,HAITI3 A HI/ORY ( 9T]V5TION1 OCCUPATION & RESI/ANCE ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,FLOOD ,TEXT 3 ,AS PR$ICTIONS = ! DEA? TOLL FROM ! ,HAITIAN E>?QUAKES RISE OV] #b11 ,A,B,C ,NEWS HAVE REPORT$ ?AT PLANES C>RY+ M$ICAL EQUIPM5T & RELIEF SUPPLIES >E HAV+ TO COMPETE ) SOLDI]S = ! VALUABLE SLOTS AT ,PORT-AU-,PR9CE AIRPORT :I* WAS TAK5 OV] BY ! ,U,S MILIT>Y AFT] ! QUAKE4 ,S9CE ! />T ( ! GREAT ANTI-SLAV]Y REPUBLICAN 9SURRECTION NE>LY #bb YE>S AGO1 ,HAITI HAS BE5 PRES5T$ AS A DANG]\S PLACE 9CAPABLE ( RUNN+ ITS [N AFFAIRS & REQUIR+ =EIGN 9T]V5TION4 ,YET ! REALITY IS ITS PEOPLE W]E ! FIR/ 5SLAV$ POPULATION TO DELIV] !MSELVES FROM SLAV]Y & ALSO C>RI$ \T :AT WAS ONLY ! ?IRD SUCCESSFUL REPUBLICAN 9SURRECTION ON ! PLANET4 ,! ?REAT ( ?IS GOOD EXAMPLE WAS REW>D$ ) C5TURIES ( 9VASION1 BLACKMAIL1 ! ROBB]Y ( ,HAITI'S NATURAL RES\RCES & ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( ITS PEOPLE4 ,?IS >TICLES SUMM>IZES ?AT HI/ORY ( 9T]V5TION & ! RESI/ANCE TO IT 9 ORD] TO PUT 9TO CONTEXT :AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ,HAITI AFT] ! QUAKE4 ,?IS IS NOT AN ACADEMIC EX]CISE4 ,! PROPAG&A ME?ODS ?AT W]E US$ DUR+ ! ,HAITIAN REVOLUTION TO FRI?QUAKE1 ,TIME ,MAGAZ9E WAS WRIT+1 0,AS ,HAITIAN & 9T]NATIONAL (FICIALS TRY TO COORD9ATE AN EFFECTIVE RELIEF RESPONSE TO :AT IS PROBABLY ! WOR/ DISA/] TO EV] HIT ! WE/]N HEMISPH]E'S POORE/ C\NTRY1 !Y'LL NE$ TO BE M9DFUL ( ! HUMAN RATS ?AT COME \T ( ! CAPITAL'S WOODWORK AT TIMES LIKE !SE01 UND] ! SC>Y HEADL9E ',WILL ,CRIM9AL ,GANGS ,TAKE ,CONTROL 9 ,HAITI'S ,*AOS8' ,YET AID WORK]S ON ! GR\ND1 9 CONTRA/1 W]E REPORT+ ! /OICISM & SOLID>ITY ( ! PEOPLE 9 DESP]ATE CONDITIONS & EV5 ! ,U,N ,COMM&] SAID ! /REETS W]E SAF] ?AN BE=E ! QUAKE4 ,AN ,IRI% DOCTOR FROM ,M$EC9S ,SANS ,FRONTI]ES CONFIRM$ ON RADIO ?AT !Y W]E WORK+ 9 ,CITE ,SOLEIL W]E OP]AT+ UNGU>D$ & UNHAMP]$ 9SPITE ( ! >EAS REPUTATION4 ,?IS IDEA ( ,HAITI AS RIDDL$ ) 7POOR1 BLACK7 T]ROR GANGS WAIT+ TO P\NCE ON NAIVE 7:ITE7 VISITORS GOES BACK TO ! REBELLION &1 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! E>?QUAKE1 IS RESULT+ 9 ADDITIONAL DEA?S1 AS HAS BE5 MADE CLE> BY A ,LONDON ,TIMES' >TICLE TITL$ ',FE> ( ! POOR IS HAMP]+ ,HAITI RESCUE4' ,CONQUE/1 SLAV]Y & RESI/ANCE ,=EIGN 9T]V5TION GOES BACK TO ! TIME BE=E ! ,HAITIAN REVOLUTION4 ,HAITI IS ! WE/]N #a_/#c ( AN ISL& :I* ,COLUMBUS CAME ACROSS ON HIS FIR/ VOYAGE TO ! ,AM]ICAS & CLAIM$ = ,SPA91 IGNOR+ ! FACT IT WAS ALREADY POPULAT$ BY AN E/IMAT$ #d-#e1 ,TA9O PEOPLE4 ,HE CALL$ ! ISL& ,HISPANIOLA1 ! PEOPLE :O LIV$ !RE CALL$ IT ,HAITI -- ! NAME ?AT WAS RE/OR$ :5 ! REPUBLIC WAS DECL>$4 ,COLUMBUS HAD HE>D !RE WAS A LOT ( GOLD ON ! ISL& SO HE LEFT #ci ( HIS CREW !RE :O BUILT A =T ) ,TA9O HELP CALL$ ,LA ,NAVIDAD1 ! CREW W]E ORD]$ TO EXPLORE ! ISL& & GA!R GOLD4 ,HE RECORD$ ?AT 0,I HAVE ORD]$ A T[] & =TRESS TO BE CON/RUCT$ &1 A L>GE CELL>1 NOT BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE !RE IS ANY NECESSITY ON ACC\NT ( . 44 ,I AM C]TA9 ! PEOPLE ,I HAVE ) ME C\LD SUBJUGATE ALL ?IS ISL& 444 AS ! POPULATION >E NAK$ & )\T >MS & V]Y C[>DLY40 ,H[EV]1 :5 HE RETURN$ ! FOLL[+ YE> ON HIS SECOND VOYAGE HE DISCOV]$ ! =TRESS DE/ROY$ ) ! CORPSES ( HIS M5 ON ! BEA* AS ! ,TA9O POPULATION HAD RIS5 UP AGA9/ !M 9 RESPONSE TO MI/REATM5T1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! KIDNAPP+ ( ,TA9O WOM54 ,HIS SECOND VOYAGE 9CLUD$ #ag %IPS & #ab SETTL]S & ) ?IS =CE ,COLUMBUS DEM&$ ?AT EV]Y ,TA9O OV] ! AGE ( #ad DELIV] A HAWKS BELL FULL ( GOLD EV]Y ?REE MON?S4 ,IF !Y FAIL$ TO DO SO !Y HAD !IR H&S CUT (F & W]E LEFT TO BLE$ TO DEA?4 ,ON OR BE=E #aeaa A ,TA9O ,CACIQUE 7*IEF7 CALL$ ,HATUEY LEFT ,HISPANIOLA = ,CUBA ) #d O!RS 9 CANOES TO W>N ! PEOPLE ?AT A ,SPANI% EXP$ITION WAS UND] WAY TO CONQU] !M4 ,B>TOLOME DE ,LAS ,CASAS ! RADICAL ,SPANI% PRIE/ :O HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 A PLANTATION [N] 9 ,HISPANIOLA WROTE ?AT ,HATUEY %[$ !M A BASKET ( GOLD & JEWELS & TOLD !M 0,H]E IS ! ,GOD ! ,SPANI>DS WOR%IP4 ,= !SE !Y FIDS & PUNI%M5TS1 & YET !Y ROB \R BELONG+S1 S$UCE \R WOM51 VIOLATE \R DAU AGA9/ ! ,SPANI>DS BE=E BE+ CAPTUR$ & BURN$ ALIVE ON ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #a#e#a#b4 ,9 #aebb ANO!R ,TA9O ,CACIQUE L$ A REVOLT ( AS MANY AS #c 9 ! ,BAHORUCO M\NTA9S ON ,HISPANIOLA ITSELF :I* =C$ A TREATY FROM ! ,SPANI>DS4 ,)9 #c YE>S SO MANY 7UP TO #i.07 ( ! ,TA9O HAD BE5 WORK$ TO DEA? 9 ! GOLD M9ES OR DI$ ( />VATION OR DISEASE ?AT ! ,SPANI% />T$ TRANSPORT+ 5SLAV$ ,AFRICANS TO REPLACE !M4 ,?IS WAS ! PATT]N ACROSS ! ,SPANI%-OCCUPI$ ,C>IBBEAN2 ACCORD+ TO ,B>TOLOME DE ,LAS ,CASAS 0IT WAS A G5]AL RULE AMONG ,SPANI>DS TO BE CRUEL1 NOT JU/ CRUEL1 BUT EXTRAORD9>ILY CRUEL SO ?AT H>% & BITT] TREATM5T W\LD PREV5T ,9DIANS FROM D>+ TO ?9K ( !MSELVES AS HUMAN BE+S4 ,AS !Y SAW !MSELVES EA* DAY P]I%+ BY ! CRUEL & 9HUMAN TREATM5T ( ! ,SPANI>DS1 CRU%$ TO ! E>? BY ! HORSES1 CUT 9 PIECES BY SWORDS1 EAT5 & TORN BY DOGS1 MANY BURI$ ALIVE & SUFF]+ ALL K9DS ( EXQUISITE TORTURES40 ,! ,TA9OS H[EV] W]E NEV] COMPLETELY WIP$ \T1 A C\PLE ( HUNDR$ SURVIVORS SET UP FREE SETTLEM5TS ) ESCAP$ ,AFRICANS 9 ! M\NTA9S4 ,! FIR/ SIGNIFICANT 9SURRECTION ( 5SLAV$ ,AFRICAN ALSO OCCURR$ 9 #aebb :5 ,WOL( PEOPLE ON ! SUG> PLANTATION ( ,COLUMBUS'S SON ROSE ) MANY ESCAP+ TO ! M\NTA9S AFT] ! REBELLION4 ,!SE ',M>OON' COMMUNITIES CONT9U$ TO RESI/ ! ,SPANI%1 BY ! #a#e#cS ,PLANTATION [N]S HAD TO TRAVEL 9 L>GE >M$ GR\PS4 ,!Y REF]R$ TO ! COMMUNITIES AS ,CIM>RONES OR 'WILD ANIMALS'1 A /RIK+ SIMIL>ITY TO ,TIME ,MAGAZ9E'S USE ( ! T]M 0HUMAN RATS0 = ,HAITIANS TODAY4 ,! ,SPANI% COLONY DECL9$ 9 P>TICUL> AFT] ! CONQUE/ ( ! ,AM]ICAN MA9L& BEGAN1 ) MANY SETTL]S LEAV+ = ! SILV] M9ES4 ,CONDITIONS ( 9CREAS$ POV]TY RESULT$ 9 A BREAKD[N ( ! RACIAL DIVISIONS & ! POPULATION CAME TO BE MO/LY COMPOS$ ( PEOPLE ( MIX$ ,TA9O1 ,SPANI>D & ,AFRICAN DESC5T4 ,9 #a#f#e1 ,SPA9 LAUN*$ AN ATTACK ON ! SETTLEM5TS \TSIDE ( ,SANTO ,DOM+O 7N[ CAPITAL ( ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC71 ?IS IS N[ KN[N AS ! DEVA/ACIONES BECAUSE HALF ! PEOPLE DI$ AFT] BE5 =C$ TO MOVE CLOS] TO ! CITY :]E !Y C\LD BE CONTROLL$4 ,! DIVISION ( ! ISL& TOOK PLACE 9 #afig AFT] ,FRANCE & ,SPA9 HAD F\ OV] IT4 ,! ,FR5* P>T WAS !N CALL$ ,SA9T-,DOM+UE & HAD ATTRACT$ #c1 ,FR5* SETTL]S 9 A FEW DECADES DUE TO ! VA/ =TUNES TO BE MADE FROM SUG>1 C(FEE1 RUM1 COTTON & 9DIGO4 ,IT L$ ! WORLD 9 ! PRODUCTION ( !SE ITEMS & BY ?REE-F\R?S ( ! WORLD'S SUG> WAS PRODUC$ !RE4 ,! 5SLAV$ ,AFRICANS :O WORK$ ! PLANTATIONS LIV$ & DI$ UND] ! BRUTAL ,CODE ,NOIR2 IT'S E/IMAT$ ?AT #a_/#c DI$ )9 ! FIR/ C\PLE ( YE>S ( !IR TRANSPORTATION1 9 ?IS P]IOD #b#i1 ,AFRICANS W]E BE+ TRANSPORT$ TO ,HAITI EV]Y YE>4 ,ONE MAN :O SP5T HALF HIS LIFE 9 SLAV]Y LAT] WROTE ( :AT HE WITNESS$3 0,HAVE !Y NOT HUNG UP M5 ) HEADS D[NW>D1 DR[N$ !M 9 SACKS1 CRUCIFI$ !M ON PLANKS1 BURI$ !M ALIVE1 CRU%$ !M 9 MORT>S8 ,HAVE !Y NOT =C$ !M TO EAT EXCREM5T8 ,&1 HAV+ FLAY$ !M ) ! LA%1 HAVE !Y NOT CA/ !M ALIVE TO BE DEV\R$ BY WORMS1 OR ONTO ANT HILLS1 OR LA%$ !M TO /AKES 9 ! SWAMP TO BE DEV\R$ BY MOSQUITOES8 ,HAVE !Y NOT ?R[N !M 9TO BOIL+ CAULDRONS ( CANE SYRUP8 ,HAVE !Y NOT PUT M5 & WOM5 9SIDE B>RELS /UDD$ ) SPIKES & ROLL$ !M D[N M\NTA9SIDES 9TO ! ABYSS8 ,HAVE !Y NOT CONSIGN$ !SE MIS]ABLE BLACKS TO MAN-EAT+ DOGS UNTIL ! LATT]1 SAT$ BY HUMAN FLE%1 LEFT ! MANGL$ VICTIMS TO BE F9I%$ (F ) BAYONET & PONI>D80 ,ORGANIZ$ REBELLION & ! WORLD'S #cRD REPUBLIC ,! FIR/ SU/A9$ ORGANIZ$ REBELLION WAS 9 ! #a#g#eS1 L$ BY ,FRANCOIS ,MACK&AL UNTIL HE WAS CAPTUR$ & BURN$ ALIVE BY ! SETTL]S 9 #a#g#e#h4 ,BY #a#g#h#i1 !RE W]E >\ND #d1 :ITE SETTL]S & #e1 5SLAV$ ,AFRICANS AS WELL AS A GR[+ POPULATION ( PEOPLE ( COLOR 7'MULATTOES' AS !Y W]E !N KN[N7 MANY ( :OSE ORIG9S W]E 9 ! RAPE ( ,AFRICAN WOM5 BY :ITE SLAVE [N]S4 ,UNLIKE ! PLANTATION SY/EM ( ! ,U,S SU* (FSPR+ W]E 'FREE' &1 AL?\< DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/ 9 MANY WAYS1 C\LD [N L& & EV5 5?RALL$ BLACK PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,!RE W]E SOME #b#f1 FREE PEOPLE ( COLOR & A FEW W]E WEAL?Y BUT EV5 !SE FEW DID NOT %>E ! POLITICAL RIATION ( ! ,RIY ,FRANCE1 DEM&$ ! RIT :EEL1 HAS !IR LIMBS SMA%$ ) HAMM]S & IS LEFT TO DIE4 ,! ROOTS ( ! VIOL5CE ?AT ! PEOPLE ( ,HAITI SUFF] SURELY LIE 9 ! EXTREME BRUTALITY US$ TO MA9TA9 SLAV]Y4 ,%ORTLY AFT] ! EXECUTION ( ,OGE1 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T GRANT$ CITIZ5%IP TO WEAL?Y1 FREE PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,! L>GE L&[N]S :O RAN ! ISL& REFUS$ TO IMPLEM5T ?IS LAW4 ,RUMORS W]E ALSO CIRCULAT+ ?AT SLAV]Y WAS TO ABOLI%$ BY ,FRANCE1 !SE W]E UNTRUE BUT PROBABLY BAS$ ON ! ACTIVITY ( AN ABOLITIONI/ SOCIETY 9 ,P>IS & PREP>ATION BEGAN = A RIS+4 ,! L>GE/ PLANTATIONS W]E 9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ! ISL& & IT WAS !RE ?AT ! 5SLAV$ PEOPLE ROSE ON #bb ,AUGU/1 TAK+ ! NOR!RN PROV9CE OV] ! NEXT #a DAYS4 ,BY #agib #a_/#c ( ! ISL& WAS 9 ! H&S ( !SE BLACK REPUBLICANS4 ,FRANCE1 = ECONOMIC & !N MILIT>Y REASONS 7! REPUBLIC WAS AT W> ) ,BRITA9 & ,SPA971 WAS =C$ TO MAKE CONCESSIONS4 ,BY #a#g#i#c1 !SE CONCESSIONS HAD BUILT UP TO ! ,FR5* COMM&]1 ,SON?ONAX1 FREE+ ALL ! 5SLAV$ PEOPLE AFT] NEGOTIATIONS ) ! BLACK LEAD]S ( ! REBELLION :I* 9CLUD$ ,T\SSA9T ,L',\V]TURE4 ,SON?ONAX :O WAS S5T TO ,HAITI ) #g1 TROOPS 9 #agib HAD BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ABOLITIONI/ ,FR5* ',SOCIETY ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ! ,BLACKS' :I* DEM&$ ?AT ! IDEAS ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION BE EXT5D$ TO ! COLONIES1 ,OGE HAD ALSO BE5 A MEMB] ( ?IS SOCIETY4 ,9 RETURN !Y !N HELP$ ! ,FR5* DEFEAT ! ,BRITI% & ,SPANI%4 ,9 REALITY1 ! ,FR5* W]E JU/ GIV+ LEGAL RECOGNITION TO ! FACT ! PEOPLE HAD ALREADY LIB]AT$ !MSELVES H[EV] ,SON?ONAX ALSO GAVE CITIZ5%IP TO ALL4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ,HAITIAN DELEGATES1 SOME ( :OM HAD BE5 5SLAV$1 TRAVEL$ TO ,FRANCE = ! #agid ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY NOT ONLY CONFIRM$ ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y ON ,HAITI1 IT EXT5D$ ! ABOLITION TO ! 5TIRE ,FR5* EMPIRE4 ,AN 9VAD+ ,BRITI% >MY WAS DEFEAT$ &1 9 #a#h#a1 AN >MY UND] ,T\SSA9T 9VAD$ ,SANTO ,DOM+O TO AID ) ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y !RE4 ,9 #a#h#b1 ,NAPOLEON S5T A HUGE >MY TO ! ISL& TO ATTEMPT TO RE-IMPOSE SLAV]Y BUT1 AFT] A BRUTAL W>1 IT TOO WAS DEFEAT$ DESPITE RECEIV+ ,U,S BACK+ 9 ! =M ( #g#e1 DOLL>S 9 MILIT>Y AID4 ,! ,U,S1 ) ITS L>GE SLAVE ECONOMY1 WAS NOT KE5 ON ! IDEA ( A FREE REPUBLIC CREAT$ BY 5SLAV$ PEOPLE ?AT C\LD S]VE AS AN EXAMPLE TO ITS [N 5SLAV$ POPULATION4 ,DUR+ ?AT W> ! SECOND ,FR5* COMM&]1 ,RO*AMBEAU1 WROTE TO ,NAPOLEON SAY+ ,FRANCE MU/ 0DECL>E ! NEGROES SLAVES1 & DE/ROY AT LEA/ #c1 NEGROES & NEGRESSES0 9 ORD] TO W94 ,UND] ,RO*AMBEAU1 ! 0,FR5* BURN$ ALIVE1 HANG$1 DR[N$1 & TORTUR$ BLACK PRISON]S1 REVIV+ SU* PRACTICES AS BURY+ BLACKS 9 PILES ( 9SECTS & BOIL+ !M 9 CAULDRONS ( MOLASSES40 ,AFT] ONE BATTLE1 #e PRISON]S W]E BURI$ ALIVE4 ,AS WELL AS CAUS+ IMM5SE HUMAN SUFF]+1 ,NAPOLEON'S BLOODY ATTEMPT TO RE-CONQU] ! ISL& = ,FR5* IMP]IALISM DID 5ORM\S ECONOMIC DAMAGE4 #e1 ,FR5* SOLDI]S DI$ 9 ! W>1 9CLUD+ #ah G5]ALS4 ,>\ND #a ,POLI% TROOPS FI1 ,POLI% SETTL]S W]E TOLD !Y C\LD /AY & >\ND #d DID SO4 ,T\SSA9T ,L',\V]TURE NEV] SAW ! DECL>ATION ( 9DEP5D5CE 9 #a#h#d1 H[EV]4 ,HE WAS CAPTUR$ A FEW MON?S 9TO ! W> & S5T TO ,FRANCE :]E HE DI$ 9 PRISON4 ,! RESI/ANCE WAS L$ BY ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,DESSAL9ES & ,FRANCOIS ,CAPOIS4 ,T\SSA9T'S LA/ WORDS BE=E DY+ 9 PRISON W]E 0,9 OV]?R[+ ME1 Y\ HAVE CUT D[N 9 ,SA9T-,DOM+UE ONLY ! TREE ( LIB]TY4 ,IT WILL SPR+ UP AGA9 BY ! ROOTS = !Y >E NUM]\S & DEEP40 ,! ,HAITIAN REVOLUTION BEGAN SOME SEV5 YE>S BE=E ! FIR/ GREAT REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION 9 ,IREL& 9 #agih & LA/$ ?R\< ! ,EMMETT REBELLION ( #ahc AS WELL4 ,C,L,R ,JAMES WRITES ?AT ,NAPOLEON RECALL$ ,G5]AL ,HUMB]T FROM HIS ,IRI% LIB]ATION EXP$ITION = HIS W> AGA9/ ,HAITI4 ,YET \TSIDE ( ,HAITI1 ITS EXI/5CE IS ALMO/ UNKN[N4 ,! SELF-LIB]ATION ( HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( 5SLAV$ PEOPLE IS V]Y MU* LESS KN[N !N ! LAT] & /AGG]$ ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y 9 ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE1 AN ABOLITION ?AT WAS DRIV5 9 P>T BY ! REBELLIONS ( 5SLAV$ PEOPLE ELSE:]E SP>K$ (F BY ! ,HAITIAN EXAMPLE4 ,IT IS CLE> :Y1 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! REVOLUTION1 IT WAS NOT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! SLAVE HOLD]S ELSE:]E AT ! TIME TO SPREAD ! NEWS ( ! LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLE ( ,HAITI BY !IR [N H&S4 ,9 #ahaf = 9/ANCE1 ,BUSSA'S REBELLION 5GULF$ ,B>BADOS4 ,9SPIR$ 9 P>T BY NEWS ( ,HAITI1 HUNDR$S ( 5SLAV$ PEOPLE ROSE1 A QU>T] ( ! SUG> CANE WAS BURNT & ALMO/ #a 5SLAV$ PEOPLE W]E EI!R KILL$ 9 ! BATTLES OR EXECUT$ AFT] ! REBELLION WAS DEFEAT$4 ,9/EAD !Y CONT9U$ TO ECONOMICALLY PUNI% ,HAITI4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,HAITI ESCAP$ SLAV]Y BUT !Y C\LD NOT DEFEAT ! COLONIAL SY/EM :I* HAS CONT9U$ TO PUNI% !M TO ?IS DAY4 ,AFT]MA? ( ! REBELLION ,AS ) MANY SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTIONS1 VICTORY WAS FOLL[$ BY REACTION & CIVIL W>4 ,T\SSA9T ,L',\V]TURE HAD RE/OR$ ! PLANTATION SY/EM1 9VIT$ BACK ! PLANT]S & =C$ ! FRE$ PEOPLE TO WORK ON ! PLANTATIONS1 ?IS TIME = A WAGE4 ,AFT] 9DEP5D5CE ,G5]AL ,DESSAL9ES CONT9U$ ?IS POLICY & DECL>$ HIMSELF ,EMP]OR BUT WAS ASSASS9AT$ BY TWO ( HIS ADVIS]S 9 #a#h#f4 ,!Y !N P>TITION$ ,HAITI ) ONE ( !M1 ,PETION1 E/ABLI%+ ! ',REPUBLIC ( ,HAITI' 9 ! S\!RN P>T1 9 :I* ! E/ATES W]E BROK5 UP & ! L& DI/RIBUT$4 ,! NOR!RN P>T WAS UND] ,*RI/OPHE :O CONT9U$ SOME?+ EV]Y LIKE ! OLD PLANTATION SY/EM4 ,BO? P>TS W]E REUNIT$ 9 #ahb UND] ,PETION'S SUCCESSOR4 ,! Y\NG ,HAITIAN REPUBLIC ( ,PETION PROVID$ F9ANCIAL & MILIT>Y AID AS WELL AS SOLDI]S TO ,SIMON ,BOLIV> BETWE5 #ahae & #ahag AS HE F\S FROM #ahbb ! 5TIRE ISL& WAS BRIEFLY UNIFI$ UND] ,HATIAN RULE ?AT SAW ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y 9 ! EA/]N TWO ?IRDS4 ,H[EV] 9 #ahbe ,FRANCE S5T AN 9VASION FLEET TO ! ISL&4 ,9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! 9VASION1 ! PRESID5T HAD TO AGREE TO 'REPAY' ,FRANCE #ae MILLION ,FRANCS = LO/ PR(ITS FROM ! SLAVE TRADE4 ,! ,FR5* ABOLITIONI/ ,VICTOR ,S*OEL*] WROTE ?AT 0,IMPOS+ AN 9DEMNITY ON ! VICTORI\S SLAVES WAS EQUIVAL5T TO MAK+ !M PAY ) MONEY ?AT :I* !Y HAD ALREADY PAID ) !IR BLOOD40 ,9 RETURN1 ,FRANCE RECOGNIZ$ ,HAITIAN 9DEP5D5CE :ILE ! ,U,S DID NOT2 EV5 ?\< ,HAITI WAS =C$ TO BORR[ MONEY FROM ! ,U,S TO PAY ! ,FR5*1 MONEY ?AT WAS /ILL BE+ REPAID BY ,HAITI AS LATE AS #a#i#d#g4 ,RECOGNITION BY ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE DID NOT 5D ,HAITI'S WOES OR =EIGN 9T]F]5CE4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 #cb C\PS1 MO/ >IS+ FROM CONFLICTS )9 ! RUL+ CLASS & ! V>I\S =EIGN BUS9ESS GR\PS4 ,AP>T FROM !SE1 ,HAITI WAS NOT TO BE RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,U,S UNTIL #a#h#f#b4 ,?IS RECOGNITION1 :I* ONLY CAME AB\T AS ! ,U,S WAS ABOLI%+ SLAV]Y 9 A BLOODY CIVIL W> :]E ! ,UNION NE$$ ,HAITIAN PORTS1 HAD LITTLE REAL MEAN+1 AS MILIT>Y 9T]F]5CE CONT9U$4 ,9 #a#h#h#h1 ! ,U,S ,M>9ES SPONSOR$ A C\P 9 ! ISL& & BY #a#i#a#c1 ,U,S ,W>%IPS HAD 5T]$ ,HAITIAN WAT]S ON #bd OCCASIONS4 ,!N 9 #a#i#a#d1 9 RESPONSE TO A PEASANT 9SURRECTION1 ! ,U,S ,M>9ES 9VAD$ ! ISL& & REMA9$ 9 OCCUPATION = OV] #b YE>S1 DUR+ :I* TIME !Y KILL$1 (FICIALLY1 OV] #c ,HAITIANS :O RESI/$1 9CLUD+ OV] #d :O W]E EXECUT$4 ,SOME ,HAITIAN HI/ORIANS HAVE PUT ! REAL DEA? TOLL AT #a#e14 ,! ,U,S OCCUPATION IMPOS$ A NEW CON/ITUTION :I* ALL[$ =EIGN COMPANIES TO [N L&4 ,9 A W>N+ = :AT LIES 9 WAIT = ! SURVIVORS ( ! ,HAITIAN E>?QUAKE1 ! ,U,S ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T JU/IFI$ ?IS AS BE+ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,HAITIAN PEOPLE1 REPORT+ ?AT 0,IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT IF \R OCCUPATION WAS TO BE B5EFICIAL TO ,HAITI & FUR!R H] PROGRESS IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT =EIGN CAPITAL %\LD COME TO ,HAITI444& ,AM]ICANS C\LD H>DLY BE EXPECT$ TO PUT !IR MONEY 9TO PLANTATIONS & BIG AGRICULTURAL 5T]PRISES 9 ,HAITI IF !Y C\LD NOT !MSELVES [N ! L& ON :I* !IR MONEY WAS TO BE SP5T40 ,9 REALITY1 !SE *ANGES SAW PEASANT FREEHOLD]S =C$ (F ! L& TO BECOME LABOR]S 9 ! VA/ PLANTATIONS ?AT ,U,S CORPORATIONS CREAT$ AS !Y B\9E ,G5]AL ,SM$LEY ,BUTL] WAS REF]R+ TO :5 HE SAID 0,I HELP$ MAKE ,HAITI & ,CUBA A DEC5T PLACE = ! ,NATIONAL ,CITY ,BANK BOYS TO COLLECT REV5UES 940 ,IT WAS ,BUTL] :O HAD DISSOLV$ ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY :5 IT REFUS$ TO RATIFY ! ,U,S DRAFT$ CON/ITUTION4 ,BUTL] HAD ALSO RESURRECT$ AN OLD ,FR5* LAW TO =CE PEASANTS TO WORK AS UNPAID LABOR]S BUILD+ ROADS TO 5ABLE ! ,U,S MILIT>Y TO RAPIDLY MOVE >\ND ON ! ISL&4 ,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I PEASANTS W]E EXPELL$ FROM MORE ?AN #a1 HECT>ES TO MAKE ROOM = RUBB] PLANTATIONS PRODUC+ = ! ,U,S MILIT>Y &1 AL?\< ! ,U,S HAD )DRAWN ITS MILIT>Y =CES BY #a#i#c#d1 IT RETA9$ CONTROL ( ,HAITI'S =EIGN F9ANCES UNTIL #a#i#d#g4 ,9 HIS BOOK ,YE> #e#a3 ,! ,CONQUE/ ,CONT9UES1 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY QUOT$ A ,NEW ,YORK BUS9ESS DAILY FROM #a#i#b#f1 :I* DESCRIB$ CONDITIONS 9 ,HAITI AS 0A M>VEL\S OPPORTUNITY = ,AM]ICAN 9VE/M5T03 0,! RUN-(-!-MILL ,HAITIAN IS H&Y1 EASILY DIRECT$1 & GIVES A H>D DAY'S LABOR = #b C5TS1 :ILE 9 ,PANAMA ! SAME DAY'S WORK CO/ @s#c40 ,AS PLANTATION AGRICULTURE DISPLAC$ PEASANTS 9TO URBAN SLUMS1 !SE ADVANTAGES = ,U,S CORPORATIONS GREW SO ?AT ! #ac COMPANIES ACTIVE 9 #aiff HAD BECOME #a$ BY #a#i#h#a1 ACC\NT+ = #d.0 ( ,HAITI'S EXPORTS4 ,! ,DOCS & ! ,I,M,F ,HAITI WAS ALSO A VICTIM ( ! ,COLD ,W> ANTI-'COMMUNI/' BACKLA%1 HAV+ TO 5DURE ! BLOOD?IR/Y ,DUVALI] DICTATOR%IP :I* RAN FROM #aieg TO #aihf FIR/ UND] ,FRANCOIS ,DUVALI] 7KN[N AS ,PAPA ,DOC7 & !N UND] HIS SON ,JEAN-,CLAUDE OR ,BABY ,DOC4 ,FRANCOIS HAD COME TO P[] AS A POPULI/ ON ! BASIS ( A COMB9ATION ( BLACK NATIONALISM & VOODOO1 BUT HIS 9ITIAL RE=MS W]E SOON REPLAC$ BY A P]SONAL DICTATOR%IP4 ,!IR RULE WAS 9 P>T MA9TA9$ ?R\< DEA? SQUADS1 KN[N AS ! ,TONTON ,MAC\TES1 :O W]E KEPT LOYAL BY BE+ GIV5 L& CONFISCAT$ FROM PEASANTS4 ,IT'S E/IMAT$ ?AT OV] #c1 ,HAITIANS W]E KILL$ UND] ?IS REGIME4 ,?R\<\T ?IS P]IOD ! ,U,S CONT9U$ MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC AID AS ?\S&S ( ,HAITIANS FL$ ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS =EIGN 9VE/M5T1 C\NT] TO NEOLIB]AL OR?ODOXY1 DID NOT BR+ PROSP]ITY4 ,9 FACT ALONGSIDE ,I,M,F-ORD]$ ,/RUCTURAL ,ADJU/M5T ,PROGRAMS 7,S,A,PS71 POV]TY SO>$2 BY #a#i#h#f1 #f.0 ( ,HAITIANS W]E E>N+ LESS ?AN #f DOLL>S A YE>4 ,?IS WAS NOT HELP$ BY ! ,U,S,A,I,D-,WORLD ,BANK DEVELOPM5T /RATEGY BEGUN 9 #aiha :I* HAD ! GOAL ( =C+ ! ECONOMY 0T[>D DEEP] M>KET 9T]DEP5D5CE ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,?IS WAS A*IEV$ BY %IFT+ #c.0 ( ! >ABLE L& FROM FOOD = LOCAL CONSUMPTION TO EXPORT CA% CROPS4 ,TW5TY YE>S AGO ,HAITI PRODUC$ 5\< RICE TO FE$ ITS [N POPULATION1 TODAY #g#e.0 ( ! RICE EAT5 IS IMPORT$ FROM ! ,U,S MAK+ IT ! ?IRD L>GE/ IMPORT] ( ,U,S RICE 9 ! WORLD4 ,HAITIAN RICE PRODUCTION WAS WRECK$ NOT ONLY BY ! %IFT TO CA% CROPS1 BUT ALSO BY ! DUMP+ ( SURPLUS1 SUBSIDIZ$ ,U,S RICE1 DRIV+ ,HAITIAN PRODUC]S \T ( PRODUCTION4 ,*ICK5 PRODUCTION WAS SIMIL>LY DE/ROY$ BY ! DUMP+ ( D>K *ICK5 MEAT1 :I* ,U,S CONSUM]S F9D UNACCEPTABLE1 9 ,HAITI4 ,F9ALLY PIG PRODUCTION WAS WRECK$ BY ,U,S 9SI/5CE ON ! MASS SLAUIETIES ?AT PROV$ MU* MORE VULN]ABLE TO DISEASE ,! ,WORLD ,BANK RECOMM5D$ ?AT PRIVATE 5T]PRISE BE EXP&$ ?R\< PRIVATIZATION ( SOCIAL S]VICES & M9IMIZ+ ! CO/ 7TO ! /ATE7 ( $UCATION4 ,OV] #h.0 ( $UCATION = ,HAITIAN *ILDR5 IS N[ PRIVATE4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S TRI$ TO FLEE ?IS POV]TY BY BUILD+ RAFTS & SETT+ \T = ! ,U,S1 BUT UNLIKE ,CUBANS :O W]E G5]ALLY FLEE+ LESS EXTREME CONDITIONS ALMO/ NONE W]E GIV5 REFUGEE /ATUS & ?\S&S W]E DEPORT$ BACK TO LIVES ( MIS]Y & *EAP LABOR = ,U,S CORPORATIONS4 ,ON ! POSITIVE SIDE1 #aihf SAW ! OV]?R[AL ( ! ',BABY ,DOC' ,DUVALI] DICTATOR%IP4 ,:51 9 #a#i#h#e1 ! PEOPLE ( ,HAITI HAD RIS5 UP AGA9 AGA9/ ! ,DUVALI] DICTATOR%IP1 ONE ( !IR FIR/ ACTS WAS TO PULL D[N ! ,PORT-AU-,PR9CE /ATUE ( ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS & ?R[ IT 9TO ! SEA1 DEMON/RAT+ ?AT ORD9>Y ,HAITIAN PEOPLE UND]/& ! ROLE =EIGN 9T]V5TION HAS PLAY$ 9 !IR PA/ EV5 IF FEW \TSIDE DO4 ,>I/IDE & ,LAVALAS ,AS ,DUVALI] WAS TAK5 9TO EXILE BY ! ,U,S ,AIR ,=CE1 ,G5]AL ,H5RI ,NAMPHY WAS BACK$ BY ! ,U,S AS A REPLACEM5T4 ,HE WAS OPPOS$ BY ! POPULI/ PRIE/ ,JEAN-,B]TR& ,>I/IDE1 BUT ! #aihg ELECTIONS SAW ! USE ( DEA? SQUADS & ,>I/IDE'S *UR* WAS ATTACK$ %ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 =C+ HIM TO FLEE AFT] #ac HAD BE5 KILL$ & #gg 9JUR$4 ,>I/IDE /OOD AT ! LA/ M9UTE 9 ! #aii ELECTIONS & WON #f#g.0 ( ! VOTE4 ,! SECOND PLACE C&IDATE1 A ,WORLD ,BANK (FICIAL1 RECEIV$ ONLY #a#d.0 DESPITE BE+ BACK$ BY ! ,U,S4 ,NO WORRIES1 ,>I/IDE WAS ONLY ALL[$ SEV5 MON?S BETWE5 HIS 9AUGURATION 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiia & A C\P BACK$ BY ! OLD ECONOMIC ELITE ?AT ,SEPTEMB]4 ,9 ! TWO WEEKS AFT] ! C\P1 ! >MY KILL$ OV] #a PEOPLE & UP TO #e W]E KILL$ BY DEA? SQUADS UND] ! JUNTA4 ,!Y T>GET$ RADICAL UNIONS & COMMUNITY GR\PS 9 P>TICUL>4 ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,AM]ICAN ,/ATES VOT$ TO IMPOSE SANCTIONS ON ,HAITI BUT ! ,U,S 5SUR$ !SE W]E 9EFFECTIVE & IT LAT] EM]G$ ?AT BO? ,BU% & ,CL9TON HAD SECRETLY GIV5 ! ,O,K = ,TEXACO ,OIL ,CORPORATION TO PASS ! 'BLOCKADE'4 ,:AT ! BLOCKADE DID DO WAS 9T]CEPT SOME #d#b1 ,HAITIANS TRY+ TO FLEE ! MURD]\S REGIME BY BOAT & =CE !M TO RETURN TO ,HAITI4 ,AFT] ! MILIT>Y HAD A FEW YE>S TO REPRESS ! POPUL> MOVEM5TS1 ! ,U,S =C$ ! JUNTA TO /EP D[N BY S5D+ ?\S&S ( ,M>9ES & ,SPECIAL ,=CES TO ,HAITI1 OCCUPY+ IT = JU/ OV] SIX MON?S4 ,UND] OCCUPATION ! ,U,S IMPOS$ A COMPROMISE 'NATIONAL UNITY GOV]NM5T' :5 BR\I/IDE 7:O HAD GOT #f#g.0 ( ! VOTE71 ! OLD ELITE :O HAD GOT #a4#g.0 ( ! VOTE & ! >MY :O HAD ! GUNS4 ,\T ( ?IS ! ,U,S-PREF]R$ C&IDATE FROM ! ELECTIONS WAS MADE ,PRIME ,M9I/] DESPITE ! FACT HE'D ONLY RECEIV$ #a#d.0 9 ! ELECTIONS & HIS PROGRAM ( NEOLIB]AL RE/RUCTUR+ WAS IMPOS$4 0,>I/IDE AGRE$ TO PAY ! DEBTS ACCUMULAT$ UND] ! KLEPTOCRATIC ,DUVALI] DICTATOR%IPS1 SLA% ! CIVIL S]VICE1 OP5 UP ,HAITI TO 0FREE TRADE' & CUT IMPORT T>IFFS ON RICE & CORN 9 HALF40 ,9 #aiif ,>I/IDE'S ORIG9AL ,PRIME ,M9I/] WAS ELECT$ ,PRESID5T ) #h#h.0 ( ! VOTE4 ,9 #b1 ,>I/IDE WAS AGA9 ELECT$ ,PRESID5T ) ALMO/ #i#b.0 ( ! VOTE BUT ! TURN \T WAS L[ DUE TO AN OPPOSITION BOYCOTT ( ! ELECTIONS4 ,! ,U,S US$ ?IS AS AN EXCUSE TO CUT (F MU* NE$$ AID1 MU* ( :I* WAS FUNNEL$ 9/EAD TO OPPOSITION GR\PS OV] ! NEXT F\R YE>S4 ,9 A #bf 9T]VIEW ,>I/IDE WAS KE5 TO NOT CLAIM CR$IT = ! POPUL> MOVEM5TS BUT RA!R SAID HIS ELECTION WAS AN 0EXPRESSION ( ! MOBILIZATION ( ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE04 ,?IS IS ALSO >GU$ BY ACTIVI/ J\RNALI/ ,PATRICK ,ELIE :O WAS A JUNIOR CAB9ET M9I/] DUR+ ,>I/IDE'S FIR/ PRESID5CY4 ,9 A #bc ,ZNET 9T]VIEW1 HE DESCRIBES ! PO/-,DUVALI] 0PR(\ND MOVEM5T )9 ! ,HAITIAN POPULATION ?AT W\LD TURN 9TO ?\S&S ( GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IT WAS ?IS MOVEM5T ?AT WAS ! ORIG9 ( ! ,HAITIAN SAGA ( ! LA/ #b YE>S4 ,IT WAS ?IS MOVEM5T RA!R ?AN ! POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT /OOD UP AGA9/ ! RETURN ( DICTATOR%IP4 ,IT WAS ?IS MOVEM5T ?AT CONFRONT$ ! MILIT>Y GOV]NM5T :5 IT TRI$ TO CONTROL ! ELECTION 9 #aihg & ?IS MOVEM5T ?AT SWEPT ,>I/IDE 9TO P[] 9 #a#i#i444 ,LAVALAS IS A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY1 NOT A P>TY4 ,LAVALAS & ! POPUL> MOVEM5T >E ONE 9 ! SAME4 ,IT WAS ! NAME CO9$ = IT BY ,PRESID5T ,>I/IDE4 ,BUT HE DID NOT 9V5T ! REALITY ( IT1 HE JU/ PUT A NAME ON IT4 ,HE DOESN'T [N IT4 ,IT [NS HIM40 ,PATRICK IS ONE ( ! CRITICAL VOICES AB\T ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,LAVALAS SAY+ AT ! 5D ( #be ?AT 0!RE WAS NO /RATEGY PUT =W>D BY ,FANMI ,LAVALAS4 ,!Y ONLY HAD A SLOGAN2 ',BR+ ,PRESID5T ,>I/IDE BACK4' ,& ,I'D LIKE TO COMP>E IT TO ! SITUATION BACK 9 ! W> ( 9DEP5D5CE :5 ! ,FR5* CAME 9 & SNAT*$ AWAY ,T\SSA9T ,L\V]TURE4 ,! MASSES !N DID NOT SAY ',BR+ ,L\V]TURE BACK1' !Y DEVELOP$ AN ALT]NATIVE T[>D 9DEP5D5CE :I* HAD BECOME 9DISP5SABLE BECAUSE IT WAS ! ONLY WAY TO SECURE ! ABOLI%M5T ( SLAV]Y40 ,9 #bc ,>I/IDE DEM&$ ?AT ,FRANCE REPAY ,HAITI #ba BILLION1 ! EQUIVAL5T ( ALL ! MONEY ,HAITI HAD BE5 =C$ TO PAY ,FRANCE FROM ! TREATY ( #ahbe AS 'COMP5SATION' = ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #d? A REBEL GR\P CALL$ ! ,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,FRONT = ! ,LIB]ATION ( ,HAITI SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ,GONAIVES1 ! F\R? BIGGE/ CITY4 ,?IS GR\P HAD UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] #bc BE5 ! MA9 GANG 9 ?AT CITY & HAD BE5 KN[N AS ! ,CANNIBAL ,>MY1 ! NAME WAS *ANG$ 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! MURD] ( !IR LEAD]1 A =M] ,>I/IDE SUPPORT]1 9 ?AT MON?4 ,IT'S CLAIM$ ?AT ! GR\P HAD BE5 BACK$ BY ! ,U,S & 9CLUD$ =M] DEA? SQUAD MEMB]S1 9 ANY CASE !Y RAPIDLY 'TOOK' ,CAP-,HAITI51 ! SECOND BIGGE/ CITY & !N ADVANC$ ON ! CAPITAL4 ,9 HIS #bf 9T]VIEW ,>I/IDE SAID 0,!RE WAS NO GREAT 9SURRECTION3 !RE WAS A SMALL GR\P ( SOLDI]S1 HEAVILY >M$1 :O W]E ABLE TO OV]:ELM SOME POLICE /ATIONS1 KILL SOME POLICEM5 & CREATE A C]TA9 AM\NT ( HAVOC4 ,! POLICE HAD RUN \T ( AMMUNITION1 & W]E NO MAT* = ! REBELS' ,M#a#fS4 ,BUT ! CITY WAS A DIFF]5T /ORY4 ,! PEOPLE W]E READY1 & ,I WASN'T WORRI$40 ,IT WAS LAT] CLAIM$ BY ,>I/IDE'S LAWY] ?AT ?AT AT LEA/ SOME ( ! ,M-#a#fS US$ BY ! REBELS W]E ?OSE ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAD GIV5 TO ! ,DOM9ICAN MILIT>Y A YE> PREVI\SLY4 ,NAOMI ,KLE9 9T]VIEW$ ,>I/IDE 9 #be & REPORT$ ?AT1 BACK 9 #a#i#i#d1 AFT] ! FIR/ C\P1 0,WA%+TON'S NEGOTIATORS MADE ONE DEM& ?AT ,>I/IDE C\LD NOT ACCEPT3 ! IMM$IATE SELL(F ( ,HAITI'S /ATE-[N$ 5T]PRISES1 9CLUD+ PHONES & ELECTRICITY4 ,>I/IDE >GU$ ?AT UNREGULAT$ PRIVATIZATION W\LD TRANS=M /ATE MONOPOLIES 9TO PRIVATE OLIG>*IES1 9CREAS+ ! RI*ES ( ,HAITI'S ELITE & /RIPP+ ! POOR ( !IR NATIONAL WEAL?40 ,9 H] >TICLE REPORT+ ?IS1 ,KLE9 ALSO WROTE ( ! #bd C\P ?AT 0,TURN+ ,HAITI OV] TO ?IS UND]WORLD GANG \T ( CONC]N = ,>I/IDE'S LACK ( 0GOOD GOV]NANCE0 IS LIKE ESCAP+ AN ANNOY+ DATE BY ACCEPT+ A LIFT HOME FROM ,*>LES ,MANSON40 ,AS ! REBELS APPROA*$ ,PORT-AU-,PR9CE1 ,FRANCE US$ ITS VETO 9 ! ,U,N TO BLOCK ! DEPLOYM5T ( A PEACE KEEP+ =CE4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ,>I/IDE WAS KIDNAPP$ FROM HIS HOME BY ,U,S M>9ES & BUNDL$ ON A FLIRE/$ & DETA9$ HIM4 ,AFT] ?IS1 & JU/ ?REE DAYS AFT] ! ORIG9AL ,U,N VOTE1 ,FRANCE VOT$ = ! DEPLOYM5T ( 'PEACEKEEP]S' & !N1 ! OCCUPATION ( ,HAITI1 :I* HAS CONT9U$ TO ! PRES5T1 BEGAN4 ,! PROXY OCCUPATION ,! OCCUPATION IS CALL$ ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS ,/ABILIZATION ,MISSION 7,M,9,U,/,A,H7 & IT IS SIGNIFICANT = 9VOLV+ ! MILIT>IES & POLICE FROM A WIDE RANGE ( ,S\? & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES1 L$ BY ! ,BRAZILIAN >MY4 ,?IS COMPOSITION HAS ATTRACT$ LESS 9T]NATIONAL OPPOSITION ?AT AN OCCUPY+ =CE MADE = ! OLD IMP]IALI/ P[]S W\LD BE BUT 9 #b#e1 ! !N ,M,9,U,/,A,H =CE COMM&]1 ,LIEUT5ANT-,G5]AL ,AUGU/O ,HEL5O ,RIBEIRO ,P]EIRA TE/IFI$ AT A CONGRESSIONAL COMMISSION 9 ,BRAZIL ?AT 0WE >E UND] EXTREME PRESSURE FROM ! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY TO USE VIOL5CE01 M5TION+ ,CANADA1 ,FRANCE1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 P>TICUL> AS ! S\RCE ( ?AT PRESSURE4 ,! ,U,S PEACEKEEP]S DECL>$ W> ON NEITICUL> ON ,CITE ,SOLEIL1 HOME TO UP TO #c1 PEOPLE1 :I* WAS ORIG9ALLY DESIGN$ TO H\SE WORK]S = ! LOCAL ,EXPORT ,PROCESS+ ,ZONE4 ,A ,JULY #f? #be RAID ON ! ,CITE ,SOLEIL *ANTY T[N PROBABLY SAW AT LEA/ #b KILL$4 #g#e.0 ( ! W\ND$ :O TURN$ UP AT ONE CL9IC W]E WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,E/IMATES ( ! NUMB] KILL$ ?AT DAY HAVE BE5 AS HI< AS #h4 ,CITE ,SOLEIL HAS A P]MAN5T SECURITY *ECKPO9T ) >MOR$ VEHICLES AT ITS 5TRANCE & IS ! T>GET ( REGUL> MASS 9CURSIONS BY ! OCCUPY+ =CES4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #bg SOME #g ,U,N TROOPS & POLICE TOOK P>T 9 ONE SU* 9CURSION1 ! PREVI\S MON? ANO!R RAID HAD (FICIALLY KILL$ F\R & 9JUR$ SIX4 ,! ,U,N CLAIMS ?IS IS TO /OP CRIM9AL ACTIVITY BUT MANY SEE IT AS AN ATTEMPT TO CRU% ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,9 ANY CASE ?IS ME?ODOLOGY ( 'POLIC+' W\LD NEV] BE ACCEPT$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,P>IS OR ,LONDON SO :Y W\LD ,HAITIANS HAVE TO ACCEPT IT8 ,AN ,APRIL #bg REPORT 9 ,! ,OBS]V] TOLD H[ AFT] ! ,U,N HAD KILL$ ?REE *ILDR5 !Y FIR$ TE> GAS & PLA/IC BULLETS AT A #b1 /RONG DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! KILL+S1 HITT+ ONE ( ! REPORT]S 9 ! BACK ( ! HEAD & CAUS+ MULTIPLE VEHICLE CRA%ES4 ,A #be REPORT FROM ! ,H>V>D ,LAW ,/UD5T ,ADVOCATES = ,HUMAN ,RIE 0AN UNFL9*+ BA/ION ( SUPPORT = ,>I/IDE & = ,LAVALAS40 ,AN E>LI] ,NOVEMB] #bd 9VE/IGATION BY ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MIAMI ,S*OOL ( ,LAW F\ND ?AT 0SUMM>Y EXECUTIONS >E A POLICE TACTIC40 ,HAITI IS ! POORE/ C\NTRY 9 ! ,AM]ICAS TODAY1 & EV5 AHEAD ( ! E>?QUAKE1 MO/ ( ! POPULATION LIVE 9 EXTREME POV]TY1 #g.0 LIV+ ON LESS ?AN #b DOLL>S A DAY4 ,! GLOBAL RISE 9 FOOD PRICES 9 #bh RESULT$ 9 MAJOR RIOTS 9 ,APRIL DUR+ :I* ! ,U,N OCCUPATION =CES %OT SEV]AL PEOPLE DEAD & 9JUR$ DOZ5S4 ,CR[DS *ANT+ 0,WE >E HUNGRY6 ,HE MU/ GO60TRI$ TO /ORM ! PRESID5TIAL PALACE DEM&+ ! RESIGNATION ( ,PRESID5T ,R5E ,PREVAL4 ,!Y W]E DRIV5 AWAY BY ,BRAZILIAN ,U,N TROOPS ) ASSAULT RIFLES1 TE> GAS & RUBB] BULLETS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,AL ,JAZE]A ! FOOD %ORTAGES W]E ALSO CAUS$ BY 0NEW CU/OMS PROC$URES AIM$ AT COLLECT+ REV5UES & /OPP+ ! FL[ ( DRUGS0 :I* HAD 0LEFT TONS ( FOOD ROTT+ 9 PORTS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! C\NTRY'S NOR?40 ,! S5ATE SUBSEQU5TLY VOT$ TO DISMISS ! ,PRIME ,M9I/] & ! ,PRESID5T WAS =C$ TO ANN\NCE A #a#e.0 DROP 9 ! CO/ ( RICE1 ! /APLE FOOD4 ,9 ,APRIL1 ,FANMI ,LAVALAS WAS BANN$ FROM /&+ 9 ! ELECTIONS RESULT+ 9 A BOYCOTT BY MO/ ( ! POPULATION ) A TURN\T ONLY 9 ! REGION ( #h.04 ,9 ,AUGU/1 :5 ,R5E ,PREVAL REFUS$ TO SIGN A M9IMUM WAGES LAW = ! CLO?+ EXPORT SECTOR1 POLICE US$ TE> GAS TO DISP]SE A DEMON/RATION ( #b1 TEXTILE WORK]S4 ,PREVAL SAID ! WORK]S %\LD ONLY RECEIVE #c DOLL>S A DAY2 A ,U,N REPORT RELEAS$ AHEAD ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y VOTE HAD ?REAT5$ ?AT :ILE CLO?+ EXPORTS TO ! ,U,S C\LD CREATE HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( JOBS 0FACTORIES' OV]HEAD CO/S MU/ BE KEPT L[40 ,IMP]IALISM'S ,HUMANIT>IAN ,MASK ,?IS IS ! ACTUAL RECORD ( =EIGN 9T]V5TION 9 ,HAITI1 AN 9T]V5TION ?AT IS ONCE MORE ESCALAT+ 9 ! WAKE ( ! E>?QUAKE4 ,9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 IMP]IALISM ALMO/ ALWAYS WE>S A HUMANIT>IAN MASK1 WE >E TOLD ! #a1 ,U,S ,9FANTRY N[ BE+ DEPLOY$ 9 ,HAITI >E !RE TO HELP ! PEOPLE DESPITE ! ,M#d RIFLES !Y C>RY1 !IR AU?ORIZATION TO USE LE?AL =CE & ! LONG & BLOODY HI/ORY ( ! ,U,S ,MILIT>Y 9 ,HAITI4 ,V]Y QUICKLY AFT] ! E>?QUAKE ! ,U,S ,H]ITAGE ,F\NDATION ADVOCAT$ TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! E>?QUAKE TO IMPOSE NEOLIB]AL RE/RUCTUR+ ON ! PEOPLE ( ,HAITI1 PUTT+ A /ATEM5T ON !IR WEBSITE ?AT >GU$ ?AT1 0! ,U4,S4 RESPONSE TO ! TRAGIC E>?QUAKE 9 ,HAITI E>?QUAKE (F]S OPPORTUNITIES TO RE-%APE ,HAITI'S LONG-DYSFUNCTIONAL GOV]NM5T & ECONOMY40 ,?IS WAS ONLY UP = A C\PLE ( H\RS BE=E SOMEONE REALIZ$ IT WAS P]HAPS A LITTLE TOO HONE/ & IT WAS REMOV$1 H[EV] IT HAD ALREADY BE5 COPI$ & HAS BE5 PUT 9TO WIDESPREAD CIRCULATION BY ,NAOMI ,KLE9 AMONG O!RS4 ,KLE9'S BOOK1 ,! ,%OCK ,DOCTR9E1 LOOKS AT H[ CAPITALISM USES CRISES TO IMPOSE RE/RUCTUR+ ON PEOPLE ?AT W\LD O!RWISE RESI/4 ,9 REC5T YE>S ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE ( ,HAITI HAVE SUFF]$ GREATLY UND] OCCUPATION-IMPOS$ RE/RUCTUR+ PROGRAMS4 ,( C\RSE1 AS USUAL1 !RE IS ALSO ?AT N>R[ RUL+ LAY] ?AT HAVE DONE WELL \T ( ACT+ AS LOCAL AG5TS = ! OCCUPATION1 OR :I* HAVE BE5 ABLE TO USE ! OCCUPATION =CES TO SUPPRESS PROTE/ AT ! POOR PAY & CONDITIONS !Y (F] TO ?OSE :O WORK FROM !M & R5T FROM !M4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! 9T]E/S ( E>LY CAPITALISM SAW ! ORIG9AL 9HABITANTS WORK$ TO DEA? = ! GOLD ?AT FUEL$ ! EXPANSION ( ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM & !N SAW MILLIONS ( ,AFRICANS 5SLAV$ = ! SUG> PLANTATIONS ?AT 5ABL$ ! Y\NG CAPITALI/ SY/EM TO EXP&4 ,IT WILL BE A TRAG$Y IF ! HUGE SOCIAL NE$S CREAT$ BY ?IS E>?QUAKE >E ALL[$ TO ONCE MORE CREATE ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* FUTURE G5]ATIONS ( ,HAITIANS >E 5SLAV$ BY POV]TY & DESP]ATION4 ,A WEEK AFT] ! E>?QUAKE IT IS BECOM+ CLE> ?AT ?IS IS :AT IS 9 PROCESS4 ,ON ,?URSDAY ! ,I,M,F ANN\NC$ A FUR!R @s#a MILLION LOAN1 PU%+ ,HAITI'S DEBT TO ! ,I,M,F TO @s#b#f#e MILLION4 ,BY #bc ,HAITI'S DEBT S]VICE WAS ALREADY APPROA*+ #a#e.0 ( ! AM\NT BE+ SP5T ON $UCATION1 HEAL? C>E & O!R S]VICES4 ,! PREVI\S ,I,M,F LOAN WAS CONDITIONAL ON ,HAITI RAIS+ PRICES = ELECTRICITY & REFUS+ PAY 9CREASES TO ALL PUBLIC EMPLOYES EXCEPT = ?OSE ON ! M9IMUM WAGE1 & AL?\< ! /R+S ATTA*$ TO ! LATE/ LOAN >E NOT YET VISIBLE1 ! HI/ORY ( ,I,M,F POLICIES1 9 ,HAITI & >\ND ! WORLD1 9 UTILIZ+ LOANS AS A TOOL = ! IMPLEM5TATION ( NEOLIB]AL POLICIES4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,HAITI MADE AN 5ORM\S CONTRIBUTION TO ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM :5 !Y ROSE UP & OV]?REW SLAV]Y 9 ! #a#g#i'S4 ,BUT AS WE HAVE SE5 ! HI/ORY ( IMP]IALI/ P[]S IMPOS+ ECONOMIC & SOCIAL POLICY DID NOT 5D !N1 IT C>RI$ ON TO ! PRES5T DAY :5 IT APPE>S ! E>?QUAKE WILL BE ! 'OPPORTUNITY' TO =CE ! SURVIVORS TO ACCEPT :AT !Y W\LD O!RWISE HAVE RESI/$4 ,A POPUL> ,HAITIAN PROV]B SAYS ',TANB\ PRETE PA JANM FE BON DANS' OR ',A BORR[$ DRUM NEV] MAKES GOOD DANC+' ILLU/RAT+ A G5]AL AW>5ESS ( :AT ! ROLE ( \TSIDE 9T]V5TION HAS REALLY BE5 & IF IMP]IALI/ 9T]V5TION DID NOT 5D 9 ! #a#g#i'S NOR DID ! RESI/ANCE ( ! PEOPLE ( ,HAITI TO ?AT 9T]V5TION1 ?AT ALSO C>RIES ON TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,SOLID>ITY ) ! PEOPLE ( ,HAITI DOES NOT />T & 5D ) ?IS TRAGIC E>?QUAKE BUT MU/ EXT5D TO ! /RUGGLES !Y WILL FIA1 ,DAMI5 & ,%ANE = FE$BACK & PRO(READ+ ( ! DRAFT >TICLE4 ,SOME S\RCES & FUR!R READ+ ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 ,YE> #e#a3 ,! ,CONQUE/ ,CONT9UES ,PET] ,L9EBAU< & ,M>CUS ,R$IK]1 ,! ,MANY ,HEAD$ ,HYDRA ,C,L,R ,JAMES1 ,! ,BLACK ,JACOB9S ,WIKIP$IA ON ,HAITI -- 54WIKIP$IA4ORG ,NAMOI ,KLE91 ,MY DATE ) ,>I/IDE -- WWW4WEBCITATION4ORG ,HAITI'S *ILDR5 DIE 9 ,U,N CROSSFIRE -- WWW4GU>DIAN4CO4UK ,AN ,9T]VIEW ) ,JEAN-,B]TR& ,>I/IDE -- WWW4ZMAG4ORG ,AL ,JAZ]RA ,HAITI COV]AGE -- 5GLI%4ALJAZE]A4NET ,RE$ ,L9DSEY1 ,:AT ,FUTURE = ,HAITI8 ,AN ,9T]VIEW ) ,PATRICK ,ELIE -- ?IRDWORLDTRAVEL]4COM ,PATRICK ,ELIE1 ,TAK+ US TO DEMOCRACY LIKE CATTLE TO A KILL+ H\SE -- WWW4ZMAG4ORG ,HAITI'S ,CAT*-#b#b ,AN 9T]VIEW ) ,PATRICK ,ELIE -- WWW4DOM9IONPAP]4CA ,9T]VIEW ) ,>I/IDE'S LAWY]1 ,MIAMI-BAS$ ,IRA ,KURZBAN -- WWW49=MATIONCLE>+H\SE49FO ,WILL ,CRIM9AL ,GANGS ,TAKE ,CONTROL 9 ,HAITI'S ,*AOS8 -- WWW4TIME4COM ,FE> ( ! POOR IS HAMP]+ ,HAITI RESCUE -- WWW4TIMESONL9E4CO4UK ,HAITI'S /REETS 'SAF] ?AN BE=E E>?QUAKE' -- WWW4ABC4NET4AU ,U,S TROOP L&+S DELAY ,HAITI AID -- WWW4ABC4NET4AU ,:Y ! ,U4,S4 ,[ES ,HAITI ,BILLIONS -- C\NT]PUN*4ORG ,! ,RESCUE ,OP]ATION'S ,PRIORITIES 9 ,HAITI -- C\NT]PUN*4ORG ,U,S ACCUS$ ( 'OCCUPY+' ,HAITI AS TROOPS FLOOD 9 -- WWW4TELEGRAPH4CO4UK ,RELIEF & ,SOLID>ITY -VIEWS FROM ! PROGRESSIVE SECTOR 9 ,HAITI -- WWW4AN>KISMO4NET ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,HAITI3 A HI/ORY ( 9T]V5TION1 OCCUPATION & RESI/ANCE -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,HAITI3 A HI/ORY ( 9T]V5TION1 OCCUPATION & RESI/ANCE -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/