,*APT] #a 
,NONVIOL5CE IS ,9EFFECTIVE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,NONVIOL5CE IS ,9EFFECTIVE 

,I C\LD SP5D PL5TY ( TIME TALK+ AB\T ! FAILURES ( NONVIOL5CE4 ,9/EAD1 IT MAY BE MORE USEFUL TO TALK AB\T ! SUCCESSES ( NONVIOL5CE4 ,PACIFISM W\LD H>DLY BE ATTRACTIVE TO ITS SUPPORT]S IF ! IDEOLOGY HAD PRODUC$ NO HI/ORICAL VICTORIES4 ,TYPICAL EXAMPLES >E ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,9DIA FROM ,BRITI% COLONIAL RULE1 CAPS ON ! NUCLE> >MS RACE1 ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#fS1 & ! PEACE MOVEM5T DUR+ ! W> AGA9/ ,VIETNAM4.<#c.> ,& ?\< !Y HAVE NOT YET BE5 HAIL$ AS A VICTORY1 ! MASSIVE PROTE/S 9 #bc AGA9/ ! ,U,S 9VASION ( ,IRAQ HAVE BE5 MU* APPLAUD$ BY NONVIOL5T ACTIVI/S4.<#d.> 

,!RE IS A PATT]N TO ! HI/ORICAL MANIPULATION & :ITEWA%+ EVID5T 9 EV]Y S+LE VICTORY CLAIM$ BY NONVIOL5T ACTIVI/S4 ,! PACIFI/ POSITION REQUIRES ?AT SUCCESS MU/ BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO PACIFI/ TACTICS & PACIFI/ TACTICS ALONE1 :]EAS ! RE/ ( US BELIEVE ?AT *ANGE COMES FROM ! :OLE SPECTRUM ( TACTICS PRES5T 9 ANY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 PROVID$ !Y >E DEPLOY$ EFFECTIVELY4 ,BECAUSE NO MAJOR SOCIAL CONFLICT EXHIBITS A UNI=MITY ( TACTICS & IDEOLOGIES1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT ALL SU* CONFLICTS EXHIBIT PACIFI/ TACTICS & DECID$LY NON-PACIFI/ TACTICS1 PACIFI/S HAVE TO ]ASE ! HI/ORY ?AT DISAGREES ) !M OR1 ALT]NATELY1 BLAME !IR FAILURES ON ! CONTEMPOR>Y PRES5CE ( VIOL5T /RUGGLE4.<#e.> 

,9 ,9DIA1 ! /ORY GOES1 PEOPLE UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,G&HI BUILT UP A MASSIVE NONVIOL5T MOVEM5T OV] DECADES & 5GAG$ 9 PROTE/1 NONCOOP]ATION1 ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS1 & EXEMPL>Y HUNG] /RIKES & ACTS ( DISOB$I5CE TO MAKE ,BRITI% IMP]IALISM UNWORKABLE4 ,!Y SUFF]$ MASSACRES & RESPOND$ ) A C\PLE ( RIOTS1 BUT1 ON ! :OLE1 ! MOVEM5T WAS NONVIOL5T &1 AFT] P]SEV]+ = DECADES1 ! ,9DIAN PEOPLE WON !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 PROVID+ AN UND5IABLE HALLM>K ( PACIFI/ VICTORY4 ,! ACTUAL HI/ORY IS MORE COMPLICAT$1 9 ?AT MANY VIOL5T PRESSURES ALSO 9=M$ ! ,BRITI% DECISION TO )DRAW4 ,! ,BRITI% HAD LO/ ! ABILITY TO MA9TA9 COLONIAL P[] AFT] LOS+ MILLIONS ( TROOPS & A GREAT DEAL ( O!R RES\RCES DUR+ TWO EXTREMELY VIOL5T WORLD W>S1 ! SECOND ( :I* ESPECIALLY DEVA/AT$ ! 0MO!R C\NTRY40 ,! >M$ /RUGGLES ( ,>AB & ,JEWI% MILITANTS 9 ,PALE/9E FROM #aide TO #aidh FUR!R WEAK5$ ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE1 & PRES5T$ A CLE> ?REAT ?AT ! ,9DIANS MI<T GIVE UP CIVIL DISOB$I5CE & TAKE UP >MS 5 MASSE IF IGNOR$ = LONG 5\<2 ?IS CANNOT BE EXCLUD$ AS A FACTOR 9 ! DECISION ( ! ,BRITI% TO REL9QUI% DIRECT COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION4 

,WE REALIZE ?IS ?REAT TO BE EV5 MORE DIRECT :5 WE UND]/& ?AT ! PACIFI/ HI/ORY ( ,9DIA'S 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T IS A SELECTIVE & 9COMPLETE PICTURE-NONVIOL5CE WAS NOT UNIV]SAL 9 ,9DIA4 ,RESI/ANCE TO ,BRITI% COLONIALISM 9CLUD$ 5\< MILITANCY ?AT ! ,G&HIAN ME?OD CAN BE VIEW$ MO/ ACCURATELY AS ONE ( SEV]AL COMPET+ =MS ( POPUL> RESI/ANCE4 ,AS P>T ( A DI/URB+LY UNIV]SAL PATT]N1 PACIFI/S :ITE \T ?OSE O!R =MS ( RESI/ANCE & HELP PROPAGATE ! FALSE HI/ORY ?AT ,G&HI & HIS DISCIPLES W]E ! LONE MAS!AD & RUDD] ( ,9DIAN RESI/ANCE4 ,IGNOR$ >E IMPORTANT MILITANT LEAD]S SU* AS ,*&RASEKH> ,AZAD1.<#f.> :O F\<T 9 >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,BRITI% COLONIZ]S1 & REVOLUTION>IES SU* AS ,BHAGAT ,S+H1 :O WON MASS SUPPORT = BOMB+S & ASSASS9ATIONS AS P>T ( A /RUGGLE TO ACCOMPLI% ! 0OV]?R[ ( BO? =EIGN & ,9DIAN CAPITALISM40.<#g.> ,! PACIFI/ HI/ORY ( ,9DIA'S /RUGGLE CANNOT MAKE ANY S5SE ( ! FACT ?AT ,SUBHAS ,*&RA ,BOSE1 ! MILITANT C&IDATE1 WAS TWICE ELECT$ PRESID5T ( ! ,9DIAN ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS1 9 #ai* & #a#i#c#i4.<#h.> ,:ILE ,G&HI WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ S+UL>LY 9FLU5TIAL & POPUL> FIGURE 9 ,9DIA'S 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE1 ! LEAD]%IP POSITION HE ASSUM$ DID NOT ALWAYS 5JOY ! CONSI/5T BACK+ ( ! MASSES4 ,G&HI LO/ SO MU* SUPPORT FROM ,9DIANS :5 HE 0CALL$ (F ! MOVEM5T0 AFT] ! #aibb RIOT ?AT :5 ! ,BRITI% LOCK$ HIM UP AFT]W>DS1 0NOT A RIPPLE ( PROTE/ >OSE 9 ,9DIA AT HIS >RE/40.<#i.> ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 HI/ORY REMEMB]S ,G&HI ABOVE ALL O!RS NOT BECAUSE HE REPRES5T$ ! UNANIM\S VOICE ( ,9DIA1 BUT BECAUSE ( ALL ! ATT5TION HE WAS GIV5 BY ! ,BRITI% PRESS & ! PROM95CE HE RECEIV$ FROM BE+ 9CLUD$ 9 IMPORTANT NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,BRITI% COLONIAL GOV]NM5T4 ,:5 WE REMEMB] ?AT HI/ORY IS WRITT5 BY ! VICTORS1 ANO!R LAY] ( ! MY? ( ,9DIAN 9DEP5D5CE COMES UNRAVEL$4 

,! SORRIE/ ASPECT ( PACIFI/S' CLAIM ?AT ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,9DIA IS A VICTORY = NONVIOL5CE IS ?AT ?IS CLAIM PLAYS DIRECTLY 9TO ! HI/ORICAL FABRICATION C>RI$ \T 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! :ITE-SUPREMACI/1 IMP]IALI/ /ATES ?AT COLONIZ$ ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?4 ,! LIB]ATION MOVEM5T 9 ,9DIA FAIL$4 ,! ,BRITI% W]E NOT =C$ TO QUIT ,9DIA4 ,RA!R1 !Y *OSE TO TRANSF] ! T]RITORY FROM DIRECT COLONIAL RULE TO NEOCOLONIAL RULE4.<#a.> ,:AT K9D ( VICTORY ALL[S ! LOS+ SIDE TO DICTATE ! TIME & MANN] ( ! VICTORS' ASC5DANCY8 ,! ,BRITI% AU?OR$ ! NEW CON/ITUTION & TURN$ P[] OV] TO H&PICK$ SUCCESSORS4 ,!Y FANN$ ! FLAMES ( RELIGI\S & E?NIC SEP>ATISM SO ?AT ,9DIA W\LD BE DIVID$ AGA9/ ITSELF1 PREV5T$ FROM GA9+ PEACE & PROSP]ITY1 & DEP5D5T ON MILIT>Y AID & O!R SUPPORT FROM ,EURO_/,AM]ICAN /ATES4 ,9DIA IS /ILL EXPLOIT$ BY ,EURO_/ ,AM]ICAN CORPORATIONS 7?\< SEV]AL NEW ,9DIAN CORPORATIONS1 MO/LY SUBSIDI>IES1 HAVE JO9$ 9 ! PILLAG+71 & /ILL PROVIDES RES\RCES & M>KETS = ! IMP]IALI/ /ATES4.<#a#a.> ,9 MANY WAYS ! POV]TY ( ITS PEOPLE HAS DEEP5$ & ! EXPLOITATION HAS BECOME MORE EFFICI5T4 ,9DEP5D5CE FROM COLONIAL RULE HAS GIV5 ,9DIA MORE AUTONOMY 9 A FEW >EAS1 & IT HAS C]TA9LY ALL[$ A H&FUL ( ,9DIANS TO SIT 9 ! SEATS ( P[]1 BUT ! EXPLOITATION & COMMODIFICATION ( ! COMMONS HAVE DEEP5$4 ,MOREOV]1 ,9DIA LO/ A CLE> OPPORTUNITY = MEAN+FUL LIB]ATION FROM AN EASILY RECOGNIZABLE =EIGN OPPRESSOR4 ,ANY LIB]ATION MOVEM5T N[ W\LD HAVE TO GO UP AGA9/ ! CONF\ND+ DYNAMICS ( NATIONALISM & E?NIC_/RELIGI\S RIVALRY 9 ORD] TO ABOLI% A DOME/IC CAPITALISM & GOV]NM5T ?AT >E F> MORE DEVELOP$4 ,ON BALANCE1 ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T PROVES TO HAVE FAIL$4 

,! CLAIM ( A PACIFI/ VICTORY 9 CAPP+ ! NUCLE> >MS RACE IS SOME:AT BIZ>RE4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! MOVEM5T WAS NOT EXCLUSIVELY NONVIOL5T2 IT 9CLUD$ GR\PS ?AT C>RI$ \T A NUMB] ( BOMB+S & O!R ACTS ( SABOTAGE OR GU]RILLA W>F>E4.<#a#b.> ,&1 AGA91 ! VICTORY IS A DUBI\S ONE4 ,! MU*-IGNOR$ NONPROLIF]ATION TREATIES ONLY CAME AFT] ! >MS RACE HAD ALREADY BE5 WON1 ) ! ,U,S AS UNDISPUT$ NUCLE> HEGEMON 9 POSSESSION ( MORE NUCLE> WEAPONS ?AN WAS EV5 PRACTICAL OR USEFUL4 ,& IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT PROLIF]ATION CONT9UES AS NE$$1 CURR5TLY 9 ! =M ( TACTICAL NUKE DEVELOPM5T & A NEW WAVE ( PROPOS$ NUCLE> P[] FACILITIES4 ,REALLY1 ! 5TIRE ISSUE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 SETTL$ MORE AS A MATT] ( 9T]NAL POLICY )9 ! GOV]NM5T ?AN AS A CONFLICT BETWE5 A SOCIAL MOVEM5T & A GOV]NM5T4 ,*]NOBYL & SEV]AL NE> MELTD[NS 9 ! ,U,S %[$ ?AT NUCLE> 5]GY 7A NECESS>Y COMPON5T ( NUCLE> >MS DEVELOPM5T7 WAS SOME?+ ( A LIABILITY1 & IT DOESN'T TAKE A PROTE/] TO QUE/ION ! USEFULNESS1 EV5 TO A GOV]NM5T B5T ON CONQU]+ ! WORLD1 ( DIV]T+ /AGG]+ RES\RCES T[>D NUCLE> PROLIF]ATION :5 Y\ ALREADY HAVE 5\< BOMBS TO BL[ UP ! 5TIRE PLANET1 & EV]Y S+LE W> & COV]T ACTION S9CE #aide HAS BE5 F\<T ) O!R TE*NOLOGIES4 

,! ,U,S CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT EPISODES 9 ! PACIFI/ HI/ORY4 ,ACROSS ! WORLD1 PEOPLE SEE IT AS AN EXAMPLE ( NONVIOL5T VICTORY4 ,BUT1 LIKE ! O!R EXAMPLES DISCUSS$ H]E1 IT WAS NEI!R A VICTORY NOR NONVIOL5T4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS SUCCESSFUL 9 5D+ DE JURE SEGREGATION & EXP&+ ! M9USCULE BLACK PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 BUT !SE W]E NOT ! ONLY DEM&S ( ! MAJORITY ( MOVEM5T P>TICIPANTS4.<#a#c.> ,!Y WANT$ FULL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 & MANY ALSO WANT$ BLACK LIB]ATION 9 ! =M ( BLACK NATIONALISM1 BLACK 9T]-COMMUNALISM1 OR SOME O!R 9DEP5D5CE FROM :ITE IMP]IALISM4 ,NONE ( !SE DEM&S W]E MET -- NOT EQUALITY1 & C]TA9LY NOT LIB]ATION4 

,PEOPLE ( COLOR /ILL HAVE L[] AV]AGE 9COMES1 POOR] ACCESS TO H\S+ & HEAL? C>E1 & POOR] HEAL? ?AN :ITE PEOPLE4 ,DE FACTO SEGREGATION /ILL EXI/S4.<#a#d.> ,POLITICAL EQUALITY IS ALSO LACK+4 ,MILLIONS ( VOT]S1 MO/ ( !M BLACK1 >E DIS5FRAN*IZ$ :5 IT IS CONV5I5T TO RUL+ 9T]E/S1 & ONLY F\R BLACK S5ATORS HAVE S]V$ S9CE ,RECON/RUCTION4.<#a#e.> ,O!R RACES HAVE ALSO BE5 MISS$ BY ! MY?ICAL FRUITS ( CIVIL RI<TS4 ,LAT9O & ,ASIAN IMMIGRANTS >E ESPECIALLY VULN]ABLE TO ABUSE1 DEPORTATION1 D5IAL ( SOCIAL S]VICES !Y PAY TAXES =1 & TOXIC & BACKBREAK+ LABOR 9 SWEAT%OPS OR AS MIGRANT AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S4 ,MUSLIMS & ,>ABS >E TAK+ ! BRUNT ( ! PO/-,SEPTEMB] #aa REPRESSION1 :ILE A SOCIETY ?AT HAS ANO9T$ ITSELF 0COLORBL9D0 EV9CES N>Y A TW+E ( HYPOCRISY4 ,NATIVE PEOPLES >E KEPT SO L[ ON ! SOCIOECONOMIC LADD] AS TO REMA9 9VISIBLE1 EXCEPT = ! OCCASIONAL SYMBOLIC MANIFE/ATION ( ,U,S MULTICULTURALISM -- ! /]EOTYP$ SPORT+ MASCOT OR HULA-GIRL DOLL ?AT OBSCURES ! REALITY ( ACTUAL 9DIG5\S PEOPLE4 

,! COMMON PROJECTION 7PRIM>ILY BY :ITE PROGRESSIVES1 PACIFI/S1 $UCATORS1 HI/ORIANS1 & GOV]NM5T (FICIALS7 IS ?AT ! MOVEM5T AGA9/ RACIAL OPPRESSION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS PRIM>ILY NONVIOL5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?\< PACIFI/ GR\PS SU* AS ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+ ,JR4'S ,S\!RN ,*RI/IAN ,LEAD]%IP ,CONF]5CE 7,S,C,L,C7 HAD CONSID]ABLE P[] & 9FLU5CE1 POPUL> SUPPORT )9 ! MOVEM5T1 ESPECIALLY AMONG POOR BLACK PEOPLE1 9CREAS+LY GRAVITAT$ T[>D MILITANT REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS SU* AS ! ,BLACK ,PAN!R ,P>TY4.<#a#f.> ,ACCORD+ TO A #aig ,H>RIS POLL1 #ff P]C5T ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS SAID ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,BLACK ,PAN!R ,P>TY GAVE !M PRIDE1 & #dc P]C5T SAID ! P>TY REPRES5T$ !IR [N VIEWS4.<#a#g.> ,9 FACT1 MILITANT /RUGGLE HAD LONG BE5 A P>T ( BLACK PEOPLE'S RESI/ANCE TO :ITE SUPREMACY4 ,MUMIA ,ABU-,JAMAL BOLDLY DOCUM5TS ?IS HI/ORY 9 HIS #bd BOOK1 ,WE ,WANT ,FRE$OM4 ,HE WRITES1 0,! ROOTS ( >M$ RESI/ANCE RUN DEEP 9 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY4 ,ONLY ?OSE :O IGNORE ?IS FACT SEE ! ,BLACK ,PAN!R ,P>TY AS SOMEH[ =EIGN TO \R COMMON HI/ORICAL 9H]ITANCE40.<#a#h.> ,9 REALITY1 ! NONVIOL5T SEGM5TS CANNOT BE DI/ILL$ & SEP>AT$ FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TS ( ! MOVEM5T 7?\< ALI5ATION & BAD BLOOD1 5C\RAG$ BY ! /ATE1 (T5 EXI/$ BETWE5 !M74 ,PACIFI/1 MIDDLE-CLASS BLACK ACTIVI/S1 9CLUD+ ,K+1 GOT MU* ( !IR P[] FROM ! SPECT] ( BLACK RESI/ANCE & ! PRES5CE ( >M$ BLACK REVOLUTION>IES4.<#a#i.> 

,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#f#c1 ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+ ,JR4'S ,BIRM+HAM CAMPAIGN WAS LOOK+ LIKE IT W\LD BE A REPEAT ( ! DISMALLY FAIL$ ACTION 9 ,ALBANY1 ,GEORGIA 7:]E A #i MON? CIVIL DISOB$I5CE CAMPAIGN 9 #aifa DEMON/RAT$ ! P[]LESSNESS ( NONVIOL5T PROTE/]S AGA9/ A GOV]NM5T ) SEEM+LY BOTTOMLESS JAILS1 & :]E1 ON ,JULY #b#d1 #a#i#f#b1 RIOT+ Y\? TOOK OV] :OLE BLOCKS = A NI<T & =C$ ! POLICE TO RETREAT FROM ! <ETTO1 DEMON/RAT+ ?AT A YE> AFT] ! NONVIOL5T CAMPAIGN1 BLACK PEOPLE 9 ,ALBANY /ILL /RUGGL$ AGA9/ RACISM1 BUT !Y HAD LO/ !IR PREF]5CE = NONVIOL5CE74 ,!N1 ON ,MAY #g 9 ,BIRM+HAM1 AFT] CONT9U$ POLICE VIOL5CE1 ?REE ?\S& BLACK PEOPLE BEGAN FI<T+ BACK1 PELT+ ! POLICE ) ROCKS & BOTTLES4 ,JU/ TWO DAYS LAT]1 ,BIRM+HAM -- UP UNTIL !N AN 9FLEXIBLE BA/ION ( SEGREGATION -- AGRE$ TO DESEGREGATE D[NT[N /ORES1 & ,PRESID5T ,K5N$Y BACK$ ! AGREEM5T ) F$]AL GU>ANTEES4 ,! NEXT DAY1 AFT] LOCAL :ITE SUPREMACI/S BOMB$ A BLACK HOME & A BLACK BUS9ESS1 ?\S&S ( BLACK PEOPLE RIOT$ AGA91 SEIZ+ A #i BLOCK >EA1 DE/ROY+ POLICE C>S1 9JUR+ SEV]AL COPS 79CLUD+ ! *IEF 9SPECTOR71 & BURN+ :ITE BUS9ESSES4 ,A MON? & A DAY LAT]1 ,PRESID5T ,K5N$Y WAS CALL+ = ,CONGRESS TO PASS ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,ACT1 5D+ SEV]AL YE>S ( A /RATEGY TO /ALL ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T4.<#b.> ,P]HAPS ! L>GE/ ( ! LIMIT$1 IF NOT HOLL[1 VICTORIES ( ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T CAME :5 BLACK PEOPLE DEMON/RAT$ !Y W\LD NOT REMA9 PEACEFUL =EV]4 ,FAC$ ) ! TWO ALT]NATIVES1 ! :ITE P[] /RUCTURE *OSE TO NEGOTIATE ) ! PACIFI/S1 & WE HAVE SE5 ! RESULTS4 

,! CLAIM ?AT ! ,U,S PEACE MOVEM5T 5D$ ! W> AGA9/ ,VIETNAM CONTA9S ! USUAL SET ( FLAWS4 ,! CRITICISM HAS BE5 WELL MADE BY ,W>D ,*UR*ILL & O!RS1.<#b#a.> SO ,I'LL ONLY SUMM>IZE IT4 ,) UN=GIVABLE SELF-RI<TE\SNESS1 PEACE ACTIVI/S IGNORE ?AT ?REE TO FIVE MILLION ,9DO*9ESE DI$ 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ ! ,U,S MILIT>Y2 T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,U,S TROOPS W]E KILL$ & HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S W\ND$2 O!R TROOPS DEMORALIZ$ BY ALL ! BLOOD%$ HAD BECOME HI<LY 9EFFECTIVE & REBELLI\S2.<#b#b.> & ! ,U,S WAS LOS+ POLITICAL CAPITAL 7& GO+ FISCALLY BANKRUPT7 TO A PO9T :]E PRO-W> POLITICIANS BEGAN CALL+ = A /RATEGIC )DRAWAL 7ESPECIALLY AFT] ! ,TET ,(F5SIVE PROV$ ! W> TO BE 0UNW9NABLE10 9 ! WORDS ( MANY AT ! TIME74 ,! ,U,S GOV]NM5T WAS NOT =C$ TO PULL \T BY PEACEFUL PROTE/S2 IT WAS DEFEAT$ POLITICALLY & MILIT>ILY4 ,AS EVID5CE ( ?IS1 ,*UR*ILL CITES ! VICTORY ( ,REPUBLICAN ,RI*>D ,NIXON1 & ! LACK ( EV5 AN ANTI-W> NOM9EE )9 ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 9 #a#i#f#h1 NE> ! HEI<T ( ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T4 ,ONE C\LD ALSO ADD ,NIXON'S REELECTION 9 #a#i#g#b1 AFT] F\R YE>S ( ESCALATION & G5OCIDE1 TO DEMON/RATE ! P[]LESSNESS ( ! PEACE MOVEM5T 9 0SPEAK+ TRU? TO P[]40 ,9 FACT1 ! PR9CIPL$ PEACE MOVEM5T DISSOLV$ 9 T&EM ) ! )DRAWAL ( ,U,S TROOPS 7COMPLET$ 9 #a#i#g#c74 ,! MOVEM5T WAS LESS RESPONSIVE TO HI/ORY'S L>GE/-EV] BOMB+ CAMPAIGN1 T>GET+ CIVILIANS1 :I* 9T5SIFI$ AFT] TROOP )DRAWAL1 OR ! CONT9U$ OCCUPATION ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM BY A ,U,S-TRA9$ & -F9ANC$ MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! MOVEM5T RETIR$ 7& REW>D$ ,NIXON ) REELECTION7 ONCE ,AM]ICANS1 & NOT ,VIETNAMESE1 W]E \T ( H>M'S WAY4 ,! ,U,S PEACE MOVEM5T FAIL$ TO BR+ PEACE4 ,U,S IMP]IALISM CONT9U$ UNABAT$1 & ?\< ITS *OS5 MILIT>Y /RATEGY WAS DEFEAT$ BY ! ,VIETNAMESE1 ! ,U,S /ILL ACCOMPLI%$ ITS OV]ALL POLICY OBJECTIVES 9 DUE TIME1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! FAILURE ( ! PEACE MOVEM5T TO MAKE ANY DOME/IC *ANGES4 

,SOME PACIFI/S WILL PO9T \T ! HUGE NUMB] ( 0CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTORS0 :O REFUS$ TO FI<T1 TO SALVAGE SOME SEMBLANCE ( A NONVIOL5T VICTORY4 ,BUT IT %\LD BE OBVI\S ?AT ! PROLIF]ATION ( OBJECTORS & DRAFT DODG]S CANNOT R$EEM PACIFI/ TACTICS4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 SU* A MILIT>I/IC SOCIETY1 ! LIKELIHOOD ( SOLDI]S' REFUS+ TO FI<T IS PROPORTIONAL TO !IR EXPECTATIONS ( FAC+ A VIOL5T OPPOSITION ?AT MI<T KILL OR MAIM !M4 ,)\T ! VIOL5T RESI/ANCE ( ! ,VIETNAMESE1 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO NE$ = A DRAFT2 )\T A DRAFT1 ! SELF-S]V+ NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA W\LD H>DLY HAVE EXI/$4 ,F> MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN PASSIVE CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTORS W]E ! GR[+ REBELLIONS1 ESPECIALLY BY BLACK1 ,LAT9O1 & 9DIG5\S TROOPS1 )9 ! MILIT>Y4 ,! ,U,S GOV]NM5T'S 9T5TIONAL PLAN1 9 RESPONSE TO BLACK URBAN RIOTS1 ( TAK+ UNEMPLOY$ Y\NG BLACK M5 (F ! /REETS & 9TO ! MILIT>Y1 BACKFIR$4.<#b#c.> 

,WA%+TON (FICIALS VISIT+ ,>MY BASES W]E FREAK$ \T AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( 0,BLACK MILITANT0 CULTURE4444,A/ONI%$ BRASS W\LD WAT* AS LOCAL SETTL] .<:ITE.> (FIC]S W\LD BE =C$ TO RETURN SALUTES TO ,NEW ,AFRIKANS .<BLACK SOLDI]S.> GIV+ !M ! 0,P[]0 SIGN .<RAIS$ FI/.>4444 ,NIXON HAD TO GET ! TROOPS \T ( ,VIETNAM FA/ OR RISK LOS+ HIS >MY4.<#b#d.> 

,FRAGG+1 SABOTAGE1 REFUSAL TO FI<T1 RIOT+ 9 ! /OCKADES1 & AID+ ! 5EMY1 ALL ACTIVITIES ( ,U,S SOLDI]S1 CONTRIBUT$ SIGNIFICANTLY TO ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T'S DECISION TO PULL \T GR\ND TROOPS4 ,AS ,COLONEL ,ROB]T ,D4 ,HE9L /AT$ 9 ,JUNE #a#i#g#a1 

,BY EV]Y CONCEIVABLE 9DICATOR1 \R >MY ?AT REMA9S 9 ,VIETNAM IS 9 A /ATE APPROA*+ COLLAPSE1 ) 9DIVIDUAL UNITS AVOID+ OR HAV+ REFUS$ COMBAT1 MURD]+ !IR (FIC]S & NONCOMMISSION$ (FIC]S1 DRUG-RIDD5 & DISPIRIT$ :]E NOT NE> MUT9\S4 ,ELSE:]E ?AN ,VIETNAM ! SITUATION IS NE>LY AS S]I\S4.<#b#e.> 

,! ,P5TAGON E/IMAT$ ?AT #c P]C5T ( (FIC]S & NONCOMS KILL$ 9 ,VIETNAM FROM #aifa TO #aigb W]E KILL$ 9 FRAGG+S BY !IR [N TROOPS4 ,?IS E/IMATE DOESN'T EV5 TAKE 9TO ACC\NT KILL+S BY /ABB+ OR %OOT+4 ,9 MANY 9/ANCES1 SOLDI]S 9 A UNIT POOL$ !IR MONEY TO RAISE A B\NTY = ! KILL+ ( AN UNPOPUL> (FIC]4 ,MAT!W ,R9ALDI ID5TIFIES 0WORK+ CLASS BLACKS & ,LAT9OS0 9 ! MILIT>Y1 :O DID NOT ID5TIFY ) ! 0PACIFISM-AT-ANY-PRICE TACTICS0 ( ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T ?AT HAD COME BE=E !M1 AS MAJOR ACTORS 9 ! MILITANT RESI/ANCE ?AT CRIPPL$ ! ,U,S MILIT>Y DUR+ ! ,VIETNAM ,W>4.<#b#f.> 

,& ?\< !Y W]E LESS POLITICALLY SIGNIFICANT ?AN RESI/ANCE 9 ! MILIT>Y 9 G5]AL1 BOMB+S & O!R ACTS ( VIOL5CE 9 PROTE/ ( ! W> ON :ITE COLLEGE CAMPUSES1 9CLUD+ MO/ ( ! ELITE UNIV]SITIES1 %\LD NOT BE IGNOR$ 9 FAVOR ( ! PACIFI/ :ITEWA%4 ,9 ! #a#i#f#i-#a#i#g S*OOL YE> 7,SEPTEMB] ?R\< ,MAY71 A CONS]VATIVE E/IMATE C\NTS #agd ANTI-W> BOMB+S ON CAMPUSES & AT LEA/ #g (F-CAMPUS BOMB+S & O!R VIOL5T ATTACKS T>GET+ ,R,O,T,C BUILD+S1 GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 & CORPORATE (FICES4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 #bc CAMPUS PROTE/S 9CLUD$ PHYSICAL VIOL5CE1 & #da 9CLUD$ DAMAGE TO PROP]TY4.<#b#g.> 

,9 CONCLUSION1 :AT WAS A V]Y LIMIT$ VICTORY -- ! )DRAWAL ( GR\ND TROOPS AFT] MANY YE>S ( W>F>E -- CAN BE MO/ CLE>LY ATTRIBUT$ TO TWO FACTORS3 ! SUCCESSFUL & SU/A9$ VIOL5T RESI/ANCE ( ! ,VIETNAMESE1 :I* CAUS$ ,U,S POLICY-MAK]S TO REALIZE !Y C\LD NOT W92 & ! MILITANT & (T5 LE?AL RESI/ANCE ( ! ,U,S GR\ND TROOPS !MSELVES1 :I* WAS CAUS$ BY DEMORALIZATION FROM ! EFFECTIVE VIOL5CE ( !IR 5EMY & POLITICAL MILITANCY SPREAD+ FROM ! CONTEMPORANE\S BLACK LIB]ATION MOVEM5T4 ,! DOME/IC ANTI-W> MOVEM5T CLE>LY WORRI$ ,U,S POLICY-MAK]S1.<#b#h.> BUT IT HAD C]TA9LY NOT BECOME P[]FUL 5\< ?AT WE CAN SAY IT 0=C$0 ! GOV]NM5T TO DO ANY?+1 &1 9 ANY CASE1 ITS MO/ =CEFUL ELEM5TS US$ VIOL5T PROTE/S1 BOMB+S1 & PROP]TY DE/RUCTION4 

,P]HAPS CONFUS$ BY !IR [N FALSE HI/ORY ( ! PEACE MOVEM5T DUR+ ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 ,U,S PACIFI/ ORGANIZ]S 9 ! #b#a/ C5TURY SEEM$ TO EXPECT A REPEAT ( ! VICTORY ?AT NEV] HAPP5$ 9 !IR PLANS TO /OP ! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #b#c1 AS ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T MOV$ T[>D W> ) ,IRAQ1 0WEEK5D PROTE/S WORLDWIDE BY MILLIONS ( ANTI-W> ACTIVI/S DELIV]$ A /++ REBUKE TO ,WA%+TON & ITS ALLIES4444,! UNPREC$5T$ WAVE ( DEMON/RATIONS444FUR!R CL\D$ ,U,S W> PLANS10 ACCORD+ TO AN >TICLE ON ! WEBSITE ( ! NONVIOL5T ANTI-W> GR\P ,UNIT$ = ,PEACE & ,JU/ICE4.<#b#i.> ,! >TICLE1 :I* EXULTS 9 ! 0MASSIVE DISPLAY ( PACIFI/ FEEL+10 GOES ON TO PROJECT ?AT ! 0,:ITE ,H\SE444APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 RATTL$ BY ! SURGE 9 RESI/ANCE TO ITS CALLS = QUICK MILIT>Y ACTION40 ,! PROTE/S W]E ! L>GE/ 9 HI/ORY2 EXCEPT+ A FEW M9OR SCUFFLES1 !Y W]E 5TIRELY NONVIOL5T2 & ORGANIZ]S EXT5SIVELY CELEBRAT$ !IR MASSIV5ESS & PEACEFULNESS4 ,SOME GR\PS1 LIKE ,UNIT$ = ,PEACE & ,JU/ICE1 EV5 SUGGE/$ ! PROTE/S MI<T AV]T W>4 ,( C\RSE1 !Y W]E TOTALLY WRONG1 & ! PROTE/S TOTALLY 9EFFECTIVE4 ,! 9VASION OCCURR$ AS PLANN$1 DESPITE ! MILLIONS ( PEOPLE NOM9ALLY1 PEACEFULLY1 & P[]LESSLY OPPOS$ TO IT4 ,! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T DID NO?+ TO *ANGE ! P[] RELATION%IPS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BU% RECEIV$ SUB/ANTIAL POLITICAL CAPITAL = 9VAD+ ,IRAQ1 & WAS NOT FAC$ ) A BACKLA% UNTIL ! W> & OCCUPATION EF=T BEGAN TO %[ SIGNS ( FAILURE DUE TO ! EFFECTIVE >M$ RESI/ANCE ( ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE4 ,! SO-CALL$ OPPOSITION DID NOT EV5 MANIFE/ )9 ! (FICIAL POLITICAL L&SCAPE4 ,! ONE ANTI-W> C&IDATE 9 ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1.<#c.> ,D5NIS ,KUC9I*1 WAS NEV] = A MOM5T TAK5 S]I\SLY AS A CONT5D]1 & HE & HIS SUPPORT]S EV5TUALLY FL$ !IR MORAL HI< GR\ND TO DEF] TO ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY PLAT=M'S SUPPORT = ! OCCUPATION ( ,IRAQ4 

,A GOOD CASE /UDY REG>D+ ! EFFICACY ( NONVIOL5T PROTE/ CAN BE SE5 9 ,SPA9'S 9VOLVEM5T ) ! ,U,S-L$ OCCUPATION4 ,SPA91 ) #a1#c TROOPS1 WAS ONE ( ! L>G] JUNIOR P>TN]S 9 ! 0,COALITION ( ! ,WILL+40 ,MORE ?AN ONE MILLION ,SPANI>DS PROTE/$ ! 9VASION1 & #h P]C5T ( ! ,SPANI% POPULATION WAS OPPOS$ TO IT1.<#c#a.> BUT !IR COMMITM5T TO PEACE 5D$ !RE -- !Y DID NO?+ TO ACTUALLY PREV5T ,SPANI% MILIT>Y SUPPORT = ! 9VASION & OCCUPATION4 ,BECAUSE !Y REMA9$ PASSIVE & DID NO?+ TO DISEMP[] ! LEAD]%IP1 !Y REMA9$ AS P[]LESS AS ! CITIZ5S ( ANY DEMOCRACY4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ,SPANI% PRIME M9I/] ,AZN> ABLE & ALL[$ TO GO TO W>1 HE WAS EXPECT$ BY ALL =ECA/S TO W9 REELECTION -- UNTIL ! BOMB+S4 ,ON ,M>* #a#a1 #b#d1 JU/ DAYS BE=E ! VOT+ BOO?S OP5$1 MULTIPLE BOMBS PLANT$ BY AN ,AL-,QAIDA-L9K$ CELL EXPLOD$ 9 ,MADRID TRA9 /ATIONS1 KILL+ #aia PEOPLE & 9JUR+ ?\S&S MORE4 ,DIRECTLY BECAUSE ( ?IS1 ,AZN> & HIS P>TY LO/ 9 ! POLLS1 & ! ,SOCIALI/S1 ! MAJOR P>TY ) AN ANTI-W> PLAT=M1 W]E ELECT$ 9TO P[]4.<#c#b.> ,! ,U,S-L$ COALITION %RUNK ) ! LOSS ( #a1#c ,SPANI% TROOPS1 & PROMPTLY %RUNK AGA9 AFT] ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC & ,HONDURAS ALSO PULL$ \T !IR TROOPS4 ,:]EAS MILLIONS ( PEACEFUL ACTIVI/S VOT+ 9 ! /REETS LIKE GOOD %EEP HAVE NOT WEAK5$ ! BRUTAL OCCUPATION 9 ANY MEASURABLE WAY1 A FEW DOZ5 T]RORI/S WILL+ TO SLAU<T] NONCOMBATANTS W]E ABLE TO CAUSE ! )DRAWAL ( MORE ?AN A ?\S& OCCUPATION TROOPS4 

,! ACTIONS & /ATEM5TS ( CELLS AFFILIAT$ ) ,AL ,QAIDA DO NOT SUGGE/ ?AT !Y WANT A MEAN+FUL PEACE 9 ,IRAQ1 NOR DO !Y DEMON/RATE A CONC]N = ! WELL-BE+ ( ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE 7A GREAT MANY ( :OM !Y HAVE BL[N TO BITS7 SO MU* AS A CONC]N = A P>TICUL> VISION ( H[ ,IRAQI SOCIETY %\LD BE ORGANIZ$1 A VISION ?AT IS EXTREMELY AU?ORIT>IAN1 PATRI>*AL1 & FUNDAM5TALI/4 ,&1 NO D\BT1 :AT WAS POSSIBLY AN EASY DECISION TO KILL & MAIM HUNDR$S ( UN>M$ PEOPLE1 H[EV] /RATEGICALLY NECESS>Y SU* AN ACTION MAY HAVE SEEM$1 IS CONNECT$ TO !IR AU?ORIT>IANISM & BRUTALITY1 & MO/ ( ALL TO ! CULTURE ( 9TELLECTUALISM FROM :I* MO/ T]RORI/S COME 7AL?\< ?AT IS ANO!R TOPIC 5TIRELY74 

,! MORALITY ( ! SITUATION BECOMES MORE COMPLICAT$ :5 COMP>$ TO ! MASSIVE ,U,S BOMB+ CAMPAIGN ?AT 9T5TIONALLY KILL$ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( CIVILIANS 9 ,G]MANY & ,JAPAN DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,:]EAS ?IS CAMPAIGN WAS MU* MORE BRUTAL ?AN ! ,MADRID BOMB+S1 IT IS G5]ALLY CONSID]$ ACCEPTABLE4 ,! DISCREPANCY ?AT WE MAY 5T]TA9 BETWE5 CONDEMN+ ! ,MADRID BOMB]S 7EASY7 & CONDEMN+ ! EV5 MORE BLOODY-H&$ ,AM]ICAN PILOTS 7NOT SO EASY1 P]HAPS BECAUSE AMONG !M WE MAY F9D \R [N RELATIVES -- MY GR&FA!R1 = EXAMPLE7 %\LD MAKE US QUE/ION :E!R \R CONDEMNATION ( T]RORISM REALLY HAS ANY?+ TO DO ) A RESPECT = LIFE4 ,BECAUSE WE >E NOT FI<T+ = AN AU?ORIT>IAN WORLD1 OR ONE 9 :I* BLOOD IS SPILL$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) CALCULAT$ RATIONALES1 ! ,MADRID BOMB+S DO NOT PRES5T AN EXAMPLE = ACTION1 BUT1 RA!R1 AN IMPORTANT P>ADOX4 ,DO PEOPLE :O /ICK TO PEACEFUL TACTICS ?AT HAVE NOT PROV$ EFFECTIVE 9 5D+ ! W> AGA9/ ,IRAQ REALLY C>E MORE = HUMAN LIFE ?AN ! ,MADRID T]RORI/S8 ,AFT] ALL1 MANY MORE ?AN #aia ,IRAQI CIVILIANS HAVE BE5 KILL$ = EV]Y #a1#c OCCUPATION TROOPS /ATION$ !RE4 ,IF ANYONE HAS TO DIE 7& ! ,U,S 9VASION MAKES ?IS TRAG$Y 9EVITABLE71 ,SPANI% CITIZ5S BE> MORE BLAME ?AN ,IRAQIS 7JU/ AS ,G]MAN & ,JAPANESE CITIZ5S BORE MORE BLAME ?AN O!R VICTIMS ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I74 ,SO F>1 NO ALT]NATIVES TO T]RORISM HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ )9 ! RELATIVELY VULN]ABLE BELLY ( ! BEA/ TO SUB/ANTIALLY WEAK5 ! OCCUPATION4 ,H5CE1 ! ONLY REAL RESI/ANCE IS OCCURR+ 9 ,IRAQ1 :]E ! ,U,S & ITS ALLIES >E MO/ PREP>$ TO MEET IT1 AT GREAT CO/ TO ! LIVES ( GU]RILLAS & NONCOMBATANTS4 

,SO MU* = ! VICTORIES ( PACIFISM4 

,IT W\LD ALSO HELP TO UND]/& ! EXT5T ( ! IDEA'S FAILURES4 ,A CONTROV]SIAL BUT NECESS>Y EXAMPLE IS ?AT ( ! ,HOLOCAU/4.<#c#c.> ,= MU* ( 0! DEV\R+10 MILITANT RESI/ANCE WAS ALL BUT ABS5T1 SO WE CAN MEASURE ! EFFICACY ( PACIFI/ RESI/ANCE ALONE4 ,! ,HOLOCAU/ IS ALSO ONE ( ! FEW PH5OM5A :]E VICTIM BLAM+ IS CORRECTLY SE5 AS SUPPORT OR SYMPA?Y = ! OPPRESSOR1 SO ! OCCASIONAL OPPOSITIONAL UPRIS+S CANNOT BE US$ TO JU/IFY ! REPRESSION & G5OCIDE1 AS HAPP5S ELSE:]E :5 PACIFI/S BLAME AU?ORIT>IAN VIOL5CE ON ! AUDACITY ( ! OPPRESS$ TO TAKE MILITANT DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ ?AT AU?ORITY4 ,SOME PACIFI/S HAVE BE5 SO BOLD AS TO USE EXAMPLES ( RESI/ANCE TO ! ,NAZIS1 SU* AS CIVIL DISOB$I5CE C>RI$ \T BY ! ,DANES1 TO SUGGE/ ?AT NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE CAN WORK EV5 9 ! WOR/ CONDITIONS4.<#c#d.> ,IS IT REALLY NECESS>Y TO PO9T \T ?AT ! ,DANES1 AS ,>YANS FAC$ A SOME:AT DIFF]5T SET ( CONSEQU5CES = RESI/ANCE ?AN ! ,NAZIS' PRIM>Y VICTIMS8 ,! ,HOLOCAU/ WAS ONLY 5D$ BY ! CONC]T$1 OV]:ELM+ VIOL5CE ( ! ,ALLI$ GOV]NM5TS ?AT DE/ROY$ ! ,NAZI /ATE 7?\<1 TO BE HONE/1 !Y C>$ F> MORE AB\T R$RAW+ ! MAP ( ,EUROPE ?AN AB\T SAV+ ! LIVES ( ,ROMA1 ,JEWS1 GAYS1 LEFTI/S1 ,SOVIET PRISON]S ( W>1 & O!RS2 ! ,SOVIETS T5D$ TO 0PURGE0 RESCU$ PRISON]S ( W>1 FE>+ ?AT EV5 IF !Y W]E NOT GUILTY ( DES]TION = SURR5D]+1 !IR CONTACT ) =EIGN]S 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS HAD CONTAM9AT$ !M IDEOLOGICALLY74 

,! VICTIMS ( ! ,HOLOCAU/1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT 5TIRELY PASSIVE4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( !M TOOK ACTION TO SAVE LIVES & SABOTAGE ! ,NAZI DEA? MA*9E4 ,YEHUDA ,BAU]1 :O DEALS EXCLUSIVELY ) ,JEWI% VICTIMS ( ! ,HOLOCAU/1 EMPHATICALLY DOCUM5TS ?IS RESI/ANCE4 ,UP UNTIL #a#i#d#b1 0RABBIS & O!R LEAD]S444C\NSEL$ AGA9/ TAK+ UP >MS10 BUT !Y DID NOT C\NSEL PASSIVITY2 RA!R1 0RESI/ANCE WAS NONVIOL5T40.<#c#e.> ,CLE>LY1 IT DID NOT SL[ D[N ! G5OCIDE OR WEAK5 ! ,NAZIS 9 ANY MEASURABLE WAY4 ,BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#d#b1 ,JEWS BEGAN TO RESI/ VIOL5TLY1 ?\< !RE >E /ILL MANY EXAMPLES ( NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE4 ,9 #a#i#d#c1 PEOPLE 9 ,D5M>K HELP$ MO/ ( ! C\NTRY'S SEV5 ?\S& ,JEWS ESCAPE TO NEUTRAL ,SW$54 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 ! SAME YE>1 ! GOV]NM5T1 ,*UR*1 & PEOPLE ( ,BULG>IA /OPP$ ! DEPORTATION ( ,JEWS FROM ?AT C\NTRY4.<#c#f.> ,9 BO? ( !SE CASES1 ! RESCU$ ,JEWS W]E ULTIMATELY PROTECT$ BY MILIT>Y =CE & KEPT SAFE BY ! BORD]S ( A C\NTRY NOT UND] DIRECT ,G]MAN OCCUPATION AT A TIME :5 ! W> WAS />T+ TO LOOK BLEAK = ! ,NAZIS4 7,BECAUSE ( ! VIOL5T ONSLAU<T ( ! ,SOVIETS1 ! ,NAZIS TEMPOR>ILY OV]LOOK$ ! M9OR ?W>T+ ( !IR PLANS BY ,SW$5 & ,BULG>IA47 ,9 #a#i#d#a1 ! 9HABITANTS ( A <ETTO 9 ,VILNIUS1 ,LI?UANIA1 CONDUCT$ A MASSIVE SIT-D[N :5 ! ,NAZIS & LOCAL AU?ORITIES PREP>$ TO DEPORT !M4.<#c#g.> ,?IS ACT ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE MAY HAVE DELAY$ ! DEPORTATION A %ORT :ILE1 BUT IT FAIL$ TO SAVE ANY LIVES4 

,A NUMB] ( LEAD]S ( ! ,JUD5RAT1 ! ,JEWI% ,C\NCILS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,NAZIS TO GOV]N ! <ETTOS 9 COMPLIANCE ) ,NAZI ORD]S1 ACCOMMODAT$ ! ,NAZIS 9 AN ATTEMPT NOT TO ROCK ! BOAT1 9 ! HOPE ?AT AS MANY ,JEWS AS POSSIBLE W\LD /ILL BE ALIVE AT ! 5D ( ! W>4 7,?IS IS AN APT EXAMPLE BECAUSE MANY PACIFI/S 9 ! ,U,S TODAY ALSO BELIEVE ?AT IF Y\ >E ROCK+ ! BOAT OR CAUS+ CONFLICT1 Y\ >E DO+ SOME?+ WRONG4.<#c#h.>7 ,BAU] WRITES1 0,9 ! 5D1 ! /RATEGY FAIL$1 & ?OSE :O HAD TRI$ TO USE IT DISCOV]$ ) HORROR ?AT !Y HAD BECOME ACCOMPLICES 9 ! ,NAZIS' MURD] PLAN40.<#c#i.> ,O!R ,JEWI% ,C\NCIL MEMB]S W]E BOLD]1 & OP5LY REFUS$ TO COOP]ATE ) ! ,NAZIS4 ,9 ,LVOV1 ,POL&1 ! FIR/ C\NCIL *AIRMAN REFUS$ TO COOP]ATE1 & HE WAS DULY KILL$ & REPLAC$4 ,AS ,BAU] PO9TS \T1 ! REPLACEM5TS W]E MU* MORE COMPLIANT 7?\< EV5 OB$I5CE DIDN'T SAVE !M1 AS !Y W]E ALL B\ND = ! DEA? CAMPS2 9 ! SPECIFIC EXAMPLE ( ,LVOV1 ! OB$I5T REPLACEM5T WAS KILL$ ANYWAY JU/ ON SUSPICION ( RESI/ANCE74 ,9 ,BORSZCZ[1 ,POL&1 ! C\NCIL *AIRMAN REFUS$ TO COMPLY ) ,NAZI ORD]S1 & HE WAS %IPP$ (F TO ! ,BELZEC DEA? CAMP4.<#d.> 

,O!R C\NCIL MEMB]S US$ A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS1 & !Y W]E CLE>LY MORE EFFECTIVE4 ,9 ,KOVNO1 ,LI?UANIA1 !Y PRET5D$ TO COMPLY ) ,NAZI ORD]S1 BUT W]E SECRETLY A P>T ( ! RESI/ANCE4 ,!Y SUCCESSFULLY HID *ILDR5 AB\T TO BE DEPORT$ & SMUGGL$ Y\NG M5 & WOM5 \T ( ! <ETTO SO !Y C\LD FI<T ) ! P>TIZANS4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 0BO? SECTIONS .<( ! C\NCIL.> BELONG$ TO ! UND]GR\ND & W]E 9 CON/ANT T\* ) ! RESI/]S 444& CONTRIBUT$ SIGNIFICANTLY TO ! SAV+ ( MO/ ( ! ,JEWS 9 ! C\NTRY40.<#d#a.> ,EV5 :]E !Y DID NOT P]SONALLY TAKE P>T 9 VIOL5T RESI/ANCE1 !Y MULTIPLI$ !IR EFFECTIV5ESS IMM5SELY BY SUPPORT+ ?OSE :O DID4 

,& !N !RE W]E ! URBAN GU]RILLAS & P>TIZANS :O F\<T VIOL5TLY AGA9/ ! ,NAZIS4 ,9 ,APRIL & ,MAY #a#i#d#c1 ,JEWS 9 ! ,W>SAW <ETTO ROSE UP ) SMUGGL$1 /OL51 & HOMEMADE WEAPONS4 ,SEV5 HUNDR$ Y\NG M5 & WOM5 F\<T = WEEKS1 TO ! DEA?1 TY+ UP ?\S&S ( ,NAZI TROOPS & O!R RES\RCES NE$$ ON ! COLLAPS+ ,EA/]N ,FRONT4 ,!Y KNEW !Y W\LD BE KILL$ :E!R !Y W]E PEACEFUL OR NOT4 ,BY REBELL+ VIOL5TLY1 !Y LIV$ ! LA/ FEW WEEKS ( !IR LIVES 9 FRE$OM & RESI/ANCE1 & SL[$ D[N ! ,NAZI W> MA*9E4 ,ANO!R >M$ REBELLION BROKE \T 9 ! <ETTO ( ,BIALY/OK1 ,POL&1 ON ,AUGU/ #a#f1 #a#i#d#c1 & CONT9U$ = WEEKS4 

,URBAN GU]RILLAS SU* AS A GR\P COMPOS$ ( ,JEWI% ,ZIONI/S & ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,KRAK[1 SUCCESSFULLY BLEW UP SUPPLY TRA9S & RAILROADS1 SABOTAG$ W> FACTORIES1 & ASSASS9AT$ GOV]NM5T (FICIALS4.<#d#b.> ,JEWI% & O!R P>TIZAN GR\PS ?R\<\T ,POL&1 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 ,BEL>US1 ,UKRA9E1 & ! ,BALTIC C\NTRIES ALSO C>RI$ \T ACTS ( SABOTAGE ON ,G]MAN SUPPLY L9ES & F\<T (F ,S,S TROOPS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BAU]1 0,9 EA/]N ,POL&1 ,LI?UANIA1 & ! WE/]N ,SOVIET ,UNION1 AT LEA/ #a#e1 ,JEWI% P>TIZANS F\<T 9 ! WOODS1 & AT LEA/ #e1 UN>M$ ,JEWS LIV$ !RE1 PROTECT$ ALL OR SOME ( ! TIME BY ! FI<T]S40.<#d#c.> ,9 ,POL&1 A GR\P ( P>TIZANS L$ BY ! ,BELSKY BRO!RS SAV$ MORE ?AN #a1#b ,JEWI% M51 WOM51 & *ILDR51 9 P>T BY C>RY+ \T REV5GE KILL+S AGA9/ ?OSE :O CAPTUR$ OR TURN$ 9 FUGITIVES4 ,SIMIL> P>TIZAN GR\PS 9 ,FRANCE & ,BELGIUM SABOTAG$ W> 9FRA/RUCTURE1 ASSASS9AT$ ,NAZI (FICIALS1 & HELP$ PEOPLE ESCAPE ! DEA? CAMPS4 ,A B& ( ,JEWI% ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,BELGIUM D]AIL$ A TRA9 ?AT WAS TAK+ PEOPLE TO ,AUS*WITZ1 & HELP$ SEV]AL HUNDR$ ( !M TO ESCAPE4 ,DUR+ A REBELLION AT ! ,SOBIBOR DEA? CAMPS 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#d#c1 RESI/]S KILL$ SEV]AL ,NAZI (FIC]S & ALL[$ F\R HUNDR$ ( ! SIX HUNDR$ 9MATES TO ESCAPE4.<#d#d.> ,MO/ ( !SE W]E QUICKLY KILL$1 BUT AB\T SIXTY SURVIV$ TO JO9 ! P>TIZANS4 ,TWO DAYS AFT] ! REVOLT1 ,SOBIBOR WAS CLOS$ D[N4 ,A REBELLION AT ,TREBL9KA 9 ,AUGU/ #aidc DE/ROY$ ?AT DEA? CAMP1 & IT WAS NOT REBUILT4 ,P>TICIPANTS 9 ANO!R 9SURRECTION AT ,AUS*WITZ 9 ,OCTOB] #aidd DE/ROY$ ONE ( ! CREMATORIA4.<#d#e.> ,ALL ( !SE VIOL5T UPRIS+S SL[$ D[N ! ,HOLOCAU/4 ,9 COMP>ISON1 NONVIOL5T TACTICS 7&1 = ?AT MATT]1 ! ,ALLI$ GOV]NM5TS :OSE BOMB]S C\LD EASILY HAVE REA*$ ,AUS*WITZ & O!R CAMPS7 FAIL$ TO %UT D[N OR DE/ROY A S+LE EXT]M9ATION CAMP BE=E ! 5D ( ! W>4 

,9 ! ,HOLOCAU/1 & LESS EXTREME EXAMPLES FROM ,9DIA TO ,BIRM+HAM1 NONVIOL5CE FAIL$ TO SUFFICI5TLY EMP[] ITS PRACTITION]S1 :]EAS ! USE ( A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS GOT RESULTS4 ,PUT SIMPLY1 IF A MOVEM5T IS NOT A ?REAT1 IT CANNOT *ANGE A SY/EM BAS$ ON C5TRALIZ$ CO]CION & VIOL5CE1.<#d#f.> & IF ?AT MOVEM5T DOES NOT REALIZE & EX]CISE ! P[] ?AT MAKES IT A ?REAT1 IT CANNOT DE/ROY SU* A SY/EM4 ,9 ! WORLD TODAY1 GOV]NM5TS & CORPORATIONS HOLD A NE>-TOTAL MONOPOLY ON P[]1 A MAJOR ASPECT ( :I* IS VIOL5CE4 ,UNLESS WE *ANGE ! P[] RELATION%IPS 7&1 PREF]ABLY1 DE/ROY ! 9FRA/RUCTURE & CULTURE ( C5TRALIZ$ P[] TO MAKE IMPOSSIBLE ! SUBJUGATION ( ! MANY TO ! FEW71 ?OSE :O CURR5TLY B5EFIT FROM ! UBIQUIT\S /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 :O CONTROL ! MILIT>IES1 BANKS1 BUREAUCRACIES1 & CORPORATIONS1 WILL CONT9UE TO CALL ! %OTS4 ,! ELITE CANNOT BE P]SUAD$ BY APPEALS TO !IR CONSCI5CE4 ,9DIVIDUALS :O DO *ANGE !IR M9DS & F9D A BETT] MORALITY WILL BE FIR$1 IMPEA*$1 REPLAC$1 RECALL$1 ASSASS9AT$4 

,TIME & AGA91 PEOPLE /RUGGL+ NOT = SOME TOK5 RE=M BUT = COMPLETE LIB]ATION -- ! RECLAMATION ( CONTROL OV] \R [N LIVES & ! P[] TO NEGOTIATE \R [N RELATION%IPS ) ! PEOPLE & WORLD >\ND US -- WILL F9D ?AT NONVIOL5CE DOES NOT WORK1 ?AT WE FACE A SELF-P]PETUAT+ P[] /RUCTURE ?AT IS IMMUNE TO APPEALS TO CONSCI5CE & /RONG 5\< TO PL[ OV] ! DISOB$I5T & UNCOOP]ATIVE4 ,WE MU/ RECLAIM HI/ORIES ( RESI/ANCE TO UND]/& :Y WE HAVE FAIL$ 9 ! PA/ & H[ EXACTLY WE A*IEV$ ! LIMIT$ SUCCESSES WE DID4 ,WE MU/ ALSO ACCEPT ?AT ALL SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 EXCEPT ?OSE C>RI$ \T BY A COMPLETELY PACIFI$ & ?US 9EFFECTIVE PEOPLE1 9CLUDE A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS4 ,REALIZ+ ?AT NONVIOL5CE HAS NEV] ACTUALLY PRODUC$ HI/ORICAL VICTORIES T[>D REVOLUTION>Y GOALS OP5S ! DOOR TO CONSID]+ O!R S]I\S FAULTS ( NONVIOL5CE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/