,FROM ! ,B\RGEOIS TO ! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,OTTO ,RUHLE 

,TEXT 3 

,PUBLI%$3 ,?IS TRANSLATION WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ BY ,SOCIALI/ ,REPRODUCTION 9 COOP]ATION ) ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P]SPECTIVES 9 #a#i#g#d4 ,! TRANSLATION WAS MADE FROM A ,G]MAN $ITION ( ! TEXT PUBLI%$ 9 #aig BY ,I,P,T,R 7,9/ITUT FUR ,PRAXIS UND ,!ORIE DES ,RATEKOMMUNISMUS1 ,B]L974 
,TRANSCRIB]3 ,= ,COMMUNISM 
,H,T,M,L-M>KUP3 ,JONAS ,HOLMGR5 
,PRO(READ+3 ,MICAH ,MU]1 #b#a#g4 

,?IS ,H,T,M,L V]SION FOLL[S ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REPRODUCTION 
$ITION1 EXCEPT ?AT REF]5CES TO ! ,A,A,U,D-,E HAVE BE5 /&>DIZ$ 79 ! 
,SOCIALI/ ,REPRODUCTION $ITION IT IS ALSO REF]R$ TO AS ! ,A,A,U & ,A,A,U,E71 & 
REF]5CES TO FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION7 & ,WORK]S' 
,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION71 HAVE BE5 9DICAT$ LIKE ?IS TO MAKE IT CLE> 
?AT !SE >E DI/9CT =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 & ?AT ! ,WORK]S' ,UNION 
7,>BEIT]UNION7 HE DISCUSSES IS NOT ! SAME AS - 9DE$ IS 9 
OPPOSITION TO - ,TRADES ,UNIONS4 

,! FOOTNOTES -- ) ONE EXCEPTION -- >E TAK5 FROM ! 
,SOCIALI/ ,REPRODUCTION $ITION & W]E ADD$ TO ! TEXT BY !M TO EXPLA9 
SOME ( ! HI/ORICAL REF]5CES4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,REPRODUCTION $ITION CONTA9$ A LONG 9TRODUCTION4 
,A MODIFI$ V]SION ( ?IS CAN BE F\ND AS 

,AN 9TRODUCTION TO ',LEFT ,COMMUNISM' 9 ,G]MANY FROM #aiad TO #aibc ON ! ,SUBV]SION WEBSITE4 

,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS3 
,FROM ! ,B\RGEOIS TO ! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION 
,=EWORD 
#a4 ,! ,B\RGEOIS ,REVOLUTIONS 
#b4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,PROBLEM 
#c4 ,! ,B\RGEOIS-,CAPITALI/ ,/ATE 
#d4 ,P>LIAM5T & ,P>TIES 
#e4 ,! ,TRADE ,UNIONS 
#f4 ,! ,LA/ ,PHASE ,( ,EUROPEAN ,CAPITALISM 
#g4 ,FACTORY ,ORGANIZATION ,& ,WORK]S' ,UNION 7#a7 
#g4 ,FACTORY ,ORGANIZATION ,& ,WORK]S' ,UNION 7#b7 
#a4 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,UNIONI/ 7,>BEIT]UNION7 ,MOVEM5T 
#b4 ,NATURE & ,GOAL ( ! ,A,A,U,D-,E 
#c4 ,/RUCTURE ( ! ,BETRIEBSORGANISATION 7,FACTORY ,ORGANIZATION7 
#d4 ,/RUCTURE ( ! ,UNION 7,C\NCILS' ,ORGANIZATION7 
#e4 ,TACTICS 
#f4 ,NATURE ( ,ADM9I/RATION 
#g4 ,MEMB]%IP 

#h4 ,! ,C\NCILS' ,SY/EM 
#i4 ,! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION 

,FOOTNOTES 
,=,E,W,O,R,D 

,?IS IS ! SEQU5CE ( ?\<T 9 ! BOOK4 

,9 A BRIEF HI/ORICAL SUMM>Y >E \TL9$ ! *>ACT]I/IC 
TRAITS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ( ,EUROPE1 :I* D]IVE FROM ! HI/ORIC 
TASK ( !SE REVOLUTIONS3 TO OP5 ! GATES TO CAPITALISM AS ! NEW P[] 9 
SOCIETY4 

,BECAUSE ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION APPE>$ = A TIME ) ! 
AMBITION ( A SOCIAL & PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 :ILE IT WAS BASICALLY ONLY A 
BELAT$ & ABORTIVE B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 A SPECIAL *APT] IS DEVOT$ TO ! 
EXAM9ATION ( ITS *>ACT]4 

,!N ! CON/RUCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE IS DESCRIB$1 AS A 
LIV+ ILLU/RATION ( ! PR9CIPLES & PRIM>Y =MS ( CAPITALI/ MANAGEM5T 
( ! ECONOMY & ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMY4 ,WE GET TO KN[ ! AU?ORIT>IAN1 
C5TRALI/1 NATIONAL /ATE1 & UND]/& :Y IT HAS TO BE AS IT IS4 

,9 CONNECTION ) ?IS WE GA9 A PROP] UND]/&+ ( 
P>LIAM5T>ISM1 :I* TRANSPLANTS ! TYPE ( ! B\RGEOIS COMM]CIAL 
TRANSACTION 9TO ! LEGISLATION & F9DS 9 ! P>TIES ! AUXILI>Y ORGANS 
( B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 :I* EXI/ & FUNCTION ONLY 9 COMB9ATION ) IT4 

,AK9 TO ! P>TIES1 ONLY )\T !IR PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y 
DISGUISE1 >E ! TRADE UNIONS1 PURELY OPPORTUNI/IC ORGANS :I* *A9 ! 
PROLET>IAT TO CAPITAL ?R\< A DISA/R\S COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S1 9/EAD ( 
LIB]AT+ IT FROM CAPITAL4 ,AS PRE-REVOLUTION>Y 9/RUM5TS ( B\RGEOIS 
POLITICS1 P>TIES & UNIONS OP]ATE UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( A PETTY-B\RGEOIS 
9CL9$ PR(ESSIONAL LEAD]%IP 9 AN UNREVOLUTION>Y1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 
WAY4 ,! DEM& TO REVOLUTIONIZE ! UNIONS IS %[N UP AS A DEMAGOGIC TRICK4 

,! C\RSE ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION FROM #aiah WAS A S*OOL = 
! PROLET>IAT 9 ! KN[L$GE ?AT P>TIES & UNIONS >E TODAY ! MO/ 
P[]FUL OB/ACLES TO ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,! PROLET>IAT MU/ LE>N TO TAKE 9 H& ITSELF ! MATT] ( 
ITS LIB]ATION4 ,IT IS BEG9N+ TO GRASP ?AT ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS 
PRIM>ILY AN ECONOMIC PH5OM5ON & ?AT ITS PREP>ATION & UNFOLD+ HAS TO 
FOLL[ FROM ! FACTORIES \T4 ,IT IS GA9+ ! REQUISITE 5]GIES & 
QUALIFICATIONS ?R\< $UCATION TO SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & SELF-RELIANCE4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY %APES ! F\NDATION 
= ! ORGANIZATION ( PROLET>IAN LIB]ATION4 ,/RUGGLE GR\PS1 WORK]S' UNION 
& C\NCILS SY/EM 7,BETRIEBS-,ORGANIZATION1 ,>BEIT]-,UNION & ,RATESY/EM7 >E 
! /EPS ON ! ASC5T TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS 9 EXT5T1 CONT5T1 T5D5CY1 
TACTICS ( /RUGGLE & AIM COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FROM ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 
,IT IS ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & F9DS ITS CONCLUSION ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 
LEAD]LESS1 /ATELESS AU?ORITY-FREE SOCIALISM4 

,=W>D TO ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION6 

#a4 ,! ,B,\,R,G,E,O,I,S ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,S 

,UND] ! DOM9ION ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE ! ECONOMY HAD DEVELOP$ 
9 ,ITALY ALMO/ TO ! ?RE%OLD ( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT ! MILIT>Y & POLITICAL 
COLLAPSE ( ?IS WORLD P[] MEANT AT ! SAME TIME - AS RESULT & CAUSE 9 ONE 
- ! 5D ( ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,:AT FOLL[$ WAS REV]SION TO E>LI] 
PRIMITIVE ECONOMIC =MS & C5TURIES-LONG /AGNATION4 ,ONLY ! CRUSADES 
BR\<T BACK ! IMPULSE TO NEW DEVELOPM5T4 ,CONCEIV$ AS RAIDS :I* W]E TO 
OP5 UP ! ORI5T ) ITS TREASURES TO ! CONQU]+ PRESSURE & AV>ICE ( 
WE/]N FREEBOOT]S & ADV5TUR]S1 !Y 9TRODUC$ = ! FOLL[+ P]IOD A 
*A9 ( V]Y SUCCESSFUL TRADE CONNECTIONS1 ( :I* ! ,NOR? ,ITALIAN /ATES 
BECAME ! BASES4 ,VIA ,V5ICE1 ,FLOR5CE1 ,PISA1 ,G5OA1 ! M]*&ISE F\ND ITS 
WAY ON ANCI5T >MY & TRADE R\TES TO ,NUREMBURG1 ,AUGSBURG1 ,ULM1 R\ND FROM 
!RE \T TO ! NOR? & NOR?-WE/1 ESPECIALLY TO BE TRANSPORT$ T[>DS 
,FL&]S & ,BRABANT4 ,9 CONNECTION ) ?IS GREW UP1 9 ,ITALY FIR/1 AN 
9DIG5\S PRODUCTION ( GOODS1 :I* PROVID$ = EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES2 ! 
SUDD5 IMPETUS GIV5 TO ! MONEY ECONOMY1 L$ TO ! F\NDATION ( BANKS ( 
EX*ANGE & TO ! CONC5TRATION ( F9ANCE CAPITAL 9 ! H&S ( A FEW 
FAMILIES4 ,! SPR+TIME ( MOD]N CAPITALISM SET 94 

,ITS FULL DEVELOPM5T WAS H[EV] 9T]RUPT$ & DI/URB$ BY ! 
ADVANCE ( ! ,TURKS 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/ & ! DISCOV]Y ( ! SEA R\TE TO ! 
,EA/ ,9DIES4 ,! TRAFFIC ) ! ORI5T WAS CUT (F2 A TOTAL DISPLACEM5T ( 
! TRADE R\TES OCCURR$4 ,! BULK ( ! COMMODITY EX*ANGE BETWE5 EA/ & 
WE/ %IFT$ FROM ,ITALY TO ,PORTUGAL4 ,! ,ITALIAN /ATES BECAME POOR & 
DECL9$2 !IR ,R5AISSANCE CULTURE P]I%$2 ! ATTEMPTS TO ATTA9 NATIONAL 
UNIFICATION ON ! BASIS ( ECONOMIC UNITY1 ?R\< ! *AOS ( ! /RUGGLES 
BETWE5 PATRICIAN FAMILIES & /ATE REPUBLICS1 /OPP$ 9 ! E>LY /AGES4 ,AS 
NO REAL B\RGEOISIE1 :I* HAD LE>N$ TO RECOGNIZE ITSELF AS A CLASS 9 ! 
MOD]N S5SE1 EXI/$1 IT ALSO /OPP$ %ORT ( A C5TRALIZ$ ASS]TION ( 
CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S ON A L>GE SCALE1 %ORT ( ANY 9DEP5D5T ECONOMIC & 
/ATE E/ABLI%M5T OV] ! SURR\ND+ DEP5D5CIES ( >I/OCRATIC DYNA/IES 
& CITY GUILDS1 %ORT ( A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 :I* W\LD HAVE BR\<T AB\T 
A FUNDAM5TAL BREAK ) ! OLD ORD] ( ?+S & SET UP A NEW ECONOMIC & 
SOCIAL SY/EM4 

,9 ,PORTUGAL & ,SPA9 CAPITALISM %OT UP LIKE A HOT-H\SE PLANT 
FROM ! SAME SOIL1 :I* WAS ABUNDANTLY F]TILIZ$ ) ! RI*ES ( NEWLY 
DISCOV]$ CONT95TS OP5$ UP TO B\NDLESS EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT ! FAVORABLE 
ECONOMIC SITUATION F\ND = ITSELF NO /ATE P[] :I* W\LD HAVE DEVELOP$ 
FROM ITS POLITICAL TASK & W\LD HAVE GRASP$ ! ESS5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ 
ELEM5T4 ,! ,C\RT1 S*OOL$ & DIRECT$ T[>DS T]RITORIAL 
9T]NATIONALIZATION AS A RESULT ( M>RIAGE1 9H]ITANCE & CONQUE/1 SAW 
ITSELF1 IF IT WI%$ TO SAFEGU>D ITS 9T]E/S1 B\ND TO ! SOLE 9T]NATIONAL 
P[] ( ITS TIME1 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,?IS 9 TURN P]CEIV$ 9 ! /ATE 
P[] ! SURE/ DEF5D] ( ! FAI?1 :I* WAS BASICALLY ONLY ! IDEOLOGICAL 
>MOR$ %IELD = ITS ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 AN*OR$ 9 FEUDALISM4 ,?US ,EMP]OR 
& ,POPE1 /ATE P[] & *UR*1 W]E PRES5T 9 ! ,9QUISITION1 :I* RAG$ 
AGA9/ ! H]ETICS :OSE UNBELIEF ONLY =M$ ! PRETEXT = ! ME?OD ( 
CONFISCATION ( GOODS1 HI< F9ES1 LEGALIZ$ ROBB]Y & SY/EMATIC COMBAT ( 
! AWAK5+ B\RGEOIS CLASS1 BE>] ( A NEW ECONOMIC PR9CIPLE4 ,! MOVEM5T 
( ! ,COMUN]OS1 9 :I* ! SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ( ,CA/ILIAN T[NS HAD RIS5 
UP1 WAS SMO!R$ 9 BLOOD2 ! HOPEFUL BLOSSOM+ ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 5D$ 
9 ! *AOS ( A CRISIS FROM :I* IT NEV] RECOV]$2 AS REPRES5TATIVES ( 
! E>LY-CAPITALI/ EPO* !RE REMA9$ BEH9D ONLY CR[DS ( 
LUMP5-PROLET>IAT1 :O POPULAT$ AN IMPOV]I%$ C\NTRY1 RU9$ T[NS & 
DESOLATE WA/EL&S4 ,! /R5G? ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 LOAD$ SUDD5LY ) 
RI*ES :I* IT DISSIPAT$1 BUT JU/ AS SUDD5LY PU%$ 9TO ! ABYSS ( 
POV]TY1 HAD NOT F\ND EXPRESSION 9 A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 

,! M>ITIME COMM]CE :I* =M$ NUM]\S BONDS BETWE5 S\? 
& NOR? HAD E/ABLI%$ 9 ,BRUGES & LAT] 9 ,ANTW]P L>GE DEPOTS = ! 
,NOR? & ,BALTIC ,SEA %IPP+4 ,SOON ! ,NE!RL&S W]E 9T]P5ETRAT$ ) 
CAPITALISM1 C5TRAL TO ! 5TIRETY ( ,EUROPEAN TRADE & ! GREAT REF]5CE 
PO9T ( ALL NATIONS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 GR[N PROSP]\S & CONSCI\S ( ITS 
WOR?1 HELD ON TO :AT IT ACQUIR$ & WAS DET]M9$ TO DEF5D PROP]TY & ! 
RI<T ( PROP]TY UND] ALL CIRCUM/ANCES & AGA9/ EV]Y DANG]4 ,?IS DANG] 
CAME FROM ,SPA9 :5 ,PHILIP S5T ! DREAD$ ,ALBA TO ! ,NE!RL&S 9 ORD] TO 
SECURE ! CONT9UATION ( ! ,SPANI% CR[N BY PLUND]+ ! CAPITALI/ 
RI*ES4 ,UND] PRESSURE ( ! DANG]1 ! ,NE!RL&S B\RGEOISIE WELD$ ITSELF 
9TO ! COMPACT UNITY ( A CLASS CAPABLE ( RESI/ANCE4 

,! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ! ,NE!RL&S HAD NO AGGRESSIVE 
*>ACT]4 ,IT IS MU* MORE A H]OIC RESI/ANCE /RUGGLE AGA9/ AN 5EMY P[] 
9VAD+ FROM \TSIDE1 MORE A NATIONAL DEF5SE ?AN A SOCIAL CONFRONTATION4 ,BUT 
PRECISELY 9 ! AW>5ESS ( COMMON ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 9 ! ALLIANCE = 
NATIONAL ACTION OCCASION$ BY IT1 CONSI/$ AN IMPORTANT FACTOR = ! 
CONSOLIDATION ( ! =CES :OSE SUM TOTAL WAS CAPITALISM4 ,! B\RGEOIS CLASS 
( ! ,NE!RL&S TRIUMPH$ OV] ! MI<T ( ! ,SPANI>DS BECAUSE IT /OOD ON 
! GR\ND ( A MORE DEVELOP$ & MORE VIABLE ECONOMY - ?AT'S UND]/OOD4 ,BUT 
AS IT TRIUMPH$1 ! COMB9ATION 9TO A NEW NATIONAL COMMUNITY WAS ACCOMPLI%$1 
& POLITICAL FRE$OM WAS PROCLAIM$4 ,! /RONG ECONOMIC POT5CY LIV$ & 
DEVELOP$ ) NATIONAL & POLITICAL VIGOR4 

,! %[] ( SP>KS FROM ! ,NE!RL&S REVOLUTION HAD SET FIRE 
TO ! DECAY+ /RUCTURE ( ! ,5GLI% FEUDAL ECONOMY4 ,! *ANGE TO ! 
CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ME?OD PROCE$$ V]Y SWIFTLY2 TRADE SPREAD ITS NET OV] ! 
SEAS2 DOME/IC 9DU/RY TOOK UP ALL ! LIB]AT$ 5]GIES ( ! IMPOV]I%$ 
PEASANTRY2 BIG TRAD+ & 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ) DEPOTS1 W>EH\SES & 
C\NT+-H\SES1 MILLS & BANKS1 :>VES & OV]SEAS COMPANIES W]E ALREADY 
GR[+ UP4 ,& 9 ! P>LIAM5T ( E/ATES1 ! B\RGEOIS CLASS WON AN 
IMPORTANT POSITION - AFT] ! O!R CLASSES4 

,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 WORLD HI/ORY ! ,P>LIAM5T 9 ,5GL& 
BECAME ! >5A = ! FI<T+ \T ( B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S4 ,CR[N 
& MONEY-BAG1 ROYAL P[] & BUR<]S' WILL1 EXPLOD$ AT EA* O!R 9 ! 
FI]CE/ & MO/ EMBITT]$ QU>RELS4 ,! K+ CLUNG TO PR]OGATIVE & 
PRIVILEGES1 MONOPOLIES & TAX-RAIS+1 HI<E/ P[] ( COMM& & ,DIV9E 
,RI<T2 ! B\RGEOISIE ) TOTAL 5]GY & OB/9ACY /OOD UP = FRE$OM ( 
TRADE & COMPETITION1 SECURITY ( PROP]TY & FRUIT ( 5T]PRISE1 FREE PLAY 
9 5]GIES1 M>KETS1 PR(IT4 ,9 ORD] TO BREAK ! REACTION>Y P[] ( ! 
CR[N1 ! ,P>LIAM5T UND] ,CROMWELL ORGANIZ$ AN >MY :I*1 AFT] IT HAD 
DE/ROY$ ! MON>*Y1 AT ONCE SET AB\T SECUR+ PRIVATE PROP]TY ?R\< 
SUPPRESSION ( ! ,LEVEL]S1 & W9N+ 9 ,IREL& & ,SCOTL& A GREAT] 
,BRITA9 = CAPITAL'S NE$ TO EXP&4 ,EV5 :5 ! B\RGEOISIE1 DEP5D5T ON 
! SUPPORT ( ! MILIT>Y1 C\LD NOT PREV5T ! RETURN ( ! MON>*Y1 IT 
DIVE/$ IT ( ALL REAL P[] 9 AFFAIRS & QUE/IONS ( ECONOMIC LIFE & 
R$UC$ ITS EXI/5CE TO ! LUXURY ( A DECORATIVE ACCESSORY1 :I* IT C\LD 
ACCOMPLI% NOL5S VOL5S4.<#a.> 

,9 ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION WAS DEMON/RAT$ ! 5TIRE /R5G? 
& DET]M9ATION ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 ALREADY GR[N ECONOMICALLY FIRMLY 
ROOT$ & POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T1 :I* SMA%ES OLD TRADITIONS AS SOON AS !Y 
BECOME A H9DRANCE TO IT1 RECOGNIZES NO S5TIM5TALITY1 KN[S EXACTLY :AT IT 
WANTS & %R9KS BACK FROM NO /EP :I* ITS 9T]E/S ORD] IT TO TAKE4 

,! MO/ SPECTACUL> ( ALL B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS - ! 0,GREAT 
,REVOLUTION0 - TOOK PLACE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,IT IS )\T EQUAL 9 ITS ELAN1 ITS CLASS 
*>ACT] & ITS HI/ORICAL IMPORT4 ,! HI/ORIOGRAPH]S SEE 9 IT ! L&M>K 
= ! BEG9N+ ( ! MOD]N P]IOD1 ( ! B\RGEOIS EPO* PROP]4 

,A G5]AL-/AFF ( ! MO/ \T/&+ M9DS HAD IDEOLOGICALLY 
PREP>$ ! REVOLUTION1 :I* HAD BECOME 9EVITABLE ?R\< ! CATA/ROPHIC 
BREAKD[N ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM UND] ,L\IS ,X,I,V & HIS SUCCESSORS4 ,MONTESQUIEU'S 
0,L',ESPRIT DES ,LOIS0 PROVID$ ! BUILD+-/ONE = ! F\NDATION ( ! LAT] 
REVOLUTION>Y CON/ITUTIONS2 ,R\SSEAU 9 HIS 0,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT0 SKET*$ ! 
PICTURE ( A NEW CONDITION ( SOCIETY2 ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S ADVOCAT$ ) MU* 
WIT & F]VOR ! 0TRANS=MATION ( ! G5]AL MODE ( ?9K+02 ,VOLTAIRE 
DE/ROY$ ! PRE/IGE ( TRADITIONAL AU?ORITIES & PROPAGAT$ ! NEW 
PRECEPTS ( A NATURAL MORALITY2 ,SIEYES E/ABLI%$ ) COG5T LOGIC & 
/IRR+ ELOQU5CE ! POLITICAL CLAIMS ( ! ',?IRD ,E/ATE'4 ,& :ILE ! 
MASS ( PETTY B\RGEOIS & WORK]S DID ! R\< WORK1 :ILE !Y /ORM$ ! 
,BA/ILLE1 M>*$ TO ,V]SAILLES1 SEIZ$ ! ,TUIL]IES & DRAGG$ ! K+ TO 
! SCAFFOLD1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 ACCORD+ TO ! 9T5TIONS ( !IR POLITICAL 
LEAD]S & 9TELLECTUAL M5TORS1 BUILT UP ! $IFICE ( A NEW /ATE1 :I* WAS 
TO BECOME = !M A COM=TABLE RESID5TIAL PALACE2 = ! PROLET>IAT A HAT$ 
MILIT>ILY-SECUR$ =TRESS4 ,ALL ATTEMPTS TO OBTA9 = ?OSE *EAT$ ( ! 
FRUITS ( ! REVOLUTION A VOICE )9 ! NEW ORD] W]E BLOODILY REPULS$3 
,M>AT1 ! ,HEB]TI/S1 ,DANTON & F9ALLY ,ROBESPI]RE - ! HEAD ( ! ,REPUBLIC 
( ,VIRTUE HAV+ BECOME 9CONV5I5T - FELL BY ! WAYSIDE4 0,! ?IEVES HAVE 
WON60 CRI$ ,ROBESPI]RE ON BE+ >RE/$ - 9 FACT1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 GRE$Y = 
BOOTY1 CAME 9TO P[]4 ,! PETTY B\RGEOISIE W]E BURD5$ ) TAXATION BEYOND 
!IR MEANS1 ! PROLET>IAT WAS REFUS$ ! RI<T ( COALITION4 ,FRE$OM & 
EQUALITY ( FRAN*ISE DISAPPE>$ UND] ! BRUTAL FRAUD ( ! ,TWO-,*AMB] 
SY/EM4 ,BABOEUF'S DESP]ATE ATTEMPT TO RESCUE ! BETRAY$ COMMUNISM1 EV5 AT 
! ELEV5? H\R1 5D$ ON ! SCAFFOLD4 ,9/EAD ,NAPOLEON SPRANG FROM ! 
B\RGEOISIE AS ! H]O :O WAS TO BR+ !M ! G>L& ( GLORY & MAT]IAL 
SUCCESS FROM ! HEAV5S4 ,!Y W]E GO+ TO PRODUCE1 SELL1 E>N1 CONQU] ! 
WORLD M>KET1 RAKE 9 WEAL?4 ,CAPITALISM WAS TO TRIUMPH4 ,?US ! ,EMP]OR 
,BONAP>TE BECAME ! LATE/ & ESS5TIAL EXECUTOR ( ! WILL TO P[]1 
ECONOMICALLY BAS$ & POLITICALLY E/ABLI%$1 ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,! L9E ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 :I* REA*$ ITS HI< 
PO9T 9 ,FRANCE1 TOOK A SUDD5 D[NW>D TURN 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h4 

,! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T BEGUN 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :I* HAD 
RECEIV$ IMPETUS & N\RI%M5T FROM ! ,EA/]N & ,LEVANT9E TRADE ( ! 
,NOR? ,ITALIAN T[NS & HAD RADIAT$ ITS IDEOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS 9 ! 
,RE=MATION1 HAD SL[LY DI$ AWAY ) ! %IFT+ ( ! TRADE R\TES & 
F9ALLY EXPIR$ COMPLETELY4 ,FEUDALISM HAD /RUCK ROOTS AGA92 ) ! ,PEASANTS' 
,W> & ! ,?IRTY ,YE>S' ,W> ! PEOPLE HAD BE5 SO ?OR\<LY BL$ ?AT !Y 
BORE ! YOKE ( BLACKE/ REACTION = YE>S ) DUMB SUBMISSION4 ,>\ND #ah 
! DOM9ANT =M ( MANUFACTUR+ WAS /ILL PETTY H&ICRAFTS4 ,:]E CAPITALISM 
HAD GONE OV] TO PRODUCTION1 IT PROLONG$ A MIS]ABLE EXI/5CE 9 DOME/IC 
9DU/RY OR 9 /ATE MANUFACTURES UND] ! POLICE BATON ( M]CANTILE 
REGIM5TATION4 ,NOT UNTIL ,NAPOLEON OP5$ ! EA/]N M>KETS BY =CE ( >MS TO 
! ACQUISITIV5ESS ( HIS CAPITALI/ BOSSES1 BUT ESPECIALLY :5 HE DECRE$ ! 
CONT95TAL BLOCKADE1 DID A CURR5T ( FRE% AIR 5T] ! DULL & N>R[ 
,PRUSSIAN-,G]MAN S]VANTS' HALL4 ,SOON MA*9ES W]E CLATT]+1 FACTORIES GREW 
UP1 & 9 ,RH9EL&1 ,SAXONY & ,?UR+IA A GREAT 9DU/RY DEVELOP$4 ,! 
B\RGEOISIE BEGAN TO AWAK5 AS A CLASS & TO ANN\NCE ITS POLITICAL DEM&S4 
,BUT SEEM+LY EV]Y:]E CR[N & NOBILITY AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! FEUDAL 
SY/EM /OOD OB/RUCT+ ITS PA?4 ,! CALL = A CON/ITUTION :I* W\LD SUIT 
! CLAIMS ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS WAS ANSW]$ BY ! ,HOH5ZOLL]NS ) 
P]SECUTION1 TREA*]Y & PROVOCATIVE SCORN4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION 
9 ,P>IS 9 #ahdh PRODUC$ AS A WEAK E*O ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! CIRCUM/ANCE 
?AT ! DEF9ITIVE IMPULSE = A RIS+ AGA9/ OBSOLETE CONDITIONS & 
PRIVILEGES CAME FROM \TSIDE & F\ND A B\RGEOISIE :I*1 TIMID & 
POLITICALLY 9NOC5T1 HAD NOT ACQUIR$ ! DET]M9ATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y 
CLASS1 HAD AS A CONSEQU5CE ?AT ! MOVEM5T WAS NOT ADEQUATE TO SMA%+ ! 
EXI/+ BASES ( ! /ATE & CREAT+ A UNIFI$ /ATE ) REPUBLICAN =MS 
9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! ASC5D+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,! ,G]MAN 
B\RGEOISIE1 A*IEV+ MEAG] SUCCESS1 %[$ ITSELF CONT5T ) HALF FRE$OMS1 
LAME CONCESSIONS & ROTT5 COMPROMISES4 ,IT AB&ON$ ! LEAD]%IP ( ! 
REVOLUTION TO A CLIQUE ( CONFUS$ & RIVAL IDEOLOGI/S1 :ILE ! PILL>S ( 
! 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 FRI<T5$ BY ! CLASS GOALS VIGOR\SLY PLAC$ ON 
! AG5DA BY ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT1 QUICKLY FL$ BACK 9TO ! WIDE-OP5 >MS 
( ! PR9CELY REACTION4 ,9DE$1 :5 ! ,JUNE BATTLE 9 ,P>IS HAD %OT D[N 
! FI<T+ PROLET>IAT & ! REACTION BREA!D FREELY AGA91 TO RAISE ITS 
HEAD MORE BOLDLY ?AN EV]1 9 ,G]MANY EV5 !SE MEAG] GA9S W]E AGA9 LO/ 
BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,POLITICAL AMBITIONS W]E R5\NC$1 PEOPLE CONT5T$ 
!MSELVES ) ! BUS9ESS ( PR(IT-MAK+ & W5T ON LIV+ 9 ! OLD 
S]VILITY4 

,9 ! 5D IT WAS ,BISM>CK :O HELP$ ! B\RGEOISIE T[>DS ITS 
HI/ORIC ROLE BY MEANS ( ,PRUSSIAN DOME/IC P[] POLITICS4 ,ON ! WAY TO A 
,G]MAN UNIFI$ /ATE UND] ,PRUSSIAN HEGEMONY1 :I* (F]$ ! RAPIDLY GR[+ 
CAPITALISM A L>GE M>KET & OP5$ UP NEW POSSIBILITIES ( DEVELOPM5T1 HE 
KNOCK$ ,AU/RIA \T ( ! RUNN+ AS A POLITICAL COMPETITOR 9 #a#h#f#f2 9 
#a#h#g-#g#a1 ,FRANCE AS AN ECONOMIC ONE4 ,) ! RI<T TO VOTE 9 ! ,REI*/AG1 HE 
GRANT$ ! B\RGEOISIE A POLITICAL VOICE4 ,AT ! HEAD ( ! /ATE HE SET A 
HALF-ABSOLUTE EMPIRE1 A SYMBOL = ! COMPROMISE >RIV$ AT BETWE5 FEUDAL 
P[] & B\RGEOISIE1 CR[N & MONEYBAG4 

,:5 ,G]MANY COLLAPS$ AFT] F\R YE>S ( WORLD W>1 ! 
B\RGEOISIE1 MASSIVELY /R5G!N$ 9 ! MEANTIME1 9 DESP]ATION F\ND ! 
/R5G? TO MAKE AN ABRUPT 5D ( ! COMPROMISE :I* HAD BECOME A DANG] TO 
ITS DOM9ANCE & EXI/5CE4 ,9 ! *OICE BETWE5 ?RONE & BANK-VAULTS1 IT 
%ORTLY DECID$ ) REVOLUTION = ! LATT]2 ?REW ! ,KAIS]S & ,K+S 
OV]BO>D1 SET UP ! REPUBLIC1 GAVE ITSELF A NEW CON/ITUTION & COMPLET$ - 
) ! ACTIVE ASSI/ANCE ( ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZ$ 9 P>TIES & TRADE 
UNIONS - ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h4 

,AS ! LA/ 9 ! L9E ( ! GREAT B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ( 
,EUROPE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION FOLL[$4 

,RUSSIAN FEUDALISM1 AN ECONOMIC COLOSSUS ( BE>LIKE PRIMITIV5ESS 
& /R5G? ( RESI/ANCE TO :I* ! TYRANNY ( CZ>ISM L5T ! POLITICAL 
=M1 HAD EXP]I5C$ ?R\< ! W> ) ,JAPAN A %OCK ?AT IMM$IATELY SET 
FREE 5]GIES 9 :I* ! NE$ = POLITICAL LIB]TIES & 9NOVATIONS ( ! 
CLASSES COMMITT$ TO ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC MODE F\ND ITS EXPRESSION4 ,! 
DESIRE ( ! B\RGEOISIE = A CON/ITUTION WAS H[EV] AT ONCE EXT5D$ & 
/R5G!N$ ?R\< ! DEM& ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT = M9IMUM WAGES1 
#h-H\R DAY1 PROTECTION ( LABOR2 UNTIL N[ NEV] RECORD$ 9 ! B\RGEOIS 
REVOLUTIONS3 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD FROM ! BEG9N+ A /RONG 
PROLET>IAN-SOCIALI/ /R&4 ,C]TA9LY 9 E>LI] UPRIS+S GREAT] & SMALL] 
SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD ALSO JO9$ 9 ! /RUGGLE & %$ BLOOD3 
BUT !Y HAD ALWAYS BE5 ONLY APP5DAGES & FOLL[+-TROOPS ( ! B\RGEOIS 
CLASS4 ,EV5 9 ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION ( #ahdh ! ,M>* FI<T]S 9 ,B]L9 HAD 
FALL5 AS PLA91 MO/LY UNKN[N WORK]S1 NOT AS CONSCI\S PROLET>IANS & CLASS 
COMBATANTS4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ON ! O!R H& ! PROLET>IANS AMONG ! 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS1 CUT (F = ! FIR/ TIME FROM ! POLITICAL P>T PLAY$ BY 
! B\RGEOISIE1 CAME ON TO ! /AGE ( HI/ORY ) !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y 
DEM&S & AIMS4 ,C]TA9LY ! FIR/ PHASE1 />T+ FROM ! M>* ( ! 
PETITION+ MASSES TO ! ,W9T] ,PALACE UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! PRIE/ 
,GAPON1 UNTIL ! DECREE+ ( ! ,OCTOB] ,MANIFE/O1 /ILL TOOK ! TYPICAL 
C\RSE ( ALL B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 :I* >E CONC]N$ ) LIB]AL GOALS4 ,BUT 
ALREADY 9 ! NEXT PHASE ! B\RGEOIS-LIB]AL VOICES - ?9 & TIMOR\S 
5\< GIV5 ! ,RUSSIAN REACTION'S H>DNESS ( HE>+ - GOT LO/ 9 ! 
RO>+ GALE ( ! MASS DEM&S ( PROLET>IAN DEPRIV$ ( RI<TS1 & BLOODILY 
TORTUR$1 IMPOV]I%$ & NEGLECT$ PEASANTS4 ,EV5 IF ! /RONGLY ROOT$ 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION MI<T SUCCE$ 9 SNAT*+ AWAY AGA9 FROM ! B\RGEOIS 
ELEM5T ! FIR/ P>LIAM5T>Y & LEGAL CONCESSIONS1 & /IFL+ ! 
REVOLUTION>Y \TCRY ( ! MASSES ) BLOODY EXECUTIONS & BEH9D PRISON 
WALLS1 IT /ILL GA9$ BY ?AT ONLY A RESPITE1 BUT NO RESCUE4 ,9DE$1 ON ! 
CONTR>Y1 ! =CIBLY DAMM$-UP /R5G? ( ! REVOLUTION ]UPT$1 AFT] ?REE 
YE>S ( WORLD W> LOOS5$ ! *A9S1 9 AN EXPLOSION ( SU* P[] ?AT ! 
:OLE SY/EM ( CZ>ISM WAS SCATT]$ LIKE DU/ & LEFT NO MORE TRACE BEH9D4 
,! ?9 VOICE ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE WAS C]TA9LY APTLY ACCOMPANI$ BY A 
WEAK 5]GY3 IT WAS NOT CAPABLE ( FULFILL+ ITS HI/ORICAL TASK4 ,!N ! 
PROLET>IAT PUT ITS %\LD] TO ! :EEL & SEIZ$ GOV]NM5T P[] = 
ITSELF4 ,IT CONCLUD$ PEACE1 PROCLAIM$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & 
SET AB\T CAUS+ ! DANC+ /> ( SOCIALISM TO RISE \T ( ! *AOS ( ! 
S9K+ WORLD ( CZ>ISM4 

,IF 9 #aiag ! IMP]IALISM ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE HAD 
CONQU]$1 TAK5 ,CON/ANT9OPLE & A*IEV$ ALL ITS W>-AIMS1 A B\RGEOIS 
LIB]AL EPO* ON ! ,5GLI%1 ,FR5* & ,G]MAN MODEL W\LD HAVE BE5 9/ITUT$ 
9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT AS IT WAS1 ! WORLD W> HAD CUT ! GR\ND FROM UND] ! FEET 
NOT ONLY ( ! OLD FEUDAL DESPOTISM BUT ALSO ( EV]Y CAPITALI/ B\RGEOIS 
GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS AT ALL ON ! C>DS4 ,= =EIGN CAPITAL WAS *AS$ \T3 
DOME/IC CAPITAL1 ANYWAY ONLY MOD]ATELY DEVELOP$1 WAS DE/ROY$4 ,! FIASCO ( 
,MILIUKOV1 ,GUTS*KOV1 ,K]5SKY.<#b.> WAS !RE=E 9EVITABLE4 ,9 ! 5D !RE 
REMA9$1 TO LA/ \T ?R\< EV]Y?+ TO ! CONCLUSION ( ! W>1 ONLY ! 
PROLET>IAT AS BE>] ( ! /ATE P[] & EXECUTOR ( ! PEOPLE'S WILL4 

,BUT ! PROLET>IAT /OOD UND] ! POLITICAL LEAD]%IP ( 
9TELLECTUALS :O HAD BE5 S*OOL$ 9 ! SPIRIT ( WE/-,EUROPEAN SOCIAL 
DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y W]E SOCIALI/S & WANT$ SOCIALISM4 ,N[ ! SEIZURE ( /ATE 
P[] 9 ,RUSSIA SEEM$ TO !M TO (F] ! *ANCE = ! REALIZATION ( ! 
SOCIALI/ IDEA4 

,! SURR\ND+ WORLD WAS FAC$ ) A S5SATION3 ! ,RUSSIAN 
,REVOLUTION1 REC5TLY /ILL AN OV]DUE1 FEEBLE B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 TURN$ 9 AN 
9/ANT 9TO A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,BEG9N+ & 5D ( ! B\RGEOIS 
REVOLUTION CAME TOGE!R 9 ONE4 

,WAS ?AT REALITY OR ILLUSION8 

#b4 ,! ,R,U,S,S,I,A,N ,P,R,O,B,L,E,M 

,IT IS ! HI/ORICAL TASK ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION TO OV]COME 
! ABSOLUTISM ( ! FEUDAL ]A & TO PROCURE = CAPITALISM1 AS ! NEW 
ECONOMIC SY/EM1 LEGAL RECOGNITION & SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! 
B\RGEOIS-LIB]AL /ATE ORD]4 

,9 ALL C\NTRIES ) A =M]LY FEUDAL ECONOMY & ABSOLUTI/ 
=M ( GOV]NM5T ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION HAS FULFILL$ ?IS TASK4 

,IT NEV] HAD ! AIM & FUNCTION ( 9FR++ OR EV5 
SUSP5D+ ! PR9CIPLE ( ! ECONOMIC BASIS & ! SOCIAL ORD] DEP5D5T ON 
IT1 ?AT IS PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT ONLY *ANG$1 = 
! TIME BE+1 ! CLASS :I* EX]CIS$ AU?ORITY OV] ! :OLE AS ! 
REPRES5TATIVE ( ?IS PR9CIPLE4 

,:ILE 9 ! FEUDAL EPO* ! NOBILITY =MS ?IS CLASS1 
SUPPORT$ FUNDAM5TALLY BY PRIVATE PROP]TY1 HOLD+ DOM9ION 9 ! 
DESPOTICALLY ADM9I/]$ PATRI>*AL /ATE1 ORGANIZ$ BY E/ATES ) ! 
MON>* AT ITS HEAD1 9 ! CAPITALI/ ]A ! B\RGEOISIE - AS PRIVATE 
POSSESSOR ( GOODS & MONEY - TAKES OV] ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* IS E/ABLI%$ 
9 ! CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE ) ,P>LIAM5T & ,CAB9ET1 AT ITS MO/ IDEAL 9 
! =M ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y REPUBLIC4 

,! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 EV]Y:]E IT HAS MANIFE/$ ITSELF1 
BR\<T ! B\RGEOIS CLASS TO ! =E4 ,?IS CLASS WAS MORE OR LESS CONSCI\S 
( ITS HI/ORICAL MISSION4 ,IT HAD ALSO PREP>$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 AT 
LEA/ ECONOMICALLY1 (T5 IDEOLOGICALLY TOO4 ,UND] ! PRESSURE ( UNAVOIDABLE 
NECESSITIES RESULT+ FROM ! CONFLICT ( ! OLD & NEW T5D5CIES1 IT HAD 
F9ALLY BECOME ! LEAD] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTION & HAD WON POLITICAL 
P[]1 9 ORD] TO USE IT IMM$IATELY AFT] ! VICTORY = ! ]ECTION ( ! 
B\RGEOIS /ATE & SOCIAL ORD]4 

,! SUCCESS ALONE ( ! REVOLUTION1 :I* CONSI/S 9 ! 
CREATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ORD] & ! SOCIAL ORD] APPROPRIATE TO 
IT1 DET]M9ES ITS NATURE AS A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT 
PROLET>IAN /RATA ALSO =M A P>T1 N[ SMALL]1 N[ GREAT]1 ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y FI<T]S1 DOES NOT COME 9TO CONSID]ATION 9 DET]M9+ ! 
HI/ORICAL NATURE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,EV5 :5 ! PROLET>IAT IS ALREADY =M$ 
AS A CLASS & M>*ES 9 ! REVOLUTION ) ITS [N POLITICAL CLASS AIMS - 
P]HAPS 9DE$ 9FLU5CES ITS DEVELOPM5T CONSID]ABLY OR EV5 CONTROLS IT - 
NO?+ ( ! HI/ORICAL NATURE ( ! REVOLUTION IS *ANG$4 ,! WEAK OR 
/RONG PROLET>IAN ADMIXTURE 9 A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION CAN SL[ D[N OR 
ACCEL]ATE1 SOMETIMES DEFLECT OR DI/URB1 ITS COMPLETION2 CAN TEMPOR>ILY 
OBLIT]ATE OR DE=M ITS FACE2 CAN AFFECT OR SOMETIMES 5DANG] ITS SUCCESS1 BUT 
TO ! ESS5CE ( ! REVOLUTION1 ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONT5T1 IT CAN MAKE NO 
DIFF]5CE4 ,LIKEWISE 9 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & 9 ! >MY ! WORK]S =M ! 
/RONGE/ CONT+5T1 !Y MAKE UP A L>GE CLASS GR\P+ - & YET NO ONE WILL 
BE TEMPT$ ON ?IS ACC\NT TO CALL ! B\RGEOIS /ATE PROLET>IAN OR TO SPEAK 
( A PROLET>IAN >MY4 ,EV5 ! ,R$ ,>MY ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 CONSI/+ SOLELY ( 
PEASANTS & WORK]S1 IS A MILIT>Y MA*9E CON/RUCT$ ON A B\RGEOIS MODEL & 
FUNCTION+ ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( B\RGEOIS /ATE POLICY1 :I* ONLY 
POLITICAL DEMAGOGY1 ) ! 9T5TION TO DECEIVE1 CAN DESCRIBE AS A 
'PROLET>IAN' >MY4 

,:]E & :5EV] PROLET>IAN /RATA PLAY A ROLE 9 ! 
B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 !Y ALWAYS APPE> 9 ! TRA9 ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 
P>TLY AS PAID M]C5>IES1 P>TLY AS FELL[-TRAVEL]S1 P>TLY AS POLITICAL 
AUXILI>IES ( UNC]TA9 T5D5CY4 ,!Y (T5 =M ! RUMP1 MO/LY ! TAIL ( 
! MOVEM5T1 NEV] ! HEAD4 ,! LA/ IS ALWAYS ) ! M]*ANTS1 BANK]S1 
PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS1 LAWY]S1 9TELLECTUALS1 LIT]ATI4 ,H]E ! DEM&S >E 
=MULAT$1 ! PROGRAM DEVELOP$1 ! GOALS FIX$1 ! /ATEM5TS GIV5 \T4 
,H]E B\RGEOIS POLICY IS MADE4 ,! HI/ORICAL FACE ( ! REVOLUTION RECEIVES 
ITS IMPR9T FROM H]E \TW>DS4 

,9 ! FIR/ B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ! PROLET>IAT C\LD NOT YET 
FIGURE AT ALL AS A CLASS BECAUSE UP TILL !N IT WAS NOT DEVELOP$ AS SU*4 ,AT 
FIR/ 9 ,5GL& IT BEGAN TO M>K ITSELF (F AS A CLASS FROM ! MA9 BODY ( 
! B\RGEOISIE1 COMB9$ 9 /RONG ORGANIZATIONS4 ,BUT IT WAS /ILL ALWAYS 
CLOSELY 9T]M+L$ ) PETTY-B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS & ITS PROGRAMS NEV] W5T 
BEYOND ! RADICALISM ( !SE SECTIONS4 ,?US ! ,LEVEL]S M>*$ BESIDE ! 
LEFT ,PURITAN SECTS AT ! V]Y FRONT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 YET !IR 
:OLE ATTITUDE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROBLEM /AY$ B\ND UP ) ! IDEOLOGY ( 
!IR TIME1 :I* WAS AT BE/ B\RGEOIS4 ,! PIVOT ( ALL B\RGEOIS ORI5TATION 
IS3 ?AT PRIVATE PROP]TY REMA9S PROTECT$4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT RADICAL GR\PS 
& SECTS TRANSGRESS$ ?IS1 IT >OSE \T ( A WRONGLY UND]/OOD PRIMITIVE 
,*RI/IANITY1 :OSE PO/ULATES1 TOO LIT]ALLY 9T]PRET$1 W\LD HAVE BE5 
CONDEMN$ TO BE %ATT]$ ) ! V]Y FIR/ ATTEMPTS AT REALIZATION1 BECAUSE 
ALL ! CONDITIONS ( ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC MILIEU W]E AGA9/ !M4 ,LIKEWISE 9 
! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ! PROLET>IAT WAS NOT PRES5T AS A CLASS3 ! EXT5T ( 
! DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS DID NOT GIVE RISE TO IT AT ALL4 ,NOT EV5 
SIXTY YE>S LAT]1 9 ! ,FR5* AS 9 ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION1 DID A PROLET>IAN 
SEGM5T COME TO LI<T4 ,ONLY HALF A G5]ATION LAT] DID ,LASSALLE'S AGITATION WORK 
BEG91 ) ! AIM ( PREP>+1 ?R\< ! AWAK5+ ( CLASS FEEL+ AMONG 
! PROLET>IAT ! G5]AL $UCATION T[>DS CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 

,FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION - 9 ACCORDANCE ) 
ITS HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS - C\LD ONLY BE A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,IT HAD TO GET 
RID ( CZ>ISM1 TO SMOO? ! WAY = CAPITALISM1 & TO HELP ! B\RGEOISIE 9 
TO ! SADDLE POLITICALLY4 

,?R\< AN UNUSUAL *A9 ( CIRCUM/ANCES ! B\RGEOISIE F\ND 
ITSELF 9 NO POSITION TO PLAY ITS HI/ORICAL ROLE4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 LEAP+ ON 
TO ! /AGE 9 ITS PLACE1 DID MAKE ITSELF 9 A MOM5T MA/] ( ! SITUATION 
BY AN UNPREC$5T$ EX]TION ( 5]GY1 D>+1 TACTICAL READ9ESS & 
9TELLIG5CE1 BUT FELL 9 ! FOLL[+ P]IOD 9TO A FATAL PR$ICAM5T4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! PHASEOLOGICAL PATT]N ( DEVELOPM5T AS 
=MULAT$ & ADVOCAT$ BY ,M>X1 AFT] FEUDAL CZ>ISM 9 ,RUSSIA !RE HAD TO 
COME ! CAPITALI/ B\RGEOIS /ATE1 :OSE CREATOR & REPRES5TATIVE IS ! 
B\RGEOIS CLASS4 

,BUT GOV]NM5T P[] FROM #aiag WAS OCCUPI$ NOT BY B\RGEOIS1 BUT 
BY PROLET>IANS :O REPUDIAT$ ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & W]E READY TO 9/ITUTE A 
NEW ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORD] FOLL[+ SOCIALI/ !ORY4 

,BETWE5 FEUDALISM & SOCIALISM YAWN$ A GAP ( A FULL HUNDR$ 
YE>S1 ?R\< :I* ! SY/EM ( ! B\RGEOIS EPO* FELL UNBORN & UNUS$4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS UND]TOOK NO MORE & NO LESS ?AN TO JUMP A :OLE 
PHASE ( DEVELOPM5T 9 ,RUSSIA 9 ONE BOLD LEAP4 

,EV5 IF ONE ADMITS ?AT 9 DO+ SO !Y RECKON$ ON ! WORLD 
REVOLUTION :I* WAS TO COME TO !IR AID & COMP5SATE = ! VACUUM 9 
DEVELOPM5T )9 BY SUPPORT FROM ! GREAT FUND ( CULTURE FROM \TSIDE1 ?IS 
CALCULATION WAS /ILL RA%NESS BECAUSE IT BAS$ ITSELF SOLELY ON A VAGUE HOPE4 
,RA% TOO WAS ! EXP]IM5T >IS+ FROM ?IS CALCULATION4 

,! FIR/ ACT ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS ! ,PEACE ( 
,BRE/-,LITOVSK4 ,BUT ?IS TREATY1 CONCLUD$ ) AN ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ B\RGEOIS 
GOV]NM5T1 WAS AN ACT ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,A REALLY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 
W\LD HAVE MA9TA9$ A HO/ILE ATTITUDE1 W\LD HAVE TI$ UP ! ,G]MAN FI<T+ 
/R5G? FUR!R1 TO ?W>T ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM ( VICTORY 9 ! WE/1 & ON 
ITS P>T W\LD HAVE MOBILIZ$ ALL =CES = ! FUR!R+ ( ! WORLD 
REVOLUTION4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG GAVE ! %>PE/ EXPRESSION TO ?IS VIEW 9 H] 
TIME4 

,9 CONNECTION ) ! TREATY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DECL>$ !MSELVES 
= ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS ON ! BASIS ( :I* 5SU$ ! 
SEV]+ ( ,F9L&1 ,POL&1 ! ,BALTIC1 ! ,UKRA9E & ! ,CAUCASUS FROM 
,RUSSIA4 ,?IS /ATEM5T WAS ! \TCOME ( B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ORI5TATION4 ,! 
RESULT WAS ON ! ONE H& ! ,RUSSIAN NATIONAL /ATE - :I* IS NOT A 
PROLET>IAN GOAL - & ON ! O!R ! COLLAPSE ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 
9 ! DETA*$ /ATES4 ,A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE HAD TO E/ABLI% 
SOLID>ITY OV] ALL FRONTI] PO/S & BEYOND NATIONAL TURNPIKES4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 H[EV]1 BEGAN ! GREATE/ FALL FROM GRACE ) 
! DI/RIBUTION ( ! BIG E/ATES TO ! PEASANTS4 ,?R\< ?IS ! PEASANTS 
OBTA9$ PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,BUT SOCIALISM %\LD BEG9 NOT ) ! 9TRODUCTION 
BUT ) ! ELIM9ATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,& SO ! MEASURE WAS A SLAP 9 
! FACE ( ! SOCIALI/ IDEA4 ,AS OBVI\S AS ?IS ACT W\LD HAVE BE5 = ! 
GOV]NM5T ( A B\RGEOIS /ATE P[] 7MORE OR LESS AS AT ! TIME ( ! ,FR5* 
,REVOLUTION71 IT IS SIMIL>LY 9ADMISSIBLE - 9 FACT1 GROTESQUE - AS AN 
EXPRESSION ( PROLET>IAN POLICY4 ,=1 ) ! PEASANTRY HAV+ ATTA9$ 
PRIVATE PROP]TY1 AB\T #h#e.0 ( ! POPULATION ( ,RUSSIA WAS !REBY RECRUIT$ TO 
5MITY AGA9/ SOCIALISM4 

,! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS POLICY IS MANIFE/ 9 ! IRRECONCILABLE 
OPPOSITION BETWE5 C\NTRY & T[N1 PEASANTRY & 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,IT 
L$ TO ! BOYCOTT ( ! T[NS1 TO ! REFUS+ ( FOOD1 TO ! SABOTAGE ( ! 
/ATE SUPPLY ORGANIZATIONS3 IT COMPELS TACTICS ( CONCESSIONS TO ! 
CAPITALI/-ORI5TAT$ PEASANTRY - A POLICY DIRECT$ T[>DS PEASANT 9T]E/S 
& A CAPITULATION TO PR(IT4 

,9 FACT ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME HAD TO GO ?IS WAY4 ,:ILE IT /ILL 
BAS$ ITSELF 9 #aiah ON ! L&LESS1 & ! POOR PEASANTS ) ! 9DU/RIAL 
WORK]S MADE UP ITS SURE/ FOLL[+1 IT N[ SIDES ) ! PROP]TY [N+ 
PEASANTS1 CREATES T5ANT F>M]S & BIG PROPRIETORS1 SETS ! GRA9 TRADE FREE1 
P]MITS & 5C\RAGES 9 ?IS WAY ! RISE ( A PEASANTRY ) CAPITALI/ 
9T]E/S1 :OSE POLITICAL BUS9ESS IT TAKES C>E (4 

,P>ALLEL TO ?IS1 9 ! SAME B\RGEOIS TRACKS1 RAN ! ECONOMIC 
POLICY VIS-A-VIS 9DU/RY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS C>RI$ \T ! NATIONALIZATION ( 
9DU/RY1 ( TRANSPORT1 BANKS1 FACTORIES1 ETC41 & ?US AWOKE QUITE G5]ALLY 
! BELIEF ?AT SOCIALI/ MEASURES W]E 9VOLV$ H]E4 ,NEV]!LESS1 
NATIONALIZATION IS NOT SOCIALIZATION4 ,?R\< NATIONALIZATION Y\ CAN >RIVE AT 
A L>GE-SCALE1 TI<TLY C5TRALLY-RUN /ATE CAPITALISM1 :I* MAY EXHIBIT V>I\S 
ADVANTAGES AS AGA9/ PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,ONLY IT IS /ILL CAPITALISM4 ,& 
H[EV] Y\ TWI/ & TURN IT GIVES NO WAY ( ESCAPE FROM ! CON/RA9T ( 
B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,SO ALSO 9 ,RUSSIA1 !N1 !Y CAME TO MAKE GREAT CONCESSION 
TO =EIGN CAPITALI/S1 TO :OM M9]AL WEAL? & LABOR P[] HAVE BE5 H&$ 
OV] = EXPLOITATION - PR(IT-%>+ ) ! /ATE4 ,! /OCK EX*ANGE IS 
OP5 AGA94 ,A HO/ ( DEAL]S1 5TREPR5EURS1 AG5TS1 BROK]S1 BANK]S1 
PR(ITE]S1 SPECULATORS & JOBB]S HAS TURN$ UP AGA9 & SETTL$ 94 ,BY ! 
DECREE ( #bg ,MAY #aiba ! RI<T ( POSSESSION OV] FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 
9DU/RIAL & TRAD+ E/ABLI%M5TS1 9/RUM5TS & MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 
AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCE1 F9ANCIAL /OCK2 ! RI<T TO 9V5TIONS1 
COPYRI<T1 TRADE M>KS2 ! RI<T TO TAKE UP MORTGAGES OR L5D MONEY1 LIKE ! 
TE/AM5T>Y OR LEGAL RI<T ( SUCCESSION1 WAS EXPRESSLY ACKN[L$G$ AGA94 
,) ?IS ! B\RGEOIS ORD] IS E/ABLI%$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY & 9 ALL 
ESS5TIAL COMPON5TS4 

,TO ?IS ALSO BELONGS1 BESIDES ! B\RGEOIS JURISDICTION :OSE 
ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE IS BE+ CON/RUCT$1 ! ,R$ ,>MY3 A ?OR\<LY 
B\RGEOIS >MY FUNCTION+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S4 ,9 
! CONTEXT ( POLICIES DICTAT$ 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE BY ! PROTECTION ( ! 
AGR>IAN PR(ITS1 IT REPRES5TS ! %>PE/ WEAPON ( BASIC DEF5SE - FIR/ 
AGA9/ ! ,COSSACKS1 ,D5IK91 ,WRANGEL.<#c.> & SO ON1 BUT SOON] OR LAT] ALSO 
AGA9/ ! DEM&S ( ! PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,NOT LA/ IS A /RIK+ EXPRESSION ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 ! 
DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LEAD]S SET UP 9 ,RUSSIA1 :I* IS FALSELY 
DESCRIB$ AS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BEH9D ?IS 
PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y PROTECTIVE SCRE5 HIDES1 AS EV]YONE KN[S1 ! OMNIPOT5CE 
( A SMALL H&FUL ( PEOPLE :O >E ! COMM&]S ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN1 
C5TRALLY ORGANIZ$ COMMISS>IAT-BUREAUCRACY4 ,AS 9V]T$ CZ>ISM ?IS P>TY 
DICTATOR%IP IS A COMPLETELY B\RGEOIS CONC]N4 

,!SE FEW CONT5TIONS %[ & PROVE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REGIME1 
CONTR>Y TO ITS D\BTLESS HONE/ 9T5TION TO PURSUE PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ 
POLICY1 HAS BE5 PU%$ /EP BY /EP BY ! P[] ( FACTS 9TO B\RGEOIS 
CAPITALI/ POLICY4 

,EV5 :]E !Y SUCCE$$ = A :ILE 9 DEVELOP+ ! %OOTS ( 
A SOCIAL REVOLUTION & CREAT+ ! BEG9N+S ( AN ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORD] 
( A SOCIALI/ NATURE1 ! PA9S !Y TOOK 5D$ F9ALLY ) A FAILURE1 SO ?AT 
!Y W]E =C$ TO DEMOLI% ! ATTEMPTS & EXP]IM5TS4 

,& AS ! BE/ & MO/ HONORABLE ( ! FI<T]S = A SOCIAL 
REVOLUTION OPPOS$ ?IS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES DID NOT %R9K = A M9UTE 
FROM ?R[+ !M BY HUNDR$S & ?\S&S 9TO PRISONS - QUITE 9 ! 
B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/-CZ>I/ MANN] - S5D+ !M TO ,SIB]IA1 OR CONDEMN+ 
!M TO DEA?4 ,A ,TROTSKY PLAY$ ! EXECUTION] ( ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS ) 
! SAME COLD-BLOOD$NESS AS A ,GALLIFET.<#d.> HAV+ ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES1 OR A 
,NOSKE.<#e.> ,G]MAN REVOLUTION>IES SLAU<T]$4 

,IT WAS AN HI/ORICAL ]ROR TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 
WAS ! />T ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,& IT AM\NTS TO A DEMAGOGIC FRAUD TO 
AWAK5 & MA9TA9 ?IS BELIEF 9 ! HEADS ( WORK]S4 

,:5 ! SOCIALI/S 9 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 AFT] ! VICTORY 
OV] CZ>ISM1 IMAG9$ ?AT A PHASE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T C\LD BE SKIPP$ 
& SOCIALISM /RUCTURALLY REALIZ$1 !Y HAD =GOTT5 ! ,A,B,C ( ,M>XI/ 
KN[L$GE ACCORD+ TO :I* SOCIALISM CAN ONLY BE ! \TCOME ( AN ORGANIC 
DEVELOPM5T :I* HAS CAPITALISM DEVELOP$ TO ! LIMITS ( ITS MATURITY AS ITS 
9DISP5SABLE PRESUPPOSITION4 ,!Y HAD TO PAY = ?IS =GETFULNESS BY A WIDE1 
TR\BLESOME & VICTIM-/REWN DET\R :I* BR+S !M 9 A SPACE ( TIME TO 
CAPITALISM4 

,TO 9/ITUTE CAPITALISM & TO ORGANIZE ! B\RGEOIS /ATE IS 
! HI/ORICAL FUNCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS 
& IS A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 NO MORE & NO LESS3 ! /RONG SOCIALI/ 
ADMIXTURE *ANGES NO?+ 9 ?IS ESS5CE4 ,SO IT WILL FULFILL ITS TASK BY 
?R[+ AWAY1 SOON] OR LAT]1 ! LA/ REMNANTS ( ITS 0,W>-,COMMUNISM0 & 
REVEAL+ ! FACE ( A REAL1 G5U9E CAPITALISM4 ,! /RUGGLES )9 ! 
,BOL%EVIK P>TY >E PREP>+ ?IS CONCLUSION1 & ) IT ! 5D ( ! 
,BOL%EVIK P>TY DICTATOR%IP4 ,! L9E ( DEVELOPM5T - :E!R ?AT ( A P>TY 
COALITION :I* HA/5S & ALLEVIATES ! LAUN*+ PHASE ( CAPITALISM1 OR 
?AT ( A ,BONAP>TE :O PROTRACTS & AGGRAVATES IT - IS NOT YET CLE>2 BO? >E 
POSSIBLE4 

,! P>ALLELOGRAM ( =CES WILL F9D ITS CORRECT DIAGONALS4 

#c4 ,! ,B,\,R,G,E,O,I,S-,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,/ ,/,A,T,E 

,! B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC ORD] RE/S ON ! POSSESSION ( CAPITAL1 
! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES1 ! EXPLOITATION ( WAGE-WORK]S & ! GA9+ 
( PR(IT4 

,! B\RGEOIS /ATE IS ! ORGANIZATION ( PUBLIC & LEGAL 
AU?ORITY 9TO A ME*ANISM ( DOM9ATION1 :I* 5SURES ! FUNCTION+ & ! 
SUCCESS ( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC ORD]4 

,ALL =CES & MEANS1 9 MAT]IALS AS 9 IDEAS1 ?AT ! /ATE 
HAS AT ITS DISPOSAL /& DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY AT ! S]VICE ( CAPITAL4 ,! 
AU?ORITY TO ORD] ! /ATE P[] LIES 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,IT 
RECEIVES ! DIRECTIVES = ! USE ( ! /ATE AU?ORITY FROM ECONOMIC 
NECESSITIES4 ,9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! HI<E/ EXP$I5CY 9 ITS USE1 ! 
ORGANIZATION ( ! /ATE HAS FOLL[$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) !SE ECONOMIC 
NECESSITIES4 

,9 ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ! CAPITALI/ IS MA/] ( ! PROCESS 
( PRODUCTION4 ,HE BUYS ! RAW MAT]IALS1 [NS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 DECIDES 
! MANAG+ ( PRODUCTION1 SELLS ! COMMODITIES1 REAPS ! PR(IT4 ,HE BUILDS 
! FACTORIES1 SEEKS \T ! M>KETS1 TAKES C>E ( ! CU/OM]S1 REGULATES ! 
CIRCULATION ( MONEY1 PAYS \T ! WAGE4 ,HE IS COMM&]1 REPRES5TATIVE1 
SUPREME C\RT4 ,HE HAS MONEY4 ,HE IS AU?ORITY4 

,AS 9 ! ECONOMY1 SO 9 ! /ATE4 ,! CAPITALI/ DEM&S 
LIB]TIES :I* ! FEUDAL /ATE REFUSES HIM3 FRE$OM ( TRADE1 FRE$OM ( 
OCCUPATION1 FRE$OM ( COMPETITION4 ,HE NE$S FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T1 LIB]ATION 
FROM FEUDAL *>GES & GUILD B>RI]S1 ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 ! 
RI<T ( P]SONALITY4 ,HE DEM&S ! GU>ANTEE+ ( HIS TITLE ( [N]%IP1 ! 
LEGAL PROTECTION ( ! EXPLOITATION PROCESS1 ! LEGITIMIZ+ ( PR(IT1 ! 
SOCIAL SANCTION+ ( HIS AU?ORITY4 

,9 ! /ATE-SCI5TIFIC !ORY ( LIB]ALISM >E SET D[N ALL ! 
PO9TS & PR9CIPLES ACCORD+ TO :I* ! CAPITALI/ B\RGEOIS WANTS TO SEE 
HIS /ATE1 ! B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ /ATE1 ORGANIZ$4 ,ALL ! LIB]AL DEM&S 
& GOALS1 AIM$ AT OBTA9+ & SECUR+ = CAPITALISM ! FULLE/ FRE$OM 
= ITS DEVELOPM5T1 >E H]E WOV5 9TO A SY/EM4 ,! PHILOSOPHICAL AN*ORAGE 
( ?IS SY/EM IS GIV5 9 9DIVIDUALISM AS IT HAS BE5 F\ND$1 =MULAT$ & 
COMPLET$ 9 ,5GL& BY ,LOCKE1 ,%AFTESBURY1 ,HUME2 9 ,FRANCE BY ,BAYLE1 ,VOLTAIRE1 
,HELVETIUS1 ,R\SSEAU & ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S2 9 ,G]MANY BY ,LEIBNITZ1 ,LESS+1 
,FI*TE4 ,BEGUN AS ',5LI<T5M5T'1 ?IS PHILOSOPHICAL S*OOL CAME TO DOM9ATE ! 
POLITICAL & SOCIAL PROV9CES FIR/ 9 ,5GL&1 :]E AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION ! 
TRACK HAD BE5 CLE>$ = ! UNFETT]$ DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS-MAT]IALI/ 
9T]E/S1 & F9ALLY F\ND ITS =MULATION & /RONGE/ EMPHASIS 9 ! 
PR9CIPLE ( ,MAN*E/] LIB]ALISM1 0,LAISSEZ FAIRE1 LAISSEZ ALL]04 ,! :OLE 
ATMOSPH]E ( ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION IS DOM9AT$ BY ! SPIRIT ( 
B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM1 :]E ITS MANIFE/ATION RESULT$ 9 ! BOLDE/ 
GE/URES & MO/ VIGOR\S EXALTATIONS AS AN ANSW] TO ! HEAVY PRESSURE ( ! 
OLD /ATE & ECCLESIA/ICAL SITUATION4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 :OSE B\RGEOIS CLASS 
DI/+UI%$ ITSELF FROM ! BEG9N+ BY LACK ( IMAG9ATION & CALCULAT+ 
C[>DICE1 ! PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T-CONT5T ( 9DIVIDUALISM FAD$ V]Y QUICKLY 
TO AN EMPTY EGOISM1 :I* 5JOY$ A PR$OM9ANTLY MAT]IALI/ LIFE4 ,! 
B\RGEOIS CLASS ALSO PRODUC$ NO /ATESM5 FROM ITS RANKS :O W\LD HAVE TAK5 
C>E ( ITS BUS9ESS3 IT 5TRU/$ ITS 9T]E/S TO ! ,JUNK] ,BISM>CK.<#f.> :O - 
ACCORD+ TO HIS [N WORDS - SAW IT AS HIS TASK TO CULTIVATE MILLIONAIRES4 ,!SE 
MILLIONAIRES SYMBOLIZE B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ AU?ORITY4 

,?US ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 AS SOON AS IT HAS FIR/ WON P[] OV] 
FEUDALISM1 >RIVES AT A /ATE ORD] ACCORD+ TO ITS NE$S1 9 ITS 9T]E/S1 
= ITS USE4 ,ITS WI%ES >E DECISIVE1 ITS ATTITUDE DET]M9ES4 ,= IT IS 
AU?ORITY4 ,ITS /ATE IS AN AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE4 

,9 ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ALL COMMODITIES DEVELOP ! T5D5CY TO 
FOLL[ ! M>KET 9 ORD] TO BE EX*ANG$ !RE4 ,?IS M>KET CAN BE A %OP1 A 
DEP>TM5T /ORE1 AN ANNUAL M>KET1 A FAIR OR ! WORLD M>KET4 ,! M>KET IS 
! PO9T TO :I* ! C5TRIPETAL =CE ( ALL COMMODITIES T5DS4 ,IT IS1 
H[EV]1 ALSO ! PO9T FROM :I* ! C5TRIFUGAL =CE ( ALL COMMODITIES 
PU%ES AP>T AGA9 AS SOON AS !Y >E EX*ANG$1 I4E4 FULFILL$ !IR 
CAPITALI/ PURPOSE4 ,IF ! COMMODITY IS MONEY1 ! M>KET IS /OCK EX*ANGE OR 
BANK4 ,ALWAYS ! M>KET /&S AT ! MIDDLE PO9T ( A PROCESS WORK+ 9 TWO 
DIRECTIONS4 ,! M>KET IS ! C5T]4 

,TO ! LAW ( MOTION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY CORRESPONDS ?AT 
( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,ALL ! =CES ( ! GOV]NM5T COLLECT AT ONE PO9T1 
!RE RECEIVE !IR ORD]S & !N ACT BACK C5TRIFUGALLY4 ,! BUREAUCRACY 
ESCALATES UP TO ITS HI<E/ PEAK1 ! M9I/]2 ! >MY ORGANIZATION UP TO ! 
G5]ALISSIMO2 !RE ! DECISION IS TAK51 ! COMM& GIV51 ! DECREE 
PROCLAIM$2 & ) ! PRECISION ( A ME*ANICAL APP>ATUS1 ! ORGANIZATION 
FUNCTIONS ACCORD+ TO ! WILL ( ONE HEAD1 ! C5T]1 D[N TO ITS LA/ ]R& 
BOY & L[E/ ORGAN4 ,ONLY ! C5TRAL (FICE IS AUTONOM\S3 IT IS ! BRA9 & 
?9KS = ! :OLE4 ,ITS DECISION IS DEF9ITIVE1 IT IS TO BE OBEY$ 
UNCONDITIONALLY4 ,/RICT ORD] & DISCIPL9E PREVAIL4 

,9 ! FEUDAL ]A1 :5 EV]Y SOCAGE-F>M.<#g.> ) ITS COPYHOLD]S 
=M$ A SMALL ECONOMIC UNIT1 MORE OR LESS SELF-CONTA9$ & SELF-SUPPORT+1 
! 9DIVIDUAL'S P[] TO GIVE ORD]S DID NOT HAVE MU* SCOPE4 ,ONE WAS SITUAT$ 
BESIDE ! O!R & EA* WAS TO ! SAME EXT5T HIS [N MA/]4 ,! SY/EM ( 
ORGANIZATION 9 :I* EV]Y P>T ( ! :OLE 5JOYS ITS FULL AUTONOMY IS CALL$ 
F$]ALISM4 ,! FEUDAL /ATE1 !N1 HAD BE5 A F$]AL /ATE4 

,! B\RGEOISIE HAD GA9$ FROM ! CONDITIONS ( ITS CAPITALI/ 
ECONOMY ! 9SI<T ?AT C5TRALISM WAS 9 MANY RESPECTS SUP]IOR TO F$]ALISM4 
,ESPECIALLY 9S(> AS IT UNIT$ ALL ! DISP]S$ & ISOLAT$ =CES 9TO A 
:OLE4 ,!Y CAME \T 9 FAVOR ( A C5TRALIZ$ WILL & !RE) WON ! 
ABILITY TO DO GREAT ?+S4 ,:5 ! CAPITALI/ BR\<T ! H&-WORK]S 
TOGE!R 9 ! FACTORY1 W5T OV] FROM DOME/IC 9DU/RY TO COOP]ATION1 
F9ALLY EVOLV$ ?IS 9TO MANUFACTURE1 HE W5T ?R\< PRACTICAL S*OOLS ( 
C5TRALISM4 ,ALL ! EXP]I5CES & KN[L$GE ?US GA9$ ! B\RGEOIS CLASS 
N[ UTILIZ$ 9 E/ABLI%+ ITS /ATE /RUCTURE4 ,IT NE$$ A L>GE C5TRALIZ$ 
ME*ANISM ?AT OBEY$ EV]Y F+]-T\* AT ! HI<E/ PO9T4 ,A ME*ANISM ) 
:I* IT1 ! SMALL M9ORITY1 C\LD BE ! BRA91 ISSU+ COMM&S1 
ACCOMPLI%+ ITS WILL4 ,& ) :I* ! L>GE MASS1 ! PROLET>IAT1 WAS 
SUBJECT$ TO ITS DOM9ANCE ?R\< /RICT ORD] & DISCIPL9E4 ,?IS ME*ANISM 
WAS PROVID$ BY ! C5TRALI/ SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION4 ,IT MADE POSSIBLE 9 ! 
BE/ & SURE/ WAY ! DOM9ATION ( FEW OV] MANY4 ,SO ! B\RGEOISIE CREAT$ 
ITS /ATE = ITSELF AS A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 

,9 ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES SOON 
BECOMES MASS PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ! ABSORPTION CAPACITY ( ! EXI/+ M>KET IS 
QUICKLY SAT$4 ,NEW1 BIGG] SELL+ \TLETS BECOME NECESS>Y4 ,CAPITALISM DEVELOPS 
A DRIVE TO EXP&1 :I* ?REAT5S TO BUR/ ! B\ND>IES ( ! /ATE4 ,?US 
EV]Y Y\NG CAPITALI/ /ATE SEEKS1 ?R\< W>S1 CONQUE/1 COLONIAL 
ACQUISITIONS1 ETC41 TO BECOME A BIGG] /ATE4 ,?IS REQUIRES A C]TA9 M5TAL & 
SPIRITUAL PREP>ATION & 9FLU5C+ ( ! CITIZ5S - A C]TA9 IDEOLOGY :I* 
9T]PRETS ! PRESSURE T[>DS EXPANSION & EXT5SION 9 ! 9T]E/ ( 
PR(IT AS ! EXPRESSION ( IMAG9>Y =CES & NE$S1 & LY+LY CONV]TS 
W>LIKE CONQUE/S 9TO A*IEVEM5TS = ! COMMON GOOD4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY 9V5TS 
! CONCEPT NATION1 EXPLOITS S5TIM5TS AB\T HOME & FA!RL& & MISUSES 
!M = CLASS-9T]E/$ PURPOSES ( 5RI*M5T4 ,IT DEALS 9 NATIONAL 
9T]E/S1 NATIONAL HONOR1 NATIONAL DUTIES & NATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY1 UNTIL 
IT GETS 9VOLV$ 9 ! NATIONAL W>1 :I* IS FALSIFI$ 9TO A W> ( NATIONAL 
DEF5SE4 ,TO WAGE ! W> A NATIONAL >MY HAS BE5 PROVID$1 ! S*OOLS HAVE 
BE5 MADE 9TO ABODES ( NATIONAL 9CITEM5T2 9 NATIONAL POLITICS A SPECIAL 
NATIONAL PHRASEOLOGY HAS BE5 CULTIVAT$ :I* FURNI%ES EV]Y W>1 H[EV] 
NOTORI\SLY = PLUND] & CONQUE/1 ) ! REQUISITE 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL 
JU/IFICATION4 ,:5 ! ,S,P,D DEF5D$ ! WORLD W> FROM #aiad TO #aiah AS A 
NATIONAL W>1 :5 ! ,K,P,D1 DUR+ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,RUHR1 JO9$ 9 
SUPPORT+ ! NATIONAL DEF5SE ( ! ,RUHR ZONE ALONGSIDE ,S*LAGET]1 !N BO? 
P>TIES PROV$ !IR *>ACT] AS NATIONAL AUXILI>Y ORGANS ( ! B\RGEOIS 
/ATE1 :I* IS ALWAYS A NATIONAL /ATE4.<#h.> 

,! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 ONCE IT HAS 5T]$ ! >5A ( 
L>GE-SCALE 5T]PRISES & BEYOND ?AT1 ! =MATION ( /OCK COMPANIES1 HAS 
CREAT$ = ITSELF A COMPLICAT$ APP>ATUS ( MANAGEM5T1 V]Y APPROPRIATE = 
ITS REQUIREM5TS4 ,9 IT ALL =CES >E WELL WEI<$ UP AGA9/ EA* O!R1 ALL 
FUNCTIONS CLEV]LY DI/RIBUT$1 ALL 9DIVIDUAL ACTIONS B\ND 9TO AN EXACT 
COLLECTIVE ACTION4 ,! TE*NOLOGY ( ! MA*9E IS ITS MODEL4 

,9 BROAD \TL9E1 ! MANAGEM5T /RUCTURE ( A MOD]N L>GE 
FACTORY LOOKS LIKE ?IS3 NOM9AL [N]S & ) !M ACTUAL 9T]E/$ P>TIES1 
& SO ! REAL B5EFICI>IES ( ! CAPITALI/ L>GE-SCALE CONC]N >E ! 
%>EHOLD]S4 ,!SE COME TOGE!R 9 ! %>EHOLD]S' MEET+ :I* PASSES 
IMPORTANT RESOLUTIONS1 EX]CISES CONTROL1 CALLS 9 REPORTS1 RELIEVES & 
APPO9TS (FICIALS1 & CONC$ES WAGES4 ,FROM ! %>EHOLD]S' MEET+ ISSUES 
! BO>D ( DIRECTORS1 :I* SUP]VISES ! MANAGEM5T1 COMES TO F9AL 
DECISIONS1 CON/ITUTES ! SUPREME C\RT 9 ALL ! VITAL QUE/IONS ( ! 
WORKS1 BUT IS /ILL RESPONSIBLE VIS-A-VIS ! %>EHOLD]S' MEET+4 

,AN IMAGE ( ?IS L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY'S MA*9]Y IS ! 
B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,!RE ! BE>]S ( A M&ATE FROM ! ELECTORATE SIT 9 ! 
P>LIAM5T1 A L>GE MEET+ ( %>EHOLD]S 5TITL$ TO VOTE :O1 DISCUSS+ & 
RESOLV+1 EQUIPP$ ) IMPORTANT P[]S1 DECIDE AB\T ! WEAL & WOE ( ! 
/ATE AS A :OLE4 ,FROM ITS MID/ ISSUES ! BO>D ( DIRECTORS1 ! ,CAB9ET1 
:I* HAS ! TASK ( LOOK+ AFT]1 ) SPECIAL C>E & HEI<T5$ VIGILANCE1 
! 9T]E/S S]V$ BY ! FUNCTION+ ( ! /ATE MA*9]Y4 ,! ,CAB9ET 
MEMB]S 7M9I/]S7 REPRES5T ! /ATE AT ITS HI<E/ PO9T2 !Y SUP]VISE ! 
WORK ( ! MANAGEM5T BUREAUCRACY PLAC$ UND] !M1 MAKE ! BIG CONTACTS 
)9 ! COMPET+ FIRMS ABROAD1 I4E4 ! CAPITALI/ =EIGN /ATES1 BUT 
ALWAYS !Y /AY DEP5D5T ON ,P>LIAM5T & RESPONSIBLE TO IT2 BY IT !Y >E 
APPO9T$ & RECALL$4 

,AS 9 ! ASSEMBLY ( %>EHOLD]S1 SO TOO 9 ,P>LIAM5T 
QUE/IONS & PROPOSALS (T5 MANAGE TO BE C>RI$ ?R\< & DISMISS$ :I* 
ALREADY >E =EGONE CONCLUSIONS & >E ONLY PUT TO ! VOTE = =M'S SAKE4 
,!Y HAVE ALREADY BE5 PUT =W>D & DECID$ ON 9 ANO!R PLACE1 :OSE 
IMPORTANCE MORE OR LESS /RONGLY CONTROLS ! VOTE ( ! %>EHOLD]S' MEET+ 
OR ! P>LIAM5T4 ,?IS O!R PLACE IS ID5TICAL ) ! (FICES ( ! GREAT 
BANKS OR ( ! CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY4 ,H]E1 :]E ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT DECISIONS 
( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY COME D[N1 ! DECISIVE RESOLUTIONS ( B\RGEOIS 
POLITICS >E PASS$4 ,& 9DE$ BY ! SAME PEOPLE 9 ! SAME CASE4 ,= 
POLITICS IS NO?+ O!R ?AN /RUGGLE = ! LEGAL PROTECTION ( ECONOMIC 
9T]E/S - IS ! DEF5SE ( PR(IT ) ! WEAPONS ( P>AGRAPHS 9 LAW1 ! 
SECUR+ ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION ) ! MEANS ( /ATE 
AU?ORITY4 

,) TIRELESSNESS & ZEAL ! B\RGEOISIE HAS WORK$ AT ! 
CON/RUCTION ( ITS /ATE =M & AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ITS LEGISLATURE4 ,= 
?IS IT F\ND ITS MO/ RELIABLE TOOL 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* 9 TURN F\ND ITS 
AUXILI>Y ORGANS 9 ! P>TIES4 ,TODAY1 HAV+ REA*$ ! HI<E/ PEAK ( 
CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 BIG CAPITAL FEELS ! P[] ( ,P>LIAM5T & P>TIES AS 
BURD5SOME4 ,IT AVOIDS IT BY ,5ABL+ ,ACTS.<#i.>1 MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 & 
%IFT+ IMPORTANT AU?ORITY & DECISIONS TO O!R BODIES 9 :I* ! 
REPRES5TATIVES ( CAPITAL & ECONOMIC CONC]NS HAVE ! UPP] H& 7/ATE 
ECONOMIC C\NCIL74 ,OP5 ANTAGONISM T[>DS ,P>LIAM5T & P>LIAM5T>ISM IS NO 
LONG] AT ALL CONCEAL$ 9 BIG-CAPITALI/ CIRCLES2 9 FACT ATTACKS DIRECT$ 
AGA9/ P>LIAM5T & P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T >E DEBAT$ QUITE OP5LY )\T 
9HIBITION4 ,! SLAVE1 ,P>LIAM5T1 HAS DONE HIS DUTY4 ,:5 ! IDEA ( A 
,DIRECTORY WAS BE+ DISCUSS$ 9 ! BONAP>TI/ T5D5CY1 ,H]R ,M9\X WAS 
SELECT$ AS ! SUPREME HOLD] ( P[]4 ,H]R ,M9\X ! ,G5]AL ,DIRECTOR ( 
,/9NES4.<#a.> 

#d4 ,P,>,L,I,A,M,5,T ,& ,P,>,T,I,E,S 

,! *>ACT]1 CONT5T & RESULTS ( LAWS ALWAYS CORRESPOND TO 
! DOM9ANT ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( A GIV5 TIME1 MORE SPECIFICALLY TO ! 
DEF9ITIVE ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,9 ! B\RGEOIS EPO* ?IS 
CLASS IS ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,P>LIAM5T !RE=E HAD ! TASK ( REVIS+ OLD LAWS 
ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( ! B\RGEOISIE OR ABROGAT+ !M 9 FAVOR ( NEW 
LAWS SUIT$ TO ! PROBLEMS ( ! TIME4 

,AS E>LY AS ! LA/ P]IOD ( ! FEUDAL EPO*1 A K9D ( 
P>LIAM5T HAD ALREADY EXI/$3 ! CONVOCATION ( ,E/ATES4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE ) 
! E/ATES - FIR/ ! NOBILITY1 LAT] ESPECIALLY ! WORLD ( F9ANCE & 
TRADE1 TO :OSE MAT]IAL AID HE HAD TO TURN - ! PR9CE HAD DRAWN OR SELECT$ 
REPRES5TATIVES ( ! DIFF]5T ORD]S & OCCUPATIONS & CONV5$ !M 9 A 
CORPORATE BODY4 ,BUT ?IS BODY WAS ONLY TO EXPRESS WI%ES1 MAKE SUGGE/IONS1 
FURNI% OP9IONS3 ?IS MEET+ ( E/ATES WAS NOT COMPET5T TO 5ACT & 
PROMULGATE LAWS ITSELF4 ,EV5TUALLY A SECOND BODY P>TLY JO9$ ! ASSEMBLY ( 
E/ATES1 COM+ MORE FROM ! PEOPLE & EV5 SOMETIMES ELECT$1 SO ?AT A 
DI/9CTION WAS DRAWN BETWE5 A FIR/ & SECOND *AMB] 7,LORDS & ,COMMONS74 
,BUT ! COMPET5CES ( BO? *AMB]S W]E /ILL V]Y LIMIT$ BY ! P[] ( ! 
PR9CES4 ,REAL P>LIAM5TS ) FULL LEGISLATIVE P[]1 PROCE$+ FROM OP5 
ELECTION1 EV]Y:]E =M$ ONE ( ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 

,AS WE KN[1 ! B\RGEOIS CLASS /OOD = ! PR9CIPLE ( 
LIB]ALISM 9 ITS /ATE-POLITICAL IDEOLOGY & ! PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRACY 9 ITS 
/ATE-POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS1 !N1 = FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,BUT ONLY 
= FRE$OM AS IT SAW IT1 NAMELY AS F> AS IT REG>D$ ! 9T]E/S ( ITS 
ECONOMY ( PR(IT1 & = EQUALITY ONLY 9S(> AS IT C\LD BE EXPRESS$ 9 
P>AGRAPHS ON PAP]1 NOT TO BE CONFIRM$ & REALIZ$ ?R\< EQUALITY ( SOCIAL 
CONDITIONS4 ,NOT EV5 9 DREAMS DID IT OCCUR TO !M TO RESPECT & PRACTICE 
FRE$OM & EQUALITY 9 RELATION TO ! PROLET>IAT1 /ILL LESS DID !Y LET ! 
PR9CIPLE ( BRO!RHOOD C>RY ANY WEI<T = IT4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS BY NO MEANS A MONOLI?IC 
CLASS4 ,RA!R IT CONTA9S MANY LAY]S1 GR\PS & PR(ESSIONAL CATEGORIES1 & 
!RE=E A LOT ( DIFF]5T ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,! :OLESAL] HAS DIFF]5T 
9T]E/S FROM ! RETAIL]1 ! H\SE-[N] FROM ! T5ANT1 ! TRADESMAN FROM 
! F>M]1 ! BUY] FROM ! SELL]4 ,BUT ALL ! DIFF]5T GR\PS & 
CATEGORIES WANT TO & \<T TO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT 9 ! LEGISLATURE4 ,EA* 
HAS MORE PROSPECT ( CONSID]ATION ! L>G] ! TOTAL ( REPRES5TATIVES ( 
ITS 9T]E/S 9 P>LIAM5T4 ,ON ?IS ACC\NT EV]Y LAY] OR GR\P TRI$ TO 
COLLECT AS MANY VOTES AS POSSIBLE = ITS C&IDATES 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS4 
,TO MAKE !IR AGITATION VIGOR\S & LA/+1 !Y COMB9$ 9 ELECTION 
ASSOCIATIONS FROM :I* ! P>TIES EM]G$ ) FIRM] ORGANIZATIONS & MORE 
DEF9ITE PROGRAMS4 ,:ATEV] !SE P>TIES CALL$ !MSELVES1 :I*EV] 
PROGRAMS !Y PUT =W>D1 :ATEV] HI< & HOLY VIRTUES !Y /OOD UP =1 
:ATEV] F9E PHRASES & SLOGANS !Y US$ - !IR /RUGGLE1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT 
IT /ROVE = POLITICAL 9FLU5CE1 WAS ALWAYS CONC]N$ ) QUITE DEF9ITE 
ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,?US ! CONS]VATIVE P>TY1 :I* WANT$ ! PRES]VATION 
7I4E4 CONS]VATION7 ( ! OLD TRADITIONAL /ATE =M1 DI/RIBUTION ( P[]1 
& IDEOLOGY1 =M$ ! RALLY+ PO9T = ! FEUDAL CA/E ( BIG L&[N]S4 
,! BIG 9DU/RIALI/S ) AN 9T]E/ 9 ! NATIONAL /ATE1 :O EMBRAC$ ! 
LIB]ALISM ( ! CAPITALI/ ]A1 =M$ ! P>TY ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ALS4 ,! 
PETTY B\RGEOIS1 TO :OM FRE$OM ( OP9ION & EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW SEEM$ 
A*IEVEM5TS WOR? /RIV+ & BE+ ?ANKFUL =1 W]E F\ND 9 ! DEMOCRATIC 
& RADICAL P>TIES4 

,AT FIR/ ! WORK]S HAD NO P>TY ( !IR [N1 = !Y HAD NOT 
YET GRASP$ ?AT !Y W]E A CLASS ON !IR [N ) !IR [N 9T]E/S & 
POLITICAL AIMS4 ,SO !Y LET !MSELVES BE TAK5 9 BY ! DEMOCRATS & 
LIB]ALS1 OR EV5 ! CONS]VATIVES1 & =M$ ! FAI?FUL H]D ( VOT]S = 
! B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,9 PROPORTION1 H[EV]1 AS ! WORK]S' CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS WAS JOLT$ AWAKE & /R5G!N$1 !Y W5T OV] TO =M+ !IR 
[N P>TIES & S5D+ !IR [N REPRES5TATIVES TO P>LIAM5T1 ) ! 
MISSION ( SECUR+ = ! WORK+ CLASS AS MANY & AS L>GE ADVANTAGES AS 
POSSIBLE DUR+ ! CON/RUCTION & COMPLETION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,?US1 9 
! ,]FURT ,PROGRAM.<#a#a.> ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 ! MANY PRACTICAL 
DEM&S ( ! MOVEM5T >E LAID D[N ALONGSIDE ! GREAT1 REVOLUTION>Y F9AL 
GOAL1 REFLECT+ ITS P>LIAM5T>Y LIFE & ORI5TATION T[>DS ! IMM$IATE 
PRES5T4 ,!SE DEM&S HAD NO?+ TO DO ) SOCIALISM1 BUT D]IV$ MA9LY FROM 
B\RGEOIS PROGRAMS2 ONLY !Y W]E NEV] C>RI$ \T BY B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 9 
FACT HAD NEV] BE5 S]I\SLY WANT$4 ,IT IS NOT TO BE D5I$ ?AT ! 
REPRES5TATIVES ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY DID H>D & S9C]E WORK 9 P>LIAM5T4 ,BUT 
!IR EFFECTIV5ESS & SUCCESS REMA9$ LIMIT$4 ,= P>LIAM5T IS AN 
9/RUM5T ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 TI$ TO ! B\RGEOIS ME?OD ( MAK+ 
POLITICS1 & B\RGEOIS TOO 9 ITS EFFECT4 ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ! REAL 
ADVANTAGE ( P>LIAM5T>ISM ACCRUES TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,! B\RGEOIS1 I4E4 P>LIAM5T>Y ME?OD ( C>RY+ ON POLITICS 
IS CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! B\RGEOIS ME?OD ( C>RY+ ON ECONOMICS4 ,! ME?OD 
IS3 TRADE & NEGOTIATE4 ,AS ! B\RGEOIS TRADES & NEGOTIATES GOODS & VALUES 
9 HIS LIFE & (FICE1 AT M>KET & FAIR1 9 BANK & /OCK EX*ANGE1 SO 9 
P>LIAM5T TOO HE TRADES & NEGOTIATES ! LEGISLATIVE SANCTIONS & LEGAL 
MEANS = ! MONEY & MAT]IAL VALUES NEGOTIAT$4 ,9 P>LIAM5T ! 
REPRES5TATIVES ( EA* P>TY TRY TO EXTRACT AS MU* AS POSSIBLE FROM ! 
LEGISLATURE = !IR CU/OM]S1 !IR 9T]E/ GR\P1 !IR 'FIRM'4 ,!Y >E 
ALSO 9 CON/ANT COMMUNICATION ) !IR PRODUC]S' COMB9ES1 EMPLOY]S' 
ASSOCIATIONS C>TELS1 SPECIAL 9T]E/ ASSOCIATIONS OR TRADE UNIONS1 RECEIV+ 
FROM !M DIRECTIONS1 9=MATION1 RULES ( BEHAVIOR OR M&ATES4 ,!Y >E ! 
AG5TS1 ! DELEGATES1 & ! BUS9ESS IS DONE ?R\< SPEE*ES1 B>GA9S1 
HAGGL+1 DEAL+1 DECEPTION1 VOT+ MANEUV]S1 COMPROMISES4 ,! MA9 WORK ( 
P>LIAM5T1 !N1 IS NOT EV5 DONE 9 ! L>GE P>LIAM5T>Y NEGOTIATIONS1 
:I* >E ONLY A SORT ( SPECTACLE1 BUT 9 ! COMMITTEES :I* MEET PRIVATELY 
& )\T ! MASK ( ! CONV5TIONAL LIE4 

,9 ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 P>LIAM5T ALSO HAD ITS 
JU/IFICATION = ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ?AT IT WAS ! MEANS ( SECUR+ = IT 
SU* POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES AS ! P[] RELATIONS ( ANY GIV5 
MOM5T ALL[$4 ,BUT ?IS JU/IFICATION WAS NULL & VOID ! 9/ANT ?AT ! 
PROLET>IAT >OSE AS A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS & ADVANC$ ITS CLAIMS TO TAKE OV] 
! 5TIRE /ATE & ECONOMIC P[]4 ,N[ !RE WAS NO MORE NEGOTIATION1 NO 
PUTT+ UP ) GREAT] OR LESS] ADVANTAGES1 NO COMPROMISES - N[ IT WAS ALL OR 
NO?+4 ,! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD LOGICALLY 
HAVE HAD TO BE ! ABOLITION ( P>LIAM5T4 ,BUT IT C\LD NOT FULFILL ?IS 
A*IEVEM5T BECAUSE IT WAS ITSELF /ILL ORGANIZ$ 9 P>TIES1 & SO B\ND UP 
) ORGANIZATIONS ( A BASICALLY B\RGEOIS *>ACT] & CONSEQU5TLY 9CAPABLE 
( TRANSC5D+ B\RGEOIS NATURE1 I4E4 B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 ECONOMY1 /ATE ORD] 
& IDEOLOGY4 ,A P>TY NE$S P>LIAM5T>ISM1 AS P>LIAM5T NE$S P>TIES4 ,ONE 
CONDITIONS ! O!R1 9 MUTUAL SU/5ANCE & SUPPORT4 ,! MA9T5ANCE ( ! 
P>TY MEANS MA9T5ANCE ( P>LIAM5T & ) IT ! MA9T5ANCE ( B\RGEOIS 
P[]4 

,AFT] ! MODEL ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 ! 
P>TY TOO IS ORGANIZ$ ON AU?ORIT>IAN C5TRALI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,ALL MOVEM5T 9 
IT GOES 9 ! =M ( COMM&S FROM ! TOP ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE D[N TO 
! BROAD BASE ( ! MEMB]%IP4 ,BEL[1 ! MASS ( ! MEMB]S2 ABOVE1 ! 
RANKS ( (FICIALS AT LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 C\NTRY & NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,! P>TY 
SECRET>IES >E ! ,N,C,OS1 ! ,M,PS1 ! (FIC]S4 ,!Y GIVE ! ORD]S1 ISSUE ! 
WAT*WORDS1 MAKE POLICY1 >E ! HI<] DIGNIT>IES4 ,! P>TY APP>ATUS1 9 ! 
=M ( (FICES1 NEWSPAP]S1 FUNDS1 M&ATES1 GIVES !M P[] TO PRESCRIBE = 
! MASS ( MEMB]S1 :I* NONE ( ! LATT] CAN AVOID4 ,! (FICIALS ( ! 
C5TRAL COMMITTEE >E1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! P>TY ,M9I/]S2 !Y ISSUE DECREES & 
9/RUCTIONS1 9T]PRET ! DECISIONS ( P>TY CONGRESSES & CONF]5CES1 
DET]M9E ! USE ( MONEY1 DI/RIBUTE PO/S & (FICES ACCORD+ TO !IR 
P]SONAL POLICY4 ,C]TA9LY ! P>TY CONF]5CE IS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! SUPREME 
C\RT1 BUT ITS COMPOSITION1 SITT+1 DECISION-TAK+ & 9T]PRETATION ( ITS 
DECISIONS >E ?OR\<LY 9 ! H&S ( ! HI<E/ HOLD]S ( P[] 9 ! 
P>TY1 & ! ZOMBIE-LIKE OB$I5CE TYPICAL ( C5TRALISM TAKES C>E ( ! 
NECESS>Y E*OES ( SUBORD9ATION4 

,! CONCEPT ( A P>TY ) A REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] 9 ! 
PROLET>IAN S5SE IS NONS5SE4 ,IT CAN ONLY HAVE A REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] 9 ! 
B\RGEOIS S5SE1 & !N ONLY DUR+ ! TRANSITION BETWE5 FEUDALISM & 
CAPITALISM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,DUR+ ! 
TRANSITION BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM1 IT MU/ FAIL1 ! MORE SO 9 
PROPORTION TO H[ REVOLUTION>Y HAD BE5 ITS EXPRESSION 9 !ORY & 
PHRASEOLOGY4 ,:5 ! WORLD W> BROKE \T 9 #a#i#a#d1 I4E4 :5 ! B\RGEOISIE ( 
! :OLE WORLD DECL>$ W> ON ! PROLET>IAT ( ! :OLE WORLD1 ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY %\LD HAVE REPLI$ ) ! REVOLUTION ( ! PROLET>IAT ( 
! :OLE WORLD AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE ( ! :OLE WORLD4 ,BUT IT FAIL$1 ?REW 
AWAY ! MASK ( WORLD REVOLUTION1 & FOLL[$ B\RGEOIS POLICY ALL ALONG ! 
L9E4 ,! ,U,S,P %\LD HAVE ISSU$ ! CALL TO REVOLUTION :5 ! PEACE TREATY ( 
,V]SAILLES WAS CONCLUD$4 ,ITS B\RGEOIS NATURE1 H[EV]1 =C$ IT TO A WE/]N 
9/EAD ( EA/]N ORI5TATION2 IT AGITAT$ = SIGN+ & SUBMITT+4 ,EV5 ! 
,K,P,D1 HYP]-RADICAL AS ITS POSE IS1 ON EV]Y CRITICAL QUE/ION IS CON/RA9$ BY 
ITS B\RGEOIS-C5TRALI/ AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT] TO S]VE ! B\RGEOIS 
POLITICIANS AS SOON AS IT COMES TO ! CRUN*4 ,IT SITS 9 P>LIAM5T & C>RI$ 
ON B\RGEOIS POLITICS2 9 ! ,RUHR 9 #aib IT NEGOTIAT$ ) ! B\RGEOIS 
MILIT>Y.<#a#b.>2 IT F\<T ON ! SIDE ( ,/9NES 9 ! ,RUHR ACTION AGA9/ ,FRANCE 
BY MEANS ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE2 IT FALLS VICTIM TO ! CULT ( B\RGEOIS 
NATIONALISM & FRAT]NIZES ) FASCI/S2 IT PU%ES ITSELF 9TO B\RGEOIS 
GOV]NM5TS 9 ORD] TO HELP FUR!R ,RUSSIA'S POLICY ( CAPITALI/ CON/RUCTION 
FROM !RE4 ,EV]Y:]E - B\RGEOIS POLITICS C>RI$ \T ) TYPICALLY B\RGEOIS 
MEANS4 ,:5 ! ,S,P,D SAYS IT DOES NOT WANT A REVOLUTION1 !RE IS A C]TA9 LOGIC 
9 ?IS BECAUSE IT1 AS A P>TY1 CAN NEV] C>RY \T A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 
,BUT :5 ! ,K,P,D SAYS IT WANTS ! REVOLUTION1 !N IT TAKES 9TO ITS PROGRAM 
F> MORE ?AN IT IS CAPABLE ( P]=M+1 :E!R 9 IGNORANCE ( ITS B\RGEOIS 
*>ACT] OR \T ( FRAUDUL5T DEMAGOGY4 

,EV]Y B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATION IS BASICALLY AN ADM9I/RATIVE 
ORGANIZATION :I* REQUIRES A BUREAUCRACY 9 ORD] TO FUNCTION4 ,SO IS ! P>TY1 
DEP5D5T ON ! ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9E S]V$ BY A PAID PR(ESSIONAL 
LEAD]%IP4 ,! LEAD]S >E ADM9I/RATIVE (FICIALS & AS SU* BELONG TO A 
B\RGEOIS CATEGORY4 ,LEAD]S1 I4E4 (FICIALS1 >E PETTY B\RGEOIS1 NOT 
PROLET>IANS4 

,MO/ P>TY & TRADE UNION LEAD]S W]E ONCE WORK]S1 P]HAPS ! 
MO/ S\ND & REVOLUTION>Y4 ,BUT AS !Y BECAME (FICIALS1 I4E4 LEAD]S1 AG5TS 
& MAK]S ( BUS9ESS1 !Y LE>N$ TO TRADE & NEGOTIATE1 TO H&LE DOCUM5TS 
& CA%2 !Y UND]TOOK M&ATES1 BEGAN TO OP]ATE )9 ! GREAT B\RGEOIS 
ORGANISM ) ! AID ( !IR ORGANIZATIONAL APP>ATUS4 ,TO :OM ,GOD GIVES 
(FICE1 HE ALSO GIVES UND]/&+4 ,ANYONE :O IS LEAD] 9 A B\RGEOIS 
ORGANIZATION1 9CLUD+ P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS1 DOES SO NOT ON ! /R5G? ( 
HIS 9TELLECTUAL QUALIFICATIONS1 HIS 9SI<T & EXCELL5CE1 HIS C\RAGE & 
*>ACT]1 BUT HE IS LEAD] ON ! /R5G? ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL APP>ATUS1 
:I* IS 9 HIS H&S1 AT HIS DISPOSAL1 5D[+ HIM ) COMPET5CE4 ,HE [ES 
HIS LEAD]%IP ROLE TO ! AU?ORITY >IS+ FROM ! POSITION HE OCCUPIES 9 
! ORGANIZATIONAL ME*ANISM4 ,?US ! P>TY SECRET>Y OBTA9S HIS P[] FROM 
! (FICE 9 :I* ALL ! ?READS ( ! ADM9I/RATION CONV]GE1 FROM ! 
PAP] WORK ( :I* HE ALONE HAS EXACT KN[L$GE2 ! $ITOR OBTA9S HIS FROM 
! NEWSPAP] :I* HE HAS 9 HIS 9TELLECTUAL P[] & USES AS HIS 9/RUM5T2 
! TREASUR] FROM ! FUNDS HE MANAGES2 ! ,M,P FROM ! M&ATE :I* GIVES HIM 
AN 9SIDE VIEW ( ! APP>ATUS ( GOV]NM5T D5I$ TO ORD9>Y MORTALS4 ,AN 
(FICIAL ( ! C5TRAL LEAD]%IP MAY BE MU* MORE LIMIT$ & M$IOCRE ?AN AN 
UND]-(FICIAL1 & YET HIS 9FLU5CE & P[] >E GREAT]1 EXACTLY AS AN ,N,C,O 
CAN BE SM>T] ?AN A ,COLONEL OR ,G5]AL )\T HAV+ ! GREAT AU?ORITY ( 
!SE (FIC]S4 ,EB]T.<#a#c.> IS C]TA9LY NOT ! ABLE/ M9D 9 HIS P>TY1 YET IT 
HAS 9/ALL$ HIM 9 ! HI<E/ (FICE IT HAS TO GIVE2 HE IS C]TA9LY NOT ! 
ABLE/ M9D 9 ! GOV]NM5T EI!R - BUT :Y DOES HE OCCUPY ?AT POSITION8 ,NOT 
ON ! BASIS ( HIS P]SONAL QUALIFICATIONS BUT AS ! R&OM REPRES5TATIVE ( 
HIS P>TY1 A C5TRALI/1 AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION1 9 :I* HE HAS CLIMB$ TO 
! HI<E/ RUNG ( ! LADD]4 ,& :Y DOES ! B\RGEOISIE PUT UP ) ?IS 
,EB]T8 ,BECAUSE ! B\RGEOIS ME?OD ( HIS POLITICS HAS BR\<T HIM TO ?IS 
POSITION & BECAUSE HE CONDUCTS HIMSELF POLITICALLY ?R\<\T AS ! ADVOCATE 
& C\NSEL ( !SE B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,A B\RGEOIS LEAD] 9 ?IS POSITION 
W\LD BE NEI!R BETT] NOR WORSE ?AN HE4 

,H]E A WORD MU/ BE SAID AB\T LEAD]%IP 9 G5]AL4 

,!RE WILL NO D\BT ALWAYS BE PEOPLE :O 9 !IR KN[L$GE1 
!IR EXP]I5CES1 !IR ABILITY1 !IR *>ACT] >E SUP]IOR TO O!RS :OM 
!Y WILL 9FLU5CE1 ADVISE1 /IMULATE 9 /RUGGLE1 C>RY AWAY ) !M1 LEAD4 
,& SO !RE WILL ALWAYS BE LEAD]S 9 ?IS S5SE4 ,A GOOD ?+ TOO1 = 
CLEV]NESS1 9TEGRITY ( *>ACT] & ABILITY %\LD DOM9ATE1 NOT /UPIDITY1 
CO>S5ESS & WEAKNESS4 ,ANYONE :O1 9 HIS REJECTION ( ! PAID PR(ESSIONAL 
LEAD]%IP ?AT GETS ITS AU?ORITY FROM ! ORGANIZATIONAL APP>ATUS1 GOES SO 
F> AS TO REPUDIATE ALL & EV]Y LEAD]%IP )\T CONSID]+ ?AT 
SUP]IORITY ( M9D & *>ACT] IS A QUALITY ( LEAD]%IP NOT TO BE 
REPUDIAT$ BUT WOR?Y ( WELCOME1 OV]/EPS ! M>K & BECOMES A DEMAGOGUE4 
,?AT GOES TOO = ?OSE :O 9VEI< & RAGE AGA9/ ! 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! 
MOVEM5T1 OR - AS HAS OCCURR$ - EV5 AGA9/ KN[L$GE4 ,NATURALLY B\RGEOIS 
KN[L$GE IS ALWAYS SUSPECT & USUALLY QUE/IONABLE1 B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS 
>E ALWAYS AN ABOM9ATION 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :I* !Y MISUSE1 LEAD 
A/RAY1 & (T5 5\< BETRAY TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT ! A*IEVEM5TS ( 
B\RGEOIS LE>N+ CAN BE RE-CA/ = ! WORK+ CLASS & =G$ 9TO WEAPONS1 
EXACTLY AS ! CAPITALI/ MA*9ES WILL ONE DAY P]=M USEFUL S]VICES = ! 
WORK+ CLASS4 ,& :5 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT ATT5D 
TO ! IMPORTANT PROCESS ( ! SCI5TIFIC ASSIMILATION & REWORK+ ( 
9TELLECTUAL WORKS1 !Y DES]VE RECOGNITION & ?ANKS = IT1 NOT ABUSE & 
9CULPATION4 ,9 CONCLUSION1 ,M>X1 ,BAKUN91 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & O!RS W]E 
9TELLECTUALS1 :OSE SCI5TIFIC LABORS HAVE R5D]$ ! MO/ VALUABLE S]VICES 
TO ! LIB]ATION /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! PAID PR(ESSIONAL LEAD]S ( ! B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATIONS 
DES]VE MI/RU/ & >E TO BE REJECT$ AS AG5TS ( A B\RGEOIS ADM9I/RATIVE 
APP>ATUS4 ,!IR B\RGEOIS ACTIVITY G5]ATES 9 !M B\RGEOIS LIV+ HABITS 
& A B\RGEOIS /YLE ( ?9K+ & FEEL+4 ,9EVITABLY !Y TAKE ON ! 
TYPICAL PETTY-B\RGEOIS LEAD]%IP IDEOLOGY ( ! P>TY & TRADE UNION 
APP>AT*IKS4 ,! SECURE APPO9TM5T1 ! HEI<T5$ SOCIAL POSITION1 ! 
PUNCTUALLY PAID SAL>Y1 ! WELL-HEAT$ (FICE1 ! QUICKLY LE>N$ R\T9E 9 
! C>RY+ \T ( =MAL ADM9I/RATIVE BUS9ESS1 5G5D] A M5TALITY :I* 
MAKES ! LABOR (FICIAL 9 NO WAY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! PETTY PO/1 TAX1 
COMMUNITY OR /ATE (FICIAL AS MU* 9 HIS WORK AS 9 HIS DOME/IC MILIEU4 ,! 
(FICIAL IS = CORRECT MANAGEM5T ( BUS9ESS1 PA9/AK+ ORD]L9ESS1 SMOO? 
DIS*>G+ ( OBLIGATIONS2 HE HATES DI/URBANCES1 FRICTION1 CONFLICTS4 ,NO?+ 
IS SO REPUGNANT TO HIM AS *AOS1 !RE=E HE OPPOSES ANY SORT ( DISORD]2 HE 
COMBATS ! 9ITIATIVE & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! MASSES2 HE FE>S ! REVOLUTION4 

,BUT ! REVOLUTION COMES4 ,SUDD5LY IT IS !RE1 RE>+ UP4 
,EV]Y?+ IS CONVULS$1 EV]Y?+ TURN$ UPSIDE D[N4 ,! WORK]S >E 9 ! 
/REETS1 PRESS+ = ACTION4 ,!Y SET !MSELVES TO CA/+ D[N ! 
B\RGEOISIE1 DE/ROY+ ! /ATE1 TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! ECONOMY4 ,!N A 
MON/R\S FE> SEIZES ! (FICIALS4 ,= ,GOD'S SAKE1 IS ORD] TO BE TRANS=M$ 
9TO DISORD]1 PEACE 9TO UNRE/1 ! CORRECT MANAGEM5T ( BUS9ESS 9TO *AOS8 
,NOT ?AT6 ,?US ',VORW>TS'.<#a#d.> ON #h ,NOVEMB] #aiah W>N$ ( 0AGITATORS ) NO 
CONSCI5CE0 :O 0HAD FANTASIES ( REVOLUTION02 ?US ! NEWSLETT] ( ! TRADE 
UNIONS COMBAT$ ! 0IRRESPONSIBLE ADV5TUR]S0 & 0PUTS*I/S02 ?US ! 
P>LIAM5T>Y P>TY S5T ,S*EIDEMANN.<#a#e.> EV5 AT ! LA/ M9UTE 9TO ! 
,WILHELMITE ,CAB9ET.<#a#f.>1 SO ?AT 0! GREATE/ MIS=TUNE - ! REVOLUTION - 
MI<T BE AVOID$40 ,& DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 :]EV] WORK]S WANT$ TO GO 9TO 
ACTION !Y W]E EAG]LY C\NT]$ EV]Y TIME BY P>TY & TRADE UNION (FICIALS 
) ! CALL3 0,NOT TOO VIOL5T6 ,NO BLOOD%$6 ,BE REASONABLE6 ,LET US NEGOTIATE60 

,AS NEGOTIATIONS W]E RESORT$ TO1 9/EAD ( GRABB+ ! 5EMY 
& ?R[+ HIM TO ! GR\ND1 ! B\RGEOISIE WAS SAV$4 ,NEGOTIATION IS AFT] 
ALL !IR ME?OD ( C>RY+ ON POLITICS1 & ON !IR FI<T+ T]RA9 !Y >E 
AT !IR MO/ SECURE4 ,WANT+ TO C>RY ON PROLET>IAN POLITICS 9 ! HOME ( 
! B\RGEOISIE & ) !IR ME?ODS MEANS SITT+ D[N AT ! CAPITALI/S' 
TABLE1 EAT+ & DR9K+ ) !M1 & BETRAY+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! 
PROLET>IAT4 ,TREA*]Y TO ! MASSES - FROM ! ,S,P,D TO ! MO/ EXTREME ( ! 
,K,P,D - NE$ NOT >ISE FROM BASE 9T5TION2 IT IS SIMPLY ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! 
B\RGEOIS NATURE ( EV]Y P>TY & TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION4 ,! LEAD]S ( 
!SE P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS >E 9 FACT SPIRITUALLY P>T ( ! B\RGEOIS 
CLASS1 PHYSICALLY P>T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,BUT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS COLLAPS+4 ,IT IS MORE & MORE FALL+ 
VICTIM TO RU9 & DECAY4 ,ITS LEGISLATURE IS RIDICUL$ & DESPIS$ BY ! 
B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4 ,LAWS ON 9T]E/ RATES & CURR5CY >E PROMULGAT$1 & 
NO-ONE GIVES A DAMN4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT NOT LONG AGO WAS REG>D$ AS SACR$ - 
*UR*1 MORALITY1 M>RIAGE1 S*OOL1 PUBLIC OP9ION - IS EXPOS$1 SOIL$1 MADE 
MOCK (1 DI/ORT$ 9TO C>ICATURE4 ,9 SU* A TIME ! P>TY1 TOO1 CANNOT GO ON 
EXI/+ ANY LONG]2 AS A LIMB ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IT WILL GO D[N ) IT4 
,ONLY A QUACK W\LD TRY TO PRES]VE ! H& FROM DEA? :5 ! BODY LIES DY+4 
,H5CE ! UN5D+ *A9 ( P>TY SPLITS1 DI/URBANCES1 DISSOLUTIONS - ( ! 
COLLAPSE ( ! P>TY :I* NO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE1 NO P>TY CONGRESS1 NO ,SECOND 
OR ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 NO ,KAUTSKY & NO ,L59 CAN N[ /OP4 ,! H\R ( ! 
P>TIES HAS N[ COME1 AS ! H\R ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAS COME4 ,!Y WILL /ILL 
HOLD \T1 AS GUILDS & COMPANIES FROM ! MIDDLE AGES HAVE HELD \T UNTIL 
TODAY3 AS \TLIV$ 9/ITUTIONS ) NO P[] TO =M HI/ORY4 ,A P>TY LIKE ! 
,S,P,D1 :I* GAVE UP ALL ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,NOVEMB] UPRIS+ )\T A 
/RUGGLE1 9 P>T EV5 WILLFULLY PLAY$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 
) :I* IT IS TI$ UP & SITS 9 GOV]NM5TS1 HAS LO/ EV]Y JU/IFICATION 
= EXI/5CE4 ,& A P>TY LIKE ! ,K,P,D1 :I* IS ONLY A ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN BRAN* ( 
,TURKE/AN & C\LD NOT MA9TA9 ITSELF = A C\PLE ( WEEKS BY ITS [N 
/R5G? )\T ! RI* SUBSIDIES FROM ,MOSC[1 HAS NEV] HAD ?IS 
JU/IFICATION = EXI/5CE4 ,! PROLET>IAT WILL TRANSC5D !M BO?1 
UNTR\BL$ BY P>TY DISCIPL9E & ! SCREE*ES ( ! APP>AT*IKS1 BY 
RESOLUTIONS & CONGRESS DECISIONS4 ,9 ! H\R ( D[NFALL IT WILL RESCUE 
ITSELF FROM ASPHYXIATION BY /RANGL+ B\RGEOIS P[] ( ORGANIZATION4 

,IT WILL TAKE ITS CAUSE 9TO ITS [N H&S4 

#e4 ,! ,T,R,A,D,E ,U,N,I,O,N,S 

,:AT HAS BE5 SAID AB\T P>TIES1 P>TY LEAD]S & P>TY TACTICS 
GOES EV5 MORE = ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,9 FACT1 !Y %[ US ! TYPICAL 
PETTY-B\RGEOIS TACTICS ( COMPROMISE ALL ! MORE 9 ?AT !IR [N EXI/5CE 
REPRES5TS A COMPROMISE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR4 ,! TRADE UNIONS HAVE NEV] 
PROCLAIM$ ! ELIM9ATION ( CAPITALISM TO BE !IR GOAL & MISSION4 ,NEV] 
HAVE !Y 5GAG$ !MSELVES 9 ANY PRACTICAL WAY TO ?IS 5D4 ,FROM ! 
BEG9N+ ! TRADE UNIONS RECKON$ ) ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM AS A GIV5 
FACT4 ,ACCEPT+ ?IS FACT1 !Y HAVE 5GAG$ !MSELVES )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( 
! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ORD] TO FI<T = BETT] WAGES & WORK+ CONDITIONS 
= ! PROLET>IAT4 ,NOT1 !N1 = ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM1 NOT = A 
FUNDAM5TAL REJECTION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 NOT A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 
:OLE4 ,?AT1 SAID ! TRADE UNIONS ) B\RGEOIS LOGIC1 IS ! BUS9ESS ( ! 
POLITICAL P>TY4 ,!RE=E !Y DECL>$ !MSELVES NONPOLITICAL2 MADE A BIG 
?+ ( !IR NEUTRALITY1 & REJECT$ ANY P>TY OBLIGATION4 ,!IR ROLE WAS 
?AT ( COMPROMISE1 M$IATION1 CUR+ SYMPTOMS1 PRESCRIB+ PALLIATIVES4 ,FROM 
! />T !IR :OLE BASIC ATTITUDE WAS NOT ONLY NONPOLITICAL BUT ALSO 
NON-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,!Y W]E RE=MI/1 OPPORTUNI/1 COMPROMIS+ AUXILI>Y 
ORGANS BETWE5 B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT4 

,! TRADE UNIONS GREW \T ( ! J\RNEYMAN'S ASSOCIATIONS ( ! 
OLD >TISAN GUILDS4 ,!Y W]E FILL$ ) ! SPIRIT ( ! MOD]N WORK]S' 
MOVEM5T :5 CAPITALISM1 ?R\< ! GREAT CRISIS ( ! #a#h#fS1 IMPRESS$ ) 
P>TICUL> H>%NESS ON ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT ! PITFALLS & 
HORRORS ( ITS SY/EM4 ,UND] ?IS ECONOMIC PRESSURE1 :I* GREATLY SWELL$ ! 
WORK]S' MOVEM5T ?R\<\T ,EUROPE1 ! FIR/ TRADE UNION CONGRESS WAS CONV5$ 
BY ,S*WEITZ] & ,FRITZ*E 9 #a#h#f#h4 ,FRITZ*E *>ACT]IZ$ V]Y APTLY ! TRADE 
UNION ORGANIZATIONS & !IR DUTIES :5 HE EXPLA9$3 0,/RIKES >E NOT A MEANS 
( *ANG+ ! F\NDATIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION2 !Y >E1 
H[EV]1 A MEANS ( FUR!R+ ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S1 BREAK+ 
?R\< POLICE DOM9ATION & REMOV+ FROM TODAY'S SOCIETY 9DIVIDUAL SOCIAL 
ABUSES ( AN OPPRESSIVE NATURE1 LIKE EXCESSIVELY LONG WORK+ TIME & ,SUNDAY 
WORK40 ,9 ! FOLL[+ P]IOD ! ACTIVITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS CONSI/$ 9 
AGITAT+ ! PROLET>IAT1 MOV+ IT T[>DS CO-ORD9ATION1 W9N+ IT TO ! 
IDEA ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 PROTECT+ IT AGA9/ ! WOR/ RIGORS ( CAPITALI/ 
EXPLOITATION1 & CON/ANTLY GRABB+ MOM5T>Y ADVANTAGES :5EV] POSSIBLE 
FROM ! EV]-*ANG+ SITUATION BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL4 ,! 5TREPR5EUR1 
=M]LY ALL-P[]FUL MA/] ( ! H\SE1 SOON HAD ! /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ 
P[] ( ! ORGANIZATION AGA9/ HIM4 ,& ! WORK+ CLASS1 HEI<T5$ 9 
CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS VALUE 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION BY CO-ORD9AT$ ACTION1 
& S*OOL$ FROM /RIKE TO /RIKE & CONFLICT TO CONFLICT 9 ! DEVELOPM5T 
( ITS FI<T+ 5]GY1 SOON CON/ITUT$ A FACTOR ) :I* CAPITALISM HAD 
S]I\SLY TO RECKON 9 ALL CALCULATIONS ( PR(IT4 

,WE CAN NEV] S]I\SLY ?9K ( D5Y+ ! GREAT VALUE ! TRADE 
UNIONS HAVE HAD = ! PROLET>IAT AS A MEANS ( /RUGGLE 9 ! DEF5SE ( 
WORK]S' 9T]E/S2 NO-ONE WILL D>E TO BELITTLE OR DISPUTE ! EXTRAORD9>Y 
S]VICES ! TRADE UNIONS HAVE P]=M$ 9 ADVOCAT+ !SE 9T]E/S4 ,BUT ALL 
?IS IS TODAY1 UN=TUNATELY1 TE/IMONIALS & CLAIMS TO FAME :I* BELONG TO 
! PA/4 

,9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR ! 5TREPR5EURS1 
TOO1 V]Y SOON RECOGNIZ$ ! VALUE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,TO BE ABLE TO CONFRONT ! 
WORK]S' COMB9ATIONS1 !Y COMB9$ !MSELVES 9TO P[]FUL ASSOCIATIONS1 AT 
FIR/ BY TRADE CATEGORIES OR BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY4 ,& - AS !Y HAD GREAT] 
F9ANCIAL RES\RCES1 HAD ! PROTECTION & FAVOR ( PUBLIC (FICIALS ON !IR 
SIDE1 KNEW H[ TO 9FLU5CE LEGISLATION & JURISDICTION1 & C\LD APPLY ! 
MO/ RIGOR\S ME?ODS ( T]ROR1 H>ASSM5T & CONTEMPT TO ANY BOSSES :O DID 
NOT GRASP !IR CLASS 9T]E/S QUICKLY 5\< & SO DID NOT TAKE ! REQUIR$ 
9T]E/ 9 ! ASSOCIATION - !IR ORGANIZATIONS W]E SOON /RONG]1 MORE 
EFFECTIVE & MORE P[]FUL ?AN ?OSE ( ! WORK]S4 ,! TRADE UNIONS SAW 
!MSELVES PU%$ FROM ! (F5SIVE TO ! DEF5SIVE BY ! EMPLOY]S' 
ASSOCIATIONS4 ,/RUGGLES BECAME MORE VIOL5T & BITT]1 W]E SUCCESSFUL 
9CREAS+LY SELDOM1 USUALLY RESULT$ 9 EXHAU/+ ! C5TRAL FUNDS1 & SO 
NE$$ MORE & MORE L5G?Y PAUSES = RE/ & RECOV]Y BETWE5 ! /RUGGLES4 
,F9ALLY IT WAS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! QUE/IONABLE HALF-SUCCESSES W]E USUALLY 
B\<T TOO DE>1 ?AT ! COMPROMISES 7AT BE/7 RESULT+ FROM ! R\NDS ( 
/RUGGLE C\LD BE WON MORE *EAPLY IF A READ9ESS TO NEGOTIATE WAS %[N RI<T 
FROM ! />T4 ,SO !Y APPROA*$ FUR!R /RUGGLES ) R$UC$ DEM&S1 ) 
READ9ESS TO NEGOTIATE1 ) ! 9T5TION ( MAK+ A DEAL4 ,9/EAD ( 
/RUGGL+ OP5LY1 EA* SIDE TRI$ TO \T-MANEUV] ! O!R4 ,(F]+ TO 
NEGOTIATE WAS NO LONG] CONSID]$ AS A FAULT OR AS WEAKNESS4 ,!Y W]E ADJU/$ 
TO COMPROMISE4 ,AS A RULE1 AGREEM5T - NOT VICTORY - =M$ ! CONCLUSION ( 
WAGE MOVEM5TS OR CONFLICTS OV] H\RS4 ,?US1 9 TIME1 AN ALT]ATION 9 TACTICS1 
9 ! ME?OD ( /RUGGLE1 CAME AB\T ALL ALONG ! L9E4 

,! POLICY ( SIGN+ LABOR CONTRACTS >OSE4 ,ON ! BASIS ( 
AGREEM5TS & CONCILIATION1 CONTRACTS W]E SIGN$ 9 :I* ! CONDITIONS ( 
WORK W]E REGULAT$ 9 P>AGRAPHS4 ,! CONTRACTS W]E B9D+ = ! :OLE 
ORGANIZATION ( BO? SIDES 9 ! BRAN* ( 9DU/RY = A LONG] OR %ORT] 
P]IOD ( TIME4 ,9 ! =M ( A COMPROMISE1 !Y REPRES5T$ A K9D ( TRUCE 
UNTIL FUR!R NOTICE4 ,! BOSS GA9$ SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES ?R\< ! 
CONCLUSION ( LABOR CONTRACTS3 HE C\LD MAKE MORE ACCURATE BUS9ESS 
CALCULATIONS = ! DURATION ( ! CONTRACT2 HE C\LD SUE 9 A B\RGEOIS C\RT 
= COMPLIANCE ) ! T]MS ( CONTRACT2 C\LD RECKON ) A C]TA9 /ABILITY 
9 HIS MANAGEM5T & RATE ( PR(IT2 &1 ABOVE ALL1 HE C\LD CONC5TRATE HIS 
/R5G? 9 GREAT] PEACE = YE>S 9 ORD] TO PUT ?AT MU* MORE PRESSURE ON 
! WORK-=CE :5 ! NEXT CONTRACT WAS BE+ CONCLUD$4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! 
BOSS1 ! WORK] ONLY GOT DISADVANTAGES FROM ! LABOR CONTRACT3 B\ND BY ! 
CONTRACT = LONG P]IODS1 HE WAS UNABLE TO MAKE ! MO/ ( FAVORABLE 
OPPORTUNITIES AS !Y >OSE TO IMPROVE HIS POSITION2 HIS CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & 
WILL TO /RUGGLE W]E LULL$ ) TIME1 & HE WAS CONDITION$ TO 9ACTIVITY2 SO 
FELL MORE & MORE 9TO ! ATMOSPH]E1 FATAL = ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ( 
0H>MONY BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR0 & 0COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 
WORK-GIV] & WORK-TAK]02 ?US SUCCUMB$ COMPLETELY TO PETTY-B\RGEOIS 
HOPELESS OPPORTUNISM1 :I* LIVES FROM H& TO M\? & MAKES EV5 ! MO/ 
PRACTICAL RE=MS & 0POSITIVE A*IEVEM5TS0 MORE DUBI\S & WOR?LESS ! 
LONG] IT GOES ON2 & 9 ! 5D BECOMES 5TIRELY ! DUP$ VICTIM ( A 
N>R[-M9D$1 CIRCUMSCRIB$1 & (T5 UNSCRUPUL\S CLIQUE ( (FICIALS & 
LEAD]S :OSE MA9 9T]E/ HAS LONG S9CE BE5 NOT ! GOOD ( ! WORK] BUT 
! SECUR+ ( !IR ADM9I/RATIVE POSITIONS4 ,9 FACT1 AS ! POLICY ( LABOR 
CONTRACTS BECAME PR$OM9ANT1 ! WORK]'S P>TICIPATION 9 ! LIFE ( ! 
UNIONS GREW MORE DORMANT2 MEET+S W]E SP>SELY ATT5D$1 P>TICIPATION 9 
ELECTIONS FELL (F %>PLY1 DUES HAD TO BE COLLECT$ ALMO/ BY =CE1 T]ROR 9 
! FACTORIES GOT ! UPP] H& ALONG ) ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! 
ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS - BO? MEANS TO MA9TA9 ! EXI/5CE ( ! 
ORGANIZATION1 :I* HAD BECOME AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,! 9TRODUCTION ( NATIONAL 
CONTRACTS = L>GE CATEGORIES ( WORK]S EFFECT$ AN EV5 GREAT] 9CREASE 9 
C5TRALISM & ! P[] ( (FICIALS & AT ! SAME TIME1 TOO1 AN EV]-GR[+ 
SPLIT BETWE5 LEAD]S & MASSES1 GREAT] ALI5ATION ( ! ORGANIZATION FROM 
ITS ORIG9AL *>ACT] AS A MEANS ( /RUGGLE1 & FROM ! OBJECTIVE ( 
/RUGGLE1 & DEEP] DEGRADATION ( ! WORK]S 9TO 9SIGNIFICANT1 WILL-LESS 
PUPPETS1 ONLY PAY+ DUES & C>RY+ \T 9/RUCTIONS1 9 ! H&S ( ! 
ASSOCIATION'S BUREAUCRACY4 

,ANO!R FACTOR WAS ADD$4 ,9 ORD] TO *A9 ! WORK] TO ! 
ORGANIZATION ?R\< ALL HIS 9T]E/S1 :I* D]IVE FROM HIS P]MAN5T 
SITUATION NEXT TO ! BREAD L9E1 ! UNIONS DEVELOP$ AN EXT5SIVE & 
COMPLICAT$ SY/EM ( 9SURANCE1 C>RY+ \T A SORT ( PRACTICAL SOCIAL POLICY4 
,APP>5TLY = ! B5EFIT ( ! WORK]1 C]TA9LY AS HIS EXP5SE4 ,!RE IS 
9SURANCE AGA9/ SICKNESS1 DEA?1 UNEMPLOYM5T1 MOV+ & TRAVEL+ TO A NEW 
JOB2 A :OLE SOCIAL WELF>E APP>ATUS ) LITTLE PLA/]S & P[D]S & ALL 
SORTS ( PALLIATIVES = PROLET>IAN MIS]Y4 ,! WORK] COLLECTS 9SURANCE 
POLICY AFT] 9SURANCE POLICY1 PAYS PREMIUM AFT] PREMIUM1 DEVELOPS AN 9T]E/ 
9 ! LIQUIDITY ( ! UNION TREASURY1 & WAITS = ! OPPORTUNITY TO CALL ON 
ITS HELP4 ,9/EAD ( ?9K+ AB\T ! GREAT /RUGGLE1 HE GETS LO/ 9 
CALCULATIONS OV] P5NIES4 ,HE IS /R5G!N$ & MA9TA9$ 9 HIS 
PETTY-B\RGEOIS WAY ( ?9K+2 HE GETS BOGG$ D[N1 TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( HIS 
PROLET>IAN EMANCIPATION1 9 ! CON/RA9TS & N>R[-M9D$NESS ( ! 
PETTY-B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( LIFE1 :I* CANNOT GIVE ANY?+ )\T ASK+ :AT 
IS TO BE HAD 9 EX*ANGE2 GETS US$ TO SEE+ ! VALUE ( ORGANIZATION 9 ! 
R&OM & PALTRY MAT]IAL ADVANTAGES ( ! MOM5T1 9/EAD ( HOLD+ HIS 
SI<TS ON ! GREAT GOAL1 FREELY WILL$ & SELFLESSLY F\<T = - ! 
LIB]ATION ( HIS CLASS4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! CLASS /RUGGLE *>ACT] ( ! 
ORGANIZATION IS SY/EMATICALLY UND]M9$ & ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! 
PROLET>IAN IRRETRIEVABLY DE/ROY$ OR DEVA/AT$4 ,9TO ! B>GA9 ! POOR 
DEVIL C>RIES ON HIS BACK ! CO/S ( A SY/EM ( SOCIAL B5EFITS & WELF>E 
:I* BASICALLY ! /ATE %\LD PAY \T ( ! WEAL? ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 
LI<T5+ ! BURD5 ON ! F9ANCIALLY WEAK4 

,?US ! TRADE UNIONS HAVE BECOME1 OV] TIME1 ORGANS ( 
PETTY-B\RGEOIS SOCIAL QUACK]Y1 :OSE VALUE TO ! WORK] HAS %RUNK TO NO?+ 
ANYWAY1 S9CE UND] PRESSURE ( ! DEVALUATION ( MONEY & ! ECONOMIC 
MIS]Y.<#a#g.> ! SOLV5CY ( ALL WELF>E FUNDS HAS SUNK TO NIL4 ,BUT MORE ?AN 
?IS3 9 LOGICAL CONSI/5CY ) !IR T5D5CY T[>D COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S 
BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 ! TRADE UNIONS HAVE DEVELOP$ 9TO AUXILI>Y 
ORGANS ( B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 & SO ( EXPLOITATION & 
PR(IT-MAK+4 ,!Y HAVE BECOME ! MO/ LOYAL %IELD-BE>]S ( ! B\RGEOIS 
CLASS1 ! MO/ RELIABLE PROTECTIVE TROOPS = ! CAPITALI/ MONEY-BAG4 ,AT ! 
\TBREAK ( ! W> !Y CAME \T 9 FAVOR ( ! DUTY ( NATIONAL DEF5SE 
)\T A MOM5T'S HESITATION1 MADE B\RGEOIS W> POLICY !IR [N1 RECOGNIZ$ 
! CIVIL PEACE1 SUBSCRIB$ TO ! W> LOAN1 PREA*$ ! IMP]ATIVE ( 
5DURANCE1 HELP$ TO 5ACT ! LAW ON AUXILI>Y S]VICE1 & FR5ZI$LY 
SUPPRESS$ EV]Y MOVEM5T ( SABOTAGE OR REVOLT 9 ! WEAPONS & MUNITIONS 
9DU/RY4 ,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,NOVEMB] ,REVOLUTION !Y PROTECT$ ! ,KAIS]'S 
GOV]NM5T1 FLUNG !MSELVES AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES1 ALLI$ !MSELVES 
) BIG BUS9ESS 9 A WORK+ ASSOCIATION1 LET !MSELVES BE BRIB$ ) 
(FICES1 HONORS & 9COMES 9 9DU/RY & 9 ! /ATE1 CLUBB$ D[N ALL 
/RIKES & UPRIS+S 9 UNITY ) POLICE & MILIT>Y1 & ?US %AMELESSLY 
& BRUTALLY BETRAY$ ! VITAL 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ITS SWORN 5EMY4 
,9 ! BUILD+ UP ( CAPITALISM AFT] ! W>1 9 ! RE-5SLAVEM5T ( ! 
MASSES ?R\< CAPITAL ORGANIZ$ 9 TRU/S & CONNECT$ 9T]NATIONALLY1 9 ! 
,/9NES-ISATION ( ! ,G]MAN ECONOMY1 9 ! /RUGGLES OV] ,UPP] ,SILESIA.<#a#h.> 
& ! ,RUHR1 9 ! RETR5*M5T ( ! #h-H\R DAY1 ! DEMOBILIZATION ORD]S1 
! =C$ ECONOMY1 9 ! ELIM9ATION ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1 ! FACTORY 
COMMITTEES1 CONTROL COMMISSIONS1 ETC41 DUR+ ! T]ROR AGA9/ SYNDICALI/S1 
UNIONI/S.<#a#i.>1 AN>*I/S - ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E !Y /OOD READY TO HELP AT 
! SIDE ( CAPITAL1 AS A PRETORIAN GU>D READY = ! L[E/ & MO/ 
%AMEFUL DE$4 ,ALWAYS AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 AGA9/ ! 
PROGRESS ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! LIB]ATION & AUTONOMY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 
!Y US$ & USE ! F> GREAT] P>T ( ALL ACCRETIONS TO FUNDS TO SECURE & 
MAT]IALLY PROVIDE = !IR EXI/5CE AS BOSS-M5 & P>ASITES1 :I* - AS 
!Y WELL KN[ - /&S & FALLS ) ! EXI/5CE ( ! TRADE UNION 
ORGANIZATION ?AT !Y HAVE FALSIFI$ FROM A WEAPON = ! WORK]S 9TO A 
WEAPON AGA9/ ! WORK]S4 

,WANT+ TO REVOLUTIONIZE !SE TRADE UNIONS IS A LUDICR\S 
UND]TAK+1 BECAUSE QUITE IMPOSSIBLE TO C>RY \T & HOPELESS4 ,?IS 
0REVOLUTIONIZ+0 AM\NTS TO EI!R A SIMPLE *ANGE ( P]SONNEL1 *ANG+ 
ABSOLUTELY NO?+ 9 ! SY/EM BUT MAXIMALLY EXT5D+ ! C5T] ( 
9FECTION1 OR ELSE IT MU/ CONSI/ 9 REMOV+ FROM ! TRADE UNIONS C5TRALISM1 
CONTRACT-SIGN+1 ! PR(ESSIONAL LEAD]%IP1 ! 9SURANCE FUNDS1 ! SPIRIT 
( COMPROMISE4 444,:AT IS LEFT !N8 ,A HOLL[ NO?+6 

,AS LONG AS ! TRADE UNIONS /ILL EXI/1 !Y WILL REMA9 :AT 
!Y >E3 ! MO/ G5U9E & EFFICI5T ( ALL ! ,:ITE ,GU>DS ( ! BOSSES1 
TO :OM ,G]MAN CAPITAL 9 P>TICUL> [ES A GREAT] DEBT ( GRATITUDE ?AN TO 
ALL ! GU>DS ( ,NOSKE & ,HITL].<#b.> PUT TOGE!R4 

,SU* G5]ALLY H>MFUL1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 
9IMICAL TO ! WORK]S1 CAN ONLY BE DE/ROY$1 ANNIHILAT$1 EXT]M9AT$4 

#f4 ,! ,L,A,/ ,P,H,A,S,E ,( ,E,U,R,O,P,E,A,N ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,S,M 

,! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS1 CAU<T 9 ! *A9S ( ITS 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS & BL9D$ BY ! PHRASEOLOGY ( ! 
PETTY-B\RGEOIS WAY ( ?9K+1 HAS ONCE AGA9 RESCU$ ! B\RGEOISIE ( ITS 
C\NTRY 9 SITUATIONS :]E ITS EXI/5CE WAS AT /AKE2 IT HAS BR\<T IT TO 
SAFETY ON ITS /RONG %\LD]S1 \T ( ! DANG]S ( ! ,WORLD ,W> & ! 
,NOVEMB] ,REVOLUTION4 

,!N ! B\RGEOISIE 9/ALL$ ITSELF 9 ! SADDLE AGA91 TO 
RIDE MORE BOLDLY & BRUTALLY ?AN EV] OV] ! BODIES & HEADS ( ITS 
RESCU]S4 ,AL?\< LAD5 ) UNHE>D-( WEAL?1 :I* IT LOOT$ MEAN:ILE1 IT 
IS /ILL GRIPP$ BY ANXIETY & T]ROR3 IT HAS LOOK$ DEA? 9 ! FACE & 
/OOD CLOSE TO ! ABYSS ( ITS DE/RUCTION4 

,?US ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE 9 #aibd IS NO LONG] ! ONE IT WAS 
9 #a#i#a#d4 ,= EV5 ,G]MAN CAPITALISM HAS BECOME ANO!R4 ,IT HAS LEFT ! NATIONAL 
PHASE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T & HAS 5T]$ ! 9T]NATIONAL PHASE4 ,?IS *ANGE 
& PROGRESSION IS CONNECT$ ) ! \TCOME ( ! ,WORLD ,W>4 

,IF ! ,WORLD ,W> ORIG9AT$ 9 ! DRIVE TO EXPANSION ( ALL ! 
CAPITALI/ /ATES & HAD ! AIM ( PLAC+ ! :OLE WORLD UND] ! 
DICTATOR%IP ( ONE ( !SE CAPITALI/ /ATES OR COMB9ATION ( /ATES1 SO ! 
RESULT ( ! ,WORLD ,W> WAS1 = ! P[] ( ,G]MAN CAPITAL1 ! MISC>RY+ ( 
?IS PLAN & ! PA9FUL PRICE ( R5\NC+ = ! FUTURE ITS 9DEP5D5T 
EXI/5CE & LETT+ ITSELF BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ASSOCIATION ( 9T]E/S 
( ! CONQU]+ COMB9E4 

,! =CES ( ,G]MAN CAPITAL >E REPRES5T$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE 
BY HEAVY 9DU/RY4 ,G]MANY IS RI* 9 COAL BUT LACK+ 9 ORE4 ,ON ?IS ACC\NT1 
! DAILY MORN+ & EV5+ PRAY] ( ! ,/9NES & !IR LIKE WAS ALREADY1 
DECADES AGO3 ,DE> ,GOD1 GIVE US A VICTORI\S W> ) ,FRANCE SO ?AT WE CAN GA9 
POSSESSION ( ! RI* ORE DEPOSITS ( ,BRIEY & ,LONGWY4 ,AS1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 
! ,FR5* CAPITALI/S IMPLORE !IR ,LORD ,GOD1 9 VIEW ( ! SC>CITY ( COAL 
9 !IR C\NTRY1 = ! RI* COAL TREASURES ( ! ,RUHR REGION4 ,ORE & COAL1 
!N1 ALSO ACT$ 9 ! DET]M9+ ROLE 9 ! ,WORLD ,W>1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! 
/RUGGLE BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY -- AFT] WORLD DOM9ATION HAD %[$ ITSELF 
TO BO? AS AN ILLUSION4 

,! TREATY ( ,V]SAILLES BR\<T ! ,FR5* CAPITALI/S ! ,SA> 
REGION2 BUT !Y REMA9$ DISCONT5T$1 = !Y CLAIM ! ,RUHR REGION AS 
BE=E4 ,! M9+ 9DU/RY1 MASSIVELY /R5G!N$ 9 ! ,COMITE DE ,=GES.<#b#a.>1 
ASS]TS ?AT IT CANNOT FULFILL ITS ECONOMIC TASK )\T ! ,RUHR1 ESPECIALLY AS 
MANY ( ITS PLANTS & FACTORIES 9 ,NOR!RN ,FRANCE HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ BY ! 
,G]MAN W>F>E & R5D]$ USELESS = YE>S TO COME4 ,S9CE #aiah IT HAS PRESS$ 
! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T 9TO ! MILIT>Y 9VASION ( ! ,RUHR & F9ALLY 
A*IEV$ ITS OCCUPATION4 ,G]MAN HEAVY 9DU/RY WAS DESP]ATE4 ,9DE$ !IR 
SLOGAN ALSO RAN3 ,ORE & COAL BELONG TOGE!R4 ,BUT !Y WANT$ ! FULFILL+ ( 
! SLOGAN 9 !IR FAVOR4 ,N[ ?AT IT WAS HAPP5+ 9 FAVOR ( ! ,COMITE DE 
,=GES1 !Y SUMMON$ ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T1 ! ,G]MAN NATION1 ! :OLE 
SEE?+ SPIRIT ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE TO RESI/ANCE4 ,IT WAS USELESS2 ,G]MAN HEAVY 
9DU/RY HAD TO SURR5D] TO ,FR5* CAPITAL ?R\< TREATIES1 = COAL WILL 
GRAVITATE TO IRON1 & ! GREAT] RI<T IS ) ! /RONG]4 

,BUT /ILL ANO!R ECONOMIC P[] /&S 9 ! W+S ( ! WORLD 
POLITICAL !AT]3 PETROLEUM4 

,! VICTORY ( ! ,5T5TE 9 ! ,WORLD ,W> WAS 9 ! LA/ 
ANALYSIS A VICTORY ( ! SUP]IOR W> TE*NOLOGY ( ,AM]ICA4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 
OIL TRIUMPH$ OV] COAL = ! HEAT+ ( ! SUBM>9ES & %IPS1 ( ! 
AIRCRAFT1 MOTORS1 TANKS1 ETC41 WAS ACCOMPLI%$ ) OIL & BY A TE*NOLOGY 
:I* HAD UND]GONE ESPECIALLY HI< DEVELOPM5T 9 ,AM]ICA & OPPOSITE :I* 
! ,G]MAN TE*NOLOGY WAS BACKW>D4 ,AFT] ! 5D+ ( ! ,WORLD ,W>1 ! MO/ 
PRESS+ IMP]ATIVE = ,AM]ICA1 IF IT DID NOT WANT TO LOSE AGA9 ! HEGEMONY 
WON OV] WORLD ECONOMIC DOMA9S1 WAS TO BR+ ! OIL PRODUCTION ( ! WORLD 
9TO ITS H&S 9 ORD] TO ?US MONOPOLIZE ! GU>ANTEES ( ITS ASC5DANCY4 

,! RI*E/ OIL FIELD LIE 9 ,ASIA ,M9OR 7,MOSSUL7 & BELONG TO 
! ZONE ( ! ,5GLI% PROTECTORATE2 ! WAY TO !M LEADS OV] ,EUROPE4 
,AM]ICAN OIL CAPITAL BEGAN V]Y QUICKLY TO SECURE ?IS PA? = ITSELF4 ,IT 
F9ANC$ L>GE-SCALE ,FR5* 9DU/RY1 TOOK OV] BANKS1 B\<T UP NEWSPAP]S1 & 
WON 9FLU5CE 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,/>T+ FROM ,FRANCE IT PRESS$ ON - BY 
C\RTESY ( ! GE/URE ( ! ,FR5* /ATESMAN OR ! BAYONET ( ! ,FR5* 
MILIT>Y - T[>DS ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 ,POL&1 ,YUGOSLAVIA1 ,BULG>IA1 AS F> AS 
,TURKEY4 ,! W> BETWE5 ,GREECE & ,TURKEY1 ! REVOLUTION 9 ,BULG>IA1 ! 
,LAUSANNE TALKS1 ! ,BALKAN 9CID5TS1 ! MILIT>Y CONV5TION BETWE5 ,FRANCE & 
! LITTLE ,5T5TE1 ETC41 >E MORE OR LESS CONNECT$ TO ! P]PETUAL /RIV+ 
( ,AM]ICAN OIL CAPITAL TO PROCURE ITSELF A L>GE BASE ( OP]ATIONS = ! 
CONFRONTATION :I* MU/ FOLL[ SOON] OR LAT] - 9 ! 9T]E/ ( WORLD 
MONOPOLY OV] OIL - ) ! COMPETITORS1 ,5GL& & ,RUSSIA4 ,JU/ AS ! OIL 
TRU/ HAS BE5 AT WORK = DECADES 9 ,MEXICO TO OBTA9 DOM9ION OV] ! ,MEXICAN 
OIL FIELDS ?R\< A *A9 ( POLITICAL %OCKS1 PUTS*ES1 REVOLTS & 
REVOLUTIONS1 SO IT ALSO LEAVES NO /ONE UNTURN$ 9 ,EUROPE 9 ORD] TO TAKE 
POSSESSION ( ! APPROA*ES TO ! OIL DI/RICTS ( ,ASIA ,M9OR1 AGA9/ EV]Y 
COMPETITOR & EV]Y OPPOSITION4 

,G]MANY REPRES5T$ ! ONLY GAP 9 ! PA?4 ,AS ! 5DEAVORS 
TO DETA* ,S\? ,G]MANY FROM ,NOR? ,G]MANY & BR+ IT UND] ,FR5* 
OV]LORD%IP DID NOT LEAD TO ! GOAL - 9 SPITE ( ! 5ORM\S SUMS MADE READY 
= ! F9ANC+ ( ! ,BAV>IAN FASCI/ MOVEM5T & ANTI-/ATE CONSPIRACY - 
& BECAUSE ! 9T]E/S ( ,NEW ,YORK CLA%$ H]E ) ! 9T]E/S ( ,ROME1 
OIL CAPITAL APPLI$ O!R TACTICS4 ,SUPPORT$ BY ! DEPRECIATION ( MONEY 
CONSEQU5T ON 9FLATION & C]TA9 /OCK-EX*ANGE MANEUV]S1 IT B\<T UP ONE 
ECONOMIC COMB9E AFT] ANO!R & ?US GRADUALLY BR\<T ! 5TIRE P[] ( 
,G]MAN CAPITAL UND] ITS CONTROL4 ,:5 ! ,/9NES COMB9E1 = :I* ! 
PR(F]$ QUOTA ( %>$ PR(ITS WAS NOT HI< 5\<1 (F]$ RESI/ANCE & 
OPPOS$ ITS CONV]SION 9TO ! M]E APP5DAGE ( AN 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY ( 
EXPLOITATIVE 9T]E/S1 =CE WAS RESORT$ TO4 ,! MILIT>Y OCCUPATION ( ! 
,RUHR MEANT ! FULFILLM5T ( LONG-*]I%$ WI%ES ( OIL CAPITAL JU/ AS MU* 
AS IT WAS A DE$ AFT] ! HE>T ( ! ,FR5* M9+ 9DU/RIALI/S4 

,MEAN:ILE ! ,G]MAN CAPITALI/ CLASS HAS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT IT TOO 
WAS ABLE TO B5EFIT CONSID]ABLY FROM ITS DEP5D5CE ON ,5T5TE & WORLD 
CAPITAL4 ,C]TA9LY IT WAS PL$G$ BY TREATIES TO HI< PAYM5TS :I* W\LD 
SEV]ELY CURTAIL ITS RATE ( PR(IT1 BUT 9 RETURN ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT WAS 
H&$ OV] TO IT1 COMPLETELY DEF5SELESS1 = UNRE/RA9$ EXPLOITATION4 ,IT 
5JOYS ! ADVANTAGES ( TAX CONCESSIONS UND] ! FAVOR ( A PLUTOCRATIC 
FISCAL LEGISLATURE2 HAS ?R[N AWAY ALL ! BURD5S & FETT]S :I*1 H[EV] 
9SIGNIFICANT !Y MI<T BE1 HAD BE5 PUT 9TO PRACTICE 9 REC5T YE>S TO 
LESS5 SOCIAL CONFLICT 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT2 ABOVE ALL IT IS AGA9 
9 FULL POSSESSION ( ! REACTION>Y P[]1 AS 9 ITS BE/ TIMES UND] ! 
,WILHELMITE REGIME4 ,IT HAS SECUR$ ITS POSITION ) ! #a-H\R DAY1 />VATION 
WAGES1 ! GOLD /&>D SW9DLE1 M>TIAL LAW1 & MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP4 

,G]MANY HAS BECOME A COLONY ( ! ,5T5TE4 ,! ,G]MAN WORK]S 
>E ! 5SLAV$ NATIVES4 ,! ,G]MAN 5TREPR5EURS REPRES5T ! PRIVILEG$ 
CA/E ( SLAVE-[N]S1 :O TAKE SO GREAT A P>T 9 ! EXTORT$ & ILL-GOTT5 
GA9S :I* !Y HAVE TO PAY OV] TO =EIGN HI< F9ANCE ?AT A SUMPTU\S 
LIFE-/YLE IS POSSIBLE = !M4 ,AS ! ECONOMIC1 SO ALSO ! POLITICAL P[] 
HAS GONE OV] COMPLETELY 9TO ! H&S ( BIG CAPITAL4 ,! 0%OP /EW>DS0 & 
DELEGATES ( ! LEAD+ 9DU/RY SIT 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 MANAGE HI< PUBLIC 
(FICE OR HOLD 9 !IR H&S ! /R+S ON :I* ! CURR5T P>TY & 
GOV]NM5T PUPPETS HANG4 ,:5 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#c.<#b#b.> ! E/ABLI%+ ( A 
,DIRECTORY WAS PLANN$1 ,H]R ,M9\X1 ! RI<T H& ( ,/9NES1 WAS CONSID]$ 
QUITE G5]ALLY & AS A MATT] ( C\RSE 7AS ALREADY M5TION$7 AS ! COM+ 
MAN4 ,:E!R 9 ! 5D ,M9\X OR ,/RESEMANN OR ,S*A*T1 A REPRES5TATIVE ( 
BIG CAPITAL1 ( ! 9DU/RIAL & BANK+ WORLD1 WILL ALWAYS /& AT ! HEAD 
& HAVE ! RE9S ( GOV]NM5T 9 HIS H&S4 ,! P>LIAM5T IS B>R$ FROM 
CO-DET]M9ATION BY ,5ABL+ ,ACTS OR IS FAC$ ) ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS2 ITS ONLY 
REMA9+ VALUE IS AS A DECORATIVE EXHIBITION :I* IS NECESS>Y TO ! 
APPE>ANCE ( A REPUBLIC4 ,! PREPOND]ANCE ( ALL ! BIG DECISIONS LIES NOT 
) IT1 NOT ) ! GOV]NM5T1 BUT ) ! BANKS & EMPLOY]S' COMB9ES1 
! /ATE ECONOMIC C\NCIL1 ! SMALL CIRCLE ( 9FLU5TIAL PILL>S ( ! 
ECONOMY4 ,IT BECOMES 9CREAS+LY OBVI\S 9 SOCIETY AS A :OLE ?AT AS ! 
ECONOMIC FACTOR /&S 9 ! =EGR\ND1 ! POLITICAL MOVES MORE & MORE 9TO 
! SECOND L9E4 

,?IS PH5OM5ON CAN P]HAPS BE DESIGNAT$ AS AN ,AM]ICANIZATION 
( POLITICS1 BECAUSE IT FIR/ >OSE 9 ! C\NTRY ( ! GREATE/ LORDS ( 
CAPITAL & IS TYPICAL ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! TRU/ MAGNATES & BANK 
POT5TATES >E ACCU/OM$ TO MAK+ !IR POLITICS4 ,! UNDISGUIS$ DOM9ATION 
( ! MONEY-BAG1 VEIL$ ) NO ROMANCE1 EXCUS$ BY NO E?IC1 SANCTION$ BY NO 
DIPLOMACY1 JU/IFI$ BY NO P>LIAM5T>Y PHRASE - ! :OLE DIRECT1 BRUTAL 
P[]-POLITICS ( ! ECONOMIC DICTATORS1 ! ,/9NES-ISATION ( POLITICS - ?AT 
IS ! *>ACT]I/IC SIGN ( ! LA/ PHASE 9TO :I* ,G]MAN CAPITALISM ( ! 
PO/W> P]IOD HAS BE5 HURL$1 ! PHASE ( 9T]-NATIONALITY4 

#g4 ,F,A,C,T,O,R,Y ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,& ,W,O,R,K,],S' ,U,N,I,O,N 7#a7 

7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION @& ,>BEIT]UNION7 

,:5 9 ! ,NOVEMB] ,REVOLUTION ( #aiah ! B\RGEOIS & 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ! P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS REVEAL$ ITSELF 
9 ALL ITS GLORY = ! SECOND TIME1 A SECTION ( ! PROLET>IANS1 :O W]E 
S]I\S AB\T ! REVOLUTION1 REA*$ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,!Y RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! 
PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE :I* PLAYS ITSELF \T ON ! GIV5 BASIS ALWAYS EXHAU/S 
ITSELF 9 %IFTS ( P[]2 ?AT B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATIONS ) B\RGEOIS TACTICS 
( /RUGGLE1 EV5 :5 !Y HAVE PROLET>IANS AS MEMB]S1 NECESS>ILY 5D UP 
) A COMPROMISE ) ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC & /ATE P[]2 ?AT 9 VIEW ( 
! DISPLACEM5T ( ! MA9 EMPHASIS ( ALL /RUGGLES T[>DS ! ECONOMIC 
SIDE1 REMA9+ 9 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS & FI<T+ \T POLITICAL /RUGGLES 
FROM H]E ON MU/ LEAD TO DEFEAT4 

,?US A SECTION ( ! PROLET>IAT BEGAN TO ORI5TATE ITSELF 
T[>DS NEW VIEWPO9TS & F9ALLY ALSO TO ORGANIZE4 ,IT WAS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT3 

,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS COMPLETELY DIFF]5T 9 *>ACT] 
FROM ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 

,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS FIR/ & =EMO/ AN ECONOMIC 
AFFAIR4 

,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION CAN BE F\<T \T NOT 9 B\RGEOIS BUT 
ONLY 9 PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION MU/ DEVELOP ITS [N TACTICS ( 
/RUGGLE4 

,! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS RECOGNITION WAS ! DECISIVE )DRAW+ 
FROM P>TY1 P>LIAM5T1 TRADE UNION & EV]Y?+ CONNECT$ ) !M4 ,AT FIR/ 
! POSITIVE \TCOME HOV]$ 9 ! AIR1 NOT TOO CLE>LY1 & ONLY GA9$ =M 
& %APE 9 TIME1 9 ! C\RSE ( MANY /RUGGLES & DISCUSSIONS4 ,! 
REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNION ( ! ,AM]ICAN WORK]S1 ,I,W,W1 EM]G$ AS ! MODEL1 
AL?\< KN[N ONLY TO FEW4 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 PRECISELY 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y 
P]IOD1 ! IDEA ( ! C\NCILS SY/EM :I* HAD PLAY$ A GREAT P>T 9 ,RUSSIA1 
WAS BE+ EAG]LY DISCUSS$1 & /OOD AT ! C5T] ( ALL PRACTICAL 
SUGGE/IONS = & ATTEMPTS AT SOCIALIZATION4 ',WILDCAT' /RIKES :I* BROKE \T 
EV]Y:]E & W]E C>RI$ ON AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! TRADE UNIONS GAVE RISE TO 
! ELECTION ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION COMMITTEES1 FROM :I* REVOLUTION>Y WORKS 
C\NCILS SOON FOLL[$4 ,F9ALLY1 ! MOVEM5T GREW1 FIR/ 9 ! ,RUHR REGION 
AMONG ! M9]S1 9TO ! /RUGGLE = REVOLUTION>Y FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION574 
,!SE ,BETRIEBSORGANISATION51 COMB9$ 9 LOCAL GR\PS & FUR!R UNIT$ 
9 ECONOMIC >EAS1 !IR CON/RUCTION & COMPLETION 9 A UNIT$ C\NCIL 
ORGANIZATION EXT5D+ OV] ! :OLE /ATE1 SOON BECAME ! MA9 IDEA & PRIME 
AIM ( A MOVEM5T :I* FL[$ 9TO ! ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 AS ! NEW 
ORGANIZATIONAL VESSEL ( ! WILL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' /RUGGLE4 ,NOT 
REASON$ \T 9 ! (FICIAL QU>T]S ( ! LEAD]S1 NOT TRANSMITT$ BY 
PROPAG&A TO ! WORK]S AS A SUBTLE 9V5TION1 BUT GR[N 9 QUITE AN ELEM5TAL 
FA%ION FROM ! SOIL ( ! MO/ VIGOR\S & S]I\S /RUGGLES1 IT SOON /OOD 
9DEP5D5TLY AS ! OBJECT ( ! MO/ HEAT$ CONFLICTS ( OP9ION & DEBATES1 
9 ! C5T] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,! ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 MOVEM5T /EMS FROM ! BASIC 
KN[L$GE ?AT ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE IT WANTS TO SEE ! BASIS ( 
SOCIETY OV]TURN$1 IS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE AN ECONOMIC REVOLUTION1 & ?AT 
CAPITAL'S WORK =CE1 :OSE P[] IS AN*OR$ 9 ! FACTORIES & WORKS ITSELF 
\T 9 ! FIR/ PLACE ECONOMICALLY1 MU/ ADVANCE FROM ! FACTORIES AS 
DET]M9$ P[]4 

,ONLY 9 ! FACTORY IS ! WORK] ( TODAY A REAL PROLET>IAN1 
& AS SU* A REVOLUTION>Y )9 ! MEAN+ ( ! PROLET>IAN-SOCIALI/ 
REVOLUTION4 ,\TSIDE ! FACTORY HE IS A PETTY-B\RGEOIS1 9VOLV$ 9 A 
PETTY-B\RGEOIS MILIEU & MIDDLE-CLASS HABITS ( LIFE1 DOM9AT$ BY 
PETTY-B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 ,HE HAS GR[N UP 9 B\RGEOIS FAMILIES1 BE5 $UCAT$ 
9 A B\RGEOIS S*OOL1 N\RI%$ ON ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT4 ,M>RIAGE IS A 
B\RGEOIS P5AL 9/ITUTION4 ,DWELL+ 9 R5T$ B>RACKS IS A B\RGEOIS 
>RANGEM5T4 ,! PRIVATE H\SEHOLD ( EV]Y FAMILY ) ITS [N KIT*5 LEADS TO 
A COMPLETELY EGOTI/IC ECONOMIC MODE4 ,!RE ! HUSB& LOOKS AFT] HIS WIFE1 
! WIFE LOOKS AFT] H] *ILDR52 EV]YONE ?9KS ONLY AB\T HIS 9T]E/S4 
,EV5 ! *ILD 9 B\RGEOIS S*OOLS IS DIRECT$ TO KN[L$GE 9FLU5C$ BY ! 
B\RGEOISIE1 :I* IS TAILOR$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) B\RGEOIS T5D5CIES4 
,EV]Y?+ IS DEALT ) FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! B\RGEOIS-IDEOLOGICAL 
9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY4 ,!N 9 APPR5TICE%IP1 9 BUS9ESS1 9 ! WORK%OP3 
AGA9 9 B\RGEOIS SURR\ND+S4 ,:AT SOMEONE READS1 :AT HE HAS PICK$ UP 9 
! !AT]1 9 ! C9EMA & SO ON - EV]Y:]E1 9 ! /REET1 9 ! 
GUE/-H\SE1 B\RGEOIS EXI/5CE COMES TO MEET HIM4 ,& ALL ?AT GIVES RISE TO A 
B\RGEOIS WAY ( ?9K+ & FEEL+4 ,MANY BECOME1 AS SOON AS !Y HAVE TAK5 
(F !IR WORK+ CLO!S1 B\RGEOIS TOO 9 !IR BEHAVIOR4 ,!Y TREAT WIVES 
& *ILDR5 AS !Y >E TREAT$ BY !IR BOSSES1 DEM& SUBJECTION1 S]VICE1 
AU?ORITY4 ,:5 ! PROLET>IAT IS LIB]AT$ FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 WOM5 & 
*ILDR5 WILL /ILL HAVE TO BE LIB]AT$ FROM ! M54 ,?IS HAS NO?+ TO DO 
) EVIL 9T5T1 BUT EM]GES FROM \R B\RGEOIS ATTITUDE1 ?R\< ! 
5VIRONM5T1 ?R\< ! B\RGEOIS ATMOSPH]E4 ,:5EV] ! WORK] IS SE5 
\TSIDE ! FACTORY1 HE IS A PETTY B\RGEOIS4 ,9 CLO?+1 HABITS1 LIFE-/YLE HE 
APES ! B\RGEOIS & IS HAPPY :5 HE CAN NOT BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! 
B\RGEOISIE4 ,IF WE GR\P ! WORK] ACCORD+ TO LIV+ >EAS & /REETS1 ) 
! P>TY & TRADE UNION MEMB]%IP1 !N WE ONLY F9D HIM AS A PETTY 
B\RGEOIS4 ,AT BE/ WE GET HIM ALONG TO DI/RIBUTE A LEAFLET1 TO A PEACEFUL 
DEMON/RATION1 H>DLY ANY?+ MORE4 ,HE PREF]S TO AVOID FI<T+ OR RETREATS 
QUICKLY4 0,! LEAD]S \<T TO FI<T10 HE SAYS 9 HIS C[>DICE1 0?AT'S :AT 
!Y'RE PAID =40 

,9 ! FACTORY ! WORK] IS ANO!R P]SON4 ,!RE HE CONFRONTS 
! CAPITALI/ FACE TO FACE1 FEELS ! FI/ ON HIS NECK1 IS IRRITAT$1 
EMBITT]$1 HO/ILE4 ,IF A CONFLICT BREAKS \T H]E1 HE CANNOT %IRK SO EASILY4 
,HE IS UND] ! CONTROL ( O!RS1 SUBJECT TO ! G5]AL 9FLU5CE1 IS C>RI$ 
AWAY ) ! RE/ & HOLDS HIS [N4 ,REVOLUTION>Y DISPOSITION & 
REVOLUTION>Y DET]M9ATION CO9CIDE H]E4 

,P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS1 BECAUSE !Y ALWAYS 9CLUDE ONLY ! 
PETTY B\RGEOIS1 NEV] ! CONSCI\S1 REAL PROLET>IANS1 CAN NEV] - ON ! SOLE 
GR\NDS ( ! COMPOSITION ( !IR HUMAN RES\RCES - BR+ AB\T A 
REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,AT BE/1 A RIOT OR A PUTS*4 ,BUT !N1 :5 !SE 
9FURIAT$ PETTY B\RGEOIS1 !IR ANG] BUR/+ \T1 RU% ON TO ! /REETS TO 
FI<T1 !Y >E R\ND$ UP1 CRIPPL$ OR /ABB$ BY ! B\RGEOIS ORGANISM 
7BOSSES1 POLICE1 MILIT>Y74 ,& ! MOVEM5T IS LO/4 

,NOT SO 9 ! FACTORY4 ,9 EV]Y FACTORY !RE IS A CORE ( 
REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS4 ,!Y COME FROM ALL CAMPS & P>TIES4 ,ONLY GROSS 
DELUSION CAN MA9TA9 ?AT !RE >E REVOLUTION>IES EXCLUSIVELY 9 ONE P>TY OR 
?AT ADH]5CE TO ?IS P>TY CON/ITUT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y QUALITY4 ,ALL ! 
REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! FACTORY1 UN5CUMB]$ BY PREVI\S ADH]5CE TO P>TY OR 
TRADE UNION1 GET TOGE!R & =M ! REVOLUTION>Y FACTORY ORGANIZATION4 ,>E 
Y\ REVOLUTION>Y8 ,DO Y\ WANT TO /RUGGLE8 ,>E Y\ AB&ON+ P>TY & UNION8 
- ,?AT IS 5\<4 ,:OEV] WANTS ?AT CAN BECOME A MEMB] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 
FACTORY ORGANIZATION4 

,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION HAS TO DE/ROY A P[]FUL SY/EM FROM 
! BOTTOM & TO CREATE SOME?+ QUITE NEW ON ! L>GE/ SCALE4 ,= ?IS TASK 
! =CES ( P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS >E NOT ADEQUATE4 ,EV5 ! /RONGE/ 
ASSOCIATIONS >E TOO WEAK = IT4 ,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE ! 
WORK ( ! :OLE PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,ALL 5]GIES MU/ BE 9CLUD$ = ?IS4 
,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL MU/ /& 9 ! PROP] PLACE & DO HIS BE/ !RE4 ,?IS 
PROP] PLACE IS ! FACTORY1 :]E EV]YONE DOES HIS DUTY4 ,H]E1 9 ! FACTORY1 
ALL PROLET>IAN =CES F9D !IR EXPRESSION4 

,! FACTORY ORGANIZATION IS1 BASICALLY1 ABSOLUTELY NO?+ NEW4 
,?AT IT GREW QUITE NATURALLY FROM ! /RUGGLE IS EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT1 9 
! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /RUGGLE & ( LABOR1 EV]Y?+ WAS PREP>$ = IT TO 
>ISE4 ,IT WAS1 SO TO SPEAK1 AT H& = A LONG TIME2 CAPITALISM ITSELF CREAT$ 
IT4 ,= ! SAKE ( PR(IT IT CON/RUCT$ A WOND]FUL SY/EM ( ORGANIZ+ WORK3 
! FACTORY1 ! M9E1 ! WORKS1 ! ECONOMIC COMPLEX1 ! BUS9ESS DI/RICT4 
,! WORK]S ONLY NE$ TO ACQUIRE REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS 
ORGANIZATION 9 ORD] TO SEIZE IT1 SURR\ND IT & USE IT TO ORGANIZE ! 
/RUGGLE4 ,IT HAS TO CREATE AFRE% NO P>TY-SUB/ITUTE1 NO TRADE UNION 
COMPETITOR4 ,IT ONLY HAS TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ! EXI/+ ORGANIZATION ( 
LABOR1 :I* S]VES CAPITALI/ PR(IT GOALS1 & PLACE IT 9 ! S]VICE ( 
REVOLUTION>Y AIMS ( /RUGGLE4 ,?IS HAPP5S AS ! WORK]S 9 ! FACTORIES 
!MSELVES RECOGNIZE :AT P[] !Y HAVE 9 !IR H&S2 AS !Y TAKE GREAT] 
PA9S TO SEIZE = !MSELVES ! EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONAL APP>ATUS2 & AS !Y 
F9ALLY TAKE POSSESSION ( ! FACTORIES1 TO ]ADICATE ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM & 
PUT SOCIALISM 9 ITS PLACE4 ,! MEANS TO ?AT IS ! FACTORY ORGANIZATION4 

,! FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION7 IS A 
F$]ATIVE =M )\T C5TRALISM4 ,ALL MEMB]S >E 9DEP5D5T2 NO-ONE \TSIDE 
! FACTORY HAS A SAY 9 !IR FACTORY BUS9ESS4 ,9 !IR FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS 
7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION57 ! MEMB]S >E AUTONOM\S4 ,NO BOSS FROM ! 
(FICE OR A C5TRAL ,H,Q1 NO 9TELLECTUAL OR PR(ESSIONAL LEAD] CAN 9T]F]E 9 
!IR AFFAIRS4 ,! FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION57 
CON/RUCT !MSELVES FROM !IR [N RES\RCES & SETTLE !IR AFFAIRS ) 
!IR [N 5]GIES & !IR [N MEANS4 ,?IS IS F$]ALI/ 9DEP5D5CE4 
,AUTONOMY4 ,! FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION7 IS NEI!R 
P>TY NOR TRADE UNION4 ,IT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) AGITATION & P>TICIPATION 9 
! UNIONS4 ,IT IS NOT A LABOR ASSOCIATION1 NOT A RELIEF 9/ITUTION2 IT SIGNS 
NO LABOR CONTRACTS & HAS NO 9T]E/ 9 ,HAPAG /EAM]S *RI/5$ ',K>L 
,LEGI5'.<#b#c.>4 ,IT IS1 !N1 SIMPLY A PLACE = ! PREP>ATION & /IRR+ UP ( 
! REVOLUTION4 

,IF ONE FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION7 EXI/S 
NE> ! O!RS1 !N !Y MU/ =M L9KS ) EA* O!R4 ,LET US ASSUME ?AT 
9 A L>GE FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION57 EXI/ 9 ! 
DIFF]5T SECTIONS 7CA/+1 MOLD+1 TURN+1 C>P5TRY & BOOK-KEEP+74 
,!SE SECTIONS TOGE!R COMPRISE ! WORKS4 ,ON QUE/IONS :I* CONC]N NOT ! 
9DIVIDUAL SECTIONS BUT ! :OLE1 ! FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION57 
MU/ WORK TOGE!R4 ,?IS HAPP5S ?R\< ! FACTORY DELEGATES OR %OP /EW>DS 
:O >E ELECT$ ON AN AD HOC BASIS4 ,= A DISCUSSION1 A C]TA9 RESOLUTION1 ! 
DELEGATE RECEIVES A B9D+ M&ATE FROM HIS FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION74 
,! DELEGATE HAS ONLY TO C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTION ( HIS FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION71 
& DISPOSES ( NO K9D ( 9DEP5D5T RI<TS ON ?AT ACC\NT4 ,?US ! LEAD] 
IS NOT 9DEP5D5T ( HIS ELECTORS LIKE ! P>TY SECRET>Y OR ,M,P4 ,HE CANNOT 
DECIDE ONE WAY OR ANO!R & SUBSEQU5TLY REF] BACK & TAKE A VOTE ( 
CONFID5CE4 ,HE HAS ONLY TO C>RY \T ! WILL ( ! MASSES4 ,! MEMB]%IP HAS 
! RI<T ( RECALL AT ANY TIME IF ! DELEGATE IS UNRELIABLE4 ,HE CAN !N BE 
REPLAC$ BY A BETT] ONE4 ,HE IS P]MAN5TLY 9 ! CONTROL & P[] ( ! 
MASSES - ?R\< HIM ! WORK+ MASS SPEAKS4 

,BUT !RE CAN BE QUE/IONS :I* GO EV5 BEYOND ! SPH]E ( A 
FACTORY1 P]HAPS AFFECT A :OLE ECONOMIC REGION4 ,!N ! DELEGATES ( ! 
FACTORIES ( ! :OLE ECONOMIC REGION MEET TOGE!R4 ,!Y TOO HAVE A B9D+ 
M&ATE & >E ALWAYS RECALLABLE4 ,?US ! /RUCTURE IS COMPLET$1 FROM ! 
FACTORY1 ?R\< ! WORKS1 ! ECONOMIC DI/RICT1 \T TO ! 5TIRE /ATE4 ,?IS 
IS NOT A NEW C5TRALISM1 BUT ONLY ! C\NCILS SY/EM CON/RUCT$ FROM BEL[ 
UPW>DS4 ,C5TRALISM ALSO HAS1 SUP]FICIALLY1 ?IS =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT 
!RE ! COMM& GOES FROM ABOVE D[NW>D4 ,9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! FACTORY 
ORGANIZATION ! DECISION GOES FROM BEL[ UPW>DS2 IT DOES NOT RE/ ON A 
LEAD]'S JUDGM5T BUT ON ! F\NDATION ( ! EXPRESSION ( WILL ( ! 
MASSES4 ,! LEAD]S DO NOT COMM& :ILE ! MASSES HAVE TO OBEY2 RA!R1 ! 
MASSES DECIDE & ! LEAD]S HAVE BECOME EXECUTORS ( ! MASSES' WILL4 ,POLICY 
IS MADE 9 ! NAME & AFT] ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! MASSES4 ,?IS IS ! 
FUNDAM5TALLY NEW ?+1 ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5T4 

,! OLD P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS E/ABLI%$ !IR /RUCTURE AS 
FOLL[S3 A FEW PEOPLE :O CONSID]$ !MSELVES AS LEAD]S FROM ! BEG9N+1 
>RANG$ A CONGRESS1 DREW UP A PROGRAM1 COMPOS$ A F\ND+ RESOLUTION & 
GAVE !MSELVES A NAME - !N MEMB]S W]E RECRUIT$4 ,FIR/ ! (FIC]S W]E 
!RE1 !N ! SOLDI]S - ! 9FLU5C+ & CONF]R+ ( BLESS+S ON ! 
PEOPLE FOLL[$ FROM ABOVE ACCORD+ TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLE4 

,9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! FACTORY ORGANIZATION IT IS EXACTLY ! 
O!R WAY R\ND4 ,FIR/ ( ALL ! MASSES >E !RE1 GETT+ TOGE!R1 ORGANIZ+ 
& DELIB]AT+ !IR AFFAIRS4 ,IF PEOPLE >E NE$$ TO C>RY \T ! DECISIONS 
TAK51 !N DELEGATES >E *OS5 TO :OM ! DECISION IS CONVEY$ AS A B9D+ 
M&ATE4 ,IF ! DELEGATES MEET AT A CONF]5CE ) ! DELEGATES ( O!R 
FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION571 ! CONF]5CE DOES NOT 
HAVE TO DELIB]ATE & CONCLUDE1 IT HAS ONLY TO E/ABLI% ! WILL ( ! 
FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION57 REPRES5T$4 ,! ASS]TION 
( ?IS WILL IS ! DECISION4 ,N[1 IT IS ! TASK ( ! CONF]5CE TO 
DELIB]ATE H[ IT WILL C>RY \T ! DECISION ) GREATE/ EXP$I5CY4 ,?US ! 
DELEGATES BECOME EXECUTIVE ORGANS DIS*>G+ ! WILL ( ! FACTORY 
ORGANIZATIONS 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION574 ,!Y /& LA/ 9 L9E1 NOT 
FIR/4 ,= ! MOVEM5T GOES FROM BEL[ UPW>DS4 ,! MA9 EMPHASIS LIES 9 ! 
MASSES1 NOT ) ! LEAD]S4 

,! COMB9+ ( ! FACTORY ORGANIZATION 9 A L>G] & 
/RONG] UNITY IS CALL$ A ,WORK]S' ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION74 ,! LEAD]%IP 
( ! ,WORK]S' ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 IS =M$ BY ?OSE AT ! TOP ( 
! REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ITS ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ! ,WORK]S' ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 
IS NEI!R F$]ALI/ NOR C5TRALI/1 BUT BO? & ALSO NEI!R4 ,IT LETS FRE$OM 
& 9DEP5D5CE GO ON EXI/+ 9 ! SUB/RUCTURE1 AS GU>ANTE$ BY ! 
F$]ALISM ( ! FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION571 BUT 
ADDS 9 ! SUP]/RUCTURE ! UNIFY+ FACTOR ( CONC5TRATION1 D]IV+ FROM 
C5TRALISM4 ,BUT AS F$]ALISM IS PRES5T )\T ITS WEAKNESS ( FRAGM5TATION 
& LACK ( UNITY1 SO ! C5TRALISM IS )\T ! DISADVANTAGE ( P>ALYZ+ 
& SMO!R+ 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & MASS WILL4 ,9 ! ,WORK]S' ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION71 
!N1 F$]ALISM & C5TRALISM APPE> 9 A HI<] UNITY1 9 A SYN!SIS4 
,!RE9 LIES ! GREAT SUP]IORITY ( ! ,WORK]S' ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 
OV] EV]Y O!R ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS MORE COMPLETE ?AN EV]Y M]ELY F$]ALI/ 
OR M]ELY C5TRALI/ ASSOCIATION2 IT IS BO? )\T ! DISADVANTAGES ( ONE 
=M OR ! O!R4 

,9 ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y PHASE ! SPLITT+ ( ORGANIZATIONS 
9TO POLITICAL & TRADE-UNION HAD A MEAN+4 ,AT ?AT TIME !RE W]E 9DE$ 
PURE POLITICAL /RUGGLES :I* W]E TO BE F\<T \T ) POLITICAL MEANS1 & 
PURE ECONOMIC /RUGGLES :I* DEM&$ EXCLUSIVELY ECONOMIC MEANS ( /RUGGLE4 
,S9CE ! W> & ! GREAT TRANS=MATION IT BR\<T AB\T1 ?IS HAS ALT]$4 
,TODAY EV]Y ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 H[EV] SMALL AT FIR/1 GR[S 9 ! TW9KL+ ( 
AN EYE 9TO A POLITICAL CONFLICT3 EV]Y WAGE MOVEM5T 5DS ) ! RECOGNITION 
?AT ! PROLET>IAT IS NO LONG] TO BE HELP$ BY WAGE 9CREASES1 ?AT RA!R 
! SETT+ ASIDE ( ! :OLE WAGES SY/EM ALONE ASSURES IT RESCUE FROM 
D[NFALL4 ,BUT ?AT TOO IS A POLITICAL MATT]4 ,& VICE V]SA3 EV]Y S]I\S 
POLITICAL CONFLICT IMM$IATELY SETS 9 MOTION ! WEAPONS ( ECONOMIC /RUGGLES4 
,EB]T & ,NOSKE1 SWORN 5EMIES ( ! G5]AL /RIKE - :5 !Y SAW !IR 
POLITICAL SY/EM 5DANG]$ BY ! ,KAPP ,PUTS*1 SUMMON$ ! MASSES TO ! 
G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! ,K,P,D1 9 ITS FAM\S #ba PO9TS ( ! ,HEIDELB]G ,P>TY 
,CONF]5CE.<#b#d.> QUITE DECISIVELY REJECT$ SABOTAGE & PASSIVE RESI/ANCE AS 
0SYNDICALI/ & AN>*I/ ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE40 ,BUT 9 ! ,RUHR /RUGGLE1 
GOV]NM5T1 ,S,P,D & ,K,P,D TOGE!R SUMMON$ ! WORK]S TO SABOTAGE & PASSIVE 
RESI/ANCE4 ,9 ! REVOLUTION ! ACTUAL SITUATION DEM&S ?AT N[ ?IS1 N[ 
?AT ME?OD BE EMPLOY$ 9 ! /RUGGLE1 ?AT ME?ODS BE *ANG$ SWIFTLY1 A 
COMB9ATION ( ME?ODS (T5 BE UND]TAK51 ETC4 ,! REVOLUTION ITSELF *ANGES 
ITS ASPECT CONT9UALLY1 IS N[ MORE AN ECONOMIC1 N[ MORE A POLITICAL PROCESS4 
,IT HAS ! HI<E/ 9T]E/ 9 AN ECONOMIC-POLITICAL 9TEGRAT$ ORGANIZATION1 
) :I* IT HAS MEASUR$ UP TO EV]Y SITUATION & PHASE ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,! 
,WORK]S' ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 IS SU* AN 9TEGRAT$ ORGANIZATION4 

#g4 ,F,A,C,T,O,R,Y ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,& ,W,O,R,K,],S' ,U,N,I,O,N 7#b7 

7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION @& ,>BEIT]UNION7 

,! FIR/ ,WORK]S' ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 AS AN 9TEGRAT$ 
ORGANIZATION ORIG9AT$ 9 ,OCTOB] #aiba FOLL[+ ! LEAD ( ,EA/ ,SAXONY :I* 
HAD ALREADY )DRAWN FROM ! ,K,A,P,D 9 #a#i#b4 ,A NATIONAL CONF]5CE ADOPT$ ON 
! SUGGE/ION ( ,EA/ ,SAXONY ! FOLL[+ F\ND+ PR9CIPLES ( ! ,A,A,U,D-,E 
7,G]MAN ,G5]AL ,WORK]S ,LEAGUE - ,UNIT>Y ,ORGANIZATION73 

#a4 ,! ,A,A,U,D-,E IS ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9TEGRAT$ 
ORGANIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 

#b4 ,! ,A,A,U,D-,E FI<TS = COMMUNISM1 ! SOCIALIZATION ( 
PRODUCTION1 RAW MAT]IALS1 MEANS & 5]GIES & ( ! NECESS>Y GOODS 
PRODUC$ FROM !M4 ,! ,A,A,U,D-,E WANTS TO SET PLANN$ PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION 
9 ! PLACE ( ! CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ( TODAY4 

#c4 ,! ULTIMATE AIM ( ! ,A,A,U,D-,E IS SOCIETY )\T DOM9ATION2 
! WAY TO ?IS GOAL IS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS4 ,! 
DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS ! EXCLUSIVE EX]CISE ( ! WORK]S' WILL 
OV] ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC E/ABLI%M5T ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY BY MEANS ( 
! C\NCILS' ORGANIZATION4 

#d4 ,! IMM$IATE TASKS ( ! ,A,A,U,D-,E >E3 7A7 ! SMA%+ ( ! 
TRADE UNIONS & ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 !SE MA9 H9DRANCES TO ! 
UNIFICATION ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS & ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL 
REVOLUTION1 :I* CAN BE NO BUS9ESS ( P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS4 7B7 ,! 
COMB9+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT 9 ! FACTORIES1 ! EMBRYOS ( 
PRODUCTION1 ! BASIS ( ! COM+ SOCIETY4 ,! =M ( ALL COMB9ATION IS ! 
FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION74 7C7 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
WORK]S' SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & S5SE ( SOLID>ITY4 7D7 ,TO PREP>E ALL ! 
MEASURES ?AT WILL BE NECESS>Y = ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CON/RUCTION4 

#e4 ,! ,A,A,U,D-,E REJECTS ALL RE=MI/1 OPPORTUNI/ ME?ODS ( 
/RUGGLE2 IT TURNS ITS BACK ON ALL P>TICIPATION 9 P>LIAM5T>ISM & 9 ! 
LEGALIZ$ WORKS' C\NCILS1 = !SE SIGNIFY SABOTAGE ( ! IDEA ( ! 
C\NCILS4 

#f4 ,! ,A,A,U,D-,E FUNDAM5TALLY R5\NCES PR(ESSIONAL LEAD]%IP4 
,SO-CALL$ LEAD]S CAN ONLY BE CONSID]$ AS TRAITORS4 

#g4 ,ALL FUNCTIONS 9 ! ,A,A,U,D-,E >E HONOR>Y4 

#h4 ,! ,A,A,U,D-,E REG>DS ! LIB]ATION /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT 
NOT AS NATIONAL BUT AS AN 9T]NATIONAL MATT]4 ,! ,A,A,U,D-,E !RE=E WORKS = 
! COMB9+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ( ! WORLD 9 A ,C\NCILS' 
,9T]NATIONAL4 

,) ?IS PROGRAM ( GUID+ PR9CIPLES1 ! ,A,A,U,D-,E 9 #aiba 
CON/ITUT$ ITSELF AS AN 9TEGRAT$ ORGANIZATION4 ,AFT] TWO YE>S' DEVELOPM5T1 
! ,DRESD5 LOCAL GR\P TOOK OCCASION TO SET D[N 9 ! FOLL[+ PROGRAMMATIC 
& ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES ITS 9SI<TS & EXP]I5CES1 :I* IT HAD GA9$ 
FROM UN9T]RUPT$ /RUGGLES WAG$ ) ! MO/ EXTREME CONSI/5CY3 

#a4 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,UNIONI/ 7,>BEIT]UNION7 ,MOVEM5T 

,! ,WORLD ,W> ) ITS NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL EFFECTS 9 
POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & CULTURAL SPH]ES BR\<T 9 ! AGE ( REVOLUTION AT 
ACCEL]AT$ SPE$4 

,! M\NT+ COLLAPSE ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY 5G5D]S AS ITS 
CONSEQU5CE AN EV] 9CREAS+ IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,?IS M\NT+ IMPOV]I%M5T1 AS EXP]I5CE %[S1 NO LONG] CAN 
BE COMP5SAT$ ?R\< /RUGGLES = BETT] CONDITIONS ( PAY OR ?R\< 
LEGISLATIVE 7P>LIAM5T>Y7 RE=MS4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE ELIM9AT$ ?R\< ! 
ELIM9ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM ITSELF & ITS REPLACEM5T BY ! 
SOCIALI/-COMMUNI/ ECONOMY ( NE$4 ,AS ! W9N+ ( ?IS GOAL ?R\< 
/RUGGLE CAN ONLY BE ! BUS9ESS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS ITSELF1 ! DEM& 
H5CE >ISES QUITE NATURALLY = ! PROLET>IAT TO GIVE UP ALL RE=MI/ 
ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE & REPLACE !M ) A RESOLUTE1 REVOLUTION>Y =M ( 
/RUGGLE1 ALSO ORGANIZ$ DIFF]5TLY4 ,! VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION HAS AS ITS 
PRE-REQUISITE ! UNIFICATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS1 
9CL9$ BY !IR :OLE NATURE TO RE=MISM1 HAVE PROV$ !MSELVES AN OB/ACLE 
TO ! NECESS>Y REVOLUTION>Y UNITY4 ,C5TRALI/ 9 !IR ORGANIZATIONAL 
/RUCTURE1 ) ! P>TICUL> *>ACT]I/IC ( PR(ESSIONAL LEAD]%IP1 !SE 
=MS ( ORGANIZATION ESPECIALLY H9D] ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT'S 
SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,!RE=E ! PROBLEM ( UNITY BECAME AT ONCE A PROBLEM 
AB\T ! REVOLUTION>Y =M ( ORGANIZATION4 

,! ,A,A,U,D-,E >OSE \T ( ?IS KN[L$GE & 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 
MAT]IALI/ CONCEPT ( HI/ORY BY :I* *ANG+ ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RELATIONS 
NECESS>ILY IMPLY CONSEQU5T *ANGES 9 ORGANIZATIONAL =M4 

#b4 ,NATURE & ,GOAL ( ! ,A,A,U,D-,E 

,PROCE$+ FROM ! UND]/&+ ?AT ECONOMIC QUE/IONS & 
POLITICAL QUE/IONS CANNOT BE >TIFICIALLY SEP>AT$1 ! ,A,A,U,D-,E IS NEI!R 
TRADE UNION NOR P>TY BUT ! 9TEGRAT$ ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 
ORD] TO BR+ AB\T ! UNIFI$ FRONT ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 ! ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 
ORGANIZES ALL ! WORK]S :O PR(ESS ITS GOAL AT ! PLACES ( PRODUCTION1 ! 
FACTORIES4 ,ALL ! FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS COMB9E 9 ! ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 
ON ! BASIS ( ! C\NCILS' SY/EM4 

,! ORIG9AL TRANS=MATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY 9TO ! 
SOCIALI/-COMMUNI/ ECONOMY HAS AS ITS PRE-REQUISITE ! REVOLUTION>Y 
EXPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! PROCESS ( 
TRANS=MATION CAN ONLY BE COMPLET$ ?R\< ! DICTATOR%IP1 ?AT IS ! 
EXCLUSIVE EXPRESSION ( ! WILL ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,! 9/RUM5T ( ! 
TRANS=MATION IS ! REVOLUTION>Y C\NCILS' SY/EM4 ,! C\NCILS' SY/EM1 
ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 IS /RUCTUR$1 \<T TO 
ANTICIPATE 9 ! PRES5T ! BASIC TRAITS ( ! FUTURE C\NCILS' SY/EM4 

#c4 ,/RUCTURE ( ! ,BETRIEBSORGANISATION 7,FACTORY ,ORGANIZATION7 

,! FACTORY ORGANIZATION ELECTS FROM ITSELF A NUMB] ( %OP 
DELEGATES JUDG$ NECESS>Y ACCORD+ TO ITS SIZE & TYPE ( FACTORY4 ,!Y 
EMBODY ! P>TICUL> WORK]S' C\NCIL1 :I* HAS TO REGULATE ALL MATT]S 9 
AGREEM5T ) ! MEMB]S4 ,! LEAD]S 7WORK]S' C\NCIL7 >E TO /& AT A NEW 
ELECTION EV]Y QU>T]4 ,REELECTION IS P]MISSIBLE4 ,EV]Y MEMB] IS ELIGIBLE4 ,IF 
SEV]AL ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 MEMB]S >E EMPLOY$ 9 ONE FACTORY1 !Y 
HAVE A DUTY TO F\ND A FACTORY ORGANIZATION4 ,9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ORGANIZE FIR/ 
( ALL ACCORD+ TO GR\PS ( 9DU/RIES OR LIV+ >EAS1 AS ALSO ) RELATIONS 
BETWE5 SMALL FACTORIES4 ,AUTONOM\S SMALL-SCALE FIRMS1 AS LIKEWISE DO 
9TELLECTUALS1 ORGANIZE !MSELVES BY DWELL+ >EAS4 ,! >EA GR\PS BE> ! 
*>ACT] ( 9T]IM ORGANIZATIONS 9S(> AS EV]Y MEMB] 9 ONE HAS TO 
)DRAW AS SOON AS ! CONDITIONS CIT$ ABOVE >E PRES5T = ! F\ND+ ( A 
FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION7 ( ITS [N 9 HIS FACTORY4 

#d4 ,/RUCTURE ( ! ,UNION 7,C\NCILS' ,ORGANIZATION7 

,EV]Y FACTORY ORGANIZATION1 OR DWELL+ >EA OR 9DU/RY GR\P 
HAS TO S5D AT LEA/ ONE %OP DELEGATE TO ! LOCAL ,HEADS-(-,C\NCILS BODY ( 
! ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION74 ,L>G] FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS1 & REGIONAL & 
9DU/RY GR\PS S5D SEV]AL %OP DELEGATES4 ,!IR NUMB] CAN BE REGULAT$ FROM 
TIME TO TIME ACCORD+ TO A UNI=M S*$ULE ADAPT$ TO PRACTICAL 
CONSID]ATIONS4 ,ALL ?REE ( ! ABOVE ORGANIZATIONS TOGE!R =M A LOCAL 
C\NCILS' GR\P 9 A GIV5 PLACE4 ,ALL ! LOCAL GR\PS 9 A C]TA9 ECONOMIC 
>EA =M TOGE!R AN ECONOMIC DI/RICT4 ,! LOCAL GR\PS ELECT FROM AMONG 
!MSELVES A DI/RICT ECONOMIC C\NCIL2 = ! MO/ P>T IT ACTS AS AN 
9=MATION PO/ = ! DI/RICT & IS 9 ADDITION EXECUTIVE ORGAN = ! 
TASKS ASSIGN$ TO IT BY ! DI/RICT CONF]5CE4 ,CONF]5CES >IS+ FROM 
NECESSITY >E TO BE CALL$ BY IT :5EV] ! SITUATION AT ! TIME MAKES 
IMPOSSIBLE A PREVI\SLY CU/OM>Y UND]/&+ AMONG LOCAL GR\PS4 ,NATIONAL 
CONF]5CES >E TO BE DEALT ) LIKEWISE4 ,EV]Y LOCAL DI/RICT GR\P HAS ! 
DUTY ( BE+ REPRES5T$ AT ! DI/RICT CONF]5CE4 ,AT LEA/ ONCE A YE> A 
NATIONAL CONF]5CE HAS TO TAKE PLACE AT :I* ALL ! ECONOMIC DI/RICTS1 AS 
F> AS POSSIBLE1 MU/ BE REPRES5T$4 ,! NATIONAL CONF]5CE ELECTS A NATIONAL 
ECONOMIC C\NCIL4 ,ITS *>ACT] & ITS DUTIES CORRESPOND TO ?OSE ( ! 
DI/RICT ECONOMIC C\NCIL1 ONLY ) ! DIFF]5CE ?AT ITS ACTIVITY EXT5DS 
OV] ! :OLE >EA ( ! /ATE4 ,IF NECESS>Y MEASURES EXTRA TO ITS 
DELIB]ATIONS >ISE 9 ! TIME BETWE5 NATIONAL CONF]5CES & !Y CONC]N 
! ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 AS A :OLE1 IT MU/ FIR/ SUBMIT !M TO ! 
G5]AL DECISION PROCESS4 ,NATIONAL & DI/RICT CONF]5CES ONLY HAVE !IR [N 
RI<T ( DECISION 9S(> AS G5]AL NATIONAL OR DI/RICT QUE/IONS RESPECTIVELY 
>E CONC]N$4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 SU* DECISIONS MU/ NOT TRANSGRESS AGA9/ 
G5]ALLY ACKN[L$G$ PR9CIPLES4 ,BY & L>GE !SE CONF]5CES %\LD S]VE 
TO EX*ANGE EXP]I5CES4 ,ALL ! %OP /EW>DS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FACTORY 
ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION71 AS ( ! ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 
AS A :OLE1 >E RECALLABLE AT ANY TIME4 

#e4 ,TACTICS 

,! ,A,A,U,D-,E FUNDAM5TALLY REJECT+ ALL P>TICIPATION 9 ! 
ELECTIONS TO ! LEGAL WORKS C\NCILS' COMMITTEE AS A CONSEQU5CE ALSO REJECTS 
! DELEGATION ( ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 MEMB]S TO ?IS BODY1 PROCE$+ 
FROM ! VIEWPO9T ?AT ACTIVITY 9 ! LEGAL WORKS C\NCILS EFFECTS AN 
>TIFICIAL MASK+ ( CLASS OPPOSITIONS4 

,FROM ! RECOGNITION ADDUC$ UND] PO9T #a1 ! ,A,A,U,D-,E LIKEWISE 
REJECTS ON PR9CIPLE PROPAG&A & AGITATION = P>TIAL /RIKES4 ,S9CE ! 
,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION71 H[EV]1 IS AT PRES5T NOT YET 9 ! POSITION TO 
9FLU5CE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SITUATION 9 ITS DIRECTION1 ! CIRCUM/ANCE 
AUTOMATICALLY >ISES ?AT ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 COMRADES WILL BE DRAWN 
9TO ECONOMIC /RIKES ) ! TRADE UNION ORI5TAT$ WORK]S4 ,9 SU* CASES 
,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 COMRADES 9 WORK HAVE TO RAISE ! NECESS>Y 
SOLID>ITY MONEY BY MEANS ( >RANG$ CONTRIBUTIONS4 ,! LEVEL ( ! NECESS>Y 
CONTRIBUTION = ! TIME BE+ IS DISCUSS$ & FIX$ 9 ! MEET+ ( C\NCIL 
LEAD]S & IS 9 ! =M ( A LUMP SUM1 EQUAL = EV]YONE1 TO BE COLLECT$ 
FROM EV]Y COMRADE & PAID OV] TO ! LOCAL WORK COMMITTEE ?R\< ! HEAD ( 
! FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION74 ,IT IS LEFT UP TO EA* 
FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION7 :E!R IT COLLECTS A FUND 
= SU* PURPOSES OR RAISES ! CONTRIBUTION AMONG ITSELF FROM CASE TO CASE4 
,! DECISIVE PR9CIPLE MU/ BE3 0,:OEV] GIVES FA/ GIVES D\BLE60 ,IF ! 
NECESSITY = SOLID>ITY TO BE APPLI$ >ISES = ! :OLE REGION1 ! LEVEL ( 
! NECESS>Y REGIONAL CONTRIBUTION IS TO BE CALCULAT$ BY ! APPROPRIATE 
REGIONAL BODY4 ,IF ! APPLICATION ( SOLID>ITY BECOMES NECESS>Y ?R\<\T ! 
C\NTRY1 ! CORRESPOND+ NATIONAL BODY HAS TO UND]TAKE ITS REGULAT+ 9 ! 
SAME WAY4 

,ALL MONEYS COLLECT$ >E TO BE IMM$IATELY H&$ OV] FROM ! 
LOCAL LABOR COMMITTEE TO ! REGIONAL OR LOCAL GR\P 9VOLV$ 9 ! /RIKE4 
,! ME?OD ( CALCULATION FOLL[S FROM ! PLAN ?AT #be COMRADES %\LD SUPPORT 
ONE COMRADE4 ,! SUPPORT RATE %\LD AM\NT TO #f.0 ( A G5]AL AV]AGE WAGE1 
TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ( ! FALL 9 REAL WAGES4 

,MOD]ATE OR O!R COMRADES FALL5 9TO NE$ 9 ! /RUGGLE = 
\R GOAL HAVE AN EQUAL RI<T TO SOLID>ITY2 ! LEVEL ( ! SUPPORT RATE AT ! 
TIME IS DET]M9$ BY ! NE>E/ COMPET5T BODY1 TO :I* ! CONTRIBUTION IS 
S5T4 

#f4 ,NATURE ( ,ADM9I/RATION 

,ALL ! MONEY REQUIR$ = ADM9I/RATION BY ! LOCAL1 DI/RICT 
& NATIONAL COMMITTEES IS TO BE COLLECT$ BY WAY ( CONTRIBUTIONS4 ,ALL 
FUNCTIONS 9 ! ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 AS A :OLE >E TO BE P]=M$ ON 
AN HONOR>Y BASIS2 REIMBURSEM5TS >E ONLY ACCORD$ 9 CASES 9VOLV+ LOSS ( 
PAY1 OR = F>ES & ADDITIONAL EXP5SES NECESS>ILY >IS+ = TRAVEL+ 
SPEAK]S4 

#g4 ,MEMB]%IP 

,MEMB]%IP IS OP5 TO EV]Y MAN OR WOMAN :O SUBSCRIBES TO ! 
=EGO+ RULES & PR9CIPLES4 

,! RI<T ( EXCLUSION ONLY BELONGS TO ! FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION72 
! EV5TUAL EXCLUSION ( A FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION71 
TO ! LOCAL ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION74 ,A :OLE LOCAL OR ECONOMIC DI/RICT 
CAN ONLY BE EXCLUD$ BY ! NATIONAL CONF]5CE4 ,EXCLUSIONS CAN ONLY RESULT :5 
TRANSGRESSIONS AGA9/ G5]ALLY ACKN[L$G$ PR9CIPLES >E 9 QUE/ION4 

,AGA9/ ALL EXCLUSIONS APPEAL CAN BE LODG$ )9 F\R WEEKS 
) ! NEXT HI<E/ BODY1 :OSE DECISION CAN BE CONTE/$ NO FUR!R4 ,UNTIL 
! REJECTION ( HIS APPEAL1 ! APPELLANT IS /ILL A FULL MEMB] ( ! :OLE 
,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 & ! APPROPRIATE DOCUM5TS = ELUCIDAT+ ! 
CIRCUM/ANCES MAY NOT BE )HELD FROM HIM4 

,EV]Y COMRADE ALWAYS HAS ! DUTY TO TAKE ! LIVELIE/ 9T]E/ 
9 ! QUE/ION ( PR9CIPLE1 TACTICS & ORGANIZATION ( ! ,A,A,U,D-,E2 ! 
/RUCTURAL COMPLETION ( ! ORGANIZATION & \R P[] >E !REBY ASSUR$4 

#h4 ,! ,C,\,N,C,I,L,S' ,S,Y,/,E,M 

,FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7,BETRIEBSORGANISATION7 & ,WORK]S' 
,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION7 >E SU/A9$ & DOM9AT$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ( ! 
C\NCILS' SY/EM4 

,! C\NCILS' SY/EM IS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 
CORRESPOND+ TO ! NATURE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 AS TO ! LAT] COMMUNI/ 
SOCIETY4 ,IF ,M>X SAID ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD NOT SIMPLY TAKE OV] ! 
GOV]NM5T MA*9E ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 BUT MU/ F9D ITS [N =M = 
C>RY+ \T ITS REVOLUTION>Y TASK1 ?IS PROBLEM IS SOLV$ 9 ! C\NCILS' 
ORGANIZATION4 

,! IDEA ( C\NCILS WAS BORN 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,! FI<T]S 
9 ! ,COMMUNE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY RESOLUTELY ! 
BUREAUCRATIC MILIT>Y MA*9E 9/EAD ( TRANSF]R+ IT FROM ONE H& TO ! 
O!R IF !Y WANT$ TO REA* A 0REAL PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION04 ,!Y REPLAC$ ! 
SMA%$ /ATE MA*9]Y ) AN 9/ITUTION ( FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T 
*>ACT]3 ! ,COMMUNE4 0,! ,COMMUNE10 WROTE ,M>X1 0WAS TO BE NOT A 
P>LIAM5T>Y BUT A WORK+ BODY1 EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE AT ! SAME TIME40 
0,9/EAD ( DECID+ ONCE 9 #c OR #f YE>S :I* MEMB] ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS IS 
TO REPRES5T OR TRAMPLE ON ! PEOPLE 9 P>LIAM5T1 ! G5]AL RI<T TO VOTE 
WAS TO S]VE ! PEOPLE CON/ITUT$ 9 COMMUNES AS ! 9DIVIDUAL RI<T TO VOTE 
S]VES EV]Y O!R EMPLOY]1 TO LOCATE WORK]S1 =EM5 & BOOK-KEEP]S 9 HIS 
BUS9ESS40.<#b#e.> ,! FIR/ DECREE ( ! ,COMMUNE WAS ! SUPPRESSION ( ! 
/&+ >MY & ITS REPLACEM5T BY ! >M$ PEOPLE4 ,!N ! POLICE1 ! TOOL 
( ! /ATE GOV]NM5T1 WAS AT ONCE /RIPP$ ( ITS POLITICAL ATTRIBUTES & 
CONV]T$ 9TO ! RESPONSIBLE TOOL1 REMOVABLE AT ANY TIME1 ( ! ,COMMUNE4 
,LIKEWISE1 ! (FICIALS ( ALL O!R DEP>TM5TS ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,FROM ! 
MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNE D[NW>D1 PUBLIC S]VICE HAD TO BE P]=M$ = 
WORK]S' PAY4 ,! ACQUIR$ 5TITLEM5TS & UPKEEP ALL[ANCE ( ! HI< /ATE 
DIGNIT>IES DISAPPE>$ ) !SE DIGNIT>IES !MSELVES4 ,! JUDICIAL 
(FICIALS LO/ ?AT APP>5T 9DEP5D5CE2 !Y W]E TO BE H5CE=? ELECT$1 
RESPONSIBLE & REMOVABLE4 ,! EFFECT+ ( COMPLETE ELIGIBILITY & 
REMOVABILITY ( ALL (FICIAL P]SONS1 )\T EXCEPTION1 AT ANY SUITABLE TIME1 
! R$UCTION ( !IR WAGES TO ! LEVEL ( ! USUAL WORK]S' PAY1 !SE 
SIMPLE/ & MO/ OBVI\S DEMOCRATIC MEASURES1 B\ND UP ! 9T]E/S ( ! 
WORK]S ) ?OSE ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PEASANTS & S]V$ AT ! SAME TIME 
AS A BRIDGE L9K+ CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 

,! MEASURES TAK5 BY ! FI<T]S ( ! ,COMMUNE C\LD NOT BE 
MORE ?AN SU* A L9K+ BRIDGE BECAUSE !IR POLITICAL REORGANIZATION ( ! 
/ATE LACK$ ! APPROPRIATE ECONOMIC BASIS4 

,9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ! L9K BRIDGE BECAME A PROP] 
COH]5T /RUCTURE4 ,AS E>LY AS #aie 9 ,PET]SBURG1 ,MOSC[1 ETC41 ! 
9/ITUTION ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS EXI/$1 AL?\< IT SOON HAD TO GIVE WAY 
TO ! REACTION4 ,BUT !IR IMAGE HAD IMPRESS$ ITSELF ON ! WORK]S1 & 9 ! 
,M>* REVOLUTION ( #aiag ! MASS ( ,RUSSIAN WORK]S IMM$IATELY SEIZ$ ON ! 
=MATION ( C\NCILS AGA91 NOT FROM LACK ( O!R =MS ( ORGANIZATION BUT 
BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION HAD AWAK5$ 9 !M ! ACTIVE NE$ = AN AMALGAMATION 
AS A CLASS4 ,RADEK WROTE AT ?AT TIME 9 OBS]V+ ?IS PH5OM5ON3 0,! P>TY 
CAN ALWAYS CALL ONLY UPON ! MO/ SKILL$1 LUCID WORK]4 ,IT %[S A BROAD PA?1 
WIDE HORIZONS1 PRESUPPOSES A C]TA9 LEVEL ( PROLET>IAN CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! 
TRADE UNION APPEALS TO ! MO/ DIRECT NE$S ( ! MASS1 BUT IT ORGANIZES BY 
OCCUPATIONS1 AT BE/ BY BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 BUT NOT AS A CLASS4 ,9 ! P]IOD 
( PEACEFUL DEVELOPM5T ONLY ! FRONT RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT >E CLASS 
CONSCI\S4 ,! REVOLUTION H[EV] CONSI/S 9 ! BROADE/ LAY]S ( ! 
PROLET>IAT1 EV5 ?OSE :I* HAVE HI!RTO MET POLITICS ) HO/ILITY1 BE+ 
DRUMM$ \T ( !IR RE/ & SEIZ$ BY DEEP F]M5T4 ,!Y WAKE UP1 WANT TO ACT2 
V>I\S B\RGEOIS & SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 DIFF]5T 9 ! AIMS ( !IR EF=TS 
& 9 ! PA? !Y WANT TO TAKE1 TURN TO !M4 ,! WORK+ CLASS FEELS 
9/9CTIVELY ?AT IT CAN TRIUMPH AS A CLASS4 ,IT SEEKS TO ORGANIZE AS A CLASS4 
,& ?IS FEEL+1 ?AT IT CAN ONLY CONQU] AS A CLASS1 ?AT ! EF=TS ( ITS 
OPPON5TS :O GR\P !MSELVES >\ND A S+LE P>TY CANNOT BE VICTORI\S1 IS SO 
GREAT ?AT ) EV]Y CONT9UATION ( FRE$OM ( AGITATION = ! P>TY 
SLOGANS1 EV5 ! MO/ ADVANC$ SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :OSE 5DEAVORS GO 
F>!R ?AN ! MOM5T>Y WI%ES ( !IR CLASS1 SUBMIT TO CLASS ORGANIZATION 
9 ! DECISIVE DAYS4 ,!Y DO IT FROM CLE>] 9SI<T 9TO ! NATURE ( ! 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! PEACEFUL EPO* ( ! MOVEM5T1 ! PROLET>IAN 
VANGU>D SETS ITSELF N>R[LY LIMIT$ POLITICAL GOALS1 TO ATTA9 :I* ! 
/R5G? ( ! :OLE CLASS WAS NOT AT ALL NECESS>Y4 ,! REVOLUTION PLACES ! 
QUE/ION ( ! CONQUE/ ( P[] ON ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 ,= ?AT ! 5]GIES 
( ! AVANT-G>DE >E NOT ADEQUATE4 ,! WORK]S' C\NCILS ?US BECOME ! 
GR\ND ON :I* ! WORK+ CLASS UNITES ITSELF40 

,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES1 ! WORK]S & SMALL PEASANTS1 
CONQU]$ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] ) ! HELP ( ! C\NCILS4 ,!Y TOOK 
P[] = !MSELVES ONLY1 NO LONG] %>$ IT ) ANY REMNANT ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y DIVID$ UP ,RUSSIA 9TO ,DI/RICTS1 9 :I* ! ,SOVIETS W]E 
ELECT$ BY WORK]S & POOR PEASANTS1 FIR/ = ! LOCAL >EAS !N = ! 
DI/RICTS2 ! ,DI/RICT ,SOVIETS ELECT$ ! ,C5TRAL ,SOVIET = ! :OLE /ATE1 
& ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ISSU$ FROM ! ,CONGRESS ( !SE ,SOVIETS4 ,ALL ! 
MEMB]S ( ! MUNICIPAL1 DI/RICT & ,C5TRAL ,SOVIETS1 JU/ LIKE ALL (FICIALS 
& EMPLOYES1 W]E ONLY ELECT$ ON A %ORT-T]M BASIS2 !Y ALWAYS REMA9$ 
DEP5D5T ON !IR ELECTORATE & W]E ACC\NTABLE TO !M4 

,9 ! WORK]S' C\NCILS ! WORK]S HAD F\ND !IR 
ORGANIZATION1 !IR AMALGAMATION ON A CLASS SCALE & EXPRESSION ( WILL1 !IR 
=M & !IR ESS5CE4 ,= ! REVOLUTION AS = SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,?R\< ! SETT+ UP ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 EV5 IF IT C\LD NOT 
ITSELF MA9TA9 !M 9 !IR REVOLUTION>Y =M & MAKE !M EFFECTIVE = ! 
TASKS ( SOCIALISM1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAS GIV5 TO ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD 
! EXAMPLE ( H[ ! REVOLUTION - AS A PROLET>IAN PH5OM5ON - WILL BE 
C>RI$ ?R\<4 

,) ?IS EXAMPLE BE=E IT1 ! PROLET>IAT CAN PREP>E ! 
WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,! PROLET>IAT ( ! WORLD1 9 ORD] TO TRANSPORT !MSELVES 
- & !MSELVES ALONE - TO ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] EV]Y:]E ! 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS />T+ TO UNROLL1 BE=E1 DUR+ & AFT] ! 
/RUGGLES1 WILL HAVE TO CREATE WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 MUNICIPALITIES1 DI/RICTS1 
PROV9CES1 >EAS ( C\NTRY1 & NATIONS4 

,:5 ! ,G]MAN ,NOVEMB] ,RIS+ BROKE \T1 SUDD5LY AT ! C5T] 
( ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y DEM&S & SLOGANS /OOD ! WAT*WORD3 ,ALL P[] TO 
! ,C\NCILS6 

,& ALL AT ONCE1 WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS >OSE4 

,!Y W]E C]TA9LY 9COMPLETE & (T5 UNSUITABLE - ! ,G]MAN 
WORK] CONFIRM$ H]E TOO ! OLD LESSON ?AT ! ,G]MAN HAS NO GREAT APTITUDE 
= REVOLUTION - BUT !Y W]E NOT SO BAD1 MISC>RI$ & DISUNIT$ AS ! 
CRITICISM ( ! P>TIES & ! HO/ILITY ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES HAS 
MADE \T4 ,H[EV] GROSS !IR MI/AKES MI<T BE1 !Y REPRES5T$ A NEW 
PR9CIPLE - ! PR9CIPLE ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ! PR9CIPLE ( 
SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION4 ,!RE9 LIES !IR SIGNIFICANCE1 !IR WORLD-HI/ORICAL 
VALUE4 ,& ON ?AT ! RESPECT [$ TO !M %\LD HAVE BE5 BAS$4 

,BUT ! ,S,P,D1 ACCOMPLICES ( REACTION & ALLIES ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE 7:I* LATT] IT HAD ALREADY RESCU$ ) ITS POLICY ( 
COLLABORATION ?R\< ! DANG]S ( ! W>71 FELL RAG+ UPON ! WORK]S' 
C\NCILS4 ,IT 9SULT$ & SL&]$ !M1 NEV] TIR$ ( DISCR$IT+ !M BY 
FALSE & EXAGG]AT$ 9S9UATIONS & ACCUSATIONS1 & SABOTAG$ !M BY MAK+ 
! EXI/5CE ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS DEP5D5T ON P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS4 
,:5 !SE1 AS ! RESULT ( ! P>TICIPATION ( B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS QUITE 
UNRELIABLE OR DIRECTLY OPPOS$ TO ! REVOLUTION1 TURN$ \T 9 A MORE OR LESS 
REACTION>Y WAY1 IT LET ! P[] ( ! C\NCILS WON 9 ! REVOLUTION BE 
BE/[$ BY MAJORITY DECISIONS & ! BUREAUCRATIC AU?ORITIES ON ! ,NATIONAL 
,ASSEMBLY4 ,:]E ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S RESI/$ ?IS TREA*]\S & 
MALICI\S PROC$URE1 ! ,NOSKE GU>DS /EPP$ 91 SUPPRESS$ ! WORK]S ) 
>M$ P[] 9 SOMETIMES EMBITT]$ /RUGGLES 7,BREM51 ,BRAUNS*WEIG1 ,LEIPZIG1 
,?UR+51 ! ,RUHR7 & VIOL5TLY MADE AN 5D ( ! C\NCILS4 

,IF !SE C\NCILS HAD NOT BE5 QUICKLY OP5$ BLOOMS ( 
REVOLUTION :I* FELL UNEXPECT$LY 9TO ! LAP ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S BUT W]E 
BASICALLY ALI5 TO !IR POLITICAL IDEOLOGY & REMA9$ ALI51 IF RA!R !Y 
RIP5$ ORGANICALLY 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS G5]AT$ ?R\< PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE 
& HAD BE5 FIRMLY ROOT$ =MS 9 ! PLACES ( EMPLOYM5T1 ) :OSE 
FUNCTION & MODE ( OP]ATION ! MASS W\LD HAVE FAMILI>IZ$ ITSELF - !Y 
C\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 SO QUICKLY ]AS$ & OBLIT]AT$ AGA9 FROM ! IMAGE ( 
! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,SO ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAN LET ! ONLY GA9 HE HAD WON 
FROM ! ,NOVEMB] DAYS1 & FROM :I* HE C\LD HAVE DEVELOP$ ! BEG9N+ ( 
HIS1 ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 BE SWIFTLY SNAT*$ AWAY AGA91 & CRAWL$ 
BACK LIKE A GOOD P>TY & TRADE UNION %EEP 9TO ! FOLD ( ! BIG 
HI]>*ICAL \TFITS4 ,) ?AT1 ! REVOLUTION WAS LO/ = HIM4 

,! /RUGGLE = C\NCILS' ORGANIZATION %[S ?REE PHASES4 ,! 
FIR/ IS ! /RUGGLE = ! CONQUE/ ( P[]4 ,H]E ! C\NCILS' ORGANIZATION 
IS ! PROGRESSIVE LIB]ATION FROM ! *A9S ( CAPITALISM3 ABOVE ALL FROM ! 
*A9S TOO ( ! B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUAL WORLD4 ,9 !IR =MATION IS EMBODI$ 
! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT2 ! WILL 
TO CONV]T PROLET>IAN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9TO REALITY & ALSO TO GIVE IT 
VISIBLE EXPRESSION4 ,! /R5G? ) :I* ?IS C\NCILS' ORGANIZATION IS 
F\<T = IS1 DIRECTLY1 ! !RMOMET] ?AT 9DICATES H[ WIDELY ! 
PROLET>IAT HAS UND]/OOD ITSELF AS A CLASS & 9T5DS TO PREVAIL4 ,AT ! SAME 
TIME IT IS ALSO CLE> ?AT ! PURE FACT ( WORK]S' C\NCILS BE+ NOM9AT$ 
DOES NOT PROVE !Y >E EXPRESSIONS ( ! NEW1 ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION4 ,IT 
WILL OCCUR 9 ! C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT G5U9E C\NCILS DEG5]ATE AGA91 
?AT !Y CONGEAL 9TO A NEW BUREAUCRACY4 ,!N ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ !M WILL 
HAVE TO BE TAK5 UP JU/ AS RU?LESSLY AS AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 
,BUT DEVELOPM5T WILL NOT /& /ILL1 & ! PROLET>IAT CAN & WILL NOT RE/ 
UNTIL IT HAS REA*$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,) ?AT ! SECOND 
PHASE ( C\NCILS' ORGANIZATION BEG9S4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE = ! COMMUNI/ & 
!RE=E CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 !RE IS NO SORT ( COMPROMISE BETWE5 CAPITAL & 
LABOR2 ! UNCONDITIONAL VANQUI%+ ( ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS IS PRE-REQUISITE 
= ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS 9TO ! BE>] ( ! NEW SOCIETY4 
,! /AGE ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 :OSE DURATION IS DEP5D5T ON ! CONDUCT & 
LIFESPAN ( ! OLD P[]S1 MAKES ! TRANSITION POSSIBLE4 ,! PROLET>IAN CLASS 
EX]CISES DICTATOR%IP 9 ?AT IT CONTROLS ALL ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 
9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY EXCLUSIVELY 9 ITS 9T]E/S4 ,! 9/RUM5T = ?IS IS 
! C\NCILS4 ,ONLY ?US DOES ! CON/RUCTION ( ! COMMUNI/ COMMUNITY BECOME 
POSSIBLE4 ,?IS IS ! ?IRD PHASE ( ! C\NCILS' SY/EM4 ,! SWORD IS 
EX*ANG$ = ! TR[EL4 ,! ECONOMY IS ORI5T$ & ORGANIZ$ T[>DS NEW 
ASPECTS4 ,! LEGISLATION EXPRESSES ECONOMIC & SOCIAL NECESSITIES 9 G5]ALLY 
B9D+ =M4 ,! C>RY+ \T & MAK+ VALID ! NEW LAWS BECOMES ! 
BUS9ESS ( ?OSE :O MADE !M3 LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE CO9CIDE4 ,! 
LEGISLAT+ & ! ADM9I/]+ BODY =M A UNITY 9 ! NAME & 9T]E/ ( 
SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,! ORGAN ( ?IS L>GE-SCALE & P]FECT$ CON/RUCTION 
ACTIVITY WILL BE ! C\NCILS' SY/EM4 

,! C\NCILS' SY/EM IS AT ONCE A NEGATIVE & A POSITIVE ?+4 
,NEGATIVE BECAUSE IT DE/ROYS & SETS ASIDE ! OLD BUREAUCRATIC-C5TRALI/ 
ORGANIZATIONAL SY/EM1 ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 ! PR(IT ECONOMY1 B\RGEOIS 
IDEOLOGY2 & POSITIVE BECAUSE IT CREATES & =MS ! FRAMEWORK ( ! NEW 
SOCIAL ORD]1 ! COMMUNAL ECONOMY1 ! F$]ATION ( PROLET>IAN =CES = ! 
NEW CULTURAL CON/RUCTION1 & SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,ITS ELEM5T IS SOCIAL1 NOT 
9DIVIDUAL2 ITS M5TALITY ! S5SE ( COMMUNITY1 NOT EGOISM2 ITS PR9CIPLE ! 
G5]AL 9T]E/1 NOT 9DIVIDUAL WELL-BE+2 ITS FRAME ( REF]5CE SOCIETY1 NOT 
! POSSESS+ CLASS2 ITS GOAL COMMUNISM1 NOT CAPITALISM4 ,! BASIC SOCIAL 
ATTITUDE ( ! C\NCILS & !IR ORI5TATION TO ! ESS5CE & CONT5T ( ! 
SOCIALI/ IDEA >ISE NECESS>ILY1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE3 COMPLETE OP5NESS TO 
! PUBLIC & UNH9D]$ CONTROL ( ALL (FICIAL & MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS1 
RADICAL ELIM9ATION ( ALL BUREAUCRACY & PR(ESSIONAL LEAD]%IP1 COMPLETE 
ALT]ATION ( ! VOT+ SY/EM 7ASSEMBLIES1 RI<T ( RECALL1 B9D+ M&ATE1 
ETC471 %IFT+ ( ! MA9 EMPHASIS ( ALL IMPORTANT DECISIONS TO ! WILL ( 
! MASSES1 CON/RUCTION ( $UCATION ON ! F\NDATION ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 
REVOLUTIONIZ+ ( ! 5TIRE IDEOLOGY 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! SOCIALI/ 
PR9CIPLE4 

,! C\NCILS' ORGANIZATION ALSO IMPLIES ABOVE ALL NEW TACTICS4 

,! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS W]E F\<T \T ON ! /REET1 ON ! 
B>RICADES1 ) MILIT>Y WEAPONS & >MIES4 ,BUT >MIES & MILIT>Y =CE >E 
B\RGEOIS MEANS EV5 :5 !Y >E =M$ BY WORK]S4 ,! >MY WAS ACTUALLY 
=M$ BY PROLET>IANS EV5 9 ! B\RGEOIS P]IOD4 ,EV5 A ,R$ ,>MY IS A 
C5TRALI/-/RUCTUR$1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 BASICALLY B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATION ( 
/RUGGLE4 ,!RE LEAD]S >E REQUIR$ ) UNLIMIT$ P[] ( COMM&1 & TROOPS 
) UNCONDITIONAL OB$I5CE4 ,DISCIPL9E IS PRODUC$ BY =CE3 FEW MU/ DOM9ATE 
OV] MANY4 ,A REVOLUTION MADE ) MILIT>Y1 ) >MIES1 W\LD MEAN3 
PROLET>IANS W]E SEEK+ TO OV]COME ! B\RGEOISIE ) B\RGEOIS MEANS4 ,IF 
?IS W]E POSSIBLE1 ! P>LIAM5T>I/S W\LD ALSO HAVE BE5 RI<T :5 !Y 
TOOK P>LIAM5T = A REVOLUTION>Y MEANS4 ,NO TRU/ 9 P>LIAM5T1 NO TRU/ 9 
! >MY4 ,ANYWAY WE >E NOT BR++ A B\RGEOIS >MY TOGE!R AT ALL4 ,= A 
/>T1 WE HAVE NO WEAPONS4 ,A FEW MA*9E-GUNS SCATT] ALL H]OES ) RIFLES & 
REVOLV]S4 ,IT IS ESPECIALLY LUDICR\S TO TRY ) \R HUMAN RES\RCES TO TAKE ON 
A B\RGEOIS >MY1 :I*1 ) TI<T C5TRALISM1 RE/S ON ! SLAVI% OB$I5CE 
( ! TROOPS4 ,= SU* A /RUGGLE1 REVOLUTION>IES >E TOO 9DEP5D5T & 
5LI<T5$4 ,! COMRADES NO LONG] HELD D[N UND] BL9D DISCIPL9E1 !Y >E 
FREE PEOPLE - H5CE1 H[EV]1 !Y >E ALSO NOT SO USEFUL & EFFICI5T AS AN 
>MY4 ,ON B\RGEOIS FI<T+ GR\ND ! B\RGEOIS >E SUP]IOR TO US1 9 MILIT>Y 
MATT]S AS AT ! NEGOTIAT+ TABLE & 9 P>LIAM5T4 ,FROM ?IS WE LE>N ?AT 
WE MU/ NOT GO TO ! B\RGEOIS FI<T+ GR\ND BUT MU/ =CE ! B\RGEOISIE 
TO COME TO \R GR\ND3 9TO ! FACTORY4 

,WE HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS 9 ! 
FIR/ PLACE AN ECONOMIC AFFAIR4 ,! WORK] SET 9 P>TY IDEOLOGY ?9KS FIR/ ( 
! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,?IS IS WRONG4 ,! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] 
DOES NOT HAVE AS A DIRECT RESULT ?AT ECONOMIC P[] TOO FALLS TO ! VICTOR4 
,! LESSONS ( #aiah HAVE PROV$ ?IS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 NEI!R DOES ! 
CONQUE/ ( ECONOMIC P[] MAKE POLITICAL P[] AT ONCE FALL LIKE A RIPE FRUIT 
9TO ! LAP4 ,= !SE SUP]/ITIONS ! ,ITALIAN SYNDICALI/S HAVE HAD TO PAY 
DE>LY.<#b#f.>4 ,WE MU/ ALWAYS KEEP BE=E US ! FACT ?AT POLITICAL & /ATE 
P[] >E MEANS ( SECUR+ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S2 >MY1 JU/ICE1 CON/ITUTION1 
*UR*1 S*OOLS - ALL S]VE TO SECURE CAPITAL & PR(IT4 ,! POLITICAL 
SUP]/RUCTURE IS SECOND1 ! ECONOMY FIR/4 ,! /RUGGLE MU/ BE WAG$ FROM ! 
ECONOMIC BASIS4 ,!RE IS NO P>TICUL> RECIPE = ?IS4 ,BUT ! REVOLUTION>IES 
MU/ FIR/ TAKE POSSESSION ( ! FACTORIES & !IR FUNCTIONS4 ,CONTROL1 
P>TICIPATION 9 CALCULATIONS & MANAGEM5T1 RI<T ( CO-DET]M9ATION1 TAK+ 
OV] ! FACTORIES1 >E ACCORD+ TO ! SITUATION1 P]HAPS /AGES :I* C\LD 
SWIFTLY FOLL[ EA* O!R 9 REVOLUTION>Y TIMES4 ,9 CONNECTION ) ?IS1 ! 
APP>ATUSES ( ! /ATE & LOCAL ADM9I/RATION1 ( JU/ICE1 POLICE1 >MIES1 
S*OOL1 ETC41 MU/ BE %AK5 NOT SO MU* BY ! ASSAULT FROM \TSIDE :I*1 
BECAUSE IT IS EXP]I5C$ AS ALI5 & HO/ILE BY !SE APP>ATUSES1 IS USUALLY 
OPPOS$ ) A UNIT$ RESI/ANCE1 AS RA!R BY ! FI]CE UNREMITT+ /RUGGLE 
)91 :I* WILL SPR+ FROM ! GR[+ 9T]NAL /RUGGLE & BE N\RI%$ BY 
IT4 ,?IS 9T]NAL /RUGGLE WILL ONLY BE WAG$ IF C\NCILS >E 9 EXI/5CE4 ,!Y 
>E ! F]M5T ?AT CONT9UALLY 5G5D]S ! UPHEAVALS & CONFLICTS )91 
PU%ES !M F>!R1 /IRS !M CON/ANTLY UNTIL ! OP5 \TBREAK ( ! 
/RUGGLE FOLL[S4 

,ALONGSIDE !RE MAY /ILL BE /REET FI<TS1 >M$ MASSES MAY 
CLA% & CONT5D = PR$OM9ANCE ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS & RULES ( B\RGEOIS 
W>F>E - !Y WILL NOT BE ! DECISIVE /RUGGLES4 ,! MA9 EMPHASIS ( ! 
DECISION WILL BE ) ! /RUGGLES 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,H]E ! MASSES /& ON 
!IR BATTLEGR\ND2 H]E !Y KN[ BE/ :AT'S :AT2 H]E !Y >E 9 !IR 
ELEM5T4 ,H]E1 9 ! 5D1 ! BATTLES ( /REET & B>RICADE ALSO F9D AGA9 
& AGA9 ! REQUISITE SUPPORT4 ,H]E ALONE LIES ! GU>ANTEE ( VICTORY4 ,BUT 
ONLY :5 ! C\NCILS' ORGANIZATIONS >E AT ONCE ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 
=MATIONS1 NOT ONE-SID$LY POLITICAL1 LIKE ! P>TY1 NOT ONE-SID$LY ECONOMIC1 
LIKE ! UNIONS 7AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9CLUD$71 NOT SU* ADULT]AT$1 DANG]\S 
TO ! PUBLIC1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y SURROGATES AS ! LEGAL WORKS' C\NCILS1 
) :I* ! ,S*EIDEMANN CLIQUE CR[N$ ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! ,NOVEMB] 
,REVOLUTION4 

,! HI<E/ REPRES5TATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' 
9T]E/S IS ! ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS4 ,IT MU/ EM]GE FROM ! FACTORY 
ORGANIZATIONS1 BE ! ORGANIZATIONAL & ACTIVELY FUNCTION+ EXPRESSION ( ! 
WORK]S' WILL4 ,IT IS NONS5SE TO ?9K ?AT IT C\LD BE SET UP BY A P>TY OR 
TRADE UNION4 ,!N IT W\LD ALWAYS EXI/ ONLY AS A P>TY BRAN* OR TRADE UNION 
APP5DAGE4 ,IF ! ,K,P,D MAKES PROPAG&A = ! ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS )\T ! 
9T5TION ( GIV+ UP ITS [N EXI/5CE IMM$IATELY ON ! MEET+ ( ! 
,CONGRESS1 ITS :OLE WORK ( PROPAG&A AM\NTS TO A SW9DLE4 ,IT ONLY SEEKS TO 
OBTA9 ) ! ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS AN EFFECTIVE 9/RUM5T = ! CONTROL ( 
! WORK]S 9 ! H&S ( ! P>TY LEAD]S & TO P]PETUATE !IR 9FLU5CE 
BEYOND ! LIFESPAN ( ! P>TY4 ,9 ,MOSC[ WE SEE H[ ! ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS1 
BY GRACE ( ! P>TY1 HAS BECOME A PUPPET-PLAY 9 ! ALL-P[]FUL H&S ( 
?OSE :O HOLD P[] 9 ! P>TY1 ASC5D$ TO BECOME /ATE-DIGNIT>IES4 ,!RE9 
LIES ! DOOM ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 :I* LONG AGO - NOT LA/LY ON ?AT 
ACC\NT - CEAS$ TO BE A PROLET>IAN AFFAIR4 ,! P>TY MU/ GIVE ITSELF UP AS 
F9I%$ ) ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS4 ,LIKEWISE ! TRADE 
UNION4 ,YES1 EV5 ! ,WORK]S ,UNION 7,>BEIT]UNION71 :I* IS /RUCTUR$ 
ON ! C\NCILS PR9CIPLE & EMBODIES PROPAG&A = ! C\NCILS' IDEA MADE 
FLE% & BLOOD1 HAS FULFILL$ ITS TASK ) ?AT4 ,9 ! CASE :]E A ,CONGRESS 
( ,C\NCILS %\LD COME AB\T ALONGSIDE ! P>LIAM5T BE=E ! 5D ( ! 
B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ P]IOD - :I*1 ( C\RSE1 C\LD ONLY BE A PREFIGURATION ( 
! REAL ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS - ! ,WORK]S' ,UNIONS 7WE REF] EXPLICITLY TO ! 
,UNION ( ,MANUAL & ,9TELLECTUAL ,WORK]S1 A F\NDATION ( ! ,K,P,D2 ! ,K,A,P,D'S 
,WORK]S' ,UNION 7,A,A,U,D72 ! SYNDICALI/S' ,FREE ,WORK]S' ,UNION 7,F,A,U,D71 & ! 
,G]MAN ,G5]AL ,WORK]S' ,LEAGUE-,UNIT>Y ,ORGANIZATION 7,A,A,U,D-,E71 AS ! MO/ 
CONSI/5T & UNIFI$ 9 !IR PROGRAMMATIC & ORGANIZATIONAL CON/ITUTION7 
>E P]HAPS CONCEIVABLE AS FRACTIONS 9 ?IS ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS4 ,9 
PROPORTION1 H[EV]1 AS !Y 9FLU5CE & DET]M9E ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! 
,CONGRESS ?R\< !IR ACTIVITY1 AS !IR NATURE OV]FL[S 9TO ! NATURE ( 
! ,CONGRESS1 !Y BR+ AB\T !IR [N 5D & MAKE !IR EXI/5CE 
SUP]FLU\S4 ,= ! TIME BE+1 ! ,WORK]S' ,UNIONS >E1 SO TO SPEAK1 KEEP+ 
! PLACE = ! C\NCILS' SY/EM4 ,9 ! C\NCILS' SY/EM ITSELF LIES ! 
FULFILLM5T ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE-TE*NICAL1 SOCIETY-=M+ 
IDEALS ( ! SOCIALI/ EPO*4 ,) ! C\NCILS' SY/EM SOCIALISM /&S OR 
FALLS4 

#i4 ,! ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,N ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,! ,NOVEMB] ,REVOLUTION ( #aiah WAS ! LA/ (F%OOT ( ! 
B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h4 ,IT BR\<T TO COMPLETION ! LIB]AL-DEMOCRATIC 
REPUBLIC :I* ! DET]M9ATION & P[] ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOIS ( ?AT TIME 
- 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FEUDAL [N]%IP & PR9CELY P[] - HAD NOT BE5 
ABLE TO A*IEVE4 ,9 ORD] TO SAVE ITS S9K+ %IP 79 EXTREME DANG] BECAUSE ( 
! ,WORLD ,W>71 ! B\RGEOISIE UNC]EMONI\SLY ?REW OV]BO>D ! LA/ FEUDAL1 
MON>*ICAL1 ABSOLUTI/ BALLA/ :I* IT HAD DRAGG$ R\ND ) IT = SEV5TY 
YE>S & :I* N[ S]I\SLY ?REAT5$ TO BECOME FATAL TO IT4 ,) ?AT WAS 
CREAT$ A BASIS = UND]/&+ & NEGOTIATION ) ! ,WE/-,EUROPEAN 
CAPITALI/ P[]S1 9 P>TICUL> ) ! VICTORI\S DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN 
/ATES ( ,FRANCE & ,AM]ICA4 ,BY GIV+ ITSELF A B\RGEOIS LIB]AL CON/ITUTION 
& TAK+ ! GOV]NM5T 9TO ITS [N H&S1 ! B\RGEOISIE MADE POSSIBLE & 
ATTA9$ ITS NEW /RUCTURE4 

,ITS RESCUE1 ADMITT$LY1 AS REG>DS ! CONCEPT ( A CAPITALI/ 
NATION /ATE1 CAME TOO LATE4 ,! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE1 :ILE IT WAS ADD+ ! 
F9I%+ T\*ES TO ITS B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ /ATE & AT LA/ SEE+ ! WORK 
( MAK+ AN 9DEP5D5T DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CR[N$ ) SUCCESS1 HAD AT ?IS 
V]Y MOM5T TO GIVE UP ITS ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE & LET ! VICTORI\S /ATES 
DICTATE ! DEGREE ( ITS POLITICAL FRE$OM4 ,?AT IS ! TRAG$Y ( MISS$ 
OPPORTUNITY & BELAT$ C\RAGE4 

,! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT TRI$1 TO AN EXT5T1 TO DRIVE ! 
REVOLUTION F>!R4 ,FROM ,LIEBKNE*T TO ,HOLZ.<#b#g.> IT /RA9$ EV]Y N]VE 9 
NUM]\S1 VIGOR\S1 9DE$ H]OIC RIS+S TO MAKE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION \T ( ! 
B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 TO OV]?R[ ! B\RGEOISIE & TO E/ABLI% SOCIALISM4 
,! CR[D ( FI<T]S DID NOT LACK DET]M9ATION & D$ICATION4 ,T5S ( 
?\S&S HAVE BE5 SLA91 O!RS T5S ( ?\S&S ?R[N 9TO PRISONS & 
P5IT5TI>IES1 /ILL MORE HAVE GONE 9TO EXILE1 PURSU$1 P]SECUT$1 DRIV5 
UND]GR\ND & RU9$4 ,BUT ALL ! /RUGGLES1 ALL ! H]OISM1 ALL ! 
SACRIFICES HAVE NOT L$ TO ! GOAL4 ,= ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT ! REVOLUTION 
IS1 = ! PRES5T1 LO/4 

,IT WAS DEFEAT$ BECAUSE1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ITS P>TY & 
TRADE UNION APP>ATUS1 ! MAJOR P>T ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT KEPT !IR 
FI<T+ CLASS-BRO!RS BACK - 9 FACT /ABB$ !M 9 ! BACK4 ,DECEIV$ BY 
!IR PETTY-B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 PRISON]S ( !IR C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 
ORGANIZATIONS1 CONFUS$ BY !IR OPPORTUNI/ TACTICS1 BETRAY$ BY !IR 
SELF-SEEK+ & DEMAGOGIC LEAD]%IP1 !Y !MSELVES HAD TO BECOME TRAITORS1 
SABOTEURS & 5EMIES TO ! LIB]ATION & RIS+ UP ( !IR CLASS4 ,?AT ! 
B\RGEOISIE LOOK$ AFT] ITSELF1 & HAD REC\RSE TO CUNN+ & VIOL5CE TO 
SAVE ITS SK91 IS OBVI\S1 = IT WAS A MATT] ( NECESSITY 9 ! /RUGGLE 
BETWE5 CLASSES4 ,BUT ?AT ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS 9 POSSESSION ( ! 
/RONGE/ ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* PRID$ ITSELF ON BE+ ! MO/ ADVANC$ 9 ! 
WORLD1 & :I* HAD ALREADY = A SPACE ( F\R YE>S JU/ EXP]I5C$ 
PHYSICALLY ! T]RIBLE CONSEQU5CES ( B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ POLITICS1 WAD+ 
?R\< A SEA ( BLOOD & TE>S - ?AT ?IS PROLET>IAT 9 ! H\R ( 
REVOLUTION KNEW NO?+ ELSE TO DO & WAS ABLE TO DO NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO 
RESCUE ONCE AGA9 ! B\RGEOISIE ( ITS C\NTRY1 ?IS B\RGEOISIE UNP>ALLEL$ 
9 BRUTALITY1 AUDACITY1 9CORRIGIBILITY & LACK ( CULTURE - ?AT IS A DEEPLY 
%AM+ & SAD 9DICTM5T4 ,AN 9DICTM5T :I*1 EV5 IF NOT COMPLETELY 
JU/IFI$1 W\LD MAKE IT SEEM QUITE UND]/&ABLE IF ?\S&S1 DEMORALIZ$ & 
DESPAIR+1 ?R[ 9 !IR H&S3 ,?IS NATION ( S]FS CANNOT BE HELP$6 

,& YET ?IS PEOPLE DES]VE NOT \R CONTEMPT BUT \R HELP1 9 ITS 
LACK ( C\RAGE AS 9 ITS LACK ( UND]/&+4 ,AFT] ALL IT IS ITSELF ! 
VICTIM ( A C5TURIES-LONG S]FDOM1 FROM :I* EV]Y?+ FREE & 9DEP5D5T 
WAS BEAT5 & BROK5 \T ( IT1 & ( A UNIQUE GROSS DECEPTION :I* ! 
LEAD]S COMMITT$ AGA9/ IT AGA9 & AGA94 ,IT MU/ N[ GO ?R\< ! 
T]RIBLE S*OOL ( HUNG] & SLAV]Y1 & IF UND] ! PRESSURE ( WORLD 
CAPITAL'S MULTIPLI$ P[] ( EXPLOITATION1 IT WILL HAVE ! LA/ DROPS ( BLOOD 
SQUEEZ$ FROM ITS VE9S1 ALL ! BAD 9/9CTS & VICES ( ! M>TYR$ 
CREATURE WILL BE SQUEEZ$ \T TOO2 9 ?IS WAY ! S*OOL ( MIS]Y WILL ALSO 
YET BECOME ! S*OOL ( 9SPIRATION & POLITICAL AWAK5+4 

,! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT MU/ F9ALLY REALIZE ?AT ! PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION HAS NO?+ TO DO ) P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS1 BUT IS ! WORK ( 
! :OLE PROLET>IAN CLASS4 

,! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT MU/ F9ALLY SET AB\T GA!R+ ?IS 
PROLET>IAN CLASS 9 ! PLACES ( ITS S]VITUDE = ! TASK ( REVOLUTION1 
S*OOL+ IT1 ORGANIZ+ IT1 SETT+ IT ON ! M>* & LEAD+ IT 9 ! 
/RUGGLE4 

,! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT MU/ F9ALLY RESOLVE UPON SLIPP+ ! 
HALT] ( ITS LEAD]%IP & TAK+ 9TO ITS [N H&S ! WORK ( ITS 
LIB]ATION1 9 ORD] TO COMPLETE IT ) ITS [N 5]GIES & ME?ODS1 ON ITS 
[N 9ITIATIVE & UND] ITS [N LEAD]%IP4 

,WORLD HI/ORY ALL[S US TIME UNTIL ALL =CES >E RIPE = ! 
TASK :I* IS SET US4 

,P>LIAM5TS >E BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY EMPTY TRAPP+S3 ! 
P>TIES >E COLLAPS+1 DE/ROY+ ONE ANO!R1 & LOS+ !IR POLITICAL 
CR$IBILITY3 ! TRADE UNIONS >E *ANG+ 9TO RU9S4 ,! BREAKD[N ( ?IS 
ORGANIZATIONAL & POLITICAL SY/EM ALL ALONG ! L9E IS 9EVITABLE4 

,PROLET>IAN & PETTY B\RGEOIS /RATA >E RECOGNIZ+ 9 GR[+ 
NUMB]S ?AT !Y HAVE BECOME VICTIMS ( ! DECREPIT P>TY ECONOMY1 IF NOT 
VICTIMS ( P>TY-POLITICAL & TRADE UNION CONFID5CE TRICKS &1 AS !Y /ILL 
BELIEVE DEEP D[N 9 ! RI<TNESS & FUTURE ( ! SOCIALI/ IDEA1 >E TURN+ 
TO MOVEM5TS :I* LEAD !M UP ! G>D5 PA? ( A LIB]ATION )\T 
/RUGGLE1 A P>ADISE = :I* !Y NE$ DO NO?+3 TO ! AN?ROPOSOPHY ( 
,RUDOLF ,/E9]1 ! ,FREE-C\NTRY ,FREE-MONEY MOVEM5T ( ,SILVIO ,GESELL1 ! WORK 
CO-OP]ATIVES :I* B[DL]IZE ! IDEAS ( C\NCILS1 TO ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM 
( ,ADOLF ,HITL]1 ! B& ( REBELS :O D5Y EV]Y ORGANIZATION1 OR ! ,S]I\S 
,BIBLE-,SE>*]S :O HOPE = PIE 9 ! SKY4 ,!Y >E ALL GO+ A/RAY3 !IR 
WAY IS FULL ( DISAPPO9TM5T2 IT 5DS 9 NO?+4 

,!RE REMA9S SOLELY & ONLY ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 DEVELOP+ ON 
! BROADE/ ECONOMIC BASIS1 UNLEA%+ ALL PROLET>IAN 5]GIES & ADVANC+ 
TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ?AT LEADS TO ! SOCIALI/ GOALS4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE1 
9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT IS AT ! SAME TIME LEAD] & MASS1 G5]AL-/AFF & 
>MY1 BRA9 & >M1 IDEA & MOVEM5T1 IMPULSE & FULFILLM5T4 

,! ROAD ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS A MOM5T ( WORLD HI/ORY4 ,IT 
B9DS FEUDAL PA/ ?R\< & BEYOND CAPITALI/ PRES5T TO ! SOCIALI/ FUTURE4 
,IT LEAVES BEH9D IT ALL EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION4 ,IT LEADS TO FRE$OM4 

,FOLL[ US ON ?IS ROAD1 COMRADES6 

,WE HAVE A WORLD TO W96 

,FOOTNOTES3 

.<#a.> WILLY-NILLY4 

.<#b.> ,B\RGEOIS POLITICIANS 9VOLV$ 9 ! UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO 
E/ABLI% EFFECTIVE GOV]NM5TS PRIOR TO ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 

.<#c.> ,?IS REF]S TO SOME ( ! >MIES ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION 
9 ,RUSSIA 9 ! P]IOD ( 'W> COMMUNISM'4 

.<#d.> ,KN[N ?R\<\T ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T AS ! 'BUT*] ( ! 
,COMMUNE' = HIS LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 

.<#e.> ,RI<T-W+ ,G]MAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT :O ORGANIZ$ ! 
SUPPRESSION ( ! ,NOVEMB] REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY 9 #aiah & ( ! SUBSEQU5T 
REVOLUTIONS ( E>LY #aiai - ! ,JANU>Y RIOTS & ! ',M>* DAYS'4 

.<#f.> ,! JUNK]S W]E ! P[]FUL MILIT>I/IC L&[N+ CLASS 
:OSE POLITICAL 9T]E/S & 9ITIATIVES =M$ ! BACKBONE ( ,G]MAN 
UNIFICATION 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

.<#g.> ,COMMON FEUDAL =M ( SMALL-SCALE L& T5URE BAS$ UPON 
REW>D = S]VICE4 

.<#h.> ,?IS REF]S TO ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,RUHR 9 #aibc BY ,FR5* 
TROOPS AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DEFAULT 9 ,G]MAN REP>ATIONS PAYM5TS4 ,V>I\S 
REACTION>IES1 9CLUD+ ,S*LAGET] :O WAS A ,FREIKORPS MEMB] EXECUT$ BY ! 
,FR5*1 ORGANIZ$ RESI/ANCE4 ,! ,K,P,D L5T ITS SUPPORT TO JO9T WORK ) ! 
RI<TI/S UND] ! SLOGAN ',NATIONAL ,BOL%EVISM'2 ?IS P>TY POSITION WAS ALSO 
KN[N AS '! ,S*LAGET] L9E'4 7,! ,FREIKORPS W]E SMALL ILLEGAL RI<T-W+ 
NATIONALI/ >M$ GR\PS :O PLAY$ AN ACTIVE C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ROLE 9 
,G]MANY AFT] ! W>47 

.<#i.> ,EQUIVAL5T ( GOV]NM5T BY DECREE UND] ,EM]G5CY ,P[]S4 

.<#a.> ,ONE ( ,G]MANY'S L>GE/ HEAVY 9DU/RY MAGNATES 9 ! 
,WEIM> P]IOD4 ,HE HAD L>GE 9DU/RIAL 9T]E/S 9 ! ,RUHR & ACTIVELY 
F9ANC$ ! ,FREIKORPS 9 ! P]IOD UND] DISCUSSION4 ,HE LAT] F9ANC$ ,HITL]4 

.<#a#a.> ,ADOPT$ 9 #a#h#i#a4 

.<#a#b.> ,AFT] ! ,KAPP ,PUTS* 7A RI<T W+ C\P AGA9/ ! ,S,P,D 
GOV]NM5T7 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b1 A PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTION ]UPT$ 9 ! ,RUHR & A 
,R$ ,>MY WAS =M$4 ,! ,K,P,D ADVOCAT$ ?AT ! WORK]S DIS>M & L5T ITS 
SUPPORT TO ! IDEA ( AN ,S,P,D-,U,S,P,D COALITION GOV]NM5T4 ,L59 %ORTLY WAS TO 
ADD HIS WEI<T TO SU* A C\RSE4 

.<#a#c.> ,WORK+ CLASS ORIG9AT$ LEAD] ( ! ,S,P,D & PRIME 
M9I/] 9 SEV]AL ,WEIM> GOV]NM5TS4 

.<#a#d.> ',VORW>TS' WAS ! DAILY NEWSPAP] ( ! ,S,P,D4 ,! #h? 
,NOVEMB] #aiah WAS ! EVE ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION4 

.<#a#e.> ,LEAD+ ,S,P,D POLITICIAN2 ) ,EB]T ANN\NC$ ! F\ND+ ( 
! ,G]MAN ,REPUBLIC TO CONTA9 ! ,NOVEMB] REVOLUTION4 

.<#a#f.> ,LA/ CAB9ET BE=E ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,KAIS] 7,WILHELM7 9 
! ,NOVEMB] #aiah REVOLUTION4 

.<#a#g.> ,?IS REF]S TO ! 9FLATION CRISIS ( #a#i#b#c4 

.<#a#h.> ,AN >EA DIVID$ BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ,POL& AFT] ! W>1 
FOLL[+ A PLEBISCITE SUPPORT$ BY ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,! CLASS-CONSCI\S M9]S 
9 ! >EA F\<T AGA9/ BE+ SEP>AT$ FROM PROLET>IAN ,G]MANY4 

.<#a#i.> ,UNIONI/S H]E REF]S TO ! ,WORK]S' ,UNIONS 7,>BEIT]UNION7 
7,A,A,U,D & ,A,A,U,D-,E74 ,SEE *APT] #g4 

.<#b.> ,?IS REF]S TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS ( ! 
Y\NG ,HITL] UP UNTIL #aibc :5 HE WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ! ACTIVITIES ( SMALL 
PRIVATE NATIONALI/ >M$ B&S1 MO/LY 9 ,S\!RN ,G]MANY4 

.<#b#a.> ,FR5* EMPLOY]S COMB9E4 

.<#b#b.> ,AFT] ! ABORTIVE ,K,P,D PUTS* 9 ,SAXONY & ,?UR+IA 9 
,OCTOB] #a#i#b#c4 

.<#b#c.> ,HAMBURG-,AM]IKANIS*E ,PAKETFAHRT-,AKTI5GESELLS*AFT WAS ! 
L>GE/ ,G]MAN /EAM%IP COMPANY2 ,K>L ,LEGI5 WAS HEAD ( ! ,G]MAN TRADES 
UNIONS DUR+ & AFT] ! W>2 >* CLASS-COLLABORATOR4 

.<#b#d.> ,?IS WAS 9 ,OCTOB] #aiai :5 ! BULK ( ! ,K,P,D MEMB]%IP 
W]E EXPELL$ = !IR OPPOSITION TO P>LIAM5T>ISM & ! TRADE UNION4 

.<#b#e.> ,K4 ,M>X - ,! ,CIVIL ,W> ,9 ,FRANCE ,SECTION #c4 

.<#b#f.> ,?IS REF]S TO ! DEFEAT ( ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT 
FOLL[+ ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS ( #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b4 

.<#b#g.> ,G]MAN REVOLUTION>Y2 ORGANIZ$ WORK]S' MILITIAS 9 ! 
,RUHR 9 #aib & 9 C5TRAL ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,MEMB] ( ,K,A,P,D4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,FROM ! ,B\RGEOIS TO ! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,FROM ! ,B\RGEOIS TO ! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/