL+ MODES ( ?\<T & ! HABITS ( LIFE 9 ! BESIEG$ =TRESS4 ,!Y REPRES5T$-& ?IS IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL SUBSEQU5T WORKS ( ,TOL/OY-AN 9T]WEAV+ ( ,DI*TUNG & ,WAHRHEIT1 ( POETRY & TRU?1 TRU? & POETRY1 CONTA9+ MU* MORE TRU? ?AN IS USUALLY F\ND 9 A NOVEL1 & MORE POETRY1 MORE POETICAL CREATION1 ?AN OCCURS 9 MO/ WORKS ( PURE FICTION4 

,TOL/OY APP>5TLY NEV] WROTE 9 V]SE2 BUT DUR+ ! SIEGE ( ,SEBA/OPOL HE COMPOS$1 9 ! USUAL MET] & LANGUAGE ( SOLDI]S' SONGS1 A SATIRICAL SONG 9 :I* HE DESCRIB$ ! BLUND]S ( ! COMM&]S :I* 5D$ 9 ! ,BALAKLAVA DISA/]4 ,! SONG1 WRITT5 9 AN ADMIRABLE POPUL> /YLE1 C\LD NOT BE PR9T$1 BUT IT SPREAD OV] ,RUSSIA 9 ?\S&S ( COPIES & WAS WIDELY SUNG1 BO? DUR+ & IMM$IATELY AFT] ! CAMPAIGN4 ,! NAME ( ! AU?OR ALSO LEAK$ \T1 BUT !RE WAS SOME UNC]TA9TY AS TO :E!R IT WAS ! AU?OR ( ! ,SEBA/OPOL SKET*ES OR SOME O!R ,TOL/OY4 

,ON HIS RETURN FROM ,SEBA/OPOL & ! CONCLUSION ( PEACE 7#a#h#e#f7 ,TOL/OY /AY$ P>TLY AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & P>TLY AT ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA4 ,9 ! CAPITAL HE WAS RECEIV$ ) OP5 >MS BY ALL CLASSES ( SOCIETY1 BO? LIT]>Y & WORLDLY1 AS A 0,SEBA/OPOL H]O0 & AS A RIS+ GREAT WRIT]4 ,BUT ( ! LIFE HE LIV$ !N HE CANNOT SPEAK N[ O!RWISE ?AN ) DISGU/3 IT WAS ! LIFE ( HUNDR$S ( Y\NG M5-(FIC]S ( ! ,GU>D & JEUNESSE DOREE ( HIS [N CLASS-:I* WAS PASS$ 9 ! RE/AURANTS & CAFES *ANTANTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN CAPITAL1 AMID GAMBL]S1 HORSE DEAL]S1 ,TSIGANE *OIRS1 & ,FR5* ADV5TURESSES4 ,HE BECAME AT ?AT TIME FRI5DLY ) ,TURGU5EFF & SAW MU* ( HIM1 BO? AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & AT ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA-! E/ATES ( ! TWO GREAT WRIT]S BE+ NOT V]Y F> FROM EA* O!R2 BUT1 AL?\< HIS FRI5D ,TURGU5EFF WAS TAK+ !N A LIVELY P>T 9 CO-$IT+ ) ,H]Z5 ! FAM\S REVOLUTION>Y PAP]1 ,! ,BELL 7SEE ,*APT] ,V,I,I,I471 ,TOL/OY1 SEEMS TO HAVE TAK5 NO 9T]E/ 9 IT2 & :ILE HE WAS WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ! $IT+ /AFF ( ! !N FAM\S REVIEW1 ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y1 :I* WAS FI<T+ ! GOOD FI<T = ! LIB]ATION ( ! PEASANTS & = FRE$OM 9 G5]AL1 ,TOL/OY1 = ONE REASON OR ANO!R1 NEV] BECAME FRI5DLY ) ! ,RADICAL LEAD]S ( ?AT REVIEW-,T*]NY%EVSKY1 ,DOBROLUB(F1 ,MIKHAIL(F1 & !IR FRI5DS4 

,ALTOGE!R1 ! GREAT 9TELLECTUAL & RE=M MOVEM5T :I* WAS GO+ ON !N 9 ,RUSSIA SEEMS TO HAVE LEFT HIM COLD4 ,HE DID NOT JO9 ! P>T ( RE=MS4 ,/ILL LESS WAS HE 9CL9$ TO JO9 ?OSE Y\NG ,NIHILI/S :OM ,TURGU5EFF HAD PORTRAY$ TO ! BE/ ( HIS ABILITY 9 ,FA!RS & ,SONS1 OR LAT] ON 9 ! SEV5TIES1 ! Y\? :OSE WAT*WORD BECAME3 0,BE ! PEOPLE10 & ) :OM ,TOL/OY HAS SO MU* 9 COMMON AT ! PRES5T TIME4 ,:AT WAS ! REASON ( ?AT E/RANGEM5T WE >E UNABLE TO SAY4 ,WAS IT ?AT A DEEP *ASM SEP>AT$ ! Y\NG EPICURAEAN >I/OCRAT FROM ! ULTRA-DEMOCRATIC WRIT]S1 LIKE ,DOBROLUB(F1 :O WORK$ AT SPREAD+ SOCIALI/IC & DEMOCRATIC IDEAS 9 ,RUSSIA1 & /ILL MORE FROM ?OSE :O1 LIKE ,RAKHMET(F 9 ,T*]NY%EVSKY'S NOVEL ,:AT IS TO BE DONE1 LIV$ ! LIFE ( ! PEASANT1 ?US PRACTIC+ !N :AT ,TOL/OY BEGAN TO PREA* TW5TY YE>S LAT] 8 

,OR1 WAS IT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO G5]ATIONS -! MAN ( ?IRTY OR MORE1 :I* ,TOL/OY WAS1 & ! Y\NG PEOPLE 9 !IR E>LY TW5TIES1 POSSESS$ ( ALL ! HAU<TY 9TOL]ANCE ( Y\?1-:I* KEPT !M ALO( FROM EA* O!R4 ,& WAS IT NOT1 9 ADDITION TO ALL ?IS1 ! RESULT ( !ORIES8 NAMELY1 A FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE 9 ! CONCEPTIONS ( ! ADVANC$ ,RUSSIAN ,RADICALS1 :O AT ?AT TIME W]E MO/LY ADMIR]S ( ,GOV]NM5TAL ,JACOB9ISM1 & ! ,POPULI/1 ! ,NO-,GOV]NM5T MAN :I* ,TOL/OY MU/ HAVE ALREADY !N BE51 S9CE IT DI/9CTLY APPE>$ 9 HIS NEGATIVE ATTITUDE T[>DS ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ! $UCATIONAL WORK :I* HE BEGAN 9 #ahfa 9 ! ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA S*OOL8 

,! NOVELS :I* ,TOL/OY BR\<T \T DUR+ !SE YE>S1 #a#h#e#f-#a#h#f#b1 DO NOT ?R[ MU* LI<T UPON HIS /ATE ( M9D1 BECAUSE1 EV5 ?\< !Y >E1 TO A GREAT EXT5T AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL1 !Y MO/LY RELATE TO E>LI] P]IODS ( HIS LIFE4 ,?US1 HE PUBLI%$ TWO MORE ( HIS ,SEBA/OPOL W>-SKET*ES4 ,ALL HIS P[]S ( OBS]VATION & W>-PSY*OLOGY1 ALL HIS DEEP COMPREH5SION ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOLDI]1 & ESPECIALLY ( ! PLA91 UN-!ATRICAL H]O :O REALLY W9S ! BATTLES1 & A PR(\ND UND]/&+ ( ?AT 9N] SPIRIT ( AN >MY UPON :I* DEP5D SUCCESS & FAILURE3 EV]Y?+1 9 %ORT1 :I* DEVELOP$ 9TO ! BEAUTY & ! TRU?FULNESS ( ,W> & ,PEACE WAS ALREADY MANIFE/$ 9 !SE SKET*ES1 :I* UND\BT$LY REPRES5T$ A NEW DEP>TURE 9 W>-LIT]ATURE ! WORLD OV]4 

,Y,\,?1 ,9 ,S,E,>,* ,( ,A,N ,I,D,E,A,L 

,Y\?1 ,! ,MORN+ ( A ,L&$ ,PROPRIETOR1 & ,LUC]NE APPE>$ DUR+ ! SAME YE>S1 BUT !Y PRODUC$ UPON US READ]S1 AS WELL AS UPON ! LIT]>Y CRITICS1 A /RANGE & RA!R UNFAVORABLE IMPRESSION4 ,! GREAT WRIT] REMA9$2 & HIS TAL5T WAS %[+ EVID5T SIGNS ( GR[?1 :ILE ! PROBLEMS ( LIFE :I* HE T\*$ UPON W]E DEEP5+ & WID5+2 BUT ! H]OES :O SEEM$ TO REPRES5T ! IDEAS ( ! AU?OR HIMSELF C\LD NOT 5TIRELY W9 \R SYMPA?IES4 ,9 ,*ILDHOOD & ,BOYHOOD WE HAD HAD BE=E US ! BOY ,IRT5EFF4 ,N[1 9 ,Y\?1 ,IRT5EFF MAKES ! ACQUA9TANCE ( ,PR9CE ,NEKTUD(F2 !Y BECOME GREAT FRI5DS1 & PROMISE1 )\T ! SLI<TE/ RES]VATION1 TO CONFESS TO EA* O!R !IR MORAL FAIL+S4 ,( C\RSE1 !Y DO NOT ALWAYS KEEP ?IS PROMISE2 BUT IT LEADS !M TO CONT9UAL SELF-PROB+1 TO A REP5TANCE ONE MOM5T :I* IS =GOTT5 ! NEXT1 & TO AN UNAVOIDABLE DUALITY ( M9D :I* HAS ! MO/ DEBILITAT+ EFFECT UPON ! TWO Y\NG M5'S *>ACT]4 ,! ILL RESULTS ( !SE MORAL 5DEAVORS ,TOL/OY DID NOT CONCEAL4 ,HE DETAIL$ !M ) ! GREATE/ IMAG9ABLE S9C]ITY1 BUT HE SEEM$ NEV]!LESS TO KEEP !M BE=E HIS READ]S AS SOME?+ DESIRABLE2 & ) ?IS WE C\LD NOT AGREE4 

,Y\? IS C]TA9LY ! AGE :5 HI<] MORAL IDEALS F9D !IR WAY 9TO ! M9D ( ! FUTURE MAN OR WOMAN2 ! YE>S :5 ONE /RIVES TO GET RID ( ! IMP]FECTIONS ( BOYHOOD OR GIRLHOOD2 BUT ?IS AIM IS NEV] ATTA9$ 9 ! WAYS RECOMM5D$ AT MONA/]IES & ,JESUIT S*OOLS4 ,! ONLY PROP] WAY IS TO OP5 BE=E ! Y\NG M9D NEW1 BROAD HORIZONS1 TO FREE IT FROM SUP]/ITIONS & FE>S1 TO GRASP MAN'S POSITION AMID ,NATURE & ,MANK9D2 & ESPECIALLY TO FEEL AT ONE ) SOME GREAT CAUSE & TO NURTURE ONE'S =CES ) ! VIEW ( BE+ ABLE SOME DAY TO /RUGGLE = ?AT CAUSE4 ,IDEALISM-?AT IS1 ! CAPACITY ( CONCEIV+ A POETICAL LOVE T[>DS SOME?+ GREAT1 & TO PREP>E = IT-IS ! ONLY SURE PRES]VATION FROM ALL ?AT DE/ROYS ! VITAL =CES ( MAN3 VISE1 DISSIPATION1 & SO ON4 ,?IS 9SPIRATION1 ?IS LOVE ( AN IDEAL1 ! ,RUSSIAN Y\? US$ TO F9D 9 ! /UD5T CIRCLES1 ( :I* ,TURGU5EFF HAS LEFT US SU* SPIRIT$ DESCRIPTIONS4 ,9/EAD ( ?AT1 ,IRT5EFF & ,NEKLUD(F1 REMA9+ DUR+ !IR UNIV]SITY YE>S 9 !IR SPL5DID >I/OCRATIC ISOLATION1 >E UNABLE TO CONCEIVE A HI<] IDEAL WOR? LIV+ =1 & SP5T !IR =CES 9 VA9 5DEAVORS ( SEMI-RELIGI\S MORAL IMPROVEM5T1 ON A PLAN ?AT MAY P]HAPS SUCCE$ 9 ! ISOLATION ( A MONA/]Y1 BUT USUALLY 5DS 9 FAILURE AMID ! ATTRACTIONS LY+ R\ND A Y\NG MAN ( ! WORLD4 ,!SE FAILURES ,TOL/OY RELATES1 AS USUAL1 ) ABSOLUTE E>NE/NESS & S9C]ITY4 

,! ,MORN+ ( A ,L&$ ,PROPRIETOR PRODUC$ AGA9 A /RANGE IMPRESSION4 ,! /ORY DEALS ) ! UNSUCCESSFUL PHILAN?ROPIC 5DEAVORS ( A S]F-[N] :O TRIES TO MAKE HIS S]FS HAPPY & WEAL?Y-)\T EV] ?9K+ ( BEG9N+ :]E HE \<T TO BEG92 NAMELY1 ( SETT+ HIS SLAVES FREE4 ,9 ?OSE YE>S ( LIB]ATION ( ! S]FS & 5?USIA/IC HOPES1 SU* A /ORY S\ND$ AS AN ANA*RONISM-! MORE SO AS IT WAS NOT KN[N AT ! TIME ( ITS APPE>ANCE ?AT IT WAS A PAGE FROM ,TOL/OY'S E>LI] AUTOBIOGRAPHY RELAT+ TO ! YE> #a#h#d#g1 :5 HE SETTL$ 9 ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 IMM$IATELY AFT] HAV+ LEFT ! ,UNIV]SITY1 & :5 EXTREMELY FEW ?\<T ( LIB]AT+ ! S]FS4 ,IT WAS ONE ( ?OSE SKET*ES ( :I* ,BR&ES HAS SO TRULY SAID ?AT 9 !M ,TOL/OY 0?9KS AL\D0 AB\T SOME PAGE ( HIS [N LIFE4 ,IT ?US PRODUC$ A C]TA9 MIX$1 UNDEF9$ FEEL+4 ,& YET ONE C\LD NOT BUT ADMIRE 9 IT ! SAME GREAT OBJECTIVE TAL5T ?AT WAS SO /RIK+ 9 ,*ILDHOOD & ! ,SEBA/OPOL SKET*ES4 ,9 SPEAK+ ( PEASANTS :O RECEIV$ ) DI/RU/ ! MEASURES ) :I* !IR LORD WAS GO+ TO B5EFIT !M1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 SO EASY1 SO HUMANLY NATURAL1 = AN $UCAT$ MAN TO ?R[ UPON !IR IGNORANCE !IR UNWILL+NESS TO ACCEPT ! ?RE%+ MA*9E 7:I*1 BY ! WAY1 DID NOT WORK71 OR ! REFUSAL ( A PEASANT TO ACCEPT ! FREE GIFT ( A /ONE H\SE 7:I* WAS F> FROM ! VILLAGE7 4 4 4 4 4 ,BUT NOT A %ADE ( ?AT SORT ( PLEAD+ 9 FAVOR ( ! L&LORD IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! /ORY1 & ! ?9K+ READ] NECESS>ILY CONCLUDES 9 FAVOR ( ! COMMON S5SE ( ! PEASANTS4 

,!N CAME ,LUC]NE4 ,IT IS TOLD 9 ?AT /ORY H[ ! SAME ,NEKLUD(F1 BITT]LY /RUCK BY ! 9DIFF]5CE ( A P>TY ( ,5GLI% T\RI/S :O SAT ON ! BALCONY ( A RI* ,SWISS HOTEL & REFUS$ TO ?R[ EV5 A FEW P5NIES TO A POOR S+] TO :OSE SONGS !Y HAD LI/5$ ) EVID5T EMOTION1 BR+S ! S+] TO ! HOTEL1 TAKES HIM TO ! D9+-HALL1 TO ! GREAT SC&AL ( ! ,5GLI% VISITORS1 & TREATS HIM !RE TO A BOTTLE ( *AMPAGNE4 ,! FEEL+S ( ,NEKLUD(F >E C]TA9LY V]Y JU/2 BUT :ILE READ+ ?IS /ORY ONE SUFF]S ALL ! :ILE = ! POOR MUSICIAN1 & EXP]I5CES A S5SE ( ANG] AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN NOBLEMAN :O USES HIM AS A ROD TO *A/ISE ! T\RI/S1 )\T EV5 NOTIC+ H[ HE MAKES ! OLD MAN MIS]ABLE DUR+ ?IS LESSON 9 MORALS4 ,! WOR/ ( IT IS ?AT ! AU?OR1 TOO1 SEEMS NOT TO REM>K ! FALSE NOTE :I* R+S 9 ! CONDUCT ( ,NEKLUD(F1 NOR TO REALIZE H[ A MAN ) REALLY HUMANE FEEL+S W\LD HAVE TAK5 ! S+] TO SOME SMALL W9E-%OP & W\LD HAVE HAD ) HIM A FRI5DLY TALK OV] A PI*OLETTE ( COMMON W9E4 ,YET WE SEE AGA9 ALL ,TOL/OY'S =CE ( TAL5T4 ,HE SO HONE/LY1 SO FULLY1 & SO TRULY DESCRIBES ! UNEAS9ESS ( ! S+] DUR+-! :OLE SC5E ?AT ! READ]'S UNAVOIDABLE CONCLUSION IS ?AT AL?\< ! Y\NG >I/OCRAT WAS RI<T 9 PROTE/+ AGA9/ /ONE-HE>T$NESS1 HIS WAYS W]E AS UNSYMPA!TIC AS ?OSE ( ! SELF-CONT5T$ ,5GLI%M5 AT ! HOTEL4 ,TOL/OY'S >TI/IC P[] C>RIES HIM BEYOND & ABOVE HIS !ORIES4 

,?IS IS NOT ! ONLY CASE :]E SU* A REM>K MAY BE MADE CONC]N+ ,TOL/OY'S WORK4 ,HIS APPRECIATION ( ?IS OR ?AT ACTION1 ( ?IS OR ?AT ( HIS H]OES1 MAY BE WRONG2 HIS [N 0PHILOSOPHY0 MAY BE OP5 TO OBJECTION1 BUT ! =CE ( HIS DESCRIPTIVE TAL5T & HIS LIT]>Y HONE/Y >E ALWAYS SO GREAT1 ?AT HE WILL (T5 MAKE ! FEEL+S & ACTIONS ( HIS H]OES SPEAK AGA9/ !IR CREATOR1 & PROVE SOME?+ V]Y DIFF]5T FROM :AT HE 9T5D$ TO PROVE4#c ,?IS IS PROBABLY :Y ,TURGU5EFF1 & APP>5TLY O!R LIT]>Y FRI5DS1 TOO1 TOLD HIM3 0,DON'T PUT Y\R 'PHILOSOPHY 9TO Y\R >T4' ,TRU/ TO Y\R >TI/IC FEEL+1 & Y\ WILL CREATE GREAT ?+S40 ,9 FACT1 NOT)/&+ ,TOL/OY'S DI/RU/ ( SCI5CE1 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ,I ALWAYS FEEL 9 READ+ HIS WORKS ?AT HE IS POSSESS$ ( ! MO/ SCI5TIFIC 9SI<T ,I KN[ ( AMONG >TI/S4 ,HE MAY BE WRONG 9 HIS CONCLUSIONS1 BUT NEV] IS HE WRONG 9 HIS /ATEM5T ( DATA4 ,TRUE SCI5CE & TRUE >T >E NOT HO/ILE TO EA* O!R1 BUT ALWAYS WORK 9 H>MONY4 

,S,M,A,L,L ,/,O,R,I,E,S-,! ,C,O,S,S,A,C,K,S 

,SEV]AL ( ,TOL/OY'S NOVELS & /ORIES APPE>$ 9 ! YE>S #a#h#e#g-#a#h#f#b 7,! ,SN[-,/ORM1 ,! ,TWO ,HUSS>S1 ,?REE ,DEA?S1 ,! ,COSSACKS7 & EA* ONE ( !M WON NEW ADMIRATION = HIS TAL5T4 ,! FIR/ IS A M]E TRIFLE1 & YET IT IS A GEM ( >T2 IT CONC]NS ! W&]+S ( A TRAVEL] DUR+ A SN[-/ORM1 9 ! PLA9S ( ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA4 ,! SAME REM>K IS TRUE ( ! ,TWO ,HUSS>S1 9 :I* TWO G5]ATIONS >E SKET*$ ON A FEW PAGES ) /RIK+ ACCURACY4 ,AS TO ! DEEPLY PAN!I/IC ,?REE ,DEA?S1 9 :I* ! DEA? ( A RI* LADY1 A POOR HORSE-DRIV]1 & A BIR*-TREE >E CONTRA/$1 IT IS A PIECE ( POETRY 9 PROSE ?AT DES]VES A PLACE BESIDE ,GOE!'S BE/ PIECES ( PAN!I/IC POETRY1 :ILE = ITS SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE IT IS ALREADY A =]UNN] ( ! ,TOL/OY ( ! LAT] EPO*4 

,! ,COSSACKS IS AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL1 & RELATES TO ! TIME1 ALREADY M5TION$ ON A PREVI\S PAGE1 :5 ,TOL/OY AT TW5TY-F\R1 RUNN+ AWAY FROM ! MEAN+LESS LIFE HE WAS LIV+1 W5T TO ,PYATIGORSK1 & !N TO A LONELY ,COSSACK VILLAGE ON ! ,T]EK1 HUNT$ !RE 9 COMPANY ) ! OLD ,COSSACK ,Y]O%KA & ! Y\NG ,LUKA%KA1 & F\ND 9 ! POETICAL 5JOYM5T ( A BEAUTIFUL NATURE1 9 ! PLA9 LIFE ( !SE SQUATT]S1 & 9 ! MUTE ADORATION ( A ,COSSACK GIRL1 ! AWAK5+ ( HIS WOND]FUL LIT]>Y G5IUS4 

,! APPE>ANCE ( ?IS NOVEL1 9 :I* ONE FEELS A MO/ G5U9E T\* ( G5IUS1 PROVOK$ VIOL5T DISCUSSIONS4 ,IT WAS BEGUN 9 #a#h#e#b1 BUT WAS NOT PUBLI%$ TILL #a#h#f1 :5 ALL ,RUSSIA WAS AWAIT+ ) ANXIETY ! RESULTS ( ! WORK ( ! ,ABOLITION ( ,S]FDOM ,COMMITTEES1 =ESEE+ ?AT :5 S]FDOM %\LD BE DONE AWAY ) A COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ALL O!R ROTT51 OBSOLETE1 & B>B>\S 9/ITUTIONS ( PA/ AGES W\LD HAVE TO BEG94 ,= ?IS GREAT WORK ( RE=M ,RUSSIA LOOK$ TO ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION = 9SPIRATION & = TEA*+S4 ,& !RE CAME A Y\NG WRIT] :O1 FOLL[+ 9 ! /EPS ( ,R\SSEAU1 REVOLT$ AGA9/ ?AT CIVILIZATION & PREA*$ A RETURN TO NATURE & ! ?R[+ (F ( ! >TIFICIALITIES WE CALL CIVILIZ$ LIFE1 :I* >E 9 REALITY A POOR SUB/ITUTE = ! HAPP9ESS ( FREE WORK AMID A FREE NATURE4 ,EV]YONE KN[S BY ?IS TIME ! DOM9ANT IDEA ( ,! ,COSSACKS4 ,IT IS ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 HE NATURAL LIFE ( !SE SONS ( ! PRAIRIES & ! >TIFICIAL LIFE ( ! Y\NG (FIC] ?R[N 9 !IR MID/4 ,HE TELLS ( /RONG M5 :O >E SIMIL> TO ! ,AM]ICAN SQUATT]S1 & HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,/EPPES AT ! FOOT ( ! ,CAUCASUS ,M\NTA9S1 BY A P]IL\S LIFE1 9 :I* =CE1 5DURANCE1 & CALM C\RAGE >E A FIR/ NECESSITY4 ,9TO !IR MID/ COMES ONE ( ! SICKLY PRODUCTS ( \R SEMI-9TELLECTUAL T[N LIFE1 & AT EV]Y /EP HE FEELS HIMSELF ! 9F]IOR ( ! ,COSSACK ,LUKA%KA4 ,HE WI%ES TO DO SOME?+ ON A GR& SCALE1 BUT HAS NEI!R ! 9TELLECTUAL NOR ! PHYSICAL =CE TO ACCOMPLI% IT4 ,EV5 HIS LOVE IS NOT ! /RONG HEAL?Y LOVE ( ! PRAIRIE MAN1 BUT A SORT ( SLI<T EXCITEM5T ( ! N]VES1 :I* EVID5TLY WILL NOT LA/1 & :I* ONLY PRODUCES A SIMIL> RE/LESSNESS 9 ! ,COSSACK GIRL1 BUT CANNOT C>RY H] AWAY4 ,& :5 HE TALKS TO H] ( LOVE1 9 ! =CE ( :I* HE HIMSELF DOES NOT BELIEVE1 %E S5DS HIM (F ) ! WORDS3 0 ,GO AWAY Y\ WEAKL+60 

,SOME SAW 9 ?AT P[]FUL NOVEL SU* GLORIFICATION ( ! SEMI-SAVAGE /ATE AS ?AT 9 :I* WRIT]S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & ESPECIALLY ,R\SSEAU1 >E SUPPOS$ TO HAVE 9DULG$4 ,!RE IS 9 ,TOL/OY NO?+ ( ! SORT1 AS !RE WAS NO?+ ( ! SORT 9 ,R\SSEAU4 ,BUT ,TOL/OY SAW ?AT 9 ! LIFE ( ! ,COSSACKS !RE IS MORE VITALITY MORE VIGOR1 MORE P[]1 ?AN 9 HIS WELL-BORN H]O'S LIFE-& HE TOLD IT 9 A BEAUTIFUL & IMPRESSIVE =M4 ,HIS H]O-LIKE :OM !RE >E ?\S&S UPON ?\S&S-HAS NONE ( ! P[]S ?AT COME FROM MANUAL WORK & /RUGGLE ) NATURE2 & NEI!R HAS HE HOSE P[]S :I* KN[L$GE & TRUE CIVILIZATION MI<T HAVE GIV5 HIM4 ,A REAL 9TELLECTUAL P[] IS NOT ASK+ ITSELF AT EV]Y MOM5T1 0,AM ,I RI<T1 OR AM ,I WRONG80 ,IT FEELS ?AT !RE >E PR9CIPLES 9 :I* IT IS NOT WRONG4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( A MORAL =CE3 IT KN[S ?AT TO SU* AN EXT5T IT CAN TRU/ TO ITSELF4 ,BUT1 LIKE SO MANY ?\S&S ( M5 9 ! SO-CALL$ $UCAT$ CLASSES1 ,NEKLUD(F HAS NEI!R ( !SE P[]S4 ,HE IS A WEAKL+1 & ,TOL/OY BR\<T \T HIS 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL FRAILTY ) A DI/9CTNESS ?AT WAS B\ND TO PRODUCE A DEEP IMPRESSION4 

,$,U,C,A,T,I,O,N,A,L ,W,O,R,K 

,9 ! YE>S #a#h#e#i-#a#h#f#b ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! 0FA!RS0 & ! 0SONS0 :I* CALL$ =? VIOL5T ATTACKS AGA9/ ! Y\NG G5]ATION1 EV5 FROM SU* AN 0OBJECTIVE0 WRIT] AS ,GONT*>(F-TO SAY NO?+ ( ,PISEMSKIY & SEV]AL O!RS1-WAS GO+ ON ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT WE DO NOT KN[ :I* SIDE HAD ,TOL/OY'S SYMPA?Y4 ,IT MU/ BE SAID1 ?\<1 ?AT MO/ ( ?IS TIME HE WAS ABROAD1 ) HIS ELD] BRO!R ,NI*OLAS1 :O DI$ ( CONSUMPTION 9 ! S\? ( ,FRANCE4 ,ALL WE KN[ IS ?AT ! FAILURE ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION 9 ATTA9+ ANY APPROA* TO WELL-BE+ & EQUALITY = ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE DEEPLY /RUCK ,TOL/OY2 & WE >E TOLD BY ,V5GU](F ?AT ! ONLY M5 ( M>K :OM HE W5T TO SEE DUR+ ?IS J\RNEY ABROAD W]E ,AU]BA*1 :O WROTE AT ?AT TIME HIS ,S*W>TZWALD /ORIES FROM ! LIFE ( ! PEASANTS & $IT$ POPUL> ALMANACS1 & ,PR\DHON1 :O WAS !N 9 EXILE AT ,BRUSSELS4 ,TOL/OY RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA AT ! MOM5T :5 ! S]FS W]E FRE$1 ACCEPT$ ! POSITION ( A MIROVOY POSR$NIK1 OR >BITRATOR ( PEACE BETWE5 ! L&LORDS & ! FRE$ S]FS1 &1 SETTL+ AT ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 BEGAN !RE HIS WORK ( $UCATION ( *ILDR54 ,?IS HE />T$ ON 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T L9ES1-?AT IS1 ON PURELY AN>*I/IC PR9CIPLES1 TOTALLY FREE FROM ! >TIFICIAL ME?ODS ( $UCATION :I* HAD BE5 WORK$ \T BY ,G]MAN P$AGOGI/S1 & W]E !N GREATLY ADMIR$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,!RE WAS NO SORT ( DISCIPL9E 9 HIS S*OOL4 ,9/EAD ( WORK+ \T PROGRAMS ACCORD+ TO :I* ! *ILDR5 >E TO BE TAU<T1 ! TEA*]1 ,TOL/OY SAID1 MU/ LE>N FROM ! *ILDR5 !MSELVES :AT TO TEA* !M1 & MU/ ADAPT HIS TEA*+ TO ! 9DIVIDUAL TA/ES & CAPACITIES ( EA* *ILD4 ,TOL/OY C>RI$ ?IS \T ) HIS PUPILS1 & OBTA9$ EXCELL5T RESULTS4 ,HIS ME?ODS1 H[EV]1 HAVE AS YET RECEIV$ BUT LITTLE ATT5TION2 & ONLY ONE GREAT WRIT]-ANO!R POET1 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 -HAS ADVOCAT$ 79 ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E7 ! SAME FRE$OM 9 $UCATION4 ,BUT WE MAY BE SURE ?AT SOME DAY ,TOL/OY'S ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA PAP]S1 /UDI$ BY SOME GIFT$ TEA*]1 AS ,R\SSEAU'S ,EMILE WAS /UDI$ BY ,FROEBEL1 WILL BECOME ! />T+ PO9T ( AN $UCATIONAL RE=M MU* DEEP] ?AN ! RE=MS ( ,PE/ALOZZI & ,FROEBEL4 

,IT IS N[ KN[N ?AT A VIOL5T 5D TO ?IS $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5T WAS PUT BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T4 ,DUR+ ,TOL/OY'S ABS5CE FROM HIS E/ATE A SE>*+ WAS MADE BY ! G5D>MES1 :O NOT ONLY FRI<T5$ TO DEA? ,TOL/OY'S OLD AUNT 7%E FELL ILL AFT] ?AT7 BUT VISIT$ EV]Y CORN] ( ! H\SE & READ AL\D1 ) CYNICAL COMM5TS1 ! MO/ 9TIMATE DI>Y :I* ! GREAT WRIT] HAD KEPT S9CE HIS Y\?4 ,MORE SE>*+S W]E PROMIS$1 SO ?AT ,TOL/OY 9T5D$ TO EMIGRATE = EV] TO ,LONDON1 & W>N$ ,ALEX&] ,I,I41 ?R\< ! ,C\NTESS ,A4 ,A4 ,TOL/AYA ?AT HE KEPT A LOAD$ REVOLV] BY HIS SIDE & W\LD %OOT D[N ! FIR/ POLICE (FIC] :O W\LD D>E TO 5T] HIS H\SE4 ,! S*OOL HAD EVID5TLY TO BE CLOS$4 

,W,> ,& ,P,E,A,C,E 

,9 ! YE> #ahfb ,TOL/OY M>RI$ ! Y\NG DAU<T] ( A ,MOSC[ DOCTOR1 ,B]S2 &1 /AY+ NE>LY )\T 9T]RUPTION ON HIS ,TULA E/ATE1 HE GAVE HIS TIME1 = ! NEXT FIFTE5 OR SIXTE5 YE>S1 TO HIS GREAT WORK1 ,W> & ,PEACE1 & NEXT TO ,ANNA ,K>59A4 ,HIS FIR/ 9T5TION WAS TO WRITE 7PROBABLY UNTILIS+ SOME FAMILY TRADITIONS & DOCUM5TS7 A GREAT HI/ORICAL NOVEL1 ,! ,DECEMBRI/S 7SEE ,*APT] #a471 & HE F9I%$ 9 #ahfc ! FIR/ *APT]S ( ?IS NOVEL 7,VOL4 #a#a#a4 ( HIS ,WORKS1 9 ,RUSSIAN2 ,MOSC[1 #a? $ITION74 ,BUT 9 TRY+ TO CREATE ! TYPES ( ! ,DECEMBRI/S HE MU/ HAVE BE5 TAK5 BACK 9 HIS ?\<TS TO ! GREAT W> ( #a#h#a#b4 ,HE HAD HE>D SO MU* AB\T IT 9 ! FAMILY TRADITIONS ( ! ,TOL/OYS & ,VOLKHONSKYS1 & ?AT W> HAD SO MU* 9 COMMON ) ! ,CRIMEAN W> ?R\< :I* HE HIMSELF HAD LIV$ ?AT HE CAME TO WRITE ?IS GREAT EPOPEE1 ,W> & ,PEACE1 :I* HAS NO P>ALLEL 9 ANY LIT]ATURE4 

,A :OLE EPO*1 FROM #ahe TO #a#h#a#b1 IS RECON/ITUT$ 9 !SE VOLUMES1 & ITS MEAN+ APPE>S-NOT FROM ! CONV5TIONAL HI/ORIAN'S PO9T ( VIEW1 BUT AS IT WAS UND]/OOD !N BY ?OSE :O LIV$ & ACT$ 9 ?OSE YE>S4 ,ALL ! ,SOCIETY ( ?OSE TIMES PASSES BE=E ! READ]1 FROM ITS HI<E/ SPH]ES1 ) !IR HE>T-R5D+ LEVITY1 CONV5TIONAL WAYS4 ( ?9K+1 & SUP]FICIALITY1 D[N TO ! SIMPLE/ SOLDI] 9 ! >MY1 :O BORE ! H>D%IPS ( ?AT T]RIBLE CONFLICT AS A SORT ( ORDEAL ?AT WAS S5T BY A SUPREME P[] UPON ! ,RUSSIANS1 & :O =GOT HIMSELF & HIS [N SUFF]+S 9 ! LIFE & SUFF]+S ( ! NATION4 ,A FA%IONABLE DRAW+-ROOM AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ! SALON ( A P]SON :O IS ADMITT$ 9TO ! 9TIMACY ( ! D[AG]-EMPRESS2 ! QU>T]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN DIPLOMATI/S 9 ,AU/RIA & ! ,AU/RIAN ,C\RT2 ! ?\<TLESS LIFE ( ! ,RO/(F FAMILY AT ,MOSC[ & ON !IR E/ATE2 ! AU/]E H\SE ( ! OLD G5]AL1 ,PR9CE ,BOLKONSKIY2 !N ! CAMP LIFE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,G5]AL ,/AFF & ( ,NAPOLEON ON ! ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R1 ! 9N] LIFE ( A SIMPLE REGIM5T ( ! HUSS>S OR ( A FIELD-BATT]Y2 !N SU* WORLD-BATTLES AS ,S*ONGRAB51 ! DISA/] ( ,AU/]LITZ1 ,SMOL5SK1 & ,BOROD9O2 ! AB&ONM5T & ! BURN+ ( ,MOSC[2 ! LIFE ( ?OSE ,RUSSIAN PRISON]S :O HAD BE5 >RE/$ PELL-MELL DUR+ ! CONFLAGRATION & W]E EXECUT$ 9 BAT*ES2 & F9ALLY ! HORRORS ( ! RETREAT ( ,NAPOLEON FROM ,MOSC[1 & ! GU]RILLA W>F>E-ALL ?IS IMM5SE V>IETY ( SC5ES1 EV5TS1 & SMALL EPISODES1 9T]WOV5 ) ROMANCE ( ! DEEPE/ 9T]E/1 IS UNROLL$ BE=E US AS WE READ ! PAGES ( ?IS EPOPEE ( ,RUSSIA'S GREAT CONFLICT ) ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,WE MAKE ACQUA9TANCE ) MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ DIFF]5T P]SONS1 & EA* ( !M IS SO WELL DEPICT$1 EA* HAS HIS OR H] [N HUMAN PHYSIOGNOMY SO WELL DET]M9$1 ?AT EA* ONE APPE>S ) HIS OR H] [N 9DIVIDUALITY1 DI/9CT AMONG ! SCORES ( ACTORS 9 ! SAME GREAT DRAMA4 ,IT IS NOT SO EASY TO =GET EV5 ! LEA/ IMPORTANT ( !SE FIGURES1 BE IT ONE ( ! M9I/]S ( ,ALEX&] ,I4 OR ANY ONE ( ! ORD9ANCES ( ! CALV>Y (FIC]S4 ,NAY1 EV]Y ANONYM\S SOLDI] ( V>I\S RANK-! 9FANTRYMAN1 ! HUSS>1 OR ! >TILL]YMAN-HAS HIS [N PHYSIOGNOMY2 EV5 ! DIFF]5T *>G]S ( ,RO/(F1 OR ( ,D5IS(F1 /& \T ) 9DIVIDUAL FEATURES4 ,:5 Y\ ?9K ( ! V>IETY ( HUMAN *>ACT] :I* PASS UND] Y\R EYES ON !SE PAGES1 Y\ HAVE ! REAL S5SATION ( A VA/ CR[D-( HI/ORICAL EV5TS ?AT Y\ SEEM TO HAVE LIV$ ?R\<-( A :OLE NATION R\S$ BY A CALAMITY2 :ILE ! IMPRESSION Y\ RETA9 ( HUMAN BE+S :O Y\ HAVE LOV$ 9 ,W> & ,PEACE1 OR = :OM Y\ HAVE SUFF]$ :5 MIS=TUNE BEFELL !M1 OR :5 !Y !MSELVES HAVE WRONG$ O!RS 7AS = 9/ANCE1 ! OLD C\NTESS ,RO/(F & ,SONIT*KA7-! IMPRESSION LEFT BY !SE P]SONS1 :5 !Y EM]GE 9 Y\R MEMORY FROM ! CR[D1 GIVES TO ?AT CR[D ! SAME ILLUSION ( REALITY :I* LITTLE DETAILS GIVE TO ! P]SONALITY ( A H]O4 

,! GREAT DIFFICULTY 9 AN HI/ORICAL NOVEL LIES NOT SO MU* 9 ! REPRES5TATION ( SECOND>Y FIGURES AS 9 PA9T+ ! GREAT HI/ORICAL P]SONALITIES-! *IEF ACTORS ( ! HI/ORICAL DRAMA-SO AS TO MAKE ( !M REAL1 LIV+ BE+S4 ,BUT ?IS IS EXACTLY :]E ,TOL/OY HAS SUCCE$$ MO/ WOND]FULLY4 ,HIS ,BAGRATLON1 HIS ,ALEX&] ,I41 HIS ,NAPOLEON1 & HIS ,KUTUZ(F >E LIV+ M51 SO REALI/ICALLY REPRES5T$ ?AT ONE SEES !M & IS TEMPT$ TO SEIZE ! BRU% & PA9T !M1 IMITATE !IR MOVEM5TS & WAYS ( TALK+4 

,! 0PHILOSOPHY ( W>0 :I* ,TOL/OY HAD DEVELOP$ 9 ,W> & ,PEACE HAS PROVOK$1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 PASSIONATE DISCUSSION & BITT] CRITICISM2 & YET ITS CORRECTNESS CANNOT BUT BE RECOGNIZ$4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS RECOGNIZ$ BY SU* AS KN[ W> FROM )91 OR HAVE WITNESS$ HUMAN MASS-ACTIONS4 ,( C\RSE1 ?OSE :O KN[ W> FROM NEWSPAP] REPORTS1 ESPECIALLY SU* (FIC]S AS1 AFT] HAV+ RECIT$ MANY TIMES OV] AN 0IMPROV$0 REPORT ( A BATTLE AS !Y W\LD HAVE LIK$ IT TO BE1 GIV+ !MSELVES A LEAD+ ROLE-SU* M5 WILL NOT AGREE ) ,TOL/OY'S WAYS ( DEAL+ ) 0H]OES02 BUT IT IS SUFFICI5T TO READ1 = 9/ANCE1 :AT ,MOLTKE & ,BISM>CK WROTE 9 !IR PRIVATE LETT]S AB\T ! W> ( #a#h#g-#g#a1 OR ! PLA91 HONE/ DESCRIPTIONS ( SOME HI/ORICAL EV5T ) :I* WE OCCASIONALLY MEET1 TO UND]/& ,TOL/OY'S VIEWS ( W> & HIS CONCEPTIONS ( ! EXTREMELY LIMIT$ P>T PLAY$ BY 0H]OES0 9 HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 ,TOL/OY DID NOT 9V5T ! >TILL]Y (FIC] ,TIMOKH9 :O HAD BE5 =GOTT5 BY HIS SUP]IORS 9 ! C5T] ( ! ,S*ONGRAB5 POSITION1 & :O1 CONT9U+ ALL DAY LONG TO USE HIS F\R GUNS ) 9ITIATIVE & DISC]NM5T1 PREV5T$ ! BATTLE FROM 5D+ 9 DISA/] = ! ,RUSSIAN RE>GU>D3 HE KNEW ONLY TOO WELL ( SU* ,TIMOKH9S 9 ,SEBA/OPOL4 ,!Y COMPOSE ! REAL VITAL =CE ( EV]Y >MY 9 ! WORLD2 & ! SUCCESS ( AN >MY DEP5DS 9F9ITELY MORE UPON ITS NUMB] ( ,TIMOKH'NS ?AN UPON ! G5IUS ( ITS HI< COMM&]S4 ,?IS IS :]E ,TOL/OY & ,MOLTKE >E ( ONE M9D1 & :]E !Y 5TIRELY DISAGREE ) ! 0W>-CORRESPOND5T0 & ) ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF HI/ORIANS4 

,9 ! H&S ( A WRIT] POSSESS$ ( LESS G5IUS ?AN ,TOL/OY1 SU* A !SIS MI<T HAVE FAIL$ TO APPE> CONV9C+2 BUT 9 ,W> & ,PEACE IT APPE>S ALMO/ ) ! =CE ( SELF-EVID5CE4 ,TOL/OY'S ,KUTUZ(F IS-AS HE WAS 9 REALITY-QUITE AN ORD9>Y MAN2 BUT HE WAS A GREAT MAN = ! PRECISE REASON1 ?AT1 =SEE+ ! UNAVOIDABLE & ALMO/ FATAL DRIFT ( EV5TS1 9/EAD ( PRET5D+ ?AT HE DIRECT$ !M1 HE SIMPLY DID HIS BE/ TO UTILIZE ! VITAL =CES ( HIS >MY 9 ORD] TO AVOID /ILL GREAT] DISA/]S4 

,IT H>DLY NE$ BE SAID ?AT ,W> & ,PEACE IS A P[]FUL 9DICTM5T AGA9/ W>4 ,! EFFECT :I* ! GREAT WRIT] HAS EX]CIS$ 9 ?IS DIRECTION UPON HIS G5]ATION CAN BE ACTUALLY SE5 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT WAS ALREADY APP>5T DUR+ ! GREAT ,TURKI% W> ( #a#h#g#g-#g#h1 :5 IT WAS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D 9 ,RUSSIA A CORRESPOND5T :O W\LD HAVE DESCRIB$ H[ 0WE HAVE PEPP]$ ! 5EMY ) GRAPE-%OT10 OR H[ 0WE %OT !M D[N LIKE N9E-P9S40 ,IF A MAN C\LD HAVE BE5 F\ND TO USE 9 HIS LETT]S SU* SURVIVALS ( SAVAG]Y1 NO PAP] W\LD HAVE D>$ TO PR9T !M4 ,! G5]AL *>ACT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN W>-CORRESPOND5T HAD GR[N TOTALLY DIFF]5T2 & DUR+ ! SAME W> !RE CAME TO ! FRONT SU* A NOVELI/ AS ,G>%9 & SU* A PA9T] AS ,V]ES*AG91 ) :OM TO COMBAT W> BECAME A LIFE WORK4 

,EV]YONE :O HAS READ ,W> & ,PEACE REMEMB]S1 ( C\RSE1 ! H>D EXP]I5CES ( ,PI]RE1 & HIS FRI5D%IP ) ! SOLDI] ,K>ATAEFF4 ,ONE FEELS ?AT ,TOL/OY IS FULL OR ADMIRATION = ! QUIET PHILOSOPHY ( ?IS MAN ( ! PEOPLE1 -A TYPICAL REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ORD9>Y1 COMMON-S5SE ,RUSSIAN PEASANT4 ,SOME LIT]>Y CRITICS CONCLUD$ ?AT ,TOL/OY WAS PREA*+ 9 ,K>ATAEFF A SORT ( ,ORI5TAL FATALISM4 ,9 ! PRES5T WRIT]'S OP9ION !RE IS NO?+ ( ! SORT4 ,K>ATAEFF1 :O IS A CONSI/5T PAN!I/1 SIMPLY KN[S ?AT !RE >E NATURAL CALAMITIES1 :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO RESI/2 & HE KN[S ?AT ! MIS]IES :I* BEFALL HIM-HIS P]SONAL SUFF]+S1 & EV5TUALLY ! %OOT+ ( A NUMB] ( PRISON]S AMONG :OM TO-MORR[ HE MAY OR MAY NOT BE 9CLUD$->E ! UNAVOIDABLE CONSEQU5CES ( A MU* GREAT] EV5T3 ! >M$ CONFLICT BETWE5 NATIONS1 :I*1 ONCE IT HAS BEGUN1 MU/ UNROLL ITSELF ) ALL ITS REVOLT+ BUT ABSOLUTELY UNGOV]NABLE CONSEQU5CES4 ,K>ATAEFF ACTS AS ONE ( ?OSE C[S ON ! SLOPE ( AN ,ALP9E M\NTA91 M5TION$ BY ! PHILOSOPH] ,GUYAU1 :I*1 :5 IT FEELS ?AT IT BEG9S TO SLIP D[N A /EEP M\NTA9 SLOPE1 MAKES AT FIR/1 DESP]ATE EF=TS TO HOLD ITS GR\ND1 BUT :5 IT SEES ?AT NO EF=T CAN >RE/ ITS FATAL GLID+1 LETS ITSELF QUIETLY BE DRAGG$ D[N 9TO ! ABYSS4 ,K>ATAEFF ACCEPTS ! 9EVITABLE2 BUT HE IS NOT A FATALI/4 ,IF HE HAD FELT ?AT HIS EF=TS C\LD PREV5T W>1 HE W\LD HAVE EX]T$ !M4 ,9 FACT1 T[>DS ! 5D ( ! WORK1 :5 ,PI]RE TELLS HIS WIFE ,NATA%A ?AT HE IS GO+ TO JO9 ! ,DECEMBRI/S 7IT IS TOLD 9 VEIL$ WORDS1 ON ACC\NT ( C5SOR%IP1 BUT A ,RUSSIAN READ] UND]/&S NEV]!LESS71 & %E ASKS HIM3 0,W\LD ,PLATON ,K>ATAEFF APPROVE ( IT80 ,PI]RE1 AFT] A MOM5T'S REFLECTION1 ANSW]S DECID$LY1 0,YES1 HE W\LD40 

,I DON'T KN[ :AT A ,FR5*MAN1 & ,5GLI%MAN1 OR A ,G]MAN FEELS :5 HE READS ,W> & ,PEACE-,I HAVE HE>D $UCAT$ ,5GLI%M5 TELL+ ME ?AT !Y F\ND IT DULL-BUT ,I KN[ ?AT = $UCAT$ ,RUSSIANS ! READ+ ( NE>LY EV]Y SC5E 9 ,W> & ,PEACE IS A S\RCE ( 9DESCRIBABLE ES!TIC PLEASURE4 ,HAV+1 LIKE SO MANY ,RUSSIANS1 READ ! WORK MANY TIMES1 ,I C\LD NOT1 IF ,I W]E ASK$1 NAME ! SC5ES :I* DELI<T ME MO/3 ! ROMANCES AMONG ! *ILDR51 ! MASS-EFFECTS 9 ! W> SC5ES1 ! REGIM5TAL LIFE1 ! 9IMITABLE SC5ES FROM ! LIFE ( ! ,C\RT1 >I/OCRACY1 ! T9Y DETAILS CONC]N+ ,NAPOLEON OR ,KUTUZ(F1 OR ! LIFE ( ! ,RO/(FS-! D9N]1 ! HUNT1 ! DEP>TURE FROM ,MOSC[1 & SO ON4 

,MANY FELT (F5D$1 9 READ+ ?IS EPOPEE1 TO SEE !IR H]O1 ,NAPOLEON1 R$UC$ TO SU* SMALL PROPORTIONS1 & EV5 RIDICUL$4 ,BUT ! ,NAPOLEON :O CAME TO ,RUSSIA WAS NO LONG] ! MAN :O HAD 9SPIR$ ! >MIES ( ! SANSCULOTTES 9 !IR FIR/ /EPS EA/W>DS = ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 ABSOLUTISM1 & 9QUISITION4 ,ALL M5 9 HI< POSITIONS >E ACTORS TO A GREAT EXT5T-AS ,TOL/OY SO WOND]FULLY %[S 9 SO MANY PLACES ( HIS GREAT WORK-& ,NAPOLEON SURELY WAS NOT ! LEA/ ACTOR AMONG !M4 ,& BY ! TIME HE CAME TO ,RUSSIA1 AN EMP]OR1 N[ SPOIL$ BY ! ADULATION ( ! C\RTI]S ( ALL ,EUROPE & ! WOR%IP ( ! MASSES1 :O ATTRIBUT$ TO HIM :AT WAS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ! VA/ /IR ( M9DS PRODUC$ BY ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 & CONSEQU5TLY SAW 9 HIM A HALF-GOD-BY ! TIME HE CAME TO ,RUSSIA1 ! ACTOR 9 HIM HAD GOT ! UPP] H& OV] ! MAN 9 :OM !RE HAD BE5 =M]LY 9C>NAT$ ! Y\?FUL 5]GY ( ! SUDD5LY-AWAK5$ ,FR5* NATION1 9 :OM HAD APPE>$ ! EXPRESSION ( ?AT AWAK5+1 & ?R\< :OM ITS =CE HAD BE5 ! FUR!R 9CREAS$4 ,TO !SE ORIG9AL *>ACT]I/ICS WAS DUE ! FASC9ATION :I* ! NAME ( ,NAPOLEON EX]CIS$ UPON HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,AT ,SMOL5SKY1 ,KUTUZ(F HIMSELF MU/ HAVE EXP]I5C$ ?AT FASC9ATION :51 RA!R ?AN R\SE ! LION TO A DESP]ATE BATTLE1 HE OP5$ BE=E HIM ! WAY TO RETREAT4 

,A,N,N,A ,K,>,E,5,9,A1 

,( ALL ! ,TOL/OY'S NOVELS1 ,ANNA ,K>59A IS ! ONE :I* HAS BE5 ! MO/ WIDELY READ 9 ALL LANGUAGES4 ,AS A WORK ( >T IT IS A MA/]-PIECE4 ,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ APPE>ANCE ( ! H]O9E1 Y\ FEEL ?AT ?IS WOMAN MU/ BR+ ) H] A DRAMA2 FROM ! V]Y \TSET H] TRAGICAL 5D IS AS 9EVITABLE AS IT IS 9 A DRAMA ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ,9 ?AT S5SE ! NOVEL IS TRUE TO LIFE ?R\<\T4 ,IT IS A CORN] ( REAL LIFE ?AT WE HAVE BE=E US4 ,AS A RULE1 ,TOL/OY IS NOT AT HIS BE/ 9 PICTUR+ WOM5-) ! EXCEPTION ( V]Y Y\NG GIRLS-& ,I DON'T ?9K ?AT ,ANNA ,K>59A H]SELF IS AS DEEP1 AS PSY*OLOGICALLY COMPLETE1 & AS LIV+ A CREATION AS %E MI<T HAVE BE52 BUT ! MORE ORD9>Y WOMAN1 ,DOLLY1 IS SIMPLY TEEM+ ) LIFE4 ,AS TO ! V>I\S SC5ES ( ! NOVEL-! BALL SC5ES1 ! RACES ( ! (FIC]S1 ! 9N] FAMILY LIFE ( ,DOLLY1 ! C\NTRY SC5ES ON ,LEV9'S E/ATE1 ! DEA? ( HIS BRO!R1 & SO ON-ALL !SE >E DEPICT$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT = ITS >TI/IC QUALITIES ,ANNA ,K>59A /&S =EMO/ EV5 AMONG ! MANY BEAUTIFUL ?+S ,TOL/OY HAS WRITT54 

,& YET1 NOT)/&+ ALL ?AT1 ! NOVEL PRODUC$ 9 ,RUSSIA A DECID$LY UNFAVORABLE IMPRESSION1 :I* BR\<T TO ,TOL/OY CONGRATULATIONS FROM ! REACTION>Y CAMP & A V]Y COOL RECEPTION FROM ! ADVANC$ PORTION ( SOCIETY4 ,! FACT IS1 ?AT ! QUE/ION ( M>RIAGE & ( AN EV5TUAL SEP>ATION BETWE5 HUSB& & WIFE HAD BE5 MO/ E>NE/LY DEBAT$ 9 ,RUSSIA BY ! BE/ M5 & WOM51 BO? 9 LIT]ATURE & 9 LIFE4 ,IT IS SELF-EVID5T ?AT SU* 9DIFF]5T LEVITY T[>DS M>RIAGE AS IS CONT9UALLY UNVEIL$ BE=E ! ,C\RTS 9 0,SOCIETY0 DIVORCE CASES WAS ABSOLUTELY & UNCONDITIONALLY CONDEMN$2 & ?AT ANY =M ( DECEIT1 SU* AS MAKES ! SUBJECT ( C\NTLESS ,FR5* NOVELS & DRAMAS1 WAS RUL$ \T ( QUE/ION 9 ANY HONE/ DISCUSSION ( ! MATT]4 ,BUT AFT] ! ABOVE LEVITY & DECEIT HAD BE5 SEV]ELY BRAN1 ! RI<TS ( A NEW LOVE1 S]I\S & DEEP1 APPE>+ AFT] YE>S ( HAPPY M>RI$ LIFE1 HAD ONLY BE5 ! MORE S]I\SLY ANALYZ$4 ,T*]NY%EVSKY'S NOVEL1 ,:AT IS TO BE DONE1 CAN BE TAK5 AS ! BE/ EXPRESSION ( ! OP9IONS UPON M>RIAGE :I* HAD BECOME CURR5T AMONG ! BETT] PORTION ( ! Y\NG G5]ATION4 ,ONCE Y\ >E M>RI$ IT WAS SAID1 DON'T TAKE LI<TLY TO LOVE AFFAIRS1 OR SO-CALL$ FLIRTATION4 ,EV]Y FIT ( PASSION DOES NOT DES]VE ! NAME ( A NEW LOVE2 & :AT IS SOMETIMES DESCRIB$ AS LOVE IS 9 A V]Y GREAT NUMB] ( CASES NO?+ BUT TEMPOR>Y DESIRE4 ,EV5 IF IT W]E REAL LOVE1 BE=E A REAL & DEEP LOVE HAS GR[N UP1 !RE IS 9 MO/ CASES A P]IOD :5 ONE HAS TIME TO REFLECT UPON ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT W\LD FOLL[ IF ! BEG9N+S ( HIS OR H] NEW SYMPA?Y %\LD ATTA9 ! DEP? ( SU* A LOVE4 ,BUT1 ) ALL ?AT1 !RE >E CASES :5 A NEW LOVE DOES COME1 & !RE >E CASES :5 SU* AN EV5T MU/ HAPP5 ALMO/ FATALLY1 :51 = 9/ANCE1 A GIRL HAS BE5 M>RI$ ALMO/ AGA9/ H] WILL1 UND] ! CONT9U$ 9SI/5CE ( H] LOV]1 OR :5 ! TWO HAVE M>RI$ )\T PROP]LY UND]/&+ EA* O!R1 OR :5 ONE ( ! TWO HAS CONT9U$ TO PROGRESS 9 HIS OR H] DEVELOPM5T T[>DS A HI<] IDEAL1 :ILE ! O!R1 AFT] HAV+ WORN = SOME TIME ! MASK ( IDEALISM1 FALLS 9TO ! ,PHILI/9E HAPP9ESS ( W>M$ SLIPP]S4 ,9 SU* CASES SEP>ATION NOT ONLY BECOMES 9EVITABLE1 BUT IT (T5 IS TO ! 9T]E/ ( BO?4 ,IT W\LD BE MU* BETT] = BO? TO LIVE ?R\< ! SUFF]+S :I* A SEP>ATION W\LD 9VOLVE 7HONE/ NATURES >E BY SU* SUFF]+S MADE BETT]7 ?AN TO SPOIL ! 5TIRE SUBSEQU5T EXI/5CE ( ! ONE-9 MO/ CASES1 ( BO?-& TO FACE MOREOV] ! FATAL RESULTS ?AT LIV+ TOGE!R UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES W\LD NECESS>ILY MEAN = ! *ILDR54 ,?IS WAS1 AT LEA/1 ! CONCLUSION TO :I* BO? ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE & ! BE/ ALL-R\ND PORTION ( \R SOCIETY HAD COME4 

,& N[ CAME ,TOL/OY ) ,ANNA ,K>59A1 :I* BE>S ! M5AC+ BIBLICAL EPIGRAPH3 0,V5GEANCE IS M9E1 & ,I WILL REPAY IT10 & 9 :I* ! BIBLICAL REV5GE FALLS UPON ! UN=TUNATE ,K>59A1 :O PUTS AN 5D BY SUICIDE TO H] SUFF]+S AFT] H] SEP>ATION FROM H] HUSB&4 ,RUSSIAN CRITICS EVID5TLY C\LD NOT ACCEPT ,TOL/OY'S VIEWS4 ,! CASE ( ,K>59A WAS ONE ( ?OSE :]E !RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( 0V5GEANCE40 ,%E WAS M>RI$ AS A Y\NG GIRL TO AN OLD & UNATTRACTIVE MAN4 ,AT ?AT TIME %E DID NOT KN[ EXACTLY :AT %E WAS DO+1 & NOBODY HAD EXPLA9$ IT TO H]4 ,%E HAD NEV] KN[N LOVE1 & LE>N$ IT = ! FIR/ TIME :5 %E SAW ,VRONSKIY4 ,DECEIT1 = H]1 WAS ABSOLUTELY \T ( ! QUE/ION2 & TO KEEP UP A M]ELY CONV5TIONAL M>RIAGE W\LD HAVE BE5 A SACRIFICE :I* W\LD NOT HAVE MADE H] HUSB& & *ILD ANY HAPPI]4 ,SEP>ATION1 & A NEW LIFE ) ,VRONSKIY1 :O S]I\SLY LOV$ H]1 WAS ! ONLY POSSIBLE \TCOME4 ,AT ANY RATE1 IF ! /ORY ( ,ANNA ,K>59A HAD TO 5D 9 TRAG$Y1 IT WAS NOT 9 ! LEA/ 9 CONSEQU5CE ( AN ACT ( SUPREME JU/ICE4 ,AS ALWAYS1 ! HONE/ >TI/IC G5IUS ( ,TOL/OY HAD ITSELF 9DICAT$ ANO!R CAUSE-! REAL ONE4 ,IT WAS ! 9CONSI/5CY ( ,VRONSKIY & ,K>59A4 ,AFT] HAV+ SEP>AT$ FROM H] HUSB& & DEFI$ 0PUBLIC OP9ION0-?AT IS1 ! OP9ION ( WOM5 :O1 AS ,TOL/OY %[S IT HIMSELF1 W]E NOT HONE/ 5\< TO BE ALL[$ ANY VOICE 9 ! MATT]-NEI!R %E NOR ,VRONSKIY HAD ! C\RAGE ( BREAK+ 5TIRELY ) ?AT SOCIETY1 ! FUTILITY ( :I* ,TOL/OY KN[S & DESCRIBES SO EXQUISITELY4 ,9/EAD ( ?AT1 :5 ,ANNA RETURN$ ) ,VRONSKIY TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 H] [N & ,VRONSKIY'S *IEF PREOCCUPATION WAS-,H[ ,BETSEY & O!R SU* WOM5 W\LD RECEIVE H]1 IF %E MADE H] APPE>ANCE AMONG !M4 ,& IT WAS ! OP9ION ( ! ,BETSIES-SURELY NOT ,SUP]HUMAN JU/ICE-:I* BR\<T ,K>59A TO SUICIDE4 

,R,E,L,I,G,I,\,S ,C,R,I,S,I,S 

,EV]YONE KN[S ! PR(\ND *ANGE :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ,TOL/OY'S FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTIONS ( LIFE 9 ! YE>S #a#h#g#e-#a#h#g#h1 :5 HE HAD REA*$ ! AGE ( AB\T FIFTY4 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT ONE HAS ! RI<T TO DISCUSS PUBLICLY :AT HAS BE5 GO+ ON 9 ! V]Y DEP?S ( ANO!R'S M9D2 BUT1 BY TELL+ US HIMSELF ! 9N] DRAMA & ! /RUGGLES :I* HE HAS LIV$ ?R\<1 ! GREAT WRIT] HAS1 SO TO SAY1 9VIT$ US TO V]IFY :E!R HE WAS CORRECT 9 HIS REASON+S & CONCLUSIONS2 & LIMIT+ \RSELVES TO ! PSY*OLOGICAL MAT]IAL :I* HE HAS GIV5 US1 WE MAY DISCUSS IT )\T UNDUE 9TRUSION 9TO ! MOTIVES ( HIS ACTIONS4 

,IT IS MO/ /RIK+ TO F9D1 ON RE-READ+ ! E>LI] WORKS ( ,TOL/OY1 H[ ! IDEAS :I* HE ADVOCATES AT ! PRES5T TIME W]E ALWAYS CROPP+ UP 9 HIS E>LI] WRIT+S4 ,PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS & QUE/IONS CONC]N+ ! MORAL F\NDATIONS ( LIFE 9T]E/$ HIM FROM HIS E>LY Y\?4 ,AT ! AGE ( SIXTE5 HE US$ TO READ PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS1 & DUR+ HIS UNIV]SITY YE>S1 & EV5 ?R\< 0! /ORMY DAYS ( PASSION10 QUE/IONS AS TO H[ WE \<T TO LIVE ROSE ) !IR FULL IMPORTANCE BE=E HIM4 ,HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVELS1 ESPECIALLY ,Y\?1 BE> DEEP TRACES ( ?AT 9N] WORK ( HIS M9D1 EV5 ?\<1 AS HE SAYS 9 ,CONFESSION1 HE HAS NEV] SAID ALL HE MI<T HAVE SAID ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,NAY1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT AL?\< HE DESCRIBES HIS FRAME ( M9D 9 ?OSE YE>S AS ?AT ( 0A PHILOSOPHICAL ,NIHILI/10 HE HAD NEV] P>T$1 9 REALITY1 ) ! BELIEFS ( HIS *ILDHOOD4#d ,HE ALWAYS WAS AN ADMIR] & FOLL[] ( ,R\SSEAU4 ,9 HIS PAP]S ON $UCATION 7COLLECT$ 9 ,VOL4 ,I,V4 ( ! T5? ,MOSC[ $ITION ( HIS ,WORKS7 ONE F9DS TREAT$ 9 A V]Y RADICAL WAY MO/ ( ! BURN+ SOCIAL QUE/IONS :I* HE HAS DISCUSS$ 9 HIS LAT] YE>S4 ,!SE QUE/IONS EV5 !N WORRI$ HIM SO MU* ?AT1 :ILE HE WAS C>RY+ ON HIS S*OOL WORK 9 ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA & WAS A ,PEACE ,M$IATOR-?AT IS1 9 ! YE>S #a#h#f#a-#f#b-HE GREW SO DISGU/$ ) ! UNAVOIDABLE DUALISM ( HIS POSITION ( A B5EVOL5T L&LORD1 ?AT-TO QUOTE HIS [N WORDS-0,I %\LD HAVE COME !N1 P]HAPS1 TO ! CRISIS :I* ,I REA*$ FIFTE5 YE>S LAT]1 IF !RE HAD NOT REMA9$ ONE ASPECT ( LIFE :I* PROMIS$ ME SALVATION1-NAMELY1 M>RI$ LIFE40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,TOL/OY WAS ALREADY V]Y NE> TO BREAK+ ) ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS PO9T ( VIEW ON ,PROP]TY & ,LABOR1 & TO JO9+ ! GREAT POPULI/IC MOVEM5T :I* WAS ALREADY BEG9N+ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS HE PROBABLY W\LD HAVE DONE1 HAD NOT A NEW WORLD ( LOVE1 FAMILY LIFE1 & FAMILY 9T]E/S1 :I* HE EMBRAC$ ) ! USUAL 9T5SITY ( HIS PASSIONATE NATURE1 FA/5$ ! TIES ?AT KEPT HIM ATTA*$ TO HIS [N CLASS4 

,>T1 TOO1 MU/ HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO DIV]T HIS ATT5TION FROM ! SOCIAL PROBLEM-AT LEA/1 FROM ITS ECONOMIC ASPECTS1 ,9 ,W> & ,PEACE HE DEVELOP$ ! PHILOSOPHY ( ! MASSES V]SUS ! H]OES1 A PHILOSOPHY :I* 9 ?OSE YE>S W\LD HAVE F\ND AMONG ! $UCAT$ M5 ( ALL ,EUROPE V]Y FEW P]SONS READY TO ACCEPT IT4 ,WAS IT HIS POETICAL G5IUS :I* REVEAL$ TO HIM ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! MASSES 9 ! GREAT W> ( #a#h#a#b1 & TAU<T HIM ?AT !Y-! MASSES1 & NOT ! H]OES-HAD ACCOMPLI%$ ALL ! GREAT ?+S 9 HI/ORY8 ,OR1 WAS IT BUT A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEAS :I* 9SPIR$ HIM 9 HIS ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA S*OOL1 9 OPPOSITION TO ALL ! $UCATIONAL !ORIES ?AT HAD BE5 ELABORAT$ BY ,*UR* & ,/ATE 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES8 ,AT ANY RATE1 ,W> & ,PEACE MU/ HAVE (F]$ HIM A PROBLEM GREAT 5\< TO ABSORB HIS ?\<TS = A NUMB] ( YE>S2 & 9 WRIT+ ?IS MONUM5TAL WORK1 9 :I* HE /ROVE TO PROMOTE A NEW CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 HE MU/ HAVE FELT ?AT HE WAS WORK+ 9 ! RI<T WAY4 ,AS TO ,ANNA ,K>59A1 :I* HAD NO SU* RE=MATORY OR PHILOSOPHICAL PURPOSE1 IT MU/ HAVE (F]$ TO ,TOL/OY ! POSSIBILITY ( LIV+ ?R\< ONCE MORE1 ) ALL ! 9T5SITY ( POETICAL CREATION1 ! %ALL[ LIFE ( ! LEISUR$ CLASSES1 & TO CONTRA/ IT ) ! LIFE ( ! PEASANTS & !IR WORK4 ,& IT WAS :ILE HE WAS F9I%+ ?IS NOVEL ?AT HE BEGAN TO FULLY REALIZE H[ MU* HIS [N LIFE WAS 9 OPPOSITION TO ! IDEALS ( HIS E>LI] YE>S4 

,A T]RIBLE CONFLICT MU/ HAVE BE5 GO+ ON !N 9 ! M9D ( ! GREAT WRIT]4 ,! COMMUNI/IC FEEL+ :I* HAD 9DUC$ HIM TO PUT 9 ITALICS ! FACT AB\T ! S+] AT ,LUC]NE1 & TO ADD TO IT A HOT 9DICTM5T AGA9/ ! CIVILIZATION ( ! MONEY$ CLASSES2 ! TR5D ( ?\<T :I* HAD DICTAT$ HIS SEV]E CRITICISMS AGA9/ PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ,HOL/OMY]3 ! ,HI/ORY ( A ,HORSE2 ! AN>*I/IC IDEAS :I* HAD BR\<T HIM1 9 HIS ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA $UCATIONAL >TICLES1 TO A NEGATION ( A CIVILIZATION BAS$ ON ,CAPITALISM & ,/ATE2 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 HIS 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY CONCEPTIONS1 :I* HE TRI$ TO CONCILIATE ) HIS COMMUNI/IC LEAN+S 7SEE ! CONV]SATION BETWE5 ! TWO BRO!RS ,LEV9 9 ,ANNA ,K>59A7 2 HIS WANT ( SYMPA?Y ) ! P>TIES :I* /OOD 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 HIS PR(\ND1 DEEPLY ROOT$ DISLIKE ( ?AT ,GOV]NM5T1 ALL !SE T5D5CIES MU/ HAVE BE5 9 AN IRRECONCILABLE CONFLICT 9 ! M9D ! GREAT WRIT]1 ) ALL ! PASSIONATE 9T5SITY :I* IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ,TOL/OY1 AS ) ALL M5 ( G5IUS4 ,!SE CON/ANT CONTRADICTIONS W]E SO APP>5T ?AT :ILE LESS P]SPICACI\S ,RUSSIAN CRITICS & ! ,MOSC[ ,GAZETTE DEF5D]S ( S]FDOM CONSID]$ ,TOL/OY AS HAV+ JO9$ !IR REACTION>Y CAMP1 A GIFT$ ,RUSSIAN CRITIC1 ,MIHAILOVSKIY1 PUBLI%$ 9 #ahge A S]IES ( REM>KABLE >TICLES1 5TITL$ ,! ,RI<T ,H& & ! ,LEFT ,H& ( ,C\NT ,TOL/OY1 9 :I* HE PO9T$ \T ! TWO M5 :O CON/ANTLY W]E 9 CONFLICT 9 ! GREAT WRIT]4 ,9 !SE >TICLES1 ! Y\NG CRITIC1 A GREAT ADMIR] ( ,TOL/OY1 ANALYZ$ ! ADVANC$ IDEAS :I* HE HAD DEVELOP$ 9 HIS $UCATIONAL >TICLES1 :I* W]E ALMO/ QUITE UNKN[N AT ?AT TIME1 & CONTRA/$ !M ) ! /RANGELY CONS]VATIVE IDEAS :I* HE HAD EXPRESS$ 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,MIHAILOVSKIY PR$ICT$ A CRISIS TO :I* ! GREAT WRIT] WAS 9EVITABLY COM+4 

0,I WILL NOT SPEAK10 HE WROTE1 0( ,ANNA ,K>59A1 FIR/ ( ALL BECAUSE IT IS NOT YET T]M9AT$1 & SECOND1 BECAUSE ONE MU/ SPEAK ( IT V]Y MU*1 OR NOT AT ALL4 ,I %ALL ONLY REM>K ?AT 9 ?IS NOVEL-MU* MORE SUP]FICIALLY1 BUT = ?AT V]Y REASON P]HAPS EV5 MORE DI/9CTLY ?AN ANY:]E ELSE-ONE SEES ! TRACES ( ! DRAMA :I* IS GO+ ON 9 ! S\L ( ! AU?OR4 ,ONE ASKS ONESELF :AT SU* A MAN IS TO DO1 H[ CAN HE LIVE1 H[ %ALL HE AVOID ?AT POISON+ ( HIS CONSCI\SNESS :I* AT EV]Y /EP 9TRUDES 9TO ! PLEASURES ( A SATISFI$ NE$8 ,MO/ C]TA9LY HE MU/1 EV5 ?\< IT MAY BE 9/9CTIVELY1 SEEK = A MEANS TO PUT AN 5D TO ! 9N] DRAMA ( HIS S\L1 TO DROP ! CURTA92 BUT H[ TO DO IT8 ,I ?9K ?AT IF AN ORD9>Y MAN W]E 9 SU* A POSITION1 HE W\LD HAVE 5D$ 9 SUICIDE OR 9 DRUNK5NESS4 ,A MAN ( VALUE WILL1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 SEEK = O!R ISSUES1 & ( SU* ISSUES !RE >E SEV]AL40 7,OTE*E/V5NYIA ,ZAPISKI1 A REVIEW1 ,JUNE1 #a#h#g#e2 ALSO ,MIHAILOVSKIY'S ,WORKS1 ,VOL4 ,I,I,I1 ,P4 #d#i#a47 

,ONE ( !SE ISSUES-,MIHAILOVSKIY CONT9U$-W\LD BE TO WRITE = ! PEOPLE4 ,( C\RSE1 V]Y FEW >E SO HAPPY AS TO POSSESS ! TAL5T & ! FACULTIES :I* >E NECESS>Y = ?AT3 

0,BUT ONCE HE 7,TOL/OY7 IS P]SUAD$ ?AT ! NATION CONSI/S ( TWO HALVES1 & ?AT EV5 ! '9NOC5T' PLEASURES ( ! ONE HALF >E TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! O!R HALF-:Y %\LD HE NOT DEVOTE HIS =MIDABLE =CES TO ?IS IMM5SE TASK8 ,IT IS EV5 DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E ?AT ANY O!R !ME C\LD 9T]E/ ! WRIT] :O C>RIES 9 HIS S\L SU* A T]RIBLE DRAMA AS ! ONE ?AT ,C\NT ,TOL/OY C>RIES4 ,SO DEEP & SO S]I\S IS IT1 SO DEEPLY DOES IT GO TO ! ROOT ( ALL LIT]>Y ACTIVITY1 ?AT IT MU/ PRESUMABLY DE/ROY ALL O!R 9T]E/S1 JU/ AS ! CREEP] SUFFOCATES ALL O!R PLANTS4 ,&1 IS IT NOT A SUFFICI5TLY HI< AIM 9 LIFE1 ALWAYS TO REM9D ',SOCIETY' ?AT ITS PLEASURES & AMUSEM5TS >E NOT ! PLEASURES & ! AMUSEM5TS ( ALL MANK9D1 TO EXPLA9 TO ',SOCIETY' ! TRUE S5SE ( ! PH5OM5A ( PROGRESS1 TO WAKE UP1 BE IT ONLY 9 ! FEW1 ! MORE IMPRESSIONABLE1 ! CONSCI5CE & ! FEEL+ ( JU/ICE8 ,& IS NOT ?IS FIELD WIDE 5\< = POETICAL CREATION8 4 4 4  

0,! DRAMA :I* IS GO+ ON 9 ,C\NT ,TOL/OY'S S\L IS MY HYPO!SIS10 ,MIHAILOVSKIY CONCLUD$1 0BUT IT IS A LEGITIMATE HYPO!SIS )\T :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& HIS WRIT+S40 7,WORKS1 #a#a#a1 #d#i#f47 

,IT IS N[ KN[N H[ MU* ,MIHAILOVSKIY'S HYPO!SIS WAS PREVISION4 ,9 ! YE>S #a#h#g#e-#g#f1 AS ,TOL/OY WAS F9I%+ ,ANNA ,K>59A1 HE BEGAN FULLY TO REALIZE ! %ALL[NESS & ! DUALITY ( ! LIFE ?AT HE HAD HI!RTO L$4 0,SOME?+ /RANGE10 HE SAYS1 0BEGAN TO HAPP5 )9 ME3 ,I BEGAN TO EXP]I5CE M9UTES ( BEWILD]M5T1 ( >RE/ ( LIFE1 AS IF ,I DID NOT KN[ H[ TO LIVE & :AT TO DO40 0,:AT =8 ,:AT NEXT80 W]E ! QUE/IONS :I* BEGAN TO RISE BE=E HIM4 0,WELL10 HE SAID TO HIMSELF1 0Y\ WILL HAVE #a#e1 ACRES ( L& 9 ,SAM>A1 #c HORSES-BUT :AT ( ?AT8 ,& ,I WAS BEWILD]$1 & DID NOT KN[ :AT TO ?9K NEXT40 ,LIT]>Y FAME HAD LO/ = HIM ITS ATTRACTION1 N[ ?AT HE HAD REA*$ ! GREAT HEI<TS TO :I* ,W> & ,PEACE HAD BR\<T HIM4 ,! LITTLE PICTURE ( ,PHILI/9E FAMILY-HAPP9ESS :I* HE HAD PICTUR$ 9 A NOVEL BE=E HIS M>RIAGE 7,FAMILY HAPP9ESS HE HAD N[ LIV$ ?R\<1 BUT IT NO LONG] SATISFI$ HIM4 ,! LIFE ( ,EPICUREANISM :I* HE HAD L$ HI!RTO HAD LO/ ALL S5SE = HIM4 0,I FELT10 HE WRITES 9 ,CONFESSION1 0?AT :AT ,I HAD /OOD UPON HAD BROK5 D[N2 ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ = ME TO /& UPON2 ?AT :AT ,I HAD LIV$ BY WAS NO MORE1 & ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ LEFT ME TO LIVE BY4 ,MY LIFE HAD COME TO A /OP40 ,! SO-CALL$ 0FAMILY DUTIES0 HAD LO/ !IR 9T]E/4 ,:5 HE ?\<T ( ! $UCATION ( HIS *ILDR51 HE ASK$ HIMSELF1 0,:AT =80 & V]Y PROBABLY HE FELT ?AT 9 HIS L&LORD'S SURR\ND+S HE NEV] W\LD BE ABLE TO GIVE !M A BETT] $UCATION ?AN HIS [N1 :I* HE CONDEMN$2 & :5 HE BEGAN ?9K+ ( ! WELL-BE+ ( ! MASSES HE W\LD ALL ( A SUDD5 ASK HIMSELF3 0,:AT BUS9ESS HAVE ,I TO ?9K ( IT 80 

,HE FELT ?AT HE HAD NO?+ TO LIVE =4 ,HE EV5 HAD NO WI%ES :I* HE C\LD RECOGNIZE AS REASONABLE4 0,IF A FAIRY HAD COME TO ME1 & (F]$ TO SATISFY MY WI%1 ,I %\LD NOT HAVE KN[N :AT TO WI% 4 4 4 ,I EV5 C\LD NOT WI% TO KN[ ,TRU?1 BECAUSE ,I HAD GUESS$ ( :AT IT W\LD CONSI/4 ,! ,TRU? WAS1 ?AT LIFE IS NONS5SE40,HE HAD NO AIM 9 LIFE1 NO PURPOSE1 & HE REALIZ$ ?AT )\T A PURPOSE1 & ) ITS UNAVOIDABLE SUFF]+S1 LIFE IS NOT WOR? LIV+ 7,CONFESSION1 ,V,I1 ,V,I,I74 

,HE HAD NOT-TO USE HIS [N EXPRESSION-0! MORAL BLUNTNESS ( IMAG9ATION0 :I* W\LD BE REQUIR$ NOT TO HAVE HIS ,EPICUREANISM POISON$ BY ! SURR\ND+ MIS]Y2 & YET1 LIKE ,S*OP5HAU]1 HE HAD NOT ! ,WILL ?AT WAS NECESS>Y = ADJU/+ HIS ACTIONS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! DICTATES ( HIS REASON4 ,SELF-ANNIHILATION1 DEA?1 APPE>$ !RE=E AS A WELCOME SOLUTION4 

,H[EV]1 ,TOL/OY WAS TOO /RONG A MAN TO 5D HIS LIFE 9 SUICIDE4 ,HE F\ND AN \TCOME1 & ?AT \TCOME WAS 9DICAT$ TO HIM BY A RETURN TO ! LOVE :I* HE HAD *]I%$ 9 HIS Y\?3 ! LOVE ( ! PEASANT MASSES4 0,WAS IT 9 CONSEQU5CE ( A /RANGE1 SO TO SAY A PHYSICAL LOVE ( ! TRULY WORK+ PEOPLE10 HE WRITES-OR ( SOME O!R CAUSE8 BUT HE UND]/OOD AT LA/ ?AT HE MU/ SEEK ! S5SE ( LIFE AMONG ! MILLIONS :O TOIL ALL !IR LIFE LONG4 ,HE BEGAN TO EXAM9E ) MORE ATT5TION ?AN BE=E ! LIFE ( !SE MILLIONS4 0,& ,I BEGAN10 HE SAYS1 0TO LOVE !SE PEOPLE40 ,& ! MORE HE P5ETRAT$ 9TO !IR LIVES1 PA/ & PRES5T1 ! MORE HE LOV$ !M1 & 0! EASI] IT WAS = ME TO LIVE40 ,AS TO ! LIFE ( ! M5 ( HIS [N CIRCLE-! WEAL?Y & CULTUR$1 0,I NOT ONLY FELT DISGU/ = IT3 IT LO/ ALL S5SE 9 MY EYES40 ,HE UND]/OOD ?AT IF HE DID NOT SEE :AT LIFE WAS WOR? LIV+ =1 IT WAS HIS [N LIFE 09 EXCLUSIVE CONDITIONS ( EPICUREANISM0 :I* HAD OBSCUR$ ! TRU?4 

0,I UND]/OOD10 HE CONT9UES1 0?AT MY QUE/ION1 ',:AT IS LIFE8' & MY REPLY TO IT1 ',EVIL1' W]E QUITE CORRECT4 ,I WAS ONLY WRONG 9 APPLY+ !M TO LIFE ALTOGE!R4 ,TO ! QUE/ION1 ',:AT IS LIFE8' ,I HAD GOT ! REPLY1 ',EVIL & NONS5SE6' ,& SO IT WAS4 ,MY [N LIFE-A LIFE ( 9DULG5CE 9 PASSIONS-WAS VOID ( S5SE & FULL ( EVIL1 BUT ?IS WAS TRUE ( MY LIFE ONLY1 NOT ( ! LIFE ( ALL M54 ,BEG9N+ ) ! BIRDS & ! L[E/ ANIMALS1 ALL LIVE TO MA9TA9 LIFE & TO SECURE IT = O!RS BESIDES !MSELVES1 :ILE ,I NOT ONLY DID NOT SECURE IT = O!RS3 ,I DID NOT SECURE IT EV5 = MYSELF4 ,I LIV$ AS A P>ASITE1 &1 HAV+ PUT TO MYSELF ! QUE/ION1 ',:AT DO ,I LIVE =8' ,I GOT ! REPLY1 ',= NO PURPOSE4' 0 

,! CONVICTION1 !N1 ?AT HE MU/ LIVE AS ! MILLIONS LIVE1 E>N+ HIS [N LIVELIHOOD2 ?AT HE MU/ TOIL AS ! MILLIONS TOIL2 & ?AT SU* A LIFE IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE REPLY TO ! QUE/IONS :I* HAD BR\<T HIM TO DESPAIR-! ONLY WAY TO ESCAPE ! T]RIBLE CONTRADICTIONS :I* HAD MADE ,S*OP5HAU] PREA* SELF-ANNIHILATION1 & ,SOLOMON1 ,SAKIAMUNI1 & SO MANY O!RS PREA* !IR GOSPEL ( DESPAIR+ PESSIMISM1 ?IS CONVICTION1 !N1 SAV$ HIM & RE/OR$ TO HIM LO/ 5]GY & ! WILL TO LIVE4 ,BUT ?AT SAME IDEA HAD 9SPIR$ ?\S&S ( ! ,RUSSIAN Y\?1 9 ?OSE SAME YE>S1 & HAD 9DUC$ !M TO />T ! GREAT MOVEM5T 0,V N>OD60  

0,T[>DS ! PEOPLE2 BE ! PEOPLE60 

,TOL/OY HAS TOLD US 9 AN ADMIRABLE BOOK1 ,:AT IS1 !N1 TO BE DONE8 ! IMPRESSIONS :I* ! SLUMS ( ,MOSC[ PRODUC$ UPON HIM 9 #a#h#h#a1 & ! 9FLU5CE !Y HAD UPON ! ULT]IOR DEVELOPM5T ( HIS ?\<TS4 ,BUT WE DO NOT YET KN[ :AT FACTS & IMPRESSIONS MADE HIM SO VIVIDLY REALIZE 9 #a#h#g#e-#h#a ! EMPT9ESS ( ! LIFE :I* HE HAD BE5 HI!RTO LEAD+4 ,IS IT !N PRESUM+ TOO MU* IF ,I SUGGE/ ?AT IT WAS ?IS V]Y SAME MOVEM5T1 0T[>DS ! PEOPLE10 :I* HAD 9SPIR$ SO MANY ( ! ,RUSSIAN Y\? TO GO TO ! VILLAGES & ! FACTORIES1 & TO LIVE !RE ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE1 :I* F9ALLY BR\<T ,TOL/OY1 ALSO1 TO RECONSID] HIS POSITION AS A RI* L&LORD8 

,?AT HE KNEW ( ?IS MOVEM5T1 !RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ D\BT4 ,! TRIAL ( ! ,NET*AEFF GR\PS 9 #ahga WAS PR9T$ 9 FULL 9 ! ,RUSSIAN NEWSPAP]S1 & ONE C\LD EASILY READ ?R\< ALL ! Y\?FUL IMMATURITY ( ! SPEE*ES ( ! ACCUS$ ! HI< MOTIVES & ! LOVE ( ! PEOPLE :I* 9SPIR$ !M4 ,! TRIAL ( ! ,DOLGU%9 GR\PS1 9 #a#h#g#e1 PRODUC$ A /ILL DEEP] IMPRESSION 9 ! SAME DIRECTION2 BUT ESPECIALLY ! TRIAL1 9 ,M>*1 #a#h#g#g1 ( ?OSE ( TRANSC5D5T WOR?1 GIRLS ,B>D9A1 ,LUBATOVIT*1 ! SI/]S ,SUBBOT91 0! ,MOSC[ ,FIFTY0 AS !Y W]E NAM$ 9 ! CIRCLES1 :O1 ALL FROM WEAL?Y FAMILIES1 HAD L$ ! LIFE ( FACTORY GIRLS1 9 ! HORRIBLE FACTORY-B>RACKS1 WORK+ F\RTE5 & SIXTE5 H\RS A DAY1 9 ORD] TO BE ) ! WORK+ PEOPLE & TO TEA* !M4 4 4 4 ,& !N-! TRIAL ( ! 0,HUNDR$-& ,N9ETY-,?REE0 & ( ,V]A ,ZASULLIT* 9 #a#h#g#h4 ,H[EV] GREAT ,TOL/OY'S DISLIKE ( REVOLUTIONI/S MI<T HAVE BE51 HE MU/ HAVE FELT1 AS HE READ ! REPORTS ( !SE TRIALS1 OR HE>D :AT WAS SAID AB\T !M AT ,MOSC[ & 9 HIS PROV9CE ( ,TULA1 & WITNESS$ R\ND HIM ! IMPRESSION !Y HAD PRODUC$-HE1 ! GREAT >TI/1 MU/ HAVE FELT ?AT ?IS Y\? WAS MU* NE>] TO :AT HE HIMSELF WAS 9 HIS E>LI] DAYS1 9 #a#h#f#a-#f#b1 ?AN TO ?OSE AMONG :OM HE LIV$ N[-! ,KATK(FS1 ! 0,FETS10 & ! LIKE4 ,& !N1 EV5 IF HE KNEW NO?+ AB\T !SE TRIALS & HAD HE>D NO?+ AB\T ! 0,MOSC[ ,FIFTY10 HE KNEW1 AT LEA/1 ,TURGU5EFF'S ,VIRG9 ,SOIL1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#h#g#g1 & HE MU/ HAVE FELT1 EV5 FROM ?AT IMP]FECT PICTURE1 SO W>MLY GREET$ BY Y\NG ,RUSSIA1 :AT ?IS Y\NG ,RUSSIA WAS4 

,IF ,TOL/OY HAD BE5 9 HIS TW5TIES1 HE MI<T POSSIBLY HAVE JO9$ ! MOVEM5T1 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 NOT)/&+ ALL ! OB/ACLES4 ,SU* AS HE WAS1 9 HIS SURR\ND+S1 & ESPECIALLY ) HIS M9D ALREADY PREOCCUPI$ BY ! PROBLEM-0,:]E IS ! LEV] :I* W\LD MOVE HUMAN HE>TS AT L>GE1 & BECOME ! S\RCE ( ! DEEP MORAL RE=M ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL80 ) SU* A QUE/ION ON HIS M9D1 HE HAD TO LIVE ?R\< MANY A /RUGGLE BE=E HE WAS BR\<T CONSCI\SLY TO TAKE ! V]Y SAME /EP4 ,= \R Y\NG M5 & WOM51 ! M]E /ATEM5T ?AT ONE :O HAD GOT AN $UCATION1 ?ANKS TO ! WORK ( ! MASSES1 [$ IT !RE=E TO !SE MASSES TO WORK 9 RETURN = !M-?IS SIMPLE /ATEM5T WAS SUFFICI5T4 ,!Y LEFT !IR WEAL?Y H\SES1 TOOK TO ! SIMPLE/ LIFE1 H>DLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( A WORK+MAN1 & DEVOT$ !IR LIVES TO ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT = MANY REASONS-SU* AS $UCATION1 HABITS1 SURR\ND+S1 AGE1 &1 P]HAPS1 ! GREAT PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/ION HE HAD 9 HIS M9D1 ,TOL/OY HAD TO LIVE ?R\< ! MO/ PA9FUL /RUGGLES1 BE=E HE CAME TO ! V]Y SAME CONCLUSION1 BUT 9 A DIFF]5T WAY3 ?AT IS TO SAY1 BE=E HE CONCLUD$ ?AT HE1 AS ! BE>] ( A PORTION ( ! DIV9E ,UNKN[N1 HAD TO FULFILL ! WILL ( ?AT ,UNKN[N1 :I* WILL WAS ?AT EV]YONE %\LD WORK = ! UNIV]SAL WELF>E4#e 

,! MOM5T1 H[EV]1 ?AT HE CAME TO ?IS CONCLUSION1 HE DID NOT HESITATE TO ACT 9 ACCORDANCE ) IT4 ,! DIFFICULTIES HE MET 9 HIS WAY1 BE=E HE C\LD FOLL[ ! 9JUNCTION ( HIS CONSCI5CE1 MU/ HAVE BE5 IMM5SE4 ,WE CAN FA9TLY GUESS !M4 ,! SOPHISMS HE HAD TO COMBAT-ESPECIALLY :5 ALL ?OSE :O UND]/OOD ! VALUE ( HIS COLOSSAL TAL5T BEGAN TO PROTE/ AGA9/ HIS CONDEMNATION ( HIS PREVI\S WRIT+-WE CAN ALSO EASILY IMAG9E4 ,& ONE CAN BUT ADMIRE ! =CE ( HIS CONVICTIONS1 :5 HE 5TIRELY RE=M$ ! LIFE HE HAD HI!RTO L$4 

,! SMALL ROOM HE TOOK 9 HIS RI* MANSION IS WELL KN[N ?R\< A WORLD-R5[N$ PHOTOGRAPH4 ,TOL/OY BEH9D ! PL[1 PA9T$ BY ,RYEP91 HAS GONE ! R\ND ( ! WORLD1 & IS CONSID]$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T SO DANG]\S AN IMAGE ?AT IT HAS BE5 TAK5 FROM ! PUBLIC GALL]Y :]E IT WAS EXHIBIT$4 ,LIMIT+ HIS [N LIV+ TO ! /RICTLY NECESS>Y M9IMUM ( ! PLA9E/ SORT ( FOOD1 HE DID HIS BE/1 SO LONG AS HIS PHYSICAL =CES LA/$1 TO E>N ?AT LITTLE BY PHYSICAL WORK4 ,& = ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE HE HAS BE5 WRIT+ EV5 MORE ?AN HE EV] DID 9 ! YE>S ( HIS GREATE/ LIT]>Y PRODUCTIVITY4 

,! EFFECTS ( ?IS EXAMPLE :I* ,TOL/OY HAS GIV5 MANK9D EV]YONE KN[S4 ,HE BELIEVES1 H[EV]1 ?AT HE MU/ GIVE ALSO ! PHILOSOPHICAL & RELIGI\S REASONS = HIS CONDUCT1 & ?IS HE DID 9 A S]IES ( REM>KABLE WORKS4 

,GUID$ BY ! IDEA ?AT MILLIONS ( PLA9 WORK+ PEOPLE REALIZ$ ! S5SE ( LIFE1 & F\ND IT 9 LIFE ITSELF1 :I* !Y CONSID]$ AS ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( 0! WILL ( ! ,CREATOR ( ! UNIV]SE10 HE ACCEPT$ ! SIMPLE CRE$ ( ! MASSES ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS1 EV5 ?\< HIS M9D WAS RELUCTANT TO DO SO1 & FOLL[$ ) !M ! RITES ( ! ,GREEK ,OR?ODOX ,*UR*4 ,!RE WAS A LIMIT1 H[EV]1 TO SU* A CONCESSION1 & !RE W]E BELIEFS :I* HE POSITIVELY C\LD NOT ACCEPT4 ,HE FELT ?AT :5 HE WAS1 = 9/ANCE1 SOLEMNLY DECL>+ DUR+ ! MASS1 BE=E COMMUNION1 ?AT HE TOOK ! LATT] 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! WORDS-NOT FIGURATIVELY-HE WAS AFFIRM+ SOME?+ :I* HE C\LD NOT SAY 9 FULL CONSCI5CE4 ,BESIDES1 HE SOON MADE ! ACQUA9TANCE ( ! ,NON-CON=MI/ PEASANTS1 ,SUTYAEFF & ,BOND>Y(F1 :OM HE DEEPLY RESPECT$1 & HE SAW1 FROM HIS 9T]C\RSE ) !M1 ?AT BY JO9+ ! ,GREEK ,OR?ODOX ,*UR* HE WAS L5D+ A H& TO ALL ITS ABOM9ABLE PROSECUTIONS ( ! ,NON-CON=MI/S-?AT HE WAS A P>TY TO ! HATR$ :I* ALL ,*UR*ES PR(ESS T[>DS EA* O!R4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE UND]TOOK A COMPLETE /UDY ( ,*RI/IANITY1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! TEA*+S ( ! DIFF]5T *UR*ES1 9CLUD+ A C>EFUL REVISION ( ! TRANSLATIONS ( ! GOSPELS1 ) ! 9T5TION ( F9D+ \T :AT WAS ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! ,GREAT ,TEA*]'S PRECEPTS1 & :AT HAD BE5 ADD$ TO IT BY HIS FOLL[]S4 ,9 A REM>KABLE1 MO/ ELABORATE WORK 7,CRITICISM ( ,DOGMATIC ,!OLOGY71 HE DEMON/RAT$ H[ FUNDAM5TALLY ! 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! ,*UR*ES DIFF]$ FROM :AT WAS 9 HIS OP9ION ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORDS ( ! ,*RI/4 ,& !N HE WORK$ \T1 QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY1 AN 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*+ :I* IS QUITE SIMIL> TO ! 9T]PRETATIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 GIV5 TO IT BY ALL ! GREAT POPUL> MOVEM5TS-9 ! N9? C5TURY 9 ,>M5IA1-LAT] ON BY ,WYCLIFF1 & BY ! E>LY ,ANABAPTI/S1 SU* AS ,HANS ,D5CK1#f LAY+1 H[EV]1 LIKE ! ,QUAK]S1 ESPECIAL /RESS ON ! DOCTR9E ( NONRESI/ANCE4 

,H,I,S ,9,T,],P,R,E,T,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,! ,*,R,I,/,I,A,N ,T,E,A,*,+ 

,! IDEAS :I* ,TOL/OY ?US SL[LY WORK$ \T >E EXPLA9$ 9 A SUCCESSION ( ?REE SEP>ATE WORKS3 7,I7 ,DOGMATIC ,!OLOGY1 ( :I* ! ,9TRODUCTION IS BETT] KN[N AS ,CONFESSION & WAS WRITT5 9 #a#h#i#b2 7#b7 ,:AT IS MY ,FAI?8 7#a#h#h#d72 & 7#c7 ,:AT IS !N TO BE ,DONE8 7#a#h#h#f71 TO :I* MU/ BE ADD$ ,! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD 9 ,Y\RSELVES1 OR ,*RI/IANITY1 NOT AS A MY/IC ,TEA*+ BUT AS A NEW ,UND]/&+ ( ,LIFE 7#a#i7 &1 ABOVE ALL1 A SMALL BOOK1 ,! ,*RI/IAN ,TEA*+ 7#a#i#b71 :I* IS WRITT5 9 %ORT1 CONCISE1 NUMB]$ P>AGRAPHS1 LIKE A CATE*ISM1 & CONTA9S A FULL & DEF9ITE EXPOSITION ( ,TOL/OY'S VIEWS4 ,A NUMB] ( O!R WORKS DEAL+ ) ! SAME SUBJECT-SU* AS ,! ,LIFE & ! ,TEA*+S ( ! ,*RI/1 ,MY ,REPLY TO ! ,SYNOD'S ,$ICT ( ,EXCOMMUNICATION1 ,:AT IS ,RELIGION1 ,ON ,LIFE1 ETC41 W]E PUBLI%$ DUR+ ! SAME YE>4 ,!SE BOOKS REPRES5T ! WORK ( ,TOL/OY = ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S1 & AT LEA/ F\R ( !M 7,CONFESSION1 ,MY ,FAI?1 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE1 & ,*RI/IAN ,TEA*+7 MU/ BE READ 9 ! 9DICAT$ SUCCESSION BY EV]YONE :O WI%ES TO KN[ ! RELIGI\S & MORAL CONCEPTIONS ( ,TOL/OY & TO EXTRICATE HIMSELF FROM ! CONFUS$ IDEAS :I* >E SOMETIMES REPRES5T$ AS ,TOL/OYISM4 ,AS TO ! %ORT WORK1 ,! ,LIFE & ! ,TEA*+ ( ,JESUS1 IT IS1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! F\R GOSPELS 9 ONE1 TOLD 9 A LANGUAGE EASY TO BE UND]/OOD1 & FREE ( ALL MY/ICAL & METAPHORICAL ELEM5TS2 IT CONTA9S ,TOL/OY'S READ+ ( ! GOSPELS4 

,!SE WORKS REPRES5T ! MO/ REM>KABLE ATTEMPT AT A RATIONALI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( ,*RI/IANITY ?AT HAS EV] BE5 V5TUR$ UPON4 ,*RI/IANITY APPE>S 9 !M DEVOID ( ALL GNO/ICISM & MY/ICISM1 AS A PURELY SPIRITUAL TEA*+ AB\T ! UNIV]SAL SPIRIT :I* GUIDES MAN TO A HI<] LIFE-A LIFE ( EQUALITY & ( FRI5DLY RELATIONS ) ALL M54 ,IF ,TOL/OY ACCEPTS ,*RI/IANITY AS ! F\NDATION ( HIS FAI?1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE HE CONSID]S IT AS A REVELATION1 BUT BECAUSE ITS TEA*+1 PURIFI$ ( ALL ! ADDITIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE TO IT BY ! *UR*ES1 CONTA9S 0! V]Y SAME SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ( LIFE AS HAS BE5 GIV5 MORE OR LESS EXPLICITLY BY ! BE/ ( M51 BO? BE=E & S9CE ! GOSPEL WAS GIV5 TO US-A SUCCESSION :I* GOES ON FROM ,MOSES1 ,ISAIAH1 & ,CONFUCIUS1 TO ! E>LY ,GREEKS1 ,BUDDHA1 & ,SOCRATES1 D[N TO ,PASCAL1 ,SP9OZA1 ,FI*TE1 ,FEU]BA*1 & ALL O!RS1 (T5 UNNOTIC$ & UNKN[N1 :O1 TAK+ NO TEA*+S ON M]E TRU/1 HAVE TAU<T US1 & SPOK5 TO US ) S9C]ITY1 AB\T ! MEAN+ ( LIFE0 #g2 BECAUSE IT GIVES 0AN EXPLANATION ( ! MEAN+ ( LIFE0 & 0A SOLUTION ( ?IS CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! ASPIRATION AFT] WELF>E & LIFE1 & ! CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR BE+ UNATTA9ABLE0 7,*R4 ,TEA*4 8 #a#c7 -0BETWE5 ! DESIRE = HAPP9ESS & LIFE ON ! ONE H&1 & ! 9CREAS+LY CLE> P]CEPTION ( ! C]TA9TY ( CALAMITY & DEA? ON ! O!R0 7IBID41 8 #a74 

,AS TO ! DOGMATIC & MY/ICAL ELEM5TS ( ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* HE TREATS AS M]E ADDITIONS TO ! REAL TEA*+ ( ,*RI/1 HE CONSID]S !M SO NOXI\S ?AT EV5 HE MAKES ! FOLL[+ REM>K3 ,IT IS T]RIBLE TO SAY SO 7BUT SOMETIMES ,I HAVE ?IS ?\<T7 IF ! TEA*+ ( ,*RI/1 TOGE!R ) ! TEA*+ ( ! ,*UR* ?AT HAS GR[N UPON IT1 DID NOT EXI/ AT ALL-?OSE :O N[ CALL !MSELVES ,*RI/IANS W\LD HAVE BE5 NE>] TO ! TEA*+S ( ,*RI/-?AT IS1 TO AN 9TELLIG5T TEA*+ AB\T ! GOOD ( LIFE-?AN !Y >E N[4 ,! MORAL TEA*+S ( ALL ! PROPHETS ( MANK9D W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 CLOS$ = !M40 #h 

,PUTT+ ASIDE ALL ! MY/ICAL & METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTIONS :I* HAVE BE5 9T]WOV5 ) ,*RI/IANITY1 HE CONC5TRATES HIS MA9 ATT5TION UPON ! MORAL ASPECTS ( ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*+4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL MEANS-HE SAYS-BY :I* M5 >E PREV5T$ FROM LIV+ A LIFE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS TEA*+ IS 0RELIGI\S DECEPTION40 0,HUMANITY MOVES SL[LY BUT UNCEAS+LY ONW>D1 T[>DS AN EV] HI<] DEVELOPM5T ( CONSCI\SNESS ( ! TRUE MEAN+ ( LIFE1 & T[>DS ! ORGANIZATION ( LIFE 9 CON=MITY ) ?IS DEVELOPM5T ( CONSCI\SNESS20 BUT 9 ?IS ASC5DANT M>* ALL M5 DO NOT MOVE AT AN EQUAL PACE1 & 0! LESS S5SITIVE CONT9UE TO ADH]E TO ! PREVI\S UND]/&+ & ORD] ( LIFE1 & TRY TO UPHOLD IT40 ,?IS !Y A*IEVE MA9LY BY MEANS ( ! RELIGI\S DECEPTION :I* CONSI/S 09 ! 9T5TIONAL CONFUSION ( FAI? ) SUP]/ITION1 & ! SUB/ITUTION ( ! ONE = ! O!R40 7,*R4 ,TEA*41 8 8 #a#h#a1 #a#h47 ,! ONLY MEANS TO FREE ONE'S SELF FROM ?IS DECEPTION IS-HE SAYS-0TO UND]/& & TO REMEMB] ?AT ! ONLY 9/RUM5T :I* MAN POSSESSES = ! ACQUISITION ( KN[L$GE IS REASON1 & ?AT !RE=E EV]Y TEA*+ :I* AFFIRMS ?AT :I* IS CONTR>Y TO REASON IS A DELUSION40 ,ALTOGE!R1 ,TOL/OY IS ESPECIALLY EMPHATIC UPON ?IS PO9T ( ! IMPORTANCE ( REASON4 7,SEE ,! ,*RI/IAN ,TEA*+1 88 #b#f1 #b#a#d47 

,ANO!R GREAT OB/ACLE TO ! SPREAD+ ( ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*+ HE SEES 9 ! CURR5T BELIEF 9 ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L-SU* AS IT IS UND]/OOD N[4 7,MY ,BELIEF1 P4 #acd ( ,T*]TK(F'S ,RUSS4 $47 ,9 ?IS =M HE REPUDIATES IT2 BUT WE CAN-HE SAYS GIVE A DEEP] MEAN+ TO \R LIFE BY MAK+ IT TO BE A S]VICE TO M5-TO MANK9D-BY M]G+ \R LIFE 9TO ! LIFE ( ! UNIV]SE2 & AL?\< ?IS IDEA MAY SEEM LESS ATTRACTIVE ?AN ! IDEA ( 9DIVIDUAL IMMORTALITY1 ?\< LITTLE1 IT IS SURE40 7,*R4 ,TEA*+47 

,9 SPEAK+ ( ,GOD HE TAKES SOMETIMES A PAN!I/IC POSITION1 & DESCRIBES ,GOD AS ,LIFE1 OR AS ,LOVE1 OR ELSE AS ! ,IDEAL :I* MAN IS CONSCI\S ( 9 HIMSELF 7,?\<TS AB\T ,GOD1 COLLECT$ BY ,V4 & ,A4 ,T*]TK(F72 BUT 9 HIS LA/ WORK 7,*RI/IAN ,TEA*+1 *4 ,V,I,I4 & ,V,I,I,I47 HE PREF]S TO ID5TIFY ,GOD ) 0! UNIV]SAL DESIRE = WELF>E :I* IS ! S\RCE ( ALL LIFE40 0,SO ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO !1 ,*RI/IAN TEA*+1 ,GOD IS ?AT ,ESS5CE ( LIFE :I* MAN RECOGNIZES BO? )9 HIMSELF & 9 ! :OLE UNIV]SE AS ! DESIRE = WELF>E2 IT BE+ AT ! SAME TIME ! CAUSE BY :I* ?IS ,ESS5CE IS 5CLOS$ & CONDITION$ 9 9DIVIDUAL & CORPORAL LIFE0 78#c#f74 ,EV]Y REASON+ MAN-,TOL/OY ADDS-COMES TO A SIMIL> CONCLUSION4 ,A DESIRE = UNIV]SAL WELF>E APPE>S 9 EV]Y REASON+ MAN1 AFT] HIS RATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS HAS BE5 AWAK5$ AT A C]TA9 AGE2 & 9 ! WORLD >\ND ,MAN ! SAME DESIRE IS MANIFE/ 9 ALL SEP>ATE BE+S1 EA* ( :OM /RIVES = HIS [N WELF>E 78#c#g74 ,!SE TWO DESIRES 0CONV]GE T[>DS ONE DI/9CT PURPOSE-DEF9ITE1 ATTA9ABLE1 & JOYFUL = MAN40 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE CONCLUDES1 ,OBS]VATION1 ,TRADITION 7RELIGI\S71 & ,REASON1 ALL ?REE1 %[ HIM 0?AT ! GREATE/ WELF>E ( MAN1 T[>DS :I* ALL M5 ASPIRE1 CAN ONLY BE OBTA9$ BY P]FECT UNION & CONCORD AMONG M540 ,ALL ?REE %[ ?AT ! IMM$IATE WORK ( ! WORLD'S DEVELOPM5T1 9 :I* HE IS CALL$ UPON TO TAKE P>T1 IS 0! SUB/ITUTION ( UNION & H>MONY = DIVISION & DISCORD40 0,! 9N] T5D5CY ( ?AT SPIRITUAL BE+-LOVE -:I* IS 9 ! PROCESS ( BIR? )9 HIM1 IMPELS HIM 9 ! SAME DIRECTION40 

,UNION & H>MONY1 & /EADY1 REL5TLESS EF=T TO PROMOTE !M1 :I* MEANS NOT ONLY ALL ! WORK REQUIR$ = SUPPORT+ ONE'S LIFE1 BUT WORK ALSO = 9CREAS+ UNIV]SAL WELF>E-!SE >E1 !N1 ! TWO F9AL ACCORDS 9 :I* ALL ! DISCORDS1 ALL ! /ORMS1 :I* = MORE ?AN TW5TY YE>S HAD RAG$ 9 ! DI/RAU<T M9D ( ! GREAT >TI/1 ALL ! RELIGI\S EC/ASIES & ! RATIONALI/IC D\BTS :I* HAD AGITAT$ HIS SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE 9 ITS 9SI/5T SE>* = TRU? F9ALLY F\ND !IR SOLUTION4 ,ON ! HI<E/ METAPHYSICAL HEI<TS ! /RIV+ ( EV]Y LIV+ BE+ = ITS [N WELF>E1 :I* IS ,EGOISM & ,LOVE AT ! SAME TIME BECAUSE IT IS ,SELF-,LOVE1 & RATIONAL ,SELF-,LOVE MU/ EMBRACE ALL CONG5]S ( ! SAME SPECIES-?IS /RIV+ = 9DIVIDUAL WELF>E BY ITS V]Y NATURE T5DS TO COMPRISE ALL ?AT EXI/S4 0,IT EXP&S ITS LIMITS NATURALLY BY LOVE1 FIR/ = ONE'S FAMILY-ONE'S WIFE & *ILDR5-!N = FRI5DS1 !N = ONE'S FELL[-C\NTRYM52 BUT ,LOVE IS NOT SATISFI$ ) ?IS1 & T5DS TO EMBRACE ALL0 7IBID41 8#d#f74 

,M,A,9 ,P,O,9,T,S ,( ,! ,*,R,I,/,I,A,N ,E,?,I,C,S 

,! C5TRAL PO9T ( ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*+ ,TOL/OY SEES 9 NONRESI/ANCE4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S AFT] HIS CRISIS HE PREA*$ ABSOLUTE 0NONRESI/ANCE TO EVIL0-9 FULL CON=MITY ) ! V]BAL & DEF9ITE S5SE ( ! WORDS ( ! GOSPEL1 :I* WORDS1 TAK5 9 CONNECTION ) ! S5T5CE AB\T ! RI<T & ! LEFT *EEK1 EVID5TLY MEAN COMPLETE HUMILITY & RESIGNATION4 ,H[EV]1 HE MU/ HAVE SOON REALIZ$ ?AT SU* A TEA*+ NOT ONLY WAS NOT 9 CON=MITY ) HIS ABOVE-M5TION$ CONCEPTION ( ,GOD1 BUT ?AT IT ALSO AM\NT$ SIMPLY TO ABETT+ EVIL4 ,IT CONTA9S PRECISELY ?AT LIC5SE TO EVIL :I* ALWAYS HAS BE5 PREA*$ BY ! ,/ATE RELIGIONS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 & ,TOL/OY MU/ HAVE REALIZ$ ?IS4 ,HE TELLS US H[ HE ONCE MET 9 A TRA9 ! ,GOV]NOR ( ! ,TULA PROV9CE AT ! HEAD ( A DETA*M5T ( SOLDI]S :O W]E >M$ ) RIFLES & PROVID$ ) A C>T-LOAD ( BIR*-RODS4 ,!Y W]E GO+ TO FLOG ! PEASANTS ( A VILLAGE 9 ORD] TO 5=CE AN ACT ( %E] ROBB]Y PASS$ BY ! ,ADM9I/RATION 9 FAVOR ( ! L&LORD & 9 OP5 BREA* ( ! LAW4 ,HE DESCRIBES ) HIS WELL-KN[N GRAPHICAL P[]S H[1 9 !IR PRES5CE1 A 0,LIB]AL LADY0 OP5LY1 L\DLY & 9 /RONG T]MS CONDEMN$ ! ,GOV]NOR & ! (FIC]S1 & H[ !Y W]E A%AM$4 ,!N HE DESCRIBES H[1 :5 SU* AN EXP$ITION BEGAN ITS WORK1 ! PEASANTS1 ) TRULY ,*RI/IAN RESIGNATION1 W\LD CROSS !MSELVES ) TREMBL+ H& & LIE D[N ON ! GR\ND1 TO BE M>TYRIZ$ & FLOGG$ TILL ! HE>T ( ! VICTIM /OPP$ BEAT+1 )\T ! (FIC]S HAV+ BE5 T\*$ 9 ! LEA/ BY ?AT ,*RI/IAN HUMILITY4 ,:AT ,TOL/OY DID :5 HE MET ! EXP$ITION1 WE DON'T KN[3 HE DOES NOT TELL US4 ,HE PROBABLY REMON/RAT$ ) ! *IEFS & ADVIS$ ! SOLDI]S NOT TO OBEY !M-?AT IS1 TO REVOLT4 ,AT ANY RATE1 HE MU/ HAVE FELT ?AT A PASSIVE ATTITUDE 9 ! FACE ( ?IS EVIL-! NONRESI/ANCE TO IT-W\LD HAVE MEANT A TACIT APPROVAL ( ! EVIL2 IT W\LD HAVE MEANT GIV+ SUPPORT TO IT4 ,MOREOV]1 A PASSIVE ATTITUDE ( RESIGNATION 9 ! ACE ( EVIL IS SO CONTR>Y TO ! V]Y NATURE ( ,TOL/OY1 ?AT HE C\LD NOT REMA9 = A LONG TIME A FOLL[] ( SU* A DOCTR9E1 & HE SOON ALT]$ HIS 9T]PRETATION ( ! TEXT ( ! GOSPEL 9 ! S5SE (3 0,DON'T RESI/ EVIL BY VIOL5CE40 ,ALL HIS LAT] WRIT+S HAVE CONSEQU5TLY BE5 A PASSIONATE RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! DIFF]5T =MS ( EVIL :I* HE HAS SE5 R\ND AB\T HIMSELF 9 ! WORLD4 ,CONT9UALLY HE MAKES HIS MI<TY VOICE RES\ND AGA9/ BO? EVIL & EVIL-DO]S2 HE ONLY OBJECTS TO PHYSICAL =CE 9 RESI/+ EVIL BECAUSE HE BELIEVES ?AT WORKS H>M4 

,! O!R F\R PO9TS ( ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*+1 ALWAYS ACCORD+ TO ,TOL/OY'S 9T]PRETATION ( IT1 >E3 ,DO NOT BE ANGRY1 OR1 AT LEA/1 AB/A9 FROM ANG] AS MU* AS Y\ CAN3 ,REMA9 TRUE TO ! ONE WOMAN ) :OM Y\ HAVE UNIT$ Y\R LIFE1 & AVOID ALL ?AT EXCITES PASSION3 ,DO NOT TAKE OA?S1 :I* 9 ,TOL/OY'S OP9ION MEANS3 ,NEV] TIE Y\R H&S ) AN OA?2 OA?-TAK+ IS ! MEANS RESORT$ TO BY ALL GOV]NM5TS TO B9D M5 9 !IR CONSCI5CES TO DO :ATEV] !Y BID !M DO2 & F9ALLY1 ,LOVE Y\R 5EMIES2 OR1 AS ,TOL/OY PO9TS IT \T 9 SEV]AL ( HIS WRIT+S3 ,NEV] JUDGE1 & NEV] PROSECUTE ANO!R BE=E A TRIBUNAL4 

,TO !SE FIVE RULES ,TOL/OY GIVES ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE 9T]PRETATION & HE D$UCTS FROM !M ALL ! TEA*+S ( FREE COMMUNISM4 ,HE PROVES ) A WEAL? ( >GUM5TS ?AT TO LIVE UPON ! WORK ( O!RS1 & NOT TO E>N ONE'S [N LIV+1 IS TO BREAK ! V]Y LAW ( ALL NATURE2 IT IS ! MA9 CAUSE ( ALL SOCIAL EVILS1 AS ALSO ( NE>LY ALL P]SONAL UNHAPP9ESS & DISCOM=TS4 ,HE %[S H[ ! PRES5T CAPITALI/IC ORGANIZATION ( LABOR IS AS BAD AS SLAV]Y OR S]FDOM HAS EV] BE54 

,HE 9SI/S UPON ! SIMPLIFICATION ( LIFE-9 FOOD1 DRESS1 & DWELL+-:I* RESULTS FROM ONE'S TAK+ TO MANUAL WORK1 ESPECIALLY ON ! L&1 & %[S ! ADVANTAGES ?AT EV5 ! RI* & IDLE ( TO-DAY C\LD F9D 9 SU* LABOR4 ,HE %[S H[ ALL ! EVILS ( PRES5T MISGOV]NM5T RESULT FROM ! FACT ?AT ! V]Y M5 :O PROTE/ AGA9/ BAD GOV]NM5T MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO BECOME A P>T ( ?AT GOV]NM5T4 

,AS EMPHATICALLY AS HE PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,*UR*1 HE PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 AS ! ONLY REAL MEANS = BR++ TO AN 5D ! PRES5T SLAV]Y IMPOS$ UPON M5 BY ?IS 9/ITUTION4 ,HE ADVISES M5 TO REFUSE HAV+ ANY?+ TO DO ) ! ,/ATE4 ,& F9ALLY1 HE PROVES ) A WEAL? ( ILLU/RATIONS 9 :I* HIS >TI/IC P[]S APPE> 9 FULL1 ?AT ! LU/ ( ! RI* CLASSES = WEAL? & LUXURY-A LU/ :I* HAS NO LIMITS1 & CAN HAVE NONE-IS :AT MA9TA9S ALL ?IS SLAV]Y1 ALL !SE ABNORMAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 & ALL ! PREJUDICES & TEA*+S N[ DISSEM9AT$ BY ,*UR* & ,/ATE 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 :5EV] HE SPEAKS ( ,GOD1 OR ( IMMORTALITY1 HIS CON/ANT DESIRE IS TO %[ ?AT HE NE$S NONE ( ! MY/ICAL CONCEPTIONS & METAPHYSICAL WORDS :I* >E USUALLY RESORT$ TO4 ,& :ILE HIS LANGUAGE IS BORR[$ FROM RELIGI\S WRIT+S1 HE ALWAYS BR+S =W>D1 AGA9 & AGA91 ! RATIONALI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( RELIGI\S CONCEPTIONS4 ,HE C>EFULLY SIFTS FROM ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*+ ALL ?AT CANNOT BE ACCEPT$ BY FOLL[]S ( O!R RELIGIONS1 & BR+S 9TO RELIEF ALL ?AT IS COMMON TO ,*RI/IANITY AS WELL AS TO O!R POSITIVE RELIGIONS2 ALL ?AT IS SIMPLY HUMANE 9 !M & ?US MI<T BE APPROV$ BY REASON1 & !RE=E BE ACCEPT$ BY DISBELIEV]S AS WELL AS BY BELIEV]S4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 9 PROPORTION AS HE HAS LATELY /UDI$ ! TEA*+S ( DIFF]5T F\ND]S ( RELIGIONS & ?OSE ( MORAL PHILOSOPH]S1 HE HAS TRI$ TO DET]M9E & TO /ATE ! ELEM5TS ( A UNIV]SAL RELIGION 9 :I* ALL M5 C\LD UNITE-A RELIGION1 H[EV]1 :I* W\LD HAVE NO?+ SUP]NATURAL 9 IT1 NO?+ ?AT REASON & KN[L$GE W\LD HAVE TO REJECT1 BUT W\LD CONTA9 A MORAL GUIDANCE = ALL M5-AT :ATEV] /AGE ( 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T !Y MAY HALT4 ,HAV+ ?US BEGUN1 9 #a#h#g#e-#g#g1 BY JO9+ ! ,GREEK ,OR?ODOX RELIGION-9 ! S5SE 9 :I* ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS UND]/& IT-HE CAME F9ALLY 9 ,! ,*RI/IAN ,TEA*+ TO ! CON/RUCTION ( A ,MORAL ,PHILOSOPHY :I*1 9 HIS OP9ION1 MI<T BE ACCEPT$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN1 ! ,JEW1 ! ,MUSSULMAN1 ! ,BUDDHI/1 & SO ON1 & ! NATURALI/ PHILOSOPH] AS WELL-A RELIGION :I* W\LD RETA9 ! ONLY SUB/ANTIAL ELEM5TS ( ALL RELIGIONS3 NAMELY1 A DET]M9ATION ( ONE'S RELATION T[>DS ! UNIV]SE 7,WELTANS*AUUNG71 9 ACCORDANCE ) PRES5T KN[L$GE1 & A RECOGNITION ( ! EQUALITY ( ALL M54 

,:E!R !SE TWO ELEM5TS1 ONE ( :I* BELONGS TO ! DOMA9 ( KN[L$GE & SCI5CE & ! O!R 7JU/ICE7 TO ! DOMA9 ( E?ICS1 >E SUFFICI5T TO CON/ITUTE A RELIGION1 & NE$ NO SUB/RATUM ( MY/ICISM-IS A QUE/ION :I* LIES BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS BOOK4 

,L,A,T,E,/ ,W,O,R,K,S ,( ,>,T 

,! DI/URB$ CONDITIONS ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 & ESPECIALLY ( ,RUSSIA1 HAVE EVID5TLY MORE ?AN ONCE ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ,TOL/OY1 & 9DUC$ HIM TO PUBLI% A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( LETT]S1 PAP]S1 & APPEALS ON V>I\S SUBJECTS4 ,9 ALL ( !M HE ADVOCATES1 FIR/ ( ALL1 & ABOVE ALL1 AN ATTITUDE ( NEGATION T[>DS ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,NEV] 5T] ! S]VICE ( ! ,/ATE1 EV5 9 ! PROV9CIAL & URBAN 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* >E GRANT$ BY ! ,/ATE ONLY AS A SN>E4 ,REFUSE TO SUPPORT EXPLOITATION 9 ANY =M4 ,REFUSE TO P]=M MILIT>Y S]VICE1 :ATEV] ! CONSEQU5CES MAY BE3 = ?IS IS ! ONLY ME?OD ( BE+ TRULY ANTI-MILIT>I/4 ,NEV] HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) ,C\RTS1 EV5 IF Y\ >E (F5D$ OR ASSAIL$2-NO?+ BUT EVIL RESULTS FROM !M4 ,SU* A NEGATIVE & EM95TLY S9C]E ATTITUDE1 HE MA9TA9S1 W\LD BETT] PROMOTE ! CAUSE ( TRUE PROGRESS ?AN ANY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS4 ,AS A FIR/ /EP1 H[EV]1 T[>DS ! ABOLITION ( MOD]N SLAV]Y1 HE ALSO RECOMM5DS ! NATIONALIZATION1 OR RA!R ! MUNICIPALIZATION1 ( L&4 

,IT IS MANIFE/ ?AT ! WORKS ( >T :I* HE WROTE DUR+ ! LA/ FIVE-&-TW5TY YE>S1 AFT] #a#h#g#f1 MU/ BE> DEEP TRACES ( HIS NEW PO9T ( VIEW4 ,HE BEGAN1 FIR/1 BY WRIT+ = ! PEOPLE1 & AL?\< MO/ ( HIS SMALL /ORIES = POPUL> READ+ >E SPOIL$ TO SOME EXT5T BY ! TOO OBVI\S DESIRE ( DRAW+ A C]TA9 MORAL1 & A CONSEQU5T DI/ORTION ( FACTS1 !RE >E A FEW AMONG !M-ESPECIALLY ,H[ MU* ,L& IS REQUIR$ = A ,MAN-:I* >E WOND]FULLY >TI/IC4 ,! ,DEA? ( ,IVAN ,ILLYT* NE$ ONLY BE NAM$ TO RECALL ! PR(\ND IMPRESSION PRODUC$ BY ITS APPE>ANCE4 

,9 ORD] TO SPEAK TO A /ILL WID] AUDI5CE 9 ! !AT]S = ! PEOPLE1 :I* BEGAN TO BE />T$ 9 ,RUSSIA AB\T ?AT TIME1 HE WROTE ,! ,P[] ( ,D>KNESS1-A MO/ T]RIBLE DRAMA FROM ! LIFE ( ! PEASANTS1 9 :I* HE AIM$ AT PRODUC+ A DEEP IMPRESSION BY MEANS ( A ,%AKESPE>IAN OR RA!R ,M>L[IAN REALISM4 ,HIS O!R PLAY-,! ,FRUITS ( ,CIVILIZATION-IS 9 A COMICAL VE94 ,! SUP]/ITIONS ( ! 0UPP] CLASSES0 AS REG>DS SPIRITUALISM >E RIDICUL$ 9 IT4 ,BO? PLAYS 7! =M]-) ALT]ATIONS 9 ! F9AL SC5E7 >E PLAY$ ) SUCCESS ON ! ,RUSSIAN /AGE4 

,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT ONLY ! NOVELS & DRAMAS ( ?IS P]IOD :I* >E WORKS ( ,>T4 ,! FIVE RELIGI\S WORKS :I* HAVE BE5 NAM$ ON A PREC$+ PAGE >E ALSO WORKS ( >T 9 ! BE/ S5SE ( ! WORD1 AS !Y CONTA9 DESCRIPTIVE PAGES ( A HI< >TI/IC VALUE2 :ILE ! V]Y WAYS 9 :I* ,TOL/OY EXPLA9S ! ECONOMICAL PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALISM1 OR ! ,NO-,GOV]NM5T PR9CIPLES ( ,AN>*ISM1 >E AS MU* MA/]PIECES AS ! BE/ SOCIALI/IC & AN>*I/IC PAGES ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS-F> SURPASS+ ! LATT] 9 SIMPLICITY & >TI/IC P[]4 

,KREUTZ] ,SONATA IS SURELY1 AFT] ,ANNA ,K>59A1 ! WORK ( ,TOL/OY :I* HAS BE5 ! MO/ WIDELY READ4 ,H[EV]1 ! /RANGE !ME ( ?IS NOVEL & ! CRUSADE AGA9/ M>RIAGE ALTOGE!R :I* IT CONTA9S SO MU* ATTRACT ! ATT5TION ( ! READ] & USUALLY BECOME ! SUBJECT ( SO PASSIONATE A DISCUSSION AMONG ?OSE :O HAVE READ IT1 ?AT ! HI< >TI/IC QUALITIES ( ?IS NOVEL & ! ANALYSIS ( LIFE :I* IT CONTA9S HAVE H>DLY RECEIV$ ! RECOGNITION !Y DES]VE4 ,! MORAL TEA*+ ?AT ,TOL/OY HAS PUT 9 ,KREUTZ] ,SONATA H>DLY NE$ BE M5TION$1 ! MORE SO S9CE ! AU?OR HIMSELF HAS )DRAWN IT TO A V]Y GREAT EXT5T4 ,BUT = ! APPRECIATION ( ,TOL/OY'S WORK & = ! COMPREH5SION ( ! >TI/'S 9N] LIFE ?IS NOVEL HAS A DEEP MEAN+4 ,NO /RONG] ACCUSATION AGA9/ M>RIAGE = OR M]E \T] ATTRACTION1 )\T 9TELLECTUAL UNION OR SYMPA?Y ( PURPOSE BETWE5 HUSB& & WIFE1 HAS EV] BE5 WRITT52 & ! /RUGGLE ?AT GOES ON BETWE5 ,KOZNY%EFF & HIS WIFE IS ONE ( ! MO/ DEEPLY DRAMATIC PAGES ( M>RI$ LIFE ?AT WE POSSESS 91 ANY LIT]ATURE4 

,TOL/OY'S ,:AT IS ,>T8 IS M5TION$ 9 ,*APT] ,V,I,I,I4 ( ?IS BOOK4 ,HIS GREATE/ PRODUCTION ( ! LATE/ P]IOD IS1 H[EV]1 ,RESURRECTION4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< TO SAY ?AT ! 5]GY & Y\?FULNESS ( ! SEPTUAG5>IAN AU?OR :I* APPE> 9 ?IS NOVEL >E SIMPLY M>VEL\S4 ,ITS ABSOLUTE >TI/IC QUALITIES >E SO HI< ?AT IF ,TOL/OY HAD WRITT5 NO?+ ELSE BUT ,RESURRECTION HE W\LD HAVE BE5 RECOGNIZ$ AS ONE ( ! GREAT WRIT]S4 ,ALL ?OSE P>TS ( ! NOVEL :I* DEAL ) ,SOCIETY1 BEG9N+ ) ! LETT] ( 0,MISSIE10 & ,MISSIE H]SELF1 H] FA!R1 & SO ON1 >E ( ! SAME HI< /&>D AS ! BE/ PAGES ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,W> & ,PEACE4 ,EV]Y?+ :I* DEALS ) ! ,C\RT1 ! JURYM51 & ! PRISONS IS AGA9 ( ! SAME HI< /&>D4 ,IT MAY BE SAID1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! PR9CIPAL H]O1 ,NEKLUD(F1 IS NOT SUFFICI5TLY LIV+2 BUT ?IS IS QUITE UNAVOIDABLE = A FIGURE :I* IS MEANT TO REPRES5T1 IF NOT ! AU?OR HIMSELF1 AT LEA/ HIS IDEAS OR HIS EXP]I5CE3 ?IS IS A DRAWBACK ( ALL NOVELS CONTA9+ SO MU* ( AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL ELEM5T4 ,AS REG>DS ALL ! O!R FIGURES1 H[EV]1 ( :I* SO IMM5SE A NUMB] PASS UND] \R EYES1 EA* ( !M HAS ITS [N *>ACT] 9 /RIK+ RELIEF1 EV5 IF ! FIGURE 7LIKE ONE ( ! JUDGES OR ( ! JURYM51 OR ! DAU<T] ( A JAIL]7 APPE>S ONLY ON A S+LE PAGE1 NEV] TO REAPPE> AGA94 

,! NUMB] ( QUE/IONS :I* >E RAIS$ 9 ?IS NOVEL-SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 P>TY QUE/IONS1 & SO ON-IS SO GREAT ?AT A :OLE SOCIETY1 SU* AS IT IS1 LIV+ & ?ROBB+ ) ALL ITS PROBLEMS & CONTRADICTIONS1 APPE>S BE=E ! READ]1 & ?IS IS NOT ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIETY ONLY1 BUT ,SOCIETY ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD OV]4 ,9 FACT1 AP>T FROM ! SC5ES :I* DEAL ) ! POLITICAL PRISON]S1 ,RESURRECTION APPLIES TO ALL NATIONS4 ,IT IS ! MO/ 9T]NATIONAL ( ALL WORKS ( ,TOL/OY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! MA9 QUE/ION3 0,HAS ,SOCIETY ! RI<T TO JUDGE8 ,IS IT REASONABLE 9 MA9TA9+ A SY/EM ( TRIBUNALS & PRISONS80 ?IS T]RIBLE QUE/ION :I* ! COM+ C5TURY IS B\ND TO SOLVE1 IS SO =CIBLY IMPRESS$ UPON ! READ] ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO READ ! BOOK )\T1 AT LEA/1 CONCEIV+ S]I\S D\BTS AB\T \R SY/EM ( PUNI%M5TS4 ,CE LIVRE PES]A SUR LA CONSCI5CE DU SIECLE4 70,?IS BOOK WILL WEI< UPON ! CONSCI5CE ( ! C5TURY07 WAS ! REM>K ( A ,FR5* CRITIC1 :I* ,I HE>D REPEAT$4 ,& ( ! JU/ICE ( ?IS REM>K ,I HAVE HAD ! OPPORTUNITY ( CONV9C+ MYSELF DUR+ MY NUM]\S CONV]SATIONS 9 ,AM]ICA ) P]SONS HAV+ ANY?+ TO DO ) PRISONS4 ,! BOOK WEI<S ALREADY ON !IR CONSCI5CES4 

,! SAME REM>K APPLIES TO ! :OLE ACTIVITY ( ,TOL/OY4 ,:E!R HIS ATTEMPT AT IMPRESS+ UPON M5 ! ELEM5TS ( A UNIV]SAL RELIGION :I*-HE BELIEVES-REASON TRA9$ BY SCI5CE MI<T ACCEPT1 & :I* MAN MI<T TAKE AS GUIDANCE = HIS MORAL LIFE1 ATTA9+ AT ! SAME TIME T[>DS ! SOLUTION ( ! GREAT SOCIAL PROBLEM & ALL QUE/IONS CONNECT$ ) IT-:E!R ?IS BOLD ATTEMPT BE SUCCESSFUL OR NOT1 CAN ONLY BE DECID$ BY TIME4 ,BUT IT IS ABSOLUTELY C]TA9 ?AT NO MAN S9CE ! TIMES ( ,R\SSEAU HAS SO PR(\NDLY /IRR$ ! HUMAN CONSCI5CE AS ,TOL/OY HAS BY HIS MORAL WRIT+S4 ,HE HAS FE>LESSLY /AT$ ! MORAL ASPECTS ( ALL ! BURN+ QUE/IONS ( ! DAY1 9 A =M SO DEEPLY IMPRESSIVE ?AT :OEV] HAS READ ANY ONE ( HIS WRIT+S CAN NO LONG] =GET !SE QUE/IONS OR SET !M ASIDE2 ONE FEELS ! NECESSITY ( F9D+1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 SOME SOLUTION4 ,TOL/OY'S 9FLU5CE1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IS NOT ONE :I* MAY BE MEASUR$ BY M]E YE>S OR DECADES ( YE>S3 IT WILL LA/ LONG4 ,NOR IS IT LIMIT$ TO ONE C\NTRY ONLY4 ,9 MILLIONS ( COPIES HIS WORKS >E READ 9 ALL LANGUAGES1 APPEAL+ EQUALLY TO M5 & WOM5 ( ALL CLASSES & ALL NATIONS1 & EV]Y:]E PRODUC+ ! SAME RESULT4 ,TOL/OY IS N[ ! MO/ LOV$ MAN-! MO/ T\*+LY LOV$ MAN--9 ! WORLD4 

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S 

#a4 ,! ONLY EXCEPTION TO BE MADE IS ! SC5E ) ! TWO OLD PEOPLE 9 ,VIRG9 ,SOIL4 ,IT IS USELESS & \T ( PLACE4 ,TO HAVE 9TRODUC$ IT WAS SIMPLY 0A LIT]>Y :IM40 

#b4 ,TAK5 FROM ! EXCELL5T TRANSLATION BY ,MRS4 ,CON/ANCE ,G>NETT1 9 ,HE9EMANN'S $ITION ( ,TURGU5EFF'S WORKS4 

#c4 ,?IS HAS /RUCK MO/ CRITICS4 ,?US1 SPEAK+ ( ,W> & ,PEACE1 ,PILS>EFF WROTE3 0,! IMAGES HE HAS CREAT$ HAVE !IR [N LIFE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! 9T5TIONS ( ! AU?OR2 !Y 5T] 9TO DIRECT RELATIONS ) ! READ]S1 SPEAK = !MSELVES1 & UNAVOIDABLY BR+ ! READ] TO SU* ?\<TS & CONCLUSIONS AS ! AU?OR NEV] HAD 9 VIEW & ( :I* HE1 P]HAPS1 W\LD NOT APPROVE40 7,WORKS1 ,V#a4 ,P4 #d#b47 

#d4 ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,CRITICISM ( ,DOGMATIC ,!OLOGY & TO AN ,ANALYSIS ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,TEA*+1 OR ,CONFESSION2 ,VOL4 ,I ( ,T*]TK(F'S $ITION ( ,WORKS PROHIBIT$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,C5SOR%IP 79 ,RUSSIAN71 ,*RI/*UR*1 #a#i#b1 P4 #a#c4 

#e4 0,?AT :I* SOME PEOPLE TOLD ME1 & ( :I* ,I SOMETIMES HAD TRI$ TO P]SUADE MYSELF-NAMELY1 ?AT A MAN %\LD DESIRE HAPP9ESS1 NOT = HIMSELF ONLY1 BUT = O!RS1 HIS NEI<BORS1 & = ALL M5 AS WELL3 ?IS DID NOT SATISFY ME4 ,FIR/LY1 ,I C\LD NOT S9C]ELY DESIRE HAPP9ESS = O!RS AS MU* AS = MYSELF2 SECONDLY1 & *IEFLY1 O!RS1 9 LIKE MANN] AS MYSELF1 W]E DOOM$ TO UNHAPP9ESS & DEA?1 & !RE=E ALL MY EF=TS = O!R PEOPLE'S HAPP9ESS W]E USELESS4 ,I DESPAIR$40 ,! UND]/&+ ?AT P]SONAL HAPP9ESS IS BE/ F\ND 9 ! HAPP9ESS ( ALL DID NOT APPEAL TO HIM1 & ! V]Y /RIV+ T[>DS ! HAPP9ESS ( ALL1 & AN ADVANCE T[>DS IT1 HE ?US F\ND 9SUFFICI5T AS A PURPOSE 9 LIFE4 

#f4 ,SEE ,ANABAPTISM FROM ITS ,RISE AT ,ZWICKAU TO ITS ,FALL AT ,MUNI/]1 #a#e#b#a-#a#e#c#f1 BY ,RI*>D ,HEA? 7,BAPTI/ ,MANUALS1 #a1 #a#h#i#e74 

#g4 ,! ,*RI/IAN ,TEA*+1 ,9TRODUCTION1 P4 VI4 ,9 ANO!R SIMIL> PASSAGE HE ADDS ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS & ,LAO-TSE TO ! ABOVE-M5TION$ TEA*]S4 

#h4 ,:AT IS MY ,BELIEF1 *4 ,X1 P4 #ade ( ,T*]TK(F'S $ITION ( ,WORKS PROHIBIT$ BY ,RUSSIAN ,C5SOR%IP4 ,ON PP4 #ah & #ai ( ! LITTLE WORK1 ,:AT IS ,RELIGION & ,:AT IS ITS ,SUB/ANCE4 ,TOL/OY EXPRESSES HIMSELF EV5 MORE SEV]ELY AB\T 0,*UR* ,*RI/IANITY40 ,HE ALSO GIVES US 9 ?IS REM>KABLE LITTLE WORK HIS IDEAS AB\T ! SUB/ANCE ( RELIGION ALTOGE!R1 FROM :I* ONE CAN D$UCT ITS DESIRABLE RELATIONS TO SCI5CE1 TO SYN!TIC PHILOSOPHY1 & TO PHILOSOPHICAL E?ICS4 

7,S\RCE3 ,IDEAS & ,REALITIES 9 ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A ,KNOPF1 #a#i#a#e47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiad 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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