,HI/ORY AS ,CREATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 

,TEXT 3 

,A ,NOTE FROM ,SOLID>ITY 

,WE >E PLEAS$ TO BR+ \R READ]S A FUR!R 9/ALLM5T1 9 ,5GLI%1 ( ,M>XISME ET ,!ORIE ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE BY ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 7,PAUL ,C>DAN74 ,! ORIG9AL ,FR5* TEXT APPE>$ 7BETWE5 #aifa & #a#i#f#d7 9 ISSUES #c#f-#d ( ! N[ DEFUNCT J\RNAL ,SOCIALLSME \ ,B>B>IE4 ,! FIR/ *APT] ( ,M>XISME ET ,!ORIE ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE 7',LA SITUATION HI/ORIQUE DU M>XISME ET LA QUE/ION D'OR?ODOXIE'7 WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% BY ,SOLID>ITY 7,LONDON7 9 #aiff 7VOL4 ,I,V1 NO4 #c7 UND] ! TITLE ,! ,FATE ( ,M>XISM4 ,IT WAS LAT] REPR9T$ AS A PAMPHLET4 ,WE PUBLI%$ ! SECOND *APT] 7',LA !ORIE ,M>XI/E DE L'HI/OIRE'7 9 #a#i#g#a1 CALL+ IT ',HI/ORY & ,REVOLUTION4' ,! PAMPHLET 9 Y\R H&S CONSI/S ( *APT]S #c & #d 75TITL$ RESPECTIVELY ',LA PHILOSOPHIE ,M>XI/E DE L'HI/OIRE' & ',LES DEUX ELEM5TS DU ,M>XISME ET LEUR DE/9 HI/ORIQUE'74 

,FUR!R SECTIONS ( ?IS >TICLE >E CURR5TLY BE+ TRANSLAT$4 ,! PRES5T TEXT CAN EASILY BE READ ON ITS [N4 ,! OV]ALL >GUM5T 7! CRITIQUE ( ,M>XI/ !ORY -- & ( ! V]Y CONCEPT ( A !ORY ( ?IS K9D -- & ! POSIT+ ( ! ELEM5TS ( AN ALT]NATIVE WAY ( LOOK+ AT ?+S7 CAN BE/ BE GRASP$1 H[EV]1 BY REF]5CE TO ,L',9/ITUTION ,IMAG9AIRE DE LA ,SOCIETE 7,$ITIONS DU ,SEUIL1 ,P>IS #a#i#g#e74 ,M>XISME ET ,!ORIE ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE CON/ITUTES ! OP5+ *APT]S ( ?IS BOOK4 ,! TITLE 7& SEV]AL ( ! SUB-HEAD+S7 ( ?IS PAMPHLET >E1 WE MU/ /RESS1 5TIRELY \R [N4 

,9TRODUCTION 

',ALL FIX$1 FA/-FROZ5 RELATIONS1 ) !IR TRA9 ( ANCI5T & V5]ABLE PREJUDICES & OP9IONS >E SWEPT AWAY1 ALL NEW =M$ ONES BECOME ANTIQUAT$ BE=E !Y CAN OSSIFY4 ,ALL ?AT IS SOLID MELTS 9TO AIR1 & ALL ?AT IS HOLY IS PR(AN$444' 

,K4 ,M>X & ,F4 ,5GELS1 ',MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1' #a#h#d#h4 

,!SE WORDS >E EV5 TRU] TODAY ?AN :5 WRITT51 #ac YE>S AGO4 ,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY ! IDEA ( PROGRESS WAS SELF-EVID5T3 ! BODY ( SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE GREW & GREW & RAPIDLY BECAME 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! FABRIC ( EXP&+ CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! #a#h#i'S SOME PHYSICI/S EV5 PR$ICT$ ?AT ALL !RE WAS TO KN[ AB\T ! UNIV]SE W\LD SOON BE )9 !IR GRASP4 ,! FIGURE ( #b YE>S WAS B&I$ AB\T4 ,GREAT 'UNIFY+' !ORIES W]E BE+ ?R[N UP3 ,CL]K-,MAXWELL'S ELECTROMAGNETIC !ORY1 ! ,UNIV]SAL ,!ORY ( ,GRAVITATION1 ,M5DELEYEV'S ,P]IODIC ,TABLE ( ! ,ELEM5TS1 ,D>W9'S !ORY ( ! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES ?R\< ,NATURAL ,SELECTION4 ,! GREAT 9TELLECTUAL $IFICE ( #a#i? C5TURY SCI5CE WAS AN IMPOS+ C\NT]PO9T TO ! REMORSELESS SURGE ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* DUR+ ?IS P]IOD WAS *ANG+ ! FACE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,TE*NOLOGY SEEM$ OMNIPOT5T4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAD DE?RON$ ,GOD & 9/ITUT$ ! REALM ( ,REASON4 ,IT BELIEV$ ?AT EV]Y?+ WAS 9H]5TLY RATIONAL1 DET]M9ABLE1 QUANTIFIABLE 7IT HAD TO BE1 9 ORD] TO BE B\<T & SOLD74 

,?IS WAS ! SCI5CE ?AT ! F\ND]S ( 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM' HAD SUCK$ 9TO !IR BONES3 ! SCI5CE ( ELEGANT UNIV]SALISM1 ( COSMOLOGICAL LAWS TO :I* !RE W]E NO EXCEPTIONS1 ( SY/EMS ?AT W\LD 5COMPASS ! :OLE ( REALITY 9 !IR NET4 ,! V]Y /RUCTURE ( ?IS K9D ( ?9K+ REFLECT$ ! CONFID5T AMBITIONS ( CAPITALISM 9 FULL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ! AIR WAS ! PROMISE ?AT LIFE ITSELF W\LD SOON BE AM5ABLE TO ! SAME MA!MATICAL MANIPULATIONS ?AT HAD SUCCESSFULLY PR$ICT$ ! MOTIONS ( ! />S1 ! COMB9ATION ( ATOMS & ! PROPAGATION ( LI<T4 

,IT IS SC>CELY SURPRIS+ ?AT1 AS AN (F%OOT OR EXT5SION ( B\RGEOIS OBJECTIVI/ RATIONALISM1 A GR& !ORY ( HI/ORY & SOCIAL *ANGE 7NAMELY ,M>XISM7 WAS ALSO TO EM]GE1 BAS$ ON ! ME?ODOLOGICAL PREMISES & IMPREGNAT$ ) ! SCI5TIFIC EUPHORIA ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,?IS P>TICUL> SETT+ 'PROVID$ BO? ! BRICKS & MORT> = SU* A !ORY 444 L>GELY PRE-DET]M9+ EV5 :AT W]E TO BE ITS DOM9ANT CATEGORIES4' ,! ECONOMY SEEM$ ! OBVI\S BASIS ( ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & WAS SOLEMNLY !ORIZ$ AS SU*4 ,! TE*NIQUES ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION W]E CONSECRAT$ AS SCI5TIFICALLY 9EVITABLE AL?\< CRITICISM WAS LEVI$ AT H[ ! PRODUCT WAS DI/RIBUT$4 ,CAPITALI/ MODELS ( ORGANIZATION & EFFICI5CY W]E IMPORT$ 9TO ! RADICAL MOVEM5T4 ,UND] ! GUISE ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 AN IDEOLOGY WAS BORN & WAS TO DEVELOP1 ! IDEOLOGY ( A BUREAUCRACY :OSE ASC5DANCY WAS /ILL 9 ! FUTURE4 

,B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS W]E BY NO MEANS IMMUNE FROM ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,!Y />T$ ASS]T+ ?AT !IR SUBJECT WAS 'A SCI5CE1 NO LESS & NO MORE' & AS SU* !Y W]E NECESS>ILY OBLIG$ TO MEET ! 'SCI5TIFIC DEM& = COMPLET5ESS & C]TA9TY'.<#a.> ,AS ,E4 ,P4 ,*EYNEY SUCC9CTLY PUT IT3 ',HI/ORY1 ! GREAT C\RSE ( HUMAN AFFAIRS1 HAS BE5 ! RESULT NOT ( VOLUNT>Y ACTION ON ! P>T ( 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 MU* LESS ( *ANCE1 BUT HAS BE5 SUBJECT TO LAW4'.<#b.> ,! TASK ( ! HI/ORIAN WAS NO LONG] EV5 TO ATTEMPT TO DISCOV] ':AT ACTUALLY HAPP5$' BUT RA!R TO DISCOV] ?OSE LAWS4 

,SCI5CE1 H[EV]1 DID NOT /OP 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,S9CE ! TURN ( ! C5TURY IT HAS UND]GONE A S]IES ( MAJOR REVOLUTIONS4 ,ITS TEXTURE & CONT5T >E RADICALLY DIFF]5T TODAY FROM :AT !Y W]E A FEW DECADES AGO4 ,! UNC]TA9TY PR9CIPLE SEEMS H]E TO /AY4 ,! EFFECTS ( ! OBS]V] ON ! '?+' OBS]V$ >E NOT$ 9 FIELD AFT] FIELD4 ,! 9T]-REACTIONS ( SY/EMS >E N[ A TOPIC = /UDY1 RA!R ?AN PR$ICTIONS CONC]N+ ! POSITION OR BEHAVIOR ( !IR 9DIVIDUAL COMPON5TS4 ,! NON-HI]>*ICAL UNITS ( ECOLOGICAL SY/EMS >E MORE RELEVANT TO US TODAY ?AN /UDIES ( L9E> PROGRESSIONS LEAD+ FROM SIMPLE TO MORE COMPLEX UNICELLUL> ORGANISMS1 FROM !SE TO MULTI-CELLUL> =MS ( LIFE & FROM ! LATT] RI<T 'UP' TO ! SUMMITS ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION 9HABIT$ BY HUMAN K9D4 

,SCI5TIFIC 9SI<TS TODAY BO? REFLECT DEEP *ANGES 9 PREVAIL+ PHILOSOPHY & HELP FUR!R TO DEEP5 !M4 ,A P>T1 IT W\LD APPE>1 FROM REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 EV]Y?+ TODAY IS UP = REEXAM9ATION4 ,ADDITIONAL KN[L$GE IS NO LONG] AUTOMATICALLY EQUAT$ ) PROGRESS4.<#c.> ,SCI5TI/S >E 9CREAS+LY QUE/ION+ ! ME?ODS & /RUCTURE ( SCI5CE1 ITS RIGID SEP>ATION ( ! SUBJECTIVE FROM ! OBJECTIVE1 ITS EQUAT+ ( TE*NOLOGY ) ADVANCE 7NOT TO M5TION ! WAYS IT MISUSES KN[L$GE74 ,BUT ! ADVOCATES ( 'SCI5TIFIC' SOCIALISM SP>E !MSELVES !SE D\BTS4 ,!Y IGNORE ?IS PROCESS ( SELF-QUE/ION+4 ,! 'SCI5CE' ( !IR 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM' SEEMS IMMUNE FROM ! CRISIS ( SCI5CE AS A :OLE4 ,MANY SU* PEOPLE />T /RIV+ TO *ANGE ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY ONLY AFT] BECOM+ CONV9C$ ?AT ! DIRECTION ( HI/ORY IS 9DEP5D5T ( !IR WILL6 ,!Y SEE HI/ORY AS A TRA9 RUNN+ ALONG A TRACK1 AN ANALOGY DRAWN -- OH1 SO TELL+LY & REVEAL+LY -- FROM ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 ,SOME W\LD PREF] A 'FRE]' METAPHOR1 P]HAPS ?AT ( A TORR5T 7AT TIMES 9 FLOOD1 AT TIMES A TRICKLE71 E>?B\ND C]TA9LY BY ! LAWS ( GRAVITY1 BUT )9 ?OSE LIMITS ABLE TO CIRCUMV5T OR REMOVE OB/ACLES1 & C]TA9LY CAPABLE1 :5 NECESS>Y1 ( %AP+ ITS [N B$ & EV5 ( *ANG+ IT4 ,BUT ?IS METAPHOR TOO1 BAS+ ITSELF AS IT DOES ON ! PH5OM5A ( NATURAL SCI5CE1 BE>S ! IMPR9T -- & HAS ALL ! LIMITATIONS -- ( A P]IOD4 

,OBJECTIONS TO ,M>XISM1 AT A COH]5TLY >GU$ LEVEL1 USUALLY COME FROM TWO MA9 S\RCES3 FROM D[NRI<T REACTION>IES DEF5D+ ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] OR FROM ! ME?ODOLOGICAL NIT-PICK]S ( ! ACADEMIC E/ABLI%M5T1 MORE CONC]N$ ) PO9T-SCOR+ 7OR ) ! PUBLIC DISPLAY ( !IR ]UDITION7 ?AN ) A G5U9E UND]/&+ ( ! WORLD >\ND !M4 ,IT IS R>E TODAY TO F9D A PHILOSOPHICAL CRITIQUE ( ,M>X COM+ FROM ?OSE :O1 LIKE HIM1 SEEK RADICALLY TO TRANS=M SOCIETY4 ,A ?\<T \T CRITIQUE ?AT IS BO? LIB]T>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y1 & ?AT MOREOV] ID5TIFIES ,M>XISM AS A USEFUL PHILOSOPHY = ! BUREAUCRACY1 IS R>] /ILL4 ,! NE$ = SU* AN APPROA* IS N[ OBVI\S4 

,REVOLUTION>IES MU/ *ALL5GE ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY1 9 :ATEV] GUISE IT MAY PRES5T ITSELF4 ,IF ,M>XISM N[ PROVIDES ! PHILOSOPHICAL CORN]/ONE ( NEW HI]>*ICAL & EXPLOITATIVE REGIMES1 IT IS A RELEVANT T>GET = US4 ,PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS & ASSUMPTIONS >E AS MU* P>T ( :AT HOLDS !SE NEW SOCIETIES TOGE!R AS >E 9/ITUTIONAL VIOL5CE1 POLICEM5 & -- ULTIMATELY -- ! >M$ =CES ( ! /ATE4 ,A *ALL5GE ( ?IS K9D IS A LEGITIMATE 5DEAVOR4 ,! SE$S ( NEW SOCIAL ORD]S ALWAYS SPR\T1 AS PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS1 LONG BE=E ! REVOLUTION4 7,! REVOLUTION>Y BUREAUCRAT1 9CID5TALLY1 ALSO APPE>S BE=E ! REVOLUTION7 ,PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS CONTRIBUTE TO ! 9TELLECTUAL CLIMATE :I* HELPS %APE SOCIETIES4 ,! ,5LI<T5M5T PREC$$ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION3 ! B\RGEOISIE WON ITS PHILOSOPHICAL BATTLES AGA9/ ! >I/OCRACY & ! CL]GY LONG BE=E IT SECUR$ ITS [N POLITICAL ASC5DANCY4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS TODAY 9 CRISIS4 ,9 ! W+S >E ! ,M>XI/S3 ! IDEOLOGUES ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 

,M>XI/ ASSUMPTIONS TODAY P]MEATE ! ?9K+ ( ?OSE :O SEE !MSELVES AS ! MIDWIVES ( NEW SOCIETIES4 ,!RE >E PL5TY ( EXAMPLES ( :AT !SE ASSUMPTIONS >E T5D+ TO PRODUCE1 & HAVE 9 FACT ALREADY PRODUC$4 ,WE REFUSE TO BELIEVE ?AT !SE CREATIONS >E ALL 'HI/ORICAL ACCID5TS' 7NO SOCIETY CAN BE ?AT ACCID5T-PRONE74 ,\R C5TURY IS LITT]$ ) 'REVOLUTIONS' :I* GAVE BIR? TO AU?ORIT>IAN & REPRESSIVE REGIMES1 (FICIALLY UPHOLD+ ,M>X'S IDEAS1 EV5 TEA*+ !M 9 S*OOLS & UNIV]SITIES4 ,!SE REGIMES >E OBSESS$ ) SU* NOTIONS AS 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM' & '! UNFETT]$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4' ,MANY HAVE BY & L>GE A*IEV$ SU* DEM&S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 7#a#h#d#h7 AS '! C5TRALIZATION ( CR$IT' OR '! MEANS ( COMMUNICATION & TRANSPORT 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE4' ',! EXT5SION ( FACTORIES & 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1' [N$ BY ! SAME /ATE1 IS N[ADAYS TAK5 = GRANT$ BY ALL 'PROGRESSIVE' REGIMES4 

,BUT ! FUTURE IS NOT SETTL$4 ,! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION IS NOT A UTOPIAN PROJECT4 ,9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE ! UNSEAT+ ( AU?ORITY1 ESPECIALLY ( SO-CALL$ 'REVOLUTION>Y' AU?ORITY1 IS AN ACT ( LIB]ATION4 ,= OBJECTIVI/ RATIONALISM APPLI$ TO HI/ORY IS TANTAM\NT TO PURG+ HI/ORY ( ALL ?AT IS CREATIVE & ALIVE 7& !RE=E UNPR$ICTABLE7 )9 IT4 ,G5U9E CREATION IS ! ACT ( PRODUC+ ?AT :I* IS NOT TOTALLY IMPLICIT 9 ! PREVI\S /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,SU* CREATION PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE 9 HI/ORY4 ,BY ITS V]Y NATURE IT DEFIES ! DICTATES ( PRE-DET]M9ATION4 ,= ?OSE :O SEE HI/ORY AS ! UNFURL+ ( A DIALECTICAL PROCESS :I* LEADS 9EVITABLY '=W>D' T[>DS A P>TICUL> BR& ( 'SOCIALISM' 7OR :I* GRANTS HI/ORY -- AS SOLE ALT]NATIVE -- ! RI<T TO /AGNATE 9 CAPITALI/ B>B>ISM7 !RE IS NO REAL HI/ORY4 ,!RE >E JU/ ME*ANISMS4 ,!RE IS NO MORE HI/ORY 9 SU* AN \TLOOK ?AN !RE IS 9 A *EMICAL REACTION 7H[EV] EXPLOSIVE7 PRODUC$ BY MIX+ +R$I5TS ( KN[N COMPOSITION1 ) KN[N PROP]TIES1 9 ! APPROPRIATE PROPORTIONS1 & 9 ! RI<T SEQU5CE4 

,:AT >EAS ( *OICE DOES HI/ORY (F] US8 ,IF !RE >E NONE1 >E WE M]ELY ACT+ \T A DRAMA SCRIPT$ BY ,HIM1 ,H]1 ,IT OR ,!Y8 ,:E!R ! AG5CY BE ! BE>D$ ,GOD ( ! ,*RI/IANS1 ! IMAGELESS ,GOD ( ! ,JUDEO-,MUSLIMS1 ! ,MO!R-,GODDESS ( E>LY CIVILIZATIONS.<#d.>1 ,HEGEL'S ,LOGOS1 OR ! ,UNFURL+ ( ! ,MAT]IALI/ ,DIALECTIC 7LEAD+ TO ! 9EVITABLE EM]G5CE ( COMMUNI/ HUMANITY7 MATT]S LITTLE 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,CAN RATIONALISM 7'! RATIO ( ALL WE HAVE ALREADY KN[N1' AS ,BLAKE ONCE PUT IT7 FULLY =ECA/ ! CREATIONS WE HAVE YET TO MAKE8 ,IF IT CAN1 !RE IS NO?+ ORIG9AL 9 ANY?+ WE DO4 ,IF IT CANNOT1 !N ! P[] ( RATIONALISM HAS C]TA9 9H]5T LIMITATIONS4 ,IF A 'SCI5TIFIC' !ORY ( HI/ORY CAN PR$ICT HI/ORY1 !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS G5U9E *OICE4 ,IF IT CANNOT1 !N 'SCI5TIFIC' 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! PA/ >E SUBJECT TO ! SAME LIMITATIONS AS SIMIL> PR$ICTIONS ( ! FUTURE4 

,CA/ORIADIS' CRITIQUE ( 'RATIONALISM' DOES NOT ?R[ REASON \T ( ! W9D[4 ,IT M]ELY *ALL5GES ITS OMNIPOT5CE & SEEKS TO DEF9E ITS LIMITS4 ,NOR DOES HIS CRITIQUE ( OBJECTIVISM D5Y ?AT PH5OM5A EXI/ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,IT M]ELY /RESSES ?AT ! HUMAN M9D MOLDS :AT IT P]CEIVES1 5D[+ IT ) SIGNIFICATION4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( NATURAL PH5OM5A1 NEW 9T]PRETATIONS LEAD TO NEW EXPLORATION4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 ! HUMAN M9D %APES NEW ATTITUDES1 NEW ROLES & EV5TUALLY NEW 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! CRITIQUE ( :AT ,M>X HIMSELF 79 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY7 WAS TO CALL '! TYRANNY ( CONCEPTS' IS DEEPLY SUBV]SIVE4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 'ALL ?AT IS' N[ =CES REVOLUTION>IES TO RE?9K ISSUES LONG CONSID]$ 'SETTL$ 1' RESCU+ 9 ! PROCESS ! T]M 'PRAXIS' 7CREATIVE & SELF-TRANS=M+ ACTIVITY7 FROM ITS WIDESPREAD CONFUSION ) 'PRACTICE' 7! APPLICATION ( RATIONALITY TO CONCRETE TASKS74 ,AGA9/ ?IS BACKGR\ND IT IS NOT REALLY SURPRIS+ ?AT ! PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS ( ,K>L ,M>X %\LD BE DEEM$ RIPE = REEXAM9ATION4 ,?IS CRITIQUE ( 'ALL FIX$1 FA/-FROZ5 RELATIONS' IS1 AFT] ALL1 ONLY AN ASPECT ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CLIMATE ( \R TIME4 

,SOLID>ITY 7,LONDON71 ,JULY #a#i#g#h4 

,! ,M>XI/ ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,HI/ORY 

,! ,M>XI/ !ORY ( HI/ORY CLAIMS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE TO BE SCI5TIFIC1 I4E41 TO BE A G5]ALIZATION SUSCEPTIBLE TO VALIDATION OR *ALL5GE AT ! LEVEL ( EMPIRICAL RESE>*4 ,AS A SCI5TIFIC !ORY1 :I* IT UND\BT$LY IS1 IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT IT %\LD %>E ! FATE ( EV]Y IMPORTANT SU* !ORY4 ,HAV+ PRODUC$ AN 5ORM\S & IRREV]SIBLE UPHEAVAL 9 \R WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! HI/ORICAL WORLD1 IT IS ITSELF OV]TAK5 BY ! RESE>* IT HAS UNLEA%$ & MU/ F9D ITS PLACE 9 ! HI/ORY ( !ORIES4 ,?IS DOES NOT M9IMIZE :AT IT BEQUEA?S4 ,ONE CAN SAY !N1 LIKE ,*E ,GUEV>A1 ?AT IT IS NO MORE NECESS>Y TODAY TO PROCLAIM ?AT ONE IS A ,M>XI/ ?AN IT IS NECESS>Y TO ASS]T ?AT ONE IS A ,PA/EURIAN OR A ,NEWTONIAN -- PROVID$ WE KN[ EXACTLY :AT WE MEAN !REBY4 ,EV]YONE IS A ,NEWTONIAN1 9 ! S5SE ?AT NOBODY W\LD RETURN TO ! WAY ( POS+ PROBLEMS1 OR TO ! CATEGORIES PEOPLE US$ BE=E ,NEWTON4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 NO ONE IS REALLY A ,NEWTONIAN1 = NO ONE CAN JU/ GO ON DEF5D+ A !ORY ?AT IS PURELY & SIMPLY FALSE4.<#e.> 

,BUT AT ! ROOTS ( ! ,M>XI/ !ORY ( HI/ORY !RE IS A PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY PR(\NDLY & CONTRADICTORILY WOV5 9TO IT1 & ITSELF FULL ( CONTRADICTIONS AS WE %ALL SEE4 ,?IS PHILOSOPHY IS NEI!R ORNAM5T NOR COMPLEM5T3 IT IS ! V]Y F\NDATION ( ! !ORY4 ,IT IS JU/ AS MU* ! BASIS ( H[ ,M>XISM LOOKS AT PA/ HI/ORY AS ( ITS CURR5T POLITICAL CONCEPTIONS & ( ITS P]SPECTIVES & PROGRAM = REVOLUTION4 ,! ESS5TIAL ?+ IS ?AT IT IS A RATIONALI/ PHILOSOPHY4 ,&1 LIKE ALL RATIONALI/ PHILOSOPHIES1 ! ,M>XI/ PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY PROVIDES ITSELF1 9 ADVANCE1 ) ! ANSW]S TO ALL ! PROBLEMS IT RAISES4 

,OBJECTIVI/ RATIONALISM 

,! ,M>XI/ PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY IS FIR/ & =EMO/ AN EXAMPLE ( OBJECTIVI/ RATIONALISM4 ,WE SEE IT ALREADY :5 ,M>XISM SEEKS TO TACKLE ! PA/4 ,! OBJECT /UDI$ IS SE5 AS A NATURAL OBJECT3 ! MODEL APPLI$ TO IT IS ANALOG\S TO MODELS DRAWN FROM ! NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,=CES1 ACT+ AT DEF9$ PO9TS1 PRODUCE PR$ET]M9$ RESULTS ACCORD+ TO A GREAT S*EMA ( CAUSALITY :I* HAS TO EXPLA9 ! /ATICS ( HI/ORY AS WELL AS ITS DYNAMICS1 ! /RUCTURE & ! FUNCTION+ ( EA* SOCIETY AS WELL AS ! 9/ABILITY & UPHEAVALS ?AT WILL LEAD HI/ORY TO PRODUCE NEW =MS4 ,PA/ HI/ORY IS ?US RATIONAL1 9 ! S5SE ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT HAPP5$ 9 IT HAPP5$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) P]FECTLY ADEQUATE CAUSES1 P5ETRABLE BY \R REASON1 AS IT /OOD 9 #a#h#e#i4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS !ORY1 ! REAL IS P]FECTLY EXPLICABLE4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 IT IS ALREADY EXPLA9$4 7,ONE CAN WRITE MONOGRAPHS ON ! ECONOMIC CAUSES ( ! BIR? ( ,ISLAM 9 ! #g? C5TURY3 !SE WILL 'V]IFY' ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY BUT WILL TEA* US NO?+ AB\T IT47 ,HUMANITY'S PA/ CON=MS TO REASON4 ,EV]Y?+ 9 IT HAS A DEF9ITE REASON1 & TOGE!R !SE REASONS CON/ITUTE A COH]5T & EXHAU/IVE SY/EM4 

,BUT FUTURE HI/ORY IS JU/ AS RATIONAL4 ,IT WILL C>RY REASON 9TO EFFECT1 & ?IS TIME 9 A SECOND S5SE3 9 ! S5SE NOT ONLY ( ! FACT ITSELF BUT ( ! VALUE ATTA*$ TO IT4 ,FUTURE HI/ORY WILL BE :AT IT \<T TO BE4 ,IT WILL WITNESS ! BIR? ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY :I* WILL EMBODY ! ASPIRATIONS ( HUMANITY1 :]E MANK9D WILL F9ALLY BE HUMAN -- ?AT IS ITS EXI/5CE WILL CO9CIDE ) ITS ESS5CE & ITS EFFECTIVE WILL REALIZE ITS CONCEPT4 

,F9ALLY1 HI/ORY IS RATIONAL 9 A ?IRD S5SE3 ?AT ( ! L9K BETWE5 ! PA/ & ! FUTURE1 ( FACTS :I* WILL NECESS>ILY BECOME VALUES1 ( ?IS SET ( BL9D QUASI-NATURAL LAWS :I* BL9DLY G5]ATE ! LEA/ BL9D SITUATION ( ALL3 ?AT ( LIB]AT$ HUMANITY4 ,! REASON IMMAN5T 9 ALL ?+S WILL PRODUCE A SOCIETY MIRACUL\SLY 9 KEEP+ ) \R [N REASON4 

,WE CAN SEE1 9 ALL ?IS1 ?AT ,HEGELIANISM IS NOT REALLY TRANSC5D$4 ,ALL ?AT IS REAL1 & ALL ?AT WILL BE REAL1 IS & WILL BE RATIONAL4 ,?AT ,HEGEL /OPS ?IS REALITY & ?IS RATIONALITY AT ! PO9T 9 TIME :5 HIS [N PHILOSOPHY APPE>S ON ! SC5E1 :ILE ,M>X PROLONGS !M 9DEF9ITELY UP TO & 9TO COMMUNI/ HUMANITY1 DOES NOT 9VALIDATE :AT WE SAY4 ,IT RE9=CES IT4 ,! EMPIRE ( REASON :I*1 9 ,HEGEL'S CASE1 EMBRAC$ 7BY A NECESS>Y SPECULATIVE PO/ULATE7 ALL ?AT IS ALREADY GIV51 N[ EXT5DS TO 5COMPASS ALL ?AT CAN EV] BE GIV5 9 HI/ORY4 ,! FACT ?AT :AT CAN BE SAID N[ CONC]N+ ! FUTURE BECOMES 9CREAS+LY VAGUE ! FUR!R ONE MOVES FROM ! PRES5T IS DUE TO CONT+5T LIMITATIONS TO \R KN[L$GE -- & EV5 MORE TO ! FACT ?AT TODAY'S TASKS >E ON TODAY'S AG5DA & ?AT !Y DO NOT 9CLUDE 'PROVID+ RECIPES = ! SOCIALI/ COOK%OPS ( ! FUTURE4' ,BUT ?IS FUTURE IS ALREADY FIX$ 9 ITS PR9CIPLES3 IT WILL BE LIB]TY1 JU/ AS ! PRES5T IS -- & ! PA/ WAS -- NECESSITY4 

,!RE IS !RE=E A ',CUNN+ ( ,REASON1' AS OLD ,HEGEL US$ TO SAY4 ,!RE IS A ,REASON AT WORK 9 HI/ORY :I* 5SURES ?AT PA/ HI/ORY IS COMPREH5SIBLE1 ?AT FUTURE HI/ORY IS DESIRABLE1 & ?AT ! APP>5TLY BL9D NECESSITY ( FACTS IS SECRETLY >RANG$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO GIVE BIR? TO :AT IS GOOD4 

,JU/ /AT+ ?IS IDEA IS 5\< TO %$ LI<T ON ! EXTRAORD9>Y NUMB] ( PROBLEMS :I* IT MASKS4 ,WE CAN ONLY DEAL ) SOME ( !M1 & ?AT BRIEFLY4 

,DET]M9ISM 

,TO CLAIM ?AT PA/ HI/ORY IS COMPREH5SIBLE1 AS DOES ! ,M>XI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 IS TO SAY ?AT !RE EXI/S 9 HI/ORY A CAUSAL DET]M9ISM )\T 'IMPORTANT' EXCEPTIONS4.<#f.> ,IT IS ALSO TO CLAIM ?AT ?IS DET]M9ISM C>RIES -- AT ONE REMOVE1 SO TO SPEAK -- MEAN+S L9K$ TOGE!R 9 TOTALITIES :I* >E !MSELVES BE>]S ( MEAN+4 ,NEI!R ( !SE IDEAS CAN BE ACCEPT$ )\T FUR!R DISCUSSION4 

,WE C]TA9LY CANNOT ?9K ( HI/ORY )\T REF]5CE TO ! CATEGORY ( CAUSALITY4 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT ! IDEALI/ PHILOSOPH]S SAID1 HI/ORY IS ! >EA P> EXCELL5CE :]E CAUSALITY MAKES S5SE TO US3 = IT ASSUMES !RE1 AT ! V]Y \TSET1 ! =M ( MOTIVATION4 ,WE CAN !RE=E UND]/& ! 'CAUSAL' CONCAT5ATION 9 IT1 SOME?+ WE CAN NEV] DO 9 ! CASE ( NATURAL PH5OM5A4 ,AN ELECTRIC CURR5T MAKES ! BULB GL[4 ,! LAW ( GRAVITY CAUSES ! MOON TO BE 9 SU* & SU* A PLACE 9 ! SKY AT SU* & SU* A TIME4 ,!SE >E1 & = US WILL ALWAYS REMA91 EXT]NAL CONNECTIONS3 NECESS>Y1 PR$ICTABLE1 BUT 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,BUT IF ,A TREADS ON ,B'S TOES1 ,B SWE>S AT HIM1 & ,A RESPONDS ) BL[S1 WE UND]/& ! NECESSITY ( ! L9KS EV5 IF WE CONSID] !M CONT+5T4 7,WE CAN REPROA* ! P>TICIPANTS = HAV+ LET !MSELVES BE C>RI$ AWAY :5 !Y %\LD HAVE CONTROLL$ !MSELVES -- :ILE WE KN[ ALL ! TIME1 FROM \R [N EXP]I5CE1 ?AT AT C]TA9 MOM5TS ONE CANNOT /OP ONESELF FROM BE+ C>RI$ AWAY47 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 WE CON/ANTLY ?9K & ACT \T \R LIVES 7& 5VISAGE ?AT ( O!RS7 9 T]MS ( CAUSALITY -- :E!R IT BE 9 T]MS ( MOTIVATION OR ( ! *OICE ( ! 9DISP5SABLE TE*NICAL MEANS2 :E!R IT BE ?AT A RESULT IS A*IEV$ BECAUSE ONE HAS DELIB]ATELY CREAT$ ! CONDITIONS ( ITS A*IEVEM5T OR :E!R IT BE ?AT !RE >E 9EVITABLE1 EV5 IF UNWANT$1 EFFECTS FROM ONE'S ACTIONS4 

,! CAUSAL EXI/S 9 SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL LIFE BECAUSE !RE IS 'A SUBJECTIVE RATIONALITY'3 ! DEPLOYM5T ( ,C>?AG9IAN TROOPS AT ,CANNES 7& !IR VICTORY7 FL[S FROM A RATIONAL PLAN DEVIS$ BY ,HANNIBAL4 ,! CAUSAL ALSO EXI/S BECAUSE !RE IS AN 'OBJECTIVE RATIONALITY1' BECAUSE NATURAL CAUSAL RELATIONS & PURELY LOGICAL NECESSITIES >E CON/ANTLY PRES5T 9 HI/ORICAL RELATIONS3 UND] C]TA9 TE*NICAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 /EEL PRODUCTION & COAL EXTRACTION /& 9 A CON/ANT & QUANTIFIABLE RELATION%IP TO ONE ANO!R 7MORE G5]ALLY1 9 A FUNCTIONAL RELATION%IP74 ,& !RE IS ALSO A 'RAW CAUSALITY' :I* WE CAN P]CEIVE )\T BE+ ABLE TO R$UCE IT TO SUBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVE RATIONAL RELATION%IPS4 ,!RE >E E/ABLI%$ CORRELATIONS ( :I* WE DO NOT KN[ ! F\NDATIONS1 REGUL>ITIES ( BEHAVIOR1 9DIVIDUAL OR SOCIAL1 :I* REMA9 JU/ FACTS4 

,! EXI/5CE ( !SE CAUSAL RELATIONS ( V>I\S K9DS ALL[S US -- BEYOND A SIMPLE UND]/&+ ( ! BEHAVIOR ( 9DIVIDUALS & ( ITS REGUL>ITY -- TO GA!R !SE BEHAVIOR PATT]NS TOGE!R 9TO 'LAWS' & TO GIVE TO !SE LAWS AN AB/RACT EXPRESSION1 FROM :I* ! 'REAL' CONT5T ( ! BEHAVIOR ( LIV+ 9DIVIDUALS HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$4 ,!SE LAWS CAN !N PROVIDE A BASIS = SATISFACTORY PR$ICTIONS 7V]IFIABLE TO A GIV5 DEGREE ( PROBABILITY74 ,= EXAMPLE1 !RE IS 9 ! ECONOMIC FUNCTION+ ( CAPITALISM AN EXTRAORD9>Y NUMB] ( OBS]VABLE & MEASURABLE REGUL>ITIES4 ,AS A FIR/ APPROXIMATION WE MAY CALL !M 'LAWS4' ,!Y 5SURE ?AT 9 MANY ( ITS ASPECTS ?IS FUNCTION+ SEEMS BO? EXPLA9ABLE & COMPREH5SIBLE & ?AT IT IS1 UP TO A PO9T1 PR$ICTABLE4 ,EV5 BEYOND ! ECONOMY1 !RE >E A NUMB] ( P>TIAL 'OBJECTIVE DYNAMICS4' ,WE F9D IT IMPOSSIBLE1 H[EV]1 TO 9TEGRATE !SE 9TO A TOTAL DET]M9ISM ( ! SY/EM1 & ?AT = REASONS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ?AT EXPRESS ! CRISIS ( DET]M9ISM 9 MOD]N PHYSICS4 ,IT IS NOT ?AT DET]M9ISM COLLAPSES OR BECOMES PROBLEMATIC AT ! LIMITS ( ! SY/EM1 OR ?AT CRACKS DEVELOP 9 ! LATT]4 ,! OPPOSITE IS RA!R ! CASE3 IT IS AS IF SOME ASPECTS1 SOME >EAS ONLY ( SOCIETY W]E GOV]N$ BY DET]M9ISM1 :ILE !MSELVES BA!D 9 A MASS ( NON-DET]M9I/ RELATIONS4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO UND]/& :AT ?IS IMPOSSIBILITY IS DUE TO4 ,! P>TIAL DYNAMICS :I* WE E/ABLI% >E ( C\RSE 9COMPLETE4 ,!Y CON/ANTLY REF] TO EA* O!R4 ,ANY MODIFICATION ( ONE MODIFIES ALL ! O!RS4 ,BUT IF ?IS GIVES RISE TO IMM5SE PROBLEMS 9 PRACTICE IT CREATES NO DIFFICULTIES ( PR9CIPLE4 ,9 ! PHYSICAL WORLD TOO RELATIONS >E ONLY VALID 'ALL O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL4' 

,! IMPOSSIBILITY WE >E DISCUSS+ DOES NOT /EM FROM ! COMPLEXITY ( ! SOCIAL MAT]IAL1 IT >ISES FROM ITS V]Y NATURE4 ,IT /EMS FROM ! FACT ?AT ! SOCIAL 7OR ! HI/ORICAL7 CONTA9 ! NON-CAUSAL AS AN ESS5TIAL +R$I5T4 

,?IS NON-CAUSAL APPE>S AT TWO LEVELS4 ,! FIR/1 :I* IS ! LEA/ IMPORTANT TO US H]E1 IS ?AT ( DEVIATIONS BETWE5 ! REAL BEHAVIOR ( 9DIVIDUALS & !IR 'TYPICAL' BEHAVIOR4 ,?IS 9TRODUCES AN UNPR$ICTABLE ELEM5T4 ,BUT IT W\LD NOT1 AS SU*1 PREV5T ! PROBLEMS FROM BE+ TACKL$ 9 A DET]M9I/ WAY1 AT LEA/ AT AN AGGREGATE LEVEL4 ,IF !SE DEVIATIONS >E SY/EMATIC !Y CAN !MSELVES BE SUBJECT$ TO CAUSAL 9VE/IGATION4 ,IF !Y >E R&OM1 !Y CAN BE TREAT$ /ATI/ICALLY4 ,! UNPR$ICTABILITY ( ! MOVEM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL MOLECULES HAS NOT PREV5T$ ! K9ETIC !ORY ( GASES FROM BE+ ONE ( ! MO/ RIGOR\S BRAN*ES ( PHYSICS4 ,IT IS 9 FACT ?IS V]Y 9DIVIDUAL UNPR$ICTABILITY :I* G5]ATES ! EXTRAORD9>Y P[] ( ! !ORY4 

,BUT ! NON-CAUSAL ALSO APPE>S AT ANO!R LEVEL1 & IT IS ?IS ONE :I* IS IMPORTANT4 ,IT APPE>S NOT SIMPLY AS UNPR$ICTABLE BEHAVIOR BUT AS CREATIVE BEHAVIOR1 ! CREATIVE BEHAVIOR ( 9DIVIDUALS1 GR\PS1 CLASSES1 :OLE SOCIETIES4 ,IT ASS]TS ITSELF NOT AS A SIMPLE DEVIATION FROM ! PREVAIL+ TYPE BUT AS ! POSIT+ ( NEW BEHAVIOR PATT]NS1 AS ! 9/ITUTION ( NEW SOCIAL RULES1 AS ! 9V5TION ( A NEW OBJECT OR =M -- 9 %ORT1 AS AN EM]G5CE OR CREATION :I* CANNOT BE D$UC$ FROM :AT WAS !RE BE=E1 AS A CONCLUSION :I* EXCE$S ! PREMISES OR AS A POSIT+ ( NEW PREMISES4 ,IT HAS ALREADY BE5 NOT$ ?AT LIV+ BE+S GO BEYOND ! REALM ( SIMPLE ME*ANISM BECAUSE !Y >E CAPABLE ( GIV+ NEW ANSW]S 9 NEW SITUATIONS4 ,BUT ! HI/ORICAL BE+ EXCE$S ! M]ELY BIOLOGICAL 7OR LIV+7 BE+ BECAUSE HE CAN GIVE NEW RESPONSES TO ! SAME SITUATIONS1 OR CREATE NEW SITUATIONS4 

,HI/ORY CANNOT BE ?\<T ( ACCORD+ TO ! DET]M9I/ S*EMA 7OR1 9DE$1 ACCORD+ TO ANY SIMPLE 'DIALECTICAL' S*EMA7 BECAUSE IT IS ! REALM ( CREATION4 ,WE %ALL TAKE UP ?IS PO9T AGA9 LAT]4 

,! *A9 ( MEAN+S & ! 'CUNN+ ( REASON' 

,BEYOND ! PROBLEM ( DET]M9ISM 9 HI/ORY LIES ! PROBLEM ( 'HI/ORICAL' SIGNIFICATIONS4 ,9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE HI/ORY APPE>S AS ! SC5E ( ! CONSCI\S ACTIONS ( CONSCI\S BE+S4 ,BUT ?IS OBVI\SNESS COLLAPSES AS SOON AS WE EXAM9E IT MORE CLOSELY4 ,WE !N F9D1 ) ,5GELS1 ?AT 'HI/ORY IS ! REALM ( CONSCI\S 9T5TIONS & UNWANT$ 5DS4' ,! REAL RESULTS ( HI/ORICAL ACTION >E PRACTICALLY NEV] ?OSE :I* !IR P]=M]S HAD 9T5D$4 ,?AT ISN'T1 P]HAPS1 SO H>D TO UND]/&4 ,:AT CREATES A C5TRAL PROBLEM IS ?AT !SE RESULTS1 :I* NO ONE HAD WANT$ AS SU*1 PRES5T !MSELVES AS 'COH]5T' 9 A C]TA9 WAY4 ,!Y POSSESS A 'SIGNIFICATION' & SEEM TO OBEY A LOGIC :I* IS NEI!R A 'SUBJECTIVE' LOGIC 7C>RI$ BY A CONSCI\SNESS1 OR POSIT$ BY SOMEONE71 NOR AN 'OBJECTIVE' LOGIC1 LIKE ! ONE WE BELIEVE WE DETECT 9 NATURE4 ,WE %ALL CALL IT AN HI/ORICAL LOGIC4 

,HUNDR$S ( B\RGEOIS1 VISIT$ OR NOT BY ! SPIRIT ( ,CALV91 OR /RUCK BY NOTIONS ( ?IS-WORLDLY ASCETICISM1 BEG9 TO ACCUMULATE4 ,?\S&S ( RU9$ CRAFTSM5 & />V+ PEASANTS F9D !MSELVES AVAILABLE TO 5T] ! FACTORIES4 ,SOMEONE 9V5TS A /EAM 5G9E1 SOMEONE ELSE A NEW WEAV+ LOOM4 ,PHILOSOPH]S & PHYSICI/S SEEK TO CONCEPTUALIZE ! UNIV]SE AS A GIGANTIC MA*9E & TO DISCOV] ITS LAWS4 ,K+S CONT9UE TO IMPOSE !IR AU?ORITY ON -- & SIMULTANE\SLY TO EMASCULATE -- ! NOBILITY4 ,!Y CREATE NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,EA* ( ! 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS 9 QUE/ION PURSUES HIS [N 5DS4 ,NO ONE AIMS AT ! SOCIAL TOTALITY AS SU*4 

,! RESULT H[EV] IS ( A QUITE DIFF]5T ORD]3 IT IS CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS QUITE IMMAT]IAL1 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ?AT ! RESULT MI<T HAVE BE5 TOTALLY DET]M9$ BY ! CAUSES & CONDITIONS1 TAK5 AS A :OLE4 ,LET US ADMIT1 = ! SAKE ( >GUM5T1 ?AT ONE CAN %[ = EA* ( !SE FACTS 7UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! COLOR ( ,COLB]T'S BREE*ES7 ALL ! MULTI-DIM5SIONAL CAUSAL CONNECTIONS L9K+ !M TO ONE ANO!R1 & L9K+ ALL ( !M TO ! '9ITIAL CONDITIONS ( ! SY/EM4' ,:AT IS IMPORTANT H]E IS ?AT !IR \TCOME HAS A COH]5CE :I* NO P]SON OR ?+ WANT$ OR C\LD GU>ANTEE TO />T ) -- OR SUBSEQU5TLY4 ,! RESULT HAS A SIGNIFICATION 7OR RA!R APPE>S TO EMBODY A VIRTUALLY 9EXHAU/IBLE SY/EM ( SIGNIFICATIONS71 SO ?AT !RE IS WELL & TRULY A SORT ( HI/ORICAL 5TITY ?AT IS ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,?IS SIGNIFICATION APPE>S 9 MANY WAYS4 ,?R\< ALL ! CAUSAL CONNECTIONS & BEYOND !M IT CONF]S A SORT ( UNITY UPON ! FEATURES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & 5ABLES US TO RECOGNIZE IMM$IATELY1 9 A P>TICUL> PH5OM5ON1 A PH5OM5ON ( ?IS CULTURE4 ,IT ALL[S US IMM$IATELY TO CLASSIFY AS BELONG+ TO ?IS P]IOD OBJECTS1 BOOKS1 9/RUM5TS1 PHRASES ( :I* WE MI<T KN[ NO?+ ELSE1 & TO EXCLUDE FROM ?IS CULTURE1 JU/ AS IMM$IATELY1 A HO/ ( O!R OBJECTS4 ,IT APPE>S AS ! SIMULTANE\S EXI/5CE ( AN 9F9ITE SET ( POSSIBILITIES1 & ( AN 9F9ITE SET ( IMPOSSIBILITIES GIV51 SO TO SPEAK1 FROM ! \TSET4 ,IT APPE>S MOREOV] 9 ! FACT ?AT ALL :I* HAPP5S )9 ! SY/EM IS NOT ONLY PRODUC$ ACCORD+ TO SOME?+ WE MI<T CALL ! 'SPIRIT ( ! SY/EM 1' BUT CONTRIBUTES TO RE9=CE IT 7EV5 :5 IT OPPOSES ! SY/EM & SEEKS -- AT ! LIMIT -- TO OV]?R[ IT AS A REAL ORD]74 

,EV]Y?+ HAPP5S AS IF ?IS OV]ALL SIGNIFICATION ( ! SY/EM WAS GIV51 9 SOME WAY1 9 ADVANCE1 AS IF IT 'PR$ET]M9$' & OV]-DET]M9$ ! CAUSAL SEQU5CES & L9KS1 SUBJECT+ !M TO ITSELF1 COMPELL+ !M TO PRODUCE RESULTS COMPATIBLE ) AN '9T5TION' :I*1 ( C\RSE1 IS NO MORE ?AN A METAPHORICAL EXPRESSION1 GIV5 ?AT IT IS NO ONE'S 9T5TION4 ,M>X SAYS SOME:]E ?AT 'IF !RE WAS NO ELEM5T ( *ANCE1 HI/ORY W\LD BE MAGIC' -- A PR(\NDLY TRUE PHRASE4 ,BUT ! A/ONI%+ ?+ IS ?AT *ANCE ITSELF1 9 HI/ORY1 TAKES ON MO/ ( ! TIME ! =M ( MEAN+FUL *ANCE1 ( 'OBJECTIVE' *ANCE4 ,! 'BY *ANCE1 NO D\BT' ( POPUL> IRONY CAPTURES IT V]Y WELL4 ,:AT IS IT ?AT GIVES TO ! 9NUM]ABLE GE/URES1 ACTIONS1 ?\<TS1 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR PATT]NS :I* MAKE UP A SOCIETY ?IS OV]ALL UNITY ( A P>TICUL> WORLD1 :]E A C]TA9 ORD] 7AN ORD] ( MEAN+1 NOT NECESS>ILY AN ORD] ( CAUSES & EFFECTS7 CAN ALWAYS BE F\ND WOV5 9TO ! TEXTURE ( *AOS8 ,:AT GIVES GREAT HI/ORICAL EV5TS ?AT APPE>ANCE1 :I* IS MORE ?AN APPE>ANCE1 ( AN ADMIRABLY ?\<T \T & DIRECT$ TRAG$Y4 ,AT TIMES IT SEEMS AS IF ! OBVI\S ]RORS ( ! ACTORS C\LD NOT 9 ANY WAY /OP ! RESULT BE+ A*IEV$2 AS IF ! '9T]NAL LOGIC' ( ! PROCESS WAS CAPABLE ( 9V5T+ & PRODUC+1 AT ! DESIR$ MOM5T1 ! '/OPS' & ! 'GO'S1' ALL ! CORRECTIONS & ALL ! 'SPECIAL EFFECTS' NECESS>Y = ! PROCESS TO PROCE$ TO ITS CONCLUSION4 ,& AT O!R TIMES ! ACTOR1 TILL N[ 9FALLIBLE1 MAKES ! ONE & ONLY MI/AKE 9 HIS LIFE1 9 ITS TURN 9DISP5SABLE TO PRODUCE ! 'AIM$ AT' RESULT4 

,?IS SIGNIFICATION1 ALREADY O!R ?AN ?AT ACTUALLY LIV$ ?R\< ! P>TICUL> ACTS ( GIV5 9DIVIDUALS1 POSES1 AS SU*1 AN ALTOGE!R 9EXHAU/IBLE PROBLEM4 ,= ! SIGNIFICANT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO ! CAUSAL4 ,! SIGNIFICANT BUILDS UP AN ORD] ( CONCAT5ATIONS :I* >E SEP>ATE FROM & YET 9EXTRICABLY WOV5 9TO ! CONCAT5ATIONS ( CAUSALITY4 

,COH]5CE 9 SOCIETY 

,LET US CONSID] = EXAMPLE ! QUE/ION ( ! COH]5CE ( A GIV5 SOCIETY -- BE IT A PRIMITIVE SOCIETY OR A CAPITALI/ ONE4 ,:AT IS IT ?AT 5SURES ?AT ?IS SOCIETY 'HOLDS TOGE!R'8 ,:AT IS IT ?AT 5SURES ?AT ! RULES 7LEGAL OR MORAL7 :I* REGULATE ! BEHAVIOR ( ITS ADULTS >E 9 KEEP+ ) !IR MOTIVATIONS1 & ?AT !Y >E NOT ONLY COMPATIBLE BUT DEEPLY & MY/]I\SLY RELAT$ TO ! SOCIETY'S ME?OD ( WORK & PRODUCTION8 ,H[ IS IT ?AT ALL ?IS1 9 TURN1 CORRESPONDS TO ! /RUCTURE ( ! FAMILY1 TO H[ MO!RS BREA/FE$ !IR 9FANTS1 TO WEAN+1 TO ! BR++ UP ( *ILDR58 ,H[ IS IT ?AT !RE IS A DEF9ITE /RUCTURE ( ! HUMAN P]SONALITY 9 ?AT P>TICUL> CULTURE1 9CLUD+ ITS P>TICUL> NEUROSES 7& NO O!RS7 -- & ?AT ALL ?IS COORD9ATES ITSELF ) ONE WORLD-VIEW1 ONE RELIGION1 SU* & SU* A MANN] ( EAT+ OR ( DANC+8 ,:5 /UDY+ A PRIMITIVE SOCIETY.<#g.> ONE SOMETIMES HAS ! GIDDY IMPRESSION ?AT A TEAM ( PSY*OANALY/S1 ECONOMI/S1 SOCIOLOGI/S1 ETC41 ( SUP]HUMAN CAPACITY & KN[L$GE1 HAS WORK$ 9 ADVANCE ON ! PROBLEM ( ITS COH]5CE1 HAS MADE LAWS SETT+ \T ! RULES ?AT W\LD 5SURE IT4 ,EV5 IF \R E?NOLOGI/S1 :ILE ANALYZ+ ! FUNCTIONS ( SU* A SOCIETY & REVEAL+ IT TO US1 9TRODUCE MORE COH]5CE ?AN !RE ACTUALLY IS1 ?IS IMPRESSION IS NOT1 & CANNOT BE1 TOTALLY ILLUSORY4 ,AFT] ALL1 !SE SOCIETIES FUNCTION4 ,!Y >E /ABLE4 ,!Y >E EV5 SELF-/ABILIZ+ & CAPABLE ( ABSORB+ IMPORTANT %OCKS 7EXCEPT1 OBVI\SLY1 ?AT ( CONTACT ) 'CIVILIZATION'74 

,TO BE SURE1 ! MY/]Y ( ?IS COH]5CE CAN BE VA/LY R$UC$ ?R\< CAUSAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,?IS IS :AT IS 9VOLV$ 9 ! 'EXACT' /UDY ( A SOCIETY4 ,IF ADULTS BEHAVE 9 A C]TA9 FA%ION1 IT IS BECAUSE !Y W]E BR\<T UP 9 A C]TA9 WAY2 IF ! RELIGION ( A PEOPLE CONTA9S SU* & SU* AN ELEM5T1 IT IS BECAUSE IT CORRESPONDS TO ! 'BASIC P]SONALITY' ( ! CULTURE 9 QUE/ION2 IF ! AU?ORITY RELATIONS >E ORGANIZ$ 9 A P>TICUL> WAY1 ?IS IS DUE TO !SE P>TICUL> ECONOMIC FACTORS1 OR VICE V]SA1 ETC4 ,BUT ?IS CAUSAL R$UCTION DOES NOT EXHAU/ ! PROBLEM1 IT ONLY GRADUALLY /RIPS IT TO ! BONE4 ,! L9KS :I* IT DETECTS1 = 9/ANCE1 >E ?OSE BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL ACTS SITUAT$ 9 A PR$EF9$ FRAMEWORK4 ,! FRAMEWORK IS BO? ?AT ( A SOCIAL LIFE ALREADY COH]5T AT ANY MOM5T AS A CONCRETE TOTALITY.<#h.> 7= )\T SU* A COH]5CE !RE W\LD BE NO 9DIVIDUAL ACTS71 & ( A COLLECTION ( RULES BO? EXPLICIT & IMPLICIT1 ( AN ORGANIZATION1 ( A /RUCTURE :I* IS AT ONE & ! SAME TIME BO? AN ASPECT ( ?IS TOTALITY & SOME?+ DIFF]5T FROM IT4 ,! RULES >E !MSELVES ! PRODUCT1 9 SOME RESPECTS1 ( ?AT SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 A NUMB] ( 9/ANCES 7H>DLY EV] 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES1 MORE (T5 9 ! CASE ( HI/ORICAL SOCIETIES7 WE CAN 9S]T !IR EM]G5CE 9TO A PATT]N ( SOCIAL CAUSATION 7= EXAMPLE FREE COMPETITION & ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 9TRODUC$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 S]VE ! 5DS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & >E EXPLICITLY DESIR$ = ?IS REASON74 ,BUT EV5 :5 ONE SUCCE$S 9 'PRODUC+' ! RULES 9 SU* A MANN]1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT !IR AU?ORS W]E NOT1 & C\LD NOT HAVE BE51 CONSCI\S ( ! TOTALITY ( !IR RESULTS & ( !IR IMPLICATIONS -- & YET !SE RESULTS & IMPLICATIONS W]E 9EXPLICABLY 'H>MONIZ$' ) :AT ALREADY EXI/$ OR ) :AT O!RS W]E PRODUC+1 AT ! SAME TIME1 9 O!R >EAS ( ! SOCIAL SC5E4.<#i.> ,9 MO/ 9/ANCES1 CONSCI\S 'AU?ORS' QUITE SIMPLY DID NOT EXI/4 ,! EVOLUTION ( =MS ( FAMILY LIFE1 FUNDAM5TAL TO ! UND]/&+ ( ALL CULTURES1 DID NOT DEP5D ON EXPLICIT LEGISLATIVE ACTS4 ,/ILL LESS DID SU* ACTS /EM FROM AN AW>5ESS ( OBSCURE PSY*OANALYTICAL ME*ANISMS AT WORK 9 ! FAMILY4 ,!RE ALSO REMA9S ! FACT ?AT !SE RULES >E GIV5 AT ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE ( EA* SOCIETY.<#a.> & ?AT !Y >E COH]5T ) EA* O!R1 :ATEV] ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 ! >EAS !Y COV]4 

7,:5 WE TALK ( COH]5CE 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 WE TAKE ! WORD 9 ITS WIDE/ POSSIBLE S5SE3 = A GIV5 SOCIETY EV5 CRISIS & BE+ TORN AP>T CAN1 9 A C]TA9 WAY1 BE MANIFE/ATIONS ( COH]5CE1 = !Y >E 9S]T$ 9 ITS FUNCTION+4 ,!Y >E NEV] FOLL[$ BY A TOTAL COLLAPSE1 BY A PURE & SIMPLE ATOMIZATION4 ,!Y >E ITS CRISES & ITS 9COH]5CE4 ,! GREAT DEPRESSION ( #a#i#b#i1 LIKE ! TWO WORLD W>S1 IS 5TIRELY 'COH]5T' MANIFE/ATIONS ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS NOT SIMPLY ?AT !Y >E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ITS CONCAT5ATIONS ( CAUSALITY1 BUT ALSO ?AT !Y PROMOTE ! FUNCTION+1 QUA FUNCTION+1 ( ! SY/EM4 ,9 !IR V]Y MEAN+LESSNESS WE CAN /ILL SEE 9 MANY WAYS ! MEAN+ ( CAPITALISM47 

,!RE IS A SECOND R$UCTION WE CAN APPLY4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO BE SURPRIS$ IF ALL CURR5T & PA/ SOCIETIES >E COH]5T4 ,BY DEF9ITION1 ONLY COH]5T SOCIETIES >E OBS]VABLE4 ,NON-COH]5T SOCIETIES W\LD HAVE COLLAPS$ IMM$IATELY & WE W\LDN'T BE ABLE TO TALK AB\T !M4 ,?IS IDEA1 IMPORTANT AS IT IS1 DOES NOT PUT AN 5D TO ! DISCUSSION EI!R4 ,IT W\LD ONLY 5ABLE US TO 'UND]/&' ! COH]5CE ( ! SOCIETIES WE >E LOOK+ AT BY REF]5CE TO A PROCESS ( 'TRIAL & ]ROR 1' :]EBY ONLY VIABLE SOCIETIES W\LD HAVE SURVIV$ BY SOME SORT ( NATURAL SELECTION4 ,BUT ALREADY 9 BIOLOGY1 :]E EVOLUTION HAS MANY MILLIONS ( YE>S AT ITS DISPOSAL & :]E !RE IS AN 9F9ITELY RI* PROCESS ( CONT+5T V>IATIONS1 NATURAL SELECTION ?R\< TRIAL & ]ROR DOES NOT SEEM A SUFFICI5T ANSW] TO ! PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9 ( SPECIES4 ',VIABLE' =MS SEEM TO BE PRODUC$ F> MORE (T5 ?AT ! /ATI/ICAL PROBABILITY ( !IR APPE>ANCE W\LD PR$ICT4 ,9 HI/ORY1 ?IS REF]5CE TO R&OM V>IATIONS & TO A PROCESS ( SELECTION SEEMS GRATUIT\S4 ,BESIDES1 ! PROBLEM IS POS$ AT A PREVI\S LEVEL 79 BIOLOGY1 TOO73 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( PEOPLES & NATIONS DESCRIB$ BY ,H]ODOTUS MAY WELL HAVE BE5 ! \TCOME ( !IR 5C\NT] ) O!R PEOPLES :O CRU%$ OR ABSORB$ !M2 NEV]!LESS ! =M] ALREADY HAD AN ORGANIZ$ & COH]5T WAY ( LIFE1 :I* W\LD HAVE CONT9U$ HAD NOT ! 5C\NT] OCCURR$4 ,ANYWAY1 WE HAVE SE5 ) \R [N EYES1 LIT]ALLY OR METAPHORICALLY1 ! BIR? ( NEW SOCIETIES & WE KN[ ?+S DON'T HAPP5 LIKE ?IS4 ,BETWE5 ! #a#c? & ! #a#i? C5TURY1 WE DON'T SEE AN 5ORM\S NUMB] ( DIFF]5T TYPES ( SOCIETY APPE>+ 9 ,EUROPE1 ALL ( :I* B> ONE DISAPPE> BECAUSE 9CAPABLE ( SURVIV+4 ,WE SEE A DIFF]5T PH5OM5ON3 ! BIR? 7ACCID5TAL1 9 RELATION TO ! SY/EM PREC$+ IT7 ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* ?R\< ?\S&S ( CONTRADICTORY RAMIFICATIONS & MANIFE/ATIONS1 FROM ! ,LOMB>D BANK]S TO ,CALV91 & FROM ,GIORDANO ,BRUNO TO ! USE ( ! COMPASS1 CAUSES ! APPE>ANCE FROM ! \TSET ( A COH]5T MEAN+ :I* WILL GO ON DEVELOP+ & /R5G!N+ ITSELF4 

,ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,!SE CONSID]ATIONS ALL[ ONE TO GRASP A SECOND ASPECT ( ! PROBLEM4 ,IT ISN'T ONLY 9 ! /RUCTURE ( A SOCIETY ?AT WE SEE H[ A SY/EM ( SIGNIFICATIONS IMPOSES ITSELF UPON A NETWORK ( CAUSES4 ,WE SEE IT ALSO 9 ! SUCCESSION ( HI/ORICAL SOCIETIES OR1 MORE SIMPLY1 9 EA* HI/ORICAL PROCESS4 ,LET US LOOK1 = 9/ANCE1 AT ! PROCESS1 ALREADY T\*$ UPON1 :]EBY ! B\RGEOISIE EM]G$4 ,OR BETT] /ILL1 LET US LOOK AT ONE WE ?9K WE KN[ SO WELL1 :I* L$ FIR/ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 & SUBSEQU5TLY TO ! P[] ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 

,IT ISN'T POSSIBLE H]E1 & IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y1 TO RECALL ! CAUSES DEEP AT WORK 9 ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY :I* W]E LEAD+ IT T[>DS A SECOND VIOL5T SOCIAL CRISIS AFT] ?AT ( #a#i#e1 & :I* W]E ALLOCAT+ ROLES TO ! MA9 ACTORS ( ! DRAM A 9 ! P]SON ( ! BASIC CLASSES ( SOCIETY4 ,IT DOESN'T SEEM DIFFICULT = US TO UND]/& ?AT ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY WAS PREGNANT ) REVOLUTION1 OR ?AT 9 ?IS REVOLUTION ! WORK+ CLASS WAS GO+ TO PLAY A DECISIVE ROLE4 ,WE WON'T DWELL ON IT4 ,BUT ?IS COMPREH5SIBLE NECESSITY REMA9S 'SOCIOLOGICAL' & AB/RACT4 ,IT HAS TO BE MANIFE/$ ?R\< DEF9ITE PROCESSES4 ,IT MU/ EMBODY ITSELF 9 ACTS 7OR OMISSIONS7 DAT$ & SIGN$ BY P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 5D+ UP ) ! APPROPRIATE RESULT4 ,NECESSITY HAS ALSO TO F9D COMB9$1 AT ! \TSET1 A MASS ( CONDITIONS :OSE PRES5CE WASN'T ALWAYS GU>ANTE$ BY ! V]Y FACTORS :I* G5]AT$ ! 'G5]AL NECESSITY' ( REVOLUTION4 ,ONE ASPECT ( ! QUE/ION1 A M9OR ONE IF Y\ LIKE BUT :I* ALL[S ONE TO SEE EASILY & CLE>LY :AT WE >E DRIV+ AT1 IS ?AT ( ! ROLE ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,TROTSKY1 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 C]TA9LY DOESN'T NEGLECT IT4 ,HE IS HIMSELF SOMETIMES SEIZ$ ) AN A/ONI%M5T1 :I* HE CONVEYS TO HIS READ]S1 :5 CONFRONT$ ) ! P]FECT ADEQUACY ( ! *>ACT] ( PEOPLE = ! 'HI/ORIC ROLES' !Y WILL BE CALL$ UPON TO PLAY4 ,HE IS ALSO /RUCK BY ! FACT ?AT :5 ! SITUATION 'DEM&S' A P]SON ( A GIV5 TYPE1 ?IS P]SON SOMEH[ EM]GES 7ONE RECALLS ! P>ALLELS HE DRAWS BETWE5 ,NI*OLAS ,I,I & ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 BETWE5 ! ,CZ>9A & ,M>IE ,ANTO9ETTE74 

,:AT !N IS ! KEY TO ?IS MY/]Y8 ,TROTSKY'S ANSW] /ILL SEEM SOCIOLOGICAL3 EV]Y?+ 9 ! LIFE & HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE ( A DECAD5T PRIVILEG$ CLASS LEADS IT TO PRODUCE 9DIVIDUALS )\T IDEAS & )\T *>ACT]4 ,IF A DIFF]5T TYPE ( 9DIVIDUAL W]E EXCEPTIONALLY TO APPE>1 HE C\LD DO NO?+ ) ?IS P>TICUL> SOCIAL FABRIC1 & HE C\LD DO NO?+ AGA9/ 'HI/ORICAL NECESSITY4' ,ON ! O!R H&1 EV]Y?+ 9 ! LIFE & EXI/5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS T5DS TO PRODUCE 9DIVIDUALS ( H>D5$ TEMP]AM5T1 ) /RONGLY-HELD OP9IONS4 ,?IS ANSW] CONTA9S )\T D\BT A L>GE P>T ( TRU?4 ,YET IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,OR RA!R IT SAYS BO? TOO MU* & NOT 5\<4 ,IT SAYS TOO MU* BECAUSE IT \<T TO BE VALID 9 ALL CASES1 :]EAS IT IS ONLY VALID :]E ! REVOLUTION HAS BE5 VICTORI\S4 ,:Y DID ! ,HUNG>IAN PROLET>IAT ONLY PRODUCE AS 'H>D5$' LEAD] A ,BELA ,KUN -- = :OM ,TROTSKY NEV] HAS 5\< SCORNFUL IRONY8 ,:Y C\LD NOT ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS RECOGNIZE -- & EV5TUALLY REPLACE -- ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T8 ,:]E WAS ! ,FR5* ,L59 9 #a#i#c#f8 

,TO SAY ?AT 9 !SE CASES ! SITUATION WAS NOT RIPE = ! APPROPRIATE LEAD]S TO APPE> IS PRECISELY TO AB&ON ! SOCIOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATION1 :I* CAN LEGITIMATELY LAY CLAIM TO A C]TA9 COMPREH5SIBILITY1 & TO RETURN TO ! MY/]Y ( P>TICUL> SITUATIONS :I* EI!R 'DEM&' OR '=BID4' ,BESIDES1 ! SITUATION :I* \<T TO =BID SOMETIMES DOESN'T4 ,= HALF A C5TURY N[ ! RUL+ CLASSES HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PROVIDE !MSELVES ) LEAD]S :O1 :ATEV] !IR HI/ORICAL ROLE WAS1 HAVE BE5 NEI!R ,PR9CE ,LVOVS NOR ,K]5SKY'S4 ,BUT ! EXPLANATION DOESN'T SAY 5\< EI!R1 = IT CANNOT EXPLA9 :Y *ANCE IS EXCLUD$ FROM ! BUS9ESS 9 ! V]Y PLACE :]E IT APPE>S TO BE AT WORK 9 ! MO/ BL9D+ FA%ION1 :Y *ANCE ALWAYS OP]ATES '9 ! RI<T DIRECTION1' & :Y ! 9F9ITE NUMB] ( POSSIBLE EV5TS :I* W\LD OP]ATE 9 O!R DIRECTIONS NEV] MAT]IALIZE4 ,= ! REVOLUTION TO COME AB\T WE NE$ ! WEAKNESS1 FLABB9ESS & 9]TIA ( ! ,CZ>4 ,WE NE$ ! *>ACT] ( ! ,CZ>9A4 ,WE NE$ ,RASPUT9 & ! ABSURDITIES ( ! ,C\RT4 ,WE NE$ ,K]5SKY & ,KORNILOV4 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY MU/ RETURN TO ,PETROGRAD1 & = ?IS WE NE$ A MI/AK5 REASON+ ON ! P>T ( ! ,G]MAN ,G5]AL ,/AFF & ANO!R BY ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T1 NOT TO M5TION ALL ! PNEUMOCOCCAL & DIPH!RIA BACILLI :I* CONSCI5TI\SLY AVOID$ !SE TWO P]SONS EV] S9CE !IR BIR?4 ,TROTSKY PUTS ! QUE/ION SQU>ELY3 )\T ,L591 W\LD ! REVOLUTION HAVE BE5 COMPLET$8 ,AFT] DISCUSS+ ! MATT]1 HE T5DS TO ANSW] 'NO4' ,WE >E 9CL9$ TO ?9K ?AT HE IS RI<T1 & MOREOV] ?AT ONE C\LD SAY JU/ AS MU* AB\T ,TROTSKY HIMSELF4.<#a#a.> ,BUT 9 :AT S5SE CAN WE SAY ?AT ! 9T]NAL NECESSITIES ( ! REVOLUTION GU>ANTE$ ! APPE>ANCE ( 9DIVIDUALS LIKE ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 !IR SURVIVAL UNTIL #a#i#a#g1 & !IR MORE ?AN IMPROBABLE PRES5CE 9 ,PETROGRAD AT ! RI<T MOM5T8 ,WE >E COMPELL$ TO NOTE ?AT ! SIGNIFICATION ( ! REVOLUTION AFFIRMS & COMPLETES ITSELF ?R\< *A9S ( CAUSES BE>+ NO RELATION%IP TO IT1 BUT NONE!LESS 9EXPLICABLY B\ND UP ) IT4 

,! EM]G5CE ( ! BUREAUCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA AFT] ! REVOLUTION 5ABLES US TO 5VISAGE ! PROBLEM AT YET ANO!R LEVEL4 ,9 ?IS CASE TOO1 ANALYSIS LETS US SEE DEEP & UND]/&ABLE FACTORS AT WORK1 UPON :I* WE CAN'T DWELL AGA9 H]E4.<#a#b.> ,! BIR? ( ! BUREAUCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA WAS C]TA9LY NOT A *ANCE OCCURR5CE4 ,! PRO( IS ?AT BUREAUCRATIZATION HAS S9CE !N 9CREAS+LY APPE>$ AS ! DOM9ANT TR5D ( ! MODEM WORLD4 ,BUT TO UND]/& ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES WE CALL UPON ! T5D5CIES IMMAN5T 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 ( ! ECONOMY & ( ! /ATE UND] CAPITALISM4 ,TO UND]/& ! ORIG9S ( ! BUREAUCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA1 WE REF] TO TOTALLY DIFF]5T PROCESSES1 SU* AS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS & 'ITS' P>TY1 ! 'MATURITY' ( ! =M] & ! IDEOLOGY ( ! LATT]4 ,N[1 FROM ! SOCIOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! CANONICAL =M ( ! BUREAUCRACY IS ?AT :I* EM]GES AT AN ADVANC$ /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM4 ,YET ! BUREAUCRACY :I* FIR/ APPE>$ HI/ORICALLY WAS ?AT :I* >OSE 9 ,RUSSIA1 ON ! V]Y MORR[ ( ! REVOLUTION1 ON ! SOCIAL & MAT]IAL RU9S ( CAPITALISM2 IT IS EV5 ?IS BUREAUCRACY :I*1 ?R\< A ?\S& DIRECT & 9DIRECT 9FLU5CES1 HAS /RONGLY 9DUC$ & ACCEL]AT$ ! MOVEM5T T[>DS BUREAUCRATIZATION )9 CAPITALISM4 ,EV]Y?+ HAPP5$ AS ?\< ! MODEM WORLD WAS PREGNANT ) BUREAUCRACY -- & ?AT TO PRODUCE IT IT WAS READY TO BR+ ALL GRI/ TO ITS MILL1 9CLUD+ SOME :I* SEEM$ LEA/ APPROPRIATE SU* AS ,M>XISM1 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,ON RETROSPECTIVE RATIONALIZATION 

,AS ) ! PROBLEM ( ! COH]5CE ( A SOCIETY1 !RE IS H]E AGA9 A CAUSAL R$UCTION :I* ONE CAN & %\LD OP]ATE -- & ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT AN EXACT & REASON$ /UDY ( HI/ORY CONSI/S (4 ,BUT ?IS CAUSAL R$UCTION1 AS WE HAVE JU/ SE51 DOES NOT ABOLI% ! PROBLEM4 ,AN ILLUSION MU/ !N BE ELIM9AT$3 ! ILLUSION ( RETROSPECTIVE RATIONALIZATION4 ,! HI/ORICAL MAT]IAL1 9 :I* WE CANNOT HELP SEE+ L9KS BETWE5 MEAN+S1 WELL DEF9$ 5TITIES1 ONE MI<T EV5 SAY A P]SONAL ASPECT -- ! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W>1 ! ,SP>TACUS REVOLT1 ! ,RE=MATION1 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION -- HAS ITSELF CA/ \R IDEA ( :AT HI/ORICAL MEAN+ -- OR A HI/ORICAL FIGURE -- IS4 ,!SE P>TICUL> EV5TS HAVE TAU<T US :AT AN EV5T IS1 & ! RATIONALITY WE LAT] DETECT 9 !M ONLY SURPRISES US BECAUSE WE HAVE =GOTT5 ?AT WE HAD \RSELVES FIR/ EXTRACT$ IT FROM !M4 ,:5 ,HEGEL MORE OR LESS ASS]TS ?AT ,ALEX&] HAD ( NECESSITY TO DIE AT ! AGE ( ?IRTY ?REE1 BECAUSE IT WAS ( ! ESS5CE ( A H]O TO DIE Y\NG & ?AT ONE C\LD NOT IMAG9E AN OLD ,ALEX&]1 & :5 HE ?US BUILDS UP AN ACCID5TAL FEV] 9TO ! MANIFE/ATION ( ,REASON HIDD5 9 HI/ORY1 WE NOTE ?AT \R IMAGE ( :AT A H]O IS WAS PRECISELY =G$ \T ( ! REAL CASE ( ,ALEX&] & O!R SIMIL> ONES1 & ?AT !RE IS !RE=E NO?+ SURPRIS+ IF ONE DISCOV]S 9 ! EV5T A =M :I* CON/ITUT$ ITSELF = US ?R\< ! EV5T4 

,SIMIL> DEMY/IFICATIONS >E NE$$ 9 MANY CASES4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS WON'T EXHAU/ ! PROBLEM4 ,FIR/LY1 BECAUSE H]E TOO WE MEET SOME?+ SIMIL> TO :AT HAPP5S 9 \R KN[L$GE ( NATURE.<#a#c.>3 :5 ONE HAS R$UC$ ALL ?AT APPE>S RATIONAL 9 ! PHYSICAL WORLD TO ! RATIONALIZ+ ACTIVITY ( ! COGNIZANT SUBJECT1 !RE /ILL REMA9S ! FACT ?AT ?IS A-RATIONAL WORLD %\LD BE SU* ?AT ?IS ACTIVITY CAN IMP+E UPON IT1 :I* EXCLUDES ITS BE+ *AOTIC4 ,SECONDLY1 BECAUSE ! HI/ORICAL MEAN+ 7?AT IS TO SAY1 A MEAN+ :I* SURPASSES ! MEAN+ EFFECTIVELY LIV$ & C>RI$ BY 9DIVIDUALS7 SEEMS TRULY PRE-CON/ITUT$ 9 ! MAT]IAL :I* HI/ORY (F]S US4 ,TO KEEP TO ! A=EM5TION$ EXAMPLE1 ! MY? ( ,A*ILLES :O ALSO DI$ Y\NG 7& ( NUM]\S O!R H]OES :O %>$ ! SAME FATE7 WAS NOT =G$ ON ! BASIS ( ! EXAMPLE ( ,ALEX&] 7IT WAS RA!R ! O!R WAY R\ND74.<#a#d.> ,! MEAN+ EXPRESS$ BY ! PHRASE3 ',! H]O DIES Y\NG' SEEMS FROM WAY BACK TO HAVE FASC9AT$ HUMANITY 9 SPITE ( -- OR BECAUSE ( -- ! ABSURDITY IT D5OTES4 ,REALITY SEEMS TO HAVE PROVID$ 5\< SUPPORT = IT TO BECOME 'OBVI\S4' ,9 ! SAME WAY ! MY? ( ! BIR? ( A H]O.<#a#e.> PRES5TS -- ?R\<\T V]Y DIFF]5T EPO*S & 9 V]Y DIFF]5T CULTURAL 5VIRONM5TS -- SIMIL> FEATURES 7FEATURES :I* SIMULTANE\SLY DE=M & REPRODUCE REAL FACTS74 ,ULTIMATELY1 ALL MY?S BE> WITNESS TO H[ FACTS & SIGNIFICATIONS >E M+L$ 9 HI/ORICAL REALITY LONG BE=E ! RATIONALIZ+ CONSCI\SNESS ( ! HI/ORIAN OR ( ! PHILOSOPH] APPE>S ON ! SC5E4 ,?IRDLY1 BECAUSE HI/ORY SEEMS CON/ANTLY DOM9AT$ BY T5D5CIES1 BECAUSE ONE 5C\NT]S 9 IT A SORT ( '9T]NAL LOGIC' ( ITS PROCESSES :I* CONF]S A C5TRAL PLACE TO A SIGNIFICATION OR COMPLEX ( SIGNIFICATIONS 7WE REF]R$ E>LI] TO ! BIR? & DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ( ! BUREAUCRACY71 L9KS ) ONE ANO!R CAUSAL SEQU5CES :I* HAVE NO 9T]NAL CONNECTION1 & PROVIDES ITSELF ) ALL ! NECESS>Y 'ACCID5TAL' CONDITIONS4 ,! FIR/ SURPRISE ONE EXP]I5CES ON LOOK+ AT HI/ORY IS TO NOTE ?AT 9 TRU?1 HAD ,CLEOPATRA'S NOSE BE5 %ORT]1 ! FACE ( ! WORLD W\LD HAVE BE5 *ANG$4 ,! SECOND1 EV5 GREAT] SURPRISE IS TO NOTE ?AT !SE NOSES DID HAVE1 MO/ ( ! TIME1 ! REQUIR$ DIM5SIONS4 

,! IMPOSSIBLE SYN!SIS 

,!RE IS !RE=E A C5TRAL PROBLEM3 !RE >E SIGNIFICATIONS :I* GO BEYOND ! IMM$IATE SIGNIFICATIONS EXP]I5C$ & LIV$ 9 REALITY1 & !Y >E CONVEY$ BY CAUSAL ME*ANISMS :I*1 9 !MSELVES1 HAVE NO SIGNIFICATION -- OR NOT ?AT P>TICUL> SIGNIFICATION4 ,S5S$ BY HUMANITY FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL1 EXPLICITLY AL?\< METAPHORICALLY POSIT$ 9 BO? MY? & TRAG$Y 79 :I* NECESSITY TAKES ! =M ( ACCID5T71 ! PROBLEM WAS CLE>LY 5VISAG$ BY ,HEGEL4 ,BUT ,HEGEL'S ANSW]1 NAMELY ! 'CUNN+ ( ,REASON1' :I* SO >RANGES ?+S AS TO ROPE 9TO ITS [N HI/ORICAL FULFILLM5T EV5TS :I* APPE> TO HAVE NO SIGNIFICATION1 IS EVID5TLY ONLY A PHRASE4 ,IT RESOLVES NO?+4 ,& IT IS ULTIMATELY P>T ( ! OLD MUMBO-JUMBO AB\T ! WAYS ( ,PROVID5CE4 

,) ,M>XISM1 ! PROBLEM BECOMES EV5 MORE ACUTE4 ,= ,M>XISM SIMULTANE\SLY MA9TA9S ! NOTION ( SIGNIFICATIONS ASSIGNABLE TO EV5TS & TO :OLE SLICES ( HI/ORY1 ASS]TS MORE ?AN ANY O!R CONCEPTION ! P[] ( ! 9T]NAL LOGIC ( HI/ORICAL PROCESSES1 ADDS UP !SE SIGNIFICATIONS 9TO A S+LE1 ALREADY GIV51 SIGNIFICATION = HI/ORY AS A :OLE 7NAMELY ! CREATION ( COMMUNISM7 -- & CLAIMS IT CAN TOTALLY R$UCE ! LEVEL ( SIGNIFICATIONS TO ! LEVEL ( CAUSATIONS4 ,! TWO POLES ( ! CONTRADICTION >E ?US PU%$ TO ! LIMIT ( !IR DEP?1 BUT !IR SYN!SIS REMA9S PURELY V]BAL4 ,:5 ,LUKACS SAYS 7SEEK+ TO %[ ?AT ,M>X HAD1 9 ?IS RESPECT TOO1 SOLV$ ! PROBLEM :I* ,HEGEL C\LD ONLY POSE7 ?AT '! 0CUNN+ ( REASON0 CAN ONLY BE SOME?+ MORE ?AN MY?OLOGY IF REAL REASON IS DISCOV]$ & %[N 9 A REALLY CONCRETE WAY4 ,IT IS !N A G5IAL EXPLANATION = AS YET NON-CONSCI\S PHASES ( HI/ORY1' HE 7,LUKACS7 ISN'T REALLY SAY+ ANY?+4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT ?IS 'REAL REASON %[N 9 A REALLY CONCRETE WAY' BOILS D[N = ,M>X TO TE*NICO-ECONOMIC FACTORS & ?AT ! LATT] >E 9SUFFICI5T1 AT ! LEVEL ( CAUSALITY ITSELF 9TEGRALLY TO 'EXPLA9' H[ ! RESULTS >OSE4 ,! QUE/ION IS H[ CAN TE*NICO-ECONOMIC FACTORS HAVE A RATIONALITY :I* VA/LY EXCE$S !M8 ,H[ CAN !IR OP]ATION ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( HI/ORY EMBODY A UNITY ( SIGNIFICATION :I* IS ITSELF ! BE>] ( ANO!R UNITY ( SIGNIFICATION1 EXPRESS$ AT ANO!R LEVEL8 ,IT IS ALREADY TO DO FIR/ VIOL5CE TO ! FACTS TO TRANS=M TE*NICO-ECONOMIC EVOLUTION 9TO A 'DIALECTIC ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4' ,IT IS TO DO VIOL5CE TO !M AGA9 TO SUP]IMPOSE ON ?IS DIALECTIC ANO!R1 :I* PRODUCES FRE$OM \T ( NECESSITY4 ,! ?IRD VIOL5CE IS TO CLAIM ?AT ! =M] CAN BE TOTALLY R$UC$ TO ! LATT]4 ,EV5 IF COMMUNISM C\LD SIMPLY BE R$UC$ TO ! QUE/ION ( ! ADEQUATE DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES1 & EV5 IF ?IS DEVELOPM5T FL[$ 9EXORABLY FROM ! FUNCTION+ ( OBJECTIVE LAWS E/ABLI%$ 9 ALL C]TA9TY1 ! MY/]Y W\LD REMA9 TOTAL4 ,= H[ C\LD ! FUNCTION+ ( BL9D LAWS PRODUCE A RESULT :I*1 = HUMANITY1 HAS BO? A SIGNIFICATION & A POSITIVE VALUE8 

,EV5 MORE PRECISELY & /RIK+LY1 ?IS MY/]Y IS AGA9 5C\NT]$ 9 ! ,M>XI/ IDEA ( AN OBJECTIVE DYNAMIC ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM4 ,MORE PRECISELY1 BECAUSE ! IDEA IS BUTTRESS$ BY A SPECIFIC ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMICS4 ,MORE /RIK+LY1 BECAUSE H]E >E ADD$ A S]IES ( NEGATIVE SIGNIFICATIONS4 ,ON ! SURFACE ! MY/]Y SEEMS TO BE RESOLV$3 ONE %[S1 9 ! FUNCTION+ ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM1 ! CONCAT5ATIONS ( CAUSES & EFFECTS :I* LEAD ! SY/EM TO ITS CRISIS1 & PREP>E ! CROSS+ TO A NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,9 REALITY ! MY/]Y REMA9S COMPLETE4 ,9 ACCEPT+ ! ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY WE W\LD F9D \RSELVES CONFRONT$ ) A UNIQUE1 COH]5T & ORI5T$ DYNAMIC ( CONTRADICTIONS1 ) ! *IM]A REPRES5T$ BY A BEAUTIFUL RATIONALITY ( ! IRRATIONAL1 ) ! PHILOSOPHICAL RIDDLE ( A WORLD ( NON-MEAN+ :I* W\LD PRODUCE MEAN+S AT ALL LEVELS & W\LD F9ALLY FULFILL \R DESIRES4 ,9 FACT ! ANALYSIS IS FALSE & ! PROJECTION IMPLICIT 9 ITS CONCLUSIONS IS OBVI\S4 ,BUT NEV] M9D4 ,! RIDDLE EXI/S 9 ACTUAL FACT1 & ,M>XISM DOES NOT SOLVE IT1 F> FROM IT4 ,BY ASS]T+ ?AT EV]Y?+ %\LD BE GRASP$ 9 T]M S ( CAUSATION1 & ?AT AT ! SAME TIME EV]Y?+ %\LD BE 5VISAG$ 9 T]MS ( SIGNIFICATION1 BY CLAIM+ ?AT !RE IS A S+LE & IMM5SE CAUSAL *A91 :I* IS AT ! SAME TIME A S+LE & IMM5SE CONCAT5ATION ( MEAN+S1 ,M>XISM EXAC]BATES ! TWO COMPON5T POLES ( ! RIDDLE TO ! PO9T ( MAK+ IT IMPOSSIBLE TO ?9K ( IT RATIONALLY4 

,M>XISM DOES NOT !RE=E TRANSC5D ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY4 ,IT IS M]ELY ANO!R PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY4 ,! RATIONALITY IT SEEMS TO EXTRACT FROM ! FACTS IS A RATIONALITY :I* IT ACTUALLY IMPOSES UPON !M4 ,! 'HI/ORICAL NECESSITY' ( :I* IT SPEAKS 79 ! USUAL S5SE ( ?IS EXPRESSION1 NAMELY ?AT ( A CONCAT5ATION ( FACTS LEAD+ HI/ORY T[>DS PROGRESS7 9 NO WAY DIFF]S1 PHILOSOPHICALLY SPEAK+1 FROM ,HEGELIAN ,REASON4 ,9 BO? CASES ONE IS DEAL+ ) A TRULY !OLOGICAL TYPE ( HUMAN ALI5ATION4 ,A COMMUNI/ ,PROVID5CE1 :I* W\LD SO HAVE PRE-ORDA9$ HI/ORY AS TO PRODUCE \R FRE$OM1 IS NEV]!LESS A ,PROVID5CE4 ,9 BO? CASES ONE ELIM9ATES ! C5TRAL CONC]N ( ANY REFLEXION3 ! RATIONALITY ( ! 7NATURAL OR HI/ORICAL7 WORLD1 BY PROVID+ ONESELF 9 ADVANCE ) A RATIONALLY CON/RUCT$ WORLD4 ,CLE>LY1 NO?+ CAN BE RESOLV$ 9 ?IS WAY3 A TOTALLY RATIONAL WORLD W\LD1 BY VIRTUE ( ?IS V]Y FACT1 BE 9F9ITELY MORE MY/]I\S ?AN ! WORLD 9 :I* WE /RUGGLE4 ,A HI/ORY ?AT W\LD BE RATIONAL FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D -- & ?R\< & ?R\< -- W\LD BE MORE MASSIVELY 9COMPREH5SIBLE ?AN ! HI/ORY WE KN[4 ,ITS :OLE RATIONALITY W\LD BE F\ND$ ON A TOTAL IRRATIONALITY1 = IT W\LD BE 9 ! NATURE ( PURE FACT1 & ( FACT SO BRUTAL1 SOLID & ALL-EMBRAC+ ?AT WE %\LD SUFFOCATE UND] IT4 ,F9ALLY1 UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! MA9 PROBLEM ( PRAXIS W\LD DISAPPE>1 NAMELY ?AT PEOPLE HAVE TO GIVE TO !IR 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE LIVES A SIGNIFICATION :I* IS NOT PRE-ASSIGN$1 & ?AT !Y HAVE TO DO SO :ILE AT GRIPS ) REAL CONDITIONS :I* NEI!R EXCLUDE NOR GU>ANTEE ! FULFILLM5T ( !IR PROJECT4 

,DIALECTIC & 'MAT]IALISM' 

,:5 ,M>X'S RATIONALISM TAKES ON AN EXPLICIT PHILOSOPHICAL EXPRESSION1 IT IS PRES5T$ AS A DIALECTIC4 ,NOT AS A DIALECTIC 9 G5]AL BUT AS ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC1 %ORN ( ITS 'MY/IFI$ IDEALI/ =M4' 

,G5]ATIONS ( ,M>XI/S HAVE ?US ME*ANICALLY P>ROT$ ,M>X'S PHRASE3 ') ,HEGEL1 ! DIALECTIC WAS /&+ ON ITS HEAD2 ,I REPLAC$ IT ON ITS FEET1' )\T ASK+ !MSELVES :E!R SU* AN OP]ATION WAS ACTUALLY FEASIBLE1 & ESPECIALLY :E!R IT W\LD BE ABLE TO TRANS=M ! NATURE ( ITS OBJECT4 ,IS IT 5\< TO TURN A ?+ UPSIDE D[N TO *ANGE ITS SUB/ANCE8 ,WAS ! 'CONT5T' ( ,HEGELIANISM SO LOOSELY L9K$ TO ITS DIALECTICAL 'ME?OD' ?AT ONE C\LD SUB/ITUTE ANO!R CONT5T RADICALLY OPPOS$ TO IT8 ,& C\LD ONE DO ?IS TO A PHILOSOPHY :I* PROCLAIM$ ?AT ITS CONT5T WAS 'PRODUC$' BY ITS ME?OD1 OR RA!R ?AT ME?OD & CONT5T W]E BUT TWO MOM5TS 9 ! PRODUCTION ( ! SY/EM8 

,IT IS OBVI\SLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,IF ,M>X RETA9$ ! ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC HE ALSO RETA9$ ITS REAL PHILOSOPHICAL CONT5T1 :I* WAS RATIONALISM4 ,HE ONLY MODIFI$ ! G>M5T :I*1 'IDEALI/' 9 ,HEGEL BECOMES 'MAT]IALI/' 9 ,M>X4 ,US+ ! WORDS 9 ?IS WAY1 WE >E ONLY PLAY+ ) !M4 

,A CLOS$ DIALECTIC SU* AS ?AT ( ,HEGEL IS ( NECESSITY RATIONALI/4 ,IT SIMULTANE\SLY PRESUPPOSES & 'PROVES' ?AT ALL EXP]I5CE IS EXHAU/IVELY R$UCIBLE TO RATIONAL DET]M9ATIONS4 7,?AT MOREOV] !SE DET]M9ATIONS >E F\ND EA* TIME MIRACUL\SLY TO CO9CIDE ) ! 'REASON' ( SU* & SU* A ?9K] OR SOCIETY1 ?AT !RE IS CONSEQU5TLY AT ! CORE ( ALL RATIONALISM AN AN?ROPOC5TRISM OR SOCIO-C5TRISM1 ?AT 9 O!R WORDS ALL RATIONALISM ]ECTS AS ,REASON A P>TICUL> REASON1 IS PLA9LY EVID5T & W\LD ALREADY BE 5\< TO PUT AN 5D TO ! DISCUSSION47 ,A CLOS$ DIALECTIC IS ! NECESS>Y 5D ( ALL SPECULATIVE & SY/EMATIC PHILOSOPHY :I* SEEKS TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION3 'H[ CAN WE HAVE TRUE KN[L$GE8' ,& :I* CONCEIVES ( TRU? AS A COMPLETE SY/EM ( RELATIONS )\T AMBIGUITY OR RESIDUE4 ,IT MATT]S LITTLE 9 ?IS RESPECT IF ITS RATIONALISM TAKES ON AN 'OBJECTIVI/' =M 7AS ) ,M>X & ,5GELS7 OR A 'SUBJECTIVI/' =M 7AS ) ! ,G]MAN IDEALI/ PHILOSOPH]S1 9CLUD+ ULTIMATELY EV5 ,HEGEL74 ,9 ! 'OBJECTIVI/' =M1 :]E ! WORLD IS RATIONAL 9 ITSELF1 A SY/EM ( LAWS GOV]NS )\T LIMIT AN ABSOLUTELY NEUTRAL SUB/RATUM & \R GRASP ( !SE LAWS FL[S FROM ! 7TRULY 9COMPREH5SIBLE7 FACT ?AT \R KN[L$GE REFLECTS REALITY4 ,9 ! 'SUBJECTIVI/' =M ! WORLD 9 QUE/ION 79 FACT ! UNIV]SE ( DISC\RSE7 IS ! PRODUCT ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! SUBJECT1 :I* !REBY GU>ANTEES ITS RATIONALITY4.<#a#f.> 

,CONV]SELY1 ANY RATIONALI/ DIALECTIC IS NECESS>ILY A CLOS$ DIALECTIC4 ,)\T ?IS CLOSURE ! :OLE SY/EM REMA9S SUSP5D$ 9 MID AIR4 ,! 'TRU?' ( EA* DET]M9ATION IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! RETURN TO ! TOTALITY ( DET]M9ATIONS1 )\T :I* RETURN EA* MOM5T ( ! SY/EM REMA9S BO? >BITR>Y & 9DEF9ITE4 ,ONE MU/ !RE=E POSIT ! TOTALITY1 )\T RESIDUE4 ,NO?+ MU/ REMA9 \TSIDE IT1 O!RWISE ! SY/EM IS NOT 9COMPLETE IT IS NO?+ AT ALL4 ,ANY SY/EMATIC DIALECTIC MU/ LEAD TO AN '5D ( HI/ORY1' BE IT 9 ! =M ( ,HEGEL'S ABSOLUTE KN[L$GE OR ( ,M>X'S 'COMPLETE MAN4' 

,! ESS5CE ( ! ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC IS NOT TO BE F\ND 9 ! ASS]TION ?AT ! 'LOGOS' 7! ORGANIZATION ( 9TELLIGIBLE APPE>ANCES7 'PREC$ES' NATURE1 /ILL LESS 9 ! VOCABUL>Y :I* =MS ITS '!OLOGICAL VE/M5T4' ,IT LIES 9 ! ME?OD ITSELF1 9 ! FUNDAM5TAL PO/ULATE ACCORD+ TO :I* 'ALL ?AT IS REAL IS RATIONAL1' 9 ! 9EVITABLE CLAIM ?AT IT CAN PRODUCE ALL ! POSSIBLE DET]M9ATIONS ( ITS OBJECT4 ,?IS ESS5CE CANNOT BE DE/ROY$ BY PUTT+ ! DIALECTIC 'BACK ON ITS FEET' S9CE IT WILL ALWAYS REMA9 VISIBLY ! SAME ANIMAL4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y TRANSC5D5CE ( ,HEGELIAN DIALECTICS DEM&S NOT ?AT IT BE PUT BACK ON ITS FEET1 BUT ?AT1 AS A FIR/ /EP1 ITS HEAD BE *OPP$ (F4 

,! NATURE & MEAN+ ( ,HEGEL'S DIALECTIC CANNOT !RE=E *ANGE BECAUSE ONE />TS CALL+ 'MATT]' :AT WAS PREVI\SLY CALL$ 'LOGOS' OR 'SPIRIT' -- PROVID$ ?AT BY 'SPIRIT' ONE DOESN'T MEAN A :ITE BE>D$ G5TLEMAN DWELL+ 9 HEAV51 & PROVID$ ONE KN[S ?AT 'MAT]IAL NATURE' IS NOT A MASS ( COLOR$ OBJECTS1 SOLID TO ! T\*4 ,IT IS QUITE IRRELEVANT 9 ?IS RESPECT TO SAY ?AT NATURE IS ONE MOM5T ( ! LOGOS1 OR ?AT ! LOGOS >ISES AT A GIV5 /AGE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( MATT]1 S9CE 9 BO? CASES ! TWO 5TITIES >E POSIT$ FROM ! ONSET AS BE+ ( ! SAME ESS5CE1 TO WIT1 ( RATIONAL ESS5CE4 ,BESIDES1 NEI!R ( !SE ASS]TIONS HAD ANY MEAN+ S9CE NO ONE CAN /ATE :AT SPIRIT IS1 OR :AT MATT] IS1 EXCEPT ?R\< DEF9ITIONS ?AT >E ESS5TIALLY EMPTY BECAUSE ESS5TIALLY NOM9AL3 MATT] 7OR SPIRIT7 IS ALL ?AT :I* IS1 ETC4 ,MATT] & SPIRIT1 9 !SE PHILOSOPHIES1 >E NO?+ ULTIMATELY BUT PURE ,BE+1 ?AT IS TO SAY AS ,HEGEL CORRECTLY PUT IT1 PURE ,NO?+NESS4 ,TO CALL ONESELF A 'MAT]IALI/' IS 9 NO WAY DIFF]5T FROM CALL+ ONESELF AN 'IDEALI/' IF1 BY MATT]1 ONE UND]/&S AN O!RWISE 9DEF9ABLE 5TITY1 EXHAU/IVELY SUBMITT$ TO LAWS CO-SUB/ANTIAL & COEXT5SIVE ) \R REASON1 & ?US FROM ?IS V]Y MOM5T DE JURE P5ETRABLE BY US 7& EV5 DE FACTO1 S9CE ! 'LAWS ( !SE LAWS1' ! 'SUPREME PR9CIPLES ( NATURE & KN[L$GE' >E ALREADY KN[N H]E & N[3 !Y >E ! 'PR9CIPLES' OR 'LAWS ( DIALECTICS' DISCOV]$ #ae YE>S AGO 7& N[ EV5 NUMB]$1 ?ANKS TO ! EF=TS ( ,COMRADE ,MAO ,TSE-,TUNG74 ,:5 AN 'IDEALI/' A/RONOM] LIKE ,SIR ,JAMES ,JEANS CLAIMS ?AT ,GOD IS A MA!MATICIAN1 & :5 DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/S FI]CELY ASS]T ?AT MATT]1 LIFE & HI/ORY >E :OLLY SUBORD9ATE TO A DET]M9ISM ( :I* WE %ALL ONE DAY DISCOV] ! MA!MATICAL EXPRESSION1 IT IS SAD TO ?9K ?AT UND] C]TA9 HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES ! SUPPORT]S ( EA* ( !SE S*OOLS C\LD 7& 9 FACT DID7 HAVE ! O!RS %OT4 ,IT IS SAD BECAUSE !Y ALL SAY EXACTLY ! SAME ?+1 SIMPLY GIV+ IT A DIFF]5T NAME4 

,A 'NON-IDEALI/' DIALECTIC MU/ ALSO BE A 'NON-MAT]IALI/' DIALECTIC1 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT REFUSES TO POSIT AN ABSOLUTE ,BE+1 :E!R AS IDEA1 AS MATT]1 OR AS ! DE JURE ALREADY GIV5 TOTALITY ( ALL ! POSSIBLE DET]M9ATIONS4 ,SU* A DIALECTIC MU/ ELIM9ATE NOTIONS SU* AS CLOSURE & COMPLETION1 & REJECT ALL F9ITE WORLD SY/EMS4 ,IT %\LD SET ASIDE ! RATIONALI/ ILLUSION1 S]I\SLY ACCEPT ! IDEA ?AT !RE IS 9F9ITE & 9DEF9ITE1 ADMIT -- )\T !REBY =SAK+ WORK ON ! MATT] -- ?AT ALL RATIONAL DET]M9ATION LEAVES A NON-DET]M9$ & NON-RATIONAL RESIDUE1 ?AT ! RESIDUE IS JU/ AS ESS5TIAL AS :AT HAS BE5 ANALYZ$1 ?AT NECESSITY & CONT+5CY CONT9UALLY 9T]P5ETRATE1 ?AT 'NATURE1' BO? \TSIDE & )9 US1 IS ALWAYS SOME?+ O!R & SOME?+ MORE ?AN :AT \R CONSCI\SNESS MAKES ( IT -- & ?AT ALL ?IS IS NOT ONLY VALID = ! 'OBJECT1' BUT ALSO = ! SUBJECT1 & NOT JU/ = ! 'EMPIRICAL' SUBJECT BUT ALSO = ! 'TRANSC5D5TAL' SUBJECT1 S9CE ALL TRANSC5D5TAL LAW-MAK+ BY CONSCI\SNESS PRESUPPOSES ! RAW FACT ?AT A CONSCI\SNESS EXI/S 9 A WORLD 7ORD] & DISORD]1 SEIZABLE & 9EXHAU/IBLE71 A FACT ?AT CONSCI\SNESS CANNOT ITSELF PRODUCE1 EI!R REALLY OR SYMBOLICALLY4 ,IT IS ONLY ON ?IS CONDITION ?AT A DIALECTIC CAN REALLY 5VISAGE LIV+ HI/ORY1 :I* A RATIONALI/ DIALECTIC IS OBLIG$ TO KILL BE=E IT CAN LAY IT \T ON ! B5*ES ( ITS LABORATORIES4 

,BUT SU* A TRANS=MATION ( ! DIALECTIC IS ONLY POSSIBLE 9 ITS TURN1 IF ONE GOES BEYOND ! TRADITIONAL & AGE-OLD IDEA ( !ORY AS BO? CLOS$ SY/EM & CONTEMPLATION4 ,?AT WAS1 9 FACT1 ONE ( ! KEY 9SI<TS ( ! Y\NG ,M>X4 

,! ,TWO ,ELEM5TS ( ,M>XISM & ,!IR ,HI/ORIC ,FATE 

,!RE >E 9 ,M>XISM TWO ELEM5TS :OSE MEAN+ & HI/ORICAL FATE HAVE BE5 RADICALLY OPPOS$ TO ONE ANO!R4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5T BUR/S =? 9 ! Y\?FUL WORKS ( ,M>X1 /ILL APPE>S FROM TIME TO TIME 9 HIS MATURE WORKS1 OCCASIONALLY REAPPE>S 9 ! WRIT+S ( ! GREATE/ ,M>XI/S -- ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,L591 ,TROTSKY -- REEM]G+ = ! LA/ TIME 9 ,LUKACS4 ,ITS APPE>ANCE REPRES5TS AN ESS5TIAL TWI/ 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY4 ,?IS ELEM5T SEEKS TO DE?RONE SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY BY PROCLAIM+ ?AT IT IS NO LONG] A QUE/ION ( 9T]PRET+ ! WORLD BUT ( *ANG+ IT1 & ?AT WE MU/ GO BEYOND PHILOSOPHY AS ONE REALIZES PHILOSOPHY4 ,?IS ELEM5T REFUSES TO PROVIDE ITSELF1 9 ADVANCE1 ) ! SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( HI/ORY OR ) A COMPLET$ DIALECTIC4 ,IT ASS]TS ?AT COMMUNISM IS NOT AN IDEAL /ATE T[>DS :I* SOCIETY IS ADVANC+1 BUT ! REAL MOVEM5T :I* PUTS AN 5D TO ! EXI/+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,IT /RESSES ! FACT ?AT M5 MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY1 9 GIV5 CONDITIONS EA* TIME1 & WILL DECL>E ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S WILL BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,IT IS ?IS ELEM5T :I* WILL BE CAPABLE ( RECOGNIZ+ 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE OR 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS NOT ONLY ! 9SURRECTION>Y EV5TS BUT ! CREATION BY ! MASSES 9 ACTION ( NEW =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,= ! TIME BE+ IT MATT]S LITTLE ?AT ?IS RECOGNITION HAS REMA9$ P>TIAL & !ORETICAL1 OR ?AT ! IDEAS M5TION$ ABOVE >E NO MORE ?AN PO9TS ( DEP>TURE1 RAIS+ NEW PROBLEMS OR SIDE-/EPP+ O!RS4 ,!RE IS H]E1 & ONE W\LD HAVE TO BE BL9D NOT TO SEE IT1 ! PROMISE ( A NEW WORLD1 A PROJECT RADICALLY TO TRANS=M SOCIETY1 A QUE/ = ! CONDITIONS ( ?IS TRANS=MATION 9 ACTUAL HI/ORY & = ITS MEAN+ 9 ! SITUATION & ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE SEEK+ TO A*IEVE IT4 ,WE >E NOT 9 ! WORLD JU/ TO LOOK AT IT1 OR TO SUFF] IT2 \R DE/9Y ISN'T SLAV]Y4 ,AN ACTION IS POSSIBLE1 :I* F9DS SUPPORT 9 ?AT :I* IS1 9 ORD] TO BR+ AB\T ?AT :I* WE WANT TO BE4 ,TO UND]/& ?AT WE >E SORC]]S' APPR5TICES IS ALREADY ONE /EP \T ( ! CONDITION ( SORC]]'S APPR5TICE4 ,& TO UND]/& :Y WE >E SU* IS YET ANO!R /EP4 ,BEYOND AN ACTIVITY UNAW>E ( ITS TRUE 5DS & ( ITS REAL EFFECTS1 BEYOND A TE*NIQUE :I* ACCORD+ TO EXACT CALCULATIONS MODIFIES AN OBJECT )\T ANY?+ NEW RESULT+ !REFROM1 !RE CAN & MU/ BE AN HI/ORICAL PRAXIS :I* TRANS=MS ! WORLD :ILE TRANS=M+ ITSELF1 :I* ALL[S ITSELF TO LE>N ?R\< $UCAT+ O!RS1 :I* PREP>ES :AT IS NEW :ILE REFUS+ TO PR$ET]M9E IT BECAUSE IT KN[S ?AT PEOPLE MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY4 

,9 ,M>XISM !SE 9SI<TS W]E TO REMA9 9SI<TS1 !Y W]E NEV] REALLY DEVELOP$4.<#a#g.> ,! PROMISE ( A NEW WORLD WAS QUICKLY /IFL$ BY ! PROLIFIC GR[? ( A SECOND ELEM5T :I* WILL DEVELOP 9TO A SY/EM1 :I* WILL RAPIDLY BECOME PR$OM9ANT & WILL RELEGATE ! FIR/ 9TO OBLIVION OR WILL ONLY USE IT -- & ?AT R>ELY -- AS AN IDEOLOGICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL ALIBI4 ,?IS SECOND ELEM5T REASS]TS & EXT5DS ! DEEPE/ T5D5CIES ( CAPITALI/ CULTURE & ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 EV5 IF IT DOES SO ?R\< ! NEGATION ( SEV]AL APP>5TLY 7& REALLY7 IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT KNITS TOGE!R ! SOCIAL LOGIC ( CAPITALISM & ! SCI5TIFIC POSITIVISM ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,IT DRIVES ,M>X TO COMP>E SOCIAL EVOLUTION TO A NATURAL PROCESS.<#a#h.>1 /RESSES ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM & GREETS 9 ,D>W9'S !ORY A DISCOV]Y P>ALLEL TO ?AT ( ,M>X4.<#a#i.> ,AS ALWAYS ?IS SCI5TIFIC POSITIVISM OV]TURNS IMM$IATELY 9TO RATIONALISM & IDEALISM AS SOON AS IT RAISES FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS & ATTEMPTS TO ANSW] !M4 ,HI/ORY 7IT SAYS7 IS A RATIONAL SY/EM SUBJECT TO GIV5 LAWS1 ! MA9 ONES ( :I* WE CAN DEF9E AS FROM N[4 ,KN[L$GE =MS A SY/EM :OSE PR9CIPLES >E ALREADY UND]/OOD4 ,!RE IS C]TA9LY AN 'ASYMPTOTIC' PROGRESS.<#b.> BUT ?IS IS V]IFICATION & REF9EM5T ( A SOLID CORE ( ACQUIR$ TRU?S3 ! 'LAWS ( ! DIALECTIC4' ,AS A COROLL>Y1 !ORY RETA9S ITS EM95T PLACE1 ITS PRIMACY -- H[EV] MU* ONE MAY 9VOKE '! GOLD5 TREE ( LIFE' OR H[EV] MU* ONE MAY REF] TO PRAXIS AS ! ULTIMATE V]IFICATION4.<#b#a.> 

,EV]Y?+ HOLDS TOGE!R 9 ?IS CONCEPTION3 ! ANALYSIS ( CAPITALISM1 G5]AL PHILOSOPHY1 ! !ORY ( HI/ORY1 ! CONDITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,& ! MO/ F>-REA*+ CONSEQU5CES FL[ FROM IT -- BO? 9 S\ND LOGIC & 9 REAL HI/ORY AS HAS BE5 %[N BY ! EXP]I5CE ( HALF A C5TURY4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES RULES ! RE/ ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,!RE=E1 EV5 IF ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS NOT 9 ITSELF ! ULTIMATE 5D1 IT IS 9 PRACTICE ! ULTIMATE 5D S9CE ! RE/ IS DET]M9$ BY & 'MOREOV]' FL[S FROM IT1 S9CE '! TRUE REALM ( FRE$OM 444 CAN ONLY BLOSSOM =? ) ?IS REALM ( NECESSITY AS ITS BASIS' ?IS PRE-SUPPOS+ ABUNDANCE & ! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY :I*1 9 TURN1 PRE-SUPPOSE A GIV5 DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T IS CALL$ PROGRESS4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! VULG> IDEOLOGY ( PROGRESS IS D5\NC$ & D]ID$4 ,IT IS %[N ?AT CAPITALI/ PROGRESS IS BAS$ UPON ! POV]TY ( ! MASSES4 ,BUT ?IS POV]TY ITSELF IS SE5 AS P>T ( A =W>D MOV+ PROCESS4 ,! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS JU/IFI$ 'HI/ORICALLY1' AS LONG AS ! B\RGEOISIE USES ! FRUITS ( ?IS EXPLOITATION = PURPOSES ( ACCUMULATION1 !REBY CONT9U+ ITS ECONOMIC EXPANSION4 ,! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 AN EXPLOIT+ CLASS FROM ! \TSET1 IS SAID TO BE A PROGRESSIVE CLASS AS LONG AS IT KEEPS DEVELOP+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4.<#b#b.> ,9 ! GREAT ,HEGELIAN REALI/ TRADITION1 NOT ONLY ?IS EXPLOITATION BUT ALL ! CRIMES ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 RECORD$ & D5\NC$ AT ONE LEVEL1 >E RECUP]AT$ AT ANO!R BY ! RATIONALITY ( HI/ORY & F9ALLY1 AS !RE IS NO O!R CRIT]ION1 JU/IFI$4 ',UNIV]SAL HI/ORY IS NOT ! PLACE = HAPP9ESS1' AS ,HEGEL SAID4 

,M>XISM & ! BUREAUCRACY 

,PEOPLE HAVE (T5 ASK$ !MSELVES H[ ,M>XI/S C\LD HAVE BE5 ,/AL9I/S4 ,BUT IF ! BOSSES >E PROGRESSIVE PROVID$ !Y GO ON BUILD+ FACTORIES1 SURELY ! SAME %\LD APPLY TO ! COMMISS>S1 :O BUILD JU/ AS MANY OR EV5 MORE4.<#b#c.> ,& AS = ?IS DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES1 IT IS SE5 AS UNIVOCAL .<HAV+ ONE MEAN+ ONLY.> & UNIVOCALLY DET]M9$ BY ! /ATE ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE NEXUS ( TE*NIQUES AT ANY GIV5 /AGE ( HI/ORY1 & !RE IS !RE=E ONLY ONE RATIONAL SET ( ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION1 !RE IS NO S5SE 9 TRY+ TO DEVELOP A SOCIETY BY MEANS O!R ?AN '9DU/RIALIZATION' -- A T]M APP>5TLY NEUTRAL BUT :I* WILL F9ALLY PRODUCE ITS :OLLY CAPITALI/ LITT]4 ,! RATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION IS ! RATIONALIZATION ALREADY CREAT$ BY CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS ! PRIMACY ( ! 'ECONOMIC' 9 ALL S5SES ( ! WORD4 ,IT IS QUANTIFICATION4 ,IT IS ! PLAN :I* TREATS M5 & !IR ACTIVITIES AS MEASURABLE V>IABLES4 ,REACTION>Y UND] CAPITALISM FROM ! MOM5T ! LATT] CEASES DEVELOP+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & ONLY USES !SE TE*NIQUES = AN 9CREAS+LY P>ASITIC TYPE ( EXPLOITATION1 ALL ?IS BECOMES PROGRESSIVE UND] ! 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4' ,! 'DIALECTICAL TRANS=MATION ( ! MEAN+ ( ,TAYLORISM1 = 9/ANCE1 WILL BE MADE QUITE EXPLICIT BY ,TROTSKY AS E>LY AS #a#i#a#i4.<#b#d.> ,IT MATT]S LITTLE ?AT ?IS SITUATION LEAVES SOME PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS UNSOLV$ 7H[1 9 !SE CONDITIONS1 CAN ID5TICAL 9FRA/RUCTURES SUPPORT OPPOSITE SOCIAL CON/RUCTIONS87 OR ?AT IT ALSO LEAVES C]TA9 REAL PROBLEMS UNSOLV$ 79S(> AS IMMATURE WORK]S FAIL TO UND]/& ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,TAYLORISM ( ! BOSSES & ?AT ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,/ATE74 ,! FIR/ WILL BE LEAP$ OV] ) ! HELP ( 'DIALECTICS1' ! SECOND SIL5C$ ) GUN%OTS4 ,UNIV]SAL HI/ORY ISN'T ! PLACE = SUBTLETY1 EI!R4 

,F9ALLY1 IF !RE IS A TRUE !ORY ( HI/ORY1 A RATIONALITY AT WORK 9 ?+S1 IT IS CLE> ?AT GUID+ ITS DEVELOPM5T %\LD BE 5TRU/$ TO SPECIALI/S ( ?IS !ORY1 TO ! TE*NICIANS ( ?IS RATIONALITY4 ,! ABSOLUTE P[] ( ! ,P>TY -- &1 )9 ! ,P>TY1 ( ! '*ORUS LEAD]S ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ SCI5CE1' ACCORD+ TO ! ADMIRABLE EXPRESSION CO9$ BY ,/AL9 = HIS [N USE -- HAS A LEGITIMATE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS4 ,ITS RATIONAL F\NDATIONS LIE MORE G5U9ELY 9 ! 'MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY' ?AN 9 ,KAUTSKY'S IDEAS 7REIT]AT$ BY ,L597 AB\T '! 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS 9TO ! WORK+ CLASS BY PETTY-B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS4' ,IF ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY IS TRUE1 ! ,P>TY'S P[] MU/ BE ABSOLUTE1 ALL DEMOCRACY BE+ M]E CONCESSION TO ! HUMAN FALLIBILITY ( ! RUL]S1 OR A TEA*+ PROC$URE !Y ALONE CAN DISP5SE 9 ! CORRECT DOSES4 ,! ALT]NATIVES >E CLE>-CUT4 ,EI!R ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY IS TRUE1 !RE=E DEF9+ :AT IS TO BE DONE1 & :AT ! WORK]S DO IS ( VALUE ONLY 9ASMU* AS !Y CON=M TO :AT ! !ORY SAYS !Y \<T TO DO2 IT ISN'T ! !ORY :I* W\LD BE VALIDAT$ OR 9VALIDAT$ BY :AT !Y ACTUALLY DO1 = ! CRIT]IA ( ITS CORRECTNESS >E CONTA9$ 9 IT3 IT IS ! WORK]S :O %[ :E!R OR NOT !Y HAVE RIS5 TO A 'CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR HI/ORICAL 9T]E/S' BY ACT+ 9 CON=MITY ) ! SLOGANS :I* CONCRETIZE ! !ORY 9 ANY GIV5 CIRCUM/ANCES4.<#b#e.> ,OR ! ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES IS AN AUTONOM\S & CREATIVE HI/ORICAL FACTOR1 9 :I* CASE ANY !ORETICAL CONCEPTION CAN ONLY BE ONE L9K 9 ! LONG PROCESS ( REALIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT 7:I* CAN1 9DE$ %\LD1 BE OV]TAK574 ,! !ORY !N NO LONG] POSITS ITSELF AS ! KEY TO HI/ORY1 AS ! Y>D/ICK ( REALITY4 ,IT ACCEPTS ! NE$ G5U9ELY TO 5T] HI/ORY & TO BE JO/L$ & JUDG$ BY IT4.<#b#f.> ,BUT !N !RE IS NO HI/ORICAL PRIVILEGE1 NO 'HI/ORICAL BIR?RI<T' = ! ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON ! !ORY4 

,?IS 5HANC$ /ATUS ( ! ,P>TY1 AN 9ESCAPABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! CLASSICAL CONCEPTION1 F9DS ITS C\NT]P>T 9 :AT IS1 DESPITE APPE>ANCES1 ! DEVALU$ /ATUS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IF ! LATT] HAS A PRIVILEG$ HI/ORICAL ROLE IT IS BECAUSE1 AS AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS1 IT CAN ONLY1 9 ! 5D1 /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM 9 A DIRECTION PR$ET]M9$ BY ! !ORY4 ,IT IS ALSO BECAUSE1 PLAC$ AS IT IS AT ! HE>T ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ! WORK+ CLASS =MS ! L>GE/ =CE 9 SOCIETY4 ',TRA9$1 TAU<T & DISCIPL9$' BY ?IS PRODUCTION1 IT IS ! VEHICLE P> EXCELL5CE ( ?IS RATIONAL DISCIPL9E4 ,! WORK+ CLASS ASSUMES IMPORTANCE NOT SO MU* AS CREATOR ( NEW HI/ORICAL =MS1 BUT AS ! HUMAN MAT]IALIZATION ( ! POSITIVE SIDE ( CAPITALISM %ORN ( ITS NEGATIVE ASPECTS3 IT IS 'PRODUCTIVE =CE' P> EXCELL5CE1 & MOREOV] CONTA9S NO?+ )9 IT :I* C\LD HAMP] ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 

,HI/ORY IS ?US F\ND YET AGA9 TO HAVE GIV5 BIR? TO SOME?+ O!R ?AN ?AT :I* IT SEEM$ TO BE CONCOCT+4 ,UND] COV] ( A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY AN IDEOLOGY HAD TAK5 %APE & DEVELOP$ ! IDEOLOGY ( A SOCIAL =MATION AS YET UNBORN3 ! IDEOLOGY ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 

,IT ISN'T POSSIBLE H]E TO ATTEMPT AN EXPLANATION ( ! BIR? & TRIUMPH ( ?IS SECOND ELEM5T 9 ,M>XISM4 ,IT W\LD REQUIRE GO+ OV] ! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T & ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY DUR+ ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,WE CAN JU/ SUMM>IZE BRIEFLY :AT SEEMS TO US TO HAVE BE5 ! KEY FACTORS4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XISM AS A !ORY TOOK PLACE 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL & PHILOSOPHICAL CLIMATE ( ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,?IS P]IOD WAS DOM9AT$1 AS NO O!R P]IOD ( HI/ORY1 BY SCI5TISM & POSITIVISM TRIUMPHANTLY C>RI$ =W>D BY ! ACCUMULATION ( SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES1 !IR EXP]IM5TAL V]IFICATION1 & ESPECIALLY1 = ! FIR/ TIME ON ?IS SCALE1 BY '! REASON$ APPLICATION ( SCI5CE TO 9DU/RY4' ,APP>5T TE*NOLOGICAL OMNIPOT5CE WAS 'DEMON/RAT$' DAILY4 ,:OLE C\NTRIES W]E HAV+ !IR FACES RAPIDLY *ANG$ ?R\< ! SPREAD ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 ,ASPECTS ( TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 :I* APPE> TO US TODAY NOT ONLY AMBIVAL5T BUT EV5 9DET]M9ATE AS TO !IR SOCIAL SIGNIFICATION1 HAD NOT YET EM]G$4 ,! ECONOMY POSIT$ ITSELF AS ! ESS5CE ( ALL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 & ! ECONOMIC PROBLEM AS ! C5TRAL PROBLEM ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS SETT+ PROVID$ BO? ! BRICKS & ! DESIGN = A 'SCI5TIFIC' !ORY ( SOCIETY & ( HI/ORY4 ,IT EV5 DEM&$ IT1 L>GELY PR$ET]M9+ :AT W]E TO BE ITS DOM9ANT CATEGORIES4 ,BUT ! READ] :O HAS UND]/OOD :AT WE W]E GETT+ AT 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES WILL ALSO APPRECIATE ?AT WE CANNOT ?9K ( !SE FACTORS AS PROVID+ '! EXPLANATION' ( ! FATE ( ,M>XISM4 ,! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5T 9 ,M>XISM EXPRESSES1 AT ! LEVEL ( IDEOLOGIES1 ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY UP TILL N[4 ,:5 WE SAY ?AT ,M>XISM1 OV] A P]IOD ( A C5TURY1 HAS GRADUALLY BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO AN IDEOLOGY :I* BELONGS 9 EXI/+ SOCIETY1 WE >E ONLY SAY+ ?AT CAPITALISM HAS BE5 ABLE TO MA9TA9 & EV5 TO /R5G!N ITSELF AS A SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,ONE CANNOT CONCEIVE ( A SOCIETY :]E ! P[]S ( ! RUL+ CLASS CONT9U\SLY ASS]T !MSELVES & :]E1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IS ALIVE & DEVELOPS4 ,! FATE ( ,M>XISM IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM :AT HAPP5S TO ! SOCIETY 9 :I* IT EXI/S4 

,?IS FATE CANNOT BE REV]S$4 ,!RE CAN BE NO 'RE/ORATION' ( ,M>XISM TO ITS ORIG9AL PURITY1 NO RETURN TO ITS 'BETT] HALF4' ,ONE /ILL SOMETIMES MEETS SUBTLE & T5D] ',M>XI/S' 7:O AS A RULE HAVE NEV] 5GAG$ 9 POLITICS EI!R AT CLOSE H& OR FROM AF>7 = :OM1 /RANGE AS IT MAY SEEM1 ! :OLE ( SUBSEQU5T HI/ORY CAN BE UND]/OOD BY /UDY+ ! E>LY WORKS ( ,M>X -- & NOT ?OSE TEXTS 9T]PRET$ 9 ! LI<T ( SUBSEQU5T HI/ORY4 ,!Y SEEK !REBY TO MA9TA9 ! CLAIM ?AT ,M>XISM HAS 'OV]TAK5' PHILOSOPHY BY FUS+ IT BO? TO A CONCRETE 7ECONOMIC7 ANALYSIS ( SOCIETY & TO A PRACTICE & ?AT !REBY IT IS NO LONG]1 & 9DE$ NEV] C\LD BE1 EI!R CONJECTURE OR !ORETICAL SY/EM4 ,!SE CLAIMS 7:I* >E BAS$ ON A C]TA9 WAY ( READ+ C]TA9 PAGES ( ,M>X1 & ON AMNESIA CONC]N+ C]TA9 O!R PASSAGES 9F9ITELY MORE NUM]\S7 >E NOT 'FALSE4' ,!RE >E 9DE$1 AS WE HAVE SAID E>LI]1 ESS5TIAL SE$S 9 !SE IDEAS4 ,BUT :AT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ IS NOT ONLY ?AT !SE SE$S HAVE BE5 BURI$ BY ! ICE ( A HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,IT IS ?AT AS SOON AS ONE TRIES TO GO BEYOND ! /AGE ( 9SPIRATIONS1 9TUITIONS OR PROGRAMMATIC 9T5TIONS -- AS SOON AS !SE IDEAS HAVE TO BE GIV5 FLE% & BLOOD1 TO BECOME ! SUB/ANCE ( ?\<TS :I* TRY TO 5COMPASS ! REAL WORLD & GIVE RISE TO ACTS1 ! F9E NEW UNITY DISSOLVES4 ,IT DISSOLVES BECAUSE :AT S\<T TO BE A PHILOSOPHICAL DESCRIPTION ( ! REALITY ( CAPITALISM1 ! 9TEGRATION ( PHILOSOPHY & ECONOMICS1 FALLS AP>T 9 TWO /AGES3 A RESORPTION ( PHILOSOPHY BY AN ECONOMICS ?AT IS JU/ ECONOMICS1 & !N AN UNJU/IFI$ REAPPE>ANCE ( PHILOSOPHY TAGG$ ON AT ! 5D ( ! ECONOMIC ANALYSIS4 ,IT BREAKS UP BECAUSE :AT %\LD BE ! UNION ( !ORY & PRACTICE BECOMES DISSOCIAT$ 9 REAL HI/ORY 9TO A DOCTR9E FOSSILIZ$ 9 ! /ATE 9 :I* IT WAS LEFT AT ! DEA? ( ITS F\ND]1 & A PRACTICE = :I* ?IS DOCTR9E S]VES1 AT BE/1 AS AN IDEOLOGICAL COV]4 ,IT BREAKS UP1 = AP>T FROM C]TA9 R>E MOM5TS 7SU* AS #a#i#a#g7 ! 9T]PRETATION ( :I* MOREOV] REMA9S TO BE C>RI$ \T & IS 9 NO WAY SIMPLE1 PRAXIS HAS REMA9$ A M]E WORD4 ,! PROBLEM ( H[ TO RELATE AN ACTIVITY :I* IS 9T5D$ TO BE CONSCI\S TO ACTUAL HI/ORY & ! PROBLEM ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 REVOLUTION>IES & MASSES BO? REMA9 TOTAL4 

,:E!R !RE CAN BE A PHILOSOPHY :I* IS O!R ?AN1 & MORE ?AN1 PHILOSOPHY REMA9S TO BE %[N4 ,:E!R !RE IS A =M ( POLITICS :I* IS O!R ?AN1 & MORE ?AN1 POLITICS AGA9 REMA9S TO BE SE54 ,IF !RE CAN BE A UNION ( REFLECTION & ACTION1 & :E!R ?IS REFLECTION & ?IS ACTION1 9/EAD ( SEP>AT+ ?OSE :O PRACTICE !M FROM ! O!RS1 CAN C>RY !M BO? TOGE!R T[>DS A NEW SOCIETY1 ?IS UNION /ILL HAS TO BE A*IEV$4 ,! 9T5TION ( SU* A UNIFICATION WAS !RE :5 ,M>XISM WAS BORN4 ,IT HAS REMA9$ M]E 9T5TION -- BUT A C5TURY LAT]1 & 9 A NEW CONTEXT1 IT CONT9UES TO DEF9E \R TASK4 

,NOTES3 

.<#a.> ,LORD ,ACTON 7#a#h#c#d-#a#i#b7 9 ,LETT] TO ! ,CONTRIBUTORS TO ! ,CAMBRIDGE ,MODEM ,HI/ORY4 ,LOC4 CIT4 P4 #bdg 

.<#b.> ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORICAL ,REVIEW1 #a#i#b#d4 

.<#c.> ,! DEBATE AB\T G5ETIC 5G9E]+ IS A CASE 9 PO9T4 ,SOME SCI5TI/S TALK ( VOLUNT>Y SELF-C5SOR%IP BY ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY4 ,A ,NOBEL ,PRIZE W9N] CAN N[ WRITE3 ',I FE> = ! FUTURE ( SCI5CE AS WE HAVE KN[N IT1 = HUMAN K9D1 = LIFE ON ,E>?4 ,! NEW TE*NOLOGY EXCITES ME 444 YET ! PRICE IS HI<1 P]HAPS TOO HI<4' 7,GEORGE ,WALD1 ,! ,SCI5CES1 ,N4,Y4 ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES1 ,SEPT_/,OCT4 #a#i#g#f47 

.<#d.> ,ISIS 9 ,EGYPT1 ,DANU 9 ,9DIA1 ,I%T> 9 ,BABYLON1 ,NANA 9 ,SUM]1 ,A%TORE? 9 ! ',BIBLE ,L&S4' 

.<#e.> ,WELL & TRULY FALSE1 & NOT 'AN APPROXIMATION IMPROV$ BY SUBSEQU5T !ORIES4' ,! IDEA ( 'SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS1' ( AN ADDITIVE ACCUMULATION ( SCI5TIFIC TRU?S1 IS MEAN+LESS #a#i? C5TURY ,PROGRESSIVISM :I* /ILL L>GELY DOM9ATES ! ?9K+ ( SCI5TI/S4 

.<#f.> ,DET]M9ISM ONLY HAS MEAN+ AS TOTAL DET]M9ISM3 EV5 ! TONE ( ! VOICE ( A FASCI/ DEMAGOGUE OR ( A WORK+ CLASS ORATOR %\LD FL[ FROM ! LAWS ( ! SY/EM4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE1 DET]M9ISM TAKES REFUGE BEH9D DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 :AT IS 'IMPORTANT' & :AT IS 'SECOND>Y4' ,WE >E TOLD ?AT ,CLEM5CEAU ADD$ A C]TA9 P]SONAL /YLE TO ! POLICIES ( ,FR5* ,IMP]IALISM1 BUT ?AT /YLE OR NO /YLE1 !SE POLICIES W\LD 9 ANY CASE HAVE BE5 '! SAME' 9 !IR IMPORTANT ASPECTS1 9 !IR ESS5CE4 ,REALITY IS ?US DIVID$ 9TO A PR9CIPAL LAY]1 :]E 'ESS5TIAL' ?+S HAPP5 7& :]E CAUSAL CONNECTIONS CAN & MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ >\ND ! EV5T CONSID]$7 & A SECOND>Y LAY] 7:]E SU* CONNECTIONS EI!R DON'T EXI/ OR DON'T MATT]74 ,DET]M9ISM CAN ?US ONLY FULFILL ITSELF BY AGA9 DIVID+ ! WORLD4 ,IT IS ONLY AT ! LEVEL ( IDEAS ?AT IT AIMS AT 'ONE WORLD'-- :5 APPLI$1 IT IS COMPELL$ TO PO/ULATE A 'NON-DET]M9$' P>T ( REALITY4 

.<#g.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! /UDIES ( ,M>G>ET ,MEAD 9 ,MALE & ,FEMALE1 OR 9 ,SEX & ,TEMP]AM5T 9 ,?REE ,PRIMITIVE ,SOCIETIES4 

.<#h.> ,?US M]ELY TO REF] TO AN '9F9ITE S]IES ( CAUSATIONS' DOESN'T SOLVE ! PROBLEM4 

.<#i.> ,( C\RSE1 ?AT IS NOT AN ABSOLUTE TRU?4 ,!RE >E ALSO BAD LAWS :I* >E 9COH]5T1 OR :I* !MSELVES DE/ROY ! 5DS !Y SEEK TO S]VE4 ,?IS PH5OM5ON SEEMS1 MOREOV]1 CURI\SLY RE/RICT$ TO MOD]N SOCIETIES4 ,BUT ?IS DOESN'T ALT] ! ESS5CE ( :AT WE >E SAY+3 IT REMA9S AN EXTREME V>IANT ( ! PRODUCTION ( COH]5T SOCIAL RULES4 

.<#a.> ,WE DO NOT SAY '( SOCIETY 9 G5]AL4' ,WE >E NOT DISCUSS+ ! METAPHYSICAL PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9S4 

.<#a#a.> ,ONE C\LD OBVI\SLY GO ON DISCUSS+ ?IS =EV]4 ,ONE CAN ALMO/ C]TA9LY SAY ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD NOT HAVE TAK5 ! =M ( A SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,P]HAPS IT MI<T HAVE CONSI/$ ( A RE5ACTM5T ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,! CONT5T ( SU* CONSID]ATIONS MAY SEEM PO9TLESS4 ,! FACT ?AT !Y >E UNAVOIDABLE %[S ?AT HI/ORY CANNOT BE ?\<T (1 EV5 RETROSPECTIVELY1 \TSIDE ( ! CATEGORIES ( ! POSSIBLE1 OR ( ! ACCID5T :I* IS MORE ?AN AN ACCID5T4 

.<#a#b.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,NO4 #cf ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1 ,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION BY ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI4 ,ALSO ! 9TRODUCTION & NOTES ACCOMPANY+ ?IS TEXT4 

.<#a#c.> ,:AT ,KANT WAS ALREADY REF]R+ TO AS 'A HAPPY ACCID5T' 

.<#a#d.> ,WE KN[ ?AT ,ALEX&] 'TOOK ,A*ILLES AS A MODEL4' 

.<#a#e.> ,SEE ,! ,MY? ( ! ,H]O'S ,BIR? BY ,O4 ,RANK1 & ,FREUD'S ,MOSES4 

.<#a#f.> ,ELEM5TS ( 'SUBJECTIVI/' DIALECTIC ( ?IS TYPE MAY BE F\ND 9 ! E>LY WORKS ( ,M>X1 & !Y =M ! SUB/ANCE ( ,LUKACS' ?\<T4 ,WE %ALL RETURN TO ?IS LAT]4 

.<#a#g.> ,EXCEPT1 UP TO A PO9T1 BY ,LUKACS 79 ,HI/ORY & ,CLASS ,CONSCI\SNESS74 ,IT IS MOREOV] /RIK+ ?AT ,LUKACS1 :5 HE WROTE ! ESSAYS CONTA9$ 9 ?IS BOOK1 WAS NOT AW>E ( SOME ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT E>LY MANUSCRIPTS ( ,M>X 7NOTABLY ?AT ( #ahdd 5TITL$ ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY & ,PHILOSOPHY & ! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY7 :I* W]E NOT PUBLI%$ UNTIL #aibe & #a#i#c#a4 

.<#a#h.> ,9 HIS PO/FACE TO ! SECOND $ITION ( ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X QUOTES 7DESCRIB+ IT AS 'G5]\S1' ! ACC\NT ( HIS 'ME?OD' \TL9$ 9 ! ,EUROPEAN ,C\RI] ( ,/ ,PET]SBURG4 ,?IS AFFIRM$ NOTABLY ?AT ',M>X CONSID]$ SOCIAL EVOLUTION AS A NATURAL PROCESS1 GOV]N$ BY LAWS :I* DO NOT DEP5D ON ! WILL1 CONSCI\SNESS OR 9T5TION ( M51 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y DET]M9E !SE'74 7,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 ,I1 P4 #d#e#d7 

.<#a#i.> ,A COMP>ISON MADE ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS BY ,5GELS4 ,?AT DOES NOT MEAN1 OBVI\SLY1 ?AT ONE %\LD UND]E/IMATE ! IMPORTANCE ( ,D>W9 9 ! HI/ORY ( SCI5CE OR EV5 9 ?AT ( IDEAS 9 G5]AL4 

.<#b.> ,5GELS VOICES ?IS IDEA ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS1 NOTABLY 9 ,ANTI-,DUHR+4 ,! IDEA MASKS A BIZ>RE & %AMEFUL CRYPTO-,KANTISM1 & IS 9 OP5 CONTRADICTION ) ALL 'DIALECTIC4' 

.<#b#a.> ,LUKACS %[S QUITE RI<TLY ?AT PRACTICE1 AS UND]/OOD BY ,5GELS1 ?AT IS '! ATTITUDE PROP] TO 9DU/RY & TO EXP]IM5T' IS '! MO/ PROP]LY CONTEMPLATIVE ( BEHAVIORS' 7,HI/ORY & ,CLASS ,CONSCI\SNESS74 ,BUT HE TOO ?R[S ! VEIL ( ,NOAH'S SON OV] HIS FA!R'S NAK$NESS1 BY GIV+ US IMPLICITLY TO UND]/& ?AT WE >E FAC$ H]E ) A P]SONAL ]ROR BY ,5GELS1 :O ON ?IS PO9T W\LD HAVE BE5 UNFAI?FUL TO ! TRUE SPIRIT ( ,M>X4 ,BUT :AT ,M>X ?\<T EV5 9 HIS Y\?1 WAS 9 NO WAY DIFF]5T3 ',! QUE/ION :E!R OBJECTIVE TRU? CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO HUMAN ?9K+ IS NOT A QUE/ION ( !ORY BUT A PRACTICAL QUE/ION4 ,9 PRACTICE MAN MU/ PROVE ! TRU?1 ?AT IS1 ! REALITY & P[]1 ! ?IS-SID$NESS ( HIS ?9K+4 ,! DISPUTE OV] ! REALITY OR NON-REALITY ( ?9K+ :I* IS ISOLAT$ FROM PRACTICE IS A PURELY S*OLA/IC QUE/ION4' 7,SECOND ,!SIS ON ,FEU]BA*74 ,9 ?IS TEXT1 IT IS OBVI\SLY NOT A QUE/ION EXCLUSIVELY1 OR EV5 MA9LY ( HI/ORICAL PRAXIS1 9 ! S5SE ,LUKACS MEANT IT1 BUT ( 'PRACTICE' 9 G5]AL1 9CLUD+ EXP]IM5T & 9DU/RY4 ,?IS IS %[N1 MOREOV]1 BY O!R PASSAGES 9 ! E>LY WORKS4 ,N[1 NOT ONLY DOES ?IS PRACTICE REMA91 AS ,LUKACS REM9DS US )9 ! CATEGORY ( CONTEMPLATION2 IT CAN NEV] BE A V]IFICATION ( ?\<T 9 G5]AL1 A 'DEMON/RATION ( ! REALITY ( ?\<T4' ,WE NEV] 5C\NT] ANY?+ ELSE 9 IT EXCEPT ANO!R PH5OM5ON4 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ( IT ALL[+ US TO SURPASS ,KANTIAN PROBLEMS4 

.<#b#b.> ,CORRELATIVELY1 IT ONLY CEASES TO BE A PROGRESSIVE CLASS :5 IT PUTS A BRAKE ON !IR DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS IDEA COMES UP AGA9 & AGA9 9 ! WRIT+S ( ! GREAT CLASSICAL ,M>XI/S 7BEG9N+ ) ,M>X HIMSELF71 TO SAY NO?+ ( !IR EPIGONES4 ,:AT BECOMES ( ?IS IDEA TODAY1 :5 IT CAN BE %[N ?AT1 DUR+ ! LA/ #be YE>S1 CAPITALISM HAS BE5 DEVELOP+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES MORE ?AN =TY PREVI\S C5TURIES HAD DONE8 ,H[ CAN A ,M>XI/ SPEAK TODAY ( A REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE & REMA9 A ,M>XI/1 I4E4 AFFIRM 9 ! SAME BREA? ?AT 'NO SOCIAL ORD] EV] P]I%ES BE=E ALL ! PRODUCTIVE =CES = :I* !RE IS ROOM 9 IT HAVE DEVELOP$' 7,M>X1 PREFACE TO ,A ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 ,I1 P4 #c#f#c2 ,F,L,P,H1 ,MOSC[ #a#i#e#h74 ,NEI!R ,NIKITA ,KHRU%*EV1 NOR ANY 'LEFTI/' ( ANY K9D1 HAS EV] TAK5 ! TR\BLE TO EXPLA9 ?IS4 

.<#b#c.> ,OBVI\SLY1 WE DON'T MEAN ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE WAS NOT 'PROGRESSIVE1' NOR ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES IS REACTION>Y1 OR ( NO 9T]E/4 ,WE SAY ?AT !RE IS NO SIMPLE CONNECTION BETWE5 !SE TWO ?+S & ?AT ONE CANNOT1 AS ,M>XISM DOES1 JU/ MAKE ! 'PROGRESSIV5ESS' ( A REGIME CORRESPOND TO ITS CAPACITY TO DEVELOP ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 

.<#b#d.> ,T]RORISM & ,COMMUNISM1 ,ANN ,>BOR ,PAP]BACKS 7#a#i#f#a71 P4 #a#d#i4 7',UND] CAPITALISM1 ! SY/EM ( PIECE-WORK & ( GRAD+1 ! APPLICATION ( ! ,TAYLOR SY/EM1 ETC4 HAVE AS !IR OBJECT TO 9CREASE ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S BY SQUEEZ+ \T ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,UND] ,SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION1 PIECE-WORK1 BONUSES1 ETC4 HAVE AS !IR PROBLEM TO 9CREASE ! VOLUME ( SOCIAL PRODUCT & CONSEQU5TLY TO RAISE ! G5]AL WELL-BE+4 ,?OSE WORK]S :O DO MORE = ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ?AN O!RS RECEIVE ! RI<T TO A GREAT] QUANTITY ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT ?AN ! LAZY1 ! C>ELESS1 & DISORGANIZ]S4'7 

.<#b#e.> ,SURE1 ! SLOGANS MAY BE WRONG1 ! LEAD]S HAV+ BE5 MI/AK5 9 !IR APPRECIATION ( A SITUATION1 & NOTABLY 9 !IR APPRECIATION ( ! DEGREE ( CONSCI\SNESS & ( MILITANCY ( ! WORK]S4 ,BUT ?IS DOESN'T *ANGE ! LOGIC ( ! PROBLEM4 ,9 ! EQUATION :I* ! RUL]S HAVE TO SOLVE1 ! WORK]S /ILL APPE> AS AN UNC]TA9 V>IABLE4 

.<#b#f.> ,JU/ H[ ALI5 ?IS CONCEPT IS TO ,M>XI/S IS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT1 = ! 'PURE/' AMONG !M1 REAL HI/ORY IS SE5 IMPLICITLY AS IF IT HAD 'TAK5 ! WRONG TURN+' S9CE #a#i#c#i1 OR EV5 S9CE #a#i#b#c1 S9CE IT HAS NOT RUN ALONG ! TRACK DECID$ BY !ORY4 ,?AT ! !ORY MI<T JU/ AS WELL HAVE GONE A/RAY MU* E>LI] NEV] CROSSES !IR M9D4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,HI/ORY AS ,CREATION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,HI/ORY AS ,CREATION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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