,HI/ORICAL ,PESSIMISM 

#aiad 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GEORGES ,PALANTE 

,TEXT 3 

,HI/ORICAL PESSIMISM IS 9SPIR$ BY A RETROSPECTIVE IDEAL1 AN HI/ORIC OR EV5 PREHI/ORIC IDEAL :OSE NO/ALGIA HAUNTS ! ?9K] DISGU/$ ) ! PRES5T4 ,TWO NAMES CAN BE PUT =W>D 9 ?IS REG>D3 DE ,GOB9EAU & ,NIETZS*E4 

,C\NT DE ,GOB9EAU JUDGES CURR5T CIVILIZATION 9 ! LI<T ( AN E?NIC TYPE ?AT IS DI/ANT1 ALMO/ PREHI/ORIC1 OR AT LEA/ SO LITTLE HI/ORICAL ?AT IT W\LD BE DISAPPO9T+ TO WRITE ITS HI/ORY3 ! ,>YAN TYPE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,C\NT DE ,GOB9EAU ?9KS HE CAN FOLL[ IT ?R\<\T ITS EVOLUTION1 ITS TRANS=MATIONS & ITS DEVIATIONS4 0,I COMP>$10 HE SAYS1 0 RACES AMONG !MSELVES4 ,I *OSE ONE FROM AMONG !M ?AT ,I SAW AS ! BE/ & ,I WROTE ',! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,P]SIANS' 9 ORD] TO %[1 BY ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,>YAN NATION ! MO/ ISOLAT$ FROM ITS RELATIVES1 H[ P[]LESS DIFF]5CES 9 CLIMATE1 5VIRONM5T & CIRCUM/ANCES >E 9 *ANG+ OR 9HIBIT+ ! G5IUS ( A RACE40 ,HIS 0,DISC\RSE ON ! ,9EQUALITY ( ,RACES0 TRACES ! LONG VICISSITUDES & ! IRREM$IABLE DEG5]ATION ( ?IS TYPE ( SUP]IOR HUMANITY AS A RESULT ( ! MIX+ ( BLOODS ?AT ADULT]AT$ IT4 0,OTT> ,J>L0 TELLS ( ! ANCE/RY ( A ,SC&9AVIAN H]O ( ! ANCI5T ,NORDIC RACE FROM :I* ,GOB9EAU CLAIM$ TO DESC5D4 ,! NOVEL 0,! ,PLEIADES0 PRES5TS A FEW SURVIVORS ( ! NOBLE ,>YAN RACE LO/ 9 ! MID/ ( UNWOR?Y CONTEMPOR>IES1 BUT :O DON'T R5\NCE ! FI<T 9 ?IS DEGRAD$ MILIEU1 SUCCE$+ 9 MAK+ !IR PRES5CE FELT4 

,:AT >E ! MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL TRAITS ?AT CON/ITUTE ! ,GOB9I5 SUP]MAN8 ,!SE TRAITS CAN BE F\ND 9 0,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,P]SIANS10 ! 0,DISC\RSE ON ! ,9EQUALITY ( ,RACES10 9 0,OTT> ,J>L0 & 0,! ,PLEAIDES40 ,GOB9EAU PLACES JUDGM5T 9 ! FIR/ RANK ( ! QUALITIES ?AT CON/ITUTE ! SUP]IOR MAN4 ,:AT HE VALUES 9 9TELLIG5CE IS NOT IMAG9ATION1 BUT JUDGM5T4 ,JUDGM5T IS ! SUP]IOR *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,>YAN4 ,! ,>YAN IS ABOVE ALL A MAN ( JUDGM5T & ACTION4 ,= DE ,GOB9EAU ! TRUE ROLE ( 9TELLIG5CE CAN ONLY BE ?AT ( A GUIDE TO ACTION4 ,! GOAL ( 9TELLIG5CE IS NOT TO M$ITATE1 TO BUILD POEMS 9 ! AIR1 TO )DRAW 9TO ITSELF & TO ?9K = ?9K+'S SAKE4 ,! ROLE ( 9TELLIG5CE IS TO SEE CLE>LY & DICTATE ACTIONS4 ,IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT DE ,GOB9EAU IS ! DESC5DANT ( A L9E ( W>RIORS1 ( POLITICIANS1 ( DIPLOMATS & A DIPLOMAT HIMSELF4 ,HIS H]$ITY1 HIS TRADITIONS1 HIS EXP]I5CE1 HIS TRADE ALL L$ HIM TO E/EEM ABOVE ALL ELSE ! QUALITIES ?AT CON/ITUTE A MAN ( ACTION1 A LEAD] ( M54 

,ACCORD+ TO HIM ! SUP]IOR MAN IS NOT ! >TI/ OR ! SPECULATIVE WRIT]3 ! SUP]IOR MAN IS HE :O IS CAPABLE ( COMM&+ A PEOPLE OR AN >MY1 OR ! SKILLFUL DIPLOMAT4 ,! QUALITIES ?AT CON/ITUTE ! ,GOB9I5 SUP]MAN F9D !MSELVES SUMM$ UP 9 ! PORTRAIT ( ! ,VIK+4 0,9 ! P]SONALITY ( ,OTT> WE F9D ?REE CLE>LY PRON\NC$ TRAITS1 & IT IS ESS5TIAL TO 5GRAVE !M FROM ! />T1 = WE WILL RECOGNIZE ONE OR ANO!R1 IF NOT ALL ( !M1 9 MO/ ( HIS DESC5DANTS4 ,! ACTIVITY ( 9TELLIG5CE1 ! ',VE/FOLD+1' C>RIES IT TO ALL ! PO9TS IT CAN REA* & ?AT CIRCUM/ANCES PLACE )9 ITS SI<T4 ,HE IS AVID = KN[L$GE1 = HE WANTS TO KN[ JU/ H[ F> HIS C\NTRY EXT5DS1 BUT HE ALSO DOESN'T WANT OCCASIONS = GA9 & PR(IT TO BE NEGLECT$4 ,HE IS ALSO S5SIBLE1 = HE DOESN'T BELIEVE ! SPEE*ES ( ! ,BJ>MES 7PRIE/S7 )\T RES]VATION444 ,ALONG ) ! ACTIVITY ( ! 9TELLIG5CE HE HAS ! PASSION = 9DEP5D5CE1 & ON ! DAY HE HAS TO SUBMIT TO ,]IK'S DOM9ATION HE SAYS NO & GOES 9TO EXILE4 ,HE APPRECIATES ! ADVANTAGES ( WEAL?1 BUT HE APPRECIATES EV5 MORE NOT HAV+ TO YIELD1 & YIELDS LITTLE4 ,9 ! ?IRD PLACE HE IS /UBBORN 9 HIS VIEWS444,UND]/&+1 9DEP5D5T1 PATI5T1 !SE >E ?REE QUALITIES FROM :I* AS MU* GOOD AS EVIL RESULT & >E SUSCEPTIBLE ( DIV]SE APPLICATIONS4 ,9 ,OTT>1 ISSU$ FROM A PURE RACE1 WE F9D ITS ESS5CE 9 ALL S9C]ITY1 ) ! MAXIMUM ( 5]GY1 & EXACTLY AS ! H]O'S ANCE/ORS POSSESS$ IT1 RECEIV+ IT FROM !IR BLOOD40 ,IT IS ! PURITY ( BLOOD ?AT MAKES = /RONG 9DIVIDUALITY4 0,HIS RACE WAS PURE & SO HIS 9DIVIDUALITY WAS V]Y /RONG4 ,9 HIM 9DIVIDUALITY WAS EV]Y?+1 AGGLOM]ATION LITTLE OR NO?+4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AMONG MORE S\!RN POPULATIONS ! BLOOD HAD BE5 NOTICEABLY ALT]$3 9 ! ,FRANC BECOME HALF-,ROMAN1 9 ! ,ROMAN ROTT$ BY ,SEMITIC MIXTURES4 ,EV]YONE C\NT$ ON EV]YONE ELSE1 & :ILE ! ,SC&9AVIAN1 JEAL\S ( HIS LIB]TY1 ONLY ACCEPT$ TEMPOR>Y ASSOCIATIONS1 ?OSE !Y VANQUI%$ F\ND IT GOOD TO HOLD A MA/] OR GUIDE RESPONSIBLE = !IR WILL4 ,IT IS ?IS OB$I5CE1 :I* !N BECOMES A S]VILITY1 ?AT 9 TRU? CON/ITUTES NOT HUMAN CULTURE - ALWAYS 5NOBL+ - BUT CIVILIZATION1 VEHICLE ( A CONTR>Y EFFECT40 ,ANO!R PORTRAIT ( ! ,GOB9I5 SUP]MAN IS ?AT ( ! ,5GLI%MAN ,NORE 9 0,! ,PLEAIDES40 0,I AM FANTA/IC8 ,:Y8 ,AM ,I LESS A MAN BECAUSE ,I SEEM TO Y\ DIFF]5T FROM ! MODEL FROM :I* MY CONTEMPOR>IES >E C>V$8 ,:AT DO !Y & ,I HAVE 9 COMMON8 ,FANTA/IC8 ,BECAUSE ,I DON'T C>E AB\T !IR GR&EUR1 !IR BAS5ESS1 !IR DI/9CTIONS1 !IR HUMILIATIONS1 !IR ELECTIONS1 !IR MEANS ( MAK+ A =TUNE2 NOT !IR =TUNES OR !IR PROBLEMS6 ,I W\LD BE A FANTA/IC CREATURE IF1 CONCEIV+ MY DESIRES 9 ACCORDANCE ) PU]ILE IMITATION1 ,I MIX$ 9 ) !M ! ?+S ( COMMON LIFE1 EV] READY TO AB&ON :AT >E ONLY DREAMS = BANAL REALITY FROM :I* ,I NEI!R KNEW H[ TO OR WANT$ TO DETA* MYSELF4 ,BUT ?ANK GOD NO?+ LIKE ?IS EXI/S444,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT CREATION1 :I* R&OMLY CA/S AB\T DISP>ATE SE$S1 ]R$ 9 MY REG>D & HAV+ PREP>$ ME = ANO!R MILIEU 9ADV]T5TLY LET ME FALL 9TO ?IS ONE4 ,BUT = :ATEV] REASON1 H]E ,I AM6 ,I AM MYSELF & NO O!R1 FEEL+ 9 MY WAY1 UND]/&+ ?+S ) MY [N 9TELLIG5CE1 & AS 9CAPABLE ( R5\NC+ :AT ,I ONCE WANT$1 ( AB&ON+ ! PURSUIT ( :AT ,I DESIR$1 AS 9CAPABLE ( DEMON/RAT+ TO MYSELF ?AT ,I WAS WRONG AS ,I AM TO R5\NCE BREA?+ = AN H\R60 ,5]GY1 9DEP5D5CE1 /RONG 9DIVIDUALISM1 AN 9T5SE S5TIM5T ( ! P]SONALITY3 SU* >E ! TRAITS ( ! ,GOB9I5 SUP]MAN4 

,! HUMANITY ( TODAY HAS BADLY DEG5]AT$ FROM ?IS SUP]IOR TYPE4 ,GOOD BRA9S & /RONG WILLS >E R>E1 = !Y >E 9 PROPORTION ) ! EXCELL5CE ( ! RACE4 ,A *>ACT] 9 0,! ,PLEAIDES0 SAYS ?AT !RE >E /ILL P]HAPS #c1 0SONS ( K+S10 SUP]IOR M5 ( ,>YAN RACE1 ?REE ?\S& WELL MADE BRA9S & /RONGLY BEAT+ HE>TS4 0,! RE/ IS A VILE MASS ?AT MAKES UP ! TRIPLE TRIBE ( IMBECILES1 BRUTES & SC\NDRELS1 ! CURR5T =M ( ,EUROPEAN B>B>ISM4 ,NOT Y\?FUL1 BRAVE1 D>+1 PICTURESQUE1 HAPPY B>B>ISM1 BUT A SUSPICI\S1 GLUM1 BITT]1 UGLY ONE ?AT WILL KILL ALL & CREATE NO?+40 ,:AT IS HORRIBLE TO ?9K AB\T IS ?AT !SE FEW SUP]IOR BRA9S1 !SE FEW /RONGLY BEAT+ HE>TS1 LO/ 9 ! MASS1 CAN DO NO?+ TO RAISE UP ! RU9S & BR+ DECAD5CE TO A HALT4 ,?IS WAS SE5 ONCE BE=E1 AT ! 5D ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 

0,IT CAN BE >GU$ ( ! WORK ( !SE GREAT M5 ?AT1 DESPITE ! UNIV]SAL DECOMPOSITION1 !RE W]E YET FIRM & HONE/ HE>TS 9 ! ,EMPIRE4 ,:O D5IES ?IS8 ,I AM SPEAK+ ( MULTITUDES & NOT ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,C\LD !SE NOBLE 9TELLIG5CES /OP = ONE M9UTE ! ROTT+ ( ! SOCIAL BODY8 ,NO4 ,! MO/ NOBLE 9TELLIG5CES DIDN'T CONV]T ! CR[D1 DIDN'T GIVE IT HE>T40 ,! PRES5CE ( A FEW ( ! ,JU/ C\LDN'T SAVE ,SODOM4 ,IT IS ! SAME TODAY4 ,! FEW SURVIVORS ( ! ANCI5T VIRTUES ( ! RACE CANNOT TODAY /OP ,EUROPEAN DECOMPOSITION4 ,:5 ! MIX+ ( BLOOD HAS DEGRAD$ A RACE TO A C]TA9 DEGREE !RE IS NO?+ TO BE DONE4 ,ALL ?AT IS LEFT IS TO DISPASSIONATELY WITNESS ! DEA? ( ! RACE4 ,SU* IS ,GOB95 PESSIMISM4 ,A COMPLETE1 DEF9ITIVE1 & HOPELESS E?NIC & SOCIAL PESSIMISM4 ,WE F9D A /RONG EXPRESSION ( IT 9 ! PAGES :]E DE ,GOB9EAU COMBATS ! !SIS ( HUMANITY'S 9DEF9ITE PROGRESS1 AS WELL AS 9 ! F9AL PAGES ( ! 0,ESSAY40 0,! PR$ICTION ?AT MAKES US SAD IS NOT DEA?1 IT'S ! C]TITUDE ( >RIV+ !RE DEGRAD$4 ,& P]HAPS ?AT %AME RES]V$ TO \R DESC5DANTS W\LD LEAVE US 9DIFF]5T IF WE DIDN'T FEEL1 BY A SECRET HORROR1 ?AT DE/9Y'S RAPACI\S H&S >E ALREADY POS$ UPON US40 

,BY VIRTUE ( ! LAW WE SEEK TO E/ABLI%1 ,GOB95 PESSIMISM TURNS 9TO 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,/OIC 9DIVIDUALISM1 ISOLAT$LY F]OCI\S1 HAU<TY & DESPAIR+4 ,! ,>YAN IS ALWAYS RECOGNIZ$ BY HIS 9DOMITABLE 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,9 ! PRES5CE ( A CIVILIZATION HE HATES & HOLDS 9 CONTEMPT HE DOESN'T RESIGN HIMSELF4 ,HE /IFF5S 9 ! HAU<TY ATTITUDE ( A W\ND$ >I/OCRAT4 0,I DON'T C>E :AT WILL RESULT FROM Y\R *ANGES10 A *>ACT] ( 0,! ,PLEAIDES0 SAYS1 9 :OM IT IS BELIEV$ ,GOB9EAU 9C>NAT$ HIMSELF1 0,I DON'T KN[ FUTURE MORALS SO ?AT ,I CAN APPROVE ( !M1 FUTURE CO/UMES SO ,I CAN ADMIRE !M1 FUTURE 9/ITUTIONS SO ?AT ,I CAN RESPECT !M1 & ,I MA9TA9 ?AT :AT ,I APPROVE1 :AT ,I ADMIRE1 :AT ,I LOVE IS GONE6 ,I HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) :AT WILL SUCCE$ !M4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 Y\ DON'T CONSOLE ME BY ANN\NC+ ! TRIUMPH ( P>V5US :O ,I DON'T C>E TO KN[40 ,! SAME *>ACT] SAYS ELSE:]E3 0,IT DOESN'T PLEASE ME TO SEE A ONCE GREAT PEOPLE N[ LAID L[1 IMPOT5T1 P>ALYZ$1 HALF-ROTT$1 DECOMPOS+1 SURR5D]$ TO /UPIDITIES1 MIS]IES1 EVIL1 F]OCITY1 C[>DICE1 ! WEAKNESSES ( A S5ILE *ILDHOOD1 & GOOD = NO?+ EXCEPT DEA?1 :I* ,I S9C]ELY HOPE = SO ?AT IT ESCAPE FROM ! DI%ONOR 9 :I* IT WALL[S1 LAU<+ LIKE IMBECILES40 ,SOMEONE ASKS ( ?IS DESPAIR+ *>ACT]3 0,NO RELIGION1 NO FA!RL&1 NO SKILL1 NO LOVE4 ,! VOID HAS BE5 9/ALL$4 ,! TABLES HAVE BE5 SWEPT CLEAN4 ,ABSOLUTELY NO?+ IS LEFT4 ,:AT DO Y\ CONCLUDE8 ,I CONCLUDE ?AT MAN IS LEFT4 ,& IF HE HAS ! /R5G? TO LOOK HIS [N WILL 9 ! FACE & TO F9D IT SOLID WE HAVE ! RI<T TO SAY ?AT HE POSSESSES SOME?+4 ,& :AT1 ,I ASK Y\8 ,/OICISM4 ,TIMES LIKE !SE HAVE ALWAYS PRODUC$ ?IS SEV]E AU?ORITY40 ,?IS IS ALSO ,GOB9EAU'S RESPONSE4 ,?IS IS ! /OIC 9DIVIDUALISM 9 :I* HE TAKES REFUGE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 DE ,GOB9EAU FI<TS UP TO ! BITT] 5D4 ,EV5 ?\< ISOLAT$1 EV5 ?\< HIS EF=TS >E MADE /]ILE BECAUSE ( HIS ISOLATION1 HE CONT9UES TO WORK 9 ! DIRECTION ( GR&IOSE DREAM1 :OSE VAGUE & MAGNIFIC5T P]SPECTIVE HIS IMAG9ATION ( ! SUP]MAN HAS ALL[$ HIM TO GLIMPSE4 ,DESPITE IT ALL1 HE HAS 5\< PRIDE TO CREATE = HIMSELF AN IDEAL HE WON'T BETRAY1 A GOAL HE WILL PURSUE4 ,A TABLE ( HUMAN VALUES1 A SCALE :OSE SUMMIT HE WILL OCCUPY 9 A /]ILE BUT SPL5DID ISOLATION4 ,9 A WAY HE RECALLS ! SYMBOLS ( ,LECONTE DE ,LISLE 9 HIS 5]GY1 HIS DISDA91 & HIS DESPAIR4 

,! W\ND$ WOLF :O /AYS SIL5T SO AS TO DIE1 

,& :O TWI/S ! KNIFE 9 HIS BLE$+ M\? 

,NIETZS*E AT A C]TA9 TIME BECAME 5AMOR$ ( AN E?NIC IDEAL NO LESS ANCI5T & NO LESS UNC]TA9 ?AN ! ,GOB9I/ IDEAL4 ,HE WAS 5AMOR$ ( PRIMITIVE ,HELL5ISM1 ! RADIANT & PRE/IGI\S ,HELL5ISM ( 0,! ,ORIG9S ( ,TRAG$Y10 I4E41 ! PRIMITIVE ,GREEK S\L1 AT ONE & ! SAME TIME ,DIONYSIAN & ,APOLLONIAN4 ,! ,GREEK S\L 9 :I* ! APO!OSIS ( ! >D5T1 OV]ABUNDANT1 JOY\S1 EXALT$ & TRIUMPHANT LIFE IS SUMM>IZ$1 AS WELL AS ! BEAUTY1 ! PURITY ( L9E1 ! NOBILITY ( ATTITUDE1 ! MAJE/Y ( ! FACE & ! S]5ITY ( ! GAZE4 ,IT IS ) ?IS MAGICAL IMAGE ?AT ,NIETZS*E CONFRONTS CURR5T CIVILIZATION1 ) ITS REGULAT$ & DOME/ICAT$ SOCIETIES1 ) ITS TYRANNICAL & S]VILE DEMOCRACY1 ) ITS DEPRESS+ ,*RI/IANITY1 ) ITS N>R[-M9D$ MORALITY1 :I* WEAK5S & MAKES UGLY4 ,& HE TOO S\NDS ! AL>M ISSU$ BY DE ,GOB9EAU3 ,DECAD5CE6 ,DECAD5CE6 

,9 TRU?1 ,NIETZS*E'S PESSIMISM1 LIKE ?AT ( ,GOB9EAU1 DOESN'T LACK = A SECRET RELATION%IP ) ROMANTIC PESSIMISM4 ,!RE IS MU* ROMANTICISM 9 ! HI/ORICAL PESSIMISM ( ,GOB9EAU & ,NIETZS*E4 ,IF !SE TWO ?9K]S TAKE REFUGE 9 ! PA/ IT IS BECAUSE ! PRES5T BR+S ONLY VULG>ITY & UGL9ESS1 IT'S ?AT !Y SITUATE !IR GR&IOSE DREAMS ( IMP5IT5T ROMANTICS 9 A VANI%$ UTOPIA & U*RONIA4 ,:ATEV] ! CASE1 BY VIRTUE ( A LAW :OSE EFFECTS WE >E FOLL[+1 ! PESSIMISM ( ,NIETZS*E1 LIKE ?AT ( ,GOB9EAU1 TURNS 9TO 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! NUANCE 9 ,NIETZS*EAN 9DIVIDUALISM IS MORE DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E ?AN 9 ?AT ( ,GOB9I5 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,GOB9EAU'S 9DIVIDUALISM IS A DESPAIR+ /OICISM1 AN ISOLATION ( ! DEFEAT$ MAN ( ACTION1 ( A HAU<TY ?9K] TAK+ REFUGE 9 AN IVORY T[]1 FROM ! HEI<TS ( :I* HE WITNESSES ! SL[ AGONY ( A WORLD )\T EI!R =CE OR BEAUTY4 

,NIETZS*E'S 9DIVIDUALISM IS CLE>LY AN ANTI-SOCIAL 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,BUT IS ?AT ANTI-SOCIETISM ABSOLUTE OR RELATIVE1 PROVISIONAL OR DEF9ITIVE8 ,DOES ,NIETZS*E 9DICT ONLY MOD]N SOCIETY OR ALL SOCIETIES8 ,NIETZS*E'S IDEAS ON ?IS SUBJECT IS SOME:AT UNCLE>4 0,MOD]N SOCIETIES10 SAYS ,M4 ,FAGUET1 0>E ANTI-,NIETSZ*EAN 9 !IR NATURE1 & ,NIETZS*E CANNOT PREV5T HIMSELF FROM BE+1 & ESPECIALLY APPE>+1 ANTI-SOCIAL4 ,C]TA9LY 7& :Y NOT RECOGNIZE ?IS87 HE MU/ HAVE HAD MOM5TS ( ANTI-SOCIETISM & HAVE SAID TO HIMSELF3 ',IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT LIFE AS ,I CONCEIVE IT WAS SIMPLY SAVAGE LIFE & IT CAN ONLY BE FULLY & BRILLIANTLY REALIZ$ 9 ! /ATE ( NATURE OR 9 ?AT PRIMITIVE /ATE ( LITTLE ORGANIZ$ SOCIETIES ?AT WE SOMETIMES CALL ! /ATE ( NATURE4 ,AT HE>T1 IT IS SOCIAL 9V5TION ?AT IS AGA9/ ME4' ,HE C\LD HAVE TOLD HIMSELF ?IS1 ?\< HE DIDN'T WRITE IT ANY:]E1 HE :O WROTE EV]Y?+ ?AT HE ?\<T ) SO MU* BRAVURA & D>+4 ,HE C\LD HAVE ?\<T ?IS ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS & = MY P>T ,I KN[ HIM TO BE TOO 9TELLIG5T TO D\BT ?AT HE HAD ?IS ?\<T4 ,BUT P]SUAD$1 P]HAPS ]RONE\SLY1 ?AT !RE WAS A RACE - ?AT IS ! ,GREEKS - ?AT WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 A SOCIETY & ?AT CREAT$ ! FREE1 BEAUTIFUL & /RONG LIFE1 HE DIDN'T /OP AT ANTI-SOCIAL ?\<T1 LEAV+ TO A FEW ( HIS DISCIPLES ! TASK OR ! PLEASURE ( D$UC+ HIS PREMISES4 ,:AT ( :I* HE C>RI$ \T A P5ETRAT+1 SUBTLE & UNCOMPROMIS+ CRITICISM ( WAS MOD]N SOCIETY40 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E ! EXACT PLACE ?AT ANTI-SOCIETISM OCCUPIES 9 ,NIETZS*EAN PHILOSOPHY & ! SCOPE ?AT ,NIETZS*E ATTRIBUT$ TO IT4 ,AT C]TA9 MOM5TS ?IS ANTI-SOCIETISM ATTACKS MOD]N SOCIETY1 AT O!RS IT SEEMS TO ATTACK ! V]Y CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,IS ,NIETZS*E'S ANTI-SOCIETISM RADICAL1 AS RADICAL AS ?AT ( ,/IRN]1 :5 ,NIETZS*E VIOL5TLY PROTE/S AGA9/ ! CONDUCT & ! VIRTUES ?AT EV]Y SOCIETY IMPOSES ON ITS MEMB]S3 ! SPIRIT ( CONSI/5CY & A SPIRIT ( ADAPTATION & OB$I5CE TO ! RULES2 :5 ON ! CONTR>Y HE GLORIFIES ! FACULTIES & 5]GIES /IFL$ BY LIFE 9 SOCIETY2 :5 ALONG ) ,/IRN] HE CELEBRATES ?AT HAPPY FRE$OM ( ! 9/9CTS1 HORROR ( ! RULE1 LOVE ( ! =TUIT\S1 ! UNC]TA91 ! UN=ESE58 ,NIETZS*E'S SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY SEEMS H]E TO BE AN ABSOLUTE & DEF9ITIVE ANTI-SOCIETISM1 IT SEEMS TO SUMM>IZE ! COMMON BASIS ( SOCIAL PESSIMISM & 9DIVIDUALISM3 ! P]CEPTION ( A NATURAL1 PR(\ND & - 9 A WAY - PSY*OLOGICAL ANT9OMY BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 ! 9DIVIDUAL HAV+ 9/9CTS ?AT DO NOT YIELD BE=E SOCIAL LIFE1 S9CE MAN IS NOT ADAPT$ TO SOCIAL LIFE1 :I* W\NDS HIM LIKE A POORLY MADE %OE4 ,SE5 9 ?IS WAY ,NIETZS*EAN 9DIVIDUALISM IS PR(\NDLY ANTI-SOCIAL & ,/R9]ITE2 IT IS A REVOLT NOT ONLY AGA9/ \R SOCIETY1 BUT AGA9/ ANY SOCIETY1 FUTURE OR POSSIBLE4 

,BUT IT IS ONLY FAIR TO REM>K ?AT 9 C]TA9 ASPECTS ( HIS PHILOSOPHY1 :I* >E P]HAPS NOT ! LEA/ IMPORTANT1 ,NIETZS*E PUTS ! LIE TO ?IS REBELLI\S ATTITUDE1 OR AT LEA/ PLACES IT 9 A SECOND>Y POSITION & SUBORD9ATES IT TO AN IDEAL ( A HUMAN GR&EUR /ILL POSSIBLE & REALIZABLE 9 ! FUTURE4 

,AN IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE SEP>ATES ,NIETZS*E FROM ,GOB9EAU 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,IT'S ! CONCEPT ( ! ,SUP]MAN1 :I* IS 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,GOB9I5 LAW ( ! NECESS>Y LIMITATIONS ON ! RES\RCES ( HUMAN APTITUDE4 ,?IS LAW IS =MULAT$ 9 ! 0,DISC\RSE ON ,9EQUALITY30 0,MAN10 SAYS DE ,GOB9EAU1 0WAS ABLE TO LE>N C]TA9 ?+S2 HE HAS =GOTT5 MANY O!RS4 ,HE HAS NOT ADD$ A S+LE S5SE TO HIS S5SES1 A MEMB] TO HIS MEMB]S1 A FACULTY TO HIS S\L4 ,HE HAS DONE NO?+ BUT TURN TO ANO!R SIDE ( ! CIRCLE ?AT IS HIS LOT40 ,DE ,GOB9EAU CLOSES HUMANITY 9TO A N>R[ CIRCLE ( CAPACITIES & WORKS4 ,HE ASSIGNS HIM UNSURPASSABLE LIMITS )9 :I* HE CAN1 IT IS TRUE1 REGRESS1 BUT :I* HIS PHYSIOLOGY =BIDS HIM FROM EV] SURPASS+4 ,FROM ?IS FL[S ! !ORY ( IRREM$IABLE DECAD5CE ONCE HUMAN RACES >E ADULT]AT$ ?R\< MIX+1 & ,GOB9EAU'S HOPELESS PESSIMISM4 ,OPPOS$ TO ?IS IS ! CONCEPT ( ! ,SUP]MAN4 ,:ILE DE ,GOB9EAU LOOKS ON ! SUP]IOR HUMAN RACE AS DEF9ITIVELY FALL5 FROM ITS ORIG9AL PURITY & BEAUTY1 ,NIETZS*E1 HE TOO !ORETICIAN ( DECAD5CE1 P]=MS A SUDD5 AB\T FACE4 ,AT A C]TA9 MOM5T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS ?\<T1 & 9 :AT IS P]HAPS AN EXAMPLE ( 9CONSI/5CY1 HE 9TRODUCES 9TO HIS PHILOSOPHY ! /RANGE CONCEPT ( ! ,SUP]MAN1 ?AT IS1 ( A HUMANITY CALL$ ON TO 9DEF9ITELY SURPASS ITSELF1 TO MAKE ITSELF 9DEF9ITELY SUP]IOR TO ITSELF1 9COMP>ABLE TO ITSELF1 9COMM5SURABLE ) ITSELF4 ,?R\< ?IS UNEXPECT$ *ANGE 9 FRONT ,NIETZS*E DISPLACES HIS HUMAN IDEAL4 ,HE TRANSPORTS IT FROM ! RE> TO ! FRONT1 FROM ! PA/ TO ! FUTURE4 ,FROM HI/ORIC & RETROSPECTIVE ?IS IDEAL BECOMES FUTURI/IC4 ,! HUMAN IDEAL IS NO LONG] ! PRIMITIVE ,HELL5ISM FROM :I* WE >E FALL51 IT IS ! ,SUP]MAN ( TOMORR[4 ,9 ?IS WAY ,NIETZS*E SUP]IMPOSES OR RA!R SUB/ITUTES = HIS !ORY ( DECAD5CE A !ORY ( 9DEF9ITE PROGRESS4 ,& DECAD5CE ITSELF TAKES ON A NEW MEAN+4 ,NIETZS*E ADMITS ?AT ! CURR5T DECAD5CE IS A P]IOD ( TRANSITION FROM :I* WILL COME A SOCIETY CONTA9+ ! POSSIBILITY ( NOBILITY & BEAUTY4 ,HE ONLY REJECTS CURR5T SOCIETY 9 ! HOPE ( F9D+ A SOCIETY HOSPITABLE TO GREAT S\LS1 A SOCIETY :]E MA/]S WILL REIGN & :]E GREAT ?+S WILL YET BE DONE4 ,AT ?OSE MOM5TS ,NIETZS*E IS NOT A HOPELESS PESSIMI/ LIKE ! ,C\NT DE ,GOB9EAU1 NOR IS HE AN ANTI-SOCIAL 9DIVIDUALI/ 1 A !ORETICIAN ( REVOLT = REVOLT'S SAKE LIKE ,/IRN]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE IS !N1 OR WANTS TO BE1 A CREATOR ( VALUES1 ! F\ND] ( A SOCIETY1 A PROPHET1 A PRIE/4 

,& SO ,NIETZS*E'S ATTITUDE T[>DS ! PROBLEM ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY >E NOT CLE>4 ,BUT ?R\< ITS V]Y LACK ( DECISIV5ESS IT CONFIRMS ! PSY*OLOGICAL LAW ?AT WE >E ATTEMPT+ TO E/ABLI%3 ! CORRELATION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALISM & PESSIMISM4 ,AT ?OSE MOM5TS :5 ,NIETZS*E IS OPTIMI/IC1 :5 HE BELIEVES 9 ! ,SUP]MAN1 HE IS NOT AN ANTI-SOCIAL 9DIVIDUALI/4 ,HE REPUDIATES ,/IRN]ITE 9DIVIDUALISM AS A MANIFE/ATION ( ! 0SLAVE REVOLT10 AS ONE ( ! SYMPTOMS ( \R MOD]N DECAD5CE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AT ?OSE TIMES :5 ,NIETZS*E IS PESSIMI/IC1 AT ?OSE TIMES :5 HE SAYS ?AT ! ,GREEK MIRACLE WAS UNIQUE & WE HAVE NO *ANCE ( REVIV+ IT1 HE %[S HIMSELF TO BE AN UNCOMPROMIS+ 5EMY ( SOCIETY & HAT] ( SOCIAL TIES4 ,HE EXPRESSES AN ANTI-SOCIETISM AS RADICAL1 AS ABSOLUTE AS ?AT ( ,/IRN]4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiac 3 ,HI/ORICAL ,PESSIMISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#a1 #bb 3 ,HI/ORICAL ,PESSIMISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,HI/ORICAL ,PESSIMISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/