,*APT] #a ,DEMOCRACY & ! ,WORK+ ,MASSES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION #aibcaibc ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,>%9OV ,TEXT 3 ,!RE HAS NOT BE5 ONE REVOLUTION 9 ! WORLD'S HI/ORY :I* WAS C>RI$ \T BY ! WORK+ PEOPLE 9 !IR [N 9T]E/S -- BY URBAN WORK]S & POOR PEASANTS :O DO NOT EXPLOIT ! WORK ( O!RS4 ,AL?\< ! MA9 =CE ( ALL GREAT REVOLUTIONS CONSI/$ ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 :O MADE 9NUM]ABLE SACRIFICES = !IR SUCCESS1 ! LEAD]S1 IDEOLOGI/S & ORGANIZ]S ( ! =MS & GOALS ( ! REVOLUTION W]E 9V>IABLY NEI!R WORK]S NOR PEASANTS1 BUT ELEM5TS =EIGN TO ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 G5]ALLY 9T]M$I>IES :O HESITAT$ BETWE5 ! RUL+ CLASS ( ! DY+ EPO* & ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CITIES & FIELDS4 ,?IS ELEM5T WAS ALWAYS BORN & GREW \T ( ! SOIL ( ! DIS9TEGRAT+ OLD REGIME1 ! OLD ,/ATE SY/EM1 & WAS N\RI%$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( A MOVEM5T = FRE$OM AMONG ! 5SLAV$ MASSES4 ,BECAUSE ( !IR CLASS *>ACT]I/ICS & !IR ASPIRATION TO ,/ATE P[]1 !Y TAKE A REVOLUTION>Y POSITION 9 RELATION TO ! DY+ POLITICAL REGIME & READILY BECOME LEAD]S ( 5SLAV$ WORK]S1 LEAD]S ( MASS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,BUT1 :ILE ORGANIZ+ ! REVOLUTION & LEAD+ IT UND] ! BANN] ( ! VITAL 9T]E/S ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 ?IS ELEM5T ALWAYS PURSUES ITS [N GR\P OR CA/E 9T]E/1 & ASPIRES TO MAKE USE ( ! REVOLUTION ) ! AIM ( E/ABLI%+ ITS [N DOM9ANT POSITION 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS IS :AT HAPP5$ 9 ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS :AT HAPP5$ 9 ! GREAT ,FR5* REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS :AT HAPP5$ 9 ! ,FR5* & ,G]MAN REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h4 ,?IS IS :AT HAPP5$ 9 A :OLE S]IES ( O!R REVOLUTIONS :]E ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CITIES & ! C\NTRYSIDE F\I$ LABELS1 OP]AT+ BEH9D ! BACKS ( ! PEOPLE TO EXPLOIT ! TASKS & GOALS ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ! 9T]E/ ( !IR GR\PS4 ,9 ! GREAT ,FR5* REVOLUTION1 ! WORK]S MADE COLOSSAL EF=TS & SACRIFICES = ITS TRIUMPH4 ,BUT ! POLITICIANS ( ?IS REVOLUTION3 W]E !Y ! SONS ( ! PROLET>IAT & DID !Y FIY IDEALS ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM ( ! ,FR5* POPUL> MASSES ( ! #a#h? C5TURY4 ,YET !Y W]E1 & /ILL >E1 G5]ALLY CONSID]$ ! LEAD]S ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! #ahdh REVOLUTION ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS1 :I* HAD GIV5 UP TO ! REVOLUTION ?REE MON?S ( H]OIC EF=TS1 MIS]Y1 PRIVATION & SACRIFICE -- DID !Y OBTA9 ! 0SOCIAL REPUBLIC0 :I* HAD BE5 PROMIS$ BY ! MANAG]S ( ! REVOLUTION8 ,! WORK+ CLASS H>VE/$ FROM !M ONLY SLAV]Y & MASS KILL+S2 #e ?\S& WORK]S W]E %OT 9 ,P>IS1 :5 !Y ATTEMPT$ TO RISE UP AGA9/ ?OSE TREA*]\S LEAD]S4 ,! WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ALL PA/ REVOLUTIONS SUCCE$$ ONLY 9 SKET*+ !IR FUNDAM5TAL ASPIRATIONS1 ONLY 9 DEF9+ !IR C\RSE1 :I* WAS G5]ALLY P]V]T$ & !N LIQUIDAT$ BY ! CLEV]]1 MORE CUNN+ & BETT] $UCAT$ 0LEAD]S0 ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! MO/ ! WORK]S GOT FROM !SE REVOLUTIONS WAS AN 9SIGNIFICANT BONE1 9 ! =M ( ! RIY PEASANT & WORK] 9SURRECTIONS ( \R TIME1 ?AT ! PEOPLE BECOME ! MA/]S ( ! MOVEM5T1 GIV+ IT ITS =M & CONT5T4 ,BUT !SE MOVEM5TS1 :I* >E USUALLY GREET$ BY ! ABUSE & ! CURSES ( ALL 0?9K+0 PEOPLE1 HAVE NEV] YET TRIUMPH$1 & !Y DIFF] %>PLY1 9 T]MS ( !IR CONT5T AS WELL AS !IR =M1 FROM REVOLUTIONS L$ BY POLITICAL GR\PS & P>TIES4 ,\R ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS1 )\T A D\BT1 A POLITICAL REVOLUTION :I* USES ! =CES ( ! PEOPLE TO S]VE 9T]E/S =EIGN TO ! PEOPLE4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL FACT ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 ) A BACKGR\ND ( 5ORM\S SACRIFICES1 SUFF]+S & REVOLUTION>Y EF=TS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 IS ! SEIZURE ( POLITICAL P[] BY AN 9T]M$I>Y GR\P1 ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLIG5TSIA1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 ,A GREAT DEAL HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN AS WELL AS ! 9T]NATIONAL 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,!Y >E G5]ALLY PRAIS$1 & CALL$ ! C>RI]S ( ! HIE R>ELY ABUS$4 ,BUT ALL ?AT HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T !M1 ! GOOD & ! BAD1 HAS ONE ESS5TIAL %ORTCOM+3 NAMELY1 !Y >E DEF9$ BY !MSELVES1 PRAIS$ BY !MSELVES & ABUS$ BY !MSELVES4 ,TO ! 9DEP5D5T M9D ( WORK]S OR PEASANTS ?IS IS COMPLETELY UNCONV9C+ & CAN HAVE NO WEIE CONC]N$ ONLY ) FACTS4 ,! REAL1 9DISPUTABLE FACT ( LIFE ( ! SOCIALI/ 9TELLIG5TSIA IS ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE ALWAYS 5JOY$ A PRIVILEG$ SOCIAL POSITION4 ,LIV+ 9 PRIVILEGE1 ! 9TELLIG5TSIA BECAME PRIVILEG$ NOT ONLY SOCIALLY BUT ALSO PSY*OLOGICALLY4 ,ALL !IR SPIRITUAL ASPIRATIONS1 EV]Y?+ !Y CALL !IR 0SOCIAL IDEALS10 9EVITABLY C>RIES )9 ITSELF ! SPIRIT ( CA/E PRIVILEGE4 ,WE COME ACROSS IT ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,IF WE TAKE ! ]A ( ! ,DECEMBRI/S AS ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA1 & PASS CONSECUTIVELY ?R\< ALL ! /AGES ( ?IS MOVEM5T -- ! 0,N>ODNI*E/VO10 ! 0,N>ODOVOL'*E/VO10 ,M>XISM & SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL ) ALL !IR RAMIFICATIONS -- WE F9D ?IS SPIRIT ( CA/E PRIVILEGE CLE>LY EXPRESS$ ?R\<\T4 ,NO MATT] H[ L(TY A SOCIAL IDEAL MAY BE EXT]NALLY1 AS SOON AS IT C>RIES )9 ITSELF PRIVILEGES = :I* ! PEOPLE WILL HAVE TO PAY ) !IR WORK & !IR RIRY !M 9TO ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,! PEOPLE -- ?AT'S ONE ?+2 DEMOCRACY & ITS SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY -- ?AT'S SOME?+ ELSE1 :I* COMES TO ! PEOPLE PRUD5TLY & CUNN+LY4 ,C]TA9LY ISOLAT$ H]OIC 9DIVIDUALS1 LIKE ,S(YA ,P]OVSKAYA1 /OOD ABOVE ! VILE PRIVILEGES 9H]5T 9 SOCIALISM1 BUT ONLY BECAUSE !Y DID NOT UND]/& REALITY 9 T]MS ( A DEMOCRATIC-CLASS DOCTR9E1 BUT PSY*OLOGICALLY OR E?ICALLY4 ,!SE >E ! FL[]S ( LIFE1 ! BEAUTY ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,9SPIR$ BY ! PASSION = TRU?1 !Y LIV$ 5TIRELY TO S]VE ! PEOPLE & BY !IR BEAUTIFUL EXAMPLE EXPOS$ ! FALSE *>ACT] ( ! SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,! PEOPLE WILL NEV] =GET !M & WILL ET]NALLY C>RY A GREAT LOVE = !M 9 !IR HE>TS4 ,! VAGUE POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA 9 #ahbe TOOK %APE DUR+ ! C\RSE ( HALF A C5TURY 9 A P]FECT$ SOCIALI/IC ,/ATI/ SY/EM1 & ?IS 9TELLIG5TSIA ITSELF1 9 A WELL-DEF9$ SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GR\P3 ! SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY4 ,! RELATIONS BETWE5 ?IS 9TELLIG5TSIA & ! PEOPLE W]E DEF9ITIVELY E/ABLI%$3 ! PEOPLE MOV$ T[>D CIVIC & ECONOMIC SELF-DET]M9ATION2 ! DEMOCRATS ASPIR$ TO P[] OV] !M4 ,! CONNECTION BETWE5 !M C\LD BE MA9TA9$ ONLY BY MEANS ( CUNN+1 TRICK]Y & VIOL5CE1 BUT 9 NO WAY AS ! NATURAL RESULT ( A COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S4 ,!Y >E HO/ILE T[>D EA* O!R4 ,! DOCTR9E ( ! ,/ATE ITSELF1 ! IDEA ( MANAG+ ! MASSES BY =CE1 WAS ALWAYS AN ATTRIBUTE ( 9DIVIDUALS :O LACK$ ! S5TIM5T ( EQUALITY & 9 :OM ! 9/9CT ( EGOISM WAS DOM9ANT2 9DIVIDUALS = :OM ! HUMAN MASSES >E A RAW MAT]IAL LACK+ WILL1 9ITIATIVE & 9TELLIG5CE1 9CAPABLE ( DIRECT+ !MSELVES4 ,?IS IDEA WAS ALWAYS HELD BY DOM9ANT PRIVILEG$ GR\PS :O /OOD \TSIDE ! WORK+ POPULATION -- ! >I/OCRACY1 MILIT>Y CA/ES1 NOBILITY1 CL]GY1 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL B\RGEOISIE1 ETC4 ,IT IS NOT BY *ANCE ?AT CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALISM %[S ITSELF TO BE ! ZEAL\S S]VANT ( ?IS IDEA3 IT IS ! IDEOLOGY ( ! NEW RUL+ CA/E4 ,IF WE ATT5TIVELY OBS]VE ! C>RI]S & APO/LES ( /ATE SOCIALISM1 WE WILL SEE ?AT EV]Y ONE ( !M IS FULL ( C5TRALI/ URGES1 ?AT EV]YONE SEES HIMSELF1 ABOVE ALL1 AS A DIRECT+ & COMM&+ C5T] >\ND :I* ! MASSES GRAVITATE4 ,?IS PSY*OLOGICAL TRAIT ( /ATE SOCIALISM & ITS C>RI]S IS A DIRECT \TGR[? ( ! PSY*OLOGY ( =M] GR\PS ( RUL]S :I* >E EXT9CT OR 9 ! PROCESS ( DY+4 ,! SECOND FUNDAM5TAL FACT ( \R REVOLUTION IS ?AT ! WORK]S & ! PEASANT LABOR]S REMA9$ )9 ! E>LI] SITUATION ( 0WORK+ CLASSES0 -- PRODUC]S MANAG$ BY AU?ORITY FROM ABOVE4 ,ALL ! PRES5T DAY SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION C>RI$ \T 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! 5TIRE ,/ATE APP>ATUS & MANAGEM5T ( ! C\NTRY1 ! CREATION ( NEW SOCIAL-POLITICAL RELATIONS -- ALL ?IS IS L>GELY NO?+ O!R ?AN ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW CLASS DOM9ATION OV] ! PRODUC]S1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW SOCIALI/ P[] OV] !M4 ,! PLAN = ?IS CON/RUCTION & ?IS DOM9ATION WAS ELABORAT$ & PREP>$ DUR+ SEV]AL DECADES BY ! LEAD]S ( ! SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY & WAS KN[N BE=E ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION BY ! NAME ( COLLECTIVISM4 ,TODAY IT CALLS ITSELF ! SOVIET SY/EM4 ,?IS SY/EM MAKES ITS FIR/ HI/ORICAL APPE>ANCE ON ! SOIL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,?IS IS ! FIR/ ATTEMPT ( SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY TO E/ABLI% ITS /ATI/ DOM9ATION 9 A C\NTRY BY ! =CE ( A REVOLUTION4 ,AS A FIR/ ATTEMPT1 UND]TAK5 AT ?AT BY ONLY ONE P>T ( ! DEMOCRACY -- BY ! MO/ ACTIVE1 MO/ 5T]PRIS+ & MO/ REVOLUTION>Y P>T1 ITS COMMUNI/ LEFT W+ -- IT SURPRIS$ ! BROAD MASSES ( DEMOCRATS1 & ITS BRUTAL =MS AT FIR/ SPLIT ! DEMOCRACY ITSELF 9TO SEV]AL RIVAL GR\PS4 ,SOME ( !SE GR\PS 7,M5%EVIKS1 ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES1 ETC47 CONSID]$ IT PREMATURE & RISKY TO 9TRODUCE COMMUNISM 9TO ,RUSSIA AT ! PRES5T TIME4 ,!Y RETA9$ ! HOPE ( A*IEV+ ,/ATE DOM9ATION 9 ! C\NTRY BY ! SO-CALL$ LEGAL & P>LIAM5T>Y R\TE3 BY W9N+ ! MAJORITY ( SEATS 9 P>LIAM5T BY MEANS ( VOTES FROM WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,?IS WAS ! BASIS ( !IR DISAGREEM5T ) !IR LEFT-W+ COLLEAGUES1 ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,?IS DISAGREEM5T IS TEMPOR>Y1 ACCID5TAL & NOT S]I\S4 ,IT IS PROVOK$ BY A MISUND]/&+ ON ! P>T ( ! BROAD] & MORE TIMID SECTION ( DEMOCRATS1 :O FAIL$ TO UND]/& ! MEAN+ ( ! POLITICAL UPHEAVAL C>RI$ \T BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,AS SOON AS ?IS GR\P SEES ?AT ! COMMUNI/ SY/EM DOES NOT CONTA9 ANY?+ ?AT ?REAT5S !M1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y OP5S UP TO !M SUP]B PO/S 9 ! NEW ,/ATE1 ALL ! DISAGREEM5TS BETWE5 ! RIVAL FACTIONS ( ! DEMOCRACY WILL DISAPPE>1 & ! 5TIRE DEMOCRACY WILL C>RY ON UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ! UNIFI$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,& ALREADY TODAY WE OBS]VE A C]TA9 05LITIES1 9 ,RUSSIA & ABROAD1 >E RALLY+ TO ! 0SOVIET PLAT=M40 ,5ORM\S POLITICAL P>TIES FROM DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 UNTIL REC5TLY ANIMATORS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 :O F\E TODAY PREP>+ TO JO9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL & PRES5T !MSELVES TO ! WORK+ CLASS ) ! ,COMMUNI/ FLAG1 ) 0,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT0 ON !IR LIPS4 ,BUT1 AS 9 E>LI] GREAT REVOLUTIONS 9 :I* WORK]S & PEASANTS F\K$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,ONE ( !SE CURR5TS1 ! MO/ P[]FUL & ! MO/ VIVID1 IS ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A4 ,= A P]IOD ( ?REE YE>S ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A H]OICALLY CLE>$ A PA? 9 ! REVOLUTION BY :I* ! WORK+ PEOPLE ( ,RUSSIA C\LD REALIZE !IR AGE-OLD ASPIRATIONS -- FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9 SPITE ( ! SAVAGE POLICY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T TO SMO!R ?IS CURR5T1 TO DI/ORT & BEF\L IT1 IT CONT9U$ TO GR[1 LIVE & DEVELOP1 /RUGGL+ ON SEV]AL FRONTS 9 ! CIVIL W>1 FREQU5TLY DEAL+ S]I\S BL[S TO ITS 5EMIES1 >\S+ & SUPPORT+ ! REVOLUTION>Y EXPECTATIONS ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ,GREAT ,RUSSIA1 ,SIB]IA & ! ,CAUCASUS4 ,! CONT9U$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,MAKHNOV%*9A IS EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT MANY ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & PEASANTS W]E TO SOME EXT5T FAMILI> ) ! HI/ORIES ( REVOLUTIONS ( O!R PEOPLES AS WELL AS ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( !IR ANCE/ORS1 & W]E ABLE TO LEAN ON ?IS EXP]I5CE4 ,9 ADDITION1 WORK]S CAME \T ( ! RANKS :O W]E ABLE TO F9D1 =MULATE1 & ATTRACT ! ATT5TION ( ! MASSES1 TO ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL & BASIC ASPECTS ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 TO CONTRA/ !SE ASPECTS ) ! POLITICAL GOALS ( ! DEMOCRACY1 & TO DEF5D ! WORK]S' ASPIRATIONS ) DIGNITY1 P]SEV]ANCE & TAL5T4 ,BE=E GO+ ON TO ! HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO NOTE ?AT1 :5 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS CALL$ ! 0,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION10 TWO DI/9CT PH5OM5A >E CONFUS$3 ! SLOGANS UND] :I* ! MASSES C>RI$ \T ! REVOLUTION1 & ITS RESULTS4 ,! SLOGANS ( ! ,OCTOB] #aiag MASS MOVEM5T W]E3 0,! ,FACTORIES TO ! ,WORK]S6 ,! ,L& TO ! ,PEASANTS60 ,! 5TIRE SOCIAL & REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ( ! MASSES IS COMMUNICAT$ BY ?IS BRIEF BUT PR(\NDLY SIGNIFICANT SLOGAN3 ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALISM1 WAGE LABOR1 5SLAVEM5T TO ! ,/ATE1 & ! ORGANIZATION ( A NEW LIFE BAS$ ON ! SELF-DIRECTION ( ! PRODUC]S4 ,BUT 9 REALITY ?IS ,OCTOB] PROGRAM WAS NOT REALIZ$ 9 ANY WAY4 ,CAPITALISM HAS NOT BE5 DE/ROY$ BUT RE=M$4 ,WAGE LABOR & ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PRODUC]S REMA9S 9 =CE4 ,& ! NEW ,/ATE APP>ATUS OPPRESSES ! WORK]S NO LESS ?AN ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS ( L&[N]S & PRIVATE CAPITALI/S4 ,?US ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION CAN BE CALL$ ! 0,OCTOB] REVOLUTION0 ONLY 9 A SPECIFIC & N>R[ S5SE3 AS A REALIZATION ( ! GOALS & TASKS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! ,OCTOB] UPHEAVAL1 AS WELL AS ! ONE ( ,FEBRU>Y-,M>* #a#i#a#g1 WAS ONLY A /AGE 9 ! G5]AL ADVANCE ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ( ! ,OCTOB] MOVEM5T W]E US$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY = ITS [N PLANS & GOALS4 ,BUT ?IS ACT DOES NOT REPRES5T \R 5TIRE REVOLUTION4 ,! G5]AL C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION 9CLUDES A :OLE S]IES ( O!R CURR5TS :I* DO NOT /OP 9 ,OCTOB] BUT GO FUR!R1 T[>D ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ! HI/ORIC TASKS ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS3 ! EGALIT>IAN1 /ATELESS COMMUNITY ( WORK]S4 ,! CURR5TLY PROTRACT$ & ALREADY H>D5$ ,OCTOB] MU/1 )\T A D\BT1 GIVE WAY TO ! NEXT POPUL> /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,IF ?IS DOES NOT HAPP51 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 LIKE ALL ITS PR$ECESSORS1 WILL HAVE BE5 NO?+ BUT A *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/