,9TRODUCTION 
0,HUMAN ,NATURE0 & ! ,ORGANIZ$ ,SY/EM 

#aifaif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,GOODMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION3 0,HUMAN ,NATURE0 & ! ,ORGANIZ$ ,SY/EM 

  
#a4 

  

,GR[+ UP AS A HUMAN BE+1 A 0HUMAN NATURE0 ASSIMILATES A CULTURE1 JU/ AS O!R ANIMALS GR[ UP 9 /R5G? & HABITS 9 ! 5VIRONM5TS ?AT >E = !M1 & ?AT COMPLETE !IR NATURES4 ,PRES5T-DAY SOCIOLOGI/S & AN?ROPOLOGI/S DON'T TALK MU* AB\T ?IS PROCESS1 & NOT 9 ?IS WAY4 ,AMONG ! MO/ COMPET5T WRIT]S1 !RE IS NOT MU* M5TION ( 0HUMAN NATURE40 ,!IR DIFFID5CE MAKES SCI5TIFIC S5SE1 = EV]Y?+ WE OBS]VE1 & EV5 MORE IMPORTANT1 \R WAY ( OBS]V+ IT1 IS ALREADY CULTURE & A PATT]N ( CULTURE4 ,:AT IS ! S5SE ( M5TION+ 0HUMAN NATURE0 IF WE CAN NEV] OBS]VE IT8 ,! OLD-FA%ION$ NAIVE ?\<T1 ?AT PRIMITIVE RACES OR *ILDR5 >E MORE NATURAL1 IS DISC\NT$4 ,& ! CLASSICAL AN?ROPOLOGICAL QUE/ION1 ,:AT IS ,MAN8--0H[ LIKE AN ANGEL1 ?IS QU9TESS5CE ( DU/60--IS NOT N[ ASK$ BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S4 ,9/EAD1 !Y COMM5CE ) A *APT] ON ,PHYSICAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY & !N =GET ! :OLE TOPIC & GO ON TO ,CULTURE4 

,ON ?IS VIEW1 GR[+ UP IS SOMETIMES TREAT$ AS IF IT W]E ACCULTURATION1 ! PROCESS ( GIV+ UP ONE CULTURE = ANO!R1 ! WAY A TRIBE ( ,9DIANS TAKES ON ! CULTURE ( ! :ITES3 SO ! WILD ,BABIES GIVE UP !IR 09DIVIDUALI/IC0 MORES & IDEOLOGY1 E4G41 SELFI%NESS OR MAGIC ?9K+ OR OMNIPOT5CE1 & JO9 ! TRIBE ( ,SOCIETY2 !Y >E 0SOCIALIZ$40 ,MORE FREQU5TLY1 H[EV]1 ! MATT] IS LEFT VAGUE3 WE />T ) A TABULA RASA & 5D UP ) 0SOCIALIZ$0 & CULTUR$4 70,BECOM+ CULTUR$0 & 0BE+ ADJU/$ TO ! SOCIAL GR\P0 >E TAK5 ALMO/ AS SYNONYM\S47 ,EI!R WAY1 IT FOLL[S ?AT Y\ CAN TEA* PEOPLE ANY?+2 Y\ CAN ADAPT !M TO ANY?+ IF Y\ USE ! RI<T TE*NIQUES ( 0SOCIALIZ+0 OR 0COMMUNICAT+40 ,! ESS5CE ( 0HUMAN NATURE0 IS TO BE PRETTY 9DEF9ITELY MALLEABLE4 0,MAN10 AS ,C4 ,WRI<T ,MILLS SUGGE/S1 IS :AT SUITS A P>TICUL> TYPE ( SOCIETY 9 A P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL /AGE4 

,?IS FATEFUL IDEA1 9V5T$ FROM TIME TO TIME BY PHILOSOPH]S1 SEEMS F9ALLY TO BE EMPIRICALLY EVID5T 9 ! MO/ REC5T DECADES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 9 \R HI<LY ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( MA*9E PRODUCTION & ITS CORRESPOND+ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ! PRACTICE IS1 BY 0VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE10 TO FIT PEOPLE :]EV] !Y >E NE$$ 9 ! PRODUCTIVE SY/EM2 & :5EV] ! PRODUCTS ( ! SY/EM NE$ TO BE US$ UP1 ! PRACTICE IS1 BY ADV]TIS+1 TO GET PEOPLE TO CONSUME !M4 ,?IS WORKS4 ,!RE IS A MAN = EV]Y JOB & NOT MANY >E LEFT OV]1 & ! %ELVES >E ALMO/ ALWAYS CLE>$4 ,AGA91 9 ! HI<LY ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL 9DU/RIAL SY/EMS ( ,G]MANY1 ,RUSSIA1 & N[ ,*9A1 IT HAS BE5 POSSIBLE 9 A %ORT TIME TO CONDITION GREAT MASSES TO P]=M AS DESIR$4 ,SOCIAL SCI5TI/S OBS]VE ?AT !SE >E ! FACTS1 & !Y ALSO DEVISE !ORIES & TE*NIQUES TO PRODUCE MORE FACTS LIKE !M1 = ! SOCIAL SCI5TI/S TOO >E P>T ( ! HI<LY ORGANIZ$ SY/EMS4 

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,A/ONI%+LY DIFF]5T1 H[EV]1 IS ! OP9ION ( EXP]TS :O DEAL ) HUMAN FACTS 9 A MORE RAW1 LESS HI<LY PROCESS$1 /ATE4 ,?OSE :O HAVE TO COPE ) PEOPLE 9 SMALL GR\PS RA!R ?AN /ATI/ICALLY1 ATT5D+ TO !M RA!R ?AN TO SOME SY/EMATIC GOAL--P>5TS & TEA*]S1 PHYSICIANS & PSY*O!RAPI/S1 POLICEM5 & W>D5S ( JAILS1 %OP =EM5 & GRIEVANCE COMMITTEES--!SE EXP]TS >E LIKELY TO HOLD /UBBORNLY ?AT !RE IS A 0HUMAN NATURE40 ,Y\ CAN'T TEA* PEOPLE SOME ?+S OR *ANGE !M 9 SOME WAYS1 & IF Y\ P]SI/1 Y\'RE 9 = TR\BLE4 ,CONTR>IWISE1 IF Y\ DON'T PROVIDE !M ) C]TA9 ?+S1 !Y'LL FILL ! GAPS ) ECC5TRIC SUB/ITUTES4 

,?IS IS IMM$IATELY EVID5T :5 SOME?+ GOES WRONG2 = 9/ANCE1 :5 A *ILD CAN'T LE>N TO READ BECAUSE HE HAS NOT YET DEVELOP$ ! MUSCUL> ACCOMMODATION ( HIS EYES2 IF Y\ P]SI/1 HE )DRAWS OR BECOMES TRICKY4 ,SU* A CASE IS CLE>-CUT 7IT IS 0PHYSICAL074 ,BUT ! MORE IMPORTANT CASES HAVE ! FOLL[+ =M3 ! *ILD DOES TAKE ON ! CULTURAL HABIT1 E4G41 E>LY TOILET TRA9+1 & 9DE$ ! :OLE CORRESPOND+ PATT]N ( CULTURE1 BUT !RE IS A DIM9I%+ ( =CE1 GRACE1 DISCRIM9ATION1 9TELLECT1 FEEL+1 9 SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS OR EV5 9 HIS TOTAL BEHAVIOR4 ,HE MAY BECOME TOO OB$I5T & LACK+ 9 9ITIATIVE1 OR IMPRACTICALLY C>EFUL & SQUEAMI%2 HE MAY DEVELOP 0PSY*OSOMATIC0 AILM5TS LIKE CON/IPATION4 ,LET ME GIVE AN 9/ANCE EV5 E>LI] 9 LIFE3 AN 9FANT NURTUR$ 9 AN 9/ITUTION )\T A P>TICUL> NURSE ATT5D+ HIM DUR+ ! FIR/ SIX MON?S1 DOES NOT SEEM TO DEVELOP ABNORMALLY2 BUT IF DUR+ ! 5D ( ! FIR/ YE> & = SOME TIME !REAFT] HE IS NOT GIV5 P]SONAL C>E1 HE WILL LAT] BE 9 SOME WAYS EMOTIONALLY COLD & UNREA*ABLE--EI!R SOME FUNCTION HAS FAIL$ TO DEVELOP1 OR HE HAS ALREADY BLOCK$ IT \T AS TOO FRU/RAT$ & PA9FUL4 ,9 SU* EXAMPLES1 ! LOSS ( =CE1 GRACE1 & FEEL+ SEEMS TO BE EVID5CE ?AT SOMEH[ ! ACQUIR$ CULTURAL HABITS DO NOT DRAW ON UNIMP$$ \TGO+ 5]GY1 !Y >E AGA9/ ! GRA91 !Y DO NOT FIT ! *ILD'S NE$S OR APPETITES2 !RE=E !Y HAVE BE5 ILL ADAPT$ & NOT ASSIMILAT$4 

,?AT IS1 ON ?IS VIEW WE DO NOT NE$ TO BE ABLE TO SAY :AT 0HUMAN NATURE0 IS 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO SAY ?AT SOME TRA9+ IS 0AGA9/ HUMAN NATURE0 & Y\ P]SI/ 9 IT AT P]IL4 ,TEA*]S & PSY*OLOGI/S :O DEAL PRACTICALLY ) GR[+ UP & ! BLOCKS TO GR[+ UP MAY NEV] M5TION ! WORD 0HUMAN NATURE0 79DE$1 !Y >E BETT] (F )\T TOO MANY A PRIORI IDEAS71 BUT !Y CL+ /UBBORNLY TO ! PRESUMPTION ?AT AT EV]Y /AGE !RE IS A DEVELOP+ POT5TIALITY NOT YET CULTUR$1 & YET NOT BLANK1 & ?AT MAKES POSSIBLE ! TAK+ ON ( CULTURE4 ,WE MU/ DRAW 0IT0 \T1 (F] 0IT0 OPPORTUNITIES1 NOT VIOLATE 0IT0 EXCEPT = UNAVOIDABLE REASONS4 ,:AT 0IT0 IS1 IS NOT DEF9ITE4 ,IT IS :AT1 :5 APPEAL$ TO 9 ! RI<T CIRCUM/ANCES1 GIVES BEHAVIOR ?AT HAS =CE1 GRACE1 DISCRIM9ATION1 9TELLECT1 FEEL+4 ,?IS VAGU5ESS IS ( C\RSE QUITE SUFFICI5T = $UCATION1 = $UCATION IS AN >T4 ,A GOOD TEA*] FEELS HIS WAY1 LOOK+ = RESPONSE4 

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,! CONCEPT ( 0HUMAN NATURE0 HAS HAD A V>I$ POLITICAL HI/ORY 9 MOD]N TIMES4 ,IF WE TRACE IT1 WE CAN SEE ! PRES5T DISAGREEM5T DEVELOP+4 

,9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ! ,AGE ( ,REASON & ! E>LY ,ROMANTIC ,MOVEM5T1 ! EMPHASIS WAS ON 0HUMAN NATURE10 REF]R+ TO MAN'S NATURALLY SYMPA!TIC S5TIM5TS1 HIS COMMUNICATIVE FACULTIES1 & UNALI5ABLE DIGNITY4 7,IMMANUEL ,KANT IMMORTALLY ?\<T UP A PHILOSOPHY TO MAKE !SE COH]E47 ,N[ ?IS HUMAN NATURE WAS P[]FULLY 5LI/$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES AGA9/ C\RTS & CLASSES1 POV]TY & HUMILIATION1 & IT BEGAN TO 9V5T PROGRESSIVE $UCATION4 ,HUMAN NATURE UNMI/AKABLY DEM&$ LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & FRAT]NITY--& EV]Y MAN A PHILOSOPH] & POET4 

,AS AN HEIR ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ,K>L ,M>X KEPT MU* ( ?IS CONCEPT4 ,SYMPA?Y RECURR$ AS SOLID>ITY4 ,DIGNITY & 9TELLECT W]E P]HAPS /ILL 9 ! FUTURE4 ,BUT HE F\ND AN IMPORTANT NEW ESS5TIAL3 MAN IS A MAK]1 HE MU/ USE HIS PRODUCTIVE NATURE OR BE MIS]ABLE4 ,?IS TOO 9VOLV$ A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 TO GIVE BACK TO MAN HIS TOOLS4 

,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 H[EV]1 0HUMAN NATURE0 CAME TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) CONS]VATIVE & EV5 REACTION>Y POLITICS4 ,! LAT] ,ROMANTICS W]E HI/ORICAL M9D$ & F\ND MAN NATURALLY TRADITIONAL & NOT TO BE UPROOT$4 ,A FEW DECADES LAT]1 N>R[ 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,D>W9 W]E BE+ US$ TO SUPPORT CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE2 & RACIAL & SOMATIC !ORIES W]E US$ TO ADVANCE IMP]IAL & ELITE 9T]E/S4 7,! EMPHASIS WAS N[ ON 0NATURE02 ! HUMANITY BECAME DUBI\S47 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS LAT] P]IOD ?AT ! SOCIAL SCI5TI/S BEGAN TO BE DIFFID5T AB\T 0HUMAN NATURE02 =1 POLITICALLY1 !Y WANT$ FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGES1 DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE 9DICAT$ BY ! 0NATURAL0 !ORY ( ! SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/2 &1 SCI5TIFICALLY1 IT WAS EVID5T ?AT MANY AN?ROPOLOGICAL FACTS W]E BE+ CALL$ NATURAL :I* W]E OV]:ELM+LY CULTURAL4 ,MO/ ( ! SOCIAL SCI5TI/S BEGAN TO LAY ALL !IR /RESS ON POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 TO BR+ AB\T RE=M4 ,NEV]!LESS1 SCI5TIFICALLY TRA9$ AN>*I/S LIKE ,KROPOTK9 9SI/$ ?AT 0HUMAN NATURE0--:I* HAD N[ BECOME MUTUAL-AID+1 KNI<TLY1 & CRAFTSMAN-LIKE--WAS /ILL ON ! SIDE ( REVOLUTION4 

,9 \R [N C5TURY1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! ,TW5TIES & ,?IRTIES1 ! SOCIAL SCI5TI/S HAVE F\ND ANO!R REASON = DIFFID5CE3 IT SEEMS TO !M ?AT 0HUMAN NATURE0 IMPLIES 0NOT SOCIAL0 & REF]S TO SOME?+ PRIOR TO SOCIETY1 BELONG+ TO AN ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL4 ,!Y HAVE FELT ?AT TOO MU* IMPORTANCE HAS BE5 ASSIGN$ TO ,9DIVIDUAL ,PSY*OLOGY 7!Y W]E REACT+ TO ,FREUD7 & ?IS HAS /OOD 9 ! WAY ( ORGANIZ+ PEOPLE = POLITICAL RE=M4 ,IT IS ON ?IS VIEW1 F9ALLY1 ?AT GR[+ UP IS N[ 9T]PRET$ AS A PROCESS ( SOCIALIZ+ SOME RA!R 9DEF9ITE K9D ( ANIMAL1 & 0SOCIALIZ+0 IS US$ AS A SYNONYM = TEA*+ HIM ! CULTURE4 

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,LET US N[ PROCE$ MORE C>EFULLY1 = WE >E APPROA*+ \R PRES5T PLI<T4 ,IS 0BE+ SOCIALIZ$10 NO MATT] :AT ! SOCIETY1 ! SAME AS GR[+ UP & ASSIMILAT+ HUMAN CULTURE8 ,! SOCIETY TO :I* ONE IS SOCIALIZ$ W\LD HAVE TO BE A REM>KABLY F9I%$ PRODUCT4 

,!RE >E H]E ?REE DI/9CT CONCEPTS1 :I* SOMETIMES SEEM ! SAME BUT SOMETIMES V]Y DIFF]5T3 7#a7 SOCIETY AS ! RELATIONS ( HUMAN SOCIAL ANIMALS1 7#b7 ! HUMAN CULTURE C>RI$ BY SOCIETY1 & 7#c7 A P>TICUL> SOCIETY1 LIKE \RS1 =M$ BY ITS PATT]N ( CULTURE & 9/ITUTIONS1 & TO :I* ITS MEMB]S >E SOCIALIZ$ OR ADJU/$4 

,9 ORD9>Y1 /ATIC CIRCUM/ANCES1 & ESPECIALLY :5 A DOM9ANT SY/EM 9 A SOCIETY IS RID+ HI< 7AS ! ORGANIZ$ SY/EM IS ) US71 SOCIALIZ+ TO ?AT SOCIETY SEEMS TO PROVIDE ALL VALUABLE CULTURE4 ,BUT AS SOON AS WE ?9K ( A FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGE1 WE BEG9 TO SAY ?AT PEOPLE >E BE+ ADJU/$1 0SOCIALIZ$10 TO A V]Y LIMIT$ K9D ( HUMAN SOCIETY2 & \R NOTION ( 0HUMAN CULTURE0 AT ONCE BROAD5S \T TO 9CLUDE ANCI5T1 EXOTIC1 & EV5 PRIMITIVE MODELS AS SUP]IOR TO ! CONV5TIONAL /&>DS 7AS1 E4G41 \R DISAFFECT$ GR\PS LAY /ORE BY ! ,JAPANESE OR ! ,SAMOANS & ,TROBRI& ,ISL&]S74 ,!N AT ONCE 0HUMAN NATURE0 IS AGA9 9VOK$ TO PROVE ! NECESSITY ( *ANGE1 = 0HUMAN NATURE0 HAS BE5 ?W>T$ OR 9SULT$ BY ! DOM9ANT SY/EM4 0,MAN0 CAN NO LONG] BE DEF9$ AS :AT SUITS ! DOM9ANT SY/EM1 :5 ! DOM9ANT SY/EM APP>5TLY DOES NOT SUIT M54  
  

,I ?9K MANY SOCIAL SCI5TI/S HAVE BE5 MAK+ AN ]ROR 9 LOGIC4 ,C]TA9LY ONLY SOCIETY IS ! C>RI] ( CULTURE 7IT IS NOT 9BORN74 ,BUT IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT SOCIALIZ$ & CULTUR$ >E SYNONYM\S4 ,:AT FOLL[S1 RA!R1 IS ?AT1 S9CE CULTURE IS SO OV]:ELM+LY EVID5T 9 OBS]V+ MANK9D1 SOCIAL PROP]TIES MU/ BE ( ! ESS5CE ( ORIG9AL 0HUMAN NATURE10 & 9DE$ ?AT ! 0ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL0 IS A PRODUCT ( CULTURE4  
  
  

,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 WAS JU/ ! L9E ?AT ,FREUD REALLY TOOK4 ,F> FROM HAV+ AN ,9DIVIDUAL ,PSY*OLOGY1 HE T5D$ TO EXAGG]ATE ! SOCIAL NATURE ( ! BABY BY READ+ 9TO IT PRE=M$ TRAITS ( HIS [N SOCIETY4 ,FROM ! E>LIE/ 9FANCY1 IMITATION & EMULATION1 LOVE1 /RIV+ TO COMMUNICATE1 RIVALRY1 EXCLUSIV5ESS & JEAL\SY1 PUNI%M5T1 9TROJECT$ AU?ORITY1 ID5TIFICATION1 GR[+ UP ON A MODEL1 F9D+ SAFETY 9 CON=M+--!SE W]E AMONG ! CONFLICT+ ELEM5T>Y FUNCTIONS ( ! 0HUMAN NATURE0 ?AT MU/ GR[ 9TO CULTURE4 ,& ,FREUD1 ) MAGNIFIC5T ORIG9ALITY1 TRI$ TO %[ ?AT BY !IR V]Y CONFLICT !Y MADE IT POSSIBLE TO ASSIMILATE CULTURE2 ONLY SU* A SOCIAL ANIMAL C\LD BECOME CULTUR$4 ,EV]Y /EP ( $UCATION WAS ! RESOLUTION ( A DIFFICULT SOCIAL CONFLICT4 ,AS MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPECT$1 FROM ?IS HECTIC !ORY ( HUMAN NATURE W]E DRAWN ! MO/ V>I\S POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,SOME1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( COMMUNITY & SEX RE=M1 HAVE WANT$ FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGES1 LIKE ,F]5CZI & ,REI*4 ,O!RS1 TO SAVE RELIGION1 HAVE BE5 ULTRATRADITIONALI/1 LIKE ,JUNG OR ,LA=GUE4 ,! RUN ( OR?ODOX PSY*OANALYTIC PRACTICE HAS BE5 QUIETI/1 AS ! SOCIAL SCI5TI/S CLAIM$4 ,BUT ! MO/ SURPRIS+ IMPLICATION HAS BE5 DRAWN BY ! SOCIAL SCI5TI/S !MSELVES1 :5 !Y F9ALLY GOT >\ND TO MAK+ USE ( MOD]N PSY*OLOGY3 !Y HAVE F\ND 9 IT TE*NIQUES = H>MONI\SLY BELONG+ TO ! ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( SOCIETY6  
  

,A CURI\S ?+ HAS OCCURR$4 ,UNLIKE ! MAJORITY ( !IR PR$ECESSORS = A C5TURY & A HALF1 MO/ ( \R CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL SCI5TI/S >E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,TO !M1 WE HAVE APP>5TLY REA*$ ! SUMMIT ( 9/ITUTIONAL PROGRESS1 & IT ONLY REMA9S = ! SOCIOLOGI/S & APPLI$-AN?ROPOLOGI/S TO MOP UP ! CORN]S & IRON \T ! K9KS4 ,SOCIAL SCI5TI/S >E NOT ATTRACT$ TO ! CONFLICTFUL CORE ( ,FREUD'S !ORY ( HUMAN NATURE2 A MORE OPTIMI/IC !ORY1 LIKE ,REI*'S1 IS PAID NO ATT5TION AT ALL4 ,BUT !Y HAVE HIT ON ! !ORY ,I M5TION$ AT ! BEG9N+3 ?AT Y\ CAN ADAPT PEOPLE TO ANY?+1 IF Y\ USE ! RI<T TE*NIQUES4 ,\R SOCIAL SCI5TI/S HAVE BECOME SO ACCU/OM$ TO ! HI<LY ORGANIZ$ & BY-&-L>GE SMOO?LY RUNN+ SOCIETY ?AT !Y HAVE BEGUN TO ?9K ?AT 0SOCIAL ANIMAL0 MEANS 0H>MONI\SLY BELONG+40 ,!Y DO NOT LIKE TO ?9K ?AT FI<T+ & DISS5T+ >E PROP] SOCIAL FUNCTIONS1 NOR ?AT REBELL+ OR 9ITIAT+ FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE IS A SOCIAL FUNCTION4 ,RA!R1 IF SOME?+ DOES NOT RUN SMOO?LY1 !Y SAY IT HAS BE5 IMPROP]LY SOCIALIZ$2 !RE HAS BE5 A FAILURE 9 COMMUNICATION4 ,! ANIMAL P>T IS R>ELY M5TION$ AT ALL2 IF IT PROVES ANNOY+1 IT TOO HAS BE5 9ADEQUATELY SOCIALIZ$4 

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,NEV]!LESS1 WE SEE GR\PS ( BOYS & Y\NG M5 DISAFFECT$ FROM ! DOM9ANT SOCIETY4 ,! Y\NG M5 >E ,ANGRY & ,BEAT4 ,! BOYS >E ,JUV5ILE ,DEL9QU5TS4 ,!SE GR\PS >E NOT SMALL1 & !Y WILL GR[ L>G]4 ,C]TA9LY !Y >E SUFF]+4 ,DEMON/RABLY !Y >E NOT GETT+ 5\< \T ( \R WEAL? & CIVILIZATION4 ,!Y >E NOT GR[+ UP TO FULL CAPACITY4 ,!Y >E FAIL+ TO ASSIMILATE MU* ( ! CULTURE4 ,AS WAS PR$ICTABLE1 MO/ ( ! AU?ORITIES & ALL ( ! PUBLIC SPOKESM5 EXPLA9 IT BY SAY+ !RE HAS BE5 A FAILURE ( SOCIALIZATION4 ,!Y SAY ?AT BACKGR\ND CONDITIONS HAVE 9T]RUPT$ SOCIALIZATION & MU/ BE IMPROV$4 ,&1 NOT 5\< EF=T HAS BE5 MADE TO GU>ANTEE BELONG+1 !RE MU/ BE BETT] BAIT OR PUNI%M5T4 

,BUT P]HAPS !RE HAS NOT BE5 A FAILURE ( COMMUNICATION4 ,P]HAPS ! SOCIAL MESSAGE HAS BE5 COMMUNICAT$ CLE>LY TO ! Y\NG M5 & IS UNACCEPTABLE4 

,9 ?IS BOOK ,I %ALL !RE=E TAKE ! OPPOSITE TACK & ASK1 0,SOCIALIZATION TO :AT8 TO :AT DOM9ANT SOCIETY & AVAILABLE CULTURE80 ,& IF ?IS QUE/ION IS ASK$1 WE MU/ AT ONCE ASK ! O!R QUE/ION1 0,IS ! H>MONI\S ORGANIZATION TO :I* ! Y\NG >E 9ADEQUATELY SOCIALIZ$1 P]HAPS AGA9/ HUMAN NATURE1 OR NOT WOR?Y ( HUMAN NATURE1 & !RE=E !RE IS DIFFICULTY 9 GR[+ UP80 ,IF ?IS IS SO1 ! DISAFFECTION ( ! Y\NG IS PR(\ND & IT WILL NOT BE F9ALLY REM$IABLE BY BETT] TE*NIQUES ( SOCIALIZ+4 ,9/EAD1 !RE WILL HAVE TO BE *ANGES 9 \R SOCIETY & ITS CULTURE1 SO AS TO MEET ! APPETITES & CAPACITIES ( HUMAN NATURE1 9 ORD] TO GR[ UP4 

,?IS BR+S ME TO ANO!R PROPOSITION AB\T GR[+ UP1 & P]HAPS ! MA9 !ME ( ?IS BOOK4 ,GR[?1 LIKE ANY ONGO+ FUNCTION1 REQUIRES ADEQUATE OBJECTS 9 ! 5VIRONM5T TO MEET ! NE$S & CAPACITIES ( ! GR[+ *ILD1 BOY1 Y\?1 & Y\NG MAN1 UNTIL HE CAN BETT] *OOSE & MAKE HIS [N 5VIRONM5T4 ,IT IS NOT A 0PSY*OLOGICAL0 QUE/ION ( POOR 9FLU5CES & BAD ATTITUDES1 BUT AN OBJECTIVE QUE/ION ( REAL OPPORTUNITIES = WOR?:ILE EXP]I5CE4 ,IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE :E!R ! GR[? IS NORMAL OR DI/ORT$1 ONLY REAL OBJECTS WILL F9I% ! EXP]I5CE4 7,EV5 9 ! PSY*O!RAPY ( ADULTS ONE F9DS ?AT MANY A /UBBORN SYMPTOM VANI%ES IF !RE IS A REAL *ANGE 9 ! VOCATIONAL & SEXUAL OPPORTUNITIES1 SO ?AT ! SYMPTOM IS NO LONG] NE$$47 ,IT IS H]E ?AT ! !ORY ( BELONG+ & SOCIALIZ+ BREAKS D[N MIS]ABLY4 ,= IT CAN BE %[N--,I 9T5D TO %[--?AT ) ALL ! H>MONI\S BELONG+ & ALL ! TIDY+ UP ( BACKGR\ND CONDITIONS ?AT Y\ PLEASE1 \R ABUNDANT SOCIETY IS AT PRES5T SIMPLY DEFICI5T 9 MANY ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y OBJECTIVE OPPORTUNITIES & WOR?-:ILE GOALS ?AT C\LD MAKE GR[+ UP POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS LACK+ 9 5\< MAN'S WORK4 ,IT IS LACK+ 9 HONE/ PUBLIC SPEE*1 & PEOPLE >E NOT TAK5 S]I\SLY4 ,IT IS LACK+ 9 ! OPPORTUNITY TO BE USEFUL4 ,IT ?W>TS APTITUDE & CREATES /UPIDITY4 ,IT CORRUPTS +5U\S PATRIOTISM4 ,IT CORRUPTS ! F9E >TS4 ,IT %ACKLES SCI5CE4 ,IT DAMP5S ANIMAL >DOR4 ,IT DISC\RAGES ! RELIGI\S CONVICTIONS ( ,JU/IFICATION & ,VOCATION & IT DIMS ! S5SE ?AT !RE IS A ,CREATION4 ,IT HAS NO ,HONOR4 ,IT HAS NO ,COMMUNITY4 

,JU/ LOOK AT ?AT LI/4 ,!RE IS NO?+ 9 IT ?AT IS SURPRIS+1 9 EI!R ! SMALL LETT]S OR ! CAPITALS4 ,I HAVE NO?+ SUBTLE OR NOVEL TO SAY 9 ?IS BOOK2 !SE >E ! ?+S ?AT EV]YBODY KN[S4 ,& NEV]!LESS ! ,GOV]NOR ( ,NEW ,YORK SAYS1 0,WE MU/ GIVE !SE Y\NG M5 A S5SE ( BELONG+40 

,?W>T$1 OR />V$1 9 ! IMPORTANT OBJECTS PROP] TO Y\NG CAPACITIES1 ! BOYS & Y\NG M5 NATURALLY F9D OR 9V5T DEVIANT OBJECTS = !MSELVES2 ?IS IS ! BEAUTIFUL %AP+ P[] ( \R HUMAN NATURE4 ,!IR *OICES & 9V5TIONS >E R>ELY *>M+1 USUALLY /UPID1 & (T5 DISA/R\S2 WE CANNOT EXPECT AV]AGE KIDS TO DEVIATE ) G5IUS4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H&1 ! Y\NG M5 :O CON=M TO ! DOM9ANT SOCIETY BECOME = ! MO/ P>T APA!TIC1 DISAPPO9T$1 CYNICAL1 & WA/$4 

7,I SAY ! 0Y\NG M5 & BOYS0 RA!R ?AN ! 0Y\NG PEOPLE0 BECAUSE ! PROBLEMS ,I WANT TO DISCUSS 9 ?IS BOOK BELONG PRIM>ILY1 9 \R SOCIETY1 TO ! BOYS3 H[ TO BE USEFUL & MAKE SOME?+ ( ONESELF4 ,A GIRL DOES NOT HAVE TO1 %E IS NOT EXPECT$ TO1 0MAKE SOME?+0 ( H]SELF4 ,H] C>E] DOES NOT HAVE TO BE SELF-JU/IFY+1 = %E WILL HAVE *ILDR51 :I* IS ABSOLUTELY SELF-JU/IFY+1 LIKE ANY O!R NATURAL OR CREATIVE ACT4 ,) ?IS BACKGR\ND1 IT IS LESS IMPORTANT1 = 9/ANCE1 :AT JOB AN AV]AGE Y\NG WOMAN WORKS AT TILL %E IS M>RI$4 ,! QUE/ = ! GLAM\R JOB IS GIV5 AT LEA/ A LITTLE SUB/ANCE BY ITS RELATION TO A 0BETT]0 M>RIAGE4 ,CORRESPOND+LY1 \R 0Y\? TR\BLES0 >E BOYS' TR\BLES--FEMALE DEL9QU5CY IS SEXUAL3 09CORRIGIBILITY0 & UNM>RI$ PREGNANCY4 ,YET AS EV]Y WOMAN KN[S1 !SE PROBLEMS >E 9T5SELY 9T]E/+ TO WOM51 = IF ! BOYS DO NOT GR[ TO BE M51 :]E %ALL ! WOM5 F9D M58 ,IF ! HUSB& IS RUNN+ ! RAT RACE ( ! ORGANIZ$ SY/EM1 !RE IS NOT MU* FA!R = ! *ILDR547 

#f4 

  

,?IS ESSAY IS ON 0,Y\? ,PROBLEMS40 ,BUT ! READ] WILL F9D1 P]HAPS TO HIS SURPRISE1 ?AT ,I %ALL MAKE LITTLE DI/9CTION 9 VALUE BETWE5 TALK+ AB\T MIDDLE-CLASS Y\?S BE+ GROOM$ = T5-?\S&-DOLL> 0SLOTS0 9 BUS9ESS & ,MADISON ,AV5UE1 OR UND]PRIVILEG$ HOODLUMS FATALI/ICALLY HURRY+ TO A RE=MATORY2 OR BETWE5 H>D-WORK+ Y\NG FA!RS & IDLE ,BEATS ) BE>DS4 ,= ! SALI5T ?+ IS ! SAM5ESS AMONG !M1 ! WA/E ( HUMANITY4 ,9 \R SOCIETY1 BRI<T LIVELY *ILDR51 ) ! POT5TIALITY = KN[L$GE1 NOBLE IDEALS1 HONE/ EF=T1 & SOME K9D ( WOR?-:ILE A*IEVEM5T1 >E TRANS=M$ 9TO USELESS & CYNICAL BIP$S1 OR DEC5T Y\NG M5 TRAPP$ OR E>LY RESIGN$1 :E!R 9 OR \T ( ! ORGANIZ$ SY/EM4 ,MY PURPOSE IS A SIMPLE ONE3 TO %[ H[ IT IS DESP]ATELY H>D !SE DAYS = AN AV]AGE *ILD TO GR[ UP TO BE A MAN1 = \R PRES5T ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( SOCIETY DOES NOT WANT M54 ,!Y >E NOT SAFE4 ,!Y DO NOT SUIT4 

,\R PUBLIC (FICIALS >E N[ MU* CONC]N$ AB\T ! 0WA/E ( HUMAN RES\RCES40 ,DR4 ,CONANT1 ! =M] PRESID5T ( ,H>V>D1 HAS SURVEY$ ! HI< S*OOLS4 ,BUT \R (FICIALS >E NOT S]I\S1 & ,DR4 ,CONANT'S REPORT IS SUP]FICIAL4 ,= ! BIG CAUSES ( /UPIDITY1 ( LACK ( 9ITIATIVE & LACK ( HONORABLE 9C5TIVE1 >E GL>+2 YET !Y DO NOT 9T5D TO NOTICE OR REM$Y !SE BIG CAUSES4 7,?IS V]Y AVOIDANCE ( ! REAL ISSUES ON ! P>T ( \R PUBLIC (FICIALS IS1 9DE$1 ONE ( ! BIG CAUSES47 ,\R SOCIETY CANNOT HAVE IT BO? WAYS3 TO MA9TA9 A CON=MI/ & IGNOBLE SY/EM & TO HAVE SKILLFUL & SPIRIT$ M5 TO MAN ?AT SY/EM )4 

#g4 

  

,IT IS NOT MY PURPOSE 9 ?IS ESSAY TO \TL9E A BETT] WORLD4 ,BUT ,I ?9K IT REQUIRES NO DEEP WISDOM OR A/ONI%+ IMAG9ATION TO KN[ :AT WE NE$1 & 9 A LAT] *APT] ( ?IS BOOK ,I %ALL EV5 LI/ SOME PO9TS ( A R\< PROGRAM4 ,! PREVAL5T S5TIM5T ?AT IT IS 9F9ITELY IMPRACTICAL TO FOLL[ ! SUGGE/IONS ( COMMON REASON1 IS NOT S\ND4 ,IF IT IS IMPRACTICAL1 IT IS BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE DON'T WANT TO1 & ! RE/ ( US DON'T WANT TO 5\<4 

,= 9/ANCE1 !RE IS A P]SI/5T PRESUMPTION AMONG \R LIB]AL /ATESM5 ?AT ! OLD RADICAL-LIB]AL PROGRAM HAS BE5 IMPORTANTLY A*IEV$1 & ?AT !RE=E !RE IS NO FAMILI> MAJOR PROPOSAL PRACTICAL TO REM$Y ADMITT$LY CRY+ ILLS4 ,?IS IS A FALSE PRESUMPTION4 ,?R\<\T ! N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES1 ! RADICAL-LIB]AL PROGRAM WAS CONT9UALLY COMPROMIS$1 CURTAIL$1 SOMETIMES REALIZ$ 9 =M )\T CONT5T1 SOMETIMES SWEPT UND] ! RUG & HE>D ( NO MORE4 ,I %ALL LAT] LI/ MORE ?AN TW5TY FUNDAM5TAL LIB]AL DEM&S ?AT HAVE GONE UNFULFILL$ :I* W\LD /ILL BE LIVE & SALUT>Y ISSUES TODAY IF ANYBODY WANT$ TO PU% !M4 ,?IS HAS OCCURR$1 & KEEPS OCCURR+1 BY ! MUTUAL ACCOMMODATION ( BO? 0LIB]ALS0 & 0CONS]VATIVES0 9 ! 9T]E/S ( CREAT+ \R PRES5T COALITION ( SEMIMONOPOLIES1 TRADE UNIONS1 GOV]NM5T1 ,MADISON ,AV5UE1 ETC4 79CLUD+ A L>GE BLOC ( \TLAW GANG/]S72 ?RIV+ ON MAXIMUM PR(ITS & FULL EMPLOYM5T2 BUT )\T REG>D = UTILITY1 QUALITY1 RATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY1 P]SONAL FRE$OM1 9DEP5D5T 5T]PRISE1 HUMAN SCALE1 MANLY VOCATION1 OR G5U9E CULTURE4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS ACCOMMODATION ?AT \R POLITICIANS SURVIVE1 BUT IT DOES NOT MAKE = /ATESMAN%IP4 ,EV5 SO MILD A CRITIC AS ,H5RY ,/EELE ,COMMAG]1 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 JUDGES ?AT WE HAVE HAD ONLY ?REE REPUTABLE /ATESM5 9 FIFTY YE>S1 ! LA/ ( :OM DI$ FIFTE5 YE>S AGO4 ,:ILE ONE MAY NOT AGREE ) HIS NUMB] & EXAMPLES1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT WE HAVE BE5 LIV+ 9 A POLITICAL LIMBO4 

,NATURALLY ?IS UNNATURAL SY/EM HAS G5]AT$ ITS [N TR\BLES1 :E!R WE ?9K ( ! UNLIVABLE COMMUNITIES1 ! COLLAPSE ( PUBLIC E?ICS1 OR ! PROBLEMS ( Y\?4 ,I %ALL TRY TO %[ 9 ?IS ESSAY ?AT !SE ILLS >E BY NO MEANS 9H]5T 9 MOD]N TE*NOLOGICAL OR ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS1 NOR 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,CON/ITUTION AS SU*4 ,BUT !Y HAVE FOLL[$ PRECISELY FROM ! BETRAYAL & NEGLECT ( ! OLD RADICAL-LIB]AL PROGRAM & O!R *ANGES PROPOS$ TO KEEP UP ) ! ADVANC+ TE*NOLOGY1 ! GR[? ( POPULATION1 & ! REVOLUTION 9 MORALS4 ,IMPORTANT RE=MS DID NOT OCCUR :5 !Y W]E RIPE1 & WE HAVE 9H]IT$ ! CONSEQU5CES3 A WILD]NESS ( UNF9I%$ SITUATIONS1 UNEQUAL DEVELOPM5TS & 9CONSI/5T /&>DS1 AS WELL AS NEW BUS9ESS4 ,& N[1 SOMETIMES ! REM$Y MU/ BE /OICALLY TO GO BACK & C>RY ?R\< ! OLD PROGRAMS 7AS WE >E HAV+ TO DO ) RACIAL 9TEGRATION71 E4G41 F9ALLY TO 9SI/ ON /R+5T MA/]-PLANN+ ( CITIES & CONS]V+ ( RES\RCES1 OR ON REALLY LIMIT+ MONOPOLIES4 ,SOMETIMES WE MU/ MAKE *ANGES TO CAT* UP--E4G41 TO MAKE ! LAWS MORE CONSI/5T ) ! SEXUAL REVOLUTION1 OR TO MAKE ! EXP5DITURE ON PUBLIC GOODS MORE COMM5SURATE ) ! GEOMETRICALLY 9CREAS+ COMPLICATIONS ( A MORE CR[D$ POPULATION4 ,& SOMETIMES1 F9ALLY1 WE HAVE TO 9V5T REALLY NEW DEVICES--E4G41 H[ TO MAKE ! 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY HUMANLY IMPORTANT = ITS WORKM51 H[ TO USE LEISURE NOBLY1 OR EV5 H[1 9 A RI* SOCIETY1 TO BE DEC5TLY POOR IF ONE SO *OOSES4 

,?IS BOOK IS NOT AB\T !SE GREAT SUBJECTS4 ,BUT !Y HOV] 9 ! BACKGR\ND ( ! GREAT SUBJECT ?AT IT IS AB\T4 ,= IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ! AV]AGE BOY TO GR[ UP & USE ! REM>KABLE CAPACITIES ?AT >E 9 EV]Y BOY1 UNLESS ! WORLD IS = HIM & MAKES S5SE4 ,& A SOCIETY MAKES S5SE :5 IT UND]/&S ?AT ITS *IEF WEAL? IS !SE CAPACITIES4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiei 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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