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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,>%9OV 

,TEXT 3 

,! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS & WORK]S AT FIR/ HAD ! *>ACT] ( A TEMPE/U\S SEA4 ,?R\<\T ! IMM5SE /RET*ES ( ! ,UKRA9E1 ! MASSES SEE!D1 RU%+ 9TO REVOLT & /RUGGLE4 ,HI<H&$ POME%*IKS & REPRES5TATIVES ( P[] W]E KILL$ OR *AS$ FROM !IR MID/4 ,! DE/RUCTIVE SIDE ( ! MOVEM5T WAS DOM9ANT4 ,! POSITIVE SIDE SEEM$ TO BE LACK+4 ,! MOVEM5T DID NOT YET (F] A CLE> & PRECISE PLAN = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! FREE LIFE ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S4 ,BUT GRADUALLY1 9 ! PROCESS ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ! REAL CONT5T ( ! MOVEM5T WAS REVEAL$ & =M$4 ,AFT] ! UNIFICATION ( ! MAJORITY ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y CURR5TS UND] ,MAKHNO'S LEAD]%IP1 ! MOVEM5T F\ND ! UNITY :I* IT HAD LACK$1 ITS BACKBONE4 ,FROM ?IS TIME ON IT REPRES5TS AN ACCOMPLI%$ & CLE>LY DEF9$ SOCIAL MOVEM5T ) ITS SPECIFIC IDEOLOGY & ITS [N PLAN = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS ! MO/ P[]FUL & ! HI<E/ PO9T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION1 ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 

,! *>ACT]I/IC TRAITS SPECIFIC TO ?IS MOVEM5T >E3 A PR(\ND DI/RU/ ( NON-WORK+ OR PRIVILEG$ SOCIAL GR\PS2 SUSPICION ( POLITICAL P>TIES2 REJECTION ( ALL DICTATOR%IPS OV] ! PEOPLE BY ANY & ALL ORGANIZATIONS2 REJECTION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( ! ,/ATE2 COMPLETE SELF-DIRECTION ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE 9 ALL !IR AFFAIRS4 ,! PRIM>Y & CONCRETE =M ( ?IS SELF-DIRECTION CONSI/S ( FREE WORK+ C\NCILS ( PEASANTS' & WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 0,FREE0 MEANS ?AT !Y W\LD BE ABSOLUTELY 9DEP5D5T ( ALL =MS ( C5TRAL P[]1 TAK+ P>T 9 ! G5]AL ECONOMIC SY/EM ON ! BASIS ( EQUALITY4 0,WORK+0 MEANS ?AT !SE C\NCILS W\LD BE BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( WORK1 COMPOS$ ONLY ( WORK]S1 S]V+ !IR 9T]E/S & !IR WILL1 & GIV+ NO ACCESS TO POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 7,SEE 0,! ,G5]AL ,POSITIONS ( ,MAKHNOVI/S ON ! ,FREE ,C\NCILS ( ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' ,ORGANIZATIONS407 ,?IS WAS ! BANN] UND] :I* ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A 5T]$ ! >5A ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 

,! ,MAKHNOV%*9A ORIG9AT$ 9 ! /ORMY ]A ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,UKRA9IAN LIFE 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h1 :5 ! 5TIRE PEASANTRY ?UND]$ 9 REVOLT4 ,FROM ! FIR/ DAYS ( ITS EXI/5CE UNTIL ITS V]Y LA/ MOM5TS1 IT DID NOT HAVE A S+LE DAY ( PEACE4 ,AS A RESULT ITS GR[? & ITS 5TIRE EVOLUTION FOLL[$ A SPECIFIC1 D\BLE PA? -- ! PA? ( 9TRODUC+ ITS BASIC IDEAS TO ! VA/ MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 & ! PA? ( 5L>G+ & CONSOLIDAT+ ITS MILIT>Y =CES4 ,FROM ! DAY :5 ALL ! MILIT>Y-REVOLUTION>Y DETA*M5TS W]E UNIT$ 9 A S+LE >MY1 ?IS >MY BECAME ! SOLE REVOLUTION>Y >MY ( ! MASSES4 ,! FACT ?AT ! ,UKRA9E WAS 9 A CON/ANT /ATE ( W> WAS ! REASON :Y ! BE/ ORGANIZATIONAL P[]S ( ! MOVEM5T W]E 5GAG$ 9 ! >MY4 ,?IS >MY 9VOLUNT>ILY BECAME BO? ! >M$ SELF-DEF5SE ( ! PEASANTS1 & ! LEAD] ( !IR 5TIRE MOVEM5T1 !IR REVOLUTION>Y AVANT-G>DE4 ,! >MY ORGANIZ$ & ACTIVELY L$ ! (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! POME%*IK C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 DREW UP ! PLAN = ! /RUGGLE1 & CO9$ ! SLOGANS ( ! DAY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! >MY WAS NEV] A SELF-SUFFICI5T =CE4 ,IT ALWAYS D]IV$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS FROM ! VA/ MASSES1 & DEF5D$ !IR 9T]E/S4 ,! PEASANT MASSES1 ON !IR SIDE1 CONSID]$ ?IS >MY AS ! LEAD+ ORGAN 9 ALL FACETS ( !IR EXI/5CE4.<#a.> 

,! ATTITUDE ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A T[>D ,/ATE P[]1 T[>D POLITICAL P>TIES1 T[>D UNPRODUCTIVE GR\PS1 BECAME ! ATTITUDE ( ! PEASANTS1 & CONV]SELY1 ! 9T]E/S ( ! POORE/ PEASANTS & WORK]S1 !IR H>D%IPS & !IR ?\<TS1 BECAME ! 9T]E/S1 ! H>D%IPS & ! ?\<TS ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 ,?US ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T DEVELOP$ ?R\< MUTUAL 9T]ACTION1 & SOON BECAME AN IMM5SE SOCIAL PH5OM5ON 9 ,RUSSIAN LIFE4  
  

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,9 ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ,MAKHNO'S DETA*M5TS BEGAN A G5]AL ATTACK AGA9/ ! ,HETMAN'S C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,AT ?IS TIME ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN TROOPS1 9FLU5C$ BY ! POLITICAL EV5TS TAK+ PLACE 9 !IR C\NTRIES1 W]E ALREADY DISORGANIZ$1 & LACK$ !IR =M] =CE & 5]GY4 ,MAKHNO TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS4 ,HE NEGOTIAT$1 & E/ABLI%$ RELATIONS ( NEUTRALITY ) UNITS ( SOLDI]S :O HAD CAU<T ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT4 ,!SE UNITS ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE DIS>M$1 & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E ABLE TO >M !MSELVES AT !IR EXP5SE4 ,:]E ,MAKHNO FAIL$ TO GET ON GOOD T]MS ) ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS1 HE *AS$ !M FROM ! REGION BY =CE4 ,AFT] A FI]CE ?REE-DAY BATTLE ,MAKHNO DEF9ITIVELY OCCUPI$ ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,!RE HE CONSOLIDAT$ HIS POSITION & ORGANIZ$ ! G5]AL /AFF ( HIS >MY4 ,EV]Y:]E PEOPLE S5S$ ! APPROA*+ 5D ( ! ,HETMAN'S REIGN1 & ! PEASANT Y\? ?RONG$ 9 L>GE NUMB]S T[>D ,MAKHNO4 ,ALREADY AT ?IS TIME HIS >MY CONSI/$ ( SEV]AL 9FANTRY & CAVALRY REGIM5TS ) ONE BATT]Y & NUM]\S MA*9E GUNS4 

,NONE ( ! ,HETMAN'S TROOPS W]E 9 ! REGION4 ,! ,/ATE ,V>TA 7,GU>D7 SCATT]$ 9 ! FACE ( ! EXTRAORD9>Y GR[? ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY4 ,MAKHNO'S >MY REMA9$ ! SOLE >MY 9 ?IS 5ORM\S REGION4 ,BUT ! ,HETMAN /ILL HELD ,KIEV4 ,SO ,MAKHNO & HIS TROOPS HEAD$ NOR?1 OCCUPY+ ! RAILWAY JUNCTIONS ( ,*APL9O1 ,GRI%9O1 ,S9EL'NIKOVO1 REA*+ ! CITY ( ,PAVLOGRAD1 :]E HE TURN$ WE/ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 ,!RE HE 5C\NT]$ ! =CES ( ,PETLIURA4 

,! ,PETLIURI/S1 HAV+ SEIZ$ P[] 9 A NUMB] ( CITIES1 CONSID]$ !MSELVES ! REAL MA/]S ( ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y =M$ !IR >MY BY GA!R+ A NUMB] ( PEASANT DETA*M5TS2 !N !Y DECRE$ A G5]AL MOBILIZATION ) ! AIM ( CREAT+ A REGUL> NATIONAL >MY4 ,!Y CONSID]$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T AN IMPORTANT EPISODE 9 ! ,UKRA9IAN REVOLUTION & HOP$ TO ATTRACT IT 9TO !IR SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE & BR+ IT UND] !IR DIRECTION4 ,!Y S5T ,MAKHNO A S]IES ( POLITICAL QUE/IONS3 :AT WAS HIS OP9ION ( ! ,PETLIURI/ MOVEM5T & ( ,PETLIURA'S GOV]NM5T2 H[ DID HE 5VISION ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,UKRA9E2 W\LD HE NOT F9D IT DESIRABLE & USEFUL TO WORK 9 COMMON ) ,PETLIURA = ! CREATION ( AN 9DEP5D5T ,UKRA9E8 ,! RESPONSE ( ,MAKHNO & HIS /AFF WAS BRIEF4 ,!Y DECL>$ ?AT 9 !IR OP9ION ! ,PETLIURI/ MOVEM5T WAS A B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T :OSE ROAD WAS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS2 ?AT ! ,UKRA9E %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( FREE LABOR & ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S FROM EV]Y POLITICAL P[]4 ,NOT UNION1 BUT ONLY /RUGGLE WAS POSSIBLE BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE & ! ,PETLIURI/ MOVEM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,%ORTLY AFT]1 ,MAKHNO M>*$ T[>D ,EKAT]9OSLAV 9 ORD] TO ?R[ \T ! ,PETLIURI/ GOV]NM5T4 ,PETLIURA HAD L>GE MILIT>Y =CES !RE4 ,PROTECT$ BY ! ,DNIEP] ,RIV]1 ! ,PETLIURI/S W]E ALMO/ 9V9CIBLE 9 ?IS CITY4 ,MAKHNO'S DETA*M5TS /OPP$ AT ,NIZHNE-,DNEPROVSK1 :]E !RE WAS A CITY COMMITTEE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :I* DISPOS$ ( SOME LOCAL >M$ =CES4 ,MAKHNO1 BE+ KN[N 9 ! REGION AS A VALIANT REVOLUTION>Y H]O & A V]Y GIFT$ MILIT>Y GUIDE1 WAS (F]$ ! COMM& ( ! ,P>TY'S WORK]S' DETA*M5TS BY ?IS ,COMMITTEE4 ,MAKHNO ACCEPT$4 

,AS HE (T5 DID1 ,MAKHNO HAD REC\RSE TO A MILIT>Y RUSE4 ,HE LOAD$ A TRA9 ) HIS TROOPS & S5T IT ACROSS ! ,DNIEP] BRIDGE /RAI<T 9TO ! CITY1 DISGUIS$ AS A WORK]S' .<COMMUT].> TRA94 ,! RISK WAS GREAT4 ,IF ! ,PETLIURI/S HAD DISCOV]$ ?IS RUSE A FEW M9UTES BE=E ! TRA9 /OPP$1 ! :OLE TROOP W\LD HAVE BE5 CAPTUR$4 ,BUT ! SAME RISK CLE>$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S' PA? TO VICTORY4 ,! TRA9 5T]$ ! C5TRAL /ATION1 :]E ! REVOLUTION>Y TROOPS UNEXPECT$LY DISEMB>K$ & IMM$IATELY OCCUPI$ ! /ATION AS WELL AS ITS SURR\ND+S4 ,9 ! CITY ITSELF A FI]CE BATTLE BROKE \T 9 :I* ! ,PETLIURI/S W]E DEFEAT$4 ,BUT A FEW DAYS LAT]1 DUE TO ! FAULTY VIGILANCE ( A ,MAKHNOVI/ G>RISON1 ! CITY WAS RETAK5 BY ! ,PETLIURI/S1 :O HAD RETURN$ ) NEW =CES FROM ,ZAPOROZH'E4 ,DUR+ ! RETREAT1 !RE W]E TWO ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS AGA9/ ,MAKHNO 9 ,NIZHNE-,DNEPROVSK4 ,BO? TIMES ! BOMBS ?R[N AT HIM FAIL$ TO GO (F4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY RETREAT$ TO ! ,S9EL'NIKOVO REGION1 :]E IT DUG 9 & E/ABLI%$ A FRONT BETWE5 ITSELF & ! ,PETLIURI/S ON ! NOR?-WE/ FRONTI] ( ! 9SURG5T REGION4 ,PETLIURA'S TROOPS1 COMPOS$ *IEFLY ( 9SURG5T PEASANTS OR CONSCRIPTS1 RAPIDLY DIS9TEGRAT$ UPON CONTACT ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,& SOON ?IS FRONT MELT$ AWAY )\T A BATTLE4 ,AN IMM5SE SPACE ( SEV]AL ?\S& MILES WAS LIB]AT$ FROM ALL AU?ORITY & ALL TROOPS4  
  

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,/ATI/S FE> FREE PEOPLE4 ,!Y CLAIM ?AT )\T AU?ORITY PEOPLE WILL LOSE ! AN*OR ( SOCIABILITY1 WILL DISSIPATE !MSELVES1 & WILL RETURN TO SAVAG]Y4 ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY RUBBI%4 ,IT IS TAK5 S]I\SLY BY IDL]S1 LOV]S ( AU?ORITY & ( ! LABOR ( O!RS1 OR BY ! BL9D ?9K]S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLE 9 REALITY LEADS TO ! DEG5]ATION & RETURN TO SAVAG]Y1 NOT ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT ( ?OSE :O1 ?ANKS TO P[] & PRIVILEGE1 LIVE FROM ! LABOR ( ! PEOPLE'S >MS & FROM ! BLOOD ( ! PEOPLE'S VE9S4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION GIVES AN EXAMPLE ( H[ ?\S&S ( FAMILIES FROM ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS -- CLEAN1 WELL N\RI%$ & WELL GROOM$ -- FELL TO DECAD5CE & SAVAG]Y4 ,! REVOLUTION DEPRIV$ !M ( !IR S]VANTS1 & 9 A MON? OR TWO !Y W]E COV]$ ) DIRT1 !Y W]E MANGY4 ,! LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLE LEADS TO ! SAVAG]Y ( ?OSE :O LIVE FROM ITS 5SLAVEM5T4 ,AS = ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 IT IS PRECISELY FROM ! DAY :5 !Y BECOME REALLY & COMPLETELY FREE ?AT !Y BEG9 TO LIVE & TO DEVELOP 9T5SELY4 ,! PEASANTS ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REGION MADE ?IS PLA9LY VISIBLE4 ,= MORE ?AN SIX MON?S -- FROM ,NOVEMB] #aiah TO ,JUNE #aiai -- !Y LIV$ )\T ANY EXT]NAL POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,!Y NOT ONLY MA9TA9$ SOCIAL BONDS ) EA* O!R1 BUT !Y ALSO CREAT$ NEW & HI<] =MS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS -- FREE WORK]S' COMMUNES & FREE C\NCILS ( WORK+ PEOPLE4 

,AFT] ! EXPULSION ( ! POME%*IKS FROM ! LIB]AT$ REGIONS1 ! L& CAME 9TO ! H&S ( ! PEASANTS4 ,BUT MANY ( ! PEASANTS UND]/OOD ?AT ! TASK WAS NOT F9I%$1 ?AT IT WAS NOT 5\< TO APPROPRIATE A PLOT ( L& & BE CONT5T ) IT4 ,FROM ! H>D%IPS ( !IR LIVES !Y LE>N$ ?AT 5EMIES W]E WAT*+ !M FROM ALL SIDES1 & ?AT !Y MU/ /ICK TOGE!R4 ,9 SEV]AL PLACES !RE W]E ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE SOCIAL LIFE COMMUNALLY4 ,9 SPITE ( ! HO/ILITY ( ! PEASANTS T[>D ! (FICIAL COMMUNES1 9 MANY PLACES 9 ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REGION PEASANT COMMUNES W]E =M$1 CALL$ 0WORK+0 COMMUNES & 0FREE0 COMMUNES4 ,! FIR/ FREE COMMUNE1 CALL$ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 WAS ORGANIZ$ NE> ! VILLAGE ( ,POKROVSKOE4 ,ALL ( ITS MEMB]S W]E 9DIG5T4 ,AT FIR/ IT ONLY CONTA9$ A FEW DOZ5 MEMB]S1 BUT LAT] ! NUMB] EXCE$$ ?REE HUNDR$4 ,?IS COMMUNE WAS CREAT$ BY ! POORE/ LOCAL PEASANTS4 ,9 CONSECRAT+ IT TO ! MEMORY ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 !Y GAVE WITNESS TO !IR IMP>TIALITY4 ,) A SIMPLICITY & G5]OSITY TYPICAL ( PEASANTS1 !Y HONOR$ ! MEMORY ( A REVOLUTION>Y H]O9E1 UNKN[N TO !M1 :O HAD BE5 A M>TYR 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,! 9T]NAL LIFE ( ! COMMUNE HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! DOCTR9E = :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG HAD /RUGGL$4 ,! COMMUNE WAS BAS$ ON ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES4 ,ITS DEVELOPM5T & GR[? BEGAN TO EX]CISE GREAT 9FLU5CE OV] ! LOCAL PEASANTS4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES TRI$ TO 9T]V5E 9 ! 9T]NAL LIFE ( ! COMMUNE1 BUT !Y W]E NOT ADMITT$4 ,! COMMUNE FIRMLY CALL$ ITSELF FREE1 WORK+1 & =EIGN TO ALL AU?ORITY4.<#a#a.> 

,AB\T FIVE MILES FROM ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 ON A =M] E/ATE1 ANO!R COMMUNE WAS =M$1 :I* CONSI/$ ( POOR PEASANTS ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,IT WAS CALL$ SIMPLY ,COMMUNE ,NO4 #a ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE PEASANTS4 ,AB\T ?IRTE5 MILES AWAY W]E ,COMMUNE ,NO4 #b & ,COMMUNE ,NO4 #c4 ,!RE W]E COMMUNES 9 A NUMB] ( O!R PLACES4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ! COMMUNES W]E NOT NUM]\S1 & 9CLUD$ ONLY A M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION -- ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O DID NOT HAVE WELL-E/ABLI%$ F>ML&S4 ,BUT :AT WAS MO/ PRECI\S WAS ?AT !SE COMMUNES W]E =M$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! POOR PEASANTS !MSELVES4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S NEV] EX]T$ ANY PRESSURE ON ! PEASANTS1 CONF9+ !MSELVES TO PROPAGAT+ ! IDEA ( FREE COMMUNES4 

,! COMMUNES W]E NOT CREAT$ ON ! BASIS ( EXAMPLE OR CAPRICE1 BUT EXCLUSIVELY ON ! BASIS ( ! VITAL NE$S ( PEASANTS :O HAD POSSESS$ NO?+ BE=E ! REVOLUTION & :O1 AFT] !IR VICTORY1 SET AB\T ORGANIZ+ !IR ECONOMIC LIFE ON A COMMUNAL BASIS4 ,!SE W]E NOT AT ALL ! >TIFICIAL COMMUNES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 9 :I* PEOPLE ASSEMBL$ BY *ANCE WORK$ TOGE!R -- PEOPLE :O ONLY WA/$ ! GRA9 & DAMAG$ ! SOIL1 :O 5JOY$ ! SUPPORT ( ! ,/ATE & ?US LIV$ FROM ! LABOR ( ?OSE :OM !Y PRET5D$ TO TEA* H[ TO WORK4 ,!SE W]E REAL WORK+ COMMUNES ( PEASANTS :O1 !MSELVES ACCU/OM$ TO WORK1 VALU$ WORK 9 !MSELVES & 9 O!RS4 ,! PEASANTS WORK$ 9 !SE COMMUNES FIR/ ( ALL TO PROVIDE !IR DAILY BREAD4 ,9 ADDITION1 EA* F\ND !RE :ATEV] MORAL & MAT]IAL SUPPORT HE NE$$4 ,! PR9CIPLES ( BRO!RHOOD & EQUALITY P]MEAT$ ! COMMUNES4 ,EV]YONE -- M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 -- WORK$ ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] ABILITIES4 ,ORGANIZATIONAL WORK WAS ASSIGN$ TO ONE OR TWO COMRADES :O1 AFT] F9I%+ IT1 TOOK UP ! REMA9+ TASKS TOGE!R ) ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNE4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT !SE COMMUNES HAD !SE TRAITS BECAUSE !Y GREW \T ( A WORK+ MILIEU & ?AT !IR DEVELOPM5T FOLL[$ A NATURAL C\RSE4 

,H[EV]1 !SE SE$S ( FREE COMMUNISM DID NOT NE>LY REPRES5T ALL ! CON/RUCTIVE ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ( ! PEASANTS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y ONLY GREW SL[LY & GRADUALLY1 :]EAS ! POLITICAL SITUATION DEM&$ FROM ! PEASANTS IMM$IATE & G5]AL ATT5TION4 ,IT WAS 9DISP5SABLE TO E/ABLI% 9/ITUTIONS :I* UNIFI$ FIR/ A DI/RICT COMPOS$ ( V>I\S VILLAGES1 & !N ! DI/RICTS & DEP>TM5TS :I* COMPOS$ ! LIB]AT$ REGION4 ,IT WAS 9DISP5SABLE TO F9D G5]AL SOLUTIONS = PROBLEMS COMMON TO ! 5TIRE REGION4 ,IT WAS 9DISP5SABLE TO CREATE ORGANS SUITABLE = !SE TASKS4 ,& ! PEASANTS DID NOT FAIL TO CREATE !M4 ,!SE ORGANS W]E ! REGIONAL CONGRESSES ( PEASANTS & WORK]S4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 ! REGION REMA9$ FREE1 !RE W]E ?REE SU* CONGRESSES4 ,H]E ! PEASANTS /R5G!N$ !IR CONTACTS1 ORI5T$ !MSELVES1 & DEF9$ ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL TASKS :I* !Y FAC$4 ,AT ! FIR/ REGIONAL CONGRESS :I* TOOK PLACE ON ,JANU>Y #b#c1 #a#i#a#i1 9 ! T[N ( ,BOL'%AYA ,MIKHAILOVKA1 ! PEASANTS DIRECT$ !IR ATT5TION MA9LY TO ! DANG] FROM ! MOVEM5TS ( ,PETLIURA & ,D5IK94 

,! ,PETLIURI/S W]E 9 ! PROCESS ( ORGANIZ+ A NEW GOV]NM5T 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,MAK+ USE ( A MISLEAD+ SLOGAN1 0DEF5SE ( ! C\NTRY10 !Y C>RI$ \T A G5]AL MOBILIZATION1 ?US TI<T5+ ! KNOT ( A NEW SLAV]Y >\ND ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTRY ( ! 5TIRE ,AZOV SEACOA/ DECID$ TO /RUGGLE 5]GETICALLY AGA9/ ?IS DANG]4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ SEV]AL DETA*M5TS & COMMISSIONS & S5T !M TO ! REGION OCCUPI$ BY ,PETLIURA'S ,DIRECTORATE ) ! AIM ( EXPLA9+ TO ! BROAD MASSES ! FALSITY ( ! NEW DEMOCRATIC P[]1 CALL+ ON !M TO DISOBEY ?IS AU?ORITY1 TO BOYCOTT ! MOBILIZATION & TO CONT9UE ! 9SURRECTION UNTIL ! OV]?R[ ( ?IS P[]4 

,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION ( ,D5IK9 REPRES5T$ AN EV5 GREAT] DANG] = ! LIB]AT$ REGION4 ,IT DECL>$ W> ON ! 5TIRE ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS & REPRES5T$ ONE ( ! G5]AL C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS :I* AIM$ AT ! RE/ORATION ( ! DEPOS$ MON>*Y4 ,?IS C\NT]-REVOLUTION APPE>$ AS SOON AS ! NOBILITY CAME TO ITSELF & LOOK$ >\ND AFT] ! FALL ( ,CZ>ISM4 ,G5]ALS ,KORNILOV1 ,KAL$91 ,KRASNOV1 ,ALEKSEEV1 ,KOL*AK & ,D5IK9 W]E ALL LEAD]S ( ! SAME G5]AL MON>*I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y W]E ! LIV+ DEBRIS ( ! OV]?R[N MON>*Y4 ,IF MANY ( !M HAD REC\RSE TO DEMOCRATIC SLOGANS & M>*$ UND] CON/ITUTIONAL BANN]S1 !Y DID ?IS ONLY = TACTICAL REASONS4 ,!Y MADE !SE CONCESSIONS BECAUSE ( ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! TIMES 9 ORD] TO C>RY ?R\< SUCCESSFULLY ! FIR/ /AGES ( ! RE/ORATION ( ! MON>*Y4 ,ANY =M ( REPUBLICAN SPIRIT WAS ABSOLUTELY =EIGN TO !M4 

,! SECOND REGIONAL CONGRESS ( PEASANTS1 WORK]S & 9SURG5TS WAS HELD ?REE WEEKS AFT] ! FIR/ CONGRESS1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #aiai 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,AT ?IS CONGRESS1 ! DANG] :I* ! IMP5D+ C\NT]-REVOLUTION ( ,D5IK9 REPRES5T$ = ! LIB]AT$ REGION WAS ?OR\<LY EXAM9$4 ,D5IK9'S >MY CONSI/$ ( V>I$ C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS3 =M] ,CZ>I/ (FIC]S & ,IMP]IAL ,COSSACKS4 ,! PEASANTS W]E P]FECTLY AW>E ( ! NATURE ( ! CONFRONTATION BETWE5 !M & ?IS >MY4 ,!Y TOOK ALL ! MEASURES NECESS>Y TO RE9=CE !IR SELF-DEF5SE4 ,! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AT ?IS TIME NUMB]$ >\ND #b1 VOLUNTE] FI<T]S4 ,BUT MANY ( !M W]E WORN \T BY FATIGUE1 HAV+ 5GAG$ 9 9CESSANT BATTLES = FIVE OR SIX MON?S4 ,MOREOV]1 ,D5IK9'S TROOPS W]E RAPIDLY GR[+ /RONG]1 IMM5SELY 5DANG]+ ! FREE REGION4 ,! SECOND CONGRESS ( PEASANTS1 WORK]S & 9SURG5TS ?US RESOLV$ TO CALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! REGION TO A T5-YE>1 VOLUNT>Y & EGALIT>IAN MOBILIZATION4 ,! MOBILIZATION WAS TO BE VOLUNT>Y1 BAS$ ON ! CONSCI5CE & GOOD WILL ( EA*4 ,! DECREE ( ! CONGRESS HAD NO O!R MEAN+ ?AN TO EMPHASIZE1 TO SANCTION BY ITS MORAL AU?ORITY1 ! NE$ TO /R5G!N ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY ) NEW SOLDI]S4.<#a#b.> 0,EGALIT>IAN0 MOBILIZATION MEANT ?AT ! PEASANTS ( V>I\S VILLAGES1 T[NS OR DI/RICTS W]E EXPECT$ TO TAKE ON !MSELVES ! OBLIGATION ( FURNI%+ SOLDI]S ON AN EGALIT>IAN BASIS4 

,ONCE ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! SECOND CONGRESS W]E MADE KN[N TO ! PEASANTS ( ! REGION1 EA* VILLAGE BEGAN TO S5D TO ,GULYAI-,POLYE MASSES ( NEW VOLUNTE]S DESIR+ TO GO TO ! FRONT AGA9/ ,D5IK94 ,! NUMB] ( SU* FI<T]S WAS 5ORM\S4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 !RE WAS A %ORTAGE ( >MS 9 ! REGION1 & AS A RESULT NEW 9SURRECTION>Y DETA*M5TS C\LD NOT BE =M$ AT ! OPPORTUNE MOM5T4 ,?IS HAD UNAVOIDABLE CONSEQU5CES = ! REGION DUR+ ,D5IK9'S G5]AL (F5SIVE 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#a#i4 ,WE WILL RETURN TO ?IS LAT]4 

,TO COORD9ATE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,PETLIURA & ,D5IK91 TO MA9TA9 & SUPPORT ! SOCIAL RELATIONS AMONG ! WORK+ PEOPLE ( ! REGION1 TO TAKE C>E ( ! NE$S = 9=MATION & COMMUNICATION1 & F9ALLY TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE ! V>I\S MEASURES :I* W]E ADOPT$ BY ! CONGRESS1 ! SECOND CONGRESS E/ABLI%$ A ,REGIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL 7,SOVIET7 ( PEASANTS1 WORK]S & 9SURG5TS4 ,IT WAS MADE UP ( REPRES5TATIVES FROM #cb DI/RICTS FROM ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ,TAURIDE1 AS WELL AS 9SURRECTION>Y DETA*M5TS4 ,?IS ,C\NCIL EMBRAC$ ! :OLE FREE REGION4 ,IT WAS SUPPOS$ TO C>RY \T ALL ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 SOCIAL & MILIT>Y DECISIONS MADE AT ! CONGRESS1 & ?US WAS1 9 A S5SE1 ! SUPREME EXECUTIVE ORGAN ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT AT ALL AN FT AU?ORIT>IAN ORGAN4 ,ONLY /RICTLY EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS W]E ASSIGN$ TO IT4 ,ITS ROLE WAS TO C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTIONS & DECISIONS ( ! CONGRESS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,AT ANY MOM5T IT C\LD BE DISSOLV$ BY ! CONGRESS & CEASE TO EXI/4 

,AFT] ! CREATION ( ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL ! SOCIAL ACTIVITY ( ! REGION BECAME MORE 9T5SE4 ,9 ALL ! T[NS & VILLAGES1 PROBLEMS COMMON TO ! 5TIRE >EA W]E EXAM9$ & RESOLV$4 ,!SE 9CLUD$ PR9CIPALLY ! MILIT>Y PROBLEM1 ! PROBLEM ( PROVISIONS1 & ! QUE/ION ( LOCAL SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SPOK5 ( ! MILIT>Y MEASURES TAK5 BY ! PEASANTS ) A VIEW TO ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T & ( ! REGION4 ,! PROBLEM ( PROVISIONS WAS NOT YET RESOLV$ ON AN EXT5SIVE SCALE ) A VIEW TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE POPULATION ( ! REGION4 ,?IS PROBLEM WAS TO BE RESOLV$ ON ?IS SCALE AT ! #d? REGIONAL CONGRESS ( PEASANTS1 WORK]S1 9SURG5TS & SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY CALL$ = ,JUNE #a#e1 #a#i#a#i1 BUT \TLAW$ BY ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES4 ,WE WILL SPEAK ( ?IS LAT]4 ,AS = ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY1 ! PEASANTS UND]TOOK TO SUPPLY IT4 ,A C5TRAL SUPPLY DEPOT = ! >MY WAS ORGANIZ$ AT ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 :]E FOOD & =AGE W]E BR\<T FROM ALL P>TS ( ! REGION1 TO BE TAK5 FROM !RE TO ! FRONT4 

,) RESPECT TO ! ORGANS ( SOCIAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 ! PEASANTS & WORK]S ( ! 5TIRE REGION HELD TO ! IDEA ( ,FREE ,WORK+ ,SOVIETS4 ,UNLIKE ! POLITICAL ,SOVIETS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS & O!R SOCIALI/S1 ! FREE ,SOVIETS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS W]E TO BE ORGANS ( SOCIAL-ECONOMIC SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,EA* SOVIET WAS ONLY TO C>RY \T ! WILL ( ! LOCAL WORK]S & !IR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AMONG !MSELVES ! LOCAL ,SOVIETS E/ABLI%$ 9DISP5SABLE L9KS & ?US =M$ L>G] ECONOMIC & T]RITORIAL RELATIONS1 ORGANS ( POPUL> SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! CON/ANT /ATE ( W> 9 ! 5TIRE REGION MADE ! CREATION & FUNCTION+ ( !SE ORGANS V]Y DIFFICULT1 & ! ORGANIZATION WAS NEV] C>RI$ ?R\< TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS4 

,! G5]AL /ATUTES ON ! ,FREE ,SOVIETS ( PEASANTS & WORK]S W]E NOT PUBLI%$ UNTIL #a#i#b4 ,BE=E ?AT DATE1 ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( !SE ,SOVIETS APPE>$ 9 ! 0,DECL>ATION0 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MILIT>Y C\NCIL ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY1 9 ! *APT] ON ! SY/EM ( ,FREE ,SOVIETS4 

,?US WE SEE ?AT ! VA/ PEASANT MASSES & SOME ( ! WORK]S1 HAV+ LIB]AT$ !MSELVES FROM ! REGIME ( ! ,HETMAN & O!R AU?ORITIES1 UND]TOOK ! IMM5SE TASK ( CON/RUCT+ A NEW LIFE 9 !ORY & 9 PRACTICE4 ,WE SEE ?AT1 AL?\< SURR\ND$ ON ALL SIDES BY V>I\S HO/ILE =CES1 ! WORK+ MASSES TOOK HEAL?Y & REASONABLE MEASURES = ! DEF5SE ( !IR REGION & ITS SP>K ( FRE$OM4 ,! CREATION ( A :OLE S]IES ( FREE WORK+ COMMUNES1 ! DESIRE TO CREATE ORGANS = SOCIAL & ECONOMIC SELF-MANAGEM5T1 W]E ! FIR/ /EPS ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S T[>D ! CON/RUCTION ( A FREE & 9DEP5D5T LIFE4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! 5TIRE MASS ( WORK+ PEOPLE1 IF !Y HAD REMA9$ FREE1 W\LD HAVE FOLL[$ ?IS PA? & W\LD HAVE C>RI$ \T ?IS CON/RUCTION ) MANY HEAL?Y1 ORIG9AL & WISE ELEM5TS1 ?US LAY+ ! F\NDATION = A TRULY FREE WORK]S' SOCIETY4 

,BUT ALREADY ! MORTAL 5EMY ( FRE$OM & LABOR-,AU?ORITY -- APPROA*$ ! REGION4 ,FROM ! NOR? CAME ! ,/ATE >MY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK-,COMMUNI/S1 & FROM ! S\!A/1 ! >MY ( ,G5]AL ,D5IK94 

,D5IK9 >RIV$ FIR/4 ,ALREADY 9 ! P]IOD ( ! PEASANT /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,HETMAN1 & ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS AFT] HIS FALL1 SEV]AL C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y DETA*M5TS COMM&$ BY ,G5]AL ,%KURO HAD 9FILTRAT$ 9TO ! ,UKRA9E ALONG ! ,DON & ,KUBAN ,RIV]S & HAD APPROA*$ ,POLOGI & ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ ?REAT ( ! NEW C\NT]-REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! LIB]AT$ REGION4 ,NATURALLY ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5T >MY MOV$ ITS =CES 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,AT ?IS TIME IT CONSI/$ ( SEV]AL EXTREMELY WELL-ORGANIZ$ 9FANTRY & CAVALRY REGIM5TS4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9FANTRY WAS EQUIPP$ 9 A V]Y UNUSUAL & ORIG9AL WAY4 ,!Y MOV$ LIKE CAVALRY1 ) ! AID ( HORSES1 NOT ON HORSEBACK BUT 9 LI<T C>RIAGES ) SPR+S1 CALL$ ,TA*ANKA 9 ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E4 ,?IS 9FANTRY1 =M+ ONE OR TWO R[S1 USUALLY TRAVEL$ AT A RAPID TROT TOGE!R ) ! CAVALRY1 COV]+ #d TO #e MILES A DAY1 & IF NECESS>Y #f TO #g4 

,D5IK9 WAS C\NT+ ON ! CONFUS$ G5]AL SITUATION 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 & ESPECIALLY ON ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,PETLIURI/ ,DIRECTORATE & ! ,BOL%EVIKS2 HE HOP$ TO OCCUPY MO/ ( ! ,UKRA9E )\T MU* DIFFICULTY1 & TO E/ABLI% HIS FRONT1 AT LEA/ AT ! BEG9N+1 BEYOND ! NOR!RN LIMITS ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 ,BUT HE UNEXPECT$LY 5C\NT]$ ! WELL-ORGANIZ$ & T5ACI\S >MY ( ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5TS4 ,AFT] SEV]AL BATTLES1 ,D5IK9'S DETA*M5TS HAD TO BEAT A RETREAT 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,DON ,RIV] & ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV4 ,9 A %ORT TIME ALL ! T]RITORY FROM ,POLOGI TO ! SEA WAS LIB]AT$4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S OCCUPI$ SEV]AL IMPORTANT RAILWAY /ATIONS & ! CITIES ( ,B]DYANSK & ,M>IUPOL'4 ,IT WAS FROM ?IS MOM5T -- ,JANU>Y #aiai -- ?AT ! FIR/ FRONT AGA9/ ,D5IK9 WAS E/ABLI%$ -- A FRONT ALONG :I* ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY = SIX MON?S CONTA9$ ! FLOOD ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION P\R+ 9 FROM ! ,CAUCASUS4 ,?IS FRONT WAS LAT] EXT5D$ = MORE ?AN #f MILES TO ! EA/ & NOR!A/ ( ,M>IUPOL'4 

,! FI<T+ ON ?IS FRONT WAS /UBBORN & FI]CE4 ,D5IK9'S =CES1 FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 US$ ! P>TISANS' TACTICS4 ,!IR CAVALRY DETA*M5TS W\LD P5ETRATE DEEP 9TO ! REGION1 !N SPREAD \T RAPIDLY1 DE/ROY+1 BURN+ & MASSACR+ ALL !Y C\LD REA*2 !N !Y W\LD VANI% & APPE> SUDD5LY 9 ANO!R PLACE1 TO COMMIT SIMIL> DE/RUCTION4 ,IT WAS EXCLUSIVELY ! LABOR+ PEOPLE :O SUFF]$ FROM !SE 9CURSIONS4 ,D5IK9'S =CES TOOK REV5GE = ! HELP :I* ! PEASANTS GAVE TO ! 9SURG5T >MY & = !IR HO/ILITY T[>D ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES2 9 ?IS WAY !Y HOP$ TO PROVOKE A REACTION AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ,JEWI% POPULATION :I* HAD LIV$ = A V]Y LONG TIME 9 9DEP5D5T COLONIES 9 ! ,AZOV REGION ALSO SUFF]$ FROM !SE RAIDS4 ,D5IK9'S DETA*M5TS MASSACR$ ,JEWS ON EV]Y VISIT1 ?US SEEK+ TO PROVOKE AN ANTI-,SEMITIC MOVEM5T :I* W\LD HAVE PREP>$ ! GR\ND = !IR DEF9ITIVE 9VASION ( ! ,UKRA9E4 ,G5]AL ,%KURO WAS P>TICUL>LY NOTEWOR?Y 9 !SE C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y 9CURSIONS4 

,H[EV]1 = MORE ?AN F\R MON?S1 DESPITE !IR WELL-TRA9$ & WELL->M$ TROOPS1 DESPITE !IR FURI\S ATTACKS1 ,D5IK9'S =CES C\LD NOT SUBDUE ! 9SURG5T TROOPS :O W]E FULL ( REVOLUTION>Y >DOR & QUITE AS SKILLFUL AT GU]RILLA W>F>E4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y4 ,G5]AL ,%KURO MORE ?AN ONCE RECEIV$ SU* BL[S FROM ! ,MAKHNOVI/ REGIM5TS ?AT ONLY HA/Y RETREATS ( #e TO #i MILES T[>D ,TAGANROG & ,RO/OV SAV$ HIM FROM CATA/ROPHE4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ! ,MAKHNOVI/S ADVANC$ AT LEA/ FIVE OR SIX TIMES TO ! WALLS ( ,TAGANROG4 ,! HATR$ & FURY ( ,D5IK9'S (FIC]S T[>D ! ,MAKHNOVI/S TOOK 9CR$IBLE =MS4 ,!Y SUBJECT$ ,MAKHNOVI/ PRISON]S TO TORTURE1 MANGL$ !M BY EXPLOD+ %ELLS1 & !RE W]E 9/ANCES :5 !Y BURN$ PRISON]S ALIVE ON %EETS ( R$-HOT IRON4.<#a#c.> 

,DUR+ ?IS BITT] F\R-MON? /RUGGLE1 ,MAKHNO'S MILIT>Y TAL5T WAS REVEAL$ 9 A /RIK+ MANN]4 ,HIS REPUTATION AS A REM>KABLE W> LEAD] WAS RECOGNIZ$ EV5 BY HIS 5EMIES1 ! ,D5IK9I/S4 ,?IS1 OBVI\SLY1 DID NOT PREV5T ,G5]AL ,D5IK9 FROM (F]+ HALF A MILLION RUBLES TO :OEV] KILL$ ,MAKHNO4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION WAS AN ATTEMPT ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE TO C>RY \T 9 PRACTICE ! UNREALIZ$ ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,! 9SURRECTION WAS AN ORGANIC CONT9UATION ( ! MASSIVE MOVEM5T ( WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g1 & WAS PROPELL$ BY ! SAME GOALS AS ?IS MOVEM5T & IMBU$ ) A PR(\ND S5SE ( BRO!RHOOD T[>D WORK+ PEOPLE ( ALL NATIONALITIES & REGIONS4 

,LET US DESCRIBE A *>ACT]I/IC EV5T4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#a#i1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5TS1 HAV+ ?R[N BACK ,D5IK9'S TROOPS T[>D ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV AFT] A H>D FI<T1 CAPTUR$ A HUNDR$ C>LOADS ( :EAT FROM !M4 ,! FIR/ ?\<T ( ,MAKHNO & ! /AFF ( ! 9SURG5T >MY WAS TO S5D ?IS BOOTY TO ! />V+ WORK]S ( ,MOSC[ & ,PETROGRAD4 ,?IS IDEA WAS 5?USIA/ICALLY ACCEPT$ BY ! MASS ( 9SURG5TS4 ,! HUNDR$ C>LOADS ( :EAT W]E DELIV]$ TO ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[1 ACCOMPANI$ BY A ,MAKHNOVI/ DELEGATION :I* WAS V]Y W>MLY RECEIV$ BY ! ,MOSC[ ,SOVIET4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS 5T]$ ! REGION ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A MU* LAT] ?AN ,D5IK94 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5TS HAD ALREADY BE5 FI<T+ ,D5IK9 = ?REE MON?S2 !Y HAD DRIV5 HIM \T ( !IR REGION & E/ABLI%$ !IR L9E ( DEF5SE TO ! EA/ ( ,M>IUPOL' :5 ! FIR/ ,BOL%EVIK DIVISION1 COMM&$ BY ,DYB5KO1 >RIV$ AT ,S9EL'NIKOVO4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ,MAKHNO HIMSELF1 AS WELL AS !4 5TIRE 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T1 W]E ESS5TIALLY UNKN[N TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,UNTIL !N HE HAD BE5 SPOK5 ( 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ PRESS -- 9 ,MOSC[ & 9 ! PROV9CES -- AS A BOLD 9SURG5T ( GREAT PROMISE = ! FUTURE4 ,HIS FI<T ) ,SKOROPADSKY1 !N ) ,PETLIURA & ,D5IK91 BR\<T HIM ! GOOD WILL ( ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S4 ,!Y DID NOT D\BT ?AT ! ,MAKHNOVI/ REVOLUTION>Y DETA*M5TS1 :I* HAD F\<T AGA9/ SO MANY DIFF]5T C\NT]-REVOLUTIONS 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 W\LD BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y SANG ,MAKHNO'S PRAISES 9 ADVANCE1 & DEVOT$ :OLE COLUMNS ( !IR NEWSPAP]S TO HIM1 )\T HAV+ MADE HIS ACQUA9TANCE4 ,! FIR/ MEET+ BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIK MILIT>Y COMM& & ,MAKHNO TOOK PLACE 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#i1 UND] ! SAME AUSPICES ( PRAISE & GOOD WILL4 ,MAKHNO WAS IMM$IATELY 9VIT$ TO JO9 ! ,R$ ,>MY ) ALL HIS DETA*M5TS 9 ORD] TO CREATE A UNIT$ FRONT 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,D5IK94 ,! POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,MAKHNOVI/ PEASANTS W]E CONSID]$ COMPLETELY NATURAL & W]E NOT 9 ANY WAY CONSID]$ AN OB/ACLE TO A UNION ON ! BASIS ( A COMMON CAUSE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS LET IT BE UND]/OOD ?AT ! SPECIFIC *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY W\LD NOT BE VIOLAT$4 

,MAKHNO & ! /AFF ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY W]E P]FECTLY AW>E ?AT ! >RIVAL ( ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITY WAS A NEW ?REAT TO ! LIB]TY ( ! REGION2 !Y SAW IT AS AN OM5 ( A CIVIL W> ( A NEW K9D4 ,BUT NEI!R ,MAKHNO NOR ! /AFF ( ! >MY NOR ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL WANT$ ?IS W>1 :I* MI<T WELL HAVE A FATAL EFFECT ON ! :OLE ,UKRA9IAN REVOLUTION4 ,!Y DID NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! OP5 & WELL ORGANIZ$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION :I* WAS APPROA*+ FROM ! ,DON & ! ,KUBAN1 & ) :I* !RE WAS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE RELATION%IP3 ?AT ( >M$ CONFLICT4 ,?IS DANG] 9CREAS$ FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,! 9SURG5TS RETA9$ SOME HOPE ?AT ! /RUGGLE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD BE CONF9$ TO ! REALM ( IDEAS1 9 :I* CASE !Y C\LD FEEL P]FECTLY SECURE AB\T !IR REGION1 = ! VIGOR ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS TOGE!R ) ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMON S5SE ( ! PEASANTS & !IR DEFIANCE ( ELEM5TS =EIGN TO !IR FREE MOVEM5T W]E ! BE/ GU>ANTEE ( ! REGION'S FRE$OM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! G5]AL OP9ION ( ! LEAD]S ( ! 9SURRECTION1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! MOVEM5T TO CONC5TRATE ALL =CES AGA9/ ! MON>*I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 & NOT TO BE CONC]N$ ) IDEOLOGICAL DISAGREEM5TS ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS UNTIL ?AT WAS LIQUIDAT$4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ! UNION BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,R$ ,>MY TOOK PLACE4 ,WE WILL SEE LAT] ?AT ! LEAD]S ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A W]E MI/AK5 9 !IR HOPE TO F9D 9 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ONLY IDEOLOGICAL ADV]S>IES4 ,!Y FAIL$ TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E DEAL+ ) ACCOMPLI%$ & VIOL5T /ATI/S4 ,MI/AKES :I* DO NOT LEAD TO RU9 MAY BE USEFUL4 ,& ?IS MI/AKE DID ! ,MAKHNOVI/S SOME GOOD4 

,! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY BECAME P>T ( ! ,R$ ,>MY UND] ! FOLL[+ CONDITIONS3 A7 ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY WILL RETA9 ITS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION 9TACT2 B7 IT WILL RECEIVE POLITICAL COMMISS>S APPO9T$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES2 C7 IT WILL ONLY BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,R$ SUPREME COMM& 9 /RICTLY MILIT>Y MATT]S2 D7 IT CANNOT BE REMOV$ FROM ! FRONT AGA9/ ,D5IK92 E7 IT WILL RECEIVE MUNITIONS & SUPPLIES EQUAL TO ?OSE ( ! ,R$ ,>MY2 F7 IT WILL RETA9 ITS NAME ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY1 & ITS BLACK FLAG4 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURRECTION>Y >MY WAS ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES3 VOLUNT>Y 5LI/M5T1 ! ELECTORAL PR9CIPLE1 & SELF-DISCIPL9E4 

,VOLUNT>Y 5LI/M5T MEANT ?AT ! >MY WAS COMPOS$ ONLY ( REVOLUTION>Y FI<T]S :O 5T]$ IT ( !IR [N FREE WILL4 

,! ELECTORAL PR9CIPLE MEANT ?AT ! COMM&]S ( ALL ! UNITS ( ! >MY1 9CLUD+ ! /AFF1 AS WELL AS ALL ! M5 :O HELD O!R POSITIONS 9 ! >MY1 W]E EI!R ELECT$ OR ACCEPT$ BY ! 9SURG5TS ( ! UNIT 9 QUE/ION OR BY ! :OLE >MY4 

,SELF-DISCIPL9E MEANT ?AT ALL ! RULES ( DISCIPL9E W]E DRAWN UP BY COMMISSIONS ( 9SURG5TS1 !N APPROV$ BY G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! V>I\S UNITS2 ONCE APPROV$1 !Y HAD TO BE RIGOR\SLY OBS]V$ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY ( EA* 9SURG5T & EA* COMM&]4 

,ALL !SE PR9CIPLES W]E MA9TA9$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY :5 IT JO9$ ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,IT WAS FIR/ CALL$ ! ,?IRD ,BRIGADE1 !N ! ,FIR/ ,REVOLUTION>Y-,9SURRECTION>Y ,UKRA9IAN ,DIVISION1 & /ILL LAT] IT BECAME ! 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY ( ! ,UKRA9E 7,MAKHNOVI/740 ,ALL POLITICAL QUE/IONS W]E EXCLUD$ FROM ! ALLIANCE1 :I* REMA9$ EXCLUSIVELY MILIT>Y4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! LIFE ( ! REGION1 ITS SOCIAL & REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T1 CONT9U$ TO FOLL[ ! SAME PA? -- ! PA? ( SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE :O DID NOT ALL[ ANY AU?ORITY TO 5T] ! REGION4 ,WE WILL SEE LAT] ?AT ?IS WAS ! SOLE REASON = ! ,BOL%EVIKS' >M$ AGGRESSION AGA9/ ?IS REGION4 

,S9CE ! CREATION ( ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#i1 ! REGION HAD BE5 SOLIDLY UNIT$4 ,! IDEA ( FREE WORK+ ,SOVIETS REA*$ ! MO/ DI/ANT T[NS ( ! REGION4 ,9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! TIME1 ! CREATION ( !SE ,SOVIETS PROCE$$ SL[LY1 BUT ! PEASANTS HELD CONSI/5TLY TO ?IS IDEA1 FEEL+ ?AT IT WAS ! ONLY S\ND BASIS ON :I* A REALLY FREE COMMUNITY C\LD BE CON/RUCT$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! PROBLEM ( DIRECT & SOLID UNION BETWE5 ! PEASANTS & ! URBAN WORK]S >OSE4 ,SU* A UNION WAS TO BE E/ABLI%$ DIRECTLY ) ! WORK]S 5T]PRISES & ORGANIZATIONS1 \TSIDE ( ,/ATE ORGANS4 ,?IS UNION WAS 9DISP5SABLE = ! CONSOLIDATION & SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! PEASANTS W]E P]FECTLY AW>E ?AT ITS ACCOMPLI%M5T W\LD 9EVITABLY PROVOKE A /RUGGLE ) ! ,/ATE & GOV]NM5TAL ,P>TY1 :O W\LD C]TA9LY NOT R5\NCE ITS HOLD OV] ! MASSES )\T A /RUGGLE4 ,H[EV]1 ! PEASANTS DID NOT FEEL ?AT ?IS DANG] WAS TOO S]I\S1 = !Y CONSID]$ ?AT ONCE !Y & ! WORK]S W]E UNIT$1 !Y C\LD EASILY DEFY ANY POLITICAL P[]4 ,& ABOVE ALL1 =MS ( UNION ) ! WORK]S :I* W]E NOT DIRECT & :I* DID NOT LEAD TO ! SUPPRESSION ( AU?ORITY & ?US TO ITS OPPOSITION1 W]E \T ( ! QUE/ION4 ,= IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS =M ( UNION BETWE5 CITY & VILLAGE :I* MADE POSSIBLE ! CONSOLIDATION & FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION4 0,WORK]1 GIVE US Y\R H&0 -- SU* WAS ! CALL ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS TO ! CITY4 ,= ! PEASANTS ( ! LIB]AT$ REGION ?IS WAS ! ONLY REASONABLE APPEAL4 ,9 !IR VILLAGE !Y W]E COMPLETELY FREE2 !Y DISPOS$ ( !MSELVES1 & ( ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR1 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,NATURALLY !Y WANT$ TO SEE ! URBAN WORK]S 9 ! SAME SITUATION & S\<T TO APPROA* !M DIRECTLY1 AVOID+ ALL POLITICAL1 GOV]NM5TAL OR O!R UNPRODUCTIVE ORGANIZATIONS :I* HAD CAUS$ !M TOO MU* SUFF]+ 9 ! PA/4 ,!Y ALSO WANT$ ! WORK]S TO COME TO !M JU/ AS DIRECTLY4 

,?IS IS H[ ! PROBLEM ( UNION ) ! CITY WORK]S WAS RAIS$ & DISCUSS$1 UNTIL IT F9ALLY BECAME AN OBJECTIVE ( ! :OLE 9SURRECTION>Y REGION4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT 9 ! FACE ( SU* ATTITUDES1 POLITICAL P>TIES C\LD HAVE NO SUCCESS 9 ! >EA4 ,:5 !Y APPE>$ ) /ATI/ PLANS ( ORGANIZATION1 !Y W]E RECEIV$ COLDLY1 9DIFF]5TLY1 SOMETIMES EV5 ) HO/ILITY1 AS PEOPLE :O CAME UN9VIT$ TO M$DLE 9 O!R PEOPLE'S AFFAIRS4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES :O P5ETRAT$ 9TO ALL P>TS ( ! REGION W]E RECEIV$ AS =EIGN]S & 9TRUD]S4 

,AT FIR/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS HOP$ TO ABSORB ! ,MAKHNO-YI/S 9TO ! RANKS ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,?IS WAS A VA9 HOPE4 ,! 9SURG5T MASSES OB/9ATELY FOLL[$ !IR [N PA?4 ,!Y WANT$ NO?+ TO DO ) ! GOV]NM5TAL ORGANS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 C]TA9 PLACES >M$ PEASANTS DROVE !0,EXTRAORD9>Y ,COMMISSIONS0 7,*EKAS7 \T ( !IR VILLAGES1 & AT ,GULYAI-,POLYE ! ,COMMUNI/S DID NOT EV5 D>E TO E/ABLI% SU* AN 9/ITUTION4 ,ELSE:]E ! ATTEMPTS TO IMPLANT ,COMMUNI/ 9/ITUTIONS RESULT$ 9 BLOODY COLLISIONS BETWE5 ! POPULATION & ! AU?ORITIES1 :OSE SITUATION BECAME V]Y DIFFICULT4 

,IT WAS !N ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN AN ORGANIZ$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A1 BO? AS AN IDEA & AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 

,!Y BEGAN ! CAMPAIGN 9 ! PRESS4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ PRESS BEGAN TO TREAT ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T AS A KULAK 7WEAL?Y PEASANT7 MOVEM5T1 ITS SLOGANS AS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 & ITS ACTIVITY AS H>MFUL TO ! REVOLUTION4 

,DIRECT ?REATS TO ! GUIDES ( ! MOVEM5T W]E MADE BY ! NEWSPAP]S & BY ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES4 ,! REGION WAS DEF9ITIVELY BLOCKAD$4 ,ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS LEAV+ ,GULYAI-,POLYE OR RETURN+ TO IT W]E >RE/$4 ,SUPPLIES ( AMMUNITION & C>TRIDGES W]E R$UC$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,ALL ?IS WAS A BAD OM54 

,ON ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#a#i1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL CONV5$ ! ?IRD REGIONAL CONGRESS ( PEASANTS1 WORK]S & 9SURG5TS4 ,! CONGRESS WAS TO DET]M9E ! IMM$IATE TASKS & TO CONSID] ! P]SPECTIVES ( REVOLUTION>Y LIFE 9 ! REGION4 ,! DELEGATES ( #gb DI/RICTS1 REPRES5T+ MORE ?AN TWO MILLION PEOPLE1 TOOK P>T 9 ! WORK ( ! CONGRESS4 ,?IS WORK TOOK PLACE 9 A LIVELY ATMOSPH]E4 ,I REGRET ?AT ,I HAVE NO TRANSCRIPTS ( ! PROCE$+S1 = FROM !M ONE W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SEE CLE>LY ) :AT WISDOM & CL>ITY ! PEOPLE S\<T !IR [N C\RSE 9 ! REVOLUTION & !IR [N POPUL> =MS = A NEW LIFE4 ,T[>D ! 5D ( ITS SESSION ! ,CONGRESS RECEIV$ A TELEGRAM FROM ,DYB5KO1 COMM&] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK DIVISION1 :I* DECL>$ ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,CONGRESS \TLAWS1 & ! ,CONGRESS ITSELF1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 

,?IS WAS ! FIR/ DIRECT ASSAULT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ON ! FRE$OM ( ! REGION4 ,! 5TIRE ,CONGRESS UND]/OOD P]FECTLY ! FULL SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS ATTACK & IMM$IATELY VOT$ AN 9DIGNANT RESOLUTION PROTE/+ ?IS ATTACK4 ,! PROTE/ WAS IMM$IATELY PR9T$ & DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! PEASANTS & WORK]S ( ! REGION4 ,SEV]AL DAYS LAT] ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! REGION GAVE A DETAIL$ REPLY TO ! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES 79 ! P]SON ( ,DYB5KO7 9 :I* !Y EMPHASIZ$ ! ROLE ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REGION 9 ! REVOLUTION1 & UNMASK$ ?OSE :O 9 REALITY W]E 5GAG$ 9 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,?IS RESPONSE *>ACT]IZES ! POSITIONS ( BO? P>TIES1 & WE 9CLUDE IT 9 ITS 5TIRETY3  
  

,C,\,N,T,]-,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y8 

0,COMRADE0 ,DYB5KO DECL>ES ?AT ! ,CONGRESS CALL$ AT ,GULYAI-,POLYE = ! #a? ( ,APRIL IS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y1 & PUTS ITS ORGANIZ]S \TSIDE ! LAW4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ! SEV]E/ REPRESSION %\LD /RIKE !M4 ,WE QUOTE HIS TELEGRAM V]BATIM3 

0,NOVOALEKSEEVKA1 ,NO4 #b#h#c1 ,APRIL #a1 #b3#d#e P4M4 ,=W>D TO ,COMRADE ,BATKO ,MAKHNO1 ,G5]AL ,/AFF ( ! ,ALEKS&ROVSK ,DIVISION4 ,COPY TO ,VOLNOVAKHA1 ,M>IUPOL'1 TO TRANSMIT TO ,COMRADE ,MAKHNO4 ,COPY TO ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE ,SOVIET3 

0,ANY ,CONGRESS CALL$ 9 ! NAME ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,G5]AL ,/AFF1 :I* IS N[ DISSOLV$ BY MY ORD]1 %ALL BE CONSID]$ MANIFE/LY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y1 & ITS ORGANIZ]S WILL EXPOSE !MSELVES TO ! SEV]E/ REPRESSIVE MEASURES1 TO ! EXT5T ( !IR BE+ DECL>$ \TLAWS4 ,I ORD] ?AT /EPS BE TAK5 IMM$IATELY SO ?AT SU* MEASURES MAY NOT BE NECESS>Y4 ,SIGN$3 ,DYB5KO40 

,BE=E DECL>+ ! CONGRESS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 0,COMRADE0 ,DYB5KO HAS NOT EV5 TAK5 ! TR\BLE TO F9D \T BY :OM & = :AT PURPOSE ?IS CONGRESS WAS CALL$4 ,?US HE SAYS ?AT IT WAS CALL$ BY ! DISSOLV$ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,/AFF ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 :]EAS 9 REALITY IT WAS CALL$ BY ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HAV+ CALL$ ! CONGRESS1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL DO NOT KN[ :E!R !Y HAVE BE5 DECL>$ \TLAWS1 OR :E!R ! CONGRESS IS CONSID]$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y BY 0,COMRADE0 ,DYB5KO4 

,IF ?IS IS ! CASE1 P]MIT US TO EXPLA9 TO 0,Y\R ,EXCELL5CY10 BY :OM & = :AT PURPOSE ?IS CONGRESS -- 9 Y\R OP9ION C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y -- WAS CALL$1 & !N IT MI<T NOT SEEM AS T]RIBLE AS Y\ REPRES5T IT4 

,AS HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID1 ! ,CONGRESS WAS CALL$ BY ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REGION1 AT ,GULYAI-,POLYE ITSELF1 ON ,APRIL #a4 ,IT WAS ! ,?IRD ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 CALL$ = ! PURPOSE ( DET]M9+ ! FUTURE FREE CONDUCT ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL4 7,Y\ WILL SEE1 0,COMRADE0 ,DYB5KO1 ?AT ?REE ( !SE 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y0 CONGRESSES HAVE TAK5 PLACE47 ,A QUE/ION N[ >ISES -- :]E DOES ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL COME FROM1 & = :AT PURPOSE WAS IT CREAT$8 ,IF Y\ DO NOT ALREADY KN[ ?AT1 0,COMRADE0 ,DYB5KO1 WE >E GO+ TO TELL Y\4 ,! ,REGIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL WAS =M$ FOLL[+ A RESOLUTION ( ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS1 :I* TOOK PLACE AT ,GULYAI-,POLYE ON ,FEBRU>Y #ab ( ?IS YE> 7Y\ SEE ?AT IT WAS A LONG TIME AGO -- Y\ W]E NOT EV5 H]E YET74 ,! ,C\NCIL WAS CREAT$ TO ORGANIZE ! FI<T+ M5 & TO PROCE$ TO A VOLUNT>Y MOBILIZATION1 = ! REGION WAS SURR\ND$ BY ,KADETS1 & ! 9SURRECTION>Y DETA*M5TS1 COMPOS$ ( ! FIR/ VOLUNTE]S1 DID NOT SUFFICE TO HOLD A V]Y EXT5D$ FRONT4 ,!RE W]E NO ,SOVIET TROOPS 9 \R REGION AT ?AT TIME4 ,FUR!RMORE ! POPULATION DID NOT C\NT V]Y MU* ON !IR 9T]V5TION1 CONSID]+ ?AT ! DEF5SE ( ITS REGION WAS ITS [N DUTY4 ,IT IS = ?IS PURPOSE ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL WAS CREAT$4 ,IT WAS COMPOS$1 FOLL[+ ! RESOLUTION ( ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS1 ( A DELEGATE FROM EA* DI/RICT2 9 ALL !RE W]E #cb MEMB]S1 EA* REPRES5T+ ! DI/RICTS ( ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ,TAURIDE4 

,WE WILL GIVE Y\ LAT] SOME MORE DETAILS AB\T ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL4 ,= ! MOM5T1 ! QUE/ION >ISES3 :]E DID ! SECOND REGIONAL CONGRESS COME FROM8 ,:O CALL$ IT8 ,:O AU?ORIZ$ IT8 ,W]E ?OSE :O CALL$ IT \TLAWS8 ,& IF NOT1 :Y NOT8 ,! SECOND REGIONAL CONGRESS WAS 9 FACT CALL$ AT ,GULYAI-,POLYE BY AN 9ITIAT+ GR\P COMPOS$ ( FIVE P]SONS ELECT$ BY ! FIR/ CONGRESS4 ,?IS SECOND CONGRESS TOOK PLACE ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 & TO \R GREAT A/ONI%M5T1 ! P]SONS :O CALL$ IT W]E NOT \TLAW$4 ,=1 Y\ SEE1 AT ?AT TIME !RE W]E NO H]OES H]E :O D>$ TO SUPPRESS ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE1 RI<TS WON ) !IR [N BLOOD4 ,?US ANO!R QUE/ION >ISES3 :]E DID ! FIR/ CONGRESS COME FROM & :O CALL$ IT8 ,W]E ?OSE :O CALL$ IT \TLAW$8 ,& IF NOT1 :Y NOT8 0,COMRADE0 ,DYB5KO1 Y\ >E /ILL1 IT SEEMS1 RA!R NEW TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! ,UKRA9E1 & WE %ALL HAVE TO TELL Y\ AB\T ITS V]Y BEG9N+S4 ,?AT IS :AT WE >E GO+ TO DO1 & AFT] LE>N+ !SE FACTS1 Y\ WILL P]HAPS %IFT Y\R SI<TS A LITTLE4 

,! FIR/ REGIONAL CONGRESS TOOK PLACE ON ,JANU>Y #bc ( ?IS YE> AT ! 9SURRECTION>Y CAMP AT ,BOL'%AYA ,MIKHAILOVKA4 ,IT WAS COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES FROM ! DI/RICTS SITUAT$ NE> ! FRONT AGA9/ ,D5IK94 ,! ,SOVIET TROOPS W]E !N F> AWAY1 V]Y F> AWAY4 ,\R REGION WAS ISOLAT$ FROM ! :OLE WORLD1 ON ONE SIDE BY ,D5IK9'S TROOPS1 ON ! O!R BY ! ,PETLIURI/S4 ,AT ?AT TIME !RE W]E ONLY ! 9SURG5T DETA*M5TS1 ) ,BATKO ,MAKHNO & ,%*US'AT !IR HEAD1 & !SE DEALT CONT9U\S BL[S TO ! ,PETLIURI/ & ,:ITE >MIES4 ,! ORGANIZATIONS & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! V>I\S T[NS & VILLAGES DID NOT AT ?AT TIME ALWAYS BE> ! SAME NAME4 ,9 ONE T[N !RE WAS A ,SOVIET1 9 ANO!R A ,POPUL> ,ADM9I/RATION1 9 A ?IRD A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,/AFF1 9 A F\R? A ,PROV9CIAL ,ADM9I/RATION1 & SO =?4 ,BUT ! SPIRIT WAS EQUALLY REVOLUTION>Y EV]Y-:]E4,! FIR/ CONGRESS WAS ORGANIZ$ TO CONSOLIDATE ! FRONT & TO CREATE A C]TA9 UNI=MITY ( ORGANIZATION & ACTION 9 ! :OLE REGION4 

,NO ONE CALL$ IT2 IT MET SPONTANE\SLY4 ,BY ! WI% & ) ! APPROVAL ( ! POPULATION4 ,AT ?IS CONGRESS ! PROPOSAL WAS MADE TO RESCUE FROM ! ,PETLIURI/ >MY \R BRO!RS :O HAD BE5 MOBILIZ$ BY =CE4 ,TO ?IS 5D A DELEGATION COMPOS$ ( FIVE P]SONS WAS ELECT$4 ,IT WAS GIV5 ! TASK ( PRES5T+ ITSELF TO ,BATKO ,MAKHNO'S /AFF & TO O!R /AFFS IF NE$ BE1 & ( 5T]+ ! >MY ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,DIRECTORATE 7( ,PETLIURA71 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 TO \R BRO!RS ?AT !Y HAD BE5 FOOL$ & ?AT !Y %\LD LEAVE ?AT >MY4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! DELEGATION WAS 9/RUCT$1 UPON ITS RETURN1 TO CALL A SECOND1 L>G] CONGRESS1 = ! PURPOSE ( ORGANIZ+ ! :OLE REGION :I* HAD BE5 DELIV]$ FROM ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y B&S1 & ( CREAT+ A MORE P[]FUL DEF5SE FRONT4 ,! DELEGATES1 ON RETURN+ FROM !IR MISSION1 !RE=E CALL$ ! SECOND REGIONAL CONGRESS1 \TSIDE ( ANY P>TY1 ANY AU?ORITY1 OR ANY LAW4 ,Y\1 0,COMRADE0 ,DYB5KO1 & ! O!R LOV]S ( LAWS1 W]E !N F>1 F> AWAY1 & S9CE ! H]OIC GUIDES ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T DID NOT WANT P[] OV] ! PEOPLE :O HAD JU/ BROK5 ) !IR [N H&S ! *A9S ( SLAV]Y1 ! ,CONGRESS WAS NOT PROCLAIM$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 & ?OSE :O CALL$ IT W]E NOT DECL>$ \TLAWS4 

,LET US RETURN TO ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! CREATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REGION1 ! ,SOVIET ,P[] APPE>$ 9 \R REGION4 ,FOLL[+ ! RESOLUTION PASS$ BY ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS1 ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL DID NOT DROP ITS WORK :5 ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES APPE>$4 ,IT HAD TO C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! CONGRESS4 ,! ,C\NCIL WAS NOT AN ORGAN ( COMM&1 BUT AN EXECUTIVE ORGAN4 ,IT ?US CONT9U$ TO WORK TO ! BE/ ( ITS ABILITY1 & AS ALWAYS FOLL[$ ! REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE 9 ITS WORK4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITY BEGAN TO ]ECT OB/ACLES TO ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL4 ,! ,COMMISS>S & O!R HI< FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T BEGAN TO TREAT ! ,C\NCIL AS A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL DECID$ TO CALL A ?IRD REGIONAL CONGRESS ON ,APRIL #a AT ,GULYAI-,POLYE TO DET]M9E ! FUTURE CONDUCT ( ! ,C\NCIL1 OR TO LIQUIDATE IT IF ! CONGRESS CONSID]$ ?IS NECESS>Y4 ,& SO ! CONGRESS TOOK PLACE4 ,?OSE :O CAME TO ! CONGRESS W]E NOT C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT PEOPLE :O HAD BE5 ! FIR/ TO RAISE ! FLAG ( ! 9SURRECTION & SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y CAME TO IT TO HELP COORD9ATE ! G5]AL /RUGGLE ( ! REGION AGA9/ ALL OPPRESSORS4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! #gb DI/RICTS1 AS WELL AS ?OSE ( SEV]AL 9SURG5T UNITS1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! CONGRESS4 ,ALL ( !M F\ND ?AT ! ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL WAS NECESS>Y2 !Y EV5 5L>G$ ITS ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE & 9/RUCT$ ! LATT] TO C>RY \T A VOLUNT>Y & EGALIT>IAN MOBILIZATION ( ! REGION4 ,?IS CONGRESS WAS SOME:AT A/ONI%$ TO RECEIVE 0,COMRADE0 ,DYB5KO'S TELEGRAM DECL>+ IT 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y10 9ASMU* AS ?IS REGION HAD BE5 ! FIR/ TO RAISE ! FLAG ( 9SURRECTION4 ,?AT IS :Y ! CONGRESS VOT$ A LIVELY PROTE/ AGA9/ ?IS TELEGRAM4 

,SU* IS ! PICTURE ?AT %\LD OP5 Y\R EYES1 0,COMRADE0 ,DYB5KO4 ,COME TO Y\R S5SES6 ,?9K6 ,HAVE Y\1 A S+LE P]SON1 ! RI<T TO DECL>E C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y A POPULATION ( A MILLION WORK]S1 A POPULATION :I* BY ITSELF1 ) ITS [N CALL\S$ H&S1 ?REW (F ! *A9S ( SLAV]Y1 & :I* IS N[ 9 ! PROCESS ( BUILD+ ITS [N LIFE1 ACCORD+ TO ITS [N WILL8 

,NO6 ,IF Y\ >E REALLY A REVOLUTION>Y1 Y\ %\LD COME TO HELP ?IS PEOPLE 9 ITS FI<T AGA9/ ! OPPRESSORS1 & 9 ITS WORK 9 BUILD+ A NEW1 FREE LIFE4 

,CAN !RE EXI/ LAWS MADE BY A FEW PEOPLE :O CALL !MSELVES REVOLUTION>IES :I* P]MIT !M TO \TLAW A :OLE PEOPLE :O >E MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN !Y >E !MSELVES8 7,= ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C\NCIL REPRES5TS ! :OLE MASS ( ! PEOPLE47 

,IS IT P]MISSIBLE1 IS IT ADMISSIBLE1 ?AT !Y %\LD COME TO ! C\NTRY TO E/ABLI% LAWS ( VIOL5CE1 TO SUBJUGATE A PEOPLE :O HAVE JU/ OV]?R[N ALL LAW-MAK]S & ALL LAWS8 

,DOES !RE EXI/ A LAW ACCORD+ TO :I* A REVOLUTION>Y HAS ! RI<T TO APPLY ! MO/ SEV]E P5ALTIES TO A REVOLUTION>Y MASS1 ( :I* HE CALLS HIMSELF ! DEF5D]1 SIMPLY BECAUSE ?IS MASS HAS TAK5 ! GOOD ?+S :I* ! REVOLUTION HAS PROMIS$ !M1 FRE$OM & EQUALITY1 )\T HIS P]MISSION8 

,%\LD ! MASS ( REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE P]HAPS BE SIL5T :5 SU* A REVOLUTION>Y TAKES AWAY ! FRE$OM :I* !Y HAVE JU/ CONQU]$8 

,DO ! LAWS ( ! REVOLUTION ORD] ! %OOT+ ( A DELEGATE BECAUSE HE BELIEVES HE \<T TO C>RY \T ! M&ATE GIV5 HIM BY ! REVOLUTION>Y MASS :I* ELECT$ HIM8 

,:OSE 9T]E/S %\LD ! REVOLUTION>Y DEF5D3 ?OSE ( ! ,P>TY OR ?OSE ( ! PEOPLE :O SET ! REVOLUTION 9 MOTION ) !IR BLOOD8 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REGION HOLDS ITSELF ABOVE ! PRESSURE & 9FLU5CE ( ALL P>TIES1 & ONLY RECOGNIZES ! PEOPLE :O ELECT$ IT4 ,ITS DUTY IS TO ACCOMPLI% :AT ! PEOPLE HAVE 9/RUCT$ IT TO DO1 & TO CREATE NO OB/ACLES TO ANY LEFT SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 ! PROPAGATION ( IDEAS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IF ONE DAY ! ,BOL%EVIK IDEA SUCCE$S AMONG ! WORK]S1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL -- FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK PO9T ( VIEW A MANIFE/LY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION -- WILL NECESS>ILY BE REPLAC$ BY ANO!R ORGANIZATION1 0MORE REVOLUTION>Y0 & MORE ,BOL%EVIK4 ,BUT MEAN:ILE1 DO NOT 9T]F]E ) US1 DO NOT TRY TO /IFLE US4 ,IF Y\ & Y\R LIKE1 0,COMRADE0 ,DYB5KO1 CONT9UE TO C>RY ON ! SAME POLICY AS BE=E1 IF Y\ BELIEVE IT GOOD & CONSCI5TI\S1 !N C>RY Y\R DIRTY LITTLE BUS9ESS TO ITS CONCLUSION4 ,\TLAW ALL ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! REGIONAL CONGRESSES CALL$ :5 Y\ & Y\R ,P>TY W]E AT ,KURSK4 ,PROCLAIM C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ALL ?OSE :O FIR/ RAIS$ ! FLAG ( ! 9SURRECTION1 ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 & :O ?US ACT$ )\T WAIT+ = Y\R P]MISSION1 )\T FOLL[+ Y\R PROGRAM TO ! LETT]4 ,ALSO \TLAW ALL ?OSE :O S5T !IR DELEGATES TO ! REGIONAL CONGRESSES :I* Y\ CALL C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,F9ALLY1 \TLAW ALL ! VANI%$ COMRADES :O1 )\T Y\R P]MISSION1 TOOK P>T 9 ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5TS = ! LIB]ATION ( ALL ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,PROCLAIM =EV] ILLEGAL & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ANY CONGRESS CALL$ )\T Y\R P]MISSION1 BUT KN[ ?AT 9 ! 5D TRU? WILL TRIUMPH OV] =CE4 ,DESPITE Y\R ?REATS1 ! ,C\NCIL DID NOT AB&ON ITS DUTIES1 BECAUSE IT HAS NO RI<T TO DO ?IS & BECAUSE IT HAS NO RI<T TO USURP ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE4  
  

,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,GULYAI-,POLYE REGION3 

,*]NOKNIZHNYI1 PRESID5T 

,KOGAN1 VISE-PRESID5T 

,K>AHET1 SECRET>Y 

,KOVAL'1 ,PETR5KO1 ,DOTS5KO & O!R MEMB]S4  
  
  

,AFT] ?IS1 ! QUE/ION ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A WAS TREAT$ 9 HI< ,BOL%EVIK CIRCLES 9 A CLE> & DEF9ITE MANN]4 ,! (FICIAL PRESS1 :I* ALREADY E>LI] HAD MISREPRES5T$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T1 N[ SET \T TO ABUSE IT SY/EMATICALLY1 DELIB]ATELY 9V5T+ & ATTRIBUT+ TO IT ALL TYPES ( ABSURDITIES1 VILLA9IES & CRIMES4 ,! FOLL[+ EXAMPLE WILL GIVE A FAIR NOTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK WAY ( BEHAV+4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,APRIL OR ! BEG9N+ ( ,MAY1 #a#i#a#i1 ,G5]AL ,%KURO1 MISL$ BY A ,MAKHNOVI/ PRISON]1 S5T A LETT] TO ,MAKHNO 9 :I*1 AFT] PRAIS+ HIS 9NATE MILIT>Y TAL5TS & EXPRESS+ REGRET ?AT ?IS TAL5T HAD BE5 5GAG$ ON A FALSE REVOLUTION>Y PA?1 SUGGE/$ TO ,MAKHNO ?AT HIS >MY BE UNIT$ ) ,D5IK9'S = ! SALVATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 ,:5 ?IS LETT] WAS READ AT A L>GE MEET+ ( REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5TS1 EV]YONE RIDICUL$ ! NAIVETY & ! /UPIDITY ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL1 :O DID NOT EV5 KN[ ! ,A,B,CS AB\T ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA & 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,!Y PUBLI%$ ?IS LETT] 9 !IR NEWSPAP] ,PUT' K ,SVOBODE = ! PURPOSE ( RIDICULE4 ,! 5TIRE LETT]1 FOLL[$ BY D]ISIVE COMM5TS1 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,PUT' K ,SVOBODE ,NO4 #c4 ,:AT DID ! ,COMMUNI/-,BOL%EVIKS DO !N8 ,!Y F\ND ?IS LETT] 9 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ NEWSPAP]1 REPR9T$ IT 9 !IR NEWSPAP]S & DECL>$ %AMELESSLY ?AT !Y HAD 9T]CEPT$ ?IS LETT]1 ?AT NEGOTIATIONS AB\T AN ALLIANCE W]E TAK+ PLACE BETWE5 ,MAKHNO & ,%KURO1 & EV5 ?AT ?IS ALLIANCE HAD BE5 =M$4 ,! 5TIRE ,BOL%EVIK W> ( IDEAS AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S WAS C>RI$ \T 9 ?IS =M4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,9 MID-,APRIL1 #a#i#a#i1 HI< (FICIALS 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T BEGAN A ?OR\< 9VE/IGATION ( ! 9SURG5T REGION4 ,ON ,APRIL #b#i1 ! ,COMM&] ( ! S\!RN FRONT1 ,ANTONOV1 >RIV$ 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE 9 ORD] TO BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ,MAKHNO HIMSELF1 ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/ FRONT & ! DISPOSITION ( ! 9SURRECTION4 ,ON ,MAY #d & #e1 ! ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,PL5IPOT5TI>Y ( ! ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL1 ,L4 ,KAM5EV1 >RIV$ TOGE!R ) O!R GOV]NM5T (FICIALS FROM ,KH>'KOV4 ,KAM5EV'S 5TRY 9TO ,GULYAI-,POLYE WAS FRI5DLY & LEFT NO?+ TO BE DESIR$4 ,HE COMPLIM5T$ ! ASSEMBL$ PEASANTS & 9SURG5TS AS H]OES :O HAD LIB]AT$ ! REGION FROM ! ,HETMAN'S P[] ON !IR [N1 & HAD DEF5D$ IT SUCCESSFULLY AGA9/ ,PETLIURA & ,D5IK94 ,IT SEEM$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! PEASANTS HAD F\ND 9 ,KAM5EV ITS GREATE/ ADMIR]4 ,H[EV]1 9 HIS (FICIAL 9T]VIEW ) ,MAKHNO1 ! MEMB]S ( ! /AFF1 & ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL1 ,KAM5EV SPOKE A LANGUAGE :I* HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,:5 ! QUE/ION ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL WAS RAIS$1 ,KAM5EV F\ND ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS ,C\NCIL ABSOLUTELY 9ADMISSIBLE UND] ,SOVIET P[]1 & DEM&$ ?AT IT BE DISSOLV$4 

,AS CAN BE EXPECT$ FROM A /ATI/1 ,KAM5EV CONFUS$ TWO COMPLETELY DIFF]5T 9/ITUTIONS3 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 CREAT$ BY ! RUL+ ,P>TY1 & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 DIRECTLY CREAT$ BY !M AS !IR EXECUTIVE ORGAN4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE C\NCILS C\LD1 9 FACT1 BE DISSOLV$ V]Y EASILY3 BY ORD] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY2 BUT ! SECOND C\NCIL CANNOT BE DISSOLV$ EXCEPT BY ! MASSES :O CREAT$ IT4 ,ONLY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y P[] C\LD DISSOLVE IT DESPITE ! MASSES1 BUT 9 NO CASE C\LD REVOLUTION>IES DO SO4 

,& ?IS WAS :AT ,KAM5EV WAS TOLD4 ,?IS ANSW] WAS OBVI\SLY DISAGREEABLE TO HIM1 & GAVE RISE TO A HEAT$ DISCUSSION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,KAM5EV AS WELL AS ,ANTONOV P>T$ W>MLY1 EXPRESS$ TO ! ,MAKHNOVI/S !IR DEEP APPRECIATION1 & WI%$ !M WELL4 ,KAM5EV EMBRAC$ ,MAKHNO & ASSUR$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD ALWAYS F9D A COMMON LANGUAGE ) !M AS ) ALL TRUE REVOLUTION>IES1 & ?AT !Y C\LD & %\LD WORK TOGE!R4 

,W]E ! VISITS ( !SE HI< ,BOL%EVIK ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S TO ,GULYAI-,POLYE REALLY AS FRI5DLY AS !IR W>M WI%ES SUGGE/$1 OR DID !IR FRI5DL9ESS ALREADY !N HIDE !IR IRRECONCILABLE HO/ILITY T[>D ! 9SURG5T REGION8 ,MORE LIKELY ! SECOND4 ,! DEVELOPM5TS :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! REGION SOON AFT] ?IS MEET+ %[$ ?AT ! IDEA ( A MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! REGION & ! FREE 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T HAD ALREADY BE5 RIP5+ = A LONG TIME 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK WORLD4 ,! VISITS ( ,ANTONOV & ,KAM5EV TO ,GULYAI-,POLYE CAN ONLY BE CONSID]$ AS RECONNAISSANCE BE=E AGGRESSION4 ,!SE VISITS BR\<T NO *ANGES 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 ,! AGITATION C>RI$ \T BY !IR PRESS DID NOT DIM9I%2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT BECAME MORE VIOL5T4 ,!Y DID NOT CEASE TO 9V5T LIES1 EA* MORE %AMEFUL & ABOM9ABLE ?AN ! PREC$+ ONE4 ,ALL ?IS REVEAL$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS WANT$ TO PREP>E ! WORK]S & ! ,R$ ,>MY TROOPS TO ACCEPT !IR >M$ ATTACK AGA9/ ! FREE REGION4 ,A MON? E>LI] !Y HAD MADE AN ATTEMPT TO ASSASS9ATE ,MAKHNO4 ,! COMM&] ( AN 9SURG5T REGIM5T1 ,PADALKA1 BRIB$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ACCEPT$ !IR 0COMMISSION0 TO ATTACK ,GULYAI-,POLYE FROM ! SIDE ( ,POKROVSKOE1 & TO CAPTURE ,MAKHNO & HIS /AFF4 ,! PLOT WAS DISCOV]$ BY ,MAKHNO HIMSELF :ILE HE WAS AT ,B]DYANSK1 M9UTES BE=E HE WAS TO LEAVE = ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE TO FOIL ?IS PLAN ONLY ?ANKS TO AN AIRPLANE :I* WAS F\ND AT H& & ) :I* ,MAKHNO SUCCE$$ 9 COV]+ ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 ,B]DYANSK & ,GULYAI-,POLYE 9 TWO H\RS & SOME M9UTES4 ,! ORGANIZ]S ( ! PLOT W]E UNEXPECT$LY CAU<T & EXECUT$4 

,MORE ?AN ONCE ,MAKHNO WAS W>N$ BY COMRADES EMPLOY$ 9 ,BOL%EVIK 9/ITUTIONS NOT TO GO EI!R TO ,EKAT]9OSLAV OR TO ,KH>'KOV1 OR ANY:]E ELSE IF HE W]E CALL$1 S9CE ANY (FICIAL SUMMONS W\LD BE A TRAP :]E DEA? W\LD AWAIT HIM4 ,9 %ORT1 EV]Y NEW DAY MADE IT 9CREAS+LY OBVI\S ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E PREP>+ TO RESOLVE ! QUE/ION ( IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,UKRA9E BY MILIT>Y MEANS4 ,! REVOLT ( ,GRIGOR'EV UNEXPECT$LY /OPP$ !M1 & CAUS$ !M TO TEMPOR>ILY *ANGE !IR ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibb 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 

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