,*APT] #i 
,MAKHNOVI/ ,PACT ,) ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T4 ,?IRD ,BOL%EVIK ,ASSAULT 

#aibcaibc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,>%9OV 

,TEXT 3 

,DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S MORE ?AN ONCE ATTEMPT$ TO 5GAGE 9 BATTLE AGA9/ ,WRANGEL4 ,ON TWO OCCASIONS !Y HAD MILIT>Y 5C\NT]S ) HIS TROOPS1 BUT EA* TIME ! ,R$ TROOPS /RUCK ! ,MAKHNOVI/S FROM BEH9D1 & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD TO AB&ON ! FIR+ L9E & RETREAT4 ,! ,SOVIET ,AU?ORITIES DID NOT /OP SL&]+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,?R\<\T ! ,UKRA9E1 ,SOVIET NEWSPAP]S SPREAD ! FALSE NEWS ( AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,MAKHNO & ,WRANGEL4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b1 ! ,PL5IPOT5TI>Y ( ! ,KH>'KOV ,GOV]NM5T1 ,YAKOVLEV1 DECL>$ AT ! ,PL5>Y ,SESSION ( ! ,EKAT]9OSLAV ,SOVIET1 ?AT ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES HAD WRITT5 PRO( ( ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,MAKHNO & ,WRANGEL4 ,?IS WAS OBVI\SLY AN 9T5TIONAL LIE4 ,! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES MADE USE ( ?IS TACTIC 9 ORD] TO MISLEAD ! MASSES ( WORK]S :O1 DI/URB$ BY ,WRANGEL'S SUCCESSES & ! ,R$ ,>MY'S RETREAT1 BEGAN TO LOOK T[>D ,MAKHNO & TO 9VOKE HIS NAME MORE FREQU5TLY4 

,NO ONE AMONG ! WORK]S & PEASANTS BELIEV$ ! ,BOL%EVIK LIES AB\T AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,MAKHNO & ,WRANGEL4 ,! PEOPLE KNEW ,MAKHNO TOO WELL1 & !Y W]E ALSO FAMILI> ) ,BOL%EVIK ME?ODS4 ,BUT IT WAS ,WRANGEL :O 9 ! 5D BELIEV$ ! FABLE REPEAT$ DAILY BY ! ,SOVIET PRESS3 ! FACT ?AT ,WRANGEL P]SONALLY S5T A MESS5G] TO ,MAKHNO CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ BY ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SOVIET PRESS1 UNLESS IT WAS SIMPLY ! RESULT ( ,G5]AL ,WRANGEL'S ABYSMAL IGNORANCE4 ,P]HAPS IT WAS M]ELY AN ATTEMPT BY ! G5]AL TO EXPLORE ! T]RA94 

,WE CITE ! FOLL[+ DOCUM5T3  
  

,PROCE$+S ( ! SESSION ( ! ,COMM&+ ,/AFF ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T 7,MAKHNOVI/7 ,>MY1 HELD AT ,VREM'EVKA1 DI/RICT ( ,M>IUPOL'1 ON ,JULY #i1 #a#i#b4 

,P>AGRAPH #d4 ,MESSAGE FROM ,G5]AL ,WRANGEL4 

,T[>D ! 5D ( ! SESSION1 A MESS5G] FROM ,G5]AL ,WRANGEL WAS BR\<T BE=E ! /AFF2 HE PRES5T$ ! FOLL[+ LETT]3 

0,TO ! ,ATAMAN ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y TROOPS1 ,MAKHNO4 

0,! ,RUSSIAN ,>MY MAKES W> EXCLUSIVELY AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ORD] TO DELIV] ! PEOPLE FROM ! ,COMMUNES & ,COMMISS>S & TO GU>ANTEE ! WORK+ PEASANTS ! FRUITS ( ! L& :I* BELONG$ TO ! ,/ATE1 TO L>GE L&[N]S1 & O!RS4 ,?IS MEASURE HAS ALREADY BE5 PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 

0,! ,RUSSIAN SOLDI]S & (FIC]S >E FI<T+ = ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE & = !IR HAPP9ESS4 ,ALL ?OSE :O >E ) ! PEOPLE %\LD JO9 US4 ,?IS IS :Y Y\ MU/ N[ EX]T ALL Y\R =CES AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ATTACK !IR RE>GU>D1 DE/ROY !IR MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 & GIVE US Y\R ASSI/ANCE 9 WIP+ \T ,TROTSKY'S TROOPS4 ,\R HI< COMM& WILL ASSI/ Y\ ) >MAM5TS1 SUPPLIES & ALSO SPECIALI/S4 ,S5D Y\R DELEGATE TO \R ,/AFF ) 9=MATION AB\T Y\R P>TICUL> NE$S & TO COORD9ATE \R MILIT>Y ACTIVITIES4  
  

07,SIGN$7 

,*IEF ( ,/AFF ( ! ,COMM& ( ! ,>M$ ,=CES ( ,S\!RN ,RUSSIA1 ,LT4-,G54 ,%ATILOV2 

,QU>T]MA/]-,G5]AL ( ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF1 ,MAJOR-,G5]AL ,KONOVALETS4 

,MELITOPOL'1 ,JUNE #a#h1 #a#i#b40  
  
  

,! MESS5G]1 ,IVAN ,MIKHAILOV1 #bh YE>S OLD1 SAID ?AT HE HAD RECEIV$ ! LETT] FROM ,SLA%*EV'S ADJUTANT1 ) 9/RUCTIONS TO DELIV] IT TO ,BATKO ,MAKHNO1 & ?AT 9 HIS CAMP EV]YONE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ,MAKHNO WAS WORK+ TOGE!R ) ,WRANGEL4  
  

,POPOV3.<#b#a.> 0,WE HAVE ONLY TODAY S5T AN APPROPRIATE ANSW] TO ! ,R$S4 ,WE MU/ N[ ANSW] ! ,:ITE OPPRESSORS40 

,MAKHNO3 0,! ONLY ANSW] WE CAN GIVE TO SU* VILE (F]S IS ! FOLL[+3 ANY DELEGATE S5T FROM ,WRANGEL1 OR FROM ANYONE ON ! RI<T1 %\LD BE EXECUT$ ON ! SPOT1 & NO ANSW] WILL BE GIV540 

,IT WAS UNANIM\SLY DECID$ TO EXECUTE ,WRANGEL'S DELEGATE & TO HAVE ! ,C\NCIL PUBLI% ! LETT] RECEIV$ AS WELL AS ! ANSW]4  
  

,WRANGEL'S MESS5G] WAS IMM$IATELY EXECUT$4 ,?IS 5TIRE 9CID5T WAS REPORT$ 9 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ PRESS4 ,ALL ?IS WAS P]FECTLY CLE> TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,!Y NEV]!LESS CONT9U$ %AMELESSLY TO TRUMPET ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,MAKHNO & ,WRANGEL4 ,IT WAS ONLY AFT] A MILIT>Y-POLITICAL AGREEM5T HAD BE5 CONCLUD$ BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,SOVIET P[] ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,W> ANN\NC$ ?AT !RE HAD NEV] BE5 AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,MAKHNO & ,WRANGEL1 ?AT E>LI] ,SOVIET ASS]TIONS TO ?IS EFFECT W]E AN ]ROR CAUS$ BY FAULTY 9=MATION1 & ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD EXECUT$ DELEGATES S5T BY ,WRANGEL1 )\T 5T]+ 9TO ANY NEGOTIATIONS ) !M4 7,SEE ! DECL>ATIONS MADE BY ! ,*IEF ,COMMISS> ( ,W>1 5TITL$ 0,MAKHNO & ,WRANGEL10 9 ,PROLET> & O!R ,KH>'KOV NEWSPAP]S1 AB\T ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#i#b47 ,?IS ANN\NCEM5T1 9 :I* ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES ADMITT$ !IR [N LIES1 WAS OBVI\SLY NOT MADE BECAUSE ( ! DESIRE TO TELL ! TRU?1 BUT ONLY BECAUSE ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E OBLIG$ TO ADMIT ! TRU?1 HAV+ JU/ CONCLUD$ A MILIT>Y-POLITICAL AGREEM5T ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,9 MID-SUMM]1 #a#i#b1 ,WRANGEL BEGAN TO GA9 ! UPP] H&4 ,HE ADVANC$ SL[LY BUT SY/EMATICALLY1 & BEGAN TO ?REAT5 ! 5TIRE ,DONETS ,BAS94 ,9 VIEW ( ! EV5TS AT ! ,POLI% FRONT1,WRANGEL REPRES5T$ A S]I\S ?REAT TO ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION1 & AT ONE PO9T ?IS ?REAT GREW TO 5ORM\S PROPORTIONS4 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/S C\LD NOT REMA9 9DIFF]5T TO ,WRANGEL'S ADVANCE4 ,IT WAS CLE> TO !M ?AT !Y HAD TO FI<T HIM )\T DELAY1 )\T ALL[+ HIM TIME TO CONSOLIDATE HIS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,EV]Y?+ DONE TO DE/ROY HIM W\LD 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS B5EFIT ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT :AT WAS TO BE DONE AB\T ! ,COMMUNI/S8 ,!IR DICTATOR%IP WAS AS EVIL & AS HO/ILE TO ! FRE$OM ( ! WORK]S AS ,WRANGEL'S4 ,H[EV]1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/S & ,WRANGEL WAS ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! MASSES ) FAI? 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !SE MASSES W]E CYNICALLY MISL$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O EXPLOIT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM ( ! WORK]S 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ,BOL%EVIK P[]4 ,NEV]!LESS ! MASSES !MSELVES1 ANTAGONI/IC TO ,WRANGEL1 BELIEV$ 9 ! REVOLUTION1 & ?IS FACT WAS V]Y IMPORTANT4 ,AT A CONF]5CE ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5TS & ! ,>MY ,/AFF1 IT WAS DECID$ TO CONC5TRATE ON ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,WRANGEL4 ,IT WAS !N UP TO ! MASS ( 9SURG5TS TO MAKE ! F9AL DECISION & SETTLE ! QUE/ION4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ASSEMBLY1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ,WRANGEL W\LD HAVE IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CES4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT W\LD ELIM9ATE A ?REAT TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,SECONDLY1 ALL ( ,RUSSIA W\LD BE FRE$ FROM ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y B>RAGE FROM :I* IT HAD SUFF]$ DUR+ ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y YE>S4 ,! MASS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS URG5TLY NE$$ AN 5D TO ALL !SE W>S4 ,?IS W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE = !M TO LOOK AB\T CALMLY1 TO EVALUATE ! PA/1 TO DRAW D$UCTIONS & CONCLUSIONS1 & TO FURNI% NEW =CES TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ASSEMBLY DECID$ TO PROPOSE TO ! ,COMMUNI/S ?AT HO/ILITIES BETWE5 !M & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S BE SUSP5D$ 9 ORD] ?AT TOGE!R !Y MI<T WIPE \T ,WRANGEL4 ,9 ,JULY & ,AUGU/1 #a#i#b1 TELEGRAMS TO ?IS EFFECT W]E S5T TO ,MOSC[ & ,KH>'KOV 9 ! NAME ( ! ,C\NCIL & ! ,COMM&] ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY4 ,!RE WAS NO RESPONSE4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S CONT9U$ !IR W> AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 & !Y ALSO CONT9U$ !IR PREVI\S CAMPAIGN ( LIES & CALUMNIES AGA9/ !M4 ,BUT 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 :5 ,EKAT]9OSLAV WAS EVACUAT$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S1 & :5 ,WRANGEL OCCUPI$ ,B]DYANSK1 ,ALEKS&ROVSK1 ,GULYAI-,POLYE & ,S9EL'NIKOVO1 A PL5IPOT5TI>Y DELEGATION FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,COMMUNI/-,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 HEAD$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,IVANOV1 CAME TO ,/>OBEL'SK1 :]E ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E CAMP$1 TO BEG9 NEGOTIATIONS ON ! SUBJECT ( COMB9$ ACTION AGA9/ ,WRANGEL4 ,!SE NEGOTIATIONS TOOK PLACE ON ! SPOT1 9 ,/>OBEL'SK1 & IT WAS !RE ?AT A PRELIM9>Y MILIT>Y-POLITICAL AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES WAS =MULAT$4 ,! CLAUSES W]E TO BE S5T TO ,KH>'KOV TO BE (FICIALLY RATIFI$4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE1 & ALSO TO MA9TA9 SUBSEQU5T CONTACT ) ! ,BOL%EVIK /AFF ( ! S\!RN FRONT1 A ,MAKHNOVI/ MILIT>Y & POLITICAL DELEGATION HEAD$ BY ,KURIL5KO1 ,BUDANOV & ,POPOV LEFT = ,KH>'KOV4 

,BETWE5 ,OCTOB] #a? & #a#e?1 #a#i#b1 ! CLAUSES ( ! AGREEM5T W]E WORK$ \T & ADOPT$ BY ! TWO CONTRACT+ P>TIES 9 ! FOLL[+ =M3  
  

,P,R,E,L,I,M,9,>,Y ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,& ,M,I,L,I,T,>,Y ,A,G,R,E,E,M,5,T ,B,E,T,W,E,5 ,! ,S,O,V,I,E,T ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T ,( ,! ,U,K,R,A,9,E ,& ,! ,U,K,R,A,9,I,A,N ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,9,S,U,R,R,E,C,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,>,M,Y 7,M,A,K,H,N,O,V,I,/7 

,P,>,T ,I -- ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,A,G,R,E,E,M,5,T 

#a4 ,IMM$IATE RELEASE ( ALL ,MAKHNOVI/S & AN>*I/S IMPRISON$ OR 9 EXILE 9 ! T]RITORIES ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC2 CESSATION ( ALL P]SECUTIONS ( ,MAKHNOVI/S OR AN>*I/S1 EXCEPT ?OSE :O C>RY ON >M$ CONFLICT AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T4 

#b4 ,COMPLETE FRE$OM 9 ALL =MS ( PUBLIC EXPRESSION & PROPAG&A = ALL ,MAKHNOVI/S & AN>*I/S1 = !IR PR9CIPLES & IDEAS1 9 SPEE* & ! PRESS1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ANY?+ ?AT MI<T CALL = ! VIOL5T OV]?R[ ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T1 & ON CONDITION ?AT ! REQUIREM5TS ( MILIT>Y C5SOR%IP BE RESPECT$4 ,= ALL K9DS ( PUBLICATIONS1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & AN>*I/S1 AS REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T1 MAY MAKE USE ( ! TE*NICAL APP>ATUS ( ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE1 :ILE NATURALLY SUBMITT+ TO ! TE*NICAL RULES = PUBLICATION4 

#c4 ,FREE P>TICIPATION 9 ELECTIONS TO ! ,SOVIETS2 & ! RI<T ( ,MAKHNOVI/S & AN>*I/S TO BE ELECT$ !RETO4 ,FREE P>TICIPATION 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! =?COM+ ,FIF? ,PAN-,UKRA9IAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 :I* WILL TAKE PLACE NEXT ,DECEMB]4  
  

7,SIGN$7 

,BY M&ATE ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,S4,S4 ,R41 ,YA4 ,YAKOVLEV4 

,PL5IPOT5TI>IES ( ! ,C\NCIL1 & ,COMM&]S ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY 7,MAKHNOVI/73 ,KURIL5KO4 ,POPOV4  
  

,P,>,T ,I,I -- ,M,I,L,I,T,>,Y ,A,G,R,E,E,M,5,T 

#a4 ,! ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY 7,MAKHNOVI/7 WILL JO9 ! >M$ =CES ( ! ,REPUBLIC AS A P>TISAN >MY1 SUBORD9ATE1 9 REG>D TO OP]ATIONS1 TO ! SUPREME COMM& ( ! ,R$ ,>MY2 IT WILL RETA9 ITS E/ABLI%$ 9T]NAL /RUCTURE1 & DOES NOT HAVE TO ADOPT ! BASES & PR9CIPLES ( ! REGUL> ,R$ ,>MY4 

#b4 ,:ILE CROSS+ ,SOVIET T]RITORY AT ! FRONT1 OR GO+ BETWE5 FRONTS1 ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY WILL ACCEPT 9TO ITS RANKS NEI!R DETA*M5TS (1 NOR DES]T]S FROM1 ! ,R$ ,>MY4.<#b#b.> 

,REM>KS3 

A7 ,! UNITS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY AS WELL AS ISOLAT$ ,R$ SOLDI]S :O HAVE MET & JO9$ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY BEH9D ! ,WRANGEL FRONT %ALL RE5T] ! RANKS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY :5 !Y AGA9 MAKE CONTACT ) IT4 

B7 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5TS BEH9D ! ,WRANGEL FRONT1 AS WELL AS ALL M5 AT PRES5T 9 ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY1 WILL REMA9 !RE1 EV5 IF !Y W]E PREVI\SLY MOBILIZ$ BY ! ,R$ ,>MY4 

#c4 ,= ! PURPOSE ( DE/ROY+ ! COMMON 5EMY -- ! ,:ITE ,>MY -- ! ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY 7,MAKHNOVI/7 WILL 9=M ! WORK+ MASSES ?AT COLLABORATE ) IT ( ! AGREEM5T ?AT HAS BE5 CONCLUD$2 IT WILL CALL UPON ! PEOPLE TO CEASE ALL MILIT>Y ACTIONS HO/ILE TO ! ,SOVIET P[]2 = ITS P>T1 ! ,SOVIET P[] WILL IMM$IATELY PUBLI% ! CLAUSES ( ! AGREEM5T4 

#d4 ,! FAMILIES ( ! COMBATANTS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY LIV+ 9 ! T]RITORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC %ALL 5JOY ! SAME RI<TS AS ?OSE ( SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 & = ?IS PURPOSE %ALL BE SUPPLI$ BY ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,UKRA9E ) ! NECESS>Y DOCUM5TS4  
  

7,SIGN$7 

,COMM&] ( ! ,S\!RN ,FRONT1 ,FRUNZE4 

,MEMB]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,S\!RN ,FRONT3 ,BETA ,KUN1 ,GUSEV4 

,PL5IPOT5TI>Y DELEGATES ( ! ,C\NCIL1 & ,COMM&]S ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY3 ,KURIL5KO4 ,POPOV4  
  
  

,9 ADDITION TO ! ABOVE-M5TION$ ?REE CLAUSES ( ! POLITICAL AGREEM5T1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C\NCIL & ! COMM&] ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,>MY SUBMITT$ TO ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T A F\R? SPECIAL CLAUSE ( ! POLITICAL AGREEM5T3  
  

,F,\,R,? ,C,L,A,U,S,E ,( ,! ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,A,G,R,E,E,M,5,T 

,S9CE ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL PR9CIPLES ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T IS ! /RUGGLE = ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! WORK]S1 ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY 7,MAKHNOVI/7 BELIEVES IT %\LD 9SI/ ON ! FOLL[+ F\R? PO9T ( ! POLITICAL AGREEM5T3 9 ! REGION :]E ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,>MY IS OP]AT+1 ! POPULATION ( WORK]S & PEASANTS WILL CREATE ITS [N 9/ITUTIONS ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SELF-MANAGEM5T2 !SE 9/ITUTIONS WILL BE AUTONOM\S & JO9$ 9 F$]ATION1 BY MEANS ( AGREEM5TS1 ) ! GOV]NM5TAL ORGANS ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC4  
  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,UND] V>I\S PRETEXTS1 ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES CONT9UALLY PUT (F ! PUBLICATION ( ?IS AGREEM5T4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS WAS NOT A GOOD SIGN4 ,! FULL MEAN+ ( ?IS DELAY ONLY BECAME CLE> SOME TIME LAT]1 :5 ! ,SOVIET P[] UNLEA%$ A NEW & BRUTAL ASSAULT AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,WE WILL RETURN TO ?IS LAT]4 

,AW>E ( ! LACK ( S9C]ITY ( ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S DECL>$ FIRMLY ?AT AS LONG AS ! AGREEM5T WAS NOT PUBLI%$1 ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY C\LD NOT ACT ACCORD+ TO ITS CLAUSES4 ,IT WAS ONLY AFT] ?IS DIRECT PRESSURE ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T F9ALLY DECID$ TO PUBLI% ! TEXT ( ! AGREEM5T4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT PUBLI% ! 5TIRE AGREEM5T4 ,!Y FIR/ PUBLI%$ ,P>T ,I,I1 ! MILIT>Y AGREEM5T1 & A WEEK LAT] !Y PUBLI%$ ! FIR/ P>T1 ! POLITICAL AGREEM5T4 ,! REAL MEAN+ ( ! PACT WAS !REBY OBSCUR$1 & CONSEQU5TLY IT WAS NOT ACCURATELY UND]/OOD BY MO/ READ]S4 ,AS = ! F\R? CLAUSE ( ! POLITICAL AGREEM5T1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEP>AT$ IT FROM ! RE/ ( ! AGREEM5T1 CLAIM+ !Y HAD TO CONF] ) ,MOSC[ ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/ REPRES5TATIVES AGRE$ TO TREAT ?IS SUBJECT SEP>ATELY4 

,AFT] ?IS1 BETWE5 ,OCTOB] #a#e? & #b?1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY SET \T TO ATTACK ,WRANGEL4 ,! BATTLE FRONT EXT5D$ FROM ,S9EL'NIKOVO TO ,ALEKS&ROVSK1 ,POLOGI1 ,B]DYANSK2 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S ADVANC$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,P]E-KOP4 ,9 ! FIR/ BATTLES 9 ! REGION BETWE5 ,POLOGI & ,OREKHOV A L>GE GR\P ( ,WRANGEL'S TROOPS1 COMM&$ BY ,G5]AL ,DROZDOV1 WAS BEAT51 & MORE ?AN #d SOLDI]S W]E CAPTUR$4 ,?REE WEEKS LAT]1 ! REGION WAS LIB]AT$ FROM ,WRANGEL'S TROOPS4 ,BY ,NOVEMB] ! ,MAKHNOVI/S TOGE!R ) ! ,R$ ,>MY HAD ALREADY REA*$ ,P]EKOP4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO PO9T \T H]E ?AT1 AS SOON AS IT WAS KN[N ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD JO9$ ) ! ,R$S TO OPPOSE ,WRANGEL1 ! POPULATION 9 ! REGION REGA9$ ITS CONFID5CE & 5?USIASM4 ,WRANGEL WAS IRREM$IABLY DOOM$1 & HIS COMPLETE DEFEAT WAS EXPECT$ FROM ONE DAY TO ! NEXT4 

,! ROLE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 9 LIB]AT+ ! ,CRIMEA ( ,WRANGEL'S TROOPS WAS ! FOLL[+4 ,:ILE ! ,R$ ,>MY BLOCK$ ,P]EKOP1 SOME ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ TROOPS1 FOLL[+ ! ORD]S ( ! /AFF1 W5T #b MILES TO ! LEFT ( ! ,I/HMUS & SET \T OV] ! ICE ( ! ,SIVA% ,/RAIT1 :I* WAS FROZ5 AT ?IS TIME4 ,! ,CAVALRY1 COMM&$ BY ,M>-*5KO1 AN AN>*I/ PEASANT ORIG9ALLY FROM ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 W5T FIR/1 FOLL[$ BY A MA*9E-GUN REGIM5T COMM&$ BY ,KOZH94 ,! CROSS+ WAS MADE UND] VIOL5T & CONT9U\S FIRE BY ! 5EMY1 :I* CO/ MANY LIVES4 ,! COMM&]1 ,FOMA ,KOZH91 WAS S]I\SLY W\ND$ SEV]AL TIMES4 ,BUT ! BOLDNESS & P]SEV]ANCE ( ! ATTACK]S CAUS$ ,WRANGEL'S TROOPS TO TAKE FLI<T4 ,!N ANO!R ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY1 ! ,CRIMEAN1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,SIMON ,K>ETNIK1 MOV$ TO ! RI<T T[>D ,SIMF]OPOL'1 :I* !Y TOOK ON ,NOVEMB] #a#c? OR #a#d?4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,R$ ,>MY OCCUPI$ ,P]EKOP4 ,IT IS 9CONTE/ABLE ?AT1 HAV+ 5T]$ ! ,CRIMEA ACROSS ! ,SIVA%1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO ! TAK+ ( ! ,P]EKOP ,I/HMUS1 HI!RTO CONSID]$ IMPREGNABLE1 BY =C+ ,WRANGEL TO RETREAT 9TO ! 9T]IOR ( ! P59SULA 9 ORD] TO AVOID BE+ SURR\ND$ 9 ! GORGES ( ,P]EKOP4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,AFT] A LONG P]IOD ( 9CESSANT W>F>E1 ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T APPE>$ TO GIVE ! REGION SOME POSSIBILITY ( PROCE$+ 9 TRANQUILITY ) A C]TA9 AM\NT ( SOCIAL CON/RUCTION4 ,WE SAID 0SOME POSSIBILITY0 BECAUSE1 ASIDE FROM ! FACT ?AT 9 SEV]AL PLACES FI]CE W>F>E TOOK PLACE AGA9/ ,WRANGEL'S TROOPS 7,GULYAI-,POLYE1 = EXAMPLE1 *ANG$ H&S SEV]AL TIMES DUR+ ?IS P]IOD71 ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES1 DESPITE ! AGREEM5T1 MA9TA9$ A P>TIAL BLOCKADE ( ! REGION & DID ALL !Y C\LD TO P>ALYZE ! CREATIVE CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY ( ! WORK]S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ACTIVE CORE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S RESID+ 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE C>RI$ ON 5]GETIC ACTIVITY 9 ! FIELD ( SOCIAL CON/RUCTION4 ,FIR/ ( ALL !Y W]E CONC]N$ ) ! ORGANIZATION ( FREE WORK]S' ,SOVIETS :I* W]E TO BE ORGANS ( LOCAL SELF-MANAGEM5T BY ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,!SE C\NCILS W]E BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DEP5D5CE FROM ANY & ALL \TSIDE AU?ORITY1 & W]E TO BE RESPONSIBLE ONLY TO ! LOCAL WORK]S4 

,! FIR/ PRACTICAL /EP 9 ?IS DIRECTION WAS TAK5 BY ! 9HABITANTS ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,FROM ,NOVEMB] #a/ TO #b#e?1 #a#i#b1 !Y MET AT LEA/ FIVE TO SEV5 TIMES 9 ORD] TO EXAM9E ?IS QUE/ION1 & 9 ORD] TO MOVE T[>D ITS SOLUTION GRADUALLY & C>EFULLY4 ,! FREE SOVIET ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#b1 BUT IT WAS NOT A FULLY DEVELOP$ 9/ITUTION1 S9CE AS A COMPLETELY NEW PRACTICAL /EP ( ! WORK]S IT NE$$ TIME & EXP]I5CE4 ,AT ?IS SAME TIME ! ,C\NCIL ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5TS DREW UP & PUBLI%$ ! 0,FUNDAM5TAL ,/ATUTES ( ! ,FREE ,SOVIETS0 7,DRAFT74 

,! WORK]S ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE ALSO DEVOT$ A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION TO ! QUE/ION ( S*OOL+4 ,! REPEAT$ >M$ 9VASIONS HAD S]I\SLY DISRUPT$ $UCATIONAL ACTIVITY ?R\<\T ! REGION4 ,! TEA*]S1 HAV+ RECEIV$ NO REMUN]ATION = A LONG TIME1 HAD DISP]S$ TO E>N !IR LIV+ AS BE/ !Y C\LD4 ,S*OOL BUILD+S W]E AB&ON$4 ,AFT] ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES1 ! MASSES DIRECTLY CONFRONT$ ! PROBLEM ( $UCATION4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S FELT ?AT ?IS QUE/ION HAD TO BE RESOLV$ ON ! BASIS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T BY ! WORK]S4 ,$UCATIONAL ACTIVITY1 !Y SAID1 LIKE ALL O!R ACTIVITY :I* CONC]NS ! BASIC NE$S ( ! WORK]S1 IS ! TASK ( ! LOCAL WORK+ POPULATION4 ,!Y !MSELVES %\LD SUP]VISE ! PROCESS ( TEA*+ !IR *ILDR5 READ+1 WRIT+ & ! SCI5CES4 ,BUT ?IS WAS /ILL NOT ALL4 ,BY TAK+ *>GE ( ! 9/RUCTION & $UCATION ( ! Y\NG PEOPLE1 ! WORK]S PURIFY & ELEVATE ! V]Y IDEA ( S*OOL+4 ,9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE1 S*OOL BECOMES MORE ?AN A S\RCE ( KN[L$GE2 IT ALSO BECOMES A MEANS ( DEVELOP+ CONSCI\S & FREE PEOPLE SU* AS !RE \<T TO BE 9 ! FREE WORK]S' SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS :Y1 FROM ! FIR/ MOM5TS ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T1 ! S*OOL %\LD BE SEP>ATE NOT ONLY FROM ! ,*UR*1 BUT ALSO & TO ! SAME EXT5T1 FROM ! ,/ATE4 

,9SPIR$ BY ?IS IDEA1 ! PEASANTS & WORK]S ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE EAG]LY ACCEPT$ ! SEP>ATION ( S*OOLS FROM ! ,/ATE4 ,9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE !RE W]E SEV]AL SUPPORT]S & PROPON5TS ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ! FREE S*OOL AS EXPRESS$ BY ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]1 AS WELL AS !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL PROJECTS = A UNIFI$ WORK]S' S*OOL4 

,?IS NEW APPROA* TO $UCATION GAVE RISE TO A GREAT DEAL ( ACTIVITY & 5?USIASM AMONG ! 9HABITANTS ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,! MAJORITY ( PEASANTS CONC]N$ ) CULTURAL WORK TOOK P>T 9 ?IS ACTIVITY4 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 AL?\< AT ?IS TIME HE HAD A S]I\S W\ND 9 HIS LEG1 WAS ACTIVELY 9T]E/$ 9 ?IS WORK1 ATT5D$ ALL MEET+S ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE 9HABITANTS :I* DEALT ) ?IS QUE/ION1 & URG$ COMPET5T PEOPLE TO PREP>E = HIM A C\RSE ON ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( A UNIFI$ WORK]S' S*OOL4 

,9 PRACTICE ! UND]TAK+S ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE 9HABITANTS 9 ! FIELD ( $UCATION CONSI/$ ( ! FOLL[+4 ,! PEASANTS & WORK]S ( ! 5TIRE VILLAGE UND]TOOK ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! TEA*+ P]SONNEL NE$$ BY ALL ! S*OOLS ( ! VILLAGE 79 ,GULYAI-,POLYE !RE W]E SEV]AL PRIM>Y S*OOLS & TWO HI< S*OOLS74 ,A MIX$ COMMISSION COMPOS$ ( PEASANTS1 WORK]S & TEA*]S WAS CREAT$ 9 ORD] TO TAKE *>GE ( PROVID+ = ALL ! NE$S -- ECONOMIC AS WELL AS P$AGOGICAL -- ( ! S*OOL SY/EM4 ,HAV+ ACCEPT$ ! PR9CIPLE ( SEP>ATION ( S*OOLS FROM ! ,/ATE1 ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE 9HABITANTS ADOPT$ A PLAN = FREE $UCATION V]Y SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]4 ,! $UCATIONAL COMMISSION ELABORAT$ ?IS PLAN 9 DETAIL & PREP>$ A MAJOR !ORETICAL /UDY ON ! PR9CIPLES & ORGANIZATION ( ! FREE S*OOL4 7,UN=TUNATELY WE DO NOT HAVE !SE DOCUM5TS47 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 SPECIAL C\RSES W]E ORGANIZ$ = ILLIT]ATE OR SEMI-LIT]ATE 9SURG5TS4 ,PEOPLE ) MANY YE>S ( TRA9+ & EXP]I5CE W]E F\ND TO TEA* LIT]ACY TO ADULTS4 

,F9ALLY1 C\RSES 9 POLITICAL !ORY W]E ORGANIZ$ = 9SURG5TS :O W]E 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE AT ?IS TIME4 ,!IR GOAL WAS TO FURNI% ELEM5T>Y NOTIONS ( HI/ORY1 SOCIOLOGY & O!R SUBJECTS ( ?IS TYPE1 9 ORD] TO SUPPLEM5T !IR COMBAT WEAPONS ) WEAPONS ( KN[L$GE & TO PREP>E !M = A MORE PR(\ND UND]/&+ ( ! GOALS & /RATEGIES ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,!SE C\RSES W]E TAU<T BY 9SURG5T PEASANTS & WORK]S :O HAD READ A GREAT DEAL4 ,! PROGRAM 9CLUD$3 A7 POLITICAL ECONOMY2 B7 HI/ORY2 C7 !ORY & PRACTICE ( SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM2 D7 HI/ORY ( ! GREAT ,FR5* REVOLUTION 7ACCORD+ TO ,KROPOTK972 E7 HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION AT ! HE>T ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ETC4 ,PR(ESSORIAL ABILITIES AMONG ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E EXTREMELY LIMIT$2 9 SPITE ( ?IS1 DUE TO ! C>E & 9T]E/ ON ! P>T ( ! LECTUR]S AS WELL AS ! LI/5]S1 ! C\RSES W]E FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ LIVELY & S]I\S1 & PROMIS$ TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,! 9SURG5TS ALSO DEVOT$ A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION TO !AT]4 ,EV5 BE=E ! AGREEM5T ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :ILE ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY WAS =C$ TO FI<T DAILY AGA9/ ITS NUM]\S ADV]S>IES1 ! >MY ALWAYS MA9TA9$ A DRAMA SECTION COMPOS$ ( ! 9SURG5TS !MSELVES2 ?IS SECTION PRES5T$ PLAYS = ! 9SURG5TS & FREQU5TLY = PEASANTS FROM NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES1 :5EV] ! MILIT>Y SITUATION ALL[$4 

,!RE IS A FAIRLY L>GE PLAYH\SE 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,BUT PR(ESSIONAL DRAMATIC >TI/S W]E ALWAYS R>E 9 ! REGION4 ,G5]ALLY AMATEURS RECRUIT$ AMONG ! PEASANTS1 WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS1 ESPECIALLY TEA*]S & /UD5TS1 S]V$ AS ACTORS4 ,DUR+ ! CIVIL W>1 EV5 ?\< ,GULYAI-,POLYE SUFF]$ 5ORM\SLY1 ! 9HABITANTS' 9T]E/ 9 ! !AT] DID NOT DIM9I%2 ON ! CONTR>Y IT GREW4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! AGREEM5T ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :5 ! BLOCKADE ( ! REGION WAS LIFT$1 ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE PLAYH\SE FILL$ DAILY ) WORK+ PEOPLE2 PEASANTS1 9SURG5TS1 & !IR WIVES TOOK P>T 9 ! P]=MANCES1 NOT ONLY AS SPECTATORS & ACTORS1 BUT ALSO AS PLAYWRI<TS4.<#b#c.> ,! CULTURAL & $UCATIONAL SECTION ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY TOOK AN ACTIVE & DIRECT P>T 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( DRAMA 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE & 9 ! RE/ ( ! REGION4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,NO ONE AMONG ! ,MAKHNOVI/S BELIEV$ 9 EI!R ! SOLIDITY OR ! P]MAN5CE ( ! AGREEM5T ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,ON ! BASIS ( PREVI\S EXP]I5CE1 EV]YONE EXPECT$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO F9D A PRETEXT = A NEW ATTACK ON ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 ,BUT ! POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( ! TIME L$ PEOPLE TO EXPECT ! AGREEM5T TO LA/ AT LEA/ TWO OR ?REE MON?S4 ,?IS P]IOD W\LD HAVE BE5 EXTREMELY IMPORTANT = ! DISSEM9ATION ( EXT5SIVE PROPAG&A 9 ! REGION2 ! NE$ = SU* ACTIVITY WAS 5ORM\S1 & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S DEVOT$ A GREAT DEAL ( 5]GY TO IT4 ,! DEM&S ( !IR SITUATION HAD =C$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S TO AB&ON ?IS TYPE ( ACTIVITY ALMO/ COMPLETELY4 ,!Y HOP$ ?AT ON ! BASIS ( ?IS AGREEM5T !RE W\LD BE AMPLE OPPORTUNITY TO DEMON/RATE TO ! WORK]S ! ESS5CE ( ! DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ! REASON = ! VIOL5T OPPOSITION BETWE5 !M4 ,?IS WAS 9 FACT FULLY REALIZ$4 ,! F\R? CLAUSE ( ! POLITICAL AGREEM5T -- ! CLAUSE 9 :I* ! ,MAKHNOVI/S DEM&$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS RECOGNIZE ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' RI<T TO ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T -- TURN$ \T TO BE COMPLETELY UNACCEPTABLE TO ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A DEM&$ ?AT ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES *OOSE BETWE5 TWO POSSIBILITIES3 EI!R SIGN ! CLAUSE 9 QUE/ION1 OR EXPLA9 :Y !Y W]E AGA9/ IT4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S SUBMITT$ ?IS CLAUSE TO PUBLIC EVALUATION BY ! MASSES4 ,9 ,KH>'KOV1 ,MAKHNOVI/S & AN>*I/S DISCUSS$ ?IS !ME AT PUBLIC MEET+S4 ,AT ,GULYAI-,POLYE & ITS SURR\ND+S1 LEAFLETS :I* DEALT ) ?IS QUE/ION W]E WIDELY DI/RIBUT$4 ,BY ! MIDDLE ( ,NOVEMB] ?IS F\R? CLAUSE1 :I* WAS /AT$ 9 FIVE OR SIX L9ES1 BECAME ! C5T] ( ATT5TION ( ! MASSES4 

,AT AB\T ?IS TIME1 ,WRANGEL'S EXP$ITION WAS COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4 ,= ! UN9ITIAT$1 ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE W\LD NOT APPE> TO AFFECT ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S SAW 9 ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D ( ! AGREEM5T4 ,AS SOON AS ,SIMON ,K>ETNIK'S DISPAT* -- ANN\NC+ ?AT HE WAS ) ! 9SURRECTION>Y TROOPS 9 ! ,CRIMEA & M>*+ ON ,SIMF]OPOL' -- >RIV$ 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 ,GRIGORY ,VASILEVSKY1 ,MAKHNO'S AIDE1 EXCLAIM$3 0,?IS IS ! 5D ( ! AGREEM5T6 ,I WAG] ?AT 9 A WEEK ! ,BOL%EVIKS WILL BE ON \R BACKS40 ,?IS WAS SAID ON ,NOVEMB] #a#f1 & ON ,NOVEMB] #b#f? ! ,BOL%EVIKS TREA*]\SLY ATTACK$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ /AFF & TROOPS 9 ! ,CRIMEA & 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE2 !Y SEIZ$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ REPRES5TATIVES 9 ,KH>'KOV1 DE/ROY$ ALL ! REC5TLY E/ABLI%$ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS & IMPRISON$ ALL ! AN>*I/S4 ,!Y PROCE$$ ! SAME WAY ALL OV] ! ,UKRA9E4 

,! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES W]E NOT SL[ TO EXPLA9 !IR TREA*]Y BY MEANS ( !IR FAVORITE >GUM5T3 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! AN>*I/S W]E PREP>+ AN 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T1 & PO9T #d ( ! POLITICAL AGREEM5T WAS ! CALL = ?IS 9SURRECTION2 EV5 ! TIME & PLACE( ?IS 9SURRECTION HAD BE5 DET]M9$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !Y ACCUS$ ,MAKHNO ( HAV+ REFUS$ TO GO TO ! ,CAUCASIAN FRONT & ( HAV+ />T$ TO MOBILIZE TROOPS FROM AMONG ! PEASANTS 9 ORD] TO =M AN >MY AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES2 9/EAD ( FI<T+ ,WRANGEL 9 ! ,CRIMEA1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD BE5 SNIP+ AT ! RE>GU>D ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 ETC4 

,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ALL ( !SE EXPLANATIONS W]E COMPLETE FABRICATIONS4 ,WE =TUNATELY POSSESS ALL ! DOCUM5TS NE$$ TO EXPOSE !SE LIES & E/ABLI% ! TRU?4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 ON ,NOVEMB] #b#c1 #a#i#b1 9 ,POLOGI & ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S >RE/$ N9E ,BOL%EVIK SPIES BELONG+ TO ! #d#bND ,9FANTRY ,DIVISION ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 :O CONFESS$ ?AT !Y HAD BE5 S5T TO ,GULYAI-,POLYE BY ! *IEF ( ! C\NT]-ESPIONAGE S]VICE TO OBTA9 9=MATION AB\T ! LOCATION ( ! H\SES ( ,MAKHNO1 ! MEMB]S ( HIS /AFF1 ! COMM&]S ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY & ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL4 ,AFT] ?IS1 !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO REMA9 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE TO WAIT = ! >RIVAL ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 & !N PO9T \T :]E ! P]SONS 9 QUE/ION W]E TO BE F\ND4 ,9 CASE ! UNEXPECT$ >RIVAL ( ! ,R$ ,>MY =C$ !SE P]SONS TO FLEE 9TO HID+1 ! SPIES W]E SUPPOS$ TO %AD[ !M & NOT LOSE SI<T ( !M4 ,! SPIES DECL>$ ?AT !RE WAS GO+ TO BE AN ATTACK ON ,GULYAI-,POLYE BY ,NOVEMB] #b#d? OR #b#e?4 

,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5TS & ! COMM&] ( ! >MY S5T TO ,RAKOVSKY & TO ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,S\!RN ,FRONT A DETAIL$ COMMUNICATION AB\T ?IS PLOT1 DEM&+3 #a7 ! IMM$IATE >RE/ & >RAIGNM5T BE=E ! MILIT>Y TRIBUNAL ( ! ,COMM&] ( ! #d#bND ,DIVISION1 ! ,*IEF ( ,/AFF ( ! ,DIVISION1 & O!R P]SONS 9VOLV$ 9 ! PLOT1 & #b7 ! PROHIBITION ( ,R$ UNITS TRAVEL+ ?R\< ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 ,POLOGI1 ,MALAYA ,TAKMA*KA & ,TURK5OVKA1 9 ORD] TO =E/ALL ANY UNPLEASANT 9CID5TS4 

,! RESPONSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,KH>'KOV WAS AS FOLL[S3 ! SO-CALL$ PLOT IS NO?+ BUT A SIMPLE MISUND]/&+2 NEV]!LESS ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES1 DESIR+ TO CLE> UP ! MATT]1 >E PUTT+ IT 9 ! H&S ( A SPECIAL COMMISSION & PROPOSE ?AT ! /AFF ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY DELEGATE TWO MEMB]S TO TAKE P>T 9 ! WORK ( ?IS COMMISSION4 ,?IS RESPONSE WAS S5T FROM ,KH>'KOV BY DIRECT WIRE ON ,NOVEMB] #b#e4 ,! FOLL[+ MORN+1 ,P4 ,RYB91 SECRET>Y ( ! ,C\NCIL ( REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5TS1 AGA9 DISCUSS$ ?IS QUE/ION ) ,KH>'KOV BY DIRECT WIRE2 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ASSUR$ HIM ?AT ! AFFAIR ( ! #d#bND ,DIVISION W\LD C]TA9LY BE RESOLV$ TO ! COMPLETE SATISFACTION ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 & ADD$ ?AT ! #d? CLAUSE ( ! POLITICAL AGREEM5T WAS ALSO AB\T TO BE SETTL$ 9 A SATISFACTORY MANN]4 ,?IS DISCUSSION TOOK PLACE ON ,NOVEMB] #b#f? AT #i A4M4 ,H[EV]1 SIX H\RS E>LI]1 AT #c A4M41 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ REPRES5TATIVES AT ,KH>'KOV HAD BE5 SEIZ$1 & ALL ! AN>*I/S 9 ,KH>'KOV & 9 ! RE/ ( ! ,UKRA9E W]E >RE/$4 ,EXACTLY TWO H\RS AFT] ,RYB9'S CONV]SATION BY DIRECT WIRE1 ,GULYAI-,POLYE WAS SURR\ND$ ON ALL SIDES BY ,R$ TROOPS & SUBJECT$ TO FURI\S BOMB>DM5T4 ,ON ! SAME DAY & AT ! SAME H\R1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY 9 ! ,CRIMEA WAS ATTACK$2 BY MEANS ( A RUSE ! ,BOL%EVIKS SUCCE$$ 9 CAPTUR+ ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ /AFF AS WELL AS ITS COMM&]1 ,SIMON ,K>ETNIK1 & EXECUT$ EV]Y S+LE ONE ( !M4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ?IS VA/ OP]ATION HAD BE5 C>EFULLY PREP>$ & ?AT ITS ELABORATION MU/ HAVE TAK5 AT LEA/ T5 OR FIFTE5 DAYS4 

,WE SEE H]E NOT ONLY A TREA*]\S ATTACK ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 BUT ALSO ! METIC-UL\SNESS ) :I* !Y ORGANIZ$ ?IS PLOT & ! EF=TS ) :I* !Y DULL$ ! VIGILANCE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S BY V]BAL ASSURANCES ( !IR SECURITY 9 ORD] TO SURR\ND & DE/ROY !IR =CES4 

,SECONDLY1 ON ,NOVEMB] #b#g1 ! DAY AFT] ! ATTACK ON ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S F\ND ON ! ,R$ ,>MY PRISON]S :OM !Y CAPTUR$ UNDAT$ PROCLAMATIONS 5TITL$ 0,=W>D AGA9/ ,MAKHNO60 0,DEA? TO ,MAKHNOVISM6 0 PUBLI%$ BY ! POLITICAL SECTION ( ! #d? ,>MY4 ,! PRISON]S SAID !Y HAD RECEIV$ !SE PROCLAMATIONS ON ,NOVEMB] #a#e? & #a#f?2 !Y CONTA9$ A CALL TO ACTION AGA9/ ,MAKHNO1 :O WAS ACCUS$ ( HAV+ VIOLAT$ ! CLAUSES ( ! POLITICAL & MILIT>Y AGREEM5T1 ( HAV+ REFUS$ TO GO TO ! ,CAUCASIAN FRONT1 ( HAV+ PLANN$ AN UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET P[]1 ETC4 ,?IS PROVES ?AT ALL !SE ACCUSATIONS W]E FABRICAT$ & S5T TO ! PRESS EV5 :ILE ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY WAS /ILL 9 ! PROCESS ( BEAT+ A PA? ACROSS ! ,CRIMEA & OCCUPY+ ,SIMF]OPOL'1 & :ILE ! ,MAKHNOVI/ REPRES5TATIVES W]E PEACEFULLY WORK+ ) ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES AT ,KH>'KOV4 

,?IRDLY1 DUR+ ! MON?S ( ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#b1 NAMELY :ILE ! MILIT>Y & POLITICAL AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ,BOL%EVIKS WAS BE+ NEGOTIAT$ & AFT] IT HAD JU/ BE5 CONCLUD$1 TWO ,BOL%EVIK PLOTS TO ASSASS9ATE ,MAKHNO AT ,GULYAI-,POLYE W]E UNCOV]$4 

,WE %\LD ADD ?AT ! C5TRAL /AFF ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE DID NOT RECEIVE A S+LE ORD] TO REPORT TO ! ,CAUCASIAN FRONT4 ,AT ?IS TIME ,MAKHNO WAS SUFF]+ FROM A S]I\S LEG W\ND & DID NOT CONC]N HIMSELF AT ALL ) PAP] WORK1 :I* WAS H&L$ BY ! *IEF ( /AFF1 ,BELA%1 & BY ! ,C\NCIL SECRET>Y1 ,P4 ,RYB91 :O MADE DAILY REPORTS TO ! ,C\NCIL ON ALL ! DOCUM5TS RECEIV$ BY ! /AFF4 

,WE %\LD REMEMB] ! MANN] 9 :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS DELAY$ ! PUBLICATION ( ! TEXT ( ! MILIT>Y-POLITICAL AGREEM5T1 :I* WE DESCRIB$ E>LI]4 ,IT N[ BECOMES CLE> :Y !Y /UBBORNLY KEPT PO/PON+ ! PUBLICATION ( ?IS TEXT4 ,= ! ,BOL%EVIKS ?IS AGREEM5T WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN A MILIT>Y & /RATEGIC /EP CALCULAT$ TO LA/ AT MO/ A MON? OR TWO -- ! TIME NE$$ TO DEFEAT ,WRANGEL4 ,ONCE ?IS WAS ACCOMPLI%$1 !Y W]E DET]M9$ TO RESUME SL&]+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AS B&ITS & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES1 & UND] ?IS PRETEXT TO MAKE W> ON !M4 ,?IS IS :Y IT WAS NOT 9 !IR 9T]E/ TO PUBLI% ! POLITICAL AGREEM5T ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & TO PRES5T IT TO ! JUDGM5T ( ! MASSES4 ,!Y W\LD 9 FACT HAVE PREF]R$ TO HIDE ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ?IS AGREEM5T FROM ! MASSES 9 ORD] TO CONT9UE ! W> AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S UND] ! PRETEXT ( A /RUGGLE AGA9/ B&ITRY & C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 ON ! V]Y DAY AFT] ,WRANGEL'S DEFEAT1 & AS IF NO?+ HAD HAPP5$ BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 

,SU* >E ! FACTS CONC]N+ ! BREAK+ ( ! MILIT>Y-POLITICAL PACT BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,SOVIET P[]4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXAM9E CLOSELY ! TEXT ( ?IS AGREEM5T4 ,IT CLE>LY DI/+UI%ES ! TWO OPPOS$ T5D5CIES3 ! /ATI/ T5D5CY :I* DEF5DS ! USUAL PRIVILEGES & PR]OGATIVES ( AU?ORITY2 & ! POPUL> & REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY :I* DEF5DS ! DEM&S ( ! SUBJUGAT$ MASSES AGA9/ ! WIELD]S ( P[]4 ,IT IS EXTREMELY SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! FIR/ P>T ( ! AGREEM5T1 CONC]N+ ! POLITICAL RI<TS ( ! WORK]S1 CONTA9S ONLY ,MAKHNOVI/ !SES4 ,9 ?IS MATT]1 ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES HAD ! CLASSIC ATTITUDE ( ALL TYRANNIES3 !Y S\<T TO LIMIT ! DEM&S =MULAT$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 B>GA9$ ON ALL PO9TS1 & DID EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE TO R$UCE ! RI<TS ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE -- RI<TS :I* W]E 9ALI5ABLE FROM & 9DISP5SABLE TO !IR REAL FRE$OM 

,WE %\LD ALSO PO9T \T ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 BECAUSE ( !IR AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( /RUGGLE1 W]E ALWAYS OPPOS$ TO POLITICAL CONSPIRACIES4 ,!Y 5GAG$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE OP5LY1 9 ! MID/ ( ! BROAD WORK+ MASSES1 CONV9C$ ?AT ONLY A /RUGGLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES C\LD LEAD ! WORK]S TO VICTORY2 :]EAS CONSPIRACIES C\LD ONLY LEAD TO A *ANGE ( AU?ORITY -- AN EV5T :I* CONTRADICT$ ! V]Y NATURE ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 

,?US ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS DOOM$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ & C\LD NOT HAVE LA/$ AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,WRANGEL4 

,?IS IS ALSO CLE> FROM C]TA9 DOCUM5TS ( ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES !MSELVES1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ORD] ISSU$ BY ,FRUNZE1 :O WAS AT ! TIME COMM&] ( ! S\!RN FRONT1 A DOCUM5T :I* CLE>LY EXPOSES ! TREA*]Y ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ATTACK AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & R$UCES TO NO?+ ALL !IR FABRICATIONS AB\T ! AN>*I/S & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4  
  
  

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,I,S,S,U,$ ,A,T ,G,5,],A,L ,H,E,A,D,Q,U,>,T,],S1 ,M,E,L,I,T,O,P,O,L'4 ,N,O,V,E,M,B,] #b#c1 #a#i#b4  
  

,BY REASON ( ! CESSATION ( HO/ILITIES AGA9/ ,WRANGEL1 & 9 VIEW ( HIS COMPLETE DEFEAT1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,S\!RN ,FRONT CONSID]S ?AT ! TASK ( ! P>TISAN >MY IS COMPLET$4 ,IT !RE=E PROPOSES TO ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY ?AT IT IMM$IATELY BEG9 TRANS=M+ ! 9SURRECTION>Y P>TISAN UNITS 9TO REGUL> MILIT>Y UNITS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY4 

,!RE IS NO LONG] ANY REASON = ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY TO CONT9UE TO EXI/ AS SU*4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! EXI/5CE1 ALONGSIDE ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 ( !SE UNITS ) A SPECIAL ORGANIZATION1 PURSU+ SPECIAL TASKS1 PRODUCES ABSOLUTELY UNACCEPTABLE RESULTS444.<#b#d.> ,?AT IS :Y ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,S\!RN ,FRONT ORD]S ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY TO DO ! FOLL[+3 #a7 ,ALL UNITS ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY =MATIONS1 AT PRES5T 9 ! ,CRIMEA1 %\LD BE IMM$IATELY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ,F\R? ,>MY2 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL %\LD TAKE *>GE ( ?IS TRANSF]4 #b7 ,! MILIT>Y =MATIONS AT ,GULYAI-,POLYE %\LD BE LIQUIDAT$4 ,! COMBATANTS WILL BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! RES]VE DETA*M5TS1 ACCORD+ TO ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! COMM&] ( ?AT P>T ( ! ,>MY4 #c7 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY %ALL TAKE ALL NECESS>Y MEASURES TO EXPLA9 TO ! COMBATANTS ! NE$ = !SE MEASURES4  
  

7,SIGN$7 

,M4 ,FRUNZE1 ,COMM&] 9 ,*IEF ( ! ,S\!RN ,FRONT2 

,SMIL'GA1 MEMB] ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL2 

,K>ATYG91 ,*IEF ( ,/AFF4  
  
  

,! READ] %\LD RECALL ! HI/ORY ( ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 

,AS WAS SAID E>LI]1 ! CONCLUSION ( ! AGREEM5T WAS PREC$$ BY NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ PL5IPOT5TI>IES & ! ,BOL%EVIK DELEGATION HEAD$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,IVANOV1 :I* CAME TO ! ,MAKHNOVI/ CAMP AT ,/>OBEL'SK ESPECIALLY = ?IS PURPOSE4 ,!SE NEGOTIATIONS W]E CONT9U$ AT ,KH>'KOV1 :]E ! ,MAKHNOVI/ REPRES5TATIVES WORK$ = ?REE WEEKS ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO CONCLUDE ! PACT SATISFACTORILY4 ,EA* >TICLE WAS C>EFULLY EXAM9$ & DEBAT$ BY ! TWO P>TIES4 

,! F9AL V]SION ( ?IS AGREEM5T WAS APPROV$ BY ! TWO P>TIES1 I4E41 BY ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,REGION REPRES5T$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5TS1 & WAS SIGN$ BY ! RESPECTIVE PL5IPOT5TI>IES ( !SE TWO SIDES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! V]Y NATURE ( ?IS AGREEM5T1 NONE ( ! >TICLES C\LD BE SUSP5D$ OR MODIFI$ )\T PRIOR AGREEM5T ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T & ! ,C\NCIL ( ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5TS IF ! AGREEM5T HAD NOT BE5 BROK5 EI!R BY ONE SIDE OR BY ! O!R4 

,>TICLE #a ( ,P>T ,I,I ( ! AGREEM5T READS3 0,! ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY 7,MAKHNOVI/7 WILL JO9 ! >M$ =CES ( ! ,REPUBLIC AS A P>TISAN >MY1 SUBORD9ATE1 9 REG>D TO OP]ATIONS1 TO ! SUPREME COMM& ( ! ,R$ ,>MY2 IT WILL RETA9 ITS E/ABLI%$ 9T]NAL /RUCTURE1 & DOES NOT HAVE TO ADOPT ! BASES & PR9CIPLES ( ! REGUL> ,R$ ,>MY40 

,FRUNZE'S ,ORD] ,NO4 #adi ( ,NOVEMB] #b#c1 #a#i#b1 DEM&S ?AT ! >MY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5TS BE LIQUIDAT$1 ?AT ! COMBATANTS BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ,R$ ,>MY1 & ?AT 0BY REASON ( ! CESSATION ( HO/ILITIES AGA9/ ,WRANGEL & 9 VIEW ( HIS COMPLETE DEFEAT0 ! ,SOVIET P[] 0CONSID]S ?AT ! TASK ( ! P>TISAN >MY IS COMPLET$40 

,?IS ORD] ANNIHILATES NOT ONLY ! ABOVE-CIT$ FIR/ >TICLE ( ! MILIT>Y AGREEM5T1 BUT ! 5TIRE MILIT>Y-POLITICAL AGREEM5T4 

,! FACT ?AT1 9/EAD ( PROPOS+ A REVISION (1 OR AN AM5DM5T TO1 ! EXI/+ AGREEM5T1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS PROCE$$ BY WAY ( AN URG5T MILIT>Y ORD] 5=C$ BY >MS1 CLE>LY %[S ?AT !Y CONSID]$ ! AGREEM5T TO BE NO?+ MORE ?AN A TRAP DESIGN$ TO MISLEAD ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S RECEIV$ ,ORD] ,NO4 #a#d#i1 ! ,F\R? ,R$ ,>MY 9 ! ,CRIMEA RECEIV$ AN ORD] TO ACT AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S ) ALL ! MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL & TO USE ALL ITS MILIT>Y =CES 9 CASE ! 9SURG5TS REFUS$ TO OBEY4 

,FRUNZE'S ORD] IS SO CLE> ?AT NO COMM5T>Y IS NE$$ 9 ORD] TO DEPICT ! TRUE SITUATION4 ,FRUNZE ORD]S ! ,MAKHNOVI/S TO LIQUIDATE !IR >MY1 TO BECOME A REGUL> DIVISION ( ! ,R$ ,>MY3 HE ?US ORD]S ! ,MAKHNOV%*I-NA TO COMMIT SUICIDE4 ,SU* NAIVETE W\LD BE SURPRIS+1 IF IT HAD ONLY BE5 NAIVETE4 

,9 ACTUAL FACT1 BEH9D ?IS NAIVETE !RE WAS A C>EFULLY WORK$-\T PLAN1 CALCULAT$ TO COMPLETELY DE/ROY ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 ,WRANGEL HAD BE5 BEAT54 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD BE5 PUT TO GOOD USE4 ,! TIME HAD COME TO WIPE !M \T4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO PUT AN 5D TO !IR EXI/5CE4 ,?IS IS ! MEAN+ ( ! ORD]4 

,BUT 9 SPITE ( ITS BRUTAL /RAI<T=W>DNESS1 ,FRUNZE'S ORD] WAS ALSO DECEITFUL4 ,NEI!R ! /AFF ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY1 /ATION$ AT ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 NOR ! ,MAKHNOVI/ DELEGATION 9 ,KH>'KOV1 9 FACT RECEIV$ ,FRUNZE'S ORD]4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S ONLY LE>N$ AB\T IT ?REE OR F\R WEEKS AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK ATTACK1 ?R\< SOME NEWSPAP]S :I* FELL 9TO !IR H&S4 ,! EXPLANATION = ?IS IS SIMPLE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O W]E PREP>+ SECRETLY = A SURPRISE ATTACK ON ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 C\LD NOT AF=D TO PUT !M ON !IR GU>D BY S5D+ !M ?IS ORD] 9 ADVANCE1 S9CE ! PLANN$ ATTACK W\LD !N HAVE BE5 REPULS$4 ,?IS IS :Y !Y KEPT ! SECRET UNTIL ! LA/ MOM5T4 ,FRUNZE'S ORD] WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! PAP]S ONLY AFT] ! ATTACK1 AFT] ! BREAK HAD BECOME AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT4 ,IT APPE>$ = ! FIR/ TIME ON ,DECEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#b1 9 ! ,KH>'KOV NEWSPAP] ,KOMMUNI/1 & WAS GIV5 ! DATE ,NOVEMB] #b#c4 ,ALL !SE MA*9ATIONS HAD ! OBJECTIVE ( SURPRIS+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ( DE/ROY+ !M1 & ( EXPLA9+ ?IS ACTION AFT]W>DS BY MEANS ( 0LEGAL EVID5CE40 

,! ASSAULT ON ! ,MAKHNOVI/S WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY MASS >RE/S ( AN>*I/S4 ,! PURPOSE ( !SE >RE/S WAS NOT ONLY ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( ALL AN>*I/ ?\<T & ACTIVITY1 BUT ALSO ! /IFL+ ( ANY POSSIBILITY ( PROTE/1 ( ANY ATTEMPT TO EXPLA9 TO ! PEOPLE ! REAL MEAN+ ( :AT WAS HAPP5+4 ,NOT ONLY AN>*I/S1 BUT ALSO !IR FRI5DS & ACQUA9TANCES1 & ?OSE :O W]E 9T]E/$ 9 AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE1 W]E >RE/$4 ,AT ,ELISAVETGRAD FIFTE5 Y\?S BETWE5 #ae & #ah YE>S OLD W]E >RE/$4 ,AL?\< ! DI/RICT AU?ORITIES 9 ,NIKOLAEV W]E DISSATISFI$ ) ?IS CAPTURE1 SAY+ ?AT !Y WANT$ 0REAL0 AN>*I/S & NOT *ILDR51 NONE ( !SE *ILDR5 W]E RELEAS$4 

,9 ,KH>'KOV ! PURSUIT ( AN>*I/S ASSUM$ PROPORTIONS UNHE>D ( 9 ,RUSSIA 9 PA/ YE>S4 ,SN>ES & AMBU%ES W]E ORGANIZ$ AT ! HOMES ( ALL LOCAL AN>*I/S4 ,A TRAP ( ?IS K9D WAS SET UP 9 ! 0,VOL'NOE BRAT/VO0 70,FREE ,BRO!RHOOD07 BOOK%OP4 ,ANYONE :O CAME TO BUY A BOOK WAS SEIZ$ & S5T TO ! ,*EKA4 ,!Y EV5 IMPRISON$ PEOPLE :O /OPP$ TO READ ! NEWSPAP] ,NABAT :I* HAD APPE>$ LEGALLY & WAS PO/$ ON ! WALL ( ! BOOK%OP4 ,:5 ONE ( ! ,KH>'KOV AN>*I/S1 ,GRIGORY ,TSESNIK1 ESCAP$ >RE/1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ?REW HIS WIFE1 :O HAD NO POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ANY K9D1 9TO PRISON4 ,%E />T$ A HUNG] /RIKE1 DEM&+ H] IMM$IATE RELEASE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS !N TOLD H] ?AT IF ,TSESNIK WANT$ TO OBTA9 H] RELEASE1 HE HAD ONLY TO GIVE HIMSELF UP TO ! ,*EKA4 ,TSESNIK1 ?\< ILL ) TUB]CULOSIS1 GAVE HIMSELF UP & WAS IMPRISON$4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ?AT ! /AFF ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY 9 ! ,CRIMEA HAD BE5 TREA*]\SLY SEIZ$4 ,! COMM&] ( ! CAVALRY1 ,M>*5KO1 AL?\< SURR\ND$ & FI]CELY ATTACK$ BY NUM]\S UNITS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK #d? ,>MY1 MANAG$ TO ESCAPE & BREAK A PASSAGE ?R\< ! NATURAL OB/ACLES & B>RICADES ( ! =TIFI$ ,P]EKOP ,I/HMUS4 ,LEAD+ HIS M51 OR RA!R ! REMNANTS ( HIS M51 BY =C$ M>*ES DUR+ ! DAY & NI<T1 HE SUCCE$$ 9 REJO9+ ,MAKHNO 9 ! LITTLE VILLAGE ( ,K]M5-*IK1 9HABIT$ BY ,GREEKS4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #g?1 A HORSEMAN >RIV$ TO ANN\NCE ?AT ,M>*5KO'S TROOPS W\LD BE !RE 9 A FEW H\RS4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S AT ,K]M5*IK CAME \T EXCIT$LY TO MEET ! H]OES4 ,!IR ANGUI% CAN BE IMAG9$ :5 !Y F9ALLY SAW ! SMALL GR\P ( HORSEM52 9/EAD ( ! P[]FUL CAVALRY ( #ae M51 A SMALL DETA*M5T ( #be M5 RETURN$4 ,AT !IR HEAD W]E ,M>*5KO & ,T>ANOVSKI4 

0,I HAVE ! HONOR ( ANN\NC+ TO Y\ -- ! RETURN ( ! ,CRIMEAN >MY10 SAID ,M>*5KO ) BITT] IRONY4 ,EV]YONE SMIL$ SADLY4 0,YES1 BRO!RS10 CONT9U$ ,M>*5KO4 0,N[ WE KN[ :AT ! ,COMMUNI/S >E40 ,MAKHNO WAS SOMB]4 ,! SI<T ( ! BROK5 & NE>LY DE/ROY$ FAM\S CAVALRY %OCK$ HIM4 ,HE WAS SIL5T1 SEEK+ TO CONTROL HIS EMOTIONS4 ,A G5]AL ASSEMBLY TOOK PLACE ON ! SPOT4 ,! /ORY ( ! EV5TS 9 ! ,CRIMEA WAS RETOLD3 H[ ! COMM&] ( ! >MY1 ,K>ETNIK1 S5T BY ! ,BOL%EVIK /AFF TO ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 O/5SIBLY TO ATT5D A MILIT>Y C\NCIL1 WAS TREA*]\SLY >RE/$ ON ! WAY2 H[ ,GAVRIL5KO1 *IEF ( /AFF ( ! ,CRIMEAN >MY1 AS WELL AS ALL HIS AIDES & SEV]AL ( ! UNIT COMM&]S1 W]E DECEIV$ ) A SIMIL> PRETEXT4 ,ALL ?OSE :O W]E CAU<T W]E %OT IMM$IATELY4 ,! CULTURAL-$UCATIONAL SECTION1 AT ,SIMF]OPOL'1 WAS >RE/$ )\T REC\RSE TO ANY MILIT>Y RUSE4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #b#f1 :5 ,GULYAI-,POLYE WAS SURR\ND$ BY ,R$ TROOPS1 ONLY A SPECIAL GR\P ( #ae TO #b ,MAKHNOVI/ HORSEM5 W]E !RE4 ,) ?IS H&FUL ( M51 ,MAKHNO R\T$ ! CAVALRY REGIM5T ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 :I* WAS ADVANC+ ON ,GULYAI-,POLYE FROM ,USP5OVKA1 & ?US ESCAP$ FROM ! 5EMY'S GRIP4 ,DUR+ ! SUBSEQU5T WEEK HE ORGANIZ$ ! UNITS ( 9SURG5TS ?AT FLOCK$ TO HIM FROM ALL SIDES1 AS WELL AS SOME ,R$ ,>MY UNITS :O LEFT ! ,BOL%EVIKS & CAME TO JO9 HIM4 ,HE SUCCE$$ 9 =M+ A UNIT ( #a HORSEM5 & #ae 9FANTRYM51 ) :OM HE ATTEMPT$ A C\NT]-ATTACK4 ,EXACTLY A WEEK LAT] HE OCCUPI$ ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 HAV+ R\T$ ! #d#bND ,DIVISION ( ! ,R$ ,>MY & TAK5 NE>LY #f PRISON]S4 ,( !SE1 AB\T #b M5 DECL>$ !MSELVES WILL+ TO JO9 ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY2 ! RE/ W]E SET FREE ON ! SAME DAY1 AFT] HAV+ ATT5D$ A L>GE PUBLIC MEET+4 ,?REE DAYS LAT] ,MAKHNO 9FLICT$ ANO!R S]I\S DEFEAT ON ! ,BOL%EVIKS NE> ,&REEVKA4 ,DUR+ ! :OLE NI<T & ! FOLL[+ DAY1 HE F\<T TWO DIVISIONS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 & 5D$ BY DEFEAT+ !M1 AGA9 TAK+ FROM #h TO #a1 PRISON]S4 ,AS 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 !SE PRISON]S W]E SET FREE2 VOLUNTE]S REMA9$ ) ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY4 ,MAKHNO !N /RUCK ?REE FUR!R CONSECUTIVE BL[S AT ! ,R$ ,>MY3 NE> ,KOM>'1 ,TS>E-,KON/ANT9OVKA & ,B]DYANSK4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK 9FANTRY F\<T RELUCTANTLY1 & TOOK ADVANTAGE ( EV]Y OPPORTUNITY TO SURR5D]4.<#b#e.> 

,= SOME TIME ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E 5C\RAG$ BY ! ?\<T ?AT VICTORY W\LD BE ON !IR SIDE4 ,IT APPE>$ TO !M ?AT IT WAS ONLY NECESS>Y TO DEFEAT TWO OR ?REE ,BOL%EVIK DIVISIONS = AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ! ,R$ ,>MY TO JO9 !M1 & ! RE/ TO RETREAT T[>D ! NOR?4 ,BUT SOON ! PEASANTS ( V>I\S DI/RICTS BR\<T NEWS ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E 9/ALL+ :OLE REGIM5TS1 PRIM>ILY ( CAVALRY1 9 ALL ! VILLAGES1 & W]E CONC5TRAT+ 5ORM\S MILIT>Y =CES 9 V>I\S PLACES4 ,9 FACT1 ,MAKHNO WAS SOON SURR\ND$ AT ,F$OROVKA1 TO ! S\? ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 BY SEV]AL DIVISIONS ( 9FANTRY & CAVALRY4 ,! BATTLE RAG$ CONT9U\SLY FROM #b A4M4 TO #d P4M4 ,BREAK+ ?R\< ! 5EMY RANKS1 ,MAKHNO MANAG$ TO ESCAPE TO ! NOR!A/4 ,BUT ?REE DAYS LAT] HE HAD TO FI<T ANO!R BATTLE1 NE> ! VILLAGE ( ,KON/ANT9 79HABIT$ BY ,GREEK PEASANTS71 AGA9/ A V]Y L>GE CAVALRY =CE & A VIGOR\S >TILL]Y4 ,FROM SEV]AL (FIC]S :O W]E CAPTUR$1 ,MAKHNO LE>N$ ?AT !RE W]E F\R ,BOL%EVIK >MIES -- TWO CAVALRY & TWO MIX$ -- & ?AT ! ,R$ COMM&] HOP$ TO SURR\ND HIM ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( SEV]AL ADDITIONAL DIVISIONS4 ,?IS 9=MATION AGRE$ P]FECTLY ) ?AT FURNI%$ BY ! PEASANTS1 AS WELL AS ) ! OBS]VATIONS & CONCLUSIONS ( ,MAKHNO HIMSELF4 ,IT BECAME 9CREAS+LY CLE> ?AT ! DEFEAT ( TWO OR ?REE ,R$ UNITS WAS ( NO IMPORTANCE1 9 VIEW ( ! 5ORM\S MASS ( TROOPS :I* WAS BE+ S5T AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,IT WAS NO LONG] A QUE/ION ( A*IEV+ VICTORY OV] ! ,BOL%EVIK >MIES1 BUT ( AVOID+ ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY4 ,?IS >MY1 R$UC$ TO SOME #c SOLDI]S1 WAS OBLIG$ TO FI<T DAILY1 EA* TIME AGA9/ AN 5EMY ( #a1 TO #a#e1 M54 ,9 !SE CONDITIONS1 CATA/ROPHE WAS NO LONG] 9 D\BT4 ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5TS !N DECID$ TO AB&ON ! S\!RN REGION PROVISIONALLY1 LEAV+ ,MAKHNO FULL FRE$OM AS TO ! DIRECTION ( ! G5]AL RETREAT4 

,MAKHNO'S G5IUS WAS AB\T TO BE SUBMITT$ TO A SUPREME TE/4 ,IT APPE>$ ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE TO ESCAPE FROM ! MON/R\S NETWORK ( TROOPS ADVANC+ FROM ALL SIDES T[>D ! SMALL GR\P ( 9SURG5TS4 ,?REE ?\S& REVOLUTION>Y FI<T]S W]E SURR\ND$ BY AN >MY ( AT LEA/ #a#e1 M54 ,BUT ,MAKHNO DID NOT = AN 9/ANT LOSE C\RAGE OR PRES5CE ( M9D4 ,HE EMB>K$ ON A H]OIC DUEL AGA9/ ?IS MASS ( TROOPS4 ,SURR\ND$ ON ALL SIDES BY ,R$ DIVISIONS1 HE M>*$ LIKE A LEG5D>Y ,TITAN1 FI<T+ BATTLE AFT] BATTLE1 TO ! RI<T1 TO ! LEFT1 9 ! FRONT & TO ! RE>4 ,AFT] R\T+ SEV]AL UNITS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY & TAK+ MORE ?AN #b1 PRISON]S1 ,MAKHNO1 AS IF HE W]E /RIK+ \T BL9DLY1 SET \T FIR/ T[>D ! EA/ T[>D ,YUZOVKA1 AL?\< ! WORK]S ( ?IS M9+ REGION HAD W>N$ HIM ?AT HE WAS AWAIT$ BY A SOLID MILIT>Y B>RI]2 HE !N TURN$ %>PLY WE/1 FOLL[+ FANTA/IC R\TES :I* ONLY HE KNEW4 ,FROM ?IS MOM5T1 ! ORD9>Y ROADS W]E COMPLETELY AB&ON$4 ,! MOVEM5T ( ! >MY CONT9U$ = HUNDR$S ( MILES1 ACROSS SN[-COV]$ FIELDS1 GUID$ BY A PRODIGI\S S5SE ( DIRECTION & ORI5TATION 9 ?IS ICY DES]T4.<#b#f.> ,?IS MANEUV] P]MITT$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY TO AVOID HUNDR$S ( 5EMY CANNON & MA*9E GUNS1 & ALL[$ IT TO DEFEAT TWO BRIGADES ( ! #a/ ,BOL%EVIK CAVALRY AT ,PETROVO 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,KH]SON :I*1 BELIEV+ ,MAKHNO TO BE A HUNDR$ MILES AWAY1 W]E TAK5 COMPLETELY BY SURPRISE4 

,! /RUGGLE LA/$ = SEV]AL MON?S1 ) 9CESSANT BATTLES DAY & NI<T4 

,>RIV+ 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,KIEV1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY F\ND ITSELF1 9 ! COLDE/ P>T ( ! W9T]1 9 A HILLY1 ROCKY C\NTRY1 :I* MADE IT NECESS>Y TO AB&ON ALL ! >TILL]Y1 SUPPLIES1 & ALMO/ ALL MUNITIONS1 & EV5 MO/ ( ! WAGONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 TWO 5EMY CAVALRY DIVISIONS1 CALL$ ,R$ ,COSSACKS1 CAME FROM ! WE/]N FRONTI] TO JO9 ! MASS ( >MIES S5T BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AGA9/ ,MAKHNO4 ,ALL ! R\TES W]E CUT (F4 ,! PLACE CONTA9$ AS FEW RES\RCES AS A GRAVEY>D3 !RE W]E ONLY CLIFFS & /EEP RAV9ES1 ALL COV]$ ) ICE1 OV] :I* ONE C\LD ONLY ADVANCE SL[LY4 ,ON ALL SIDES !RE WAS AN 9CESSANT B>RAGE ( CANNON & MA*9E-GUN FIRE4 ,NONE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S EXPECT$ TO GET \T TO SAFETY AGA94 ,BUT NONE ?\<T ( DISP]S+ 9 %AMEFUL FLI<T4 ,!Y DECID$ TO DIE TOGE!R4 

,IT WAS UNSPEAKABLY SAD TO SEE ?IS H&FUL ( M51 ALONE AMONG ! CLIFFS1 ! SKY1 & ! 5EMY FIRE1 READY TO FI<T TO ! 5D1 & ALREADY SEEM+LY CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,GRIEF1 DESPAIR & SORR[ TOOK HOLD ( !M4 ,!Y WANT$ TO %\T TO ! :OLE WORLD ?AT A DREADFUL CRIME WAS AB\T TO BE COMMITT$2 :AT WAS GREATE/ 9 ! HE>TS ( ! PEOPLE1 :AT ! PEOPLE CREATE 9 !IR MO/ H]OIC EPO*S1 WAS AB\T TO BE DE/ROY$1 WAS AB\T TO P]I% =EV]4 

,MAKHNO HONORABLY MET ! TE/ ?AT FATE HAD IMPOS$ ON HIM4 ,HE ADVANC$ TO ! BORD]S ( ,GALICIA1 W5T BACK TO ,KIEV1 RE-CROSS$ ! ,DNIEP] NE> ,KIEV1 W5T D[N 9TO ! DEP>TM5TS ( ,POLTAVA & ,KH>'KOV1 TURN$ NOR? AGA9 T[>D ,KURSK1 &1 FOLL[+ ! RAILWAY TRACKS BETWE5 ,KURSK & ,BELOGRAD1 GOT \T ( ! 5EMY CIRCLE 9TO A MU* MORE FAVORABLE SITUATION1 & LEFT F> BEH9D HIM ! MANY ,BOL%EVIK DIVISIONS S5T TO PURSUE HIM4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,! H]OIC DUEL BETWE5 A H&FUL ( ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,/ATE >MY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS NOT YET OV]4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK COMM& DID EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE TO CAPTURE ! C5TRAL NUCLEUS ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A & TO DE/ROY IT4 ,FROM ALL P>TS ( ! ,UKRA9E1 9FANTRY & CAVALRY DIVISIONS W]E S5T TO BLOCKADE ,MAKHNO4 ,! VISE ( IRON & FIRE AGA9 TI<T5$ >\ND ! REVOLUTION>Y H]OES & ! DEADLY /RUGGLE BEGAN AGA94 

,9 A LETT] TO HIS COMRADE1 ,MAKHNO HIMSELF DEPICT$ ! 5D ( ?IS H]OIC & MOV+ EPISODE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 ,HE WROTE3.<#b#g.>  
  

,TWO DAYS AFT] Y\R DEP>TURE1 MY DE> FRI5D1 ,I TOOK ! VILLAGE ( ,KORO*A 79 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,KURSK71 :]E ,I DI/RIBUT$ SEV]AL ?\S& COPIES ( ! 0,/ATUTES ( ! ,FREE ,SOVIETS40 ,!N ,I SET \T ?R\< ,V>PNY>KA & ! ,DON REGION T[>D ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ,TAURIDE4 ,I HAD TO FI<T FI]CE BATTLES EV]Y DAY -- ON ONE SIDE AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK-,COMMUNI/ 9FANTRY :I* FOLL[$ US /EP BY /EP1 & ON ! O!R SIDE AGA9/ ! ,SECOND ,CAVALRY >MY1 :I* WAS S5T AGA9/ US BY ! ,BOL%EVIK COMM&4 ,Y\ KN[ \R HORSEM54 ,! ,R$ ,CAVALRY C\LD NEV] HOLD !M IF IT WAS NOT SUPPORT$ BY 9FANTRY & >MOR$ C>S4 ,?AT IS :Y ,I MANAG$1 ?\< NOT )\T S]I\S LOSSES1 TO BREAK ?R\< )\T *ANG+ MY DIRECTION4 ,\R >MY DEMON/RAT$ EV]Y DAY ?AT IT WAS REALLY A POPUL> & REVOLUTION>Y >MY4 ,9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS :I* IT 5DUR$1 IT %\LD HAVE MELT$ AWAY IMM$IATELY1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT NEV] CEAS$ TO GR[ 9 MANP[] & RES\RCES4 

,9 ONE ( ! S]I\S BATTLES :I* WE HAD TO FI<T1 \R SPECIAL DETA*M5T ( CAVALRY LO/ MORE ?AN #c M51 HALF ( :OM W]E COMM&]S4 ,AMONG O!RS1 \R DE> & GOOD FRI5D1 Y\NG 9 YE>S BUT OLD 9 MILIT>Y EXPLOITS1 ! *IEF ( ! DETA*M5T1 ,GAV-RVU%A ,TROYAN1 WAS KILL$ 9/ANTLY BY A BULLET4 ,AT HIS SIDE ALSO FELL ,APOLLON & SEV]AL O!R BRAVE & DEVOT$ COMRADES4 

,AT SOME DI/ANCE FROM ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 WE W]E JO9$ BY \R NEW TROOPS1 FRE% & FULL ( SPIRIT1 :O W]E COMM&$ BY ,BROVA & ,P>KHOM5KO4 ,A LITTLE LAT]1 ! FIR/ BRIGADE ( ,BUD5NY'S ,F\R? ,CAVALRY ,DIVISION1 ) ITS COMM&] ,MASLAK1 CAME OV] TO \R SIDE4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! AU?ORITY & DESPOTISM ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS BECAME EV5 MORE FI]CE4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,M>*1 #a#i#b#a1 ,I ASK$ ,BROVA & ,MASLAK TO =M A SPECIAL UNIT FROM AMONG ! TROOPS :O W]E ) ME1 & TO PROCE$ T[>D ! ,DON & ! ,KUBAN4 ,ANO!R GR\P WAS =M$ UND] ! COMM& ( ,P>KHOM5KO & S5T TO ! ,VORONEZH REGION4 7,P>KHOM5KO WAS KILL$1 & AN AN>*I/ FROM ,*UGUEV REPLAC$ HIM47 ,A ?IRD GR\P1 COMPOS$ ( #f HORSEM5 & ,IVANYUK'S REGIM5T WAS S5T T[>D ,KH>'KOV4 

,AB\T ! SAME TIME1 \R BE/ COMRADE & REVOLUTION>Y ,VDOVI*5KO WAS W\ND$ 9 ! FI<T+1 & HAD TO BE TAK5 TO ,NOVOSPASOVKA = TREATM5T1 ACCOMPANI$ BY A SMALL DETA*M5T4 ,AN EXP$ITION>Y =CE ( ,BOL%EVIKS DISCOV]$ HIS HID+ PLACE2 ,VDOVI*5KO & HIS COMRADE ,MATROS5KO1.<#b#h.> :ILE DEF5D+ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! 5EMY & SEE+ ?AT !Y W]E AB\T TO BE CAPTUR$1 %OT !MSELVES4 ,MATROS5KO DI$ 9/ANTLY1 BUT ,VDOVI*5KO'S BULLET WAS EMB$D$ UND] HIS SKULL ABOVE ! NECK4 ,:5 ! ,COMMUNI/S F\ND \T :O HE WAS1 !Y GAVE HIM FIR/ AID & SAV$ HIM FROM DEA?4 ,SOON AFT] ?IS ,I HAD NEWS AB\T HIM4 ,HE WAS 9 ! HOSPITAL AT ,ALEKS&ROVSK & BEGG$ HIS COMRADES TO F9D A WAY ( RESCU+ HIM4 ,HE WAS TORTUR$ ATROCI\SLY4 ,!Y TRI$ TO MAKE HIM R5\NCE ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A & SIGN A PAP] TO ?AT EFFECT4 ,HE SCORNFULLY REPULS$ !IR (F]S1 AL?\< HE WAS SO WEAK ?AT HE C\LD H>DLY TALK4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS REFUSAL1 HE MI<T HAVE BE5 %OT AT ANY MOM5T -- BUT ,I DID NOT F9D \T :E!R OR NOT HE WAS %OT4 

,DUR+ ?IS TIME ,I MYSELF MADE A RAID ACROSS ! ,DNIEP] T[>D ,NIKOLAEV2 !N ,I RE-CROSS$ ! ,DNIEP] ABOVE ,P]EKOP & W5T T[>D \R REGION1 :]E ,I HOP$ TO MEET SOME ( \R DETA*M5TS4 ,BUT ! ,COMMUNI/ COMM& HAD PREP>$ AN AMBU% = ME NE> ,MELITOPOL'4 ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE EI!R TO ADVANCE OR TO RE-CROSS ! ,DNIEP]1 S9CE ! SN[ HAD BEGUN TO MELT & ! RIV] WAS COV]$ ) FLOAT+ ICE4 ,WE HAD TO FI<T1 :I* MEANT ?AT ,I HAD TO GET BACK 9TO ! SADDLE.<#b#i.> & DIRECT OP]ATIONS MYSELF4 ,A SECTION ( ! 5EMY TROOPS WAS SKILLFULLY ELUD$ BY \R TROOPS1 :ILE ,I =C$ ! O!RS TO KEEP ON ! AL]T = A :OLE #bd H\RS1 H>ASS+ !M ) \R PATROLS4 ,DUR+ ?IS TIME ,I MANAG$ TO MAKE A =C$ M>* ( #d MILES1 TO OV]COME 7AT DAWN ON ,M>* #h7 A ?IRD ,BOL%EVIK >MY1 CAMP$ ON ! %ORE ( ,MOLO*NI ,LAKE1 & TO GET TO ! OP5 SPACE ( ! ,V]KHNI ,TOKMAK REGION OV] ! N>R[ PROMONTORY BETWE5 ,MOLO*NI ,LAKE & ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV4 ,FROM !RE ,I S5T ,KURIL5KO 9TO ! ,B]DYANSK-,M>IUPOL' REGION TO DIRECT ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T !RE4 ,I MYSELF W5T ?R\< ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REGION T[>D ,*]NIGOV1 S9CE PEASANT DELEGATIONS HAD COME FROM SEV]AL ( ITS DI/RICTS TO ASK ME TO VISIT !IR REGION4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS J\RNEY1 MY TROOPS -- #ae HORSEM5 UND] ,PETR5KO & TWO 9FANTRY REGIM5TS -- W]E HALT$ & 5CIRCL$ BY /RONG ,BOL%EVIK DIVISIONS4 ,AGA9 ,I HAD TO DIRECT ! C\NT]-ATTACK MYSELF4 ,\R EF=TS W]E SUCCESSFUL4 ,WE BEAT ! 5EMY ?OR\<LY1 & TOOK MANY PRISON]S1 AS WELL AS >MS1 GUNS1 AMMUNITION & HORSES4 ,BUT TWO DAYS LAT]1 WE W]E ATTACK$ BY FRE% & P[]FUL 5EMY UNITS4 ,I MU/ TELL Y\ ?AT !SE DAILY COMBATS HAD ACCU/OM$ \R M5 TO PLAC+ SO LITTLE VALUE ON !IR LIVES ?AT EXPLOITS ( EXTRAORD9>Y H]OISM HAD BECOME DAILY EV5TS4 ,) A CRY ( 0,LIVE FREE OR DIE FI<T+10 ! M5 W\LD ?R[ !MSELVES 9TO ! MID/ ( NO-MATT] :AT UNIT1 OV]TURN+ 5EMIES MU* /RONG] ?AN !MSELVES & =C+ !M TO FLEE4 ,DUR+ ONE C\NT]-ATTACK1 :I* WAS BOLD TO ! PO9T ( FOLLY1 ,I WAS /RUCK ) A BULLET ?AT 5T]$ MY ?I< & COME \T ?R\< ! /OMA*1 NE> ! APP5DIX4 ,I FELL (F MY HORSE4 ,?IS =C$ US TO RETREAT1 BECAUSE SOMEONE :O HAD NO EXP]I5CE CRI$ \T3 0,BATKO WAS KILL$60 

,!Y C>RI$ ME = A DOZ5 V]/S 9 A C>T BE=E DRESS+ MY W\ND1 & ,I LO/ A GREAT DEAL ( BLOOD4 ,I REMA9$ UNCONSCI\S1 UND] ! GU>D ( ,LEV ,Z9'KOVSKY4 ,?IS WAS ,M>* #a#d4 ,DUR+ ! NI<T ( ! #a#e?1 ,I REGA9$ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,ALL ! COMM&]S ( \R >MY & ! MEMB]S ( ! /AFF1 ) ,BELA% AT !IR HEAD1 ASSEMBL$ AT MY B$SIDE1 ASK+ ME TO SIGN AN ORD] TO S5D DETA*M5TS ( #a TO #b M5 TO ,KURIL5KO1 ,KOZH9 & O!RS :O W]E DIRECT+ ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 V>I\S REGIONS4 ,!Y WANT$ ME TO RETIRE ) ONE REGIM5T TO A RELATIVELY QUIET PLACE UNTIL ,I C\LD GET BACK 9 ! SADDLE4 ,I SIGN$ ! ORD]1 & ,I P]MITT$ ,ZABUD'KO TO =M A LI<T COMBAT UNIT TO ACT ON ITS [N 9 \R REGION1 )\T LOS+ T\* ) ME4 ,BY ! MORN+ ( ,M>* #a#f1 ALL !SE DETA*M5TS HAD ALREADY LEFT EXCEPT = A SMALL1 SPECIAL UNIT ?AT REMA9$ ) ME4 ,& AT ?IS MOM5T ! #i? ,R$ ,CAVALRY ,DIVISION FELL UPON US & =C$ US TO BREAK CAMP2 !Y PURSU$ US = #ac H\RS & OV] #ah V]/S4 ,F9ALLY1 UPON LEAV+ ,SLOBODA ON ! %ORE ( ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV1 WE W]E ABLE TO *ANGE HORSES & HALT = FIVE H\RS4 

,AT DAWN ON ,M>* #a#g1 WE RESUM$ ! M>* T[>D ,NOVOSPASOVKA1 BUT AFT] #ag V]/S ON ! ROAD WE MET A NEW & QUITE FRE% =CE ( ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,!Y HAD BE5 S5T AFT] ,KURIL5KO1 BUT HAV+ LO/ SI<T ( HIM1 !Y FELL ON US4 ,AFT] PURSU+ US = #be V]/S 7WE W]E COMPLETELY EXHAU/$ & REALLY 9CAPABLE ( FI<T+71 !SE HORSEM5 ?REW !MSELVES ON US4 ,:AT W]E WE TO DO8 ,I WAS NOT ONLY 9CAPABLE ( GETT+ 9TO ! SADDLE2 ,I C\LD NOT EV5 SIT UP4 ,I WAS LY+ 9 ! BOTTOM ( ! C>T1 & SAW A T]RIBLE H&-TO-H& BATTLE -- AN UNBELIEVABLE HACK+ -- TAKE PLACE AB\T A HUNDR$ Y>DS AWAY FROM ME4 ,\R M5 DI$ ONLY = MY SAKE1 ONLY BECAUSE !Y W\LD NOT AB&ON ME4 ,BUT 9 ! LA/ RESORT1 !RE WAS NO WAY TO SAFETY1 EI!R = !M OR = ME4 ,! 5EMY WAS FIVE OR SIX TIMES AS /RONG1 = FRE% RES]VES W]E CON/ANTLY >RIV+4 ,ALL AT ONCE1 NE> MY C>T1 ,I SAW ! 0,LEWISI/S0.<#c.> :O HAD BE5 ) ME 9 Y\R TIME4 ,!RE W]E FIVE M5 UND] ! COMM& ( ,MI%A FROM ! VILLAGE ( ,*]NIGOVKA NE> ,B]DYANSK4 ,!Y TOOK LEAVE ( ME1 SAY+3 0,BATKO1 Y\ >E 9DISP5SABLE TO ! CAUSE ( \R PEASANT ORGANIZATION4 ,?AT CAUSE IS DE> TO US4 ,WE >E GO+ TO DIE SOON1 BUT \R DEA? WILL SAVE Y\ & ?OSE :O WILL TAKE FAI?FUL C>E ( Y\4 ,DON'T =GET TO REPEAT \R WORDS TO \R P>5TS40 ,ONE ( !M EMBRAC$ ME2 !N ,I C\LD NO LONG] SEE ANY ( !M NE> ME4 ,A MOM5T LAT] ,LEV ,Z9'KOVSKY C>RI$ ME 9 HIS >MS TO ! C>T ( A PEASANT :O PASS$ NE>BY4 ,I HE>D ! MA*9E-GUNS RATTLE & ! BOMBS EXPLODE 9 ! DI/ANCE4 ,IT WAS \R GUNN]S :O W]E KEEP+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS FROM PASS+4 ,WE HAD TIME TO TRAVEL ?REE OR F\R V]/S & CROSS A RIV]4 ,I WAS SAV$1 BUT ALL ! 0,LEWIS-I/S0 DI$ !RE4 

,SOMETIME LAT] WE PASS$ ! PLACE AGA9 & ! PEASANTS ( ! VILLAGE ( ,/>ODUBOVKA1 DI/4 ( ,M>IUPOL'1 %[$ US ! GRAVE :]E !Y HAD BURI$ \R 0,LEWISI/S40 ,I /ILL CANNOT KEEP BACK MY TE>S :5 ,I ?9K ( ?OSE BRAVE FI<T]S1 SIMPLE & HONE/ PEASANTS4 ,MOREOV] ,I MU/ TELL Y\1 MY DE> FRI5D1 ?AT ?IS EPISODE SEEM$ TO CURE ME4 ,ON ! EV5+ ( ! SAME DAY ,I GOT BACK 9TO ! SADDLE & LEFT ! REGION4 

,DUR+ ,APRIL ,I REE/ABLI%$ CONTACT ) ALL ! UNITS ( \R TROOPS1 & S5T ?OSE :O W]E NE>BY TO ! ,POLTAVA REGION4 ,DUR+ ,MAY1 ,KOZH9'S & ,KURI-L5KO'S UNITS JO9$ US & =M$ A BODY ( #b HORSEM5 & SEV]AL 9FANTRY REGIM5TS4 ,IT WAS DECID$ TO M>* ON ,KH>'KOV & TO *ASE \T ! BIG BOSSES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK-,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,BUT !Y W]E NOT ASLEEP4 ,!Y S5T MORE ?AN #f >MOR$ C>S1 SEV]AL DIVISIONS ( CAVALRY1 & A SW>M ( 9FANTRY AGA9/ ME4 ,! FI<T ) !SE TROOPS LA/$ = SEV]AL WEEKS4 

,A MON? LAT]1 COMRADE ,%*US' WAS KILL$ 9 BATTLE 9 ! ,POLTAVA REGION4 ,HE WAS !N *IEF ( /AFF = ,ZABUD'KO'S GR\P4 ,HE HAD WORK$ HONORABLY & VALIANTLY4 

,A MON? LAT] ,KURIL5KO WAS KILL$4 ,HE COV]$ ! M>* ( \R TROOPS ALONG ! RAILWAY TRACKS1 TOOK P]SONAL *>GE ( /ATION+ ! UNITS1 & WAS ALWAYS 9 ! LEAD+ SQUAD4 ,ONE DAY HE WAS SURPRIS$ BY ,BUD5NY'S CAVALRY & P]I%$ 9 ! FI<T4 

,ON ,MAY #a#h1 #a#i#b#a1 ,BUD5NY'S HORSEM5 W]E ON ! M>* FROM ! ,EKAT]9OSLAV REGION T[>D ! ,DON1 TO PUT D[N A PEASANT 9SURRECTION L$ BY \R COMRADES ,BROVA & ,MASLAK 7:O HAD BE5 *IEF ( ,BUD5NY'S #a/ ,BRIGADE & HAD JO9$ US ) ALL HIS M574 

,\R GR\P WAS =M$ ( SEV]AL DETA*M5TS UNIT$ UND] ! COMM& ( ,PETR5KO-,PLATONOV2 ! MA9 /AFF & ,I =M$ P>T ( ! GR\P4 ,! GR\P WAS #ae TO #b V]/S FROM ! ROAD ALONG :I* ,BU-D5NY'S >MY MOV$4 ,KN[+1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ?AT ,I WAS ALWAYS NE> ?IS GR\P1 ,BUD5NY WAS TEMPT$ BY ! %ORT DI/ANCE ?AT SEP>AT$ US FROM HIM4 ,HE ORD]$ ! *IEF ( ! #b#a/ >MOR$ C> UNIT1 :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO SUPPRESS ! UPRIS+ ( ! PEASANTS 9 ! ,DON1 TO S5D \T #af C>S & BLOCKADE ! VILLAGE ( ,NOVO-,GRIGOR'EVKA 7,/REM5-NOE74 ,BUD5NY HIMSELF M>*$ ACROSS ! FIELDS AT ! HEAD ( A P>T ( ! #a#i? ,CAVALRY ,DIVISION 7=M]LY ! 0,9T]NAL ,S]VICE0 ,DIVISION71 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,NOVO-,G RIGOR'EVKA4 ,HE >RIV$ !RE BE=E ! >MOR$ C>S1 :I* W]E =C$ TO AVOID RAV9ES1 SEEK \T =DS & PO/ S5TRIES4 ,! VIGILANCE ( \R SC\TS PUT US 9 T\* ) ALL !SE MOVEM5TS1 & ALL[$ US TO TAKE PRECAUTIONS4 ,AT ! MOM5T :5 ,BUD5NY CAME 9 SI<T ( \R CAMP1 WE ?REW \RSELVES UPON HIM4 

,BUD5NY1 :O WAS PR\DLY GALLOP+ 9 ! FIR/ RANK1 IMM$IATELY TURN$ TAIL4 ,! DISGRACEFUL C[>D FL$1 AB&ON+ HIS COMRADES4 

,A NI<TM>I% COMBAT UNFOLD$ 9 FRONT ( US4 ,! SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY :O W]E S5T AGA9/ US BELONG$ TO ! TROOPS :O HAD1 UNTIL !N1 BE5 9 ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA1 :]E !Y HAD 5SUR$ 9T]NAL ORD]4 ,!Y DID NOT KN[ US2 !Y HAD BE5 TOLD ?AT WE W]E COMMON 0B&ITS10 & MADE IT A PO9T ( HONOR NOT TO RETREAT BE=E B&ITS4 

,\R 9SURG5T COMRADES FELT 9 ! RI<T & W]E FIRMLY RESOLV$ TO CONQU] & DIS>M ! 5EMY4 

,?IS COMBAT WAS ! FI]CE/ ( ALL WE HAD TO FI<T1 EI!R BE=E OR AFT]4 ,IT 5D$ 9 COMPLETE DEFEAT = ,BUD5NY'S TROOPS1 :I* L$ TO ! DIS9TEGRATION ( HIS >MY & ! DES]TION ( MANY ( HIS SOLDI]S4 

,!N ,I =M$ A UNIT ( =M] ,SIB]IANS1 & S5T !M1 >M$ & EQUIPP$ ) NECESSITIES1 TO ,SIB]IA1 UND] ! COMM& ( COMRADE ,GLAZUNOV4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#a1 WE LE>N$ FROM ,BOL%EVIK NEWSPAP]S ?AT ?IS UNIT HAD MADE ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,SAM>A4 ,!N NO MORE WAS SAID AB\T IT4 

,DUR+ ! :OLE SUMM] ( #aiba WE DID NOT CEASE FI<T+4 

,! EXTREME DR\<T ( ?AT SEASON & ! CONSEQU5T BAD H>VE/S 9 ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,TAURIDE & P>TS ( ,KH]SON & ,POLTAVA1 AS WELL AS ! ,DON REGION1 =C$ US TO MOVE 9 ONE DIRECTION T[>D ,KUBAN & BEL[ ,TS>ITSYN & ,S>ATOV1 & 9 ! O!R DIRECTION T[>D ,KIEV & ,*]NIGOV4 ,9 ! LATT] PLACE ! /RUGGLE WAS L$ BY COMRADE ,KOZH94 ,:5 WE MET AGA91 HE GAVE ME A BUNDLE ( RESOLUTIONS TAK5 BY ! PEASANTS ( ,*]NIGOV1 DECL>+ ?AT !Y WANT$ TO SUPPORT US COMPLETELY 9 \R /RUGGLE = A FREE SY/EM ( C\NCILS4 

,I MADE A RAID ACROSS ! ,VOLGA ) ! UNITS ( COMRADES ,ZABUD'KO & ,PETR5KO2 !N ,I )DREW ACROSS ! ,DON1 MEET+ ON ! WAY SEV]AL ( \R UNITS1 :I* ,I COMB9$ & TO :I* ,I ADD$ ,VDOVI-*5KO'S OLD GR\P FROM ,AZOV4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,AUGU/1 #a#i#b#a1 IT WAS DECID$ ?AT 9 VIEW ( ! SEV]ITY ( MY W\NDS ,I W\LD LEAVE ) SOME ( \R COMM&]S TO GET M$ICAL TREATM5T ABROAD4 

,AB\T ?IS TIME \R BE/ COMM&]S -- ,KOZH91 ,PETR5KO & ,ZABUD'KO -- W]E S]I\SLY W\ND$4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #a#c1 #a#i#b#a1 ACCOMPANI$ BY #a HORSEM51 ,I SET \T T[>D ! ,DNIEP]1 & ON ! MORN+ ( ! #a#f? WE CROSS$ ! RIV] BETWE5 ,ORLIK & ,KREM5*UG ) ! HELP ( #ag PEASANT FI%+ BOATS4 ,ON ?IS DAY ,I WAS W\ND$ SIX TIMES1 BUT NOT S]I\SLY4 

,ON ! WAY WE MET SEV]AL ( \R UNITS1 & EXPLA9$ TO !M ! REASONS = \R DEP>TURE = ABROAD4 ,!Y ALL SAID ! SAME ?+3 0,GO & GET WELL1 ,BATKO1 & !N COME BACK & HELP US4440 ,ON ,AUGU/ #ai WE CAME UPON ! #g? ,CAVALRY ,DIVISION ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 CAMP$ ALONG ! ,+ULETS ,RIV]1 #ab V]/S FROM ,BOBR9ETS4 ,TO GO BACK MEANT TR\BLE1 S9CE WE HAD BE5 SE5 BY A CAVALRY REGIM5T ON \R RI<T :I* WAS ADVANC+ TO CUT (F \R RETREAT4 ,I !RE=E ASK$ ,Z9'KOVSKY TO PUT ME ON HORSEBACK4 ,9 AN 9/ANT1 ) DRAWN SAB]S & L\D *E]S1 WE HURL$ \RSELVES ON ! DIVISION'S MA*9E GUNS1 :I* W]E MASS$ 9 A VILLAGE4 ,WE MANAG$ TO CAPTURE #ac 0,MAXIM0 & ?REE 0,LEWIS0 GUNS4 ,!N WE PREP>$ TO CONT9UE \R J\RNEY4 

,BUT AS SOON AS WE HAD CAPTUR$ ! MA*9E GUNS1 ! 5TIRE CAVALRY DIVISION /ATION$ 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,NIKOLAEV & 9 NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES WAS AL]T$ & ATTACK$ US4 ,WE W]E CAU<T 9 A TRAP4 ,BUT1 )\T LOS+ C\RAGE1 WE ATTACK$ & BEAT ! #c#h? ,REGIM5T ( ! #g? ,CAVALRY ,DIVISION1 & WE !N RODE #aa V]/S )\T /OPP+4 ,DEF5D+ \RSELVES CONT9U\SLY FROM ! FURI\S ATTACKS ( ALL !SE TROOPS1 WE F9ALLY ESCAP$1 BUT ONLY AFT] HAV+ LO/ #ag ( \R BE/ COMRADES4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #b#b1 !Y HAD TO TAKE C>E ( ME AGA92 A BULLET /RUCK ME 9 ! NECK & CAME \T ( ! RI<T *EEK4 ,ONCE AGA9 ,I WAS LY+ 9 ! BOTTOM ( A C>T4 ,ON ! #b#f? WE W]E OBLIG$ TO FI<T A NEW BATTLE ) ! ,R$S4 ,WE LO/ \R BE/ COMRADES & FI<T]S3 ,PETR5KO-,PLATONOV & ,IVANYUK4 ,I WAS =C$ TO *ANGE \R R\TE = ! LA/ TIME1 & ON ,AUGU/ #b#h1 #a#i#b#a1 ,I CROSS$ ! ,DNIE/]4 ,I AM N[ ABROAD444  
  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,! ?IRD CAMPAIGN ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S WAS AT ! SAME TIME A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTRY4 ,! G5]AL AIM ( ?IS CAMPAIGN WAS NOT M]ELY TO DE/ROY ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY1 BUT TO SUBJUGATE ! DISSATISFI$ PEASANTS & TO REMOVE FROM !M ALL POSSIBILITY ( ORGANIZ+ ANY TYPE ( REVOLUTION>Y-GU]RILLA MOVEM5T4 ,! 5ORM\S ,R$ ,>MY1 FRE$ FROM ! W> AGA9/ ,WRANGEL1 MADE IT FULLY POSSIBLE = ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO C>RY \T ?IS PLAN4 ,! ,R$ ,DIVISIONS TRAVEL$ ?R\< ALL ! REBEL VILLAGES 9 ! 9SURG5T REGION & EXT]M9AT$ MASSES ( PEASANTS ON ! BASIS ( 9=MATION PROVID$ BY LOCAL KULAKS4 ,:51 A WEEK AFT] ! TREA*]\S ,BOL%EVIK ATTACK ON ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 ,MAKHNO RETURN$ !RE1 ! PEASANTS ( ! VILLAGE ?RONG$ >\ND ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & SADLY TOLD H[ ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD %OT MORE ?AN ?REE HUNDR$ 9HABITANTS ! NI<T BE=E4 ,! POPULATION ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE HAD DAILY ANTICIPAT$ ! >RIVAL ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 HOP+ ?AT !Y W\LD SAVE !SE UN=TUNATE PEASANTS4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT] ! ,MAKHNOVI/S >RIV$ 9 ,NOVOSPASOVKA1 & !RE LE>N$ ?AT A SIMIL> EXECUTION HAD JU/ TAK5 PLACE4 ,! CULTURAL-$UCATIONAL SECTION ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,>MY1 AS WELL AS ! 9SURG5T ,C\NCIL1 LE>N$ ?AT 9 ,NOVOSPASOVKA1 ! ,*EKI/S1 ?IR/+ = MURD]1 =C$ MO!RS TO HOLD !IR BABIES 9 !IR >MS SO AS TO KILL BO? ) ONE BL[4 ,?IS WAS DONE TO ! WIFE & NEWBORN *ILD ( AN 9SURG5T FROM ,NOVOSPASOVKA1 ,M>TYN4 ,! *ILD WAS KILL$1 BUT ! W\ND$ MO!R SURVIV$ DUE TO ! C>ELESSNESS ( ! ,*EKI/S4 ,SU* CASES W]E QUITE FREQU5T4 ,ONE DAY HI/ORY WILL N>RATE !M4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS ALSO C>RI$ \T MASS %OOT+S ( PEASANTS 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,MALAYA ,TOKMA*KA1 ,USP5OVKA1 ,POLOGI & ELSE:]E4 

,?IS 5TIRE REPRESSIVE CAMPAIGN WAS DIRECT$ BY ! ,COMM&] ( ! ,>MY ( ! ,S\!RN ,FRONT1 ,FRUNZE4 

0,WE HAVE TO F9I% (F ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A BY ! C\NT ( TWO10 HE WROTE 9 AN ORD] TO ! ,>MY ( ! ,S\!RN ,FRONT BE=E SETT+ \T ON ?IS EXP$ITION4 ,& LIKE A BRAVE SOLDI]1 FULL ( DESIRE TO DI/+UI% HIMSELF 9 ! EYES ( HIS SUP]IORS1 HE SET \T ON ! ,UKRA9IAN CAMPAIGN ) HIS SAB] FLA%+1 S[+ DEA? & DESOLATION >\ND HIM4.<#c#a.> 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibb 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 

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