,WAS ,FREUD RI<T :5 HE ,CLAIM$ ,PSY*OANALYSIS IS ,CONC]N$ ) 'SOCIAL ,PH5OM5ON' ,9CLUD+ ,POLITICS8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BURN ,%IT 

,TEXT 3 

,SIGMUND ,FREUD'S SEM9AL TEXTS ON PSY*OANALYSIS SEAL$ HIS POSITION AS ! UN(FICIAL FA!R ( MOD]N PSY*OLOGY4 ,:IL/ NOT SUBSCRIB+ TO ANY EXPLICITLY POLITICAL WELTANS*AUUNG - OR WORLD-VIEW - ! IDEA ?AT ! /UDY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL PSY*E WAS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! SOCIAL PSY*OLOGY ( ! GR\P UND]P9S HIS WORK4 ,HIS !ORETICAL ANALYZES ( ! UNCONSCI\S M9D & ! CONCEPT ( REGRESSION1 LIBID9AL DEVELOPM5T & ITS SUBLIMATION1 ! DIVISION ( ! M9D 9TO ?REE ANTAGONI/IC P>TS - ,ID1 EGO & SUP]EGO1 & ! PLEASURE 9/9CTS & DEA? DRIVES 9H]5T 9 ALL HUMAN BE+S >E EVID5TLY ATTEMPTS AT EXPLA9+ SOCIAL PH5OM5ON1 CURR5TS & PATT]NS ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR ?AT RUN ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE & IMPORTANCE ( PSY*OANALYSIS 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IS SELF-EVID5T2 ! RISE & FALL ( FASCISM & IT'S QUASI-MASO*I/IC 'MOB M5TALITY'1 ! W> ( IDEOLOGIES & ! ALLURE ( !IR SELF-APPO9T$ LEAD]S & VANGU>DS1 ! RISE 9 M5TAL HEAL? PROBLEMS & ! 9CESSANT CATEGORIZATION & SUB-CATEGORIZATION ( DISEASES ( ! M9D1 ! P>ALLEL GR[? ( M>KET+1 ADV]TIS+ & CONSUM] PSY*OLOGY 9 ! BUS9ESS WORLD & PUBLIC RELATIONS & SP9 9 ! WORLD ( POLITICS - ALL SYMPTOMATIC ( A ! ,FREUDIAN ASS]TION ?AT ! M9D CANNOT BE UND]/OOD AS A RATIONAL & COH]5T :OLE1 BUT IS 9 FACT IRRATIONAL1 MANIPULATABLE & IS %AP$ OBLIVI\SLY BY DESIRES & DRIVES ?AT WE HAVE NO CONTROL OV]4 

,MOD]N CONSUM] CAPITALISM HAS >TFULLY MA/]$ ! TE*NIQUES ( ! MANIPULATION ( ! PSY*E & EV5 TURN$ ! PRACTICE 9TO AN 9DU/RY 9 ITSELF2 ADV]TIS+1 PUBLIC RELATIONS & M>KET+4 ,ADVANC$ CAPITALISM'S ABILITY TO EXPLOIT G5]AL T5D5CIES 9 ! HUMAN M9D1 P>TICUL>LY ! UNCONSCI\S M9D HAS LEAD TO A PROLIF]ATION ( A SOPHI/ICAT$ PROPAG&A RACKET ?AT %APES PUBLIC OP9ION & GOV]NS PEOPLE'S BEHAVIOR4 ,FREUD'S NEPHEW ,$W>D ,B]NAYS SAW ?IS DEVELOPM5T 9 A HI<LY POSITIVE LI<T1 >GU+ ?AT1 09TELLIG5T MANIPULATION ( ! ORGANIZ$ HABITS & OP9IONS ( ! MASSES IS AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY01 & ?AT SOME:AT P>ADOXICALLY TO ANY VISION ( 'DEMOCRATIC' SOCIETY ! 'SOCIALLY NECESS>Y' MANIPULATORS1 0CON/ITUTE AN 9VISIBLE GOV]NM5T :I* IS ! TRUE RUL+ P[] 9 \R C\NTRY04 ,APPROPRIATELY & TRUE TO HIS WORD1 ,B]NAYS MANAG$ TO RE-BR& HIS POSITION AS A PROPAG&I/ BY EUPHEMI/ICALLY R5AM+ PROPAG&A1 'PUBLIC RELATIONS'4 ,! ADV]TIS+ & M>KET+ 9DU/RIES HAVE DEVELOP$ TRI$ & TE/$ TE*NIQUES ( SELL+ COMMODITIES4 ,! ME?ODS /EM FROM ! PSY*OANALYTICAL IDEA ( TAPP+ 9TO ! UNCONSCI\S1 APPEAL+ TO REPRESS$ DESIRES1 SUBLIMAT+ !M ?R\< BUY+ P[] & PROMISES ( P]SONAL FULFILLM5T1 EMP[]M5T1 PLEASURE & /R5G? ?R\< EXP5DITURE4 ,WE F9D \R ID5TITIES 9 :AT WE BUY & EXPRESS \R SELF ?R\< ! COMMODITIES WE [N4 ,BUY+ HAS BECOME A PROCESS ( SELF-AFFIRMATION & :AT WE BUY DET]M9ES NOT ONLY \R /ATUS1 BUT CAN SIGNIFY \R BELONG+ TO A GR\P1 \R BELIEF 9 AN IDEAL OR \R LOYALTY TO A BR&4 ,CONSUM] TR5DS1 FA%ION & FADS >E A TE/AM5T TO ! RELEVANCE ( '! H]D 9/9CT' ?AT ,FREUD EXAM9ES 9 ,GR\P ,PSY*OLOGY & ! ,ANALYSIS ( ! ,EGO4 ,9 AN APPRAISAL ( ! WORK ( ,GU/AVE ,LE ,BON1 ,FREUD /ATES ?AT1 0WE HAVE AN IMPRESSION ( A /ATE 9 :I* AN 9DIVIDUAL'S SEP>ATE EMOTION & P]SONAL 9TELLECTUAL ACT >E TOO WEAK TO COME TO ANY?+ BY !MSELVES & >E ABSOLUTELY OBLIG$ TO WAIT TILL !Y >E RE9=C$ ?R\< BE+ REPEAT$ 9 A SIMIL> WAY 9 ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P40 ,RAMPANT CONSUM]ISM1 FROM A PSY*OANALYTICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 CAN BE SE5 AS AN EXPRESSION ( LIBID9AL DESIRES SUBLIMAT$ ) 'RETAIL !RAPY' OR ! 9/9CTUAL DRIVE ( HUMAN BE+S TO BE P>T ( '! H]D'4 ,! SUCCESS ( ADV]TIS+ IS MEASUR$ BY ITS ABILITY TO CONV9CE POT5TIAL CONSUM]S ?AT A [N]%IP ( A C]TA9 PRODUCT WILL GU>ANTEE !M A PLACE 9 ?AT H]D OR ?AT !IR FE>S1 ANXIETIES & 9T]NAL CONFLICTS CAN BE RESOLV$ & PLEASURE ATTA9$ ?R\< ! SIMPLE ACT ( BUY+4 

,A #aiba H&BOOK = ASPIR+ SALESM5 WROTE ?AT1 0,9 A RETAIL /ORE1 Y\ HAVE A WOND]FUL *ANCE TO /UDY HUMAN BE+S444 ,:O >E !Y8 ,:AT >E !IR *IEF *>ACT]I/ICS8 ,:Y DO !Y ACT & TALK AS !Y DO8 ,:]E >E !Y GO+8 ,= :AT PURPOSES DO !Y BUY V>I\S >TICLES80 ,RA*EL ,B[LBY PO9TS \T1 0AN 9TIMATE CONNECTION1 9/ITUTIONALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY1 BETWE5 PSY*OLOGY & M>KET+ DUR+ ! FIR/ =TY YE>S ( ?IS C5TURY & BEYOND40 ,AS PSY*OLOGY BECAME A SEP>ATE DISCIPL9E MOV+ AWAY FROM BO? PHILOSOPHY & NEUROLOGY1 ITS PRIM>Y CONC]NS W]E 5TW9$ ) ! CONC]NS ( M>KET+ EXP]TS - ! SCI5TIFIC /UDY ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR & ! HUMAN M9D'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SUGGE/ION ALONG ) ! IMPULSES & DESIRES ( \R PSY*ES & SUBCONSCI\S & ! EXPLOITATION ( !SE DESIRES4 ,! CONSUM]I/ E?IC WASN'T TOO F> REMOV$ FROM ! E?OS ( PSY*OLOGY - AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC & ALMO/ N>CISSI/IC OBSESSION ) AN IRRATIONAL SELF & TR\BL$ & MALLEABLE EGO1 :IL/ PROMOT+ ! IDEA ?AT EI!R PSY*O!RAPY OR RETAIL !RAPY CAN RESOLVE 9T]NAL M5TAL 9/ABILITIES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,FREUD1 ! PLEASURE-SEEK+ *ILDLIKE P>T ( ! PSY*E - ! ,ID - IS REPRESS$ BY >TIFICIAL B\ND>IES IMPOS$ ON IT BY SOCIETY :I* >E 9T]NALIZ$ M5TALLY & REPRES5T$ 9 ! 'SUP]EGO' ( ! M9D4 ,\R EGOS >E AN AMALGAMATION ( !SE TWO CONFLICT+ P>TS ( ! PSY*E1 WORK+ 9 CONJUNCTION & OPPOSITION ) BO?1 /RIV+ AFT] ! PLEASURE PR9CIPLE S\<T AFT] BY ! \R PRIMORDIAL ,IDS :IL/ MA9TA9+ ! RESPECTABILITY & SOCIALLY APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR DEM&$ BY \R SUP]EGOS4 ,! EGO IS ! P>T ( ! M9D ) ! ABILITY TO EX]CISE DIRECT CONTROL OV] ! BODY1 AS WE TRY TO RECONCILE \R LOVE-9/9CTS & DRIVES = PLEASURE ) ! 9NATELY REPRESSIVE FUNCTIONS ( \R SUP]EGOS :I*1 0.<DISPLAY+.> P>TICUL> SEV]ITY & .<RAG+.> AGA9/ ! EGO ) ! UTMO/ CRUELTY0 DEM& CON=MITY & SUBMISSION & CAUSE AN 9EVITABLE 9T]NAL CONFLICT ?AT MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 DEPRESSION1 ANXIETY1 NEUROSES1 PA?OLOGY & SOMETIMES HY/]IA ?AT *>ACT]IZE MOD]N 'CIVILIZATION'4 ,?IS CATEGORIZATION ( ! M9DS ?REE METAPHYSICAL SECTORS NECESS>ILY LEADS TO AN ALL-5COMPASS+ EXPLANATION ( V>I\S SOCIAL PROBLEMS & PH5OM5ON4 ,G5]ALIZ$ 9T]NALIZ$ REPRESSION1 FIR/ ( \R ,O$IPUS COMPLEX 7! PRECURSOR TO \R SUP]EGOS71 9CE/U\S DESIRES & PRIM>Y ID5TIFICATION ) \R PATRI>*AL FIGURES S]VES AS A CRUCIAL /EPP+ /ONE TO UND]/&+ ! WIDESPREAD PSY*O-PA?OLOGIES 9 HUMAN BE+S1 AS WELL A G5]AL EXPLANATION ( \R MOD]N POLITICAL /RUCTURES :I* >ISE FROM A1 0UNIV]SALIZATION ( ! FA!R-SON RELATION%IP 9TO A PROTOTYPICAL MOLD UND]LY+ ALL POLITICAL =MATIONS40 ,ADDITIONALLY1 SUBLIMATION ( CRUDE1 PRIM>Y DRIVES ASSOCIAT$ ) \R ,IDS & REPRESS$ LIBIDOS CAN1 TO SOME EXT5T1 SATIATE !SE DRIVES4 ,! CREATION ( WORKS ( >T1 'PROGRESS' 9 ! SCI5CES & TE*NOLOGICAL 9V5TION1 G5]AL 9T]E/S & HOBBIES AS WELL AS OBSESSION ) ! ACCUMULATION ( MORE & MORE CONSUM] GOODS :I* DI/+UI%ES \R MOD]N 'CIVILIZATION' FROM \R PRIMITIVE PA/ >E M]ELY ! REIFICATION ( \R AB/RACT 9/9CTUAL DESIRES MAT]IALIZ$ & SUB/ITUT$ = O!R SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ DESIRES ?AT FIT 9 MORE NEATLY ) ! NORMS & VALUES ( \R P>TICUL> EPO*4 ,9 ,FREUDIAN T]MS1 ! ANGUI% ?AT WE SUFF] DUE TO ! SUBJUGATION ( \R DESIRES IS P>TLY AVOIDABLE4 ,A1 0TE*NIQUE = AVOID+ SUFF]+ MAKES USE ( ! DISPLACEM5TS ( ! LIBIDO ?AT >E P]MITT$ BY \R PSY*ICAL APP>ATUS444 ,SUBLIMATION ( ! DRIVES PLAYS A P>T 9 ?IS444 ! >TI/'S JOY 9 CREAT+1 9 FA%ION+ =? ! PRODUCTS ( HIS IMAG9ATION1 OR ! SCI5TI/'S 9 SOLV+ PROBLEMS & DISCOV]+ TRU?S40 ,BUT ,FREUD /ATES 9 A TYPICALLY ELITI/ FA%ION ?AT !SE PALLIATIVE RELIEFS W]E RES]V$ = ONLY A SMALL & PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY ?AT POSSES !1 0SPECIAL APTITUDES & GIFTS ?AT >E NOT EXACTLY COMMON40 ,?IS ASSUMPTION IS 9DICATIVE ( ,FREUD'S T5D5CY 9 HIS WRIT+S TO RES]VE PSY*OANALYSIS & PSY*O!RAPY AS A FIRMLY B\RGEOIS PURSUIT & SEE LITTLE OR NO HOPE 9 ! CR[D OR MASSE SEEK+ 'HI<] PURSUITS' OR 'SOCIALLY USEFUL' ONES TO QUA% ! 9/9CTIVE PLEASURES ( ! ,ID4 

,WE C\LD PO/ULATE ?AT HAD ,FREUD BE5 ALIVE TODAY1 TO A DEGREE HE C\LD HAVE 9CLUD$ SOCIAL PH5OM5A SU* AS TELEVISION1 SPECTATOR SPORTS1 MA9/REAM C9EMA OR CELEBRITY CULTURE 9 A LONG LI/ (1 0P[]FUL DI/RACTIONS1 :I* CAUSE US TO MAKE LI<T ( \R MIS]Y1 SUB/ITUTIVE FACTIONS1 :I* DIM9I% IT0 & P>TICUL>LY1 09TOXICANTS1 :I* ANES!TIZE US TO IT40 ,IT C\LD EASILY BE >GU$ ?AT ! 5TIRE ',SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE' S]VES TO LULL ALL ( US 9TO AN 9]TIA ?AT KEEPS US BLISSFULLY UNAW>E ( ! CAUSES ( \R COLLECTIVE MIS]IES & FRU/RATIONS4 ,DIS5FRAN*ISEM5T & APA?Y >E ! HALLM>KS ( ADVANC$ CONSUM]-7SPECTACUL>7-CAPITALISM1 ALONG ) CIVILIZATION'S DI/9CTIVE FEATURES ANALYZ$ BY ,FREUD ?AT CAUSE EXT5SIVE DAMAGE TO \R M5TAL & PHYSICAL WELL-BE+ & =BID ! REALIZATION ( \R DESIRES & ASPIRATIONS4 ,BUT ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ',SPECTACLE'1 ITS 9VASION 9TO EV]Y P>T ( \R DAILY LIVES & 5CROA*M5T 9TO \R PSY*ES KEEPS US ALL SUFFICI5TLY DOCILE & SUBMISSIVE1 DESPITE ! V]Y REAL 9T]NAL ANTAGONISMS & CONTRADICTIONS IMPOS$ ON US BY ! EXT]NAL WORLD4 0,?OSE :O ORGANIZE ! WORLD ORGANIZE BO? SUFF]+ & ! ANES!TICS = DEAL+ ) IT2 ?IS MU* IS COMMON KN[L$GE4 ,MO/ PEOPLE LIVE LIKE SLEEPWALK]S1 TORN BETWE5 ! GRATIFICATION ( NEUROSIS & ! TRAUMATIC PROSPECT ( A RETURN TO REAL LIFE40 ,PSY*OANALYSIS & ESPECIALLY PSY*IATRY HAS1 TO SOME EXT5T1 BECOME P>T ( ! REPRESSIVE MA*9]Y ( SOCIETY4 ,IT HAS BE5 CO-OPT$ & PUT 9TO USE AS A LUBRICANT = ! COGS ( OPPRESSION & CAN !RE=E BE DEF9$ AS A TOOL NOT JU/ = EXPLA9+ SOCIAL PH5OM5ON1 BUT = KEEP+ SOCIAL1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURES 9 PLACE & CONSEQU5TLY IS A HI<LY POLITICIZ$ DISCIPL9E4 ,! ,F\CAULDIAN NOTION ?AT PSY*IATRY1 LIKE ALL O!R SPECIALIZ$ BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE1 SCI5CE & IDEOLOGY1 HAS BECOME P>T ( A VA/ SUP]/RUCTURE ( OPPRESSIVE CONTROL & MANIPULATION H]E R+S TRUE4 

,! VIEW ?AT PEOPLE'S ACTIONS 9 'CIVILIZ$' SOCIETIES >E GOV]N$ NOT BY !IR RATIONAL & LOGICAL DECISION-MAK+ CAPACITIES 7BUT RA!R BY ! COMPLEX & (T5 UNCONSCI\S 9T]PLAY ( HO/ILE ELEM5TS ( ! M9D7 IS E*O$ BY SEV]AL CONTEMPOR>Y 'ANTI-CIVILIZATION' ?9K]S1 :O CAN LOOSELY BE DESCRIB$ AS 'PRIMITIVI/S' OR 'NEO-LUDDITE'4 ,!MES 9 ,FREUD'S ANALYSIS ( CIVILIZATION1 ITS DISCONT5TS & ! 9ESCAPABLE PSY*OLOGICAL & SOCIAL H>M ?AT RESULTS FROM ! ONSET ( AN 'ADVANC$ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY' 9FLU5CE ! WORK ( ,!ODORE ,KACZYNSKI & HIS PAMPHLET ,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIETY & ,ITS ,FUTURE4 ,BUT = ,KACZYNSKI1 A WELL-E/ABLI%$ & PREVAIL+ S5SE ( P[]LESSNESS1 ANXIETY & M5TAL 9/ABILITY EXI/S NOT DUE TO ! 9T]NAL REPRESSION ( ,O$IPAL DESIRE OR E>LY TRAUMATIC EXP]I5CES1 BUT BECAUSE ( A ! REGULATION ( \R LIVES BY L>GE-SCALE ORGANIZATIONS & ! LACK ( 9FLU5CE PEOPLE HAVE OV] !IR [N LIVES4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS ISN'T BY ANY MEANS A RADICAL DEP>TURE FROM ,FREUDIAN ?9K+4 ,:]EAS ,FREUD'S PSY*OANALYTICAL /&PO9T BLAMES AN ALMO/ FACTIONAL DISPUTE BETWE5 SUP]EGO & ID ON ! 9CONT9UITY ( ! SELF1 ,KACZYNSKI PUTS D[N ! LACK ( ANY AUTONOM\S DECISION-MAK+ OR 'P[] PROCESSES' 9 ! CREATION ( 5TIRE POPULATIONS ( PSY*OLOGICALLY P]TURB$ SUBJECTS4 ,BUT AS 9 ! TEXTS ( ,FREUD1 SUBLIMATION ( REAL NE$S & DESIRES = :AT ,KACZYNSKI DESCRIBES AS 'SURROGATE ACTIVITIES'1 IS SE5 AS A NECESS>Y PRESCRIPTION = PEOPLE LIV+ 9 A SOCIETY :]E M5TAL HEAL? IS1 0DEF9$ L>GELY BY ! EXT5T TO :I* AN 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVES 9 ACCORD ) ! NE$S ( ! SY/EM & DOES SO )\T %[+ SIGNS ( /RESS40 ,FREUD'S SUBLIMATION CAN BE DIRECTLY EQUAT$ ) ,KACZYNSKI'S CONCEPT ( 'SURROGATE ACTIVITIES' - 0AN ACTIVITY ?AT IS DIRECT$ T[>D AN >TIFICIAL GOAL ?AT PEOPLE SET UP = !MSELVES M]ELY 9 ORD] TO HAVE SOME GOAL TO WORK T[>D1 OR LET US SAY1 M]ELY = ! SAKE ( ! 'FULFILLM5T' ?AT !Y GET FROM PURSU+ ! GOAL40 ,!SE ACTIVITIES S]VE ! PURPOSE ( :AT ,FREUD CALLS1 0PALLIATIVE RELIEF0' FROM1 0! LIFE IMPOS$ ON US .<?AT IS.> TOO H>D = US TO BE>3 IT BR+S TOO MU* PA91 TOO MANY DISAPPO9TM5TS1 TOO MANY 9SOLUBLE PROBLEMS40 ,& YET A CRUCIAL DIFF]5CE SEP>ATES ,FREUD & ,KACZYNSKI'S TWO P]SPECTIVES ON 'CIVILIZATION' & ! PROBLEMS ?AT >ISE FROM IT4 ,= ,KACZYNSKI1 AN ADVOCATE ( AN>*O-PRIMITIVISM1 ! 9HUMAN SOCIAL PH5OM5ON & ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ?AT >ISE FROM 'PROGRESS' & 'ADVANCEM5T' IS 5TIRELY AVOIDABLE1 :]EAS ,FREUD SEES ?IS AS 9EVITABLE1 NECESS>Y & PREF]ABLE TO ! ALT]NATIVE ( B>B>ISM & SUBMISSION TO ! :IMS ( 9DIVIDUAL EGOS4 ,FREUD'S 9CL9ATION T[>DS AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EMS ( GOV]NANCE OR P]HAPS RELUCTANT ACCEPTANCE ( SU* ME?ODS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION >E BORN \T ( HIS FE> ( :AT HE CALL$ !1 0PSY*OLOGICAL MALAISE ( CR[DS0 & A 0BIAS AGA9/ ?OSE :OM HE CALL$ '! MASSES4'0 ,HIS ABSOLUTE BELIEF 9 ! PLEASURE PR9CIPLE LEAD HIM TO ADOPT+ A SORT ( UTILIT>IAN-REALI/ P]SPECTIVE ?AT ! BE/ VEHICLE = ! ATTA9M5T ( ?IS PLEASURE 9 A BALANC$ & MEASUR$ 7I4E2 ! LONG-T]M A*IEVEM5T ( ?IS ABSOLUTE GOAL )\T DESC5D+ 9TO AN>*IC LAWLESSNESS7 WAS1 0TO GIVE WAY TO A MIDDLE C\RSE BETWE5 TOTAL SATISFACTION & COMPLETE R5UNCIATION444 = ,FREUD1 LIB]ATION & REAL PLEASURE ALWAYS DEM& A SELF-RE/RA9T :I* IS PR$ICAT$ ON ! 9T]NALIZATION ( AU?ORITY40 ,9 ?IS WAY1 A TOTAL ACCEPTANCE ( ,FREUDIAN PSY*OANALYSIS IS REACTION>Y1 CONS]VATIVE & MU/ ESS5TIALLY BE PRECLUD$ BY AN ACCEPTANCE ( A PESSIMI/IC ,HOBBESSIAN VIEW ( HUMAN BE+S AS MORALLY BANKRUPT1 F]AL & SELF-DE/RUCTIVE 9 !IR V]Y NATURE4 ,HUMAN BE+S1 = ,FREUD >E TOO VOLATILE & UNTRU/WOR?Y NOT TO BE CONTROLL$ BY SOME EXT]NAL AU?ORITY1 ! PROS ( CIVILIZATION VA/LY \TWEI< ! CONS & ALL ( US1 '! MASSES'1 BE+ UNABLE TO EFFECTIVELY MANAGE \R [N PSY*IC EMOTIONS MU/ SUBMIT TO S]VITUDE & BE MANAG$ BY O!RS4 ,AU?ORITY IS LEGITIMIZ$ & ! V]Y WOR/ FEATURES ( 'CIVILIZATION' JU/IFI$1 0TO OV]COME ! DI/URBANCE ( COMMUNAL LIFE CAUS$ BY ! HUMAN DRIVE = AGGRESSION & SELF-DE/RUCTION40 ,NEV]!LESS1 LIKE ALL CRITIQUES ( CIVILIZATION ! ANALYSIS IS PO9T$ T[>DS ! DISCORD CAUS$ BY ! BATTLE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & SOCIETY1 AN IMPORTANT DI*OTOMY ?AT = ,FREUD1 UNLIKE RADICAL PRIMITIVI/ & LEFT-LIB]T>IAN !ORY1 CAN NEV] BE FULBLY RESOLV$1 BUT ONLY BE M$IAT$1 CONTROLL$ & LIMIT$4 

,9 MANY RESPECTS1 PSY*OANALYSIS C\LD BE ACCUS$ ( EXT]NALIZ+ & APPLY+ TOO UNIV]SALLY P]SONAL NEUROSES & TURN+ 9DIVIDUAL M5TAL *>ACT]I/ICS & PSY*IC PROBLEMS 9TO ALL-5COMPASS+ EXPLANATIONS ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A 79CLUD+ POLITICAL /RUCTURES7 )\T PLAC+ !SE PH5OM5A 9 !IR HI/ORICAL1 CULTURAL OR SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,APPLY+1 0TO L>GE-SCALE SOCIAL PROCESSES & 9/ITUTIONS ! CONCEPTS & CATEGORIES :I* HE HAD DEVELOP$ ON ! PRIVATE REALM0 ,FREUD UNIV]SALIZ$ HIS ESS5TIALI/ VIEWS ON ! 9DIVIDUAL PSY*E & ATTEMPT$ TO EXPLA9 ALL SOCIAL PH5OM5A ?R\< A RIGID PSY*OANALYTIC GRID ?AT HE HIMSELF HAD CON/RUCT$ A PRIORI4 ,FREUD'S ANALYSIS ( 'CR[D M5TALITY'1 P>TICUL>LY HIS EXPLANATIONS = ! DESIRE ( PEOPLE TO BE DOM9AT$ BY (T5 TYRANNICAL LEAD]S 7ON A HI/ORICAL NOTE1 HE RESID$ 9 ,VI5NA DUR+ ,HITL]'S ,ANS*LUSS ) ,AU/RIA 9 #a#i#c#h7 IS NO EXCEPTION BUT DOES NEV]!LESS POSE 9T]E/+ QUE/IONS & 9VITE DEBATE ON 5GAG+ EXPLANATIONS ( LEAD]%IP1 TOTALIT>IANISM & HUMANITY'S APPETITE = DE/RUCTION4 ,9 ,GR\P ,PSY*OLOGY ,FREUD SETS AB\T ANALYZ+ ! PSY*OLOGICAL REASONS = ! ALLURE ( LEAD]S4 ,?IS BROAD SOCIAL PH5OM5A IS AGA9 ANALYZ$ FROM A PURELY PSY*OLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,! LEAD] = ,FREUD 9H]ITS ! POSITION ( ! PATRI>*1 ! AU?ORITY FIGURE ?AT PROVIDES GR\ND+ & IMPOSES REGULATIONS1 RULES & ABSOLUTES 9 A *AOTIC & DI/URB+ WORLD4 ,HIS POPUL>ITY IS DEP5D5T ON HIS ABILITY TO EMBODY UN*ANG+ MORAL VALUES1 CONVEY AN ORD]$ VISION ( ! WORLD & B9D TOGE!R ! MASS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 UNIT+ ! CR[D BEH9D !M4 ,FREUD HAD LITTLE RES]VATIONS AB\T DESCRIB+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 *>ISMATIC LEAD]S & OB$I5T CR[DS AS ]OTIC - 0:AT CAN UNITE ?\S&S OR MILLIONS ( PEOPLE IS ! RELATION - & ! LIBID9AL 9VE/M5T ( ?IS RELATION - ( EA* ONE ( !M TO A LEAD] 7POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S OR MILIT>Y7 OR AN IDEA OCCUPY+ ! POSITION (444 A COMMON PO9T ( REF]5CE40 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS LIBID9\S ATTRACTION IS ABSOLUTE ADORATION1 S]VITUDE & WILL+NESS TO SUBMIT4 ,S$UCTIONS ( P[] & ! AU?ORITY FIGURE /EM NOT JU/ FROM P]SONAL ADMIRATION OR 'LIBID9AL 9VE/M5T'1 BUT ALSO ! 5TICEM5T ( BE+ P>T ( ! CR[D & ! REGRESSION TO ! 'H]D 9/9CT'4 0,:AT HAPP5S IS ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! CR[D >E HYPNOTIZ$ 7& ?AT IS ! WORD ,FREUD USES7 BY ! LEAD]4 ,! LEAD] TAKES PLACE ( ! OV]-,I444 ,:AT HE (F]S TO 9DIVIDUALS IS A NEW PSY*OLOGICAL DISP5SATION4 ,:]E ! 9DIVIDUAL SUP]-EGO IS 9CONSI/5T & (T5 9ACCESSIBLE BECAUSE IT IS UNCONSCI\S1 ! COLLECTIVE SUP]-EGO1 ! LEAD]1 IS CLE> & ABSOLUTE 9 HIS VALUES40 ,! ATROCITIES COMMITT$ BY ORD9>Y PEOPLE UND] ,NAZI RULE 9 ,AU/RIA GIVE CR$5CE TO ! ,FREUDIAN CONCEPT ( ! DEA? DRIVE4 ,!IR SUCCESS & POPUL>ITY LAY 9 !IR WILL+NESS TO ALL[ PEOPLE TO COMMIT B>B>\S & =BIDD5 ACTS1 TO UNLEA% ! PRIMORDIAL 9/9CTS ( !IR ,IDS )\T RE/RA9T AGA9/ P]SECUT$ M9ORITIES & SCAPEGOATS1 BUT /ILL REMA9 )9 ! P>AMET]S ( A NEW FASCI/ LEGITIMACY4 ,!Y CREAT$ A NEW MORAL ORD] 9 :I* PEOPLE C\LD RESOLVE !IR ANTAGONISMS & 9T]NAL HUMAN AMBIVAL5CE 9 COLLECTIVE ACTS ( B>B>ISM & DEA?-DRIV5 PASSION 9 EV5TS LIKE ,KRI/ALLKNA*T4 0',! AIM ( ALL LIFE1' ,FREUD FAM\SLY DECL>$1 'IS DEA?4'0 ,WE >E PRONE TO SEEK 9 DEA? A RESOLUTION ?AT WE CANNOT A*IEVE 9 LIFE4 ,!SE ABOM9ATIONS ALL[$ A DIS*>GE ( ALL ! ANXIETIES & CONTRADICTIONS DESCRIB$ BY ,FREUD ?AT HAD BE5 B\ND UP 9 ! HUMAN PSY*E4 ,ALL ! NEGATIVE TRAITS ( ! HUMAN M9D1 0! WEAKNESS ( 9TELLECTUAL ABILITY1 ! LACK ( EMOTIONAL RE/RA9T1 ! 9CAPACITY = MOD]ATION & DELAY1 ! 9CL9ATION TO EXCE$ EV]Y LIMIT 9 ! EXPRESSION ( EMOTION0 W]E LET LOOSE AS PEOPLE W]E GIV5 LIC5SE TO1 0WORK IT (F COMPLETELY 9 ! =M ( ACTION40 ,HIS CONCLUSIONS GO SOME WAY TO EXPLA9+ HIS DEEP-SEAT$ SKEPTICISM ( /ATES ( AN>*Y & UNBRIDL$ EXPRESSIONS & MANIFE/ATIONS ( 9/9CTUAL DRIVES ?AT = ,FREUD1 W\LD UND\BT$LY LEAD TO ACTS ( B>B>ITY4 ,! MI/RU/ ( A HYPO!TICAL *AOTIC '/ATE ( NATURE' 9 :I* ! PSY*E IS FRE$ )\T EXT]NAL CONTROL OR ! M$IATION ( ! SUP]-EGO1 & ! CONSEQU5T SUPPORT ( A POLITICALLY CONS]VATIVE BUT COMPLETELY NECESS>Y =M ( HI]>*ICAL GOV]NM5T CAN BE UND]/OOD 9 ?IS LI<T4 

,TO CONCLUDE1 ,FREUD IS CORRECT 9 HIS ASS]TION ?AT PSY*OANALYSIS IS CONC]N$ ) SOCIAL PH5OM5ON & CAN ! DISCIPL9E BE A USEFUL & RADICAL TOOL 9 EXPLA9+ V>I\S POLITICAL /RUCTURES & CULTURAL & SOCIETAL TR5DS4 ,H[EV]1 ,FREUDIAN PSY*OANALYSIS 9 P>TICUL> HAS A T5D5CY TO EQUATE 9DIVIDUAL PSY*IATRIC TR5DS ) G5]ALIZ$ TR5DS 9 SOCIETY4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL & ! SOCIAL >E 9EXTRICABLY L9K$1 H[EV]1 ! RESULT ( UNIV]SALIZ+ & G5]ALIZ+ PSY*OANALYSIS TO EXPLA9 POLITICAL & SOCIAL PH5OM5A (T5 MEANS ?AT EV5TS >E TAK5 \T ( !IR HI/ORICAL & ECONOMIC CONTEXT & PLAC$ 9 A SOMETIMES UNSUITABLE FRAMEWORK & VIEW$ FROM A DOCTR9AIRE P]SPECTIVE4 

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