,*APT] #c 
,TRIAL ,BY ,JURY ,AS ,DEF9$ ,BY ,MAGNA ,*>TA-,AU?ORITY ,( ,MAGNA ,*>TA 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TEXT 3 

,FREE ,POLITICAL ,9/ITUTIONS 

,!IR ,NATURE1 ,ESS5CE1 & ,MA9T5ANCE 

,AN ,ABRIDGM5T & ,RE>RANGEM5T ( ,LYS&] ,SPOON]'S 0,TRIAL BY JURY0 

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,= MORE ?AN SIX HUNDR$ YE>S-?AT IS1 S9CE ,MAGNA ,*>TA 9 #a#b#a#e- !RE HAS BE5 NO CLE>] PR9CIPLE ( ,5GLI% OR ,AM]ICAN CON/ITUTIONAL LAW ?AN ?AT 9 CRIM9AL CASES IT IS NOT ONLY ! RI<T & DUTY ( JURIES TO JUDGE :AT >E ! FACTS1 :AT IS ! LAW1 & :AT WAS ! MORAL 9T5T ( ! ACCUS$1 BUT ?AT IT IS ALSO !IR RI<T & !IR PRIM>Y & P>AM\NT DUTY TO JUDGE ( ! JU/ICE ( ! LAW1 & TO HOLD ALL LAWS 9VALID ?AT >E 9 !IR OP9ION UNJU/ OR OPPRESSIVE1 & ALL P]SONS GUILTLESS 9 VIOLAT+ OR RESI/+ ! EXECUTION ( SU* LAWS4 

,PROBABLY NO POLITICAL COMPACT BETWE5 K+ & PEOPLE WAS EV] 5T]$ 9TO 9 A MANN] TO SETTLE MORE AU?ORITATIVELY ! FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( A NATION ?AN WAS ,MAGNA ,*>TA4 ,PROBABLY NO PEOPLE W]E EV] MORE UNIT$ & RESOLUTE 9 DEM&+ FROM !IR K+ A DEF9ITE & UNAMBIGU\S ACKN[L$GM5T ( !IR RI<TS & LIB]TIES ?AN W]E ! ,5GLI% AT ?AT TIME4 ,PROBABLY NO K+ WAS EV] MORE COMPLETELY /RIPP$ ( ALL P[] TO MA9TA9 HIS ?RONE &1 AT ! SAME TIME RESI/ ! DEM&S ( HIS PEOPLE ?AN WAS ,JOHN ON ! #a#e? DAY ( ,JUNE1 #a#b#a#e4 ,PROBABLY NO K+ EV] CONS5T$ MORE DELIB]ATELY OR EXPLICITLY TO HOLD HIS ?RONE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC & 5UM]AT$ LIMITATIONS UPON HIS P[] ?AN DID ,JOHN :5 HE PUT HIS SEAL TO ! ,GREAT ,*>T] ( ! LIB]TIES ( ,5GL&4 ,& IF ANY POLITICAL COMPACT BETWE5 K+ & PEOPLE WAS EV] VALID TO SETTLE ! LIB]TIES ( ! PEOPLE OR TO LIMIT ! P[] ( ! ,CR[N1 ?AT COMPACT IS N[ TO BE F\ND 9 ,MAGNA ,*>TA4 

,TO GIVE ALL ! EVID5CE ( ! AU?ORITY ( ,MAGNA ,*>TA1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO GIVE ! CON/ITUTIONAL HI/ORY ( ,5GL& S9CE ! YE> #a#b#a#e4 ,! HI/ORY W\LD %[ ?AT ,MAGNA ,*>TA1 AL?\< CONT9UALLY VIOLAT$ & EVAD$1 WAS /ILL ACKN[L$G$ AS LAW BY ! GOV]NM5T1 & WAS HELD UP BY ! PEOPLE AS ! GREAT /&>D & PRO( ( !IR RI<TS & LIB]TIES4 ,IT W\LD %[ ?AT ! JUDICIAL TRIBUNALS1 :5EV] IT SUIT$ !IR PURPOSES TO DO SO1 W]E 9 ! HABIT ( REF]R+ TO ,MAGNA ,*>TA AS AU?ORITY4 ,&1 :AT IS EQUALLY TO ! PO9T1 IT W\LD %[ ?AT !SE SAME TRIBUNALS1 ! M]E TOOLS ( K+S & P>LIAM5TS1 W\LD RESORT TO ! SAME >TIFICES ( ASSUMPTION1 PREC$5T1 CON/RUCTION1 & FALSE 9T]PRETATION TO EVADE ! REQUIREM5TS ( ,MAGNA ,*>TA1 & TO EMASCULATE IT ( ALL ITS P[] = ! PRES]VATION ( LIB]TY1 ?AT >E RESORT$ TO BY ,AM]ICAN C\RTS TO ACCOMPLI% '! SAME WORK ON \R ,AM]ICAN CON/ITUTIONS4 

,I TAKE IT = GRANT$1 !RE=E1 ?AT EV5 IF ! AU?ORITY ( ,MAGNA ,*>TA HAD RE/$ SIMPLY UPON ITS *>ACT] AS A COMPACT BETWE5 K+ & PEOPLE1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 = EV] B9D+ UPON ! K+ 9 HIS LEGISLATIVE1 JUDICIAL1 & EXECUTIVE *>ACT]2 & ?AT !RE WAS NO CON/ITUTIONAL POSSIBILITY ( HIS ESCAP+ FROM ITS RE/RA9TS1 UNLESS ! PEOPLE !MSELVES %\LD FREELY DIS*>GE HIM FROM !M4 

,BUT ! AU?ORITY ( ,MAGNA ,*>TA DOES NOT RE/1 EI!R :OLLY OR MA9LY1 UPON ITS *>ACT] AS A COMPACT1 ,= C5TURIES BE=E ! *>T] WAS GRANT$1 ITS MA9 PR9CIPLES CON/ITUT$ 0! LAW ( ! L&10 ! FUNDAM5TAL & CON/ITUTIONAL LAW ( ! REALM1 :I* ! K+S W]E SWORN TO MA9TA94 ,& ! PR9CIPAL B5EFIT ( ! *>T] WAS ?AT IT CONTA9$ A WRITT5 DESCRIPTION & ACKN[L$GM5T1 BY ! K+ HIMSELF1 ( :AT ! CON/ITUTIONAL LAW ( ! K+DOM WAS :I* HIS CORONATION OA? B\ND HIM TO OBS]VE4 

,PREVI\S TO ,MAGNA ,*>TA ?IS CON/ITUTIONAL LAW RE/$ MA9LY 9 PREC$5TS1 CU/OMS1 & MEMORIES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,& IF ! K+ C\LD BUT MAKE ONE 9NOVATION UPON ?IS LAW )\T >\S+ RESI/ANCE & BE+ COMPELL$ TO RETREAT FROM HIS USURPATION1 HE W\LD CITE ?AT 9NOVATION AS A PREC$5T = ANO!R ACT ( ! SAME K9D2 NEXT1 ASS]T A CU/OM2 & F9ALLY RAISE A CONTROV]SY AS TO :AT ! LAW ( ! L& REALLY WAS4 ,! GREAT OBJECT ( ! B>ONS & PEOPLE 9 DEM&+ FROM ! K+ A WRITT5 DESCRIPTION & ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! LAW ( ! L& WAS TO PUT AN 5D TO ALL DISPUTES ( ?IS K9D1 & TO PUT IT \T ( ! P[] ( ! K+ TO PLEAD ANY MISUND]/&+ ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL LAW ( ! K+DOM4 ,& ! *>T] NO D\BT ACCOMPLI%$ V]Y MU* 9 ?IS WAY4 ,AFT] ,MAGNA ,*>TA IT REQUIR$ MU* MORE AUDACITY1 CUNN+1 OR /R5G? ON ! P>T ( ! K+ ?AN IT HAD TO 9VADE ! PEOPLE'S LIB]TIES ) IMPUNITY4 ,/ILL1 ,MAGNA ,*>TA1 LIKE ALL O!R WRITT5 CON/ITUTIONS1 PROV$ 9ADEQUATE TO ! FULL ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ITS PURPOSE1 = :5 DID A P>*M5T EV] HAVE P[] TO RE/RA9 A GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD EI!R CUNN+ TO EVADE ITS REQUIREM5TS OR /R5G? TO OV]COME ?OSE :O ATTEMPT$ ITS DEF5SE8 ,! WORK ( USURPATION1 !RE=E1 ?\< S]I\SLY *ECK$1 /ILL W5T ON TO A GREAT EXT5T AFT] ,MAGNA ,*>TA4 ,9NOVATIONS UPON ! LAW ( ! L& W]E /ILL MADE BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,ONE 9NOVATION WAS CIT$ AS A PREC$5T2 PREC$5TS MADE CU/OMS2 & CU/OMS BECAME LAWS SO F> AS PRACTICE WAS CONC]N$2 UNTIL ! GOV]NM5T1 COMPOS$ ( ! K+1 ! HI< FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,*UR*1 ! NOBILITY1 A ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS REPRES5T+ ! 0=TY %ILL+ FREEHOLD]S10 & A DEP5D5T & S]VILE JUDICI>Y1 ALL ACT+ 9 CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 BECAME PRACTICALLY ABSOLUTE1 AS IT IS AT ?IS DAY4 

,9 ORD] TO JUDGE ( ! OBJECT & MEAN+ ( ?AT *APT] ( ,MAGNA ,*>TA :I* SECURES ! TRIAL BY JURY1 IT IS TO BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT AT ! TIME ( ,MAGNA ,*>TA ! K+ WAS1 ) IMMAT]IAL EXCEPTIONS1 CON/ITUTIONALLY ! 5TIRE GOV]NM5T1 ! SOLE LEGISLATIVE1 JUDICIAL1 & EXECUTIVE P[] ( ! NATION4 ,! EXECUTIVE & JUDICIAL (FIC]S W]E M]ELY HIS S]VANTS APPO9T$ BY HIM & REMOVABLE AT HIS PLEASURE4 ,JUDGES W]E ABJECT S]VANTS ( ! K+4 ,P>LIAM5T1 SO F> AS !RE WAS A P>LIAM5T1 WAS A M]E C\NCIL ( ! K+4 ,IT ASSEMBL$ ONLY AT ! PLEASURE ( ! K+1 SAT ONLY DUR+ HIS PLEASURE1 & HAD NO P[] BEYOND ?AT ( SIMPLY ADVIS+ ! K+4 ,!RE WAS NO ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS AT ?AT TIME1 & ! PEOPLE HAD NO RI<T TO BE HE>D1 UNLESS AS PETITION]S4 

,! K+ WAS1 !RE=E1 CON/ITUTIONALLY ! GOV]NM5T1 & ! ONLY LEGAL LIMITATION UPON HIS P[] SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 SIMPLY ! COMMON LAW1 USUALLY CALL$ 0! LAW ( ! L&10 :I* HE WAS B\ND BY OA? TO MA9TA94 ,?IS LAW ( ! L& SEEMS NOT TO HAVE BE5 REG>D$ AT ALL BY MANY ( ! K+S1 EXCEPT SO F> AS !Y F\ND IT CONV5I5T TO DO SO OR W]E CON/RA9$ TO OBS]VE IT BY ! FE> ( >\S+ RESI/ANCE4 ,BUT AS ALL PEOPLE >E SL[ 9 MAK+ RESI/ANCE1 OPPRESSION & USURPATION (T5 REA*$ A GREAT HEI<T2 & 9 ! CASE ( ,JOHN !Y HAD BECOME SO 9TOL]ABLE AS TO 5LI/ ! NATION ALMO/ UNIV]SALLY AGA9/ HIM1 & HE WAS R$UC$ TO ! NECESSITY ( COMPLY+ ) ANY T]MS ! B>ONS SAW FIT TO DICTATE TO HIM4 

,IT WAS UND] !SE CIRCUM/AUCES ?AT ! ,GREAT ,*>T] ( ,5GLI% ,LIB]TIES WAS GRANT$4 ,! B>ONS ( ,5GL&1 SU/A9$ BY ! COMMON PEOPLE1 HAV+ ! K+ 9 !IR P[]1 COMPELL$ HIM1 AT ! PRICE ( HIS ?RONE1 TO PL$GE HIMSELF ?AT HE W\LD PUNI% NO FREEMAN = A VIOLATION ( ANY ( HIS LAWS EXCEPT ) ! CONS5T ( HIS PE]S-?AT IS1 ! EQUALS-( ! ACCUS$4 

,! QUE/ION H]E >ISES :E!R ! B>ONS & PEOPLE 9T5D$ ?AT ?OSE PE]S1 ! JURY1 %\LD BE M]E PUPPETS 9 ! H&S ( ! K+1 EX]CIS+ NO OP9ION ( !IR [N AS TO ! 9TR9SIC M]ITS ( ! ACCUSATIONS !Y %\LD TRY OR ! JU/ICE ( ! LAWS !Y %\LD BE CALL$ ON TO 5=CE2 :E!R ?OSE VICTORI\S B>ONS1 :5 !Y HAD !IR TYRANT K+ AT !IR FEET1 GAVE BACK TO HIM HIS ?RONE ) FULL P[] TO 5ACT ANY TYRANNICAL LAWS HE MI<T PLEASE1 RES]V+ ONLY TO A JURY ! CONTEMPTIBLE & S]VILE PRIVILEGE ( ASC]TA9+ ! SIMPLE FACT :E!R ?OSE LAWS HAD BE5 TRANSGRESS$8 ,WAS ?IS ! ONLY RE/RA9T :I* !Y1 :5 !Y HAD ! P[]1 PLAC$ UPON ! TYRANNY ( A K+ :OSE OPPRESSIONS !Y HAD RIS5 9 >MS TO RESI/8 ,WAS IT TO OBTA9 SU* A *>T] AS ?AT ?AT ! :OLE NATION HAD UNIT$1 AS IT W]E1 LIKE ONE MAN1 AGA9/ !IR K+8 ,WAS IT ON SU* A *>T] ?AT !Y 9T5D$ TO RELY = ALL FUTURE TIME = ! SECURITY ( !IR LIB]TIES8 ,NO4 ,!Y W]E 5GAG$ 9 NO SU* S5SELESS WORK AS ?AT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 :5 !Y REQUIR$ HIM TO R5\NCE = EV] ! P[] TO PUNI% ANY FREEMAN EXCEPT BY ! CONS5T ( HIS PE]S1 !Y 9T5D$ ?OSE PE]S %\LD JUDGE ( & TRY ! :OLE CASE ON ITS M]ITS1 9DEP5D5TLV ( ALL >BITR>Y LEGISLATION OR JUDICIAL AU?ORITY ON ! P>T ( ! K+4 9 ?IS WAY !Y TOOK ! LIB]TIES ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL 5TIRELY \T ( ! H&S ( ! K+1 & \T ( ! P[] ( HIS LAWS1 & PLAC$ !M 9 ! KEEP+ ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,& ?IS IT WAS ?AT MADE ! TRIAL BY JURY ! PALLADIUM ( !IR LIB]TIES4 

,! TRIAL BY JURY1 BE IT OBS]V$1 WAS ! ONLY REAL B>RI] 9T]POS$ BY !M AGA9/ ABSOLUTE DESPOTISM4 ,C\LD ?IS TRIAL1 !N1 HAVE BE5 SU* AN 5TIRE F>CE AS IT NECESS>ILY MU/ HAVE BE5 IF ! JURY HAD HAD NO P[] TO JUDGE ( ! JU/ICE ( ! LAWS ! PEOPLE W]E REQUIR$ TO OBEY8 ,DID IT NOT RA!R IMPLY ?AT ! JURY W]E TO JUDGE 9DEP5D5TLY & FE>LESSLY AS TO EV]Y?+ 9VOLV$ 9 ! *>GE1 & ESPECIALLY AS TO ITS 9TR9SIC JU/ICE1 & !REON GIVE !IR DECISION :E!R ! ACCUS$ MI<T BE PUNI%$8 ,! REASON ( ! ?+1 NO LESS ?AN ! HI/ORICAL CELEBRITY ( ! EV5TS AS SECUR+ ! LIB]TIES ( ! PEOPLE1 & ! V5]ATION ) :I* ! TRIAL BY JURY HAS CONT9U$ TO BE REG>D$1 NOT)/&+ ITS ESS5CE & VITALITY HAVE BE5 ALMO/ 5TIRELY EXTRACT$ FROM IT 9 PRACTICE1 W\LD SETTLE ! QUE/ION1 IF O!R EVID5CE HAD LEFT ! MATT] 9 D\BT4 

,BESIDES1 IF HIS LAWS W]E TO BE AU?ORITATIVE ) ! JURY1 :Y %\LD ,JOHN 9DIGNANTLY REFUSE1 AS AT FIR/ HE DID1 TO GRANT ! *>T] ON ! GR\ND ?AT IT DEPRIV$ HIM ( ALL P[] & LEFT HIM ONLY ! NAME ( A K+8 ,HE EVID5TLY UND]/OOD ?AT ! JURIES W]E TO VETO HIS LAWS & P>ALYZE HIS P[] AT DISCRETION1 BY =M+ !IR [N OP9IONS AS TO ! TRUE *>ACT] ( ! (F5SES !Y W]E TO TRY & ! LAWS !Y W]E TO BE CALL$ ON TO 5=CE2 & ?AT 0! K+ WILLS & COMM&S0 WAS TO HAVE NO WEI<T ) !M CONTR>Y TO !IR [N JUDGM5TS ( :AT WAS 9TR9SICALLY RI<T4 

,! B>ONS & PEOPLE HAV+ OBTA9$ BY ! *>T] ALL ! LIB]TIES !Y HAD DEM&$ ( ! K+1 IT WAS FUR!R PROVID$ BY ! *>T] ITSELF ?AT TW5TY-FIVE B>ONS %\LD BE APPO9T$ BY ! B>ONS \T ( !IR NUMB] TO KEEP4 SPECIAL1 VIGILANCE 9 ! K+DOM & TO SEE ?AT ! *>T] WAS OBS]V$1 ) AU?ORITY TO MAKE W> UPON ! K+ 9 CASE ( ITS VIOLATION4 ,! K+ ALSO1 BY ! *>T]1 SO F> ABSOLV$ ALL ! PEOPLE ( ! K+DOM FROM !IR ALLEGIANCE TO HIM AS TO AU?ORIZE & REQUIRE !M TO SWE> TO OBEY ! TW5TY-FIVE B>ONS 9 CASE !Y %\LD MAKE W> UPON ! K+ = 9FR+EM5T ( ! *>T]4 ,IT WAS !N ?\<T BY ! B>ONS & PEOPLE ?AT SOME?+ SUB/ANTIAL HAD BE5 DONE = ! SECURITY ( !IR LIB]TIES4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaa 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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