,FUNDAM5TAL ,!SES ( ! ,P>TY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 HTTP3_/_/WEB49F9ITO4IT_/UT5TI_/C_/COMMUNISM_/CLASSICI_/BORDIG54HTM2 
,H,T,M,L ,M>KUP3 ,&Y ,BLUND5 #b#c4 

,AT ! ,LYONS ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY 9 #a#i#b#f1 %ORTLY BE=E ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ADOPT$ ! !ORY ( 0SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY01 ! ,LEFT PRES5T$ A DRAFT !SES 7,! ,LYONS ,!SES7 :I* PR$ICTABLY WAS REJECT$ BY ! L>GELY ,/AL9IS$ P>TY4 ,9 !SE !SES \R CURR5T DREW NOT ONLY ! BALANCE %EET ( ! SITUATION 9 ,ITALY1 ( ITS ACTIVITY :5 IT WAS 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY1 & ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,GRAMSCI-,TOGLIATTI LEAD]%IP :I* WAS IMPOS$ ON ! P>TY BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! YE>S AFT] #a#i#b#d4 ,IT ALSO DREW ! BALANCE %EET ( ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 ( ! ADVANCE & SUBSEQU5TLY ( ! RETREAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ( ! PO/ ,WORLD ,W> #a P]IOD1 ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL BO? 9 ITS SPL5DID RE/ORATION ( ! PR9CIPLES & PROGRAM ( ! REVOLUTION & 9 ITS WEAKNESSES & ]RORS 9 ! DOMA9 ( TACTICS & ORGANIZATION4 

,! ,LYONS ,CONGRESS M>K$ ! CLOSE ( A P]IOD4 ,FROM ! \T-BREAK ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I 9 #aiad TO #aibf ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT GAVE ITS CONTRIBUTION TO ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! WORLD P>TY1 & IT WAG$ A /RUGGLE1 9CREAS+LY DEF5SIVE1 TO MAKE ?IS P>TY 9TO A TRULY EFFECTIVE ORGAN :I* C\LD REALIZE ! AIMS IT HAD GIV5 ITSELF4 ,AFT] #aibf \R CURR5T WAS /RUCK BY ! BL[S ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 FULL =CE1 MANIFE/$ BO? 9 ! ,/AL9I/ P]SECUTION AS WELL AS 9 B\RGEOIS REPRESSION1 :E!R FASCI/ 9 ,ITALY OR DEMOCRATIC 9 ,FRANCE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT F\ND ITSELF 9CREAS+LY ISOLAT$ FROM ! CURR5TS :I* ON ! 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL TOOK A POSITION MORE OR LESS OPPOS$ TO ,/AL9ISM & ITS LIQUIDATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 ,!SE OPPOSITION CURR5TS 9 EFFECT HAD A DIFF]5T CONCEPTION BO? ( ! CAUSES ( ! VICTORY ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ( ,/AL9ISM1 -& ( ! WAY TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ !M4 ,IT BECAME MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO RESI/ ! DEVA/ATION ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION :I* WAS BR\<T TO BE> ON ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,:ILE ,TROTSKY DESP]ATELY LOOK$ = ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ! LA/ BATTLES ( ! PROLET>IAN RETREAT & S\<T AT ALL PRICE -- EV5 9 ! 5D AT ! PRICE ( COMPROMIS+ PR9CIPLES -- TO MA9TA9 A MASS ORGANIZATION1 \R CURR5T 7& NOTABLY ! ,FRACTION 9 ,EXILE7 5DEAVOR$ TO PRES]VE ! CONT9UITY ( \R TRADITION & TO S[ ! SE$S :]E !Y DID NOT EXI/4 

,) ! SUPPORT GIV5 BY ! (FICIAL 0COMMUNI/0 P>TIES TO ! IMP]IALI/ W> & ) !IR P>TICIPATION 9 B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS ( NATIONAL RECON/RUCTION AFT] ! W>1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT !SE P>TIES HAD DEF9ITIVELY & IRRETRIEVABLY SUNK 9TO SOCIAL-*AUV9ISM1 ! DEF5SE & RESPECT ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 & ! MO/ B>EFAC$ CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,IT WAS ONLY AFT] !SE EV5TS & AFT] A S]IES ( ATTEMPTS TO BR+ TO BIR? A P>TY ON ITS TRUE ,M>XI/ F\NDATIONS ?AT \R P>TY WAS ABLE TO BE DEF9ITIVELY RECON/RUCT$4 ,AL?\< IT WAS PHYSICALLY RECON/RUCT$ ESS5TIALLY 9 ,ITALY1 IT WAS NOT RECON/RUCT$ AS AN ,ITALIAN P>TY BUT AS ! NUCLEUS ( A FUTURE 9T]NATIONAL P>TY & ON ! BASIS ( AN 9T]NATIONALI/ LI/ PROGRAM4 

,WE MU/ ADD A FEW WORDS AB\T ! ATTEMPT AT =MATION ( ! P>TY 9 ! P]IOD BETWE5 ! CLOSE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I & #aiea BECAUSE ! ,FUNDAM5TAL ,!SES RESPOND TO & CL>IFY C]TA9 PROBLEMS EXI/+ DUR+ ?IS P]IOD 9 ORD] TO LAY ! BASIS = ! SOLID =MATION ( ! P>TY 9 #a#i#e#a-#a#i#e#b4 ,DUR+ !SE YE>S !RE WAS A =MIDABLE & PRAISEWOR?Y ATTEMPT1 BAS$ ON A REAL COMBATIVITY ( MANY MILITANTS1 TO =M A REAL P>TY 9 ,ITALY4 ,?IS ATTEMPT H[EV] WAS SURR\ND$ BY A GREAT DEAL ( CONFUSION4 ,! GREAT] P>T ( ! COMRADES ?\<T ?AT ! PO/ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I P]IOD W\LD BE A REPETITION ( ! PREVI\S PO/W> P]IOD & W\LD RESULT 9 A GREAT REVOLUTION>Y WAVE4 ,?IS ILLUSION NOT ONLY L$ TO A FR5ZI$ ACTIVISM & A SE>* = TACTICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL EXP$I5TS :I* 9 REALITY W\LD DE/ROY ALL ! CONQUE/S ( ! LEFT1 BUT IT ALSO L$ TO ]RORS ( PR9CIPLE & ATTEMPTS TO 0UPDATE0 & REVISE ! ,M>XI/ !ORY4 ,GIV5 ?IS EXTREMELY CONFUS$ SITUATION1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO /RUGGLE A NUMB] ( YE>S TO CL>IFY ! DIV]G5CES :I* W]E AT WORK 9 A P>TY NOT YET HOMOG5\S & :I* W]E MASK$ BEH9D DIFF]5CES APP>5TLY L9K$ TO ! ANALYSIS ( ! P]IOD4 ,?IS REQUIR$ FIR/ ( ALL ! RE-APPROPRIATION ( ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E 9 ALL ITS BASIC ASPECTS &1 ON ?IS BASIS1 A COMPLETE APPRAISAL ( ! REVOLUTION & C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA & ( ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS WORK1 :I* WAS REFLECT$ 9 ! ,FUNDAM5TAL ,!SES & 9 O!R BASIC WORKS1 HAD ! RESULT ( PRODUC+ A SPLIT AT ! 5D ( #aiea BETWE5 TWO ORI5TATIONS1 !N SUFFICI5TLY DELIMIT$ = !IR EXI/5CE )9 ! SAME ORGANIZATION TO HAVE BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,TO UNITE1 AS ,L59 SAID1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DIVIDE4 ,M>XI/S ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT HAVE NEV] FE>$ SPLITS & HAVE NEV] HELD ! ILLUSION ( ?OSE :O BELIEVE !Y CAN A*IEVE IMM$IATE SUCCESS ?ANKS TO ALLIANCES & M]G]S ) HET]OG5E\S =CES4 

,! REAL EXI/5CE ( ! P>TY1 CONSEQU5TLY1 %\LD BE DAT$ FROM ! ,FUNDAM5TAL ,!SES1 :I* =M ! FULL TEXT ( A REPORT TO ! G5]AL CONF]5CE 9 ,FLOR5CE1 ,DECEMB] #h? & #i?1 #a#i#e#a4 ,! ,!SES M>K$ ! CLOSE ( ONE P]IOD & BEG9N+ ( ! V]ITABLE CON/RUCTION ( \R ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT1 AFT] ALMO/ ?REE DECADES ( OBLIVION1 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS 9 A POSITION TO ADVANCE ) A SOLID !ORETICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL ORI5TATION & TO DEVELOP ALL ITS WORK = ! FUTURE REVOLUTION1 :I* IT KNEW TO BE MANY YE>S AWAY1 ON ! BASIS ( IT [N POSITIONS4 ,?IS WAS POSSIBLE BECAUSE1 = ! FIR/ TIME S9CE ! TRAG$Y ( #aibf 9 ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! SO-CALL$ 0,ITALIAN0 ,LEFT 7:I*1 H[EV]1 DI/+UI%$ ITSELF BY RAIS+ PROBLEMS ( PR9CIPLE & ( TACTICS ( 9T]NATIONAL1 NOT 0NATIONAL01 SIGNIFICANCE7 WAS ABLE TO DRAW ! LESSONS ( ! MO/ AWFUL C\NT]-REVOLUTION ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T HAD EV] SUFF]$2 IT WAS POSSIBLE BECAUSE IT WAS ABLE TO RE/ORE ! CONT9UITY ( ! COMMUNI/ TRADITION ?AT CONNECTS ,M>X & ,5GELS TO ,L591 TO ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL & TO ! BATTLES WAG$ BY \R CURR5T )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL & \TSIDE1 AGA9/ ! FRONTI/1 POPULI/1 NATIONAL & F9ALLY *AUV9I/ DEVIATIONS4 

,PRECISELY BECAUSE IT WAS CONCEIV$ AS A CRIT]ION = MEMB]%IP 9 ! P>TY -- !N /ILL 9 ITS BIR? PANGS & RE/RICT$ TO A V]Y SMALL CORN] ( ! WORLD1 ISOLAT$ EV5 )9 ,EUROPE -- ! TEXT DOES NOT PRET5D TO EXHAU/ ALL ! BASIC QUE/IONS ( ,M>XI/ !ORY & HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS4 ,IT DEVELOPS ONLY ?OSE QUE/IONS REG>D$ AS ESS5TIAL 9 ORD] TO GIVE ! P>TY AN 9DISP5SABLE HOMOG5EITY & /ABILITY & 9 ORD] TO DEM>CATE IT FROM ! O!R ALLEG$LY CLOSE CURR5TS1 RES]V+ ! SOLUTION ( O!R QUE/IONS1 :I* IT NONE!LESS ANTICIPATES1 TO SUBSEQU5T P>TY TEXTS4 ,! PRES5T READ] %\LD REF] TO !SE WORKS 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 A COMPLETE PICTURE ( \R !ORETICAL & PROGRAMMATIC POSITIONS ON SU* TOPICS AS ! NATIONAL & COLONIAL QUE/ION1 ! PROBLEM ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 I4E4 ! DIRECT /RUGGLE = ! SEIZURE ( P[]1 & ! IMM$IATE /RUGGLE = P>TIAL OBJECTIVES 7H5CE ALSO BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION & MASS ORGANIZATIONS71 ! TACTICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL BASES ( ! P>TY1 ! APPRAISAL ( ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( ,RUSSIA & ,*9A1 & SO ON4 

,P>T ,I IS ! P>TY PROGRAM1 ! SAME PROGRAM ?AT WAS ADOPT$ AT ! F\NDATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,IT WAS ONLY )9 ! GUIDEL9ES ( ! 9V>IANT BASIS ( ?IS PROGRAM ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO ADD SEV]AL PO9TS CONC]N+ \R ANALYSIS ( FASCISM1 & MORE G5]ALLY ( ! 9CREAS+LY FASCI/ NATURE ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & CONC]N+ ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! WORLD PROLET>IAN P>TY & ! /ATE :I* IS BORN AS A RESULT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY1 R5\NC+ ALL ! TREA*]Y & DECEIT ( SU* AN IDEA AS 0SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY04 

,P>T ,I,I DEALS ) ! UNIV]SAL & P]MAN5T TASKS ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,:ILE 9SI/+ ON ! C5TRAL ROLE ( ! P>TY BO? 9 ! PREP>ATION = ! REVOLUTION & 9 ! EX]CISE ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 IT EMPHASIZES ! NECESSITY ( WIDE-BAS$ ORGANIZATIONS 9T]M$I>Y BETWE5 ! P>TY & ! CLASS1 GR\P+ TOGE!R PROLET>IANS /RUGGL+ ON ! LEVEL ( ECONOMIC 7TRADE UNION TYPE7 DEM&S4 ,IT 9SI/S ON ! NECESSITY ( ! P>TY AS AN ORGAN ( ! CLASS1 & IT REJECTS1 AS COMMUNI/S HAVE ALWAYS DONE1 ALL CONCEPTIONS ( ! P>TY AS SOME?+ EXT]IOR TO & 0ABOVE0 ! PROLET>IAT AS WELL AS ! IDEA ( ! P>TY-DISSOLV$-9-!-MASSES4 ,IT ADVANCES AS P]MAN5T ! TRIPLE TASK ( ! P>TY3 /UDY1 PROPAG&IZE1 & ORGANIZE4 

,P>T ,I,I,I PLACES \R ACTION 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T & ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,IT DEALS PRIM>ILY ) ! QUE/ION ( TACTICS 9 ! G5]AL S5SE 7) ! MORE SPECIFIC ASPECTS ( ?IS QUE/ION BE+ TAK5 UP BY LAT] WORKS74 ,) ! DIFF]5T WAVES ( OPPORTUNI/ DEG5]ATION IT %[S H[ AN 9ADEQUATE OR ]RONE\S CONCEPTION & APPLICATION ( TACTICS BY ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY CONTRIBUT$ TO1 RE9=C$ & FACILITAT$ ! PLAY ( OBJECTIVE =CES :I* HAVE T5D$ TO D5ATURE ! P>TY4 ,IT DEVELOPS ! TACTICAL PROBLEMS :I* ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY FAC$ 9 ! YE>S #a#i#b#a-#a#i#b#f1 & IT GIVES AN ACC\NT ( ! /RUGGLE ?AT \R CURR5T WAG$ AGA9/ ! WEAKNESSES & ]RORS ( ! TACTICS PURSU$ BY ! ,COM9T]N1 DRAW+ A BALANCE %EET ( !SE EXP]I5CES4 ,IT ANALYZES ! DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ! ?IRD OPPORTUNI/ WAVE1 ! ROLE ( ! 0,/AL9I/0 P>TIES1 !IR POSITIONS & !IR C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 

,P>T ,I,V DEALS ) ! ACTIVITY ( ! P>TY & ITS PRIORITY TASKS 9 A F]OCI\SLY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,IT CONDEMNS AS ILLUSORY & DEADLY ANY IDEA ?AT A QUICK VICTORY WAS POSSIBLE 9 SU* A SITUATION4 ,IT %[S ?AT ! PRIM>Y ACTIVITY ( ! P>TY 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES MU/ BE ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! COMMUNI/ !ORY1 ( ,M>XISM1 & ITS FI]CE DEF5SE AGA9/ ANY 09NOVATIONS04 

,:ILE ! ,!SES PLACE 0!ORETICAL0 WORK 9 FIR/ PLACE !Y ALSO 9SI/ -- & ?IS IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE -- ON ! NECESSITY ( PURSU+ ALL ASPECTS ( P>TY WORK4 ,!Y AFFIRM ?AT ! NATURE ( ! P>TY'S TASKS DOES NOT *ANGE ) ! W9D1 ACCORD+ TO ! *ANG+ SITUATIONS1 BUT RESPONDS TO ITS HI/ORICAL FUNCTION4 ,! CONDITIONS ( ! MOM5T AFFECT ONLY ! QUANTITATIVE PROPORTION ( 5]GY DEVOT$ BY ! P>TY TO ! DIFF]5T SECTORS ( ACTIVITY & ! IMM$IATE POSSIBILITIES ( ACTION4 ,EV5 :5 ! P>TY F9DS ITSELF AT ! 0DEEPE/ PO9T ( ! DEPRESSION0 AS IT DID 9 #a#i#e#a1 & EV5 :5 IT SEES ?AT 0A RESURG5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T IS CONCEIVABLE ONLY AFT] A P]IOD ( MANY YE>S01 IT DOES NOT R5\NCE ANY ( ITS ACTIVITIES4 ,EV5 :5 ! SITUATION DOES NOT ALL[ IT TO HAVE AN 9FLU5CE ON ! MASSES1 IT DOES NOT D5Y ITS TASK ( 9DICAT+ ! POLITICAL L9E TO FOLL[4 ,EV5 :5 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ITS MAT]IAL =CES & ITS POLITICAL AG5TS CON/RUCT A T]RIBLE B>RI] PREV5T+ ! P>TY FROM HAV+ AN 9FLU5CE ON ! MASSES1 ! P>TY DOES NOT LOSE ANY OPPORTUNITY ( P5ETRAT+ 9TO EV5 ! SMALLE/ FRACTURE OP5$ UP 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 ORD] TO WID5 IT & IMPLANT ITS SUBV]SIVE DOCTR9E4 ,EV5 :5 ITS TRADE UNION ACTIVITY IS ( NECESSITY EXTREMELY LIMIT$1 ! P>TY NEV] R5\NCES ?IS SECTOR ( ACTIVITY4 

,! P>TY ALWAYS ATTEMPTS TO DEVELOP ALL SECTORS ( ITS ACTIVITY1 BECAUSE IT KN[S ?AT :ILE !RE >E NO >TIFICIAL EXP$I5TS = ACCEL]AT+ ! RESURG5CE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ?IS RESURG5CE DOES NOT DEP5D ONLY ON OBJECTIVE FACTORS BUT ALSO ON ITS [N ACTIVITY4 ,\R REJECTION ( 0TACTICAL EXP$I5TS0 CANNOT BE 9T]PRET$ AS A PASSIVITY *>ACT]I/IC ( ?OSE :O W\LD R5\NCE !IR RESPONSIBILITY = ACCOMPLI%+ ! TASKS :I* >E !IR [N4 
,I ,!ORY 

,! P>TY'S DOCTR9E IS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( 
HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM & CRITICAL COMMUNISM EXP\ND$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 
! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 9 ,CAPITAL1 & 9 !IR O!R 
FUNDAM5TAL WORKS4 ,!SE SAME PR9CIPLES =M$ ! BASIS = ! CON/ITUTION 
( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 F\ND$ AT ,LIVORNO 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,!Y W]E CONTA9$ 
9 ! P>TY PROGRAM PUBLI%$ 9 ,BATTAGLIA ,COMUNI/A NO4 #a1 #a#i#e#a1 & 
REPUBLI%$ SEV]AL TIMES S9CE !N 9 ,IL ,PROGRAMMA 
,COMUNI/A4 

,! PROGRAM READS AS FOLL[S3 

0,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS F\ND$ ON ! 
BASIS ( ! FOLL[+ PR9CIPLES E/ABLI%$ AT ! =MATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,P>TY ( ,ITALY 7SECTION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL7 AT ,LIVORNO 9 #a#i#b#a4 

,AN EV]-GR[+ CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & RELATIONS ( 
PRODUCTION DEVELOPS )9 ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ SOCIAL SY/EM1 5G5D]+ 
! ANTAGONISM ( 9T]E/S & ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & 
! RUL+ B\RGEOISIE4 

,! PRES5T RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION >E PROTECT$ BY B\RGEOIS /ATE P[]4 
,NO MATT] :AT =M ( REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 NO MATT] :AT USE MAY OR MAY NOT 
BE MADE ( ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY1 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE ALWAYS CON/ITUTES ! 
ORGAN = DEF5D+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,! PROLET>IAT CAN NEI!R DE/ROY NOR *ANGE ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ 
RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION FROM :I* ITS EXPLOITATION D]IVES )\T 
OV]?R[+ B\RGEOIS P[] BY MEANS ( VIOL5CE4 

,! 9DISP5SABLE ORGAN ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE IS ! CLASS 
P>TY4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 UNIT+ 9 ITS RANKS ! MO/ ADVANC$ & MO/ 
RESOLUTE P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 UNIFIES ! EF=TS ( ! LABOR+ MASSES1 
LEAD+ !M FROM ! DAILY /RUGGLE = GR\P 9T]E/S & LIMIT$ 
IMPROVEM5TS T[>DS ! G5]AL /RUGGLE = ! REVOLUTION>Y EMANCIPATION ( 
! PROLET>IAT4 ,! P>TY'S TASKS >E TO PROPAGATE REVOLUTION>Y !ORY 
AMONG ! MASSES1 TO ORGANIZE ! MAT]IAL MEANS = ACTION1 & TO LEAD ! 
WORK+ CLASS ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( ITS /RUGGLE BY PRES]V+ ! 
HI/ORICAL CONT9UITY & 9T]NATIONAL UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALI/ P[]1 ! PROLET>IAT CAN ORGANIZE ITSELF 
AS ! RUL+ CLASS ONLY BY DE/ROY+ ! OLD /ATE APP>ATUS & 9/ITUT+ 
ITS [N DICTATOR%IP4 ,9 O!R WORDS IT MU/ DEPRIVE ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 & 
! 9DIVIDUAL B\RGEOIS AS LONG AS !Y SURVIVE SOCIALLY1 ( ALL POLITICAL 
RI<TS & FUNCTIONS1 & BASE ! ORGANS ( ! NEW REGIME ON ! PRODUC+ 
CLASS ALONE4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :OSE PROGRAM IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! FACT 
?AT IT /RIVES TO REALIZE !SE BASIC AIMS1 REPRES5TS1 ORGANIZES1 & LEADS 
! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 %>+ ?IS ROLE ) NO O!R P>TY4 ,! 
NECESS>Y DEF5SE ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE AGA9/ ALL C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 
ATTEMPTS CAN ONLY BE 5SUR$ BY DEPRIV+ ! B\RGEOISIE & ! P>TIES :I* 
>E 5EMIES ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP ( ALL MEANS ( AGITATION & 
POLITICAL PROPAG&A1 & BY EQUIPP+ ! PROLET>IAT ) AN >M$ 
ORGANIZATION = REPELL+ ALL 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL ATTACKS4 

,IT IS ONLY ! PROLET>IAN /ATE :I* WILL BE ABLE TO SY/EMATICALLY 
9T]V5E 9 ! RELATIONS ( ! SOCIAL ECONOMY1 C>RY+ \T ! :OLE S]IES 
( MEASURES :I* WILL ASSURE ! REPLACEM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM BY ! 
COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 

,AS A RESULT ( ?IS TRANS=MATION ( ! ECONOMY & ! CONCOMITANT 
TRANS=MATION ( ALL ACTIVITIES ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ! NE$ = A POLITICAL /ATE 
WILL BE ELIM9AT$ PROGRESSIVELY1 & ! /ATE APP>ATUS WILL GIVE WAY 
GRADUALLY TO A RATIONAL ADM9I/RATION ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 

,! P>TY'S POSITION AS REG>DS ! SITUATION 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD 
& )9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I IS BAS$ ON ! 
FOLL[+ PO9TS3 

,9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #b? C5TURY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ 
SOCIAL SY/EM HAS SE51 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 ! CREATION ( 
EMPLOY]S' ORGANIZATIONS = ! PURPOSE ( SECUR+ A MONOPOLI/IC 
POSITION ON ! LABOR M>KET1 ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL & MANAGE PRODUCTION & 
EX*ANGE ACCORD+ TO C5TRAL PLANS1 & EV5 /ATE MANAGEM5T ( 5TIRE 
SECTORS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 !RE HAS BE5 A /R5G!N+ 
( ! POLICE & MILIT>Y P[] ( ! /ATE1 :ILE GOV]NM5T HAS ASSUM$ 
TOTALIT>IAN =MS4 ,!SE DEVELOPM5TS >E NOT NEW TYPES ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 
TRANSITIONAL BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM1 MU* LESS A RETURN TO 
PRE-B\RGEOIS POLITICAL REGIMES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y >E DEF9ITE =MS ( 
MORE DIRECT & MORE EXCLUSIVE MANAGEM5T ( P[] & ! /ATE BY ! MO/ 
DEVELOP$ =CES ( CAPITAL4 

,?IS PROCESS PRECLUDES PACIFI/1 EVOLUTIONI/ & 0PROGRESSIVE0 
9T]PRETATIONS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS REGIME & CONFIRMS ! 
,M>XI/ PROGNOSIS CONC]N+ ! CONC5TRATION & ANTAGONI/IC ALIGNM5T ( 
CLASS =CES4 ,9 ORD] = ! PROLET>IAT TO /R5G!N & CONC5TRATE ITS 
REVOLUTION>Y 5]GIES ) A CORRESPOND+ POT5TIAL1 IT MU/ REJECT ! 
DEM& ( AN ILLUSORY RETURN TO DEMOCRATIC LIB]ALISM AS WELL AS ! DEM& ( 
LEGAL GU>ANTEES1 EXCLUD+ BO? AS AGITATIONAL ME?ODS4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y 
CLASS P>TY MU/ LIQUIDATE HI/ORICALLY ! PRACTICE ( ALLIANCES = 
TRANSITORY GOALS1 BO? ) B\RGEOIS & PETTY-B\RGEOIS P>TIES & ) 
PSEUDO-WORK]S' RE=MI/ P>TIES4 

,! IMP]IALI/ WORLD W>S %[ ?AT ! CRISIS ( CAPITALI/ DIS9TEGRATION 
IS 9EVITABLE4 ,CAPITALISM HAS EMB>K$ DEF9ITIVELY ON ! PHASE 9 :I* ITS 
EXPANSION NO LONG] 9T5SIFIES ! HI/ORICAL GR[? ( PRODUCTIVE =CES BUT 
9/EAD MAKES ! ACCUMULATION ( PRODUCTIVE =CES DEP5D5T UPON P]IODIC & 
GR[+ DE/RUCTION4 ,! WORLD W>S CAUS$ DEEP1 REPEAT$ CRISIS )9 ! 
WORLD ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S1 S9CE ! RUL+ CLASSES SUCCE$$ 9 EXACT+ 
NATIONAL & MILIT>Y COLLABORATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 BO? CAMPS4 ,! 
ONLY HI/ORICAL ALT]NATIVE :I* CAN BE POS$ 9 ?IS SITUATION IS ! 
RESUMPTION ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 & ITS G5]ALIZATION 9TO 
A CIVIL W> BY ! WORK+ MASSES TO OV]?R[ ! P[] ( ALL B\RGEOIS 
/ATES & WORLD COALITIONS1 A CIVIL W> L$ BY ! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNI/ 
P>TY RECON/RUCT$ AS AN AUTONOM\S =CE OPPOS$ TO ALL POLITICAL & 
MILIT>Y P[]S4 

,S9CE ! PROLET>IAN /ATE APP>ATUS IS AN 9/RUM5T & A WEAPON ( 
/RUGGLE 9 AN HI/ORICAL TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 IT DOES NOT D]IVE ITS 
ORGANIZATIONAL /R5G? FROM CON/ITUTIONAL RULES OR FROM ANY REPRES5TATIVE 
S*EMA4 ,! HI<E/ HI/ORICAL EXPRESSION ( SU* AN ORGANIZATION UNTIL N[ HAS 
BE5 ! WORK]S' SOVIETS BORN 9 ! C\RSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 
,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g1 :5 ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZ$ ITSELF MILIT>ILY UND] ! 
EXCLUSIVE LEAD]%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,! BURN+ ISSUES ( ?AT P]IOD 
W]E ! TOTALIT>IAN CONQUE/ ( P[]1 DISSOLUTION ( ! ,CON/ITU5T 
,ASSEMBLY1 & ! /RUGGLE TO REPULSE EXT]NAL ATTACKS BY ! B\RGEOIS 
GOV]NM5TS & TO CRU% ! 9T]NAL REBELLION ( ! DEFEAT$ CLASSES1 ( 
MIDDLE & PETTY-B\RGEOIS LAY]S1 & ( ! OPPORTUNI/ P>TIES1 :I* >E 
UNFAIL+ ALLIES ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 DECISIVE PHASES4 

,! PROLET>IAN REGIME MU/ DEF5D ITSELF AGA9/ ! DANG]S ( 
DEG5]ATION CONTA9$ 9 POSSIBLE MISC>RIAGES & SET-BACKS 9 ! PROCESS ( 
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 ! FULL REALIZATION ( :I* IS NOT 
CONCEIVABLE )9 ! CONF9ES ( A S+LE C\NTRY4 ,?IS DEF5SE CAN ONLY BE 
9SUR$ BY A CON/ANT COORD9ATION BETWE5 ! POLICY ( ! WORK]S' 
/ATE & ! UNIFI$ 9T]NATIONAL /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT ( EA* C\NTRY 
AGA9/ ITS [N B\RGEOISIE1 ! CAPITALI/ /ATE & ITS MILIT>Y APP>ATUS4 
,?IS /RUGGLE :I* MU/ BE WAG$ 9CESSANTLY 9 :ATEV] SITUATION1 BE IT 
PEACE OR W>1 REQUIRES ! POLITICAL & PROGRAMMATIC CONTROL BY ! WORLD 
COMMUNI/ P>TY OV] ! /ATE APP>ATUS 9 ! C\NTRY :]E ! WORK+ CLASS 
HAS CONQU]$ P[]04 

,I,I ,TASKS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 

,! WORK+ CLASS CAN LIB]ATE ITSELF FROM CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION ONLY 
?R\< A POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 L$ BY A POLITICAL ORGAN ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 
CLASS1 ! COMMUNI/ P>TY4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECT ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE 9 ! ,M>XI/ 
CONCEPTION IS ! CIVIL W> & ! >M$ 9SURRECTION ?R\< :I* ONE CLASS 
OV]?R[S ! P[] ( ! 5EMY RUL+ CLASS & 9/ITUTES ITS [N P[]4 
,?IS /RUGGLE CANNOT BE SUCCESSFUL UNLESS IT IS L$ BY ! P>TY 
ORGANIZATION4 

,JU/ AS ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! P[] ( ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS CANNOT BE 
ACCOMPLI%$ )\T ! REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL P>TY1 LIKE-WISE ! P>TY IS 
NECESS>Y = ! SUBSEQU5T WORK ( ]ADICAT+ ! PREVI\S ECONOMIC 
9/ITUTIONS4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* IS 9DISP5SABLE 
?R\<\T ?IS BY NO MEANS BRIEF HI/ORICAL TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 WILL BE 
EX]CIS$ OV]TLY BY ! P>TY4 

,BE=E1 DUR+1 & AFT] ! >M$ /RUGGLE = P[]1 ! P>TY MU/ ALSO 
FULFILL ! FOLL[+ NECESS>Y TASKS3 ! DEF5SE & PROPAGATION ( 
REVOLUTION>Y !ORY2 ! DEF5SE & RE9=CEM5T ( ! 9T]NAL 
ORGANIZATION ?R\< PROSELYTISM & PROPAG&A = ! COMMUNI/ !ORY & 
PROGRAM2 CON/ANT ACTIVITY )9 ! RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT :]EV] IT IS 
DRIV5 BY ECONOMIC NE$S & PRESSURE TO /RUGGLE 9 DEF5SE ( ITS 
9T]E/S4 

,! P>TY CAN 9CLUDE 9 ITS RANKS NEI!R ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS :I* 
CON/ITUTE ! PROLET>IAN CLASS NOR EV5 ! MAJORITY ( ! CLASS4 ,IT 
9CLUDES ONLY ?AT M9ORITY :I* HAS ATTA9$ A COLLECTIVE PREP>ATION & 
MATURITY1 9 !ORY & ACTION1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! G5]AL VISION & 
ULTIMATE GOAL ( ! HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T1 9 ! 5TIRE WORLD & ?R\<\T 
! HI/ORICAL C\RSE FROM ! EM]G5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ITS 
REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY4 

,! P>TY IS NOT =M$ ON ! BASIS ( 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT NOT 
ONLY IS IMPOSSIBLE = EA* & EV]Y PROLET>IAN TO BE CONSCI\S ( ! CLASS 
DOCTR9E1 MU* LESS MA/] IT 9TELLECTUALLY2 BUT SU* A ?+ IS NOT EV5 
POSSIBLE = EA* P>TY MILITANT TAK5 SEP>ATELY4 ,SU* A GU>ANTEE CANNOT EV5 
BE GIV5 BY ! LEAD]S1 BUT ONLY EXI/S 9 ! ORGANIC UNITY ( ! P>TY4 

,!RE=E1 JU/ AS WE REJECT EV]Y !ORY ( 9DIVIDUAL ACTION OR ( MASS 
ACTION 9DEP5D5T ( A PRECISE ORGANIZATIONAL TISSUE1 WE ALSO REFUSE ANY 
CONCEPTION ( ! P>TY AS AN ASSEMBLAGE ( ]UDITE1 5LI<T5$1 OR CONSCI\S 
9DIVIDUALS4 ,9/EAD1 ! P>TY IS A TISSUE1 A SY/EM1 :I* HAS ! ORGANIC 
FUNCTION )9 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS ( FULFILL+ ! REVOLUTION>Y TASKS 9 
ALL !IR ASPECTS & ?R\< ALL !IR COMPLEX PHASES4 

,M>XISM HAS ALWAYS EMPHATICALLY REJECT$ ! SYNDICALI/ !ORY :]EV] IT 
APPE>$4 ,?IS !ORY (F]S ! CLASS EXCLUSIVELY ECONOMIC ORGANS 9 ! =M 
( TRADE1 9DU/RIAL1 OR FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS1 TO :I* IT ATTRIBUTES ! 
ABILITY TO DEVELOP ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE & ACCOMPLI% ! SOCIAL 
TRANS=MATION4 

,:ILE ,M>XISM CONSID]S ! TRADE UNION 9 ITSELF TO BE AN 9SUFFICI5T 
ORGAN = ! REVOLUTION1 IT REG>DS IT AS AN 9DISP5SABLE ORGAN = ! 
MOBILIZATION ( ! CLASS ON ! POLITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y LEVEL1 :I* IS 
EFFECT$ ?R\< ! PRES5CE & P5ETRATION ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ! 
WORK+ CLASS ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ! DIFFICULT PHASES PRES5T$ BY ! 
=MATION ( ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS1 ONLY ?OSE ASSOCIATIONS CONTA9+ SOLELY 
PROLET>IANS & :I* PROLET>IANS JO9 VOLUNT>ILY1 )\T BE+ OBLIG$ TO 
PR(ESS SPECIFIC POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S OR SOCIAL BELIEFS1 CAN BE CONSID]$ AS 
FAVORABLE = ! P>TY'S WORK4 ,SU* AN OP5 *>ACT] DOES NOT EXI/ 9 
D5OM9ATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS :]E MEMB]%IP IS OBLIGATORY1 NOR 9 ?OSE ?AT 
HAVE BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 

,! P>TY NEV] ADOPTS ! ME?OD ( CREAT+ SELECTIVE ECONOMIC 
ORGANIZATIONS COMPOS$ ONLY ( WORK]S :O ACCEPT ! PR9CIPLES & LEAD]%IP 
( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,BUT ! P>TY RECOGNIZES UNCONDITIONALLY ?AT NEI!R 
! PRE-9SURRECTION>Y SITUATION NOR ! 5TIRE PHASE1 :5 ! P>TY'S 
9FLU5CE OV] ! MASSES GR[S DECISIVELY1 CAN TAKE %APE UNLESS A LAY]S ( 
ORGANIZATIONS = IMM$IATE ECONOMIC DEF5SE 9VOLV+ A L>GE PROPORTION ( 
! PROLET>IAT EXT5DS BETWE5 ! P>TY & ! CLASS & UNLESS A NETWORK 
EMANAT+ FROM ! P>TY 7NUCLEI1 GR\PS1 & COMMUNI/ TRADE UNION FACTIONS7 
EXI/S )9 !SE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! TASK ( ! P>TY DUR+ UNFAVORABLE 
P]IODS :5 ! PROLET>IAT IS R$UC$ TO PASSIVITY IS TO =ESEE ! =MS 
& 5C\RAGE ! EM]G5CE ( ORGANIZATIONS = C>RY+ \T ! IMM$IATE 
/RUGGLE = ECONOMIC DEF5SE4 ,9 ! FUTURE SU* ORGANIZATIONS MAY ASSUME 
5TIRELY NEW ASPECTS1 POSSIBLY DIFF]5T FROM ! ALREADY WELL-KN[N TYPE ( 
TRADE UNIONS1 9DU/RIAL UNIONS1 FACTORY C\NCILS & SO ON4 ,! P>TY ALWAYS 
5C\RAGES =MS ( ORGANIZATIONS ?AT FACILITATE CONTACT & COMMON ACTION 
BETWE5 WORK]S FROM DIFF]5T LOCALITIES & DIFF]5T OCCUPATIONS1 :ILE IT 
REJECTS CLOS$ =MS4 

,9 ! SUCCESSION ( HI/ORICAL SITUATIONS ! P>TY REMA9S ALO( FROM ! 
IDEALI/ & UTOPIAN VISION ?AT 5TRU/S ! IMPROVEM5T ( SOCIETY TO A UNION 
( *OS5 OR 5LI<T5$ 9DIVIDUALS1 APO/LES1 OR H]OES2 FROM ! LIB]T>IAN 
VISION ?AT 5TRU/S ! SAME TASK TO 9DIVIDUAL REBELLION OR TO A REVOLT ( 
MASSES )\T ORGANIZATION2 FROM ! SYNDICALI/ OR ECONOMI/ VISION ?AT 
5TRU/S IT TO ! ACTION ( ECONOMIC1 APOLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 :E!R OR NOT 
IT IS ACCOMPANI$ BY ADVOCACY ( VIOL5CE2 & F9ALLY FROM ! VOLUNT>I/ & 
SECT>IAN VISION ?AT1 DISREG>D+ ! REAL DET]M9I/ PROCESS ?R\< :I* 
! CLASS 9SURRECTION >ISES FROM ACTIONS & REACTIONS :I* F> PREC$E 
!ORETICAL CONSCI\SNESS & EV5 A CLE> WILL1 ADVOCATES A SMALL 
0ELITE0 P>TY :I* EI!R SURR\NDS ITSELF ) EXTREMI/ TRADE 
UNIONS -- NONE O!R ?AT ITS [N LOOK-LIKES OR COMMITS ! ]ROR ( 
ISOLAT+ ITSELF FROM ! PROLET>IAT'S NETWORK ( ECONOMIC & TRADE 
UNION ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! LATT] ]ROR WAS TYPICAL ( ! ,G]MAN ,K,A,P,D & ,DUT* 
,TRIBUNI/S7#a71 & WAS ALWAYS F\<T AGA9/ BY ! 
,ITALIAN ,LEFT )9 ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT TOOK A SPECIFIC 
POSITION ON ! /RATEGIC & TACTICAL QUE/IONS ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE1 
:I* CAN ONLY BE TREAT$ 9 CONNECTION ) ?AT P]IOD & ! SEQU5CE ( 
HI/ORICAL PHASES 9 ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 

7#a7 ,! MEMB]S ( ! 
,KOMMUNI/IS*E ,>BEIT]P>TEI ,DEUTS*L&S 7,K,A,P,D7 9 ,G]MANY1 & ! 
,DUT* GR\P 9SPIR$ BY ,GORT] & ,PANNEKOEK & ASSEMBL$ >\ND ! REVIEW 
,DE ,TRIBUNE4 ,!Y SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL DEF9ITIVELY 9 
#a#i#b#a4 

,I,I,I ,HI/ORICAL ,WAVES ( ,OPPORTUNI/ ,DEG5]ATION 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ADVOCATE A POSITION ( 9TRANSIG5CE 7?AT IS ( REFUSAL 
ON PR9CIPLE ( ALL ALLIANCES1 UNIT$ FRONTS1 OR COMPROMISES7 VALID = ALL ! 
HI/ORICAL PHASES ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 )\T LAPS+ 9TO AN IDEALISM 
?AT SEEKS JU/IFICATION 9 MY/ICAL1 E?ICAL1 & ES!TIC CONSID]ATIONS 
=EIGN TO ! ,M>XI/ VISION4 ,QUE/IONS ( /RATEGY1 MANEUV]1 TACTICS & 
PRACTICE ( ! CLASS & ( ! P>TY >E POS$ & RESOLV$ ONLY 9 ! 
CONTEXT ( HI/ORY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 RELATION TO ! 
L>G] GLOBAL PROCESS ( ! PROLET>IAT'S ADVANCE 9 ! P]IOD BETWE5 
! B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS1 & NOT ACCORD+ TO A M9UTE /UDY 
CASE BY CASE PREOCCUPI$ ) P>TICUL>S ( PLACE & TIME & 5TRU/$ TO 
! :IM ( LEAD]%IP GR\PS & COMMITTEES4 

,! PROLET>IAT ITSELF IS ABOVE ALL A PRODUCT ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & 
9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,!RE=E1 S9CE COMMUNISM CANNOT ORIG9ATE 9 ! 
9SPIRATIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ACADEMIC CIRCLES1 OR SECTS1 BUT ONLY 9 ! 
/RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IANS !MSELVES1 ONE ( ! PRECONDITIONS = COMMUNISM 
IS ! IRREVOCABLE VICTORY ( CAPITALISM OV] ! =MS ?AT PREC$$ IT 
HI/ORICALLY1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! VICTORY ( ! B\RGEOISIE OV] ! FEUDAL 
L&$ >I/OCRACY & OV] ! O!R CLASSES ( ! ANCI5 REGIME 9 
,EUROPE1 ,ASIA1 & ALL C\NTRIES4 

,AT ! TIME ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O MOD]N 9DU/RY HAD ONLY BEGUN TO 
DEVELOP & WAS LIMIT$ TO A V]Y FEW C\NTRIES4 ,9 ORD] TO HA/5 ! 
EXPLOSION ( ! MOD]N CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! PROLET>IAT WAS CALL$ UPON TO 
FI<T ALONGSIDE B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>IES 9 ANTI-FEUDAL 9SURRECTIONS & 9 
! W>S ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION :I* 9 ?AT P]IOD C\LD ONLY ASSUME ! =M 
( >M$ /RUGGLES4 ,?US ! P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK]S 9 ! GREAT ,FR5* 
REVOLUTION & 9 ITS DEF5SE AGA9/ ! ,EUROPEAN COALITIONS 79CLUD+ ITS 
,NAPOLEONIC PHASE7 BELONGS TO ! GREAT HI/ORICAL C\RSE ( PROLET>IAN 
/RUGGLE1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT EV5 !N ! B\RGEOIS DICTATOR%IP 
SUPPRESS$ ! FIR/ COMMUNI/ SOCIAL MANIFE/ATIONS FI]CELY4 

,DUE TO ! DEFEATS SUFF]$ BY ! /ILL ALLI$ PROLET>IANS & B\RGEOIS 
9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( #a#h#d#h1 ,M>XI/S CONSID] ?IS P]IOD ( 
ANTI-FEUDAL /RATEGY TO EXT5D TO #ahga 9 ,EUROPE S9CE HI/ORICAL FEUDAL 
REGIMES /ILL EXI/$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,AU/RIA1 & ,G]MANY1 & S9CE ! CONQUE/ 
( NATIONAL UNITY 9 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY1 & ALSO ,EA/]N ,EUROPE REMA9$ A 
PRECONDITION = ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,! YE> #ahga IS AN OBVI\S HI/ORICAL TURN+ PO9T4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 
,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I & HIS DICTATOR%IP IS ALREADY CLE>LY A /RUGGLE AGA9/ A 
CAPITALI/ =M1 NOT A FEUDAL ONE1 & H5CE A PRODUCT & EVID5CE ( ! 
ANTAGONI/IC CONC5TRATION ( MOD]N CLASS =CES4 ,AL?\< IT P]CEIV$ A 
MILIT>Y OB/ACLE TO ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,G]MANY 9 
,NAPOLEON ,ILL1 REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM IMM$IATELY *AMPION$ ! EXCLUSIVELY 
PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE ?AT WAS WAG$ BY ALL 
P>TIES ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE -- ! FIR/ WORK]S' DICTATOR%IP4 

,) ?IS PHASE ! POSSIBILITY ( A *OICE BETWE5 TWO OPPOS$ HI/ORICAL 
GR\PS & BETWE5 TWO NATIONAL >MIES IS CLOS$ = ,EUROPE1 S9CE A 
0RE/ORATION0 ( PRE-B\RGEOIS =MS HAD BECOME SOCIALLY IMPOSSIBLE 
9 TWO HI/ORICAL >EAS3 ,5GL& & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ON ! ONE H&1 & ,EUROPE 
AS F> AS ! BORD] ) ! ,CZ>I/ & ,OTTOMAN EMPIRES ON ! O!R4 

A7 ,FIR/ ,OPPORTUNI/ ,WAVE3 ,CLOSE ( ! #a#i? ,C5TURY 

,DISREG>D+ ! ,BAKUN9I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7#a#h#f#g-#a#h#g#a7 
& ! ,SORELIAN MOVEM5T 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 7#a#i#g-#a#i#a#d71 :I* WE 
CONSID] =EIGN TO ,M>XISM1 ! FIR/ WAVE ( OPPORTUNISM 9 ! RANKS ( ! 
,M>XI/ PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T WAS SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC REVISIONISM4 ,) ! 
B\RGEOISIE'S VICTORY ASSUR$ EV]Y:]E1 A PHASE )\T 9SURRECTIONS 
& )\T W>S WAS OP5$4 ,! REVISIONI/ POSITION1 PO9T+ TO ! 
EXT5SION ( 9DU/RY1 ! 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( WORK]S1 & UNIV]SAL 
SUFFRAGE1 HELD ?AT SOCIALISM WAS POSSIBLE ?R\< A GRADUAL & BLOODLESS 
EVOLUTION4 ,?US ,B]N/E9 ATTEMPT$ TO EMPTY ,M>XISM ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y 
CONT5T BY ASS]T+ ?AT IT DID NOT BELONG TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 BE+ 9/EAD 
A DI/ORT$ REFLECTION ( ! B\RGEOIS 9SURRECTION>Y P]IOD4 ,9 ?IS PHASE1 
! TACTICAL QUE/ION ( ALLIANCES BETWE5 PROGRESSIVE OR LEFT B\RGEOIS 
P>TIES & PROLET>IAN P>TIES ACQUIR$ A NEW DIM5SION4 ,IT WAS NO LONG] A 
MATT] ( ASSI/+ ! BIR? ( CAPITALISM1 BUT ( PASS+ FROM CAPITALISM TO 
SOCIALISM ?R\< LAWS & RE=MS2 IT WAS NO LONG] A MATT] ( FI<T+ 
TOGE!R 9 ! CITY & C\NTRYSIDE1 BUT ( VOT+ TOGE!R 9 P>LIAM5T>Y 
ASSEMBLIES4 ,SU* A PROPOSAL ( ALLIANCES & BLOCS & EV5 ! ACCEPTANCE ( 
CAB9ET PO/S BY ! PROLET>IAT'S LEAD]S ASSUM$ ! HI/ORICAL 
*>ACT] ( A DEFECTION FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y PA?1 & !RE=E RADICAL 
,M>XI/S CONDEMN$ ALL ELECTORAL BLOCS4 

B7 ,SECOND ,OPPORTUNI/ ,WAVE3 #aiad 

,! T]RIBLE SECOND WAVE ( OPPORTUNISM /RUCK ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T AT 
! \TBREAK ( ! W> 9 #a#i#a#d4 ,C\NTLESS P>LIAM5T>Y & TRADE UNION 
LEAD]S1 L>GE GR\PS ( MILITANTS1 & EV5 5TIRE P>TIES PORTRAY$ ! W> 
BETWE5 /ATES AS A /RUGGLE ?AT MI<T LEAD TO A RE/ORATION ( FEUDAL 
ABSOLUTISM & TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE'S CIVILIZ$ 
CONQUE/S AS WELL AS ITS MOD]N PRODUCTIVE NETWORK4 ,ACCORD+LY !Y PREA*$ 
SOLID>ITY ) ONE'S [N NATIONAL /ATE 9 W>-TIME4 ,?IS WAS SO ON BO? 
SIDES ( ! FRONT1 S9CE ON ! SIDE ( ! ADVANC$ B\RGEOISIES ( ,5GL& 
& ,FRANCE !RE WAS ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA4 

,! MAJORITY ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL PLUNG$ 9TO OPPORTUNI/ COMPLICITY 
9 ! W>4 ,FEW P>TIES1 AMONG !M ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ESCAP$ ?IS 
FATE1 & ONLY ADVANC$ GR\PS & FACTIONS ALIGN$ ) ,L591 :O DEF9$ ! 
W> AS A PRODUCT ( CAPITALISM & NOT A CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITALISM & MORE 
ANCI5T SOCIAL =MS4 ,L59 CONCLUD$ NOT ONLY ?AT ! ,UNION ,SACREE & 
! NATIONAL ALLIANCE HAD TO BE CONDEMN$1 BUT ?AT ! PROLET>IAN P>TIES 9 
EA* C\NTRY MU/ CALL = REVOLUTION>Y DEFEATISM AGA9/ ALL W>R+ /ATES 
& >MIES4 

,! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL WAS =M$ ON ! HI/ORICAL ANTI-SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC 
& ANTI-SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC BASIS4 

,! 5TIRE PROLET>IAN ,9T]NATIONAL NOT ONLY REFUS$ ! PRACTICE ( 
ALLIANCES ) O!R P>TIES = ! EX]CISE ( P>LIAM5T>Y P[]2 MORE ?AN 
?AT1 IT D5I$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAN P>TY ALONE C\LD CONQU] P[] BY LEGAL 
MEANS1 H[EV] 09TRANSIG5T0 ?IS P>TY MAY BE1 & ON ! RU9S 
( ! PEACEFUL PHASE ( CAPITALISM IT REAFFIRM$ ! NECESSITY ( >M$ 
VIOL5CE & ! DICTATOR%IP4 

,NOT ONLY DID ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL REPUDIATE ALL ALLIANCES ) W>R+ 
GOV]NM5TS1 EV5 9 0DEF5SIVE0 W>S1 & MA9TA9 A CLASS 
OPPOSITION1 EV5 9 W>TIME2 BEYOND ?IS1 IT /ROVE TO C>RY \T DEFEATI/ 
ACTION BEH9D ! BATTLE L9ES 9 EV]Y C\NTRY 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M ! 
IMP]IALI/ W> BETWE5 B\RGEOIS /ATES 9TO A CIVIL W> BETWE5 CLASSES4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y REPLY TO ! FIR/ WAVE ( OPPORTUNISM WAS ! =MULA3 NO 
ELECTORAL1 P>LIAM5T>Y1 OR M9I/]IAL ALLIANCES TO OBTA9 RE=MS4 

,! REPLY TO ! SECOND WAVE WAS ! TACTICAL =MULA3 NO W> ALLIANCE1 
AFT] #a#h#g#a1 ) ONE'S [N /ATE & B\RGEOISIE4 

,! BELAT$ EFFECT ( !SE REACTIONS PREV5T$ ! PROLET>IAT EV]Y:]E 
FROM TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! TURN+ PO9T & COLLAPSE ( #a#i#a#d-#a#i#a#h TO 5GAGE 
& W9 ! FI<T = REVOLUTION>Y DEFEATISM & = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 
B\RGEOIS /ATE4 

,! SOLE IMPOS+ HI/ORICAL EXCEPTION WAS ! VICTORY ( ,OCTOB] #aiag 9 
,RUSSIA4 ,RUSSIA WAS ! ONLY L>GE ,EUROPEAN /ATE /ILL RUL$ BY A FEUDAL 
REGIME1 & WAS ONLY SP>+LY P5ETRAT$ BY CAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 
,RUSSIA !RE WAS A NUM]ICALLY SMALL P>TY :I* HAD A TRADITION ( FIRMLY 
ADH]+ TO ! CORRECT POSITIONS ( ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E4 ,IT HAD OPPOS$ ! TWO 
OPPORTUNI/ WAVES )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & AFT] ! SPL5DID DRESS 
REHE>SAL ( ! #aie UPRIS+ IT HAD PROV5 ITS ABILITY TO GRAPPLE ) ! 
PROBLEMS ( A FUSION ( TWO REVOLUTIONS3 B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAN4 

,?IS P>TY F\<T ALONGSIDE ( ! O!R P>TIES AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM 9 ,FEBRU>Y 
#a#i#a#g1 !N IMM$IATELY AFT]W>DS AGA9/ BO? ! LIB]AL B\RGEOIS P>TIES 
& ! OPPORTUNI/ PROLET>IAN P>TIES1 & SUCCE$$ 9 DEFEAT+ ALL ( 
!M4 ,MOREOV]1 IT PLAY$ A C5TRAL ROLE 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS TREM5D\S EV5T IS CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 IRREVOCABLE 
HI/ORICAL RESULTS4 ,9 ! EA/]NMO/ C\NTRY BORD]+ ! WE/]N ,EUROPEAN 
>EA A REL5TLESS /RUGGLE L$ ! PROLET>IAT ALONE TO P[]1 EV5 ?\< ITS 
SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T WAS NOT 5TIRELY COMPLETE4 ,AFT] SWEEP+ AWAY ! 
WE/]N-/YLE LIB]AL-DEMOCRATIC =MS ?AT HAD JU/ BE5 9/ITUT$1 ! 
PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP UND]TOOK ! 5ORM\S TASK ( PRESS+ =W>D 
ECONOMIC EVOLUTION1 A TASK :I* 5TAIL$ OV]COM+ BO? FEUDAL & NEW-BORN 
CAPITALI/ =MS4 ,! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ?IS TASK REQUIR$ A VICTORI\S 
RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ATTACKS BY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y >MIES & CAPITALI/ 
=CES4 ,?IS NECESSITAT$ ! MOBILIZATION ( ! :OLE WORLD PROLET>IAT TO 
! SIDE ( ! ,SOVIET P[] = ! ATTACK ON ! WE/]N B\RGEOIS P[]S4 
,&1 ) ! SPREAD ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE TO ! CONT95TS 9HABIT$ 
BY NON:ITE PEOPLES1 IT REQUIR$ ! MOBILIZATION ( ALL ! =CES READY TO 
TAKE UP >M$ REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,IMP]IALISM ( ! :ITE IMP]IALI/ 
C5T]S4 

,9 ! ,EUROPEAN >EA ! /RATEGY ( ANTI-FEUDAL BLOCS ) ! 
LEFT-B\RGEOIS MOVEM5TS IS 5TIRELY CLOS$ & IS REPLAC$ BY ! /RATEGY ( 
>M$ PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE = P[]4 ,BUT 9 ! BACKW>D C\NTRIES1 ON ! 
T]RA9 ( >M$ /RUGGLE1 ! EM]G+ PROLET>IAN COMMUNI/ P>TIES C\LD NOT 
SCORN P>TICIPAT+ 9 9SURRECTIONS BY O!R ANTI-FEUDAL SOCIAL ELEM5TS 
EI!R AGA9/ ! LOCAL DESPOTIC RUL]S OR AGA9/ ! :ITE COLONIAL 
MA/]S4 

,9 ,L59'S TIME ! HI/ORICAL ALT]NATIVE WAS AS FOLL[S3 EI!R ! 
WORLD /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD RESULT 9 A VICTORY ) ! OV]?R[ 
( CAPITALI/ P[] AT LEA/ 9 A L>GE P>T ( ADVANC$ ,EUROPE & ! 
CONSEQU5T TRANS=MATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY AT RAPID TEMPO1 LEAP+ OV] 
! CAPITALI/ /AGE TO CAT* UP ) WE/]N 9DU/RY :I* WAS ALREADY RIPE 
= SOCIALISM2 OR ELSE ! L>GE C5T]S ( B\RGEOIS IMP]IALISM W\LD 
SURVIVE1 ) ! CONSEQU5CE ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y P[] 9 ,RUSSIA W\LD HAVE 
TO RETREAT & CONF9E ITSELF TO ! TASKS ( ONLY ONE ( TWO SOCIAL 
REVOLUTIONS1 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 APPLY+ AN IMM5SE EF=T TO ! 
CON/RUCTION ( A CAPITALI/ -- NOT A SOCIALI/ -ECONOMY4 

,?US HA/5+ ! CONQUE/ ( P[] 9 ,EUROPE WAS NECESS>Y TO PREV5T ! 
SOVIET /ATE )9 A FEW %ORT YE>S FROM BE+ VIOL5TLY OV]?R[N OR FROM 
DEG5]AT+ 9TO A CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,AS SOON AS IT BECAME APP>5T ?AT 
B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WAS RECONSOLIDAT+ ITSELF AFT] ! GRAVE %OCK ( ! FIR/ 
,WORLD ,W>1 & ?AT ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES W\LD NOT SUCCE$ 9 W9N+ !IR 
BATTLES1 EXCEPT 9 A FEW V]Y QUICKLY SUPPRESS$ ATTEMPTS1 ! OBVI\SNESS ( 
?IS NECESSITY PROMPT$ A SE>* = MEANS TO DE/ROY ! 9FLU5CE /ILL 
EX]T$ ON SIGNIFICANT LAY]S ( PROLET>IANS BY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & 
OPPORTUNISM4 

,TWO C\NT]POIS$ ME?ODS W]E ADVANC$3 ! FIR/ CONSID]$ ! P>TIES ( 
! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* W]E CONDUCT+ AN OP5 & RU?LESS CAMPAIGN 
AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/ PROGRAM AS WELL AS AGA9/ REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA1 AS 
AV[$ 5EMIES1 & F\<T !M AS A P>T -- ! MO/ DANG]\S -- ( 
! B\RGEOIS CLASS FRONT4 ,! SECOND CONSI/$ 9 RESORT+ TO EXP$I5TS1 TO 
/RATEGIC & TACTICAL 0MANEUV]S01 9 ORD] ?AT ! MASSES 
9FLU5C$ BY ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TIES C\LD BE WON OV] TO ! COMMUNI/ 
P>TY4 

,! SECOND ME?OD WAS ]RONE\SLY JU/IFI$ BY 9VOK+ ! EXP]I5CES ( 
,BOL%EVIK POLICY 9 ,RUSSIA1 !REBY DEVIAT+ FROM ! CORRECT HI/ORICAL 
POSITION4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK'S PROPOSALS ( ALLIANCES ) O!R P>TIES 
-- PETTY-B\RGEOIS & EV5 B\RGEOIS P>TIES -- W]E CONDITION$ BY 
! FACT ?AT ,CZ>I/ P[] HAD DECL>$ ALL !SE MOVEM5TS ILLEGAL & 
COMPELL$ !M TO ADOPT 9SURRECTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,9 ,EUROPE IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE 
TO PROPOSE COMMON ACTION1 EV5 = PURPOSES ( A MANEUV]1 ON ! LEVEL ( 
P>LIAM5T>Y OR TRADE UNION LEGALISM4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! EXP]I5CE ( LIB]AL 
P>LIAM5T>IANISM & LEGAL TRADE UNIONISM HAD BE5 V]Y BRIEF 9 #aie & 
LA/$ ONLY A FEW MON?S 9 #a#i#a#g1 :]EAS 9 ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE A HALF-C5TURY 
( DEG5]ATION HAD TURN$ !SE DOMA9S 9TO F]TILE GR\ND = EXT+UI%+ 
ALL REVOLUTION>Y 5]GIES & = IMPRISON+ PROLET>IAN LEAD]S 9 ! 
S]VICE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! GU>ANTEE PROVID$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK 
P>TY'S FIRMNESS 9 ! >EA ( ORGANIZATION & ) RESPECT TO 
PR9CIPLES WAS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ANY GU>ANTEE (F]$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( 
PROLET>IAN /ATE P[] 9 ,RUSSIA1 S9CE -- AS HI/ORY HAS DEMON/RAT$ 
-- DUE TO ! V]Y FACT ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS & 9T]NATIONAL 
RELATION%IP ( =CES1 ?IS P[] WAS MORE VULN]ABLE TO ! DANG] ( 
R5\NC+ REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES & DIRECTIVES4 

,CONSEQU5TLY ! LEFT-W+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 TO :I* ! 5ORM\S 
MAJORITY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY BELONG$ UNTIL IT WAS PRACTICALLY 
DE/ROY$ BY REACTION 7PROMOT$ ABOVE ALL BY ! HI/ORICAL ]RORS 9 
/RATEGY71 DEM&$ ?AT 9 ! ,WE/ ALL ALLIANCES & PROPOSALS ( ALLIANCES 
) SOCIALI/ & PETTY-B\RGEOIS POLITICAL P>TIES 7! TACTIC ( POLITICAL 
UNIT$ FRONTS7 BE REJECT$4 ,IT AGRE$ ?AT COMMUNI/S MU/ ATTEMPT TO 5L>GE 
!IR 9FLU5CE ON ! MASSES BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ALL ECONOMIC & LOCAL 
/RUGGLES & BY CALL+ UPON WORK]S FROM ALL ORGANIZATIONS & P]SUASIONS TO 
DEVELOP !SE /RUGGLES TO ! MAXIMUM4 ,BUT IT D5I$ ABSOLUTELY ?AT ! 
ACTIVITY ( ! P>TY %\LD EV] BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ACTION ( POLITICAL 
COMMITTEES1 FRONTS1 BLOCS1 OR ALLIANCES BETWE5 SEV]AL P>TIES1 EV5 IF ONLY 
= ! PURPOSE ( PUBLIC DECL>ATIONS NOT AFFECT+ ! 9T]NAL 9T5TIONS 
& DIRECTIVES ( ! P>TY APP>ATUS4 ,) EV5 GREAT] VIGOR IT REJECT$ ! 
ALLEG$ 0,BOL%EVIK0 TACTIC :5 IT ASSUM$ ! =M ( ! 
0WORK]S' GOV]NM5T0 SLOGAN1 AN AGITATIONAL =MULA 7:I* 
ON A FEW OCCASIONS L$ TO DISA/R\S PRACTICAL EXP]I5CES7 = TAK+ P[] BY 
P>LIAM5T>Y MEANS ?R\< A HET]OG5E\S MAJORITY COMPRIS+ COMMUNI/S & 
SOCIALI/S ( ALL %ADES4 ,IF ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY HAD BE5 ABLE TO 5VISION 
P>TICIPAT+ )\T DANG] 9 PROVISIONAL & MULTI-P>TY GOV]NM5TS DUR+ 
! REVOLUTION>Y PHASE1 & IF ?IS 5ABL$ IT TO PASS IMM$IATELY TO ! MO/ 
ABRUPT AUTONOMY ( ACTION & EV5 ! \TLAW+ ( ITS TEMPOR>Y ALLIES1 !N 
?IS WAS POSSIBLE SOLELY BECAUSE ! CONFIGURATION ( HI/ORICAL =CES WAS 
5TIRELY DIFF]5T3 ! P]IOD ( D\BLE REVOLUTION CREAT$ AN IMM5SE 
PRESSURE1 & ! EXI/+ /ATE WAS B\ND TO CRU% ANY ATTEMPT TO TAKE P[] 
BY P>LIAM5T>Y MEANS4 ,IT WAS ABSURD TO TRANSPOSE SU* A /RATEGY TO A 
SITUATION :]E ! B\RGEOIS /ATE HAD A HALF-C5TURY ( DEMOCRATIC TRADITION 
BEH9D IT1 ) P>TIES ?AT HAD SUBMITT$ TO CON/ITUTIONAL LEGALITY4 

,9 ! BALANCE1 ! TACTICAL ME?OD PURSU$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL FROM #aiba 
TO #aibf PROV$ NEGATIVE1 & 9 SPITE ( ?IS1 AT EA* ,CONGRESS 7,?IRD1 ,F\R?1 
& ,FIF?1 & ! ,5L>G$ ,EXECUTIVE ( #a#i#b#f71 MORE OPPORTUNI/IC V>IANTS 
W]E ADOPT$4 ,?IS ME?OD WAS BAS$ ON ! FOLL[+ RULE3 *ANGE TACTICS 
ACCORD+ TO ! ASSESSM5T ( ! SITUATION4 ,EV]Y SIX MON?S NEW /AGES 9 
! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM W]E REVEAL$ BY SPURI\S ANALYZES1 & EA* 
/AGE HAD TO BE COMBAT$ ) NEW MANEUV]S4 ,?IS IS :AT IS AT ! ROOT ( 
REVISIONISM1 :I* HAS ALWAYS BE5 0VOLUNT>I/IC04 ,:5 IT 
RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! PR$ICTIONS AB\T ! ADV5T ( SOCIALISM HAD NOT YET BE5 
FULFILL$1 IT ?\<T IT C\LD =CE HI/ORY ) A NEW PRACTICE1 BUT 9 FACT 
IT ONLY CEAS$ TO /RUGGLE = ! PROLET>IAN & SOCIALI/ OBJECTIVE ( \R 
MAXIMUM PROGRAM4 ,! RE=MI/S ( #ai REASON$ ?AT S9CE ! SITUATION 
PRECLUD$ ! POSSIBILITY ( 9SURRECTION FROM !N ON1 IT WAS S5SELESS TO 
AWAIT ! IMPOSSIBLE2 :Y NOT WORK = CONCRETE POSSIBILITIES1 ELECTIONS1 LEGAL 
RE=MS1 & UNION GA9S4 ,:5 ?IS ME?OD FAIL$1 TRADE UNION VOLUNT>ISM 
REACT$ BY PLAC+ ! BLAME ON POLITICAL PRACTICE & ON ! POLITICAL P>TY 
AS SU*1 & ADVOCAT$ ACTION BY AUDACI\S M9ORITIES 9 A G5]AL /RIKE L$ 
BY ! UNIONS ALONE 9 ORD] TO *ANGE ! SITUATION4 

,SIMIL>LY1 :5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL SAW ?AT ! ,WE/]N PROLET>IAT DID NOT 
TAKE UP ! /RUGGLE = ITS [N DICTATOR%IP1 IT RESORT$ TO EXP$I5TS 9 
ORD] TO BREAK ! IMPASSE4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS WAS ?AT ONCE ! MOM5T>Y 
IMBALANCE 9 CAPITALI/ =CES HAD PASS$1 ! OBJECTIVE SITUATION & ! 
RELATION%IP ( =CES W]E NOT APPRECIABLY *ANG$1 :ILE ! MOVEM5T BECAME 
WEAK5$ & MORE & MORE CORRUPT$4 ,?US IT HAPP5$ ?AT ! IMPATI5T 
REVISIONI/S TO ! RI<T & LEFT ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM 5D$ UP 9 ! 
S]VICE ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! ,UNION ,SACREE ( ! W>4 ,!ORETICAL 
PREP>ATION & ! RE/ORATION ( PR9CIPLES W]E SABOTAG$ BY ! CONFUSION 
CREAT$ BETWE5 ! CONQUE/ ( TOTAL P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT & ! 
=MATION ( 0FRI5DLY0 GOV]NM5TS ?R\< ! SUPPORT & 
P>LIAM5T>Y OR M9I/]IAL P>TICIPATION ( COMMUNI/S4 ,9 ,SAXONY & 
,?UR+IA ! EXP]IM5T 5D$ 9 A F>CE1 & ONLY TWO POLICEM5 W]E NE$$ 
TO REMOVE ! GOV]NM5T'S COMMUNI/ LEAD] FROM HIS PO/4 

,NO LESS CONFUSION WAS CAUS$ 9 ! REALM ( 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION1 & ! 
DIFFICULT TASK ( SPLITT+ ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS FROM ! OPPORTUNI/S 9 
DIFF]5T P>TIES & C\NTRIES WAS COMPROMIS$4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT NEW 
ELEM5TS1 EASILY MANIPULABLE BY ! C5T]1 C\LD BE OBTA9$ BY TE>+ (F 
! LEFT-W+S 5 BLOC FROM ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 ,! NEW ,9T]NATIONAL 
9/EAD1 AFT] AN 9ITIAL P]IOD ( =MATION1 %\LD HAVE HAD A /ABLE 
OP]ATION AS ! WORLD P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 TO :OSE NATIONAL SECTIONS NEW 
PROSELYTES HAD TO ADH]E 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,! CONQUE/ ( L>GE GR\PS ( WORK]S 
WAS S\<T1 BUT 9 REALITY !RE WAS ONLY CONNIV+ ) ! LEAD]S1 & ?IS 
DISORGANIZ$ ! LEAD+ CADRES ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 CONT9U\SLY *ANG+ 
& RE-*ANG+ ! COMPOSITION ( !IR LEAD]%IPS DUR+ P]IODS ( ACTIVE 
/RUGGLE4 ,FACTIONS & CELLS )9 ! SOCIALI/ & OPPORTUNI/ P>TIES W]E 
ACKN[L$G$ AS COMMUNI/1 & ORGANIZATIONAL FUSIONS W]E PRACTIC$4 ,?US1 
RA!R ?AN BECOM+ FIT = /RUGGLE1 ALMO/ ALL P>TIES W]E MA9TA9$ 9 A 
/ATE ( P]MAN5T CRISIS1 & FUNCTION$ )\T CONT9UITY OR A WELL-DEF9$ 
DELIMITATION BETWE5 FRI5D & FOE2 CONSEQU5TLY CONT9U\S FAILURES OCCURR$ 
9 ! V>I\S NATIONS4 ,! ,LEFT 9/EAD DEM&S ORGANIZATIONAL UNI=MITY & 
CONT9UITY4 

,ANO!R PO9T ( DISAGREEM5T WAS ! REPLACEM5T ( A T]RITORIAL 
ORGANIZATION ( COMMUNI/ P>TIES BY ONE BAS$ ON ! WORKPLACE4 ,?IS 
RE/RICT$ ! HORIZON ( ! RANK-&-FILE ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* CONSEQU5TLY 
COMPRIS$ ONLY ELEM5TS FROM ! SAME TRADE ) P>ALLEL IMM$IATE ECONOMIC 
9T]E/S4 ,! NATURAL SYN!SIS ( ! V>I\S SOCIAL 0?RU/0 9 
! P>TY ) ITS S+LE F9AL OBJECTIVE WAS WEAK5$4 ,IT WAS EXPRESS$ ONLY 
9 SLOGANS & DIRECTIVES TRANSMITT$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! HI<] 
C5T]S1 :O MOREOV] HAD BECOME P>TY (FICIALS & BEGAN TO EXHIBIT ALL ! 
*>ACT]I/ICS ?AT HAD BE5 CRITICIZ$ 9 ! POLITICAL & TRADE UNION 
FUNCTION>ISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS CRITIQUE CANNOT BE CONFUS$ 
) A DEM& = 09T]NAL DEMOCRACY0 OR ) ! REGRET ?AT 
P>TY LEAD]S CANNOT BE *OS5 ?R\< 0FREE ELECTIONS04 ,9/EAD1 
AT ISSUE W]E A PR(\ND DIV]G5CE ( CONCEPTIONS CONC]N+ ! ORGANIC 
*>ACT] ( ! P>TY AS AN HI/ORICAL BODY LIV+ 9 ! REALITY ( ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE1 & A PR(\ND DEVIATION 9 PR9CIPLE1 :I* R5D]$ COMMUNI/ 
P>TIES UNABLE TO =ESEE & CONFRONT ! OPPORTUNI/ DANG]4 

,ANALOG\S DEVIATIONS >OSE )9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 
HI/ORY1 ! MOVEM5T FAC$ ! DIFFICULT PROBLEM ( ORGANIZATION & 
DISCIPL9E )9 A COMMUNI/ P>TY ?AT HAD ATTA9$ TOTAL /ATE P[] & 
NATURALLY HAD UND]GONE AN 5ORM\S GR[? 9 ITS MEMB]%IP4 ,! DIFFICULTIES 
( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! DOME/IC SOCIAL /RUGGLE = A NEW ECONOMY & 
! EXT]NAL POLITICAL REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE CREAT$ DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION 
BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,OLD ,GU>D & NEW MEMB]S4 ,! P>TY'S LEAD+ BODY 
:I* N[ HAD NOT ONLY ! P>TY APP>ATUS1 BUT ALSO ! 5TIRE /ATE APP>ATUS 
9 ITS H&1 WAS NOT CONT5T ) BAS+ ITSELF ON ! P>TY'S DOCTR9E1 
ITS TRADITION ( /RUGGLE1 & ! UNITY & ORGANIC *>ACT] ( ! 
9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE ITS [N OP9IONS OR 
?OSE ( ! MAJORITIES :I* =M$ )9 ! LEAD]%IP1 BUT BEGAN TO 
SUPPRESS ! OPPOSITION & PROTE/S ( MILITANTS BY MEANS ( MEASURES EXECUT$ 
BY ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,IT PROCLAIM$ ?AT 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! REVOLUTION 
ANY DISOB$I5CE T[>D ! P>TY C5T] NOT ONLY HAD TO BE SUPPRESS$ BY 
9T]NAL ORGANIZATIONAL MEASURES1 9CLUD+ EV5 EXPULSION FROM ! P>TY1 BUT 
IT %\LD ALSO BE CONSID]$ AS AN ATTACK AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y /ATE4 ,SU* 
A FALSE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO ORGANS1 ! P>TY & ! /ATE1 OBVI\SLY 
CREAT$ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! GR\P CONTROLL+ BO? ( !M MI<T 5=CE 
! AB&ONM5T ( ! PR9CIPLES & HI/ORICAL L9E ?AT HAD *>ACT]IZ$ 
! P>TY DUR+ ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD & ?AT BELONG$ TO ! :OLE 
REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 

,! P>TY MU/ BE CONSID]$ AN ORGANISM1 UNIT$ 9 ITS !ORY & ACTION2 
& MEMB]%IP 9 IT IMPOSES B9D+ OBLIGATIONS ON ! LEAD]S & MILITANTS4 
,BUT JO9+ 7OR LEAV+7 ! P>TY MU/ NOT BE ACCOMPANI$ BY ANY PHYSICAL 
CO]CION1 & ?IS RULE MU/ BE OBS]V$ BE=E1 DUR+1 & AFT] ! SEIZURE 
( P[]4 ,! P>TY ALONE1 & ) COMPLETE AUTONOMY1 LEADS ! /RUGGLE ( 
! EXPLOIT$ CLASS TO OV]?R[ ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 JU/ AS IT LEADS ! 
/ATE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ALONE & ) COMPLETE AUTONOMY4 ,BUT 
PRECISELY 9 ITS CAPACITY AS AN HI/ORICALLY TRANSITORY REVOLUTION>Y ORGAN1 
! /ATE CANNOT 9T]V5E ) LEGAL OR POLICE MEASURES AGA9/ MEMB]S OR 
GR\PS 9 ! P>TY )\T ?IS SIGNIFY+ A S]I\S CRISIS4 ,FROM ! MOM5T 
:5 ?IS PRACTICE WAS ADOPT$ 9 ,RUSSIA ! P>TY EXP]I5C$ AN 9FLUX ( 
OPPORTUNI/ ELEM5TS ) NO O!R OBJECTIVE ?AN TO PROCURE ADVANTAGES OR TO 
9DUCE ! /ATE TO FAVOR !IR 9T]E/S1 & !SE DUBI\S MEMB]S W]E 
ACCEPT$ )\T HESITATION4 ,?US1 9/EAD ( ! /ATE BEG9N+ TO WI!R 
AWAY1 ! P>TY DANG]\SLY SWELL$ 9 SIZE4 ,BECAUSE ( ! ME*ANICAL REV]SAL 
( ?IS RELATION%IP1 =EIGN ELEM5TS SUCCE$$ 9 ELIM9AT+ ! OR?ODOX 
,M>XI/S FROM ! LEAD]%IP ( ! P>TY & ! ,SOVIET /ATE1 & ! 
BETRAY]S ( REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES W]E ABLE TO P>ALYZE1 !N TRY & 
S5T5CE ! CONSI/5T DEF5D]S ( ?OSE PR9CIPLES1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O 
P]CEIV$ ! IRREP>ABLE DEVIATION TOO LATE4 ,9 FACT1 ! GOV]NM5T1 FEEL+ 
! REP]CUSSIONS ( ALL ! RELATIONS IT MA9TA9$ ) DOME/IC 5EMY =CES 
AS WELL AS ) =EIGN B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS 79CLUD+ ANTAGONISM & OP5 
/RUGGLE71 RESOLV$ ! PROBLEMS & DICTAT$ SOLUTIONS TO ! LEAD]%IP & 
ORGANIZATIONAL C5T] ( ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY4 ,! LATT]1 9 TURN1 EASILY 
DOM9AT$ ! P>TIES ( ! O!R C\NTRIES 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 
& CONGRESSES & MANIPULAT$ ! DIRECTIVES ( ! ,COM9T]N :I* BECAME 
9CREAS+LY CONCILIATORY & ECLECTIC4 

,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT1 )\T CONTE/+ ! REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORICAL M]ITS ( 
! ,RUSSIAN P>TY1 :I* HAD L$ ! FIR/ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION TO VICTORY1 
ALWAYS MA9TA9$ ?AT ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( O!R P>TIES /ILL 5GAG$ 9 OP5 
/RUGGLE ) ! B\RGEOIS REGIME REMA9$ 9DISP5SABLE4 ,H5CE 9 ORD] TO 
RESOLVE ! QUE/IONS ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION 9 ,RUSSIA & ! RE/ ( ! 
WORLD1 ! FOLL[+ HI]>*Y WAS NECESS>Y3 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ( WORLD 
COMMUNI/ P>TIES2 ITS DIFF]5T SECTIONS1 AMONG !M ! ,RUSSIAN SECTION2 & 
F9ALLY1 = ,RUSSIAN POLICY1 ! ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T EXECUT+ ! 
P>TY'S DIRECTIVES4 ,ANY O!R >RANGEM5T C\LD ONLY COMPROMISE ! 
9T]NATIONALI/ *>ACT] ( ! MOVEM5T & ITS REVOLUTION>Y EFFICI5CY4 
,L59 HIMSELF HAD ACKN[L$G$ ON MANY OCCASIONS ?AT IF ! REVOLUTION W]E TO 
EXT5D TO ,EUROPE & ! WORLD1 ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY W\LD ASSUME NOT EV5 SECOND 
PLACE1 BUT ! F\R? PLACE AT BE/ 9 ! G5]AL POLITICAL & SOCIAL 
LEAD]%IP ( ! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION4 ,ONLY ON ?IS CONDITION WAS IT POSSIBLE 
TO AVOID ! POSSIBILITY ( A DIV]G5CE BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,RUSSIAN 
/ATE & ! OBJECTIVES ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION4 

,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO DATE PRECISELY ! BEG9N+ ( ! ?IRD OPPORTUNI/ 
WAVE1 ! ?IRD PA?OLOGICAL DEG5]ATION ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAN P>TY1 
FOLL[+ ! TWO PREVI\S ONES :I* HAD P>ALYZ$ ,M>X'S ,9T]NATIONAL 
& L$ TO ! %AMEFUL DECL9E ( ! SECOND ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AFT] 
! POLITICAL1 TACTICAL1 & ORGANIZATIONAL DEVIATIONS & ]RORS DEALT ) 9 
PO9TS #aa TO #af ABOVE1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL SUCCUMB$ TO A FULL-FL$G$ 
OPPORTUNISM ) ,MOSC['S ATTITUDE T[>D TOTALIT>IAN =MS ( B\RGEOIS 
GOV]NM5T & ! REPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,!SE =MS 
APPE>$ AFT] ! GREAT PROLET>IAN ASSAULTS ?AT FOLL[$ ! FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> 
9 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,HUNG>Y1 ,BAV>IA1 ! ,BALKAN /ATES1 ETC44 ,9 A =MULA ( 
QUE/IONABLE ,M>XI/ ACCURACY ! ,9T]NATIONAL DEF9$ !SE =MS1 FROM ! 
ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW1 AS A CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE AIM$ AT L[]+ ! 
/&>D ( LIV+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 &1 FROM ! POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 
AS AN ATTEMPT TO SUPPRESS ! FRE$OM ( LIB]AL DEMOCRACY4 ,:]EAS 
TRADITIONALLY ,M>XISM HAD CONSID]$ LIB]AL DEMOCRACY TO BE ! MO/ 
PROPITI\S ATMOSPH]E = ! CORRUPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ! 
,9T]NATIONAL PRES5T$ IT AS A MILIEU FAVORABLE = A PROLET>IAN (F5SIVE4 
,!SE NEW =MS W]E ACTUALLY ! FULLE/ & MO/ COMPLETE REALIZATION ( ! 
GREAT HI/ORICAL C\RSE =ESE5 ONLY BY ,M>XISM3 ON ! ONE H&1 ECONOMIC 
CONC5TRATION TE/IFY+ TO ! SOCIAL & GLOBAL *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ 
PRODUCTION & COMPELL+ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM TO CONSOLIDATE ITS APP>ATUS2 
ON ! O!R H&1 ! CONSEQU5CES 9 ! >EA ( POLITICS & SOCIAL W> 
RESULT+ FROM ! 9EVITABLE F9AL CONFRONTATION BETWE5 CLASSES 5VISION$ BY 
,M>XISM1 CORRESPOND+ TO A SITUATION 9 :I* ! PRESSURE EX]T$ BY ! 
PROLET>IAT /ILL REMA9$ BEL[ ! DEF5SIVE POT5TIAL ( ! CAPITALI/ 
CLASS /ATE4 

,! LEAD]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL COMMITT$ A GROSS HI/ORICAL ]ROR BY 
CONFUS+ !SE EV5TS ( ! PO/W> P]IOD ) ! ,K]5SKY P]IOD 9 
,RUSSIA4 ,?IS L$ NOT ONLY TO A GRAVE ]ROR ( !ORETICAL 9T]PRETATION1 BUT 
ALSO TO AN UNAVOIDABLE REV]SAL 9 TACTICS4 ,A DEF5SIVE & CONS]VATIVE 
/RATEGY WAS E/ABLI%$ = ! PROLET>IAT & = ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 
RECOMM5D+ ! =MATION ( FRONTS ) ALL ! LEA/ COMBATIVE & %REWDE/ 
B\RGEOIS GR\PS 7& CONSEQU5TLY ! LEA/ S\ND ALLIES7 :I* MA9TA9$ 
?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO SECURE IMM$IATE ADVANTAGES = ! WORK]S )\T 
DEPRIV+ ! POPUL> CLASSES ( RI<TS ( ASSOCIATION1 VOT+ RI<TS1 ETC44 
,! ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT UND]/& ?AT FASCISM OR NATIONAL SOCIALISM HAD 
NO?+ TO DO ) A REVIVAL ( FEUDAL & DESPOTIC =MS ( GOV]NM5T1 NOR 
DID IT SIGNIFY A PR$OM9ANCE ( SUPPOS$LY RI<T B\RGEOIS /RATA OPPOS$ TO 
! MORE PROGRESSIVE BIG 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ CLASS1 MU* LESS AN ATTEMPT BY 
CLASSES 9T]M$IATE BETWE5 ! EMPLOY]S & ! PROLET>IAT TO SET UP AN 
AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T4 ,MOREOV]1 IT DID NOT UND]/& ?AT FASCISM1 DISC>D+ 
! REPUGNANT MASK ( P>LIAM5T>ISM1 9H]IT$ PSEUDO ,M>XI/ SOCIAL 
RE=MISM 9 TOTO1 & ASSUR$ ! WORK]S & ! MO/ DEPRIV$ MASSES NOT 
JU/ A VITAL M9IMUM1 BUT A S]IES ( ADVANCES 9 ! REALM ( SOCIAL 
ASSI/ANCE1 ?R\< A NUMB] ( MEASURES & 9T]V5TIONS BY ! CLASS /ATE 
9 ! 9T]E/ ( PRES]V+ CAPITALISM4 ,?US ! ,9T]NATIONAL ISSU$ ! 
SLOGAN ( ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM1 :I* WAS IMPOS$ ON ! ,ITALIAN P>TY BY 
! *AIRMAN ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL FROM #a#i#b#f4 ,YET ALMO/ ALL ! P>TY'S 
MILITANTS WANT$ TO COMBAT FASCISM1 !N 9 ITS F\R? YE> 9 P[]1 ) 
AUTONOM\S CLASS POLITICS1 & NOT BY MAK+ BLOCS ) ALL ! DEMOCRATIC1 OR 
EV5 MON>*I/ & CA?OLIC P>TIES1 = ! PURPOSE ( DEM&+ ! RETURN 
( CON/ITUTIONAL & P>LIAM5T>Y GU>ANTEES4 ,FROM ?IS P]IOD ! ,ITALIAN 
COMMUNI/S HAD /RIV5 TO D5\NCE ! CONT5T ( ! ANTI-FASCISM PRACTIC$ BY 
ALL ! MIDDLE B\RGEOIS1 PETTY-B\RGEOIS1 & PSEUDO-PROLET>IAN P>TIES2 & 
9 VA9 !Y W>N$ ?AT ALL REVOLUTION>Y 5]GIES W\LD 5D UP 9 RU9S ONCE 
! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD EMB>K$ ON ! PA? ( DEG5]ATION :I* F9ALLY L$ TO 
! ,COMMITTEES ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 

,! POLICY ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE (F5SIVE1 & 9 NO 
CASE MU/ IT FI<T = AN ILLUSORY PRES]VATION ( CONDITIONS *>ACT]I/IC ( 
CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAT HAD TO FI<T ALONGSIDE B\RGEOIS 
=CES 9 ! P]IOD BE=E #a#h#g#a1 IT WAS NOT TO 5ABLE ! B\RGEOISIE TO 
PRES]VE ITS E/ABLI%$ POSITIONS OR PREV5T ! FALL ( HI/ORICALLY ATTA9$ 
=MS1 BUT 9/EAD TO 5ABLE IT TO DE/ROY & SURPASS HI/ORICALLY ANTEC$5T 
=MS4 ,9 ! FIELD ( DAILY ECONOMICS AS 9 G5]AL WORLD POLITICS1 ! 
PROLET>IAT HAS NO?+ TO LOSE & !RE=E NO?+ TO DEF5D1 & ITS ONLY 
TASK IS TO ATTACK & CONQU]4 ,!RE=E 9 ! APPE>ANCE ( CONC5TRAT$1 
UNIFI$1 & TOTALIT>IAN =MS ( CAPITALISM1 ! P>TY ABOVE ALL MU/ 
RECOGNIZE ITS TOTAL IDEOLOGICAL VICTORY4 ,IT CONSEQU5TLY MU/ CONC]N ITSELF 
EXCLUSIVELY ) ! REAL RELATION%IP ( =CES = ! PREP>ATION ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y CIVIL W>1 S9CE ?IS RELATION%IP HAS BE5 R5D]$ UNFAVORABLE 
PRECISELY BY SUCCESSIVE WAVES ( OPPORTUNI/ & GRADUALI/ DEG5]ATION4 ,IT 
MU/ DO EV]Y?+ 9 ITS P[] TO UNLEA% ! F9AL ATTACK1 & :5 IT CANNOT 
DO ?IS1 IT MU/ FACE DEFEAT2 BUT IT MU/ NEV] 9 A C[>DLY & DEFEATI/ 
MANN] BESEE* ! DEVIL ( FASCISM TO GO AWAY1 :I* W\LD AM\NT TO BEGG+ 
/UPIDLY = TOL]ANCE OR =GIV5ESS FROM ! CLASS 5EMY4 

C7 ,?IRD ,OPPORTUNI/ ,WAVE3 ,S9CE #a#i#b#f4 

,9 ! SECOND ( ! GREAT HI/ORICAL OPPORTUNI/ WAVES ! BETRAYAL TOOK 
HUMANIT>IAN1 PHILAN?ROPIC1 & PACIFI/ =MS1 & CULM9AT$ 9 A 
REPUDIATION ( ! 9SURRECTIONAL ME?OD & >M$ ACTION1 LAT] TURN+ 9TO 
AN APOLOGY = LEGALIZ$ /ATE VIOL5CE 9 ! W>4 ,:AT IS NEW 9 ! ?IRD 
DEG5]ATIVE WAVE IS ?AT BETRAYAL & DEVIATION FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS 
L9E >E ALSO PRES5T$ 9 ! =M ( COMBAT & CIVIL W>4 ,9 ! PRES5T 
PHASE1 ! CRITIQUE ( DEVIATION FROM ! CLASS L9E REMA9S ! SAME1 :E!R 
! LATT] TAKES ! =M ( COMMON FRONTS1 BLOCS1 OR ALLIANCES =M$ = 
PURELY PROPAG&I/ OR ELECTORAL & P>LIAM5T>Y PURPOSES1 OR :E!R IT 
CONSI/S 9 A HYBRID COLLUSION ) MOVEM5TS ALI5 TO ! COMMUNI/ P>TY ) 
! OBJECT ( BR++ ONE GOV]NM5T TO P[] OV] ANO!R )9 A C\NTRY BY 
MEANS ( A MILIT>Y /RUGGLE 5TAIL+ ! CONQUE/ ( T]RITORY OR 
/RON<OLDS4 ,H5CE1 ! POLICY ( ALLIANCES DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,SPA9 
7DUR+ A P]IOD ( 9T]NATIONAL PEACE7 AS WELL AS ! 5TIRE P>TISAN 
MOVEM5T & ! SO-CALL$ 0,RESI/ANCE0 AGA9/ ! ,G]MANS OR ! 
FASCI/S 7DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I71 DESPITE ! VIOL5T ME?ODS EMPLOY$1 REPRES5T 
AN UNEQUIVOCAL BETRAYAL ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & A =M ( COLLABORATION ) 
CAPITALI/ =CES4 ,! COMMUNI/ P>TY'S REFUSAL TO SUBORD9ATE ITSELF TO 
COMMITTEES COMPOS$ ( HET]OG5E\S P>TIES OR SITUAT$ ABOVE P>TIES CAN ONLY 
BECOME MORE RESOLUTE :5 LEGAL AGITATION GIVES WAY TO ! VITAL & PRIMORDIAL 
DOMA9 ( CONSPIRACY1 MILIT>Y PREP>ATION & MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 :]E IT 
IS CRIM9AL TO HAVE ANY?+ 9 COMMON ) NON-PROLET>IAN MOVEM5TS4 ,IT IS 
USELESS TO RECALL ?AT 9 CASES ( DEFEAT1 ! COLLUSIONS ALWAYS 5D$ ) A 
B>RAGE ( REPRISALS AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/S1 & 9 CASES ( APP>5T SUCCESS1 
) ! COMPLETE DIS>M+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y W+ & ! D5ATURATION ( 
ITS P>TY1 GIV+ RISE TO A NEW CONSOLIDATION ( B\RGEOIS LAW & ORD]4 

,ALL !SE MANIFE/ATIONS ( OPPORTUNISM1 BO? 9 ! TACTICS IMPOS$ ON ! 
,EUROPEAN P>TIES AS WELL AS 9 ! GOV]NM5TAL PRACTICE 9 ,RUSSIA1 W]E 
CR[N$ AFT] ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> BY ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE'S 
POLICY VIS A VIS ! O!R BELLIG]5T /ATES & BY ! DIRECTIVES GIV5 
BY ,MOSC[ TO ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES4 ,NOT ONLY DID !SE P>TIES NOT REFUSE TO 
SUPPORT ! W> 9 ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 NOR TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! W> 9 
ORD] TO 9ITIATE CLASS ACTIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y DEFEATISM ) ! OBJECTIVE 
( SMA%+ ! /ATE2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ! FIR/ PHASE ,RUSSIA CONCLUD$ AN 
AGREEM5T ) ,G]MANY1 & CONSEQU5TLY1 :ILE IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ! ,G]MAN 
SECTION %\LD NOT TAKE ACTION AGA9/ ! ,HITL] REGIME1 ,RUSSIA D>$ TO 
DICTATE A SO-CALL$ ,M>XI/ TACTIC TO ! ,FR5* & ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIES1 & 
,MOSC[ RECOMM5D$ ?AT ! P>TIES CONDUCT ILLEGAL ACTIONS AGA9/ ! /ATE 
& >MY4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE F\ND ITSELF 9 MILIT>Y CONFLICT 
) ,G]MANY1 IT CONSEQU5TLY ACQUIR$ AN 9T]E/ 9 ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ALL 
! =CES OPPOS$ TO ,G]MANY4 ,NOT ONLY W]E ! P>TIES 9 ,FRANCE1 ,5GL&1 
ETC41 GIV5 ! OPPOSITE POLITICAL DIRECTIVE & ! COMM& TO GO OV] TO ! 
,FRONT = NATIONAL DEF5SE 7EXACTLY AS ! ,SOCIALI/S D5\NC$ BY ,L59 HAD 
DONE 9 #a#i#a#d71 BUT ALL !ORETICAL & HI/ORICAL POSITIONS W]E REV]S$1 & 
! W> CONDUCT$ BY ! ,WE/]N P[]S AGA9/ ,G]MANY WAS DECL>$ -- 
NOT IMP]IALI/ -- BUT A W> = FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY1 & ?IS FROM ! 
V]Y BEG9N+1 S9CE #a#i#c#i1 :5 ! W> BROKE \T & ALL ! PSEUDO-COMMUNI/ 
PRESS & PROPAG&A HAD BE5 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,5GL& & ,FRANCE4 

,?US IT IS CLE> ?AT ! =CES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7:I* 
=MALLY WAS LIQUIDAT$ AS A C]TA9 PO9T 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE ! IMP]IALI/ 
P[]S ) A BETT] GU>ANTEE ?AT ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES 
W]E COMPLETELY AT ! S]VICE ( !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONS & FA!RL&S7 HAD 
NOT BE5 EMPLOY$ AT ANY TIME DUR+ ! LONG W> TO BR+ AB\T ! FALL ( A 
CAPITALI/ P[] OR ! CONDITIONS = A CONQUE/ ( P[] BY ! WORK+ 
CLASS4 ,9/EAD1 !Y W]E EMPLOY$ ONLY 9 OP5 COLLABORATION ) AN 
IMP]IALI/ CAMP2 & MOREOV] A COLLABORATION ) ONE OR ANO!R CAMP 
ACCORD+ TO ! *ANG+ MILIT>Y & NATIONAL 9T]E/S ( ,RUSSIA4 ,! FACT 
?AT IT WAS NO LONG] A CASE ( SIMPLE OPPORTUNI/ TACTICS1 EV5 DRIV5 TO ITS 
EXTREME1 BUT A TOTAL AB&ONM5T ( ! HI/ORICAL POSITIONS ( COMMUNISM WAS 
PROV$ BY ! AUDACITY ) :I* ! POLITICAL APPRECIATION ( ! B\RGEOIS 
P[]S WAS REV]S$4 ,FRANCE1 ,5GL&1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 DEF9$ AS 
IMP]IALI/ & PLUTOCRATIC 9 #a#i#c#i-#d1 BECAME REPRES5TATIVES ( PROGRESS1 
FRE$OM1 & CIVILIZATION 9 ! SUBSEQU5T YE>S1 & %>$ ! PROGRAM = 
WORLD REORGANIZATION ) ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT SU* A SPECTACUL> TRANS=MATION1 :I* 
WAS ALLEG$ TO BE 9 CON=MITY ) ! !ORY & TEXTS ( ,M>X & ,L591 
DID NOT EV5 HAVE A DEF9ITIVE *>ACT]1 S9CE ! FIR/ DISS5SIONS AFT] 
#aidf & ! FIR/ LOCAL CONFLICTS 9 ,EUROPE & ,ASIA W]E 5\< = ,RUSSIA 
& ITS FOLL[]S TO CONDEMN !SE SAME /ATES1 9 ! /RONG] LANGUAGE1 AS 
! MO/ HE9\S IMP]IALISM4 

,! ORDEALS FAC$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES ?AT ASSEMBL$ 9 ,MOSC[ 9 
#a#i#a#i-#b SPIRAL$ AS !Y W5T FROM CONTACTS ) ! JU/ D5\NC$ 
SOCIAL-TRAITORS & SOCIAL-PATRIOTS1 TO UNIT$ FRONTS1 TO EXP]IM5TS ) 
COALITION WORK]S' GOV]NM5TS ?AT R5\NC$ ! DICTATOR%IP1 TO BLOCS 
) PETTY B\RGEOIS & DEMOCRATIC P>TIES1 & F9ALLY TO A TOTAL 5SLAVEM5T 
9 ! W> POLICIES ( CAPITALI/ P[]S1 TODAY .<#a#i#e#a#a NOT ONLY OP5LY 
ACKN[L$G$ TO BE IMP]IALI/1 BUT EV5 NO LESS 0FASCI/0 ?AN 
,HITL]'S ,G]MANY & ,MUSSOL9I'S ,ITALY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY IT IS NO 
WOND] ?AT 9 ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S ANY VE/IGE ( REVOLUTION>Y CLASS 
*>ACT] 9 !SE P>TIES HAS BE5 COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4 

,! ?IRD HI/ORICAL WAVE ( OPPORTUNISM HAS COMB9$ ! WOR/ 
*>ACT]I/ICS ( ! TWO PREC$+ WAVES1 JU/ AS CAPITALISM 9CORPORATES ALL 
! PHASES ( ITS DEVELOPM5T 9 ITS MOD]N /RUCTURE4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! SECOND IMP]IALI/ W> ! OPPORTUNI/ P>TIES W]E ALLI$ 
) ALL ! AV[$ B\RGEOIS P>TIES 9 ! ,COMMITTEES ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION 
& P>TICIPAT$ ALONGSIDE !M 9 ! =MATION ( CON/ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5TS4 
,9 ,ITALY !Y EV5 P>TICIPAT$ DIRECTLY 9 MON>*I/ CAB9ETS1 DEF]R+ ! 
QUE/IONS ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL /ATE =M TO A MORE 0OPPORTUNE0 
MOM5T4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y REPUDIAT$ ! USE ( REVOLUTION>Y MEANS = ! 
CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT1 SANCTION+ ! NECESSITY ( 
LEGAL & P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE1 TO :I* ALL ! CLASS IMPULSES ( ! 
PROLET>IAT HAD TO BE SUBORD9AT$ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( A CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL 
P[] BY A PEACEFUL & ELECTORAL ROAD4 ,!Y ADVOCAT$ P>TICIPATION 9 
GOV]NM5TS ( NATIONAL DEF5SE1 PREV5T+ ANY OPPOSITION TO GOV]NM5TS 
COMMITT$ TO ! W>1 JU/ AS !Y HAD REFRA9$ FROM SABOTAG+ ! FASCI/ 
GOV]NM5TS DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! CONFLICT1 & SUPPORT$ ! W> 
EF=TS ?R\< ! PRODUCTION ( 9DISP5SABLE GOODS4 

,OPPORTUNISM PURSU$ ITS DISA/R\S C\RSE1 & EV5 SACRIFIC$ ! ,?IRD 
,9T]NATIONAL =MALLY TO ! CLASS 5EMY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 IMP]IALISM1 9 
ORD] TO PROMOTE 0A FUR!R /R5G!N+ ( ! ,UNIT$ ,FRONT ( ! 
,ALLIES & O!R UNIT$ NATIONS04 ,?US ! HI/ORICAL PR$ICTION ( ! 
,ITALIAN ,LEFT1 =MULAT$ DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,?IRD 
,9T]NATIONAL1 HAD COME TRUE4 ,IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! GR[? ( OPPORTUNISM 
& ITS DOM9ATION OV] ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T %\LD LEAD TO ! 
LIQUIDATION ( ALL ITS REVOLUTION>Y ORI5TATIONS4 

,!RE=E ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! CLASS =CE ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAT HAS 
BE5 SEV]ELY BELAT$ & DIFFICULT1 & WILL REQUIRE A GREAT] EF=T ?AN 
EV] BE=E4 

,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CE ON ! WORLD PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS 
BROAD5$ & DEEP5$ BY ! DIRECT P>TICIPATION ( OPPORTUNI/ P>TIES ON 
! SIDE ( ! VICTORI\S /ATES 9 ! SECOND WORLD CONFLICT1 HAS RESULT$ 9 
A MILIT>Y OCCUPATION ( ! DEFEAT$ /ATES 9 ORD] TO PREV5T AN UPRIS+ ( 
! EXPLOIT$ MASSES4 ,?IS OCCUPATION WAS ACCEPT$ & JU/IFI$ 9 ITS 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9T5T BY ALL ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ 
P>TIES DUR+ ! CONF]5CES AT ,YALTA & ,TEH]AN4 ,?US ANY S]I\S 
POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y ATTACK AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS P[]S WAS 
OB/RUCT$1 BO? 9 ! VICTORI\S ALLI$ C\NTRIES & 9 ! DEFEAT$ 
C\NTRIES4 ,?IS DEMON/RAT$ ! CORRECTNESS ( ! POSITION ( ! ,ITALIAN 
,LEFT1 :I* CONSID]$ ,WORLD ,W> ,IL TO BE IMP]IALI/ & ! MILIT>Y 
OCCUPATION ( ! DEFEAT$ C\NTRIES TO BE C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 & PR$ICT$ 
! ABSOLUTE IMPOSSIBILITY ( AN IMM$IATE REVOLUTION>Y RESURG5CE4 

,9 P]FECT CONSI/5CY ) ALL ITS 9CREAS+LY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PA/1 
,RUSSIA & ITS AFFILIAT$ P>TIES MOD]NIZ$ ! !ORY ( P]MAN5T CLASS 
COLLABORATION1 PO/ULAT+ ! PEACEFUL1 GLOBAL CO-EXI/5CE BETWE5 CAPITALI/ 
& SOCIALI/ /ATES4 ,A PEACEFUL COMPETITION BETWE5 /ATES WAS SUB/ITUT$ = 
! /RUGGLE BETWE5 /ATES1 BURY+ ONCE MORE ! DOCTR9E ( REVOLUTION>Y 
,M>XISM4 ,A SOCIALI/ /ATE1 IF IT DOES NOT DECL>E HOLY W> AGA9/ IMP]IALI/ 
/ATES1 DECL>ES & MA9TA9S ! CLASS /RUGGLE )9 ! B\RGEOIS 
C\NTRIES1 & PREP>ES ! PROLET>IAT 9 !ORY & PRACTICE = 
9SURRECTION4 ,?IS IS ! ONLY POSITION ?AT CON=MS TO ! PROGRAM ( ! 
COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 :I* DO NOT HESITATE TO PROCLAIM OP5LY !IR OP9IONS & 
AIMS 7,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 #a#h#d#h71 & ADVOCATE & PO/ULATE PRECISELY ! 
VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( B\RGEOIS P[]4 

,!RE=E ! /ATES & ! P>TIES ?AT ADMIT ! HYPO!SIS ( PEACEFUL 
0COEXI/5CE0 & 0COMPETITION0 BETWE5 /ATES 9/EAD 
( PROPAGAT+ ! ABSOLUTE 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 5EMY CLASSES & ! >M$ 
/RUGGLE = ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT FROM ! YOKE ( CAPITALISM1 >E 
9 REALITY NEI!R REVOLUTION>Y /ATES NOR REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES1 & !IR 
PHRASEOLOGY ONLY MASK ! CAPITALI/ CONT5T ( !IR /RUCTURE4 

,! P]SI/5CE ( ?IS IDEOLOGY )9 ! RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT 
REPRES5TS A TRAGIC OB/ACLE4 ,UNTIL IT IS SURM\NT$ !RE WILL BE NO 
RESURG5CE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! POLITICAL OPPORTUNISM ( ! ?IRD WAVE APPE>S MORE ABJECT & %AMEFUL 
?AN ITS PR$ECESSORS1 S9CE IT HAS DESC5D$ TO ! MO/ REPUGNANT DEP?S ( 
PACIFISM4 

,! MANEUV] ?AT CONSI/S 9 ALT]NAT+ BETWE5 PACIFISM & P>TISAN 
RESI/ANCE CONCEALS ! TRIPLE SC&AL\S AB\T-FACE 9 ! APPRECIATION ( 
,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN CAPITALI/ IMP]IALISM1 DEF9$ AS IMP]IALI/ 9 #a#i#c#i1 
DEMOCRATIC & A 0LIB]ATOR0 ( ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT 9 #a#i#d#b1 
& ONCE AGA9 AS IMP]IALI/ TODAY4 

,9 REALITY1 EV5 AT ! TIME ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM %[$ ?AT 
IT WAS A P[]FULLY REACTION>Y & IMP]IALI/ P[] 7ALBEIT 9 A LESS] 
DEGREE ?AN TODAY74 ,L59 & ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL DREW ATT5TION TO ?IS 
SEV]AL TIMES DUR+ ! GLORI\S P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 

,BY EXPLOIT+ ! ATTRACTION PACIFISM POSSESSES = ! WORK]S1 OPPORTUNISM 
EX]CISES AN UND5IABLE PR(\ND 9FLU5CE ON !M1 AL?\< IT IS OBVI\SLY 
9SEP>ABLE FROM SOCIAL PACIFISM4 

,DEF5SE ( PEACE & C\NTRY CON/ITUTES PROPAG&A !MES COMMON TO ALL 
/ATES & P>TIES COEXI/+ )9 ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS1 ! NEW $ITION ( ! 
,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS1 ?AT 0D5 ( ?IEVES0 AS ,L59 CALL$ IT4 ,!SE 
!MES >E BAS$ ON CLASS COLLABORATION & REPRES5T ! FUNDAM5TAL 
PR9CIPLES ( OPPORTUNISM4 

,! PRES5T-DAY OPPORTUNI/S %[ ?AT !Y >E COMPLETELY \TSIDE ! 
REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 & ?AT !Y >E NOT EV5 AT ! LEVEL ( ! UTOPIANS1 
,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,[51 ,F\RI]1 NOR EV5 AT ! LEVEL ( ,PR\DHON HIMSELF4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM REJECTS PACIFISM AS A !ORY & A PROPAG&A ME?OD1 
& SUBORD9ATES PEACE TO ! VIOL5T OV]?R[ ( WORLD IMP]IALISM4 ,!RE 
WILL BE NO PEACE UNTIL ! :OLE WORLD PROLET>IAT HAS BE5 LIB]AT$ FROM 
B\RGEOIS EXPLOITATION4 ,MOREOV]1 ,M>XISM D5\NCES PACIFISM AS A WEAPON ( ! 
CLASS 5EMY US$ TO DIS>M ! PROLET>IAT & DELIV] IT FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( 
! ,REVOLUTION4 

,IT HAS BECOME A HABITUAL PRACTICE = OPPORTUNISM TO (F] A HELP+ H& TO 
! P>TIES ( IMP]IALISM1 TO =M NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS ( 0NATIONAL 
UNITY0 BETWE5 CLASSES4 ,/AL9I/ OPPORTUNISM HAS REALIZ$ ?IS 
ASPIRATION 9 ! HI<E/ B\RGEOIS 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ,UNIT$ 
,NATIONS1 DECL>+ AN 9CREAS+LY BROAD]1 UNLIMIT$ 9T]-CLASS COLLABORATION 
ON ! CONDITION ?AT W> BETWE5 ! TWO RIVAL IMP]IALI/ BLOCS BE AVOID$ 
& ?AT ! REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS ( ! /ATES BE CAM\FLAG$ BY A VEIL ( 
DEMOCRACY & RE=MISM4 

,:]E ,/AL9ISM RULES UNCONTE/$ IT HAS REALIZ$ ?IS CONDITIONS BY SETT+ 
UP A NATIONAL P[] 9 :I* ALL SOCIAL CLASSES >E REPRES5T$4 ,9 ?IS WAY IT 
PRET5DS TO H>MONIZE OPPOS$ 9T]E/S1 AS 9 ! BLOC ( F\R CLASSES 9 
,*9A1 :]E ! PROLET>IAT1 F> FROM HAV+ CONQU]$ POLITICAL P[]1 IS 
CON/ANTLY SUBJECT$ TO ! PRESSURE ( Y\?FUL 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 & 
PAYS ! PRICE ( 0,NATIONAL ,RECON/RUCTION0 ON ! SAME BASIS AS 
! PROLET>IAT ( ALL ! O!R C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD4 

,! DIS>M+ ( REVOLUTION>Y =CES (F]$ TO ! B\RGEOISIE BY ! 
SOCIAL PATRIOTS ( #ai #ad & BY ! M9I/]IALI/S SU* AS ,MILL]&1 
,BISSOLATI1 ,V&]VELDE1 ,MAC ,DONALD1 ETC41 SC\RG$ & BATT]$ BY ,L59 & 
! ,9T]NATIONAL1 PALES BE=E ! SC&AL\S & CYNICAL COLLABORATION ( ! 
PRES5T SOCIAL-PATRIOTS & M9I/]IA LI/S4 ,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT OPPOS$ ! 
SLOGAN ( 0WORK]S' & PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T01 %[+ 
?AT EI!R IT WAS A SYNONYM = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & WAS 
?US AN EQUIVOCATION & A PLEONASM1 OR IT MEANT SOME?+ ELSE1 & WAS ?US 
UNACCEPTABLE4 ,IT REJECT$ ALL ! MORE ! OV]T !ORY ( CLASS COLLABORATION1 
EV5 IF IT WAS PRES5T$ AS A TRANSITORY TACTICAL MEANS4 ,IT CLAIM$ ! 
UNCONDITIONAL MONOPOLY ( ! /ATE & ITS ORGAN BY ! PROLET>IAT & ! 
CLASS P>TY & CALL$ = ITS UNIT>Y & 9DIVISIBLE CLASS DICTATOR%IP4 

,I,V ,P>TY ,ACTION 9 ,ITALY & O!R ,C\NTRIES 9 #aieb 

,S9CE ITS 9CEPTION ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM HAS PRES5T$ AN IRREGUL> 
DEVELOPM5T M>K$ BY ! P]IODIC CYCLE ( CRISES1 E/ABLI%$ BY ,M>X TO BE 
MORE OR LESS T5 YE>S AP>T & PREC$$ BY P]IODS ( 9T5SE CONT9U\S 
DEVELOPM5T4 

,CRISES >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM CAPITALISM :I*1 9 SPITE ( !SE1 DOES NOT 
CEASE TO GR[1 EXP&1 & SWELL1 UNTIL ! MATUR$ =CES ( ! REVOLUTION 
DEAL IT A F9AL BL[4 ,P>ALLEL TO ?IS ! HI/ORY ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 
DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! CAPITALI/ P]IOD PRES5TS PHASES ( HI< PRESSURE & 
ADVANCE1 PHASES ( SUDD5 OR GRADUAL RETREAT CAUS$ BY DEFEAT OR DEG5]ATION1 
& PHASES ( LONG WAIT BE=E A RESURG5CE4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS VIOL5TLY 
DEFEAT$ & A P]IOD ( RELATIVELY PEACEFUL DEVELOPM5T FOLL[$1 DUR+ :I* 
PRECISELY ! REVISIONI/ & OPPORTUNI/ !ORIES EM]G$1 PROV+ ! RETREAT 
( ! REVOLUTION4 

,! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION WAS DEFEAT$ ?R\< A GRADUAL 9VOLUTION1 
CULM9AT+ 9 ! VIOL5T ANNIHILATION ( ITS SURVIV+ >*ITECTS4 ,S9CE #aiag 
! REVOLUTION HAS BE5 ! MISS+ ELEM5T & EV5 TODAY 7#a#i#e#a7 A RESURG5CE 
( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES DOES NOT APPE> TO BE IMM95T4 

,9 SPITE ( ITS CYCLICAL CRISES ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION HAS 
EXT5D$ & TAK5 HOLD 9 ALL C\NTRIES ALMO/ )\T REL5T 9 ITS TE*NICAL 
& SOCIAL ASPECTS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! TORM5T$ HI/ORY ( ANTAGONI/IC 
CLASS =CES IS L9K$ TO ! VICISSITUDES ( ! G5]AL HI/ORICAL /RUGGLE1 
TO ! POT5TIAL CONTRADICTION ALREADY PRES5T AT ! DAWN ( B\RGEOIS RULE 
OV] ! FEUDAL & PRE-CAPITALI/ CLASSES1 & TO ! POLITICAL EVOLUTION ( 
! TWO HI/ORICAL CLASS 5EMIES1 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT1 A 
DEVELOPM5T M>K$ BY VICTORIES & DEFEATS1 BY ]ROR 9 TACTICS & /RATEGY4 
,! FIR/ CLA%ES DATE FROM #a#g#h#i1 PROCE$+ ?R\< #a#h#d#h1 #a#h#g#a1 #aie & #aiag 
TO TODAY4 ,ALL ! :ILE ! B\RGEOISIE HAS %>P5$ ITS WEAPONS ( /RUGGLE 
AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! 9CREAS+ GR[? ( ITS 
ECONOMY4 

,BY CONTRA/1 9 ! FACE ( ! GIGANTIC EXT5SION & GR[? ( CAPITALISM1 
! PROLET>IAT HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 ABLE TO EMPLOY ITS CLASS 5]GIES 
SUCCESSFULLY1 & AFT] EV]Y DEFEAT HAS FALL5 BACK 9TO ! NET ( 
OPPORTUNISM & BETRAYAL1 REMA9+ F> FROM ! REVOLUTION = AN 9CREAS+LY 
LONG P]IOD ( TIME4 

,! CYCLE ( VICTORI\S /RUGGLES1 ( EV5 MORE DISA/R\S DEFEATS1 & ( 
OPPORTUNI/ WAVES 9 :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T HAS SUCCUMB$ TO ! 
9FLU5CE ( ! 5EMY CLASS1 REPRES5TS A BROAD FIELD ( POSITIVE EXP]I5CES 
?R\< :I* ! REVOLUTION MATURES4 

,AFT] ! DEFEATS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y RESURG5CES HAVE BE5 LONG & 
DIFFICULT4 ,BUT AL?\< IT DOES NOT APPE> ON ! SURFACE ( POLITICAL EV5TS1 
! ?READ ( ! MOVEM5T HAS NOT BE5 BROK52 IT MA9TA9S ! REVOLUTION>Y 
CLASS TRADITION CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 A SMALL VANGU>D4 

,P]IODS ( POLITICAL DEPRESSION3 

- FROM #ahdh TO #a#h#f#g1 FROM ! SECOND ,P>ISIAN REVOLUTION TO 
! EVE ( ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN W>1 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS EMBODI$ 
ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ,M>X & ,5GELS & A SMALL CIRCLE ( COMRADES4 

- FROM #ahgb TO #a#h#h#i1 FROM ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TO 
! BEG9N+ ( ! COLONIAL W> & ! RE-OP5+ ( ! CAPITALI/ CRISIS 
:I* W\LD LEAD TO ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE W> & !N TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 A P]IOD ( 
REFLUX ( ! MOVEM5T DUR+ :I* ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! REVOLUTION IS 
REPRES5T$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4 

- FROM #aiad TO #a#i#a#h1 ! P]IOD ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I DUR+ :I* 
! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL COLLAPS$ & ,L59 & O!R COMRADES FROM A FEW 
C\NTRIES C>RI$ ! MOVEM5T =W>D4 

,) #aibf ANO!R UNFAVORABLE P]IOD = ! REVOLUTION BEGAN DUR+ :I* 
! ,OCTOB] VICTORY WAS LIQUIDAT$4 ,ONLY ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT MA9TA9$ ! !ORY 
( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM 9TACT & 9 IT ALONE >E CRY/ALLIZ$ ! PREMISES 
( ! CLASS RESURG5CE4 ,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I ! CONDITIONS ( ! MOVEM5T 
WORS5$ FUR!R1 S9CE ! W> PLAC$ ! :OLE PROLET>IAT AT ! S]VICE ( 
IMP]IALISM & ,/AL9I/ OPPORTUNISM4 

,TODAY WE >E 9 ! MID/ ( ! DEPRESSION1 & A RESURG5CE ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T IS CONCEIVABLE ONLY AFT] A P]IOD ( MANY YE>S4 ,! 
L5G? ( ! P]IOD CORRESPONDS TO ! GRAVITY ( ! WAVE ( DEG5]ATION1 AS 
WELL AS TO ! 9CREAS+LY L>GE CONC5TRATION ( 5EMY CAPITALI/ =CES4 ,ON 
! ONE H& ,/AL9ISM HAS ASSUM$ ! MO/ DE/RUCTIVE *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! 
TWO PREC$+ WAVES ( OPPORTUNISM1 & ON ! O!R ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ 
CONC5TRATION TODAY IS T> GREAT] ?AN ?AT IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ,WORLD ,W> 
,I4 

,TODAY1 AL?\< WE >E AT ! DEEPE/ PO9T ( ! POLITICAL DEPRESSION & 
! POSSIBILITIES = ACTION >E CONSID]ABLY R$UC$1 ! P>TY1 FOLL[+ 
REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 DOES NOT 9T5D TO BREAK ! HI/ORICAL L9E ( 
PREP>ATION = A FUTURE L>GE-SCALE RESURG5CE ( ! CLASS MOVEM5T1 :I* 
MU/ ,9TEGRATE ALL ! RESULTS ( ! PREVI\S EXP]I5CES4 ,! RE/RICT$ 
NATURE ( PRACTICAL ACTIVITY DOES NOT MEAN A R5UNCIATION ( REVOLUTION>Y 
PO/ULATES4 ,! P>TY RECOGNIZES ?AT ! RE/RICTION ( C]TA9 SECTORS ( 
ACTIVITY IS QUANTITATIVELY ACC5TUAT$1 BUT ! 5TIRETY ( ! ASPECTS ( ITS 
ACTIVITIES IS NOT *ANG$ ON ACC\NT ( ?IS1 & ! P>TY DOES NOT R5\NCE 
ANY >EA DELIB]ATELY4 

,TODAY ! PR9CIPAL ACTIVITY IS ! RE/ORATION ( ! !ORY ( ,M>XI/ 
COMMUNISM4 ,WE >E /ILL AT ! /AGE ( 0! WEAPON ( CRITIQUE04 
,! P>TY WILL PRES5T NO NEW DOCTR9E BUT REAFFIRMS ! FULL VALIDITY ( ! 
FUNDAM5TAL !SES ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM1 :I* HAVE BE5 CONFIRM$ AMPLY BY 
FACTS & MORE ?AN ONCE FALSIFI$ & BETRAY$ BY OPPORTUNISM 9 ORD] TO 
COV] RETREATS & DEFEATS4 

,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT D5\NCES & COMBATS ! ,/AL9I/S TODAY1 AS IT HAS 
ALWAYS D5\NC$ ALL REVISIONI/S & OPPORTUNI/S4 

,! P>TY BASES ITS ACTIVITY ON ANTI-REVISIONI/ POSITIONS4 ,L59 COMBAT$ 
! REVISIONISM ( ,B]N/E9 AS SOON AS IT APPE>$ ON ! POLITICAL SC5E1 & 
RE/OR$ ! PR9CIPL$ L9E BY DEMOLI%+ ! >GUM5TS ( ! TWO 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC REVISIONS4 

,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT D5\NC$ ! FIR/ TACTICAL DEVIATIONS AS SOON AS !Y 
EM]G$ )9 ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 AS ! FIR/ SYMPTOMS ( A ?IRD 
REVISION1 :I* HAS MANIFE/$ ITSELF FULLY TODAY & :I* CONTA9S ! ]RORS 
( ! FIR/ TWO4 

,! PROLET>IAT IS ! LA/ EXPLOIT$ CLASS & CONSEQU5TLY 9 ITS TURN 
WILL EXPLOIT NO ONE4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :Y ! DOCTR9E WAS BORN ) ! BIR? 
( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS ITSELF & CAN BE NEI!R MODIFI$ NOR REVIS$4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM FROM ITS 9CEPTION TO TODAY CONFIRMS ! 
!OREMS ( ,M>XISM AS !Y >E SET D[N 9 ! CLASSICAL TEXTS1 & ALL ! 
PURPORT$ 09NOVATIONS0 OR 0TEA*+S0 ( ! LA/ 
?IRTY YE>S ONLY CONFIRM ?AT CAPITALISM /ILL LIVES & MU/ BE DE/ROY$4 
,!RE=E ! C5TRAL PO9T ( ! PRES5T DOCTR9AL POSITION ( ! MOVEM5T 
IS ?IS3 NO REVISION ( ! ORIG9AL PR9CIPLES ( ! PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION4 

,! ,P>TY TODAY UND]TAKES A WORK ( SCI5TIFIC OBS]VATION ( SOCIAL 
PH5OM5A1 ) ! AIM ( CONFIRM+ ! FUNDAM5TAL !SES ( ,M>XISM4 ,IT 
ANALYZES1 CONFRONTS1 & COMM5TS ON REC5T & CONTEMPOR>Y EV5TS4 ,IT 
REPUDIATES ANY DOCTR9AL ELABORATION ?AT T5DS TO F\ND NEW !ORIES OR TO 
DEMON/RATE ! 9ADEQUACY ( ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E = ! EXPLANATION ( 
PH5OM5A4 

,ALL ?IS WORK ( DEMOLI%+ OPPORTUNISM & 0DEVIATIONISM0 
7,L593 ,:AT ,IS ,TO ,BE ,DONE87 IS TODAY ! BASIS ( P>TY ACTIVITY4 ,! P>TY 
FOLL[S REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION & EXP]I5CES 9 ?IS WORK DUR+ !SE 
P]IODS ( REVOLUTION>Y REFLUX & ! PROLIF]ATION ( OPPORTUNI/ !ORIES 
:I* HAD AS !IR VIOL5T & 9FLEXIBLE OPPON5TS ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,L59 & ! 
,ITALIAN ,LEFT4 

,) ?IS CORRECT REVOLUTION>Y EVALUATION ( ! PRES5T-DAY TASKS 9 H&1 
! P>TY1 AL?\< SMALL & HAV+ ONLY LIMIT$ L9KS ) ! MASS ( ! 
PROLET>IAT1 AL?\< T5ACI\SLY ATTA*$ TO ! !ORETICAL TASK AS ! MO/ 
IMM$IATE TASK1 ABSOLUTELY REFUSES TO CONSID] ITSELF AS A CIRCLE ( ?9K]S 
OR SIMPLE RESE>*]S :O >E LOOK+ = NEW TRU?S OR :O HAVE SUPPOS$LY 
LO/ YE/]DAY'S TRU? & CONSID] IT 9ADEQUATE4 

,NO MOVEM5T CAN TRIUMPH 9 HI/ORY )\T A !ORETICAL CONT9UITY1 :I* 
IS ! EXP]I5CE ( PREVI\S /RUGGLES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! P>TY PROHIBITS 
P]SONAL FRE$OM TO ELABORATE & CONJURE UP NEW S*EMATA & EXPLANATIONS ( 
! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL WORLD4 ,IT PROHIBITS ! 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM ( ANALYSIS1 
CRITIQUE1 & P]SPECTIVE EV5 = ITS MEMB]S :O >E ! BE/ PREP>$ 
9TELLECTUALLY1 & DEF5DS ! FIRMNESS ( A !ORY :I* IS NOT ! PRODUCT 
( BL9D FAI?1 BUT ! CONT5T ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS SCI5CE1 CON/RUCT$ 
FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( SEV]AL C5TURIES1 NOT FROM ! ?\<T ( 9DIVIDUALS1 
BUT FROM ! =CE ( MAT]IAL FACTS1 REFLECT$ 9 ! HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS 
( A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS & CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 ITS P>TY4 ,MAT]IAL FACTS HAVE 
ONLY CONFIRM$ ! DOCTR9E ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 

,! P>TY1 DESPITE ! LIMIT$ NUMB] ( ITS MEMB]S RESULT+ FROM CLE>LY 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y CONDITIONS1 DOES NOT SUSP5D PROSELYTISM & ! 
PROPAGATION ( ITS PR9CIPLES 9 ALL ORAL & WRITT5 =MS1 EV5 IF ITS 
MEET+S >E ATT5D$ BY ONLY A FEW 9DIVIDUALS & ITS PRESS HAS A LIMIT$ 
CIRCULATION4 ,! P>TY CONSID]S ITS PRESS AS ! PR9CIPAL ACTIVITY 9 ! 
PRES5T PHASE1 S9CE IT IS ONE ( ! MO/ EFFECTIVE MEANS P]MITT$ BY ! 
REAL SITUATION = 9DICAT+ ! CORRECT POLITICAL L9E = ! MASSES TO 
FOLL[1 & = AN ORGANIC & MORE EXT5SIVE PROPAGATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( 
! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,EV5TS1 & NOT ! WILL OR DET]M9ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ?US ALSO 
DET]M9E ! EXT5T TO :I* ! P5ETRATION ( ! BROAD MASSES IS POSSIBLE1 
LIMIT+ IT TODAY TO A SMALL P>T ( ! P>TY'S G5]AL ACTIVITY4 
,NONE!LESS ! P>TY DOES NOT PASS UP ! OPPORTUNITY TO 9S]T ITSELF 9TO 
EV]Y FRACTURE1 EV]Y BREAK1 KN[+ WELL ?AT !RE CAN BE NO RESURG5CE UNTIL 
?IS SECTOR ( ITS ACTIVITY HAS BE5 EXP&$ AMPLY & HAS BECOME 
DOM9ANT4 

,! ACCEL]ATION ( ! PROCESS DEP5DS NOT ONLY ON ! PR(\ND SOCIAL 
CAUSES ( HI/ORICAL CRISES1 BUT ALSO ON ! WORK ( PROSELYTISM & PROPAG&A 
) ! R$UC$ MEANS AT ! P>TY'S DISPOSAL4 ,! P>TY D5IES 
ABSOLUTELY ?AT ! PROCESS CAN BE /IMULAT$ BY EXP$I5T RECIPES & 
MANEUV]S DIRECT$ AT GR\PS1 LEAD]S & APP>AT*IKS ?AT USURP ! NAME 
0PROLET>IAN01 0SOCIALI/01 OR 0COMMUNI/04 
,!SE ME?ODS1 :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ! TACTICS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL AFT] 
,L59'S ABS5CE FROM ! POLITICAL SC5E1 HAD NO O!R EFFECT ?AN ! 
DISORI5TATION ( ! ,COM9T]N AS ! ORGANIZATIONAL EXPRESSION ( ! !ORY 
& ! OP]ATIVE =CE ( ! MOVEM5T1 :ILE EV]Y 0TACTICAL 
EXP$I5T0 CAUS$ ! P>TIES TO LOSE SECTIONS ( !IR MEMB]%IP4 ,!SE 
ME?ODS HAVE BE5 ADVOCAT$ & APPROV$ BY ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T & BY ! 
,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* WRONGLY CONSID] !M TO BE COMMUNI/ ME?ODS4 

,!RE >E NO FIX$ RECIPES = ACCEL]AT+ ! CLASS RESURG5CE4 ,!RE >E 
NO 0MANEUV]S0 OR 0EXP$I5TS0 ?AT CAN MAKE ! 
PROLET>IAT LI/5 TO ITS CLASS VOICE4 ,SU* ME?ODS CANNOT MAKE ! P>TY 
APPE> = :AT IT TRULY IS1 BUT 9/EAD DE=M ITS FUNCTION1 UND]M9+ & 
COMPROMIS+ ! EFFECTIVE RESURG5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 S9CE ! 
LATT] IS BAS$ ON ! REAL MATURATION ( ! SITUATION & ON ! ABILITY ( 
! P>TY TO RESPOND ADEQUATELY1 AN ABILITY ?AT IT CAN ACQUIRE ONLY ?R\< 
DOCTR9AL & POLITICAL 9FLEXIBILITY4 ,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT HAS ALWAYS COMBAT$ ! 
ME?OD ( RESORT+ TO TACTICAL EXP$I5TS TO /AY AFLOAT1 D5\NC+ IT AS A 
DEVIATION FROM PR9CIPLES & 9COMPATIBLE ) ,M>XI/ DET]M9ISM4 

,! P>TY1 9 L9E ) ITS PREVI\S EXP]I5CES1 ?US AB/A9S FROM ISSU+ 
OR ACCEPT+ 9VITATIONS1 OP5 LETT]S1 & AGITATIONAL SLOGANS AS A BASIS = 
=M+ COMMITTEES1 FRONTS1 & AGREEM5TS ) O!R POLITICAL MOVEM5TS & 
ORGANIZATIONS1 :ATEV] !Y MAY BE4 

,! P>TY DOES NOT CONCEAL ! FACT ?AT 9 PHASES ( RESURG5CE IT CANNOT 
/R5G!N ITSELF 9 AN AUTONOM\S WAY UNLESS A =M ( TRADE UNION 
ASSOCIATIONISM ( ! MASSES EM]GES4 

,AL?\< ! TRADE UNION HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 FREE FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( ! 
5EMY CLASSES & HAS FUNCTION$ AS A VEHICLE ( EXT5D$ & PR(\ND 
DEVIATIONS & DE=MATIONS1 & AL?\< IT IS NOT A SPECIFIC REVOLUTION>Y 
9/RUM5T1 NONE!LESS IT IS AN OBJECT ( ! P>TY'S ATT5TION1 & ! 
P>TY DOES NOT REFUSE VOLUNT>ILY TO WORK )9 IT1 DI/+UI%+ ITSELF 
CLE>LY FROM ALL ! O!R POLITICAL GR\PS4 ,:ILE ! P>TY RECOGNIZES ?AT IT 
CAN CONDUCT TRADE UNION ACTIVITY ONLY 9 A SPORADIC MANN] TODAY1 IT NEV] 
R5\NCES ?IS ACTIVITY4 ,FROM ! MOM5T :5 ! CONCRETE NUM]ICAL 
RELATION%IP BETWE5 ITS MEMB]S1 SYMPA?IZ]S1 & UNIONIZ$ WORK]S 9 A 
GIV5 BRAN* REA*ES A C]TA9 PROPORTION1 & ON ! CONDITION ?AT ! 
ORGANIZATION 9 QUE/ION DOES NOT EXCLUDE 9 ITS /ATUTES & A PRIORI ! 
POSSIBILITY ( CONDUCT+ AN AUTONOM\S CLASS ACTIVITY1 ! P>TY WILL 
UND]TAKE TO P5ETRATE IT & ATTEMPT TO CONQU] ITS LEAD]%IP4 

,! P>TY IS NOT A DIRECT DESC5DANT ( ! ,AB/5TIONI/ 7,LEFT-,W+7 
,FACTION ( ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 AL?\< ?IS T5D5CY PLAY$ A L>GE 
ROLE 9 ! MOVEM5T ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( 
,ITALY AT ,LIVORNO 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,! OPPOSITION ( ! ,LEFT )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 
( ,ITALY & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS NOT BAS$ ON ! !SES ( 
AB/5TIONISM1 BUT ON O!R BASIC QUE/IONS4 ,P>LIAM5T>IANISM LOSES ITS 
IMPORTANCE LITTLE BY LITTLE ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 :I* 
WILL ASSUME ! =M ( AN OP5 CLASS DICTATOR%IP AS ,M>XISM HAS RECOGNIZ$ 
S9CE ITS 9CEPTION4 ,EV5 :]E !Y SEEM TO SURVIVE1 ! P>LIAM5T>Y 
ELECTORAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOISIES >E EMPTI$ ( !IR 
CONT5T MORE & MORE4 ,:AT REMA9S IS ONLY AN EMPTY PHRASEOLOGY :I* 9 
MOM5TS ( SOCIAL CRISIS REVEALS ! OP5 DICTATORIAL =M ( ! /ATE AS ! 
F9AL EXPRESSION ( CAPITALISM1 AGA9/ :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT 
MU/ DIRECT ITS VIOL5CE4 ,!RE=E S9CE ?IS HI/ORICAL LEVEL & ?IS 
PRES5T RELATION%IP ( =CES HAS BE5 REA*$1 ! P>TY CAN HAVE NO 9T]E/ 
9 DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS ( ANY K9D & DOES NOT DEVELOP ITS ACTIVITY 9TO ?IS 
DOMA94 

,IT IS A FACT ( REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE ?AT REVOLUTION>Y G5]ATIONS 
SUCCE$ EA* O!R RAPIDLY & ?AT ! CULT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS A DANG]\S 
ASPECT ( OPPORTUNISM1 S9CE ! DEFECTION ( OLD LEAD]S TO ! 5EMY & TO 
CON=MISM DUE TO EXHAU/ION IS A NATURAL FACT CONFIRM$ BY R>E EXCEPTIONS4 
,?IS IS :Y ! P>TY DIRECTS ! MAXIMUM ATT5TION TO ! Y\? & DEVOTES 
! MAXIMUM EF=T TO ! RECRUITM5T ( Y\NG MILITANTS & TO !IR 
PREP>ATION = POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 EXCLUD+ ANY C>E]ISM OR P]SONALITY 
CULT4 

,9 ! PRES5T HI/ORICAL ATMOSPH]E ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y HI< 
POT5TIAL1 WE >E COMPELL$ TO CREATE Y\NG LEAD]%IP ELEM5TS :I* WILL 
GU>ANTEE ! CONT9UITY ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! CONTRIBUTION ( A NEW 
REVOLUTION>Y G5]ATION IS A NECESS>Y CONDITION = ! RESURG5CE ( ! 
MOVEM5T4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,FUNDAM5TAL ,!SES ( ! ,P>TY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,FUNDAM5TAL ,!SES ( ! ,P>TY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/