,FREE ,CITIES 
,COMMUNALISM & ! ,LEFT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,PREFACE 3 ,CREAT+ ,FREE ,CITIES 

      #d1#i#i#b ,WORDS2 #c#b1#c#c#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #c1#d ,WORDS2 #a#i1#f#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY 

      #c1#h#h#a ,WORDS2 #b#e1#b#c#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,NATIONALISM & ! 0,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION0 

      #a1#c#a ,WORDS2 #f#h1#c#d#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,NATIONALISM & ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION 

      #hfh ,WORDS2 #e1#f#d#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,HI/ORICAL ,IMPORTANCE ( ! ,CITY 

      #d1#f#f#a ,WORDS2 #c#a1#d#d#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,AN>*ISM AS ,9DIVIDUALISM 

      #c1#e#i ,WORDS2 #b#c1#g#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,AN>*ISM1 ,P[]1 & ,GOV]NM5T 

      #d1#f#d#f ,WORDS2 #b#i1#i#f#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,POLITICS ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM 

      #h1#b#h#g ,WORDS2 #e#c1#h#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT 

      #a#g1#h#e ,WORDS2 #a#a#g1#e#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,T[>D A ,COMMUNALI/ ,APPROA* 

      #f1#i#f#b ,WORDS2 #d#g1#a#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,NOTES 

      #b1#a#g#i ,WORDS2 #a#e1#e#e#c ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,PREFACE 3 ,CREAT+ ,FREE ,CITIES 
,CREAT+ ,FREE ,CITIES 

  

,:AT W\LD A FREE MUNICIPALITY LOOK LIKE8 ,:AT W\LD ITS BASIC 9/ITUTIONS BE8 ,:AT MAT]IAL1 POLITICAL1 & CULTURAL PRECONDITIONS MU/ BE MET BE=E WE CAN >RIVE AT !M1 & :O WILL BE ! AG5TS = SOCIAL *ANGE8 ,:AT K9DS ( MOVEM5TS & POLITICAL EF=TS >E REQUIR$ TO CREATE !M8 ,!SE QUE/IONS /RIKE TO ! CORE ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S POLITICAL PROJECT1 P>TICUL>LY AS HE REF9$ IT DUR+ ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS4 ,! IMM$IATE & ULTIMATE AIM ( ! POLITICAL APPROA* HE ADVANC$ IS TO CREATE FREE CITIES OR MUNICIPALITIES1 & AS SU* IT IS MEANT TO PROVIDE BO? A CLE> SOCIAL IDEAL AS WELL AS A CONCRETE POLITICAL PRAXIS4 

,BY ADVANC+ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ,BOOK*9 HOP$ TO SEE NEW CIVIC MOVEM5TS EM]GE & CLAIM CONTROL OV] !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T AT ! LOCAL LEVEL IS NECESS>Y1 HE 9SI/$1 TO GUIDE & 9SPIRE A PROCESS ( MUNICIPAL EMP[]M5T4 ,?IS PROCESS & ! 9/ITUTIONS IT 5TAILS1 HE HOP$1 MAY PROVIDE A FOCAL PO9T = RALLY+ PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS TO ! COMMON CAUSE ( POLITICAL FRE$OM 9 ITS MO/ EXPANSIVE S5SE4 ,TO A V]Y L>GE EXT5T1 CREAT+ FREE CITIES IS AB\T DEVELOP+ FREE CITIZ5S1 9 :OSE H&S P[] OV] SOCIETY %\LD BE SQU>ELY PLAC$3 IT MU/ RESIDE 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & NOT 9 BUREAUCRACIES1 P>LIAM5TS1 OR CORPORATE BO>DS4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE ! POLITICAL /RUCTURES NECESS>Y = ?IS %IFT 9 P[]4 ,DEMOCRATIZ$ & RADICALIZ$1 MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS W\LD EM]GE1 IT IS HOP$1 AS A DUAL P[] TO *ALL5GE & ULTIMATELY REPLACE ! NATION /ATE & ! M>KET4 

,A LIFELONG RADICAL & A F]TILE ?9K]1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 HAD BE5 POLITICALLY ACTIVE S9CE ! #a#i#cS2 FIR/ 9 ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 TRADE UNIONS1 & ,TROTSKYI/ GR\PS1 !N DUR+ ! #a#i#fS 9 ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T1 URBAN ECOLOGY PROJECTS1 AN>*I/ GR\PS1 ! RADICAL /UD5T MOVEM5T1 & COMMUNITY GR\PS2 & LAT] 9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS 9 ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5TS & ! E>LY ,GRE5 MOVEM5T4 ,ONLY 9 ! E>LY #a#i#iS DID HIS HEAL? PRECLUDE FUR!R 9VOLVEM5T 9 PRACTICAL POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 BUT HE CONT9U$ TO WRITE UNTIL ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE4 ,BOOK*9'S WORKS SPANN$ A BROAD RANGE ( ISSUES1 9CLUD+ ECOLOGY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 TE*NOLOGY1 HI/ORY1 POLITICS1 & PHILOSOPHY4 ,HE />T$ TO WRITE AB\T ECOLOGY & URBAN ISSUES 9 ! #a#i#eS1 & 9 #aifd WROTE HIS SEM9AL 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T10 ! FIR/ DEF9ITIVE ESSAY ON RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,LAT] HE WAS TO REF9E HIS !ORIES - ?R\< A CORPUS ( MORE ?AN #b BOOKS - 9TO A COH]5T BODY ( IDEAS4 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 DI$ AT ! AGE ( #h#e1 ON ,JULY #c1 #b#f4 ,) HIS PASS+ WE LO/ ONE ( ! MO/ *ALL5G+ & 9NOVATIVE RADICAL ?9K]S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,BOOK*9 EXPRESS$ HIS IDEAS ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9 A NUMB] ( ESSAYS & >TICLES1 & ADVOCAT$ IT 9 HIS LECTURES & TALKS4 ,BUT NO BOOK HAS YET APPE>$ ?AT COLLECTS HIS ESSAYS ON ! SUBJECT4 ,?IS COLLECTION ( HIS LATE POLITICAL ESSAYS1 ,I AM PR\D TO SAY1 HELPS FILL ?AT GAP4.<#a.> ,IT %\LD BE SE51 H[EV]1 9 RELATION TO ,BOOK*9'S FULL-L5G? BOOK ON CIVIC DEVELOPM5T1 CITIZ5%IP1 & POLITICS2 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES4.<#b.> ,:5 HE REPUBLI%$ ?IS MONUM5TAL WORK 9 #aiib HE ADD$ ! ESSAY 0,! ,MEAN+ ( ,CONF$]ALISM10 & 9 A LAT] $ITION1 9 #a#i#i#e1 FUR!R ADD$ 0,CONF$]AL ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW0 AS WELL AS A NEW PROLOGUE4 ,BOOK*9 WAS NO ACADEMIC1 & HE DID NOT WRITE = PURELY S*OL>LY PURPOSES2 HIS AIM ) ?IS WORK 0WAS TO =MULATE A NEW POLITICS0 & BY APP5D+ !SE ESSAYS HE %[$ H[ HE MEANT TO 9SPIRE A MOVEM5T TO GIVE HIS IDEAS CONCRETE REALITY4 

,9 LI<T ( ?IS1 ,I 9ITIALLY 9T5D$ ?IS BOOK TO BE AN EXP&$ APP5DIX TO ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 SO ?AT BO? TOGE!R W\LD CON/ITUTE AN OV]VIEW ( HIS POLITICAL ?9K+4 ,9 MY VIEW HIS LATE ESSAYS1 COLLECT$ H]E1 MAKE HIS E>LI] WORKS ON URBANIZATION1 ECOLOGY1 & REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY EV5 MORE RELEVANT & TANGIBLE4 ,BOOK*9'S ESSAYS FROM ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS HAD TRI$ TO ADVANCE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM AS AN AN>*I/ ALT]NATIVE1 AN EF=T ?AT TURN$ \T TO BE PROBLEMATICAL4 ,AL?\< = MANY YE>S ,BOOK*9 CALL$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/1 PIONE]+ ITS CONC]NS ) ECOLOGY & ) HI]>*Y1 HE HAD LONG HAD A TR\BL$ RELATION%IP ) ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ,AFT] A BITT] POLEMICAL /RUGGLE TO DEF5D :AT HE CONSID]$ TO BE ITS HI<E/ SOCIAL IDEALS AGA9/ 9DIVIDUALI/S1 WORK]I/S1 MY/ICS1 PRIMITIVI/S1 & AUTONOMI/S1 HE GOT TIR$ ( 0DEF5D+ AN>*ISM AGA9/ AN>*I/S10 AS HE PUT IT1 & PUBLICLY DISASSOCIAT$ HIMSELF FROM AN>*ISM AS SU*4 ,HE HAD SP5T MU* TIME & EF=T =MULAT+ & PRES5T+ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM AS AN AN>*I/ POLITICS1 BUT AN>*I/S1 IT TURN$ \T1 W]E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 !SE IDEAS1 & 9 FACT ! POLITICAL IDEA ( DEMOCRACY IS ACTUALLY ALI5 TO AN>*ISM4 ,SEV]AL NOTIONS 9 AN>*ISM 9SPIR$ ,BOOK*91 BUT HIS IDEAS AB\T MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 & CONF$]ATION C\LD NOT BE CONTA9$ )9 AN AN>*I/ FRAMEWORK4 ,BREAK+ ) AN>*ISM1 HE URG$ LEFT LIB]T>IAN RADICALS TO EMBRACE A NEW SET ( IDEAS1 9DE$ A NEW IDEOLOGY - HE CALL$ IT COMMUNALISM - ?AT C\LD TRANSC5D ALL CLASSICAL RADICAL !ORIES1 BO? ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/4 ,AS AN ATTEMPT TO REVIVE ,5LI<T5M5T RADICALISM1 ,BOOK*9 9T5D$ COMMUNALISM TO BE A COH]5T IDEOLOGICAL PLAT=M UPON :I* WE MI<T DEVELOP LIB]T>IAN IDEAS TODAY & PROVIDE ! ,LEFT ) A POLITICS4 

,= !SE REASONS1 ,I REALIZ$ V]Y SOON ?AT !SE ESSAYS EXP&$ ! PURPOSE ( ! AN?OLOGY2 !Y GAVE A REM>KABLY CONSI/5T OV]VIEW ( ,BOOK*9'S P]SPECTIVES ON COMMUNALISM & ITS RELATION%IP TO ! ,LEFT 9 G5]AL4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R !SE ESSAYS NOT ONLY PROVIDE AN OV]VIEW ( ,BOOK*9'S POLITICAL IDEAS BUT EXPLA9 H[ HIS POLITICAL IDEAS /EM FROM HIS BROAD] HI/ORICAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 & !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVES4 ,AL?\< ! SUBJECT MATT] MAY BE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM & PRACTICAL POLITICS1 !IR F\NDATIONAL ANALYZES >E PR(\NDLY SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL1 & !IR IDEOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE IS BASICALLY COMMUNALI/4 

,I *OSE ! TITLE ,FREE ,CITIES = ?IS AN?OLOGY BECAUSE ,I ?9K IT /IMULATES \R UND]/&+ ( ! HI/ORICAL IMPETUS BEH9D ,BOOK*9'S POLITICAL PROJECT4 ,9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ITS IDEAL ( A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS AN EF=T TO CREATE FREE CITIES1 ) AN EMPHASIS ON BO? !SE WORDS4 ,BOOK*9 W\LD HAVE 9SI/$ ?AT WE 9T]PRET FREE NOT SIMPLY AS 09DEP5D5T10 OR 0AUTONOM\S40 ,RA!R1 WE %\LD UND]/& FRE$OM 9 ITS EXPANSIVE POLITICAL S5SE1 AS ! COLLECTIVE EXPRESSION ( HUMAN SELF-RECOGNITION & CONSCI\SNESS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 CITIES %\LD NOT BE 9T]PRET$ M]ELY AS SPATIAL C5T]S ( POPULATION OR TRADE4 ,= ,BOOK*91 ! HI/ORIC RISE ( CITIES BR\<T HUMANITY ! K9D ( SOCIAL FRAMEWORK NE$$ TO BREAK \T ( ! RIGID TRIBAL WORLD & DEVELOP 9TO TRULY SOCIAL BE+S2 SU* CITIFICATION IS A HI/ORICAL PRECONDITION = \R NOTION ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,! IDEAL ( ! FREE CITIES WAS A SUBJECT NOT ONLY ( GREAT HI/ORICAL 9T]E/ BUT ONE ?AT GAVE MEAN+ TO ! PROJECT = SOCIAL & POLITICAL EMANCIPATION4 ,! QUE/ION ?AT OCCUPI$ ,BOOK*9 WAS TO :AT EXT5T MUNICIPALITIES C\LD BECOME G5U9E >5AS = POLITICAL CREATIVITY1 UNIV]SALISM1 & FRE$OM & ?US GIVE HUMAN SOCIETY ITS MO/ RATIONAL EXPRESSION4 

,I ALSO HOPE ?AT ! TITLE ,FREE ,CITIES /IMULATES ! READ] TO CONCEPTUALIZE ! POLITICAL IDEAS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY 9 A TANGIBLE MANN]4 ,H[ CAN WE EMP[] \R COMMUNITIES & RECREATE !M ALONG LIB]T>IAN L9ES8 ,H[ CAN WE DEMOCRATICALLY TRANS=M ! POLITICAL1 CULTURAL1 & MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( \R [N T[NS1 VILLAGES1 & CITIES8 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROPOSES A POLITICS ( REMAK+ DAILY LIFE NOT ONLY BY CREAT+ NONHI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS BUT ALSO BY 9/ITUTIONALLY RE/RUCTUR+ NEI<BORHOODS & CITIES4 ,! SOLEMN !ORETICAL ADH]5CE ( !SE ESSAYS TO 0CIVILIZATORY ADVANCES0 & A 0RATIONAL SOCIETY0 %\LD NOT FRI<T5 ! READ]2 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A CONCRETE POLITICAL PRACTICE4 ,IT IS MY G5U9E HOPE ?AT ?IS BOOK 5C\RAGES READ]S TO CONSID] H[ TO REVITALIZE !IR [N COMMUNITIES1 H[ WE MAY REMAKE \R MUNICIPALITIES AS GREAT PLACES TO LIVE - = ALL !IR CITIZ5S - & R5D] !M POLITICALLY & SOCIALLY FREE4 

,MY *OICE ( SUBTITLE1 ,COMMUNALISM & ! ,LEFT1 EXPRESSES ,BOOK*9'S WI% TO FRAME HIS !ORIES 9 A COMMUNALI/ FRAMEWORK & TO DEF9E !IR RELATION%IP TO ! ,LEFT4 ,BOOK*9 EXPLA9S 9 !SE ESSAYS ! MAJOR A*IEVEM5TS AS WELL AS ! S]I\S DEFICI5CIES ( V>I\S TRADITIONAL RADICAL ,LEFT IDEOLOGIES1 SU* AS ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 & SYNDICALISM4 ,= ONE ?+1 BO? SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM HAVE IGNOR$ ! NE$ TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL APPROA* 9 ! CLASSICAL S5SE ( ! T]M1 A POLITICS DI/9CT FROM ! ,/ATE ON ! ONE H& & FROM ! SOCIAL SPH]E ON ! O!R4 ,COMMUNALISM WAS = ,BOOK*9 AN ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE ! IDEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK TO RESUSCITATE ! GREATE/ ,LEFT TRADITIONS & TO =MULATE A LIB]T>IAN POLITICS4 

,! IDEA = ?IS BOOK G]M9AT$ :5 ,I LA/ SAW ,MURRAY1 A FEW MON?S BE=E HIS DEA?4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,NOVEMB] #be ,SVE9UNG ,LEG>D & ,I VISIT$ ,MURRAY & ,JANET ,BIEHL1 HIS LONG-TIME P>TN] & COLLABORATOR1 9 ,BURL+TON4 ,DUR+ \R /AY WE HAD L5G?Y POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS & UND]TOOK A SUB/ANTIAL 9T]VIEW ) ,MURRAY1 :I* TURN$ \T TO BE ! LA/ ONE HE EV] GAVE4 ,AT ONE PO9T 9 \R DISCUSSIONS1 ,BOOK*9 M5TION$ ?AT HE HOP$ TO SEE HIS WRIT+S ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM COLLECT$ & PUBLI%$4 ,I HAD ALREADY GIV5 ?IS POSSIBILITY SOME S]I\S ?\<T & HAD SPECIFIC IDEAS AB\T H[ TO PUT TOGE!R AN?OLOGIES ( HIS WRIT+S4 ,= SOME TIME ,I HAD BE5 TRANSLAT+ HIS WORKS 9TO ,NORWEGIAN1 & HAD $IT$1 AN?OLOGIZ$1 & PUBLI%$ HIS POLITICAL WRIT+S H]E 9 ,SC&9AVIA4 ,BUT ,I HAD HESITAT$ TO SUGGE/ AN ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE AN?OLOGY1 S9CE ,5GLI% IS MY SECOND LANGUAGE - AN OBVI\S %ORTCOM+4 ,MOREOV]1 ,MURRAY HAD LONG B5EFIT$ FROM ! SUPPORT ( ,JANET'S SUP]IOR $IT+ SKILLS2 = MANY YE>S1 %E HAD C>EFULLY HELP$ PREP>E HIS MANUSCRIPTS = PUBLICATION4 ,H5CE ,I WAS RELUCTANT TO (F] MY ASSI/ANCE4 ,BUT AT ?AT TIME ,JANET WAS EXHAU/$ FROM ! 9T5SE WORK ( $IT+ ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION & WAS 9 NO POSITION TO UND]TAKE ANY NEW OBLIGATION ( ! SORT PROPOS$4 ,I F]V5TLY WANT$ TO SEE ! AN?OLOGIES MAT]IALIZE1 &1 EMBOLD5$ BY ,MURRAY'S EXPRESS$ WI%1 ,I (F]$ TO ASSI/4 

,MY SPECIFIC SUGGE/IONS W]E TW(OLD4 ,FIR/1 ,I W\LD PUT TOGE!R A SMALL BOOK CONSI/+ ( SOME F\R ESSAYS ?AT GAVE A R\ND$ YET ACCESSIBLE PRES5TATION ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 TO BE CALL$ ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM4.<#c.> ,!N ,I W\LD COLLECT ! MORE DIRECTLY POLITICAL ESSAYS 9 A SECOND BOOK ?AT W\LD COMPRISE A COMPREH5SIVE OV]VIEW4 ,MURRAY & ,I DISCUSS$ !SE BOOK PROJECTS 9 DETAIL1 & HE GAVE ME SOME MANUSCRIPTS & NOTES = MY WORK4.<#d.> ,I ASSUR$ HIM ?AT ,I W\LD DO MY V]Y BE/ TO SEE ?AT !SE BOOKS W]E $IT$ ACCORD+ TO HIS WI%ES1 & HE EXPRESS$ HIS CONFID5CE BY PUTT+ ME 9 *>GE ( !IR PUBLICATION4 ,AS SOON AS ,I RETURN$ TO ,NORWAY1 ,I BEGAN TO WORK ON ! BOOKS4 

,MY [N QUALIFICATIONS = PREP>+ !SE BOOKS MAY NOT BE OBVI\S TO ! READ]1 AS ,I NOT ONLY LIVE ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,ATLANTIC FROM ,MURRAY BUT AM NOT A NATIVE ,5GLI% SPEAK]4 ,BUT ,I HAVE BE5 9VOLV$ ) ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY & LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM S9CE ! E>LY #a#i#iS4 ,I FIR/ MET ,MURRAY 9 #aiif & VISIT$ HIM MANY TIMES !REAFT]1 /AY+ 9 ,BURL+TON = WEEKS & MON?S1 EXP]I5C+ BO? HIS G5]OSITY & ?AT ( HIS FAMILY4 ,MURRAY & ,I REGUL>LY HAD LONG TELEPHONE CONV]SATIONS ?R\<\T \R T5 YE>S ( FRI5D%IP & COOP]ATION4 ,:5EV] ,I MADE A DECISION TO TRANSLATE HIS WORKS 9TO ,NORWEGIAN = PUBLICATION1 ,I ALWAYS 9=M$ HIM ( MY *OICES1 & ,I CONSULT$ HIM :5 ,I 5C\NT]$ PROBLEMS4 ,HE ?US BECAME FAMILI> ) MY $ITORIAL APPROA* & ABILITIES4 ,:5 ,I />T$ WRIT+ MY [N ESSAYS1 HE ALWAYS READ !M C>EFULLY & GAVE ME HIS COMM5TS4 ,HE WAS SOMETIMES A /]N CRITIC1 SOMETIMES 5C\RAG+1 BUT ALWAYS HIS P]SPECTIVES W]E *ALL5G+4 ,OV] ! YE>S WE GREW EV] CLOS]4 ,AFT] ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM 7HELD 9 ,PLA9FIELD1 ,V]MONT1 9 #a#i#i#i71 ,I SUGGE/$ ! CREATION ( AN 9T]NATIONAL J\RNAL TO EXPRESS A CONSI/5T COMMUNALI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,MURRAY EAG]LY JO9$ ! J\RNAL'S $ITORIAL BO>D1 ! LA/ POLITICAL GR\P TO :I* HE BELONG$4.<#e.> ,= ITS LAUN* ,I WROTE 0,COMMUNALISM AS ,ALT]NATIVE10 A MANIFE/O-LIKE ESSAY PRES5T+ ! BASIC IDEOLOGICAL VIEWS ,MURRAY HAD DEVELOP$4 

,$IT+ ! TWO AN?OLOGIES WAS A WAY = ME TO CONT9UE \R COOP]ATION1 AS WELL AS A WAY TO %[ MY GRATITUDE = HIS 9TELLECTUAL G5]OSITY4 ,UN=TUNATELY ,MURRAY DI$ ONLY SEV5 MON?S AFT] \R MEET+ ON ! BOOKS1 & HE NEV] HAD ! *ANCE TO SEE EI!R ( !M PUBLI%$4 ,I NONE!LESS FEEL CONFID5T ?AT ,FREE ,CITIES3 ,COMMUNALISM & ! ,LEFT HAS BECOME :AT HE WANT$ IT TO BE4 ,! ESSAYS GA!R$ H]E >E AMONG ,BOOK*9'S LA/1 & !Y GIVE A GOOD OV]VIEW ( HIS IDEAS AT ! 5D ( HIS LIFE4 ,I G5U9ELY HOPE ?AT ! READ] WILL GET AS MU* 9TELLECTUAL /IMULATION & POLITICAL 9SPIRATION FROM READ+ !SE ESSAYS AS ,I HAVE DONE FROM PREP>+ !M = PUBLICATION4 

,SOME ( ! ESSAYS 9 ?IS AN?OLOGY MAY ALREADY BE FAMILI> TO READ]S :O HAVE FOLL[$ ,BOOK*9'S WORK CLOSELY1 BUT MO/ ( !M >E PREVI\SLY UNPUBLI%$2 !Y HAVE BE5 COLLECT$ FROM LETT]S1 LECTURES1 UNF9I%$ DRAFTS1 & MANUSCRIPTS4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO ORD] !M 9 A FL[+ PRES5TATION TO GIVE AN OV]VIEW ( ,BOOK*9'S LATE POLITICAL \TLOOK4 ,S9CE HE DI$ BE=E WITNESS+ ! COMPLETION ( ?IS PROJECT1 ,I ?9K IT IS ONLY DEC5T TO EXPLA9 AS FULLY AS POSSIBLE MY $ITORIAL *OICES 9 CREAT+ ,FREE ,CITIES4 

,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 9 ADDITION TO DO+ REGUL> $ITORIAL WORK1 SU* AS ADD+ TITLES & SUBHEAD+S1 OR D\BLE*ECK+ REF]5CES1 DATES & NAMES1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO CREATE A COMMON /YLE ( PRES5TATION BY MAK+ ! NOTES1 LETT]S & UNF9I%$ MANUSCRIPTS 9TO PROP] ESSAYS4 ,! BOOK CONSI/S BO? ( 9DEP5D5T ESSAYS ON SPECIFIC POLITICAL ISSUES & ( MORE G5]AL ESSAYS 9 :I* ,BOOK*9 (T5 GIVES BRIEF SYNOPSES ( HIS BASIC POLITICAL IDEAS4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 !RE IS 9EVITABLY SOME OV]LAP BETWE5 ! *APT]S1 ?\< ,I HAVE TRI$ TO KEEP ?IS TO A M9IMUM4 ,9 !SE ESSAYS ,MURRAY MADE RECURR+ REF]5CES TO HIS BASIC WORKS1 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 & ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY1 & ?\< ,I HAVE TRIMM$ D[N ! NUMB] ( REF]5CES H]E1 ,I W\LD /RONGLY ADVISE ! READ] UNFAMILI> ) !SE WORKS TO CONSULT !M4 ,SOMETIMES ,BOOK*9 W\LD DISCUSS ! SAME IDEA 9 SEV]AL PLACES1 SU* AS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLITICS & /ATECRAFT1 OR HIS TRIP>TITE DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 ! SOCIAL SPH]E1 & ! ,/ATE4 ,SUFFICE TO SAY1 AGA91 READ]S WILL DEEP5 !IR UND]/&+ ( !SE IDEAS BY EXPLOR+ !M FUR!R 9 ,BOOK*9'S L>G] WORKS4 

,I HAVE ALSO CUT \T SOME ( ! CONCEPTUAL DISCUSSIONS ,BOOK*9 REPEAT$ OV] SEV]AL ( !SE ESSAYS3 9 P>TICUL> HIS (T5-M5TION$ EXPLANATION ?AT HE IS US+ ! T]M POLITICS 9 ITS CLASSICAL ,GREEK MEAN+1 AS ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! POLIS1 & HIS FREQU5TLY REPEAT$ CAVEAT ?AT HE IS WELL AW>E ( ! HI/ORICAL %ORTCOM+S ( ANCI5T ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY 9 REG>D TO SLAV]Y1 X5OPHOBIA1 & PATRI>*Y4 ,:5 ,BOOK*9 RAISES SIMIL> !MES 9 DIFF]5T ESSAYS - SAY1 ON ! ISSUES ( CONS5SUS1 CONF$]ATION1 OR GOV]NM5T - ,I HAVE TRI$ TO LIMIT ! REPETITION1 EI!R BY REMOV+ SECTIONS OR CONSOLIDAT+ ! DISCUSSION 9 ONE PLACE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! PREVI\SLY UNPUBLI%$ WRIT+S4 ,G5]ALLY ,I HAVE OMITT$ REPETITIONS ( SIMIL> >GUM5TS 9 DIFF]5T ESSAYS1 BUT HAVE LEFT !M 9TACT :5 !Y APPROA* AN ISSUE FROM A DI/9CTIVE ANGLE & ?US S]VE TO NUANCE HIS VIEWS4 ,H]E ,BOOK*9 WAS WELL AW>E ( MY G5]AL 9T5TION4 

,:5EV] POSSIBLE ,I HAVE ACCOMMODAT$ ,BOOK*9'S WI% TO UPDATE HIS ESSAYS ACCORD+ TO ! COMMUNALI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,?IS ISSUE IS ( C\RSE MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY RELAT$ TO HIS BREAK ) AN>*ISM1 A MATT] HE EXPLA9S 9 SOME DETAIL 9 SEV]AL ( ! ESSAYS4.<#f.> ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT WAS APPROPRIATE1 ,I HAVE ALSO UPDAT$ SOME ( ! OLD] ESSAYS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 :5 HE APPEALS TO A SPECIFIC GR\P 7SAY1 ! ,GRE5S1 ) :OM HE WORK$ ) = A :ILE7 9 A WAY ?AT SEEM$ \TDAT$1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO MAKE ! APPEAL MORE G5]AL 7*ANG+ IT TO1 SAY1 0RADICAL ECOLOGI/S074 ,I ?OR\<LY DISCUSS$ ALL !SE *ANGES ) ,BOOK*9 & AM MAK+ !M H]E AT HIS EXPLICIT REQUE/4 

,:5EV] L9K+ ONE P>AGRAPH TO ANO!R REQUIR$ ! ADDITION ( A TRANSITIONAL S5T5CE1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO MAKE USE ( CONCRETE EXPRESSIONS ?AT ,BOOK*9 US$ ELSE:]E4 ,TO ! BE/ ( MY ABILITIES1 :5EV] ,I HAVE HAD TO REVISE P>AGRAPHS OR MOVE PHRASES1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO PRES]VE ,BOOK*9'S TONE4 ,IF READ]S SOMETIMES MISS ! *>ACT]I/IC MUSICALITY ( HIS WRIT+S1 IT IS NOT = LACK ( TRY+ ON MY P>T4 

,! H>DE/ P>T ( PUTT+ TOGE!R SU* AN AN?OLOGY1 H[EV]1 LIES 9 DECID+ :I* ESSAYS TO 9CLUDE & H[ TO ORGANIZE !M4 ,I CAN ONLY HOPE ?AT MORE ( ,BOOK*9'S ESSAYS1 LECTURES & 9T]VIEWS WILL BE MADE AVAILABLE 9 ! YE>S TO COME1 TO %$ FUR!R LI<T ON HIS 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ ! LA/ DECADES4 ,/ILL1 BAS$ AS IT IS ON MY UND]/&+ ( :AT ,BOOK*9 WANT$ TO SEE PUBLI%$ FROM ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE1 ?IS BOOK PRES5TS ?AT WORK AS HONE/LY AS POSSIBLE4 

,! 0,9TRODUCTION0 IS COBBL$ TOGE!R FROM NOTES ?AT ,BOOK*9 GAVE ME ,NOVEMB] #b#e4 ,:5 WE W]E DISCUSS+ ?IS PROJECT1 ,I TOLD HIM ?AT ,I W\LD LOVE TO HAVE HIM WRITE AN 9TRODUCTION TO ?IS BOOK1 AS HIS E>LI] ESSAYS ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM NE$$ CONTEXTUALIZATION 9 LI<T ( HIS REC5T BREAK ) AN>*ISM4 ,HE !N REVEAL$ ?AT HE HAD ALREADY />T$ DRAFT+ SU* AN 9TRODUCTION1 & PASS$ ALONG TO ME HIS DRAFT1 ALONG ) A DRAFT = A SEP>ATE ESSAY HE HAD REC5TLY />T$ WRIT+4 ,BO? !SE DRAFTS W]E 9 A WOEFULLY UNF9I%$ /ATE1 ALMO/ NOTES1 & WE AGRE$ ?AT !Y HAD TO BE FOCUS$ TO FIT ?IS SPECIFIC AN?OLOGY4 ,TO EASE MY WORK1 ,I SUGGE/$ WE USE ! DRAFTS 9 COMB9ATION ) A %ORT PIECE ,BOOK*9 HAD WRITT5 TO 9TRODUCE A REC5T ,SW$I% AN?OLOGY ( HIS WRIT+S - A SUGGE/ION HE APPROV$4.<#g.> ,I HAVE ?US EXTRACT$ ! CORE MESSAGE ( HIS DRAFTS & SPUN !M >\ND ! EXI/+ ,SW$I% 9TRODUCTION4 ,BY FUR!R DI/+UI%+ HIS COMMUNALI/ APPROA* FROM ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 & BY EMPHASIZ+ ! PR(\ND HI/ORICISM ( !SE IDEAS1 ,I ?9K ?IS PIECE CON/ITUTES AN APPROPRIATE 9TRODUCTION TO ! PRES5T AN?OLOGY4 

,! NEXT ESSAY1 0,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY10 BR+S US DIRECTLY TO SOME SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS ON POLITICAL RADICALISM1 & SITUATES ! REMA9+ ESSAYS 9 ! CONTEXT ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,I *OSE ?IS ESSAY BECAUSE ,I F9D IT TO BE AN ACCESSIBLE LEAD9 TO LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM AS A SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL POLITICS1 9 RELATION TO ! IMP5D+ ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ?AT BESETS US4 ,I ALSO LIKE ! FACT ?AT IT BRIEFLY T\*ES ON ,BOOK*9'S CRITICISMS ( O!R RADICAL T5D5CIES 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 CRITICISMS ?AT HAVE MADE = DEF9+ DEBATES4 ,?IS ESSAY WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ AS 0,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS1 ,SOCIALISM1 & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY10 9 ,SOCIETY & ,NATURE #b1 NO4 #c 7#a#i#i#d71 & HAS BE5 $IT$ ONLY SLI<TLY TO FIT ?IS AN?OLOGY4 

0,NATIONALISM & ! ',NATIONAL ,QUE/ION1'0 WRITT5 9 ,M>* #a#i#i#c1 WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,SOCIETY & ,NATURE #b1 NO4 #b 7#a#i#i#d74 ,IT HAS LONG BE5 ONE ( MY P]SONAL FAVORITES AMONG ,BOOK*9'S ESSAYS1 & ,I AM HAPPY TO 9CLUDE IT H]E AS IT GIVES A SOLID HI/ORICAL >GUM5T NOT ONLY AGA9/ /ATISM BUT ALSO AGA9/ NATIONALISM4 ,9 ?IS ESSAY ,BOOK*9 EXPLORES ! ,LEFT'S HI/ORICALLY AMBIVAL5T RELATION%IP TO ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION10 & CONTRA/S HIS IDEAS ( MUNICIPALISM & CONF$]ATION TO ?OSE ( NATIONS & /ATES1 PRECISELY BY ! UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY & HUMAN SOLID>ITY4 ,! SUCC9CT 0,NATIONALISM & ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTIONS0 WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ AS AN ADD5DUM TO ! PREC$+ ESSAY1 HI<LI<T+ ! UNIV]SALI/IC SPIRIT ( ! ,5LI<T5ME ,BOOK*9'S >GUM5TS AGA9/ NATIONALISM & /ATISM >E TAK5 FUR!R 9 ! NEXT PIECE1 :I* ,I HAVE CALL$ 0,! ,HI/ORICAL ,IMPORTANCE ( ! ,CITY10 & :I* CONSI/S ( EXC]PTS FROM A LONG] POLEMICAL ESSAY 0,COMM5TS ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY ,NETWORK ,GA!R+ & ! ',DEEP ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY' ( ,JOHN ,CL>K10 WRITT5 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aiie & PUBLI%$ 9 ,DEMOCRACY & ,NATURE #c1 NO4 #c 7#a#i#i#g74 ,H]E WE >E GIV5 =CEFUL >GUM5TS = ! CIVILIZATORY & HUMANIZ+ ASPECTS ( ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITIES - ! T5D5CIES ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM ULTIMATELY WANTS TO RECOV] & EXP&4 ,I TOLD ,BOOK*9 ?AT ,I HAD LONG WANT$ TO HI<LI<T SOME ( ! MA9 ISSUES 9 HIS POLEMICS ) ,JOHN ,CL>K1 & ,I SPECIFICALLY SUGGE/$ !SE EXC]PTS4 ,FRU/RAT+LY1 MANY ( HIS POLITICAL ADV]S>IES HAVE T5D$ TO DEFLECT ATT5TION FROM ! REAL IDEOLOGICAL QUE/IONS AT /AKE2 BY 9CLUD+ !SE EXC]PTS1 ,I HOPE TO (F] ! BASIC YET CRUCIAL >GUM5TS4 ,I SUGGE/$ TO ,BOOK*9 ?AT ,I 9CLUDE ?IS ABRIDG$ V]SION1 BUT W\LD NOT WANT TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS V]SION IS BETT] ?AN ! ORIG9AL1 ONLY ?AT IT BETT] S]VES \R PURPOSE H]E4 ,NEI!R W\LD ,I WANT READ]S TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT EV]Y S5T5CE 9 ?IS ESSAY IS MEANT AS A DIRECT OR 9DIRECT CRITICISM ( ,CL>K'S POSITION4 ,READ]S >E /RONGLY 5C\RAG$ TO READ ! POLEMIC 9 FULL1 :I* RELATES MORE DIRECTLY TO ! ACTUAL PO9TS ( CONT5TION & CONTA9S O!R IMPORTANT DISCUSSIONS AS WELL4.<#h.> ,O!R ESSAYS FROM ,BOOK*9'S #a#i#iS DEBATES ) AN>*I/S >E C]TA9LY ALSO ( 9T]E/1 AS !Y (T5 GIVE DIFF]5T EMPHASES & NUANCES TO HIS POLITICAL IDEAS4 

,! #a#i#iS DEBATES OV] ! NATURE ( AN>*ISM ALI5AT$ ,BOOK*9 FROM ! CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,UN=TUNATELY HE WROTE NO FUNDAM5TAL ESSAYS ?AT EXPLA9$ HIS CONCLUSIONS 9 GREAT DETAIL1 AL?\< 9 RETROSPECT WE CAN SEE H[ ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM 9ITIAT$ HIS BREAK ) ?IS IDEOLOGY4.<#i.> ,MANY ( ! FEATURES ( 0LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM0 ?AT HE CRITICIZ$ W]E ONES ?AT HE LAT] CONCLUD$ W]E SYMPTOMATIC ( AN>*ISM AS SU*4 ,MURRAY EXPLA9$ HIS REASON+ 9 A LETT] TO ,PET] ,ZEG]S & ! $ITORIAL BO>D ( ,COMMUNALISM 79 ,NOVEMB] #b#a71 9 :I* HE CONSID]S EV5 ! MORE SOCIAL =MS ( AN>*ISM TO BE BASICALLY EGOI/4 ,HE ALSO DEVELOP$ SOME ( !SE IDEAS 9 A LETT] TO ,HAMI% ,ALCORN1 WRITT5 ON ,JULY #c1 #a#i#i#i1 JU/ BE=E HIS PUBLIC BREAK ) AN>*ISM4 ,) ,BOOK*9'S P]MISSION ,I HAVE /RUCTUR$ ! ESSAY 0,AN>*ISM AS ,9DIVIDUALISM0 >\ND !SE TWO LETT]S1 9CORPORAT+ AS WELL SOME UNPUBLI%$ MAT]IAL FROM 0,T[>D A ,COMMUNALI/ ,APPROA*0 & AN E>LY V]SION ( 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT40 ,DESPITE ITS BREVITY1 ,I ?9K ?IS ESSAY MAY %$ LI<T ON ,BOOK*9'S REASONS = BREAK+ ) AN>*ISM - ! POLITICAL IDEOLOGY ) :I* HE HAD BE5 ASSOCIAT$1 & ( :I* HE HAD BE5 A MAJOR REPRES5TATIVE1 = F\R DECADES4 

,! NEXT ESSAY1 0,AN>*ISM1 ,P[]1 & ,GOV]NM5T10 IS BAS$ ON ! APP5DIX ,MURRAY WROTE TO 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT10 :I* HE CALL$ 0,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION10 PUBLI%$ 9 ,COMMUNALISM1 NO4 #b 7,NOVEMB] #b#b74 ,I HAVE EXP&$ IT ) EXC]PTS ON ! SAME SUBJECT ORIG9ALLY FROM 0,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT0 & 0,T[>D A ,COMMUNALI/ ,APPROA*40 ,AS !SE ESSAYS W]E WRITT5 >\ND ! SAME TIME & BR\<T UP V]Y SIMIL> ISSUES1 ,I HAVE KNITT$ SIMIL> PASSAGES TOGE!R4 ,AS SU*1 ,I ?9K ?IS %ORT ESSAY CONTA9S ONE ( HIS WEI<TIE/ >GUM5TS AGA9/ AN>*ISM1 FOCUS+ P>TICUL>LY ON ITS 9ABILITY TO DEAL ) REAL-LIFE PROBLEMS 9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL *ANGE & REVOLUTION4 

,! TWO PREC$+ ESSAYS MAKE AN 9T]E/+ CONTRA/ ) 0,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,POLITICS ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM40 ,WRITT5 AS A VIDEO-TRANSMITT$ SPEE* ?AT ,BOOK*9 PRES5T$ TO ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM1 HELD 9 ,LISBON 9 #a#i#i#h1 IT WAS ONE ( HIS LA/ ATTEMPTS TO PRES5T HIS POLITICAL IDEAS AS A DIRECT EXT5SION ( ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ TRADITION4 ,H]E HE TRIES TO UPHOLD ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ PREF]5CE = COMMUNES1 REVOLUTIONISM1 & F$]ATIONS1 9 ORD] TO REWORK & REF9E !SE IDEALS = *ANG$ SOCIAL CONDITIONS3 ,! SPEE* WAS TITL$ 0,A ,POLITICS = ! #b#a/ ,C5TURY40 ,I HAVE REMOV$ DAT$ REF]5CES & SOME P>TS ?AT OV]LAP ) ! O!R ESSAYS 9CLUD$ H]E94 ,I HAVE ALSO TRI$ TO UPDATE ! ESSAY ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*9'S EXPRESS$ WI%ES1 MAK+ M9OR *ANGES CONC]N+ HIS IDEOLOGICAL DRIFT FROM AN>*ISM TO COMMUNALISM1 )\T *ANG+ ANY ( ITS BASIC CONT5T4 ,AFT] ?IS SPEE* ,BOOK*9 GAVE UP ON HIS ATTEMPTS TO 9FLU5CE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T FROM )91 &1 AT ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE 9 ,V]MONT ! FOLL[+ YE>1 HE BROKE OP5LY ) AN>*ISM AS A !ORY & A MOVEM5T4 ,?IS ESSAY CONTA9S HIS LA/ IMPORTANT EVALUATION ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION FROM )91 TRY+ TO EMPHASIZE ITS REVOLUTION>Y1 DEMOCRATIC1 & SOCIALI/ *>ACT]4 ,HE LAT] CONSID]$ HIS EF=TS TO HAVE BE5 AN UTT] FAILURE4 ,:]E HE HAD E>LI] ATTEMPT$ TO EXP& ! F$]ALI/1 COOP]ATIVE1 & MUNICIPALI/ TR5DS )9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 HE N[ TRI$ TO BR+ ?OSE VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS 9TO A NEW !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK UNBURD5$ BY ! ANTI-SOCIAL1 ANTI-9TELLECTUAL1 & ANTIORGANIZATIONAL T5D5CIES ) :I* AN>*ISM HAS ALWAYS /RUGGL$4 

,! NEXT ESSAY1 0,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT10 IS 9 MY VIEW ! JEWEL ( ?IS COLLECTION1 TY+ ALL ! O!R PIECES TOGE!R & GIV+ ?IS AN?OLOGY ITS NECESS>Y COH]5CE & BREAD?4 ,H]E ,BOOK*9 ASSESSES ( ! /ATE ( RADICALISM AT ! TURN ( ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY - NOT ONLY ! RADICALISM ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y RESI/ANCE AGA9/ 0GLOBALIZATION10 BUT RADICALISM GO+ BACK TO ! 9T]W> P]IOD & TW5TIE?-C5TURY REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CES4 ,HE TAKES A REM>KABLY DETA*$1 YET 5GAG$1 LOOK AT TRADITIONAL RADICALISM & ITS BASIC PREMISES1 SPECIFICALLY ANALYZ+ TR5DS 9 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 ,BOOK*9 (T5 SPOKE ( ?IS ESSAY & F9ALLY %[$ IT TO ME AT \R ,NOVEMB] #be MEET+4 ,! MANUSCRIPT HE H&$ OV] TO ME TO $IT HAD BE5 WRITT5 9 ,DECEMB] #b#b4 ,IT WAS /ILL UNF9I%$ 7IT ACTUALLY 5D$ MID-S5T5CE7 BUT WAS REM>KABLY CONSI/5T 9 ITS REASON+4 ,AL?\< ,I HAVE $IT$ ! ESSAY1 NO?+ ( SUB/ANCE HAS BE5 OMITT$1 & ?\< IT BROAD5S ! FOCUS ( ?IS AN?OLOGY F> BEYOND ! COLLECTION ( 0/RICTLY POLITICAL0 WRIT+S ,I HAD 9T5D$1 IT IS ?IS PIECE ?AT CONTA9S ,BOOK*9'S MO/ MATURE IDEAS4 ,IT IS FULLY COMMUNALI/1 POS+ A SET ( *ALL5G+ QUE/IONS = \R G5]ATION ( RADICALS TO CONSID]1 & EV5 AS A /&-ALONE ESSAY IT GIVES ?IS BOOK A SCOPE ?AT /RET*ES F> 9TO ! FUTURE4 

,WE CLOSE ) AN ESSAY ?AT ,BOOK*9 WROTE = ,COMMUNALISM4 ,ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 9 ,JULY #b AS 0,COMMUNALISM3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW10 IT WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE REVIS$ = PUBLICATION1 BUT 9/EAD ,BOOK*9 WROTE A COMPLETELY NEW ESSAY ?AT 5D$ UP AS ! MA/]FULLY COMPOS$ & !ORETICALLY *ALL5G+ 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT40.<#a.> ,EV5 ?\< ! 0,OV]VIEW0 ESSAY WAS ?US SUP]S$$1 IT CONTA9$ SO MANY 9T]E/+ ASPECTS ?AT ,I ALWAYS FELT IT DES]V$ TO BE PUBLI%$ 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF RETURN$ TO IT 9 ,JUNE #bc & MADE SOME SIGNIFICANT UPDATES1 & ,I HAVE S9CE TAK5 \T ALL ! P>TS ?AT OV]LAP ) 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT40 ,I ?9K IT IS ( GREAT 9T]E/1 NOT BECAUSE IT IS A DEF9ITIVE EXPOSITION ( COMMUNALISM - IT IS NOT - BUT RA!R BECAUSE IT IS SO SUGGE/IVE ( SU* AN EXPOSITION4 ,9 ?IS ESSAY WE SEE ,BOOK*9 /ILL /RUGGL+ ) HIS IDEOLOGICAL BREAK ) AN>*ISM1 FRAM+ HIS PRES5TATION ALMO/ 5TIRELY AS A POLEMIC AGA9/ PREVAL5T AN>*I/ NOTIONS - UNLIKE 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT0 & 0,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT10 :I* /& \T 9DEP5D5TLY AS A *ALL5G+ IDEOLOGICAL TE/AM5T4 

,TAK5 TOGE!R1 ! ESSAYS 9 ,FREE ,CITIES REPRES5T ,BOOK*9'S MO/ REC5T IDEAS1 P>TICUL>LY ON POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL ISSUES4 ,9 MY VIEW ?IS AN?OLOGY (F]S BO? A GOOD 9TRODUCTION TO HIS POLITICAL IDEAS AS WELL AS SOLID OV]VIEW ( HIS COMMUNALI/ APPROA*4 ,NOT ONLY DOES IT CONTA9 MU* PREVI\SLY UNPUBLI%$ MAT]IAL1 IT HELPS EXPLA9 IDEOLOGICAL ISSUES ?AT REMA9$ UNRESOLV$ AT HIS DEA?1 P>TICUL>LY CONC]N+ HIS IDEOLOGICAL BREAK ) AN>*ISM4 ,IT WILL BE EASY = READ]S FAMILI> ) ,BOOK*9'S WRIT+S TO SEE H[ HIS DI/9CT POLITICAL IDEAS >E $UC$ FROM HIS BROAD] !ORY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,= ,BOOK*91 TO ADVANCE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM MEANT TO DEF5D & BUILD UPON ! IDEALS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 :I* HE CONSID]$ ! GREATE/ TRADITION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,BAS$ ON COMMUNALISM & SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A FUNDAM5TAL ATTEMPT TO DEF9E A POLITICAL HUMANISM & TO =MULATE & CREATE A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,I CONFESS ?AT PREP>+ ?IS MANUSCRIPT = PUBLICATION HAS NOT BE5 EASY1 P>TICUL>LY S9CE ,BOOK*9 PASS$ AWAY BE=E SEE+ ITS COMPLETION4 ,DESPITE ! >DU\S TASK1 ,I HAVE NEV]!LESS F\ND IT A PLEASURE TO WORK ) !SE WOND]FUL IDEAS4 

,I W\LD P>TICUL>LY LIKE TO ?ANK ,JANET ,BIEHL1 :O METICUL\SLY $IT$ ALL ( ,MURRAY'S WORK 9 HIS LA/ TWO DECADES BE=E IT SAW PUBLICATION4 ,I W\LD ALSO LIKE TO EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE TO MY CLOSE COMRADES ,YNGVILD ,HASVIK & ,SVE9UNG ,LEG>D1 S9CE !IR SUPPORT1 PATI5CE1 & ADVICE HAVE BE5 9DISP5SABLE 9 F9I%+ ?IS PROJECT4 

,AT ! 5D ( ?IS PREFACE ,I W\LD ALSO LIKE TO PROP]LY ?ANK ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 = ALL[+ ME TO WORK ON !SE IDEAS1 & = \R T5 YE>S ( COOP]ATION & FRI5D%IP4 ,IT HAS BE5 A PRIVILEGE TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) HIM2 HIS 9TELLECTUAL VIGOR WAS ALWAYS A S\RCE ( GREAT 9SPIRATION1 & ,I HAVE GA9$ MU* FROM HIS G5U9ELY %>+ P]SONALITY4 ,H[EV] MU* ,I HAVE 5JOY$ HIS W>M? & G5]OSITY ON A P]SONAL LEVEL1 MY GRATITUDE ABOVE ALL IS = HIS A*IEVEM5T 9 PROVID+ A FUTURE MOVEM5T ) SU* *ALL5G+ IDEAS4 

,IF ?IS COLLECTION ( ESSAYS CONTRIBUTES TO CONTEMPOR>Y DISCUSSIONS ON :AT K9D ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & RADICAL ORGANIZATIONS WE NE$ TODAY1 IT WILL HAVE S]V$ ITS PURPOSE4 ,IT IS MY G5U9E HOPE ?AT READ]S WILL SEEK TO FAMILI>IZE !MSELVES ) ,BOOK*9'S IDEAS1 H]E & 9 HIS O!R WORKS1 NOT AS AN ACADEMIC EX]CISE BUT AS A WAY ( PREP>+ TO *ANGE ! WORLD4 

,EIRIK ,EIGLAD  

 ,M>* #c1 #bh 

O ,9TRODUCTION 
,9TRODUCTION 

  

,!SE ESSAYS >E MY F9AL ASSESSM5T ( SOME #h YE>S ( SOCIAL REFLECTIONS ON ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,9 A V]Y REAL S5SE1 !Y >E ! PRODUCT ( A LIFETIME ( /UDY & POLITICAL WORK1 DI/ILL$ FROM A REM>KABLE ]A ( REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY ?AT SPANN$ DECADES ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 FROM ! #aiag ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TO ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,I MAKE NO PRET5SE TO CLAIM+ ?AT !SE ESSAYS RESOLVE ANY ( ! CRISES ?AT BESET ! PEOPLE :O LIV$ \T ! C5TURY4 ,IT W\LD BE REM>KABLE 9DE$ TO KN[ EV5 H[ TO PROP]LY DEF9E !SE CRISES1 /ILL LESS TO BE CAPABLE ( SOLV+ !M4 ,I DO NOT CLAIM TO BE ABLE TO ANSW] ALL ( ! QUE/IONS WE FACE1 BUT !Y MU/ BE CONSID]$ - HOPEFULLY AS A BASIS = FUTURE & CREATIVE DISC\RSE4 ,! QUE/IONS WE ASK & ! ANSW]S WE GIVE >E SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY DEF9+4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R1 !Y ACTUALLY =M ! BATTLEGR\ND = ! FUTURE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 & \R RESPONSES >E ! BASIS = H[ WE CON/ITUTE \RSELVES AS SOCIAL BE+S4 

,I W\LD LIKE TO SUGGE/ ?AT !SE ESSAYS BE SE5 AS ! POLITICAL CONCLUSIONS ,I HAVE DRAWN FROM MY HI/ORICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL WORK 9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 ,RE-,5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY1 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES & LA/ BUT NOT 9 ! LEA/ ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION4 ,?R\<\T !SE WORKS ,I HAVE TRI$ TO MELD TOGE!R ! MO/ *ALL5G+ HI/ORICAL IDEALS 9TO A BODY ( !ORY ?AT G5]ALLY W5T BY ! NAME 0SOCIAL ECOLOGY04 ,!SE IDEAS COMB9E AS /R&S 9 A COMMON ?READ3 A SE>* TO UND]/& ! PLACE ( HUMANITY 9 ! NATURAL WORLD & ! SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT MU/ BE PRES5T IF WE >E TO ACTUALIZE \R ABILITY 7AS YET 9COMPLETE7 TO BR+ TO BE>1 9 ALL ! AFFAIRS ( 0RAW0 OR FIR/ NATURE1 A 0SOPHI/ICAT$0 OR SECOND NATURE 9=M$ BY REASON4 ,BY COMB9+ ! WORDS 0ECOLOGY0 & 0FRE$OM0 ,I TRI$ TO %[ ?AT NEI!R NATURE NOR REASON C\LD BE PROP]LY CONCEPTUALIZ$ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! O!R2 ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD C\LD NOT BE GIV5 ANY MEAN+ )\T ! SOCIAL WORLD OR ! HUMAN M9D1 ?AT IS1 )\T ! ABILITY TO AB/RACT EXP]I5CE & G5]ALIZE FACTS 9TO F>-REA*+ 9SI<TS4 

,= MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 SOCIETY1 9 EFFECT1 WAS FAMILIAL1 NOT CIVIC2 IT WAS ORGANIZ$ >\ND BLOOD TIES 7REAL OR FICTIVE71 NOT LEGAL T5ETS4 ,ALLOCATION ( ! MEANS ( LIFE FULFILL$ NECESSITIES - ESPECIALLY RI<TS & DUTIES - AMONG LIT]AL & FIGURATIVE RELATIVES 9 A NEXUS ( %>$1 UNQUE/ION$ RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,?+S W]E BR\<T TOGE!R 9 AN 9DISPUTABLY 0NATURAL0 MANN]1 SU* ?AT ! 0PEOPLE0 W]E UNIFI$ - EV5 MORE COMPELL+LY ?AN BY CU/OM - BY AN 9BORN S*EME ( REALITY4 ,!Y C\LD NOT ACT O!RWISE1 & !IR LIFE-WAYS ALL[$ = NO DISCRETION TO FOLL[ ANY PA? O!R ?AN :AT WAS GIV5 BY ! 0ET]NAL0 NATURE ( ?+S4 

,! RISE ( ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITIES - ULTIMATELY CITIES1 CIVILIZATION1 & CITIZ5%IP1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM HABITATS1 CU/OMS1 & FOLK - RADICALLY *ANG$ ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,9DE$1 IT M>K$ ! GREAT RUPTURE ( ,HOMO SAPI5S FROM M]ELY A CREATIVE K9D ( ANIMAL 9TO HUMANS AS SU*4 ,! MO/ P[]FUL M$IUM = A*IEV+ ?IS RADICAL NEW DISP5SATION WAS A PROCESS ( ALI5ATION CALL$ TRADE1 A PROCESS ?AT DRA/ICALLY REMADE ! APPREH5SION ( REALITY FROM IMAG]Y 9TO OBJECTIVITY4 ,! TRADITIONAL WORLD ( IMAG9ATION & ANALOGICAL ?9K+ GAVE WAY TO A NEW WORLD ( SY/EMATIC ANALYSIS & DISCIPL9$ ?\<T1 5G5D]$ BY COMM]CE1 EFFICI5T PRODUCTION1 & C>EFUL CALCULATION4 ,TRADE REW>D$ PR$ICTABILITY BAS$ ON OBJECTIVITY1 & KN[L$GE BAS$ ON REALITY1 ) P[] & WEAL?4 ,TO KN[ MEANT TO LIVE 9 PALPABLE T\* ) REALITY4 

,KN[L$GE CEAS$ TO BE AN 5D 9 ITSELF2 IT BECAME A TOOL1 AN 9/RUM5T ( CONTROL & MANIPULATION4 ,YET ULTIMATELY IT CREAT$ A NEW WORLD ( ?\<TS & ?+S1 A NEW UNIV]SE ?AT R$EF9$ :AT IT MEANT TO BE ALIVE - G5]AT+ AN APPETITE = WEAL?1 = COMPETITION1 = GR[? = ITS [N SAKE1 = PRIVATE [N]%IP1 & = P[] OV] M54 ,:AT HUMANS C\LD IMAG9E1 !Y BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,EV5 ! TRANS=MATION ( HUMAN BE+S FROM E>?-B\ND TO FLY+ CREATURES CON/ITUT$ A REM>KABLE ADVANCE 9 ! CONV]SION ( IMAGE 9TO OBJECT - & NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 IT R$UC$ A FRI<T5+ MY/]Y TO A PROSAIC PROBLEM ( 5G9E]+4 ,NUCLE> PHYSICS TRANS=M$ VA/1 9EFFABLE LEG5DS 9TO PROBLEMS ( ORD9>Y MA!MATICS1 NO LESS UNSOLVABLE ?AN ! QUE/IONS POS$ BY ,EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY4 

,BUT H[ WAS ?IS EV5 POSSIBLE8 ,! PEOPLE :O N[ GRAPPL$ ) ! FANTA/IC PROBLEMS ?AT HAD OCCUPI$ HUMAN BE+S EV5 SEV]AL MILL5NIA E>LI] W]E1 9 FACT1 NO LONG] ! SAME PEOPLE4 ,!IR \TLOOK WAS NO LONG] ANIMI/IC1 & !Y NO LONG] LIV$ 9 ORGANIC SOCIETIES4 ,[+ TO !IR HABITATION 9 VILLAGES & CITIES1 TO !IR WRITT5 LIT]ATURE & SY/EMATIC MODES ( ?\<T1 TO !IR C>EFUL RETROSPECTION & 9TROSPECTION1 TO !IR SUB/ITUTION ( MY?OPEIC FANTASY ) RATIONAL ?\<T1 !Y W]E BECOM+ HUMANIZ$1 RATIONALIZ$1 & CIVILIZ$ - V]ITABLY A NEW SPECIES4 

,SOCIAL !ORY C\LD NOT IGNORE ! EXT5T TO :I* MY?OPOESIS1 FANTASY1 & UNBRIDL$ SUBJECTIVITY YIELD$ TO HUMANIZATION1 RATIONALIZATION & CIVILIZATION1 & IT DID NOT DO SO4 ,?IS NEW WORLD1 P>TICUL>LY ITS EM]G5CE1 WAS MO/ BRILLIANTLY ELUCIDAT$ 9 ! ECONOMIC WORKS ( ,K>L ,M>X & HIS DISCIPLES4 ,DESPITE !IR HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS1 !Y /ILL /& AS A MONUM5T TO ! P[] ( ?\<T TO RISE ABOVE FANTASY4 

,BOL/]$ BY ?REE MASSIVE VOLUMES ( CLOSELY REASON$ ECONOMIC ANALYSIS1 CONSID]ABLE MA!MATICAL =MULATIONS1 & HI<LY P]SUASIVE HI/ORICAL DATA1 ,M>XISM EM]G$ AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE AS ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY ( ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN RADICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA & AFFECT$ ! ?9K+ ( GREAT MASSES ( LIT]ATE WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,DESPITE MANY V>IATIONS 9 ,M>XI/ T5ETS1 ,M>X WAS SE5 AS ! MAN :O PROVID$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( ! ,WE/ ) ! BASIC IDEAS ( SOCIALISM4 

,TREAT$ LIKE A NEW GOSPEL1 ?IS 0SCI5TIFIC0 SOCIALISM WAS REG>D$ AS EVID5CE1 NOT ( DOGMATISM1 BUT ( LE>N+ & ( MOD]N 9TELLECTUAL C]TA9TY4 ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E1 9 EFFECT1 WAS REG>D$ AS OBJECTIVE TRU?1 :I* QUALIFI$ ITS EXPOSITORS TO SPEAK AU?ORITATIVELY ON ANY SUBJECT AS ! PE]S ( 9=M$ SCI5TI/S1 NOT ONLY 9 ECONOMICS BUT ALSO 9 ! LIFE SCI5CES & MA!MATICS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( LIT]ATURE & E?ICS4 ,9 HI/ORY1 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 &1 NE$LESS TO EMPHASIZE1 ) REG>D TO CURR5T EV5TS1 ITS ACOLYTES P]SUASIVELY CLAIM$ TO 5JOY A SPECIAL KN[L$GE ( ! C\RSE ( EV5TS & !IR MEAN+4 ,[+ TO !IR ADOPTION ( ,HEGEL'S NOTION ( ! 0CUNN+ ( REASON10 ,M>XI/S PR(ESS$ TO UND]/& ! 0HIDD5 H&0 ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 AS IT W]E1 LOOK+ BEYOND CULTURAL1 POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 MY/ICAL1 & EV5 >TI/IC CLAIMS TO ! 0UND]LY+0 CLASS 9T]E/S4 

,9 ! H&S ( ,M>XIAN ACOLYTES LIKE ,GEORG ,PLEKHANOV & ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 :O ESS5TIALLY SUB/ITUT$ DIALECTICS = ME*ANICS1 SOCIAL !ORY BECAME ! DEAD5+ SCI5TISM ( A NEW 0SOCIAL PHYSICS40 ,! 9T]W> G5]ATION1 ! PRODUCT ( ! ME*ANICS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! DOGMA ( SOCIAL R$UCTIONISM1 & ! H>D-NOS$ IDEA ( SOCIAL DYNAMICS RA!R ?AN SOCIAL DIALECTICS1 EM]G$ AS TRUE CLASS BE+S - ,HOMO ECONOMICUS4 ,M>XISM'S GREATE/ CLAIM TO SUP]IORITY OV] ! SO-CALL$ 0UTOPIAN0 SOCIALI/S WAS ITS CONT5TION ?AT IT HAD PROSPECTIVELY E/ABLI%$ ! HEGEMONIC ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT OV] ALL O!R CLASSES 9 A*IEV+ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,( ALL CLASSES1 ! PROLET>IAT1 ,M>X EXPRESSLY MA9TA9$1 HAD NO?+ TO SELL BUT ITS AB/RACT 0LABOR P[]0 7?AT IS1 ITS BIOLOGICAL CAPACITY TO PRODUCE COMMODITIES 9 QUANTITIES BEYOND :AT WAS NECESS>Y = ! SATISFACTION ( ITS NE$S71 & = ?AT REASON ITS HI/ORICAL DE/9Y WAS TO BE DRIV5 TO OV]?R[ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & REPLACE IT ) A PLANN$1 NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,?IS SEM9AL1 =CIBLY DRIV5 ACT MADE ,M>X'S WORK DI/9CTIVE AMONG !ORIES ( SOCIALISM4 

,BUT ! GREATE/ %ORTCOM+ ( ,M>XISM WAS ITS CELEBRAT$ CLAIM TO F9ALITY4 ,CAPITAL ASS]T$ ?AT CAPITALISM APPE>S AS ! DISSECTION ( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY 9 ALL ITS 0:OL5ESS10 5CAPSULAT$ AS A 0SCI5CE10 A NOTION ?AT PRESUPPOSES 7LIKE ,QUESNAY'S ,TABLEAU ,ECONOMIQUE7 A SOCIAL /ABILITY ?AT W\LD HAVE CR$IBILITY ONLY 9 ! F9ITUDE OR /ATIC P]FECTION ( ,>I/OTLE'S />S4 ,( C\RSE1 NO:]E 9 ,BE+ IS SU* IMMOBILITY POSSIBLE1 & NO CONCEPT C\LD BE MORE NONS5SICAL4 ,9DE$1 AS ! ANCI5T ,GREEKS EMPHASIZ$1 ALL ?AT EXI/S IS DEVELOPM5T1 ELABORATION1 & 9CREAS+ 7BUT ALWAYS 9COMPLETE7 0FULLNESS40 ,?\<T & LIFE >E UN5D+ 9NOVATION4 ,9 A ,BE+ ?AT IS NECESS>ILY P>ADOXICAL1 WE /RIVE NOT ONLY = A 0:OLE10 NOT ONLY = A 0TOTALITY0 ?AT IS COMPLETE1 BUT = ONE :OSE 0F9AL0 CONT\RS ALWAYS ELUDE US4 

,!SE ESSAYS1 !N1 DO NOT WORK FROM ! NOTION ?AT !RE CAN BE AN 05D TO HI/ORY40 ,DEF9+ HI/ORY AS HAV+ AN ULTIMATE 5D W\LD DISSOLVE IT 9TO A MEAN+LESS CONUNDRUM1 B]EFT ( EXP]I5CE & DEVELOPM5T4 ,YET ! WORD HI/ORY IS ONE ( ! FEW ?AT ALT]NATELY D5OTES BO? COMPLET5ESS & DYNAMISM4 ,)9 A GIV5 0/AGE0 HI/ORY HAS A COMPLET5ESS TO ITSELF1 BUT 9 HI/ORY AS A 0PROCESS0 A GIV5 P]IOD 0FL[S0 9TO ! NEXT ) NO T]M9US1 SO TO SPEAK4 ,WE ?US F9D \RSELVES FAC$ ) A CONUNDRUM1 MORE LIKE A ,KANTIAN SYLLOGISM ?AT HAS TO BE ACCEPT$ AS A GIV51 OR :AT ,HEGEL W\LD CALL A CONTRADICTION4 

,NOT ONLY DO ! GR& WORKS ( PHILOSOPHY HAVE 9TR9SIC DUAL MEAN+S1 !Y ALSO REFLECT SIGNIFICANT 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGES ?AT SOCIETIES HAVE UND]GONE ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME1 FROM ]AS ( OBEISANCE TO K+S & NOBLES TO \R [N4 ,SWEEP+ SOCIAL *ANGES 9 A SURPRIS+LY BRIEF P]IOD ( TIME HAVE CREAT$ A NE$ = PR(\NDLY NEW SOCIAL T]MS1 9DE$ = A DICTION>Y MORE 9CLUSION>Y ?AN WE HAVE TODAY4 ,SU* A COMPILATION ( T]MS1 OR EXPANSIONS 9 MEAN+ ( WORDS 9 COMMON USE TODAY1 AM\NTS TO ! =MULATION ( A NEW SY/EM ( IDEAS4 ,AS WE $UCE ONE IDEA FROM ! O!RS1 WE CAN D]IVE FROM EV]Y ONE ! POT5TIALITIES ( LESS 9CLUSIVE BUT PR(\NDLY MEAN+FUL (FSPR+1 ) A V>IETY ( DIV]G5T DEVELOPM5TS4 

,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 HI/ORY BECOMES AN OP5 PROSPECT ?AT SUGGE/S ! POT5TIALITY = A MULTITUDE ( RADICALLY NEW =MS4 ,I PRES5T$ ONE ( A NUMB] ( C\RSES ?AT ?IS APPROA* TO A SOCIAL DIALECTIC MI<T TAKE 9 MY BOOK ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM2 ALT]NATIVE C\RSES W]E PUT =W>D BY NON-,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! PRE-,COLUMBIAN ,AM]ICAS4 ,IT IS NOT AN IDLE 5DEAVOR TO TRY TO IMAG9E :AT A H&ICRAFT SOCIETY1 :OSE ECONOMY WAS DELIB]ATELY MIX$ & SMALL-SCALE 9 *>ACT]1 MI<T HAVE LOOK$ LIKE - AS A 0RATIONAL0 SOCIETY - 9 CONTRA/ TO ! M$IEVAL WORLD ?AT ACTUALLY PREC$$ URBAN SOCIETY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E1 :I* DESCRIBES SU* A SOCIETY1 HAS ATTRACT$ SO MANY ADMIR]S 9 \R [N TIME AS A 0MODEL0 UTOPIA1 ESPECIALLY AMONG LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S & SYNDICALI/S4 

,:AT CONC]NS US H]E1 H[EV]1 IS ! OSSIFICATION ( !SE LIB]T>IAN & ORGANIC TRADITIONS DUR+ ! P]IOD ?AT SPANN$ ! TWO WORLD W>S4 ,! 0,GREAT ,W>0 WAS F\<T L>GELY BY MEANS ( BRUTAL TR5* W>F>E2 BACK+ \T ( ?AT SLAU<T]1 ! WORLD 5T]$ ! 0,RO>+ ,TW5TIES10 !N ! 0,GREAT ,DEPRESSION0 & ! TUMULTU\S #a#i#cS1 ) SOCIALI/ 9SURRECTIONS1 ! FASCI/ C\PS ( ,MUSSOL9I & ,HITL]1 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 & ,/AL9'S MASSIVE PURGES4 ,! P]IOD ?AT ?US CLOS$ ) ! G5OCIDAL ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO CANNOT BE ME*ANICALLY LOCK$ 9TO A HI/ORICAL BOX4 ,! YE>S FROM #aiad TO #aie CON/ITUTE ONE ( ! MO/ EV5TFUL P]IODS ( TRUE HI/ORY1 :]E9 PEOPLE'S ACTIONS SURM\NT ! QUANTITATIVE /UFF FROM :I* M]E CAL5D>S >E MADE4 

,! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN G5]ATION ( Y\NG RADICALS ?AT EM]G$ AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE & ?AT TRI$ TO RESOLVE ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A ( ! 9T]W> ]A WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ P]PLEX+ 9 MOD]N HI/ORY4 ,IT WAS C]TA9LY ! MO/ EMBATTL$ &1 IDEOLOGICALLY1 ! MO/ 9SURRECTION>Y T[>D ! DEEPLY 5TR5*$ EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL ORD]1 NOTABLY CAPITALISM4 

,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO A/ONI%+ TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES1 SO>+ PRODUCTION FIGURES1 MAJOR ADVANCES 9 ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ,WE/]N WORK]S1 & BROADLY RI<TW>D %IFTS 9 POPUL> POLITICAL S5TIM5TS ALL MADE IT EVID5T ?AT CAPITALISM HAD MORE LIFE REMA9+ TO IT ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S HAD =ESE5 DECADES E>LI]4 ,AFT] ! %ORT-LIV$ ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#fS1 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS WAN$ /EADILY 9 NUMB]S & PURPOSE1 :ILE ]/:ILE RADICAL SOCIAL !ORI/S IMM]S$ !MSELVES 9 ACADEMIC ESOT]ICA SU* AS ! P]EGR9ATIONS ( ! V>I\S ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL !ORI/S1 ( ,GEORG ,LUKACS & ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 & F9ALLY 9 PO/MOD]NISM1 ! EXPRESSION P> EXCELL5CE ( ! 0VIRTUES0 ( IDEOLOGICAL DISORD] & SOCIAL NIHILISM4 

,AS SOMEONE :O LIV$ \T ?IS ]A1 ,I WAS V>I\SLY REG>D$ - OR REG>D$ MYSELF - AS A COMMUNI/ 79CLUD+ ONE :O ADH]$ TO SUCCESSIVE VIEWS HELD BY ,TROTSKY71 A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/1 & 9 A RA!R SPOTTY FA%ION1 AN AN>*I/4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS ,I EXPRESS$ MY IDEAS =CEFULLY 9 A RA!R ROMANTIC AN>*I/ FRAMEWORK4 ,LAT]1 H[EV]1 ,I F\ND IT 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE AN>*ISM ) MY BASIC VIEWS4 ,9 ! #a#i#iS IT WAS GRADUALLY BECOM+ CLE> TO ME ?AT AN IDEOLOGY ?AT DOES LITTLE MORE ?AN HAIL ! 0AUTONOMY ( ! EGO10 & ?AT CONCEIVES ( 0LIB]TY0 9 EXTREMELY 9DIVIDUALI/IC T]MS1 CAN NEV] PRODUCE BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,A LIFE/YLE RA!R ?AN AN IDEOLOGY1 AN>*ISM1 ,I CAME TO REALIZE1 IS CONC]N$ MORE ) 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR ?AN ) POLITICAL *ANGE & ALL[S LITTLE ROOM = A CREATIVE POLITICAL PRACTICE4 

,MY [N EXP]I5CES 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T 7AS A F\NDRYMAN & LAT] AS AN AUT[ORK]7 9 ! #a#i#cS & #a#i#dS HAD LONG AGO CONV9C$ ME ?AT MAK+ BASIC & LA/+ *ANGE REQUIRES ORGANIZATION 7AS ! ,I,W,W M>TYR ,JOE ,HILL VOIC$ JU/ BE=E HIS EXECUTION74 ,BUT MO/ ( ! AN>*I/S ,I 5C\NT]$ RESI/$ ORGANIZATION1 SOMETIMES VEHEM5TLY4 ,& :5 ,I TRI$ TO PROP]LY DEF9E POLITICS 7AS ! DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION ( ! FREE MUNICIPALITY BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES7 AS ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( /ATECRAFT 7RULE BY PR(ESSIONAL BUREAUCRATS1 ULTIMATELY ?R\< A MONOPOLY ( ! MEANS ( VIOL5CE71 MY ONCE-CLOSE AN>*I/ ASSOCIATES ASSAIL$ ME AS 0/ATI/40 ,DEMOCRACY1 !Y ASS]T$1 IS ITSELF A =M ( 0RULE10 BY ! MAJORITY OV] ! M9ORITY4 ,A PREPO/]\S REJECTION ( MAJORITY VOT+ 9 FAVOR ( CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+ PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 RU9+ ! HUGE ,AM]ICAN ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i#hS & POT5TIALLY MAKES ANY MOVEM5T ORGANIZATION & 9/ITUTION 7BEYOND A SMALL GR\P7 DYSFUNCTIONAL4 ,9 ! 5D ,I F\ND ?AT ,I HAD EI!R TO CLOSE MY EYES TO ! COMPELL+ NE$ = ORGANIZATION 9 PRAXIS1 & = DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS 9 A FUTURE LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY1 OR ELSE COMPLETELY RECA/ MY VIEWS4 ,I *OSE TO DO ! LATT]4 

,REFLECT+ AS !Y DO MY MO/ REC5T &1 HAV+ PASS$ ! AGE ( #h1 MY MO/ MATURE IDEAS1 !SE ESSAYS TRY TO EXPLA9 :Y SOCIAL ECOLOGY CAN NO LONG] BE SE5 AS A M]E EXT5SION ( TRADITIONAL RADICAL IDEOLOGIES1 EI!R ,M>XI/ OR AN>*I/4 ,IT IS N[ MY CONVICTION ?AT ! 5SEMBLE ( VIEWS ?AT ,I CALL SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 & DIALECTICAL NATURALISM %\LD PROP]LY =M ! BASIS = A NEW LIB]T>IAN IDEOLOGY & POLITICS - COMMUNALISM - ?AT TAKES FULL ACC\NT ( ! SWEEP+ *ANGES ?AT HAVE OCCURR$ 9 CAPITALISM S9CE ! FAILURE ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & ?AT SUGGE/S ! NEW ME?ODS ?AT >E NE$$ TO TRANS=M A M>KET-BAS$ SOCIETY 9TO A TRULY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ONE4 

,! READ] ALONE WILL DECIDE :E!R !SE ESSAYS >E CORRECT OR ]RONE\S & :E!R MY EXPECTATIONS = COMMUNALISM >E S\ND OR FANCIFUL1 BUT !IR MO/ ESS5TIAL PURPOSE IS TO CREATE A NEW DEP>TURE FROM IDEOLOGIES ?AT W]E 9SPIR$ BY ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION ( TWO C5TURIES AGO1 A DEP>TURE ?AT TAKES FULL ACC\NT ( *ANG+ CLASS RELATIONS & HI]>*ICAL =MS1 ( DEMOGRAPHICAL TRANS=MATIONS & ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS1 & ( URBANIZATION1 TO CITE ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTORS4 ,FEW ( !SE ISSUES HAD AN IMPORTANT PLACE 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X1 ,BAKUN91 & !IR SUCCESSORS4 ,)\T IGNOR+ ! VITAL CONTRIBUTIONS ?AT ! ABLE/ ,M>XI/S & LEFT LIB]T>IANS HAVE MADE TO SOCIAL !ORY1 ,I W\LD ASK ! READ] TO RECOGNIZE ! C5TRALITY ( !SE MORE REC5T ISSUES 9 ! ESSAYS ?AT FOLL[4 

,ONLY TIME WILL TELL H[ CAPITALISM WILL UND]M9E ITSELF1 AS ,M>X LONG AGO EXPECT$ IT W\LD1 & TO :AT DEGREE ! PUBLIC - MIDDLE CLASS & WORK+ CLASS ALIKE - WILL ACQUIRE ?OSE MUTUALI/IC IMPULSES ?AT ! FOLL[]S ( ,KROPOTK9 IMPUTE TO HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT WILL NOT BE MY PRIVILEGE TO SEE 9 MY LIFETIME ! A*IEVEM5T ( A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL1 & HUMANI/IC SOCIETY 9 :I* PEOPLE WILL F9ALLY BE NATURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S - ! GREAT HOPE ( ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY & SOCIAL PROGRESS = TWO ?\S& YE>S4 ,:AT ,I HOLD TO1 & :AT ,I TRY TO IMP>T ?R\< !SE ESSAYS1 IS MY BELIEF ?AT ! NOBLE/ ROLE CONSCI\S HUMAN BE+S CAN PLAY TODAY IS NOT ONLY TO SEEK ! EMANCIPATION ( PEOPLE FROM ! IRRATIONALITIES ( CAPITALI/ & HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY BUT ALSO TO DEF5D ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ITS MESSAGE ( REASON 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS AGA9/ ! D>K =CES ( IRRATIONALITY1 NIHILISM1 & ULTIMATELY B>B>ISM ?AT /& AT ! GATES ( CIVILIZATION4 ,MY [N G5]ATION F\<T (F ,NAZISM & SUP]/ITION ) SOME SUCCESS4 ,! PRES5T & COM+ G5]ATIONS MU/ HAVE AS !IR TASK TO OPPOSE ! 0DUMB+ D[N0 ( ! HUMAN M9D1 ITS GR[+ TRIVIALIZATION & JUV5ILIZATION1 & ITS APPALL+ IGNORANCE EV5 ( ! REC5T PA/4 ,!Y MU/ OPPOSE ! NEW GOSPEL ( SELF-ABSORPTION AT ! EXP5SE ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,!Y MAY HAVE ONCE AGA9 TO DEAL ) <O/S ( ! PA/ - FASCISM & ,/AL9ISM - AS WELL4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 WE /ILL HAVE TIME TO BUILD A COH]5T !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK = \R PRACTICE & TO PREP>E = ! 0F9AL CONFLICT0 ?AT MAY YET COME AT SOME PO9T 9 ! PRES5T C5TURY4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,BURL+TON1 ,V]MONT  

,NOVEMB]1 #be 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY 
,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY 

  

,9 ADDRESS+ ! S\RCES ( \R PRES5T ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 P]HAPS ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL MESSAGE ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY ADVANCES IS ?AT ! V]Y IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE /EMS FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,! PRIM>Y IMPLICATION ( ?IS MO/ BASIC MESSAGE IS A CALL = A POLITICS & EV5 AN ECONOMICS ?AT (F] A DEMOCRATIC ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION-/ATE & ! M>KET SOCIETY4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO (F] A BROAD SKET* ( !SE ISSUES TO LAY ! GR\NDWORK = ! *ANGES NECESS>Y 9 MOV+ T[>D A FREE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,! ,SOCIAL ,ROOTS ( ! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS 

  

,FIR/1 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL R\TE TO A RESOLUTION ( \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IS SOCIAL 9 *>ACT]4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 IF WE >E FAC$ ) ! PROSPECT ( \TRI<T ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE1 T[>D :I* SO MANY KN[L$GEABLE PEOPLE & 9/ITUTIONS CLAIM WE >E HEAD$ TODAY1 IT IS BECAUSE ! HI/ORICAL DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN HAS BE5 EXT5D$ \TW>D FROM SOCIETY 9TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,UNTIL DOM9ATION AS SU* IS REMOV$ FROM SOCIAL LIFE & REPLAC$ BY A TRULY EGALIT>IAN & %>+ SOCIETY1 P[]FUL IDEOLOGICAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 & SY/EMIC =CES WILL BE US$ BY ! EXI/+ SOCIETY TO DEGRADE ! 5VIRONM5T1 9DE$ ! 5TIRE BIOSPH]E4 ,H5CE1 MORE ?AN EV] TODAY1 IT IS IMP]ATIVE ?AT WE DEVELOP ! CONSCI\SNESS & ! MOVEM5T TO REMOVE DOM9ATION FROM SOCIETY1 9DE$ FROM \R EV]YDAY LIVES - 9 RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! Y\NG & ! ELD]LY1 BETWE5 WOM5 & M51 9 $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS & WORKPLACES1 & 9 \R ATTITUDE T[>D ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,TO P]MIT ! POISON ( DOM9ATION - & A DOM9E]+ S5SIBILITY - TO P]SI/ IS1 AT ?IS TIME1 TO IGNORE ! MO/ BASIC ROOTS ( \R ECOLOGICAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL PROBLEMS - PROBLEMS :OSE S\RCES CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! V]Y ROOTS ( \R CIVILIZATION4 

,SECOND1 & MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ! MOD]N M>KET SOCIETY ?AT WE CALL CAPITALISM1 & ITS ALT] EGO1 0/ATE SOCIALISM10 HAVE BR\<T ALL ! HI/ORIC PROBLEMS ( DOM9ATION TO A HEAD4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS 0GR[ OR DIE0 M>KET ECONOMY MU/ 9EXORABLY LEAD TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! NATURAL BASIS = COMPLEX LIFE-=MS1 9CLUD+ HUMANITY4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 ALL TOO COMMON !SE DAYS TO S+LE \T EI!R POPULATION GR[? OR TE*NOLOGY - OR BO? - TO BLAME = ! ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS ?AT BESET US4 ,BUT WE CANNOT S+LE \T EI!R ( !SE AS 0CAUSES0 ( PROBLEMS :OSE MO/ DEEP-SEAT$ ROOTS ACTUALLY LIE 9 ! M>KET ECONOMY4 ,ATTEMPTS TO FOCUS ON !SE ALLEG$ 0CAUSES0 >E SC&AL\SLY DECEPTIVE & %IFT \R FOCUS FROM ! SOCIAL ISSUES WE MU/ RESOLVE4 

,9 ! ,AM]ICAN EXP]I5CE1 PEOPLE ONLY A G5]ATION OR TWO REMOV$ FROM MY [N G5]ATION SLA%$ !IR WAY ?R\< ! VA/ =E/S ( ! ,WE/1 NE>LY EXT]M9AT$ MILLIONS ( BISON1 PL[$ F]TILE GRASSL&S1 & LAID WA/E TO A L>GE P>T ( ! CONT95T - ALL US+ ONLY H& AXES1 SIMPLE PL[S1 HORSE-DRAWN VEHICLES1 & SIMPLE H& TOOLS4 ,IT REQUIR$ NO TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION TO CREATE ! PRES5T DEVA/ATION ( :AT HAD ONCE BE5 A VA/ & FECUND REGION CAPABLE1 ) RATIONAL MANAGEM5T1 ( SU/A9+ BO? HUMAN & NON-HUMAN LIFE4 ,:AT BR\<T SO MU* RU9 TO ! L& WAS NOT ! TE*NOLOGICAL IMPLEM5TS ?AT ?OSE E>LI] G5]ATIONS ( ,AM]ICANS US$ BUT ! 9SANE DRIVE ( 5TREPR5EURS TO SUCCE$ 9 ! BITT] /RUGGLE ( ! M>KETPLACE1 TO EXP& & DEV\R ! RI*ES ( !IR COMPETITORS LE/ !Y BE DEV\R$ 9 TURN BY !IR RIVALS4 ,9 MY [N LIFETIME1 MILLIONS ( SMALL ,AM]ICAN F>M]S W]E DRIV5 FROM !IR HOMES NOT ONLY BY NATURAL DISA/]S BUT BY GIANT AGRICULTURAL CORPORATIONS ?AT TURN$ SO MU* ( ! L&SCAPE 9TO A HUGE 9DU/RIAL SY/EM = CULTIVAT+ FOOD4 

,NOT ONLY HAS A SOCIETY BAS$ ON 5DLESS WA/EFUL GR[? DEVA/AT$ 5TIRE REGIONS1 9DE$ A CONT95T1 ) ONLY SIMPLE TE*NOLOGY2 ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IT HAS PRODUC$ IS SY/EMIC - & NOT A MATT] ( MIS9=MATION1 SPIRITUAL 9S5SITIVITY1 OR LACK ( MORAL 9TEGRITY4 ,! PRES5T SOCIAL ILLNESS LIES NOT ONLY 9 ! \TLOOK ?AT P]VADES ! PRES5T SOCIETY2 IT LIES ABOVE ALL 9 ! V]Y /RUCTURE & LAW ( LIFE 9 ! SY/EM ITSELF1 9 ITS IMP]ATIVE1 :I* NO 5TREPR5EUR OR CORPORATION CAN IGNORE )\T FAC+ DE/RUCTION3 GR[?1 MORE GR[?1 & /ILL MORE GR[?4 ,BLAM+ TE*NOLOGY = ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS S]VES1 H[EV] UN9T5TIONALLY1 TO BL9D US TO ! WAYS TE*NOLOGY C\LD 9 FACT PLAY A CREATIVE ROLE 9 A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,9 SU* A SOCIETY1 ! 9TELLIG5T USE ( SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOLOGY W\LD BE DIRELY NE$$ TO RE/ORE ! VA/ ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 9FLICT$ ON ! BIOSPH]E1 MU* ( :I* WILL NOT REPAIR ITSELF )\T CREATIVE HUMAN 9T]V5TION4 

,ALONG ) TE*NOLOGY1 POPULATION IS COMMONLY S+L$ \T = BLAME AS AN ALLEG$ 0CAUSE0 ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,BUT POPULATION IS BY NO MEANS ! OV]:ELM+ ?REAT ?AT SOME DISCIPLES ( ,MAL?US 9 TODAY'S ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,PEOPLE DO NOT REPRODUCE LIKE ! FRUIT FLIES ?AT >E SO (T5 CIT$ AS EXAMPLES ( M9DLESS REPRODUCTIVE GR[?4 ,!Y >E PRODUCTS ( CULTURE AS WELL AS ( BIOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,GIV5 DEC5T LIV+ /&>DS1 REASONABLY $UCAT$ FAMILIES (T5 HAVE FEW] *ILDR5 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE ! QUALITY ( !IR LIVES4 ,GIV5 $UCATION1 MOREOV]1 & A CONSCI\SNESS ( G5D] OPPRESSION1 WOM5 NO LONG] ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE R$UC$ TO M]E REPRODUCTIVE FACTORIES4 ,9/EAD1 !Y /AKE \T CLAIMS AS HUMANS ) ALL ! RI<TS TO MEAN+FUL & CREATIVE LIVES4 ,IRONICALLY1 TE*NOLOGY HAS PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ELIM9AT+ ! DOME/IC DRUDG]Y ?AT = C5TURIES CULTURALLY /UPEFI$ WOM5 & R$UC$ !M TO M]E S]VANTS ( M5 & M5'S DESIRE TO HAVE *ILDR5 - PREF]ABLY SONS1 TO BE SURE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 EV5 IF POPULATION W]E TO DECL9E = SOME UNSPECIFI$ REASON1 ! L>GE CORPORATIONS W\LD TRY TO MAKE PEOPLE BUY MORE & /ILL MORE 9 ORD] TO R5D] ECONOMIC EXPANSION POSSIBLE4 ,FAIL+ TO ATTA9 A L>GE 5\< DOME/IC CONSUM]S' M>KET 9 :I* TO EXP&1 CORPORATE M9DS W\LD TURN TO 9T]NATIONAL M>KETS - OR TO ?AT ! MO/ LUCRATIVE ( M>KETS1 ! MILIT>Y4 

,F9ALLY1 WELL-MEAN+ PEOPLE :O REG>D ,NEW ,AGE MORALISM1 PSY*O!RAPEUTIC APPROA*ES1 OR P]SONAL LIFE/YLE *ANGES AS ! KEY TO RESOLV+ ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS >E DE/9$ TO BE TRAGICALLY DISAPPO9T$4 ,NO MATT] H[ MU* ?IS SOCIETY PA9TS ITSELF GRE5 OR ORATES ! NE$ = AN ECOLOGICAL \TLOOK1 ! WAY SOCIETY LIT]ALLY BREA!S CANNOT BE UNDONE UNLESS IT UND]GOES PR(\ND /RUCTURAL *ANGES3 NAMELY BY REPLAC+ COMPETITION ) COOP]ATION1 & PR(IT SEEK+ ) RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON %>+ & MUTUAL CONC]N4 ,GIV5 ! PRES5T M>KET ECONOMY1 A CORPORATION OR 5TREPR5EUR :O TRI$ TO PRODUCE GOODS 9 ACCORDANCE ) EV5 A M9IMALLY DEC5T ECOLOGICAL \TLOOK W\LD RAPIDLY BE DEV\R$ BY A RIVAL 9 A M>KETPLACE :OSE SELECTIVE PROCESS ( COMPETITION REW>DS ! MO/ VILLA9\S AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MO/ VIRTU\S4 ,AFT] ALL1 0BUS9ESS IS BUS9ESS10 AS ! MAXIM HAS IT4 ,& BUS9ESS ALL[S NO ROOM = PEOPLE :O >E RE/RA9$ BY CONSCI5CE OR MORAL QUALMS1 AS ! MANY SC&ALS 9 ! 0BUS9ESS COMMUNITY0 ATTE/4 ,ATTEMPT+ TO W9 OV] ! 0BUS9ESS COMMUNITY0 TO AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 LET ALONE TO ECOLOGICALLY B5EFICIAL PRACTICES1 W\LD BE LIKE ASK+ PR$ATORY %>KS TO LIVE ON GRASS OR 0P]SUAD+0 LIONS TO LOV+LY LIE D[N BESIDE LAMBS4 

,! FACT IS ?AT WE >E CONFRONT$ BY A ?OR\<LY IRRATIONAL SOCIAL SY/EM1 NOT SIMPLY BY PR$ATORY 9DIVIDUALS :O CAN BE WON OV] TO ECOLOGICAL IDEAS BY MORAL >GUM5TS1 PSY*O!RAPY1 OR EV5 ! *ALL5GES ( A TR\BL$ PUBLIC TO !IR PRODUCTS & BEHAVIOR4 ,IT IS LESS ?AT !SE 5TREPR5EURS CONTROL ! PRES5T SY/EM ( SAVAGE COMPETITION & 5DLESS GR[? ?AN ?AT ! SY/EM ( SAVAGE COMPETITION & GR[? CONTROLS !M4 ,! /AGNATION ( ,NEW ,AGE IDEOLOGY TODAY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ATTE/S TO ITS TRAGIC FAILURE TO 0IMPROVE0 A SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT MU/ BE COMPLETELY REPLAC$ IF WE >E TO RESOLVE ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,ONE CAN ONLY COMM5D ! 9DIVIDUALS :O BY VIRTUE ( !IR CONSUMPTION HABITS1 RECYCL+ ACTIVITIES1 & APPEALS = A NEW S5SIBILITY UND]TAKE PUBLIC ACTIVITIES TO /OP ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION4 ,EA* SURELY DOES HIS OR H] P>T4 ,BUT IT WILL REQUIRE A MU* GREAT] EF=T - AN ORGANIZ$1 CLE>LY CONSCI\S1 & =W>D-LOOK+ POLITICAL MOVEM5T - TO MEET ! BASIC *ALL5GES POS$ BY \R AGGRESSIVELY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,CLASS1 ,HI]>*IES1 & ,POLITICS 

  

,YES1 WE AS 9DIVIDUALS %\LD *ANGE \R LIFE/YLES AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 BUT IT IS ! UTMO/ %ORTSI<T$NESS TO BELIEVE ?AT ?AT IS ALL OR EV5 PRIM>ILY :AT WE HAVE TO DO4 ,WE NE$ TO RE/RUCTURE ! 5TIRE SOCIETY1 EV5 AS WE 5GAGE 9 LIFE/YLE *ANGES & S+LE-ISSUE /RUGGLES AGA9/ POLLUTION1 NUCLE> P[] PLANTS1 ! EXCESSIVE USE ( FOSSIL FUELS1 ! DE/RUCTION ( SOIL1 & SO =?4 ,WE MU/ HAVE A COH]5T ANALYSIS ( ! DEEP-SEAT$ HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS & SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION1 AS WELL AS ( CLASS RELATION%IPS & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 ?AT DEGRADE PEOPLE AS WELL AS ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,H]E1 WE MU/ MOVE BEYOND ! 9SI<TS PROVID$ BY ! ,M>XI/S1 SYNDICALI/S1 & EV5 MANY LIB]AL ECONOMI/S1 :O = YE>S R$UC$ MO/ SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS & PROBLEMS TO CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,CLASS /RUGGLE & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION /ILL EXI/1 & ! CLASSICAL - & /ILL P]CEPTIVE - CLASS ANALYSIS REVEALS 9IQUITIES AB\T ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] ?AT >E 9TOL]ABLE4 

,BUT ! ,M>XIAN & LIB]AL BELIEF ?AT CAPITALISM HAS PLAY$ A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ROLE 9 DE/ROY+ TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES1 & ?AT TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES SEEK+ TO 0CONQU]0 NATURE >E A PRECONDITION = FRE$OM1 R+S T]RIBLY HOLL[ TODAY1 :5 MANY ( !SE V]Y ADVANCES >E BE+ US$ TO MAKE ! MO/ =MIDABLE WEAPONS & MEANS ( SURVEILLANCE ! WORLD HAS EV] SE54 ,NOR C\LD ! ,M>XIAN SOCIALI/S ( MY DAY1 #f YE>S AGO1 HAVE ANTICIPAT$ H[ SUCCESSFULLY CAPITALISM W\LD USE ITS TE*NOLOGICAL PR[ESS TO CO-OPT ! WORK+ CLASS & EV5 DIM9I% ITS NUMB]S 9 RELATION TO ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION4 

,YES1 CLASS /RUGGLES /ILL EXI/ - BUT !Y OCCUR FUR!R & FUR!R BEL[ ! ?RE%OLD ( CLASS W>4 ,WORK]S1 AS ,I CAN ATTE/ FROM MY [N EXP]I5CE AS A F\NDRYMAN & AUT[ORK] = ,G5]AL ,MOTORS1 DO NOT REG>D !MSELVES AS M9DLESS ADJUNCTS TO MA*9ES1 OR AS FACTORY DWELL]S1 OR AS 09/RUM5TS ( HI/ORY10 AS ,M>XI/S MI<T PUT IT4 ,!Y REG>D !MSELVES AS LIV+ HUMAN BE+S3 AS FA!RS & MO!RS1 AS SONS & DAU<T]S1 AS PEOPLE ) DREAMS & VISIONS1 AS MEMB]S ( COMMUNITIES - NOT ONLY ( TRADE UNIONS4 ,LIV+ 9 T[NS & CITIES1 !IR EM95TLY HUMAN ASPIRATIONS GO WELL BEYOND !IR 0HI/ORIC ROLE0 AS CLASS AG5TS ( 0HI/ORY40 ,!Y SUFF] FROM ! POLLUTION ( !IR COMMUNITIES AS WELL AS FROM !IR FACTORIES1 & !Y >E AS CONC]N$ AB\T ! WELF>E ( !IR *ILDR51 COMPANIONS1 NEI<BORS1 & COMMUNITIES1 AS !Y >E AB\T !IR JOBS & WAGE SCALES4 

,! OV]LY ECONOMI/IC FOCUS ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALISM & SYNDICALISM HAS 9 REC5T YE>S CAUS$ !SE MOVEM5TS TO LAG BEH9D EM]G+ ECOLOGICAL ISSUES & VISIONS - AS !Y LAGG$1 ,I MAY ADD1 BEH9D FEM9I/ CONC]NS1 CULTURAL ISSUES1 & URBAN ISSUES1 ALL ( :I* (T5 CUT ACROSS CLASS L9ES TO 9CLUDE MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE1 9TELLECTUALS1 SMALL PROPRIETORS1 & EV5 SOME B\RGEOIS4 ,!IR FAILURE TO CONFRONT HI]>*Y - NOT ONLY CLASS & DOM9ATION1 NOT ONLY ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION - HAS (T5 ALI5AT$ WOM5 FROM SOCIALISM & SYNDICALISM TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y AWAK5$ TO ! AGE-OLD REALITY ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 OPPRESS$ IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR CLASS /ATUS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 BROAD COMMUNITY CONC]NS LIKE POLLUTION AFFLICT PEOPLE AS SU*1 :ATEV] ! CLASS TO :I* !Y BELONG4 ,DISA/]S LIKE ! MELTD[N ( ! ,*]NOBYL REACTOR 9 ! ,UKRA9E JU/LY PANICK$ EV]YONE :O WAS EXPOS$ TO RADIATION FROM ! PLANT1 NOT SIMPLY WORK]S & PEASANTS4 

,9DE$1 EV5 IF WE W]E TO A*IEVE A CLASSLESS SOCIETY FREE ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 W\LD WE READILY A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,W\LD WOM51 Y\NG PEOPLE1 ! 9FIRM1 ! ELD]LY1 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 V>I\S OPPRESS$ E?NIC GR\PS - ! LI/ IS1 9 FACT1 5ORM\S - BE FREE ( DOM9ATION8 ,! ANSW] IS A CATEGORICAL NO - A FACT TO :I* WOM5 CAN C]TA9LY ATTE/1 EV5 )9 ! SOCIALI/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS !MSELVES4 ,)\T ELIM9AT+ ! ANCI5T HI]>*ICAL & DOM9E]+ /RUCTURES FROM :I* CLASSES & ! /ATE ACTUALLY EM]G$1 WE W\LD HAVE MADE ONLY A P>T ( ! *ANGES NE$$ TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,!RE W\LD /ILL BE A HI/ORICAL 9TOXICANT 9 A SOCIALI/ OR SYNDICALI/ SOCIETY - HI]>*Y - ?AT W\LD CONT9UALLY ]ODE ITS HI<E/ IDEALS1 NAMELY ! A*IEVEM5T ( A TRULY FREE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,! ,MY? ( A 0,M9IMAL ,/ATE0 

  

,P]HAPS ! MO/ DISQUIET+ FEATURE ( MANY RADICAL GR\PS TODAY1 P>TICUL>LY SOCIALI/S :O MAY ACCEPT ! =EGO+ OBS]VATION1 IS !IR COMMITM5T TO AT LEA/ A M9IMAL /ATE ?AT W\LD COORD9ATE & ADM9I/] A CLASSLESS & EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY - A NON-HI]>*ICAL ONE1 NO LESS6 ,ONE HE>S ?IS >GUM5T FROM ,&RE ,GORZ & MANY O!RS1 :O1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE ( ! MANY 0COMPLEXITIES0 ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 CANNOT CONCEIVE ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( ECONOMIC AFFAIRS )\T SOME K9D ( CO]CIVE ME*ANISM1 ALBEIT ONE ) A 0HUMAN FACE40 

,?IS LOGI/ICAL & 9 SOME CASES FRANKLY AU?ORIT>IAN VIEW ( ! HUMAN CONDITION 7AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,>NE ,NAESS1 ! FA!R ( 0DEEP ECOLOGY07 REM9DS ONE ( A DOG *AS+ ITS TAIL4 ,SIMPLY BECAUSE ! 0TAIL0 IS !RE - A METAPHOR = ECONOMIC 0COMPLEXITY0 OR M>KET SY/EMS ( DI/RIBUTION - DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! METAPHORICAL DOG MU/ *ASE IT 9 CIRCLES ?AT LEAD NO:]E4 ,! 0TAIL0 WE HAVE TO WORRY AB\T CAN BE RATIONALLY SIMPLIFI$ BY R$UC+ OR ELIM9AT+ COMM]CIAL BUREAUCRACIES & ! NE$LESS RELIANCE ON GOODS FROM ABROAD ?AT CAN BE PRODUC$ BY RECYCL+ AT HOME1 & BY 9CREAS+ ! USE ( LOCAL RES\RCES ?AT >E N[ IGNOR$ BECAUSE !Y >E NOT 0COMPETITIVELY0 PRIC$3 9 %ORT1 R$UC+ ! VA/ P>APH]NALIA ( GOODS & S]VICES ?AT MAY BE 9DISP5SABLE TO PR(IT MAK+ & COMPETITION1 BUT NOT TO ! RATIONAL DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS 9 A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,! PA9FUL REALITY IS ?AT MO/ EXCUSES 9 RADICAL !ORY = PRES]V+ A 0M9IMAL /ATE0 /EM FROM ! MYOPIC VISIONS ( ECO-SOCIALI/S LIKE ,GORZ1 :O CAN ACCEPT ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION AS IT IS TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R - NOT AS IT %\LD BE 9 A MORAL ECONOMY4 ,SO CONCEIV$1 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION SEEM MORE =MIDABLE - TOGE!R ) !IR BUREAUCRATIC MA*9]Y1 IRRATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 & 0GLOBAL0 NATURE - ?AN !Y ACTUALLY NE$ TO BE4 ,IT W\LD TAKE NO GREAT WISDOM OR >RAY ( COMPUT]S TO %[ ) EV5 A GRA9 ( IMAG9ATION H[ ! PRES5T 0GLOBAL0 SY/EM ( PRODUCTION CAN BE SIMPLIFI$ & /ILL PROVIDE A DEC5T /&>D ( LIV+ = EV]YONE4 ,9DE$1 IT TOOK ONLY SOME FIVE YE>S OR SO TO REBUILD A RU9$ ,G]MANY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO1 F> LONG] ?AN IT WILL REQUIRE ?9K+ PEOPLE TODAY TO REMOVE ! /ATI/ & BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS = ADM9I/]+ ! GLOBAL DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & RES\RCES4 

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

,! REC5T DET]IORATION ( ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S - ! SO-CALL$ 0NONP>TY P>TY0 ?AT1 AFT] ITS ACQUISITION ( A PLACE 9 ! ,BUNDE/AG1 HAS N[ BECOME A CRUDE POLITICAL MA*9E - IS DRAMATIC EVID5CE ?AT P>LIAM5T>Y P[] CORRUPTS ) A V5GEANCE4 ,! IDEALI/S :O HELP$ F\ND ! ORGANIZATION & S\<T TO USE ! ,BUNDE/AG M]ELY AS A 0PLAT=M0 = !IR RADICAL MESSAGE HAVE BY N[ EI!R LEFT 9 DISGU/ OR HAVE !MSELVES BECOME RA!R UNSAVORY EXAMPLES ( WANTON POLITICAL C>E]ISM4 ,ONE W\LD HAVE TO BE EI!R UTT]LY NAIVE OR SIMPLY BL9D TO ! LESSONS ( HI/ORY TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ! /ATE1 0M9IMAL0 OR NOT1 ABSORBS & ULTIMATELY DIGE/S EV5 ! MO/ WELL-MEAN+ CRITICS ONCE !Y 5T] IT4 ,IT IS NOT ?AT /ATI/S USE ! /ATE TO ABOLI% IT OR 0M9IMALIZE0 ITS EFFECTS2 IT IS1 RA!R1 ! /ATE ?AT CORRUPTS EV5 ! MO/ IDEALI/IC ANTI-/ATI/S :O FLIRT ) IT4 

,F9ALLY1 ! MO/ DI/URB+ FEATURE ( /ATISM - EV5 0M9IMAL /ATISM0 - IS ?AT IT COMPLETELY UND]M9ES A POLITICS BAS$ ON CONF$]ALISM4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ UN=TUNATE FEATURES ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ HI/ORY1 ,M>XIAN & O!RWISE1 IS ?AT IT EM]G$ 9 AN ]A ( NATION-/ATE BUILD+4 ,! ,JACOB9 MODEL ( A C5TRALIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y /ATE WAS ACCEPT$ ALMO/ UNCRITICALLY BY N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIALI/S & BECAME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION - A TRADITION1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT MI/AK5LY ASSOCIAT$ ITSELF ) ! NATIONALI/IC EMPHASIS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 AS SE5 9 ! 0,M>SEILLAISE0 & ITS ADULATION ( LA PATRIE4 ,M>X'S VIEW ?AT ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS BASICALLY TO BE A MODEL = =MULAT+ A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY - HE MI/AK5LY CLAIM$ ?AT 9 ITS ,JACOB9 =M IT WAS ! MO/ 0CLASSICAL0 ( ! 0B\RGEOIS0 REVOLUTIONS - HAD DISA/R\S EFFECTS UPON ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION4 ,L59 ADOPT$ ?IS VISION SO COMPLETELY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E RI<TLY CONSID]$ ! 0,JACOB9S0 ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 &1 ( C\RSE1 ,/AL9 US$ TE*NIQUES SU* AS PURGES1 %[ TRIALS1 & BRUTE =CE ) LE?AL EFFECTS = ! SOCIALI/ PROJECT AS A :OLE4 

,BEYOND ,/ATISM & ,PRIVATISM 

  

,! NOTION ?AT HUMAN FRE$OM CAN BE A*IEV$1 MU* LESS P]PETUAT$1 ?R\< A /ATE ( ANY K9D IS MON/R\SLY OXYMORONIC - A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,ATTEMPTS TO JU/IFY ! EXI/5CE ( A CANC]\S PH5OM5ON LIKE ! /ATE1 & ! USE ( /ATI/ MEASURES OR 0/ATECRAFT10 EXCLUDE A RADICALLY DIFF]5T =M ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T1 NAMELY CONF$]ALISM4 ,= C5TURIES1 9 FACT1 DEMOCRATIC =MS ( CONF$]ALISM - 9 :I* MUNICIPALITIES W]E COORD9AT$ BY M&AT$ & RECALLABLE DEPUTIES :O W]E ALWAYS UND] PUBLIC SCRUT9Y - HAVE COMPET$ ) /ATI/ =MS & CON/ITUT$ A *ALL5G+ ALT]NATIVE TO C5TRALIZATION1 BUREAUCRATIZATION1 & ! PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( P[] 9 ! H&S ( ELITE BODIES4 ,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT CONF$]ALISM %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) F$]ALISM1 :I* IS SIMPLY ! COORD9ATION ( NATION-/ATES 9 A NETWORK ( AGREEM5TS ?AT PRES]VE ! PR]OGATIVES ( POLICY-MAK+ ) LITTLE IF ANY CITIZ5 9VOLVEM5T4 ,F$]ALISM IS SIMPLY ! /ATE WRIT L>GE1 9DE$ ! FUR!R C5TRALIZATION ( ALREADY C5TRALIZ$ /ATES1 AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' F$]AL REPUBLIC1 ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMUNITY1 OR ! REC5TLY =M$ ,COMMONWEAL? ( ,9DEP5D5T ,/ATES - ALL COLLECTIONS ( HUGE CONT95TAL SUP]/ATES ?AT REMOVE EV5 FUR!R :ATEV] CONTROL ! PEOPLE HAVE OV] NATION-/ATES4 

,A CONF$]ALI/ ALT]NATIVE W\LD BE BAS$ ON A NETWORK ( POLICY-MAK+ POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ) RECALLABLE DEPUTIES TO LOCAL & REGIONAL CONF$]AL C\NCILS - C\NCILS :OSE SOLE FUNCTION1 ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE1 W\LD BE TO ADJUDICATE DIFF]5CES & UND]TAKE /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE TASKS4 ,ONE C\LD SC>CELY ADVANCE SU* A PROSPECT BY MAK+ USE ( A /ATE =MATION ( ANY K9D1 H[EV] 0M9IMAL40 ,9DE$1 TO JUGGLE /ATI/ & CONF$]AL P]SPECTIVES 9 A V]BAL GAME BY DI/+UI%+ 0M9IMAL0 FROM 0MAXIMAL0 IS TO UTT]LY CONFUSE ! BASIS = A NEW POLITICS /RUCTUR$ >\ND A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY4 ,AMONG ,GRE5S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES !RE HAVE ALREADY BE5 T5D5CIES ?AT ABSURDLY CALL = 0DEC5TRALIZATION0 & 0GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY0 :ILE SEEK+ TO RUN C&IDATES = /ATE & NATIONAL (FICES - ?AT IS1 = /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 ONE ( :OSE ESS5TIAL FUNCTIONS IS TO CONF9E1 RE/RICT1 & ESS5TIALLY SUPPRESS LOCAL DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & 9ITIATIVES4 ,9DE$1 AS ,I HAVE REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZ$1 :5 RADICAL ECOLOGI/S & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S ( ALL K9DS 5GAGE 9 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS & RUN = MUNICIPAL PUBLIC (FICE1 !Y >E NOT M]ELY SEEK+ TO REMAKE CITIES1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES ON ! BASIS ( FULLY DEMOCRATIC CONF$]AL NETWORKS2 !Y >E RUNN+ AGA9/ ! /ATE & P>LIAM5T>Y (FICES4 ,H5CE1 TO CALL = A 0M9IMAL /ATE10 EV5 AS A COORD9ATIVE 9/ITUTION1 AS ,&RE ,GORZ & O!RS HAVE DONE1 IS TO OBSCURE & C\NT]VAIL ANY EF=T TO REPLACE ! NATION-/ATE ) A CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES4 

,IT IS TO ! CR$IT ( AN>*ISM ?AT IT FIRMLY REJECTS ! TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ ORI5TATION T[>D /ATE P[] & RECOGNIZES ! CORRUPTIVE ROLE ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS4 ,:AT IS REGRETTABLE IS ?AT ?IS REJECTION1 SO CLE>LY CORROBORAT$ BY ! CORRUPTION ( /ATI/ SOCIALI/S1 ,GRE5S1 & MEMB]S ( O!R PR(ESS$ RADICAL MOVEM5TS1 WAS NOT SUFFICI5TLY NUANC$ TO DI/+UI% ACTIVITY ON ! MUNICIPAL LEVEL AS ! BASIS ( POLITICS 9 ! ,HELL5IC S5SE3 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO DI/+UI% ELECTORAL ACTIVITY ON ! LOCAL LEVEL FROM ELECTORAL ACTIVITY ON ! PROV9CIAL & NATIONAL LEVELS1 :I* ,I HAVE >GU$ REALLY CON/ITUTES /ATECRAFT4 ,! LIB]T>IAN POLITICS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 BY CONTRA/1 CONSI/5TLY SEEKS TO REVIVE OR RECREATE ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 9 FLAT OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE2 IT ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A DUAL P[] TO *ALL5GE ! NATION/ATE & REPLACE IT ) A CONF$]ATION ( DEMOCRATIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM MAY 9DE$ BEG9 9 A LIMIT$ WAY 9 CIVIC W>DS1 H]E & !RE1 AS WELL AS 9 SMALL CITIES & T[NS1 BUT ITS AIM IS NO?+ LESS ?AN ! TOTAL REMAK+ ( SOCIETY ALONG RATIONAL1 NONHI]>*ICAL & ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 

,IT W\LD NOT BE PRESUMPTU\S TO CLAIM ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 :ATEV] ITS O!R VALUES OR FAIL+S1 REPRES5TS A COH]5T 9T]PRETATION ( ! 5ORM\S ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS WE FACE TODAY4 ,ITS PHILOSOPHY1 SOCIAL !ORY1 & POLITICAL PRACTICE =M A VITAL ALT]NATIVE TO ! IDEOLOGICAL /AGNATION & TRAGIC FAILURE ( ! PRES5T SOCIALI/1 SYNDICALI/1 & RADICAL PROJECTS ?AT W]E SO MU* 9 VOGUE EV5 AS REC5TLY AS ! #a#i#fS4 ,AS TO 0ALT]NATIVES0 ?AT (F] US ,NEW ,AGE OR MY/ICAL ECOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS1 :AT C\LD BE MORE NAIVE ?AN TO BELIEVE ?AT A SOCIETY :OSE V]Y METABOLISM IS BAS$ ON GR[?1 PRODUCTION = ITS [N SAKE1 HI]>*Y1 CLASSES1 DOM9ATION1 & EXPLOITATION C\LD BE *ANG$ SIMPLY BY MORAL SUASION1 9DIVIDUAL ACTION1 & A *ILDI% PRIMITIVISM ?AT ESS5TIALLY VIEWS TE*NOLOGY AS A CURSE & FOCUSES V>I\SLY ON DEMOGRAPHIC GR[? & P]SONAL MODES ( CONSUMPTION AS PRIM>Y ISSUES8 ,WE MU/ GET TO ! HE>T ( ! CRISIS WE FACE & DEVELOP A POPUL> POLITICS ?AT WILL ES*EW /ATISM AT ONE EXTREME & ,NEW ,AGE PRIVATISM AT ! O!R4 ,IF ?IS GOAL IS DISMISS$ AS 0M]ELY0 UTOPIAN1 ,I AM OBLIG$ TO QUE/ION :AT MANY RADICALS TODAY W\LD CALL 0REALISM40 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,NATIONALISM & ! 0,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION0 
,NATIONALISM & ! 0,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION0 

  

,ONE ( ! MO/ VEX+ QUE/IONS ?AT ! ,LEFT FACES 7H[EV] ONE MAY DEF9E ! ,LEFT7 IS ! ROLE PLAY$ BY NATIONALISM 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & BY POPUL> DEM&S = CULTURAL ID5TITY & POLITICAL SOV]EIGNTY4 ,= ! ,LEFT ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 NATIONALISM WAS SE5 PRIM>ILY AS A ,EUROPEAN ISSUE1 9VOLV+ ! CONSOLIDATION ( NATION-/ATES 9 ! HE>TL& ( CAPITALISM4 ,ONLY SECOND>ILY1 IF AT ALL1 WAS IT SE5 AS ! ANTI-IMP]IALI/ & PRESUMABLY ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLE ?AT IT WAS TO BECOME 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,?IS DID NOT MEAN ?AT ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,LEFT FAVOR$ IMP]IALI/ DEPR$ATIONS 9 ! COLONIAL WORLD4 ,AT ! TURN ( ?IS C5TURY1 H>DLY ANY S]I\S RADICAL ?9K]1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 REG>D$ ! IMP]IALI/ P[]S' ATTEMPTS TO QUELL MOVEM5TS = SELF-DET]M9ATION 9 COLONIAL >EAS AS A BLESS+4 ,! ,LEFT SC(F$ AT & USUALLY D5\NC$ ! >ROGANT CLAIMS ( ,EUROPEAN P[]S TO BR+ 0PROGRESS0 TO ! 0B>B>\S0 >EAS ( ! WORLD4 ,M>X'S VIEWS ( IMP]IALISM MAY HAVE BE5 EQUIVOCAL1 BUT HE NEV] LACK$ A G5U9E AV]SION = ! AFFLICTIONS ?AT NATIVE PEOPLES SUFF]$ AT ! H&S ( IMP]IALI/S4 ,AN>*I/S1 9 TURN1 W]E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY HO/ILE TO ! ,EUROPEAN CLAIM TO BE ! BEACON ( CIVILIZATION = ! WORLD4 

,YET IF ! ,LEFT UNIV]SALLY SCORN$ ! CIVILIZATORY CLAIMS ( IMP]IALI/S AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IT G5]ALLY REG>D$ NATIONALISM AS AN >GUABLE ISSUE4 ,! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION10 TO USE ! TRADITIONAL PHRASE 9 :I* SU* DISCUSSIONS W]E CA/1 WAS SUBJECT TO S]I\S DISPUTES1 C]TA9LY AS F> AS TACTICS W]E 9VOLV$4 ,BUT BY G5]AL AGREEM5T1 LEFTI/S DID NOT REG>D NATIONALISM1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! CREATION ( NATION-/ATES1 AS ! ULTIMATE DISP5SATION ( HUMANITY'S FUTURE 9 A COLLECTIVI/ OR COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,9DE$1 ! S+LE PR9CIPLE ON :I* ! ,LEFT ( ! PRE- ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE & ! 9T]W> P]IODS AGRE$ WAS A BELIEF 9 ! %>$ HUMANITY ( PEOPLE REG>DLESS ( !IR MEMB]%IP 9 DIFF]5T CULTURAL1 E?NIC1 & G5D] GR\PS1 & !IR COMPLEM5T>Y AFF9ITIES 9 A FREE SOCIETY AS RATIONAL HUMAN BE+S ) ! CAPACITY = COOP]ATION1 A WILL+NESS TO %>E MAT]IAL RES\RCES1 & A F]V5T S5SE ( EMPA?Y4 ,! 0,9T]NATIONALE10 ! %>$ AN!M ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 SOCIALI/S1 & AN>*I/S ALIKE UP TO & EV5 AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION1 5D$ ) ! /IRR+ CRY1 0,! ',9T]NATIONALE' %ALL BE ! HUMAN RACE40 ,! ,LEFT S+L$ \T ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT AS ! HI/ORIC AG5T = MOD]N SOCIAL *ANGE NOT BY VIRTUE ( ITS SPECIFICITY AS A CLASS1 OR ITS P>TICUL>ITY AS ONE COMPON5T 9 A DEVELOP+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT BY VIRTUE ( ITS NE$ TO A*IEVE UNIV]SALITY 9 ORD] TO ABOLI% CLASS SOCIETY - ?AT IS1 AS ! CLASS DRIV5 BY NECESSITY TO REMOVE WAGE SLAV]Y BY ABOLI%+ 5SLAVEM5T AS SU*4 ,CAPITALISM HAD BR\<T ! HI/ORIC 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 ( HUMAN EXPLOITATION TO ITS F9AL & MO/ ADVANC$ =M4 0,TIS ! F9AL CONFLICT60 RANG \T ! 0,9T]NATIONALE10 ) A S5SE ( UNIV]SALI/IC COMMITM5T - ONE ?AT NO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T C\LD IGNORE ANY LONG] )\T SUBV]T+ ! POSSIBILITIES = PASS+ FROM A 0PREHI/ORY0 ( B>B>\S CLASS 9T]E/ TO A 0TRUE HI/ORY0 ( A TOTALLY EMANCIPAT$ HUMANITY4 

,M9IMALLY1 ?IS WAS ! %>$ \TLOOK ( ! PREW> & 9T]W> ,LEFT1 P>TICUL>LY ( ITS V>I\S SOCIALI/IC T5D5CIES4 ,! PRIMACY ! AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S HAVE HI/ORICALLY GIV5 TO ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 ! AG5CY P> EXCELL5CE ( HI]>*ICAL CO]CION1 L$ DIRECTLY TO !IR D5IGRATION ( ! NATION-/ATE & ( NATIONALISM G5]ALLY1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE NATIONALISM DIVIDES HUMAN BE+S T]RITORIALLY1 CULTURALLY1 & ECONOMICALLY1 BUT BECAUSE IT FOLL[S 9 ! WAKE ( ! MOD]N /ATE & IDEOLOGICALLY JU/IFIES IT4 

,( CONC]N H]E IS ! 9T]NATIONALI/ TRADITION ?AT PLAY$ SO PRON\NC$ A ROLE 9 ! ,LEFT ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! FIR/ ?IRD ( ! TW5TIE?1 & ITS MUTATION 9TO A HI<LY PROBLEMATICAL 0QUE/ION10 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S & ,L59'S WRIT+S4 ,?IS IS A 0QUE/ION0 ( NO SMALL IMPORTANCE4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO CONSID] ! UTT] CONFUSION ?AT SURR\NDS IT TODAY - :5 A SAVAGELY BIGOT$ NATIONALISM IS SUBV]T+ ! 9T]NATIONALI/ TRADITION ( ! ,LEFT - TO RECOGNIZE ITS IMPORTANCE4 ,! RISE ( NATIONALISMS ?AT EXPLOIT RACIAL1 RELIGI\S1 & TRADITIONAL CULTURAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S1 9CLUD+ EV5 ! MO/ TRIVIAL L+UI/IC & QUASI-TRIBALI/IC DIFF]5CES1 NOT TO SPEAK ( DIFF]5CES 9 G5D] ID5TITY & SEXUAL PREF]5CE1 M>KS A DECIVILIZATION ( HUMANITY1 A RETREAT TO AN AGE :5 ! NUMB] ( F+]S ) :I* PEOPLE MADE ! SIGN ( ! CROSS DET]M9$ :E!R !Y & !IR NEI<BORS W\LD DISEMB[EL EA* O!R 9 BLOODY CONFLICTS1 AS ,NIKOS ,KAZANTZAKIS PO9T$ \T 9 ,ZORBA ! ,GREEK4 

,:AT IS P>TICUL>LY DI/URB+ IS ?AT ! ,LEFT HAS NOT ALWAYS SE5 NATIONALISM AS A REGRESSIVE DEM&4 ,! MOD]N ,LEFT1 SU* AS IT IS TODAY1 ALL TOO (T5 UNCRITICALLY EMBRACES ! SLOGAN 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 - A SLOGAN ?AT HAS E*O$ ?R\< ITS RANKS )\T REG>D = ! BASIC IDEAL VOIC$ 9 ! 0,9T]NATIONALE40 ,CALLS = TRIBAL 0ID5TITY0 %RILLY ACC5TUATE A GR\P'S P>TICUL> *>ACT]I/ICS TO G>N] CON/ITU5CIES1 AN EF=T ?AT NEGATES ! SPIRIT ( ! 0,9T]NATIONALE0 & ! TRADITIONAL 9T]NATIONALISM ( ! ,LEFT4 ,! V]Y MEAN+ ( NATIONALISM & ! NATURE ( ITS RELATION%IP TO /ATISM >E RAIS+ ISSUES1 ESPECIALLY TODAY1 = :I* ! ,LEFT IS B]EFT ( IDEAS AP>T FROM APPEALS = 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION40 

,IF PRES5T-DAY LEFTI/S LOSE ALL VIABLE MEMORY ( AN E>LI] 9T]NATIONALI/ ,LEFT - NOT TO SPEAK ( HUMANITY'S HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE \T ( ITS ANIMALI/IC BACKGR\ND1 ITS MILL5NIA-LONG DEVELOPM5T AWAY FROM SU* BIOLOGICAL FACTS AS E?NICITY1 G5D]1 & AGE DIFF]5CES T[>D TRULY SOCIAL AFF9ITIES BAS$ ON CITIZ5%IP1 EQUALITY1 & A UNIV]SALI/IC S5SE ( A COMMON HUMANITY - ! GREAT ROLE ASSIGN$ TO REASON BY ! ,5LI<T5M5T MAY WELL BE 9 GRAVE D\BT4 ,)\T A =M ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION ?AT CAN RESI/ & HOPEFULLY GO BEYOND NATIONALISM 9 ALL ITS POPUL> V>IANTS - :E!R IT TAKES ! =M ( A RECON/ITUT$ ,LEFT1 A NEW POLITICS1 A SOCIAL LIB]T>IANISM1 A REAWAK5$ HUMANISM1 AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY - ANY?+ ?AT WE CAN LEGITIMATELY CALL CIVILIZATION1 9DE$1 ! HUMAN SPIRIT ITSELF1 MAY WELL BE EXT+UI%$ LONG BE=E NUCLE> W>1 ! GR[+ ECOLOGICAL CRISES1 OR1 MORE G5]ALLY1 A CULTURAL B>B>ISM COMP>ABLE ONLY TO ! MO/ DE/RUCTIVE P]IODS 9 HI/ORY OV]:ELMS US4 ,9 VIEW ( TODAY'S GR[+ NATIONALISM1 !N1 FEW 5DEAVORS C\LD BE MORE IMPORTANT ?AN TO EXAM9E ! NATURE ( NATIONALISM & UND]/& ! SO-CALL$ 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 AS ! ,LEFT 9 ITS V>I\S =MS HAS 9T]PRET$ IT OV] ! YE>S4 

,A ,HI/ORICAL ,OV]VIEW 

  

,! LEVEL ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T CAN BE GAUG$ 9 GREAT P>T BY ! EXT5T TO :I* PEOPLE RECOGNIZE !IR %>$ UNITY4 ,9DE$1 P]SONAL FRE$OM CONSI/S 9 GREAT P>T ( \R ABILITY TO *OOSE FRI5DS1 P>TN]S1 ASSOCIATES1 & AFF9ES )\T REG>D TO !IR BIOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES4 ,:AT MAKES US HUMAN1 AP>T FROM \R ABILITY TO REASON ON A HI< PLANE ( G5]ALIZATION1 CONSOCIATE 9TO MUTABLE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 WORK COOP]ATIVELY1 & DEVELOP A HI<LY SYMBOLIC SY/EM ( COMMUNICATION1 IS A %>$ KN[L$GE ( \R HUMANITAS4 ,GOE!'S MEMORABLE WORDS1 SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T M9D1 /ILL HAUNT AS A CRIT]ION ( \R HUMANITY3 0,!RE IS A DEGREE ( CULTURE :]E NATIONAL HATR$ VANI%ES1 & :]E ONE /&S TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ABOVE NATIONS & FEELS ! WEAL & WOE ( A NEI<BOR+ PEOPLE AS IF IT HAPP5$ TO ONE'S [N40.<#a#a.> 

,IF ,GOE! E/ABLI%$ A /&>D ( AU!NTIC HUMANITY H]E - & SURELY ONE CAN DEM& MORE ( HUMAN BE+S ?AN EMPA?Y = !IR 0[N PEOPLE0 - E>LY HUMANITY WAS LESS ?AN HUMAN BY ?AT /&>D4 ,AL?\< A LUNATIC ELEM5T 9 TODAY'S ECOLOGY MOVEM5T CALLS = A 0RETURN TO A ,PLEI/OC5E SPIRITUALITY10 !Y W\LD 9 ALL PROBABILITY HAVE F\ND ?AT 0SPIRITUALITY0 V]Y DISPIRIT+ 9 REALITY4 ,9 PREHI/ORIC ]AS1 PROBABLY M>K$ BY B& & TRIBAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 HUMAN BE+S W]E1 0SPIRITUALLY0 OR O!RWISE1 FIR/ & =EMO/ MEMB]S ( AN IMM$IATE FAMILY1 SECOND1 MEMB]S ( A B&1 & ULTIMATELY1 MEMB]S ( A TRIBE4 ,:AT DET]M9$ MEMB]%IP 9 ANY?+ BEYOND ONE'S GIV5 FAMILY GR\P WAS AN EXT5SION ( ! K9%IP TIE3 ! PEOPLE ( A GIV5 TRIBE W]E SOCIALLY L9K$ TO ONE ANO!R BY REAL OR FICTIVE BLOOD RELATION%IPS4 ,?IS 0BLOOD OA?10 AS WELL AS O!R 0BIOLOGICAL FACTS0 LIKE G5D] & AGE1 DEF9$ ONE'S RI<TS1 OBLIGATIONS1 & 9DE$ ONE'S ID5TITY 9 ! TRIBAL SOCIETY4 

,MOREOV]1 MANY - P]HAPS MO/ - B& OR TRIBAL GR\PS REG>D$ ONLY ?OSE :O %>$ ! 0BLOOD OA?0 ) !MSELVES AS HUMAN4 ,9DE$1 A TRIBE (T5 REF]R$ TO ITSELF AS 0! ,PEOPLE10 A NAME ?AT EXPRESS$ ITS EXCLUSIVE CLAIM TO HUMANITY4 ,O!R PEOPLE1 :O W]E \TSIDE ! MAGIC CIRCLE ( ! REAL OR MY?IC BLOOD L9KAGES ( A TRIBE1 W]E 0/RANG]S0 & H5CE 9 SOME S5SE W]E NOT HUMAN BE+S4 ,! 0BLOOD OA?0 & ! USE ( ! NAME 0! ,PEOPLE0 TO DESIGNATE !MSELVES (T5 PITT$ A TRIBE AGA9/ O!RS :O MADE ! SAME EXCLUSIVE CLAIM TO BE HUMAN & TO BE 0! ,PEOPLE10 EV5 AMONG PEOPLES :O %>$ COMMON L+UI/IC & CULTURAL TRAITS4 

,TRIBAL SOCIETY1 9 FACT1 WAS EXTREMELY W>Y ( ANYONE :O WAS NOT ONE ( ITS [N MEMB]S4 ,9 MANY >EAS1 BE=E A /RANG] C\LD CROSS A T]RITORIAL B\ND>Y1 HE HAD TO SUBMISSIVELY & PATI5TLY AWAIT AN 9VITATION FROM AN ELD] OR %AMAN ( ! TRIBE ?AT CLAIM$ ! T]RITORY BE=E PROCE$+4 ,)\T HOSPITALITY1 :I* WAS G5]ALLY CONCEIV$ AS A QUASI-RELIGI\S VIRTUE1 ANY /RANG] RISK$ LIFE & LIMB 9 A TRIBE'S T]RITORY1 SO ?AT LODG+S & FOOD W]E USUALLY PREC$$ BY RITUAL ACTS ( TRU/ OR GOODWILL4 ,! MOD]N H&%AKE MAY ITSELF HAVE ORIG9AT$ AS A SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION ?AT ONE'S RI<T H& WAS FREE ( WEAPONS4 

,W>F>E WAS 5DEMIC AMONG \R PREHI/ORIC ANCE/ORS & 9 LAT] NATIVE COMMUNITIES1 NOT)/&+ ! HI<1 ALMO/ CULTIC /ATUS 5JOY$ BY O/5SIBLY PEACEFUL 0ECOLOGICAL ABORIG9ES0 AMONG :ITE MIDDLE-CLASS ,EURO- ,AM]ICANS TODAY4 ,:5 =AG+ GR\PS OV]HUNT$ ! GAME 9 !IR ACCU/OM$ T]RITORY1 AS (T5 HAPP5$1 !Y W]E USUALLY MORE ?AN WILL+ TO 9VADE ! >EA ( A NEI<BOR+ GR\P & CLAIM ITS RES\RCES = !IR [N4 ,COMMONLY1 AFT] ! RISE ( W>RIOR SODALITIES1 W>F>E ACQUIR$ CULTURAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES1 SO VICTORS NO LONG] M]ELY DEFEAT$ !IR REAL OR *OS5 05EMIES0 BUT VIRTUALLY EXT]M9AT$ !M1 AS WITNESS ! NE>-G5OCIDAL DE/RUCTION ( ! ,HURON ,9DIANS BY !IR L+UI/ICALLY & CULTURALLY RELAT$ ,IROQUOIS C\S9S4 

,IF ! MAJOR EMPIRES ( ! ANCI5T ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ,ORI5T CONQU]$1 PACIFI$1 & SUBJUGAT$ MANY DIFF]5T E?NIC & CULTURAL GR\PS1 !REBY MAK+ ALI5 PEOPLES 9TO ! ABJECT SUBJECTS ( DESPOTIC MON>*IES1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT S+LE FACTOR TO ]ODE ABORIG9AL P>O*IALISM WAS ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY4 ,! RISE ( ! ANCI5T CITY1 :E!R DEMOCRATIC AS AT ,A!NS OR REPUBLICAN AS 9 ,ROME1 M>K$ A RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! FAMILY-ORI5T$ & P>O*IAL FOLK :O HAD CON/ITUT$ ! TRIBAL & VILLAGE WORLD1 ,WE/]N CITIES W]E N[ /RUCTUR$ 9CREAS+LY >\ND RESID5TIAL PROP9QUITY & %>$ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,A 0SECOND NATURE10 AS ,CIC]O CALL$ IT1 ( HUMANI/IC SOCIAL & CULTURAL TIES BEGAN TO REPLACE ! OLD] =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON ! 0FIR/ NATURE0 ( BIOLOGICAL & BLOOD TIES1 9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS' SOCIAL ROLES & OBLIGATIONS HAD BE5 AN*OR$ 9 !IR FAMILY1 CLAN1 G5D]1 & ! LIKE1 RA!R ?AN 9 ASSOCIATIONS ( !IR [N *OICE4 

,ETYMOLOGICALLY1 0POLITICS0 D]IVES FROM ! ,GREEK POLITIKA1 :I* CONNOTES AN ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ CITIZ5RY ?AT =MULATES ! POLICIES ( A COMMUNITY OR POLIS &1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 R\T9ELY EXECUTES !M 9 ! C\RSE ( PUBLIC S]VICE4 ,AL?\< =MAL CITIZ5%IP WAS REQUIR$ = P>TICIPATION 9 SU* POLITICS1 POLEIS LIKE DEMOCRATIC ,A!NS CELEBRAT$ !IR OP5NESS TO VISITORS1 P>TICUL>LY TO SKILL$ CRAFTSM5 & KN[L$GEABLE M]*ANTS ( O!R E?NIC COMMUNITIES4 ,9 HIS FAM\S FUN]AL ORATION1 ,P]ICLES DECL>$3  
  

,WE ?R[ OP5 \R CITY TO ! WORLD1 & NEV] BY ALI5 ACTS EXCLUDE =EIGN]S FROM ANY OPPORTUNITY ( LE>N+ OR OBS]V+1 AL?\< ! EYES ( AN 5EMY MAY OCCASIONALLY PR(IT BY \R LIB]ALITY1 TRU/+ LESS 9 SY/EM & POLICY ?AN TO ! NATIVE SPIRIT ( \R CITIZ5S2 :]E 9 $UCATION1 .<\R RIVALS 9 ,SP>TA.> FROM !IR V]Y CRADLES BY A PA9FUL DISCIPL9E SEEK AFT] MANL9ESS1 AT ,A!NS WE LIVE EXACTLY AS WE PLEASE & YET >E JU/ AS READY TO 5C\NT] EV]Y LEGITIMATE DANG]4.<#a#b.>  
  

,9 ,P]ICLEAN TIMES1 ,A!NIAN LIB]ALITY1 TO BE SURE1 WAS /ILL LIMIT$ BY A L>GELY FICTITI\S NOTION ( ! %>$ ANCE/RY ( ITS CITIZ5S - AL?\< LESS ?AN IT HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY4 ,BUT IT IS H>D TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ,PLATO'S DIALECTICAL MA/]PIECE1 ,! ,REPUBLIC1 OCCURS AS A DIALOGUE 9 ! HOME ( ,CEPHALOS1 :OSE FAMILY W]E RESID5T ALI5S 9 ! ,PIRAEUS1 ! PORT >EA ( ,A!NS :]E MO/ =EIGN]S LIV$4 ,YET 9 ! DIALOGUE ITSELF ! 9T]*ANGE BETWE5 CITIZ5 & ALI5 IS UN9HIBIT$ BY ANY /ATUS CONSID]ATIONS4 

,! ,ROMAN EMP]OR ,C>ACALLA1 9 TIME1 MADE ALL FREEM5 9 ! ,EMPIRE 0CITIZ5S0 ( ,ROME ) EQUAL JURIDICAL RI<TS1 !REBY UNIV]SALIZ+ HUMAN RELATION%IPS DESPITE DIFF]5CES 9 LANGUAGE1 E?NICITY1 TRADITION1 & PLACE ( RESID5CE4 ,*RI/IANITY1 = ALL ITS FAIL+S1 NONE!LESS CELEBRAT$ ! EQUALITY ( ALL PEOPLE'S S\LS 9 ! EYES ( ! DEITY1 A HEAV5LY 0EGALIT>IANISM0 ?AT1 9 COMB9ATION ) OP5 M$IEVAL CITIES1 !ORETICALLY ELIM9AT$ ! LA/ ATTRIBUTES ( ANCE/RY1 E?NICITY1 & TRADITION ?AT DIVID$ HUMAN BE+S FROM EA* O!R4 

,9 PRACTICE1 IT GOES )\T SAY+1 !SE ATTRIBUTES /ILL P]SI/$1 & V>I\S PEOPLES RETA9$ P>O*IAL ALLEGIANCES TO !IR VILLAGES1 LOCALITIES1 & EV5 CITIES1 C\NT]VAIL+ ! T5U\S ,ROMAN & P>TICUL>LY ,*RI/IAN IDEALS ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS4 ,! UNIFI$ M$IEVAL WORLD WAS FRAGM5T$ JURIDICALLY 9TO C\NTLESS B>ONIAL & >I/OCRATIC SOV]EIGNTIES ?AT P>O*IALIZ$ LOCAL POPUL> COMMITM5TS TO A GIV5 LORD OR PLACE1 (T5 PITT+ CULTURALLY & E?NICALLY RELAT$ PEOPLES AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 O!R >EAS4 ,! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* OPPOS$ !SE P>O*IAL SOV]EIGNTIES1 NOT ONLY = DOCTR9AL REASONS BUT 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO EXP& PAPAL AU?ORITY OV] ,*RI/5DOM AS A :OLE4 ,AS = SECUL> P[]1 WAYW>D BUT /RONG MON>*S LIKE ,H5RY ,I,I ( ,5GL& TRI$ TO IMPOSE ! 0K+'S PEACE0 OV] L>GE T]RITORIAL >EAS1 SUBDU+ W>R+ NOBLES ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS4 ,?US DID POPE & K+ WORK 9 T&EM TO DIM9I% P>O*IALISM1 EV5 AS !Y DUEL$ ) EA* O!R = CONTROL OV] EV]-L>G] >EAS ( ! FEUDAL WORLD4 

,YET AU!NTIC CITIZ5S W]E DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 CLASSICAL POLITICAL ACTIVITY 9 MANY PLACES 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! BUR<]S ( M$IEVAL T[N DEMOCRACIES W]E ESS5TIALLY MA/] CRAFTSM54 ,! TASKS ( !IR GUILDS1 OR RI*LY >TICULAT$ VOCATIONAL FRAT]NITIES1 W]E NO LESS MORAL ?AN ECONOMIC - 9DE$1 !Y =M$ ! /RUCTURAL BASIS = A G5U9E MORAL ECONOMY4 ,GUILDS NOT ONLY 0POLIC$0 LOCAL M>KETS1 FIX+ 0FAIR PRICES0 & ASSUR+ ?AT ! QUALITY ( !IR MEMB]S' GOODS W\LD BE HI<2 !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 CIVIC & RELIGI\S FE/IVALS AS DI/9CT 5TITIES ) !IR [N BANN]S1 HELP$ F9ANCE & CON/RUCT PUBLIC BUILD+S1 SAW TO ! WELF>E ( ! FAMILIES ( DECEAS$ MEMB]S1 COLLECT$ MONEY = *>ITY1 & P>TICIPAT$ AS MILITIAM5 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! COMMUNITY ( :I* !Y W]E A P>T4 ,!IR CITIES1 9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 CONF]R$ FRE$OM ON RUNAWAY S]FS1 SAW TO ! SAFETY ( TRAVEL]S1 & ADAMANTLY DEF5D$ !IR CIVIC LIB]TIES4 ,! EV5TUAL DIFF]5TIATION ( ! T[N POPULATIONS 9TO WEAL?Y & POOR1 P[]FUL & P[]LESS1 & 0NATIONALI/S0 :O SUPPORT$ ! MON>*Y AGA9/ A PR$ATORY NOBILITY1 MAKES UP A COMPLEX DRAMA ?AT CANNOT BE DISCUSS$ H]E4 

,AT V>I\S TIMES & PLACES SOME CITIES CREAT$ =MS ( ASSOCIATION ?AT W]E NEI!R NATIONS NOR P>O*IAL B>ONIES4 ,!SE W]E 9T]CITY CONF$]ATIONS ?AT LA/$ = C5TURIES1 SU* AS ! ,HANSEATIC ,LEAGUE1 CANTONAL CONF$]ATIONS LIKE ?AT ( ,SWITZ]L&1 & MORE BRIEFLY1 ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE FREE CITY CONF$]ATIONS LIKE ! ,SPANI% COMUN]O MOVEM5T 9 ! E>LY SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY - P>TICUL>LY UND] ,CROMWELL 9 ,5GL& & ,L\IS ,X,I,V 9 ,FRANCE - ?AT C5TRALIZ]S ( ONE =M OR ANO!R F9ALLY BEGAN TO C>VE \T LA/+ NATIONS 9 ,EUROPE4 

,NATION-/ATES1 LET ME EMPHASIZE1 >E /ATES - NOT ONLY NATIONS4 ,E/ABLI%+ !M MEANS VE/+ P[] 9 A C5TRALIZ$1 PR(ESSIONAL1 BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS ?AT EX]CISES A SOCIAL MONOPOLY ( ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE1 NOTABLY 9 ! =M ( ITS >MIES & POLICE4 ,! /ATE PREEMPTS ! AUTONOMY ( LOCALITIES & PROV9CES BY MEANS ( ITS ALL-P[]FUL EXECUTIVE &1 9 REPUBLICAN /ATES1 ITS LEGISLATURE1 :OSE MEMB]S >E ELECT$ OR APPO9T$ TO REPRES5T A FIX$ NUMB] ( 0CON/ITU5TS40 ,! CITIZ5 9 A SELF-MANAG$ LOCALITY VANI%ES 9TO AN ANONYM\S AGGREGATION ( 9DIVIDUALS :O PAY A SUITABLE AM\NT ( TAXES & RECEIVE ! /ATE'S 0S]VICES40 0,POLITICS0 9 ! NATION-/ATE DEVOLVES 9TO A BODY ( EX*ANGE RELATION%IPS 9 :I* CON/ITU5TS G5]ALLY TRY TO GET :AT !Y PAY = 9 A 0POLITICAL0 M>KETPLACE ( GOODS & S]VICES4 ,NATIONALISM AS A =M ( TRIBALISM WRIT L>GE RE9=CES ! /ATE BY PROVID+ IT ) ! LOYALTY ( A PEOPLE ( %>$ L+UI/IC1 E?NIC1 & CULTURAL AFF9ITIES1 9DE$ LEGITIMIZ+ ! /ATE BY GIV+ IT A BASIS ( SEEM+LY ALL-EMBRAC+ BIOLOGICAL & TRADITIONAL COMMONALITIES AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS NOT ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE :O CREAT$ AN ,5GL& BUT ! ,5GLI% MON>*S & C5TRALIZ+ RUL]S1 JU/ AS IT WAS ! ,FR5* K+S & !IR BUREAUCRACIES :O =G$ ! ,FR5* NATION4 

,9DE$1 UNTIL /ATE-BUILD+ BEGAN TO ACQUIRE NEW VIGOR 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 NATION-/ATES 9 ,EUROPE REMA9$ A NOVELTY4 ,EV5 :5 C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY BAS$ M9IMALLY ON A L+UI/IC COMMONALITY BEGAN TO FO/] NATIONALISM ?R\<\T ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 NATIONALISM FAC$ A V]Y DUBI\S DE/9Y4 ,CONF$]ALISM REMA9$ A VIABLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION-/ATE WELL 9TO ! LATT] HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,AS LATE AS #a#h#g#a1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE CALL$ UPON ALL ! COMMUNES ( ,FRANCE TO =M A CONF$]AL DUAL P[] 9 OPPOSITION TO ! NEWLY CREAT$ ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC4 ,EV5TUALLY ! NATION-/ATE WON \T 9 ?IS COMPLEX CONFLICT1 & /ATISM1 9 FACT1 WAS FIRMLY L9K$ TO NATIONALISM4 ,! TWO W]E VIRTUALLY 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM EA* O!R BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,NATIONALISM & ! ,LEFT 

  

,RADICAL !ORI/S & ACTIVI/S ON ! ,LEFT DEALT 9 V]Y DIFF]5T WAYS ) ! HO/ ( HI/ORICAL & E?ICAL PROBLEMS ?AT NATIONALISM RAIS$ ) RESPECT TO EF=TS TO BUILD A COMMUNI/IC1 COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! E>LIE/ LEFTI/ ATTEMPTS TO EXPLORE NATIONALISM AS A PROBLEM OB/RUCT+ ! ADV5T ( A FREE & JU/ SOCIETY CAME FROM V>I\S AN>*I/ !ORI/S4 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON SEEMS NEV] TO HAVE QUE/ION$ ! IDEAL ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 AL?\< HE NEV] D5I$ ! RI<T ( A PEOPLE TO CULTURAL UNIQU5ESS & EV5 TO SEC$E FROM ANY K9D ( 0SOCIAL CONTRACT10 PROVID$1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT NO ONE ELSE'S RI<TS W]E 9FR+$ UPON4 ,AL?\< ,PR\DHON DETE/$ SLAV]Y - HE S>CA/ICALLY OBS]V$ ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN ,S\? 0) ,BIBLE 9 H&1 CULTIVATES SLAV]Y10 :ILE ! ,AM]ICAN ,NOR? 0IS ALREADY CREAT+ A PROLET>IAT0.<#a#c.> - HE =MALLY CONC$$ ! RI<T ( ! ,CONF$]ACY TO )DRAW FROM ! ,UNION DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#h#f#a-#f#e4 

,MORE G5]ALLY1 ,PR\DHON'S F$]ALI/ & MUTUALI/IC VIEWS L$ HIM TO OPPOSE NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,POL&1 ,HUNG>Y1 & ,ITALY4 ,HIS ANTI-NATIONALI/ NOTIONS W]E SOME:AT DILUT$ BY HIS [N ,FRANCOPHILISM1 AS ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/ ,JEAN ,JAURES LAT] NOT$4 ,PR\DHON FE>$ ! =MATION ( /RONG NATION-/ATES ON OR NE> ,FRANCE'S BORD]S4 ,BUT HE WAS ALSO A PRODUCT 9 HIS [N WAY ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,WRIT+ 9 #a#h#f#b1 HE DECL>$3 0,I WILL NEV] PUT DEVOTION TO MY C\NTRY BE=E ! RI<TS ( ,MAN4 ,IF ! ,FR5* ,GOV]NM5T BEHAVES UNJU/LY TO ANY PEOPLE1 ,I AM DEEPLY GRIEV$ & PROTE/ 9 EV]Y WAY ?AT ,I CAN4 ,IF ,FRANCE IS PUNI%$ = ! MISDE$S ( H] LEAD]S1 ,I B[ MY HEAD & SAY FROM ! DEP?S ( MY S\L1 ',M]ITO HAEC PATIMUR' - ',WE HAVE DES]V$ !SE ILLS4'0.<#a#d.> 

,DESPITE HIS ,GALLIC *AUV9ISM1 ! 0RI<TS ( ,MAN0 REMA9$ =EMO/ 9 ,PR\DHON'S M9D2 NOR WAS HE OBLIVI\S TO ! FACT ?AT ,9DIA & ,*9A W]E1 9 HIS WORDS1 0AT ! M]CY ( B>B>IANS40.<#a#e.> 0,DO Y\ ?9K ?AT IT IS ,FR5* EGOISM1 HATR$ ( LIB]TY1 SCORN = ! ,POLES & ,ITALIANS ?AT CAUSE ME TO MOCK AT & MI/RU/ ?IS COMMONPLACE WORD NATIONALITY10 HE WROTE TO ,H]Z51 0:I* IS BE+ SO WIDELY US$ & MAKES SO MANY SC\NDRELS & SO MANY HONE/ CITIZ5S TALK SO MU* NONS5SE8 ,= PITY'S SAKE 444 DO NOT TAKE (F5SE SO EASILY4 ,IF Y\ DO1 ,I %ALL HAVE TO SAY TO Y\ :AT ,I HAVE BE5 SAY+ = SIX MON?S AB\T Y\R FRI5D ,G>IBALDI3 ',( GREAT HE>T BUT NO BRA94'0.<#a#f.> 

,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9'S 9T]NATIONALISM WAS AS EMPHATIC AS ,PR\DHON'S1 AL?\< HIS VIEWS W]E ALSO M>K$ BY A C]TA9 AMBIGUITY4 0,ONLY ?AT CAN BE CALL$ A HUMAN PR9CIPLE :I* IS UNIV]SAL & COMMON TO ALL M510 HE WROTE 9 HIS 9T]NATIONALI/ VE92 0& NATIONALITY SEP>ATES M51 !RE=E IT IS NOT A PR9CIPLE40 ,9DE$1 0,!RE IS NO?+ MORE ABSURD & AT ! SAME TIME MORE H>MFUL1 MORE DEADLY1 = ! PEOPLE ?AN TO UPHOLD ! FICTITI\S PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY AS ! IDEAL ( ALL ! PEOPLE'S ASPIRATIONS40 ,:AT C\NT$ F9ALLY = ,BAKUN9 WAS ?AT 0,NATIONALITY IS NOT A UNIV]SAL HUMAN PR9CIPLE40 ,/ILL FUR!R3 0,WE %\LD PLACE HUMAN1 UNIV]SAL JU/ICE ABOVE ALL NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,& WE %\LD ONCE & = ALL TIME AB&ON ! FALSE PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY1 9V5T$ ( LATE BY ! DESPOTS ( ,FRANCE1 ,RUSSIA1 & ,PRUSSIA = ! PURPOSE ( CRU%+ ! SOV]EIGN PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY40 

,YET ,BAKUN9 ALSO DECL>$ ?AT NATIONALITY 0IS A HI/ORIC1 LOCAL FACT1 :I* LIKE ALL REAL & H>MLESS FACTS1 HAS ! RI<T TO CLAIM G5]AL ACCEPTANCE40 ,NOT ONLY ?AT1 BUT ?IS IS A 0NATURAL FACT0 ?AT DES]VES 0RESPECT40 ,IT MAY HAVE BE5 HIS RHETORICAL PROCLIVITIES ?AT L$ HIM TO DECL>E HIMSELF 0ALWAYS S9C]ELY ! PATRIOT ( ALL OPPRESS$ FA!RL&S40 ,BUT HE >GU$ ?AT ! RI<T ( EV]Y NATIONALITY 0TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO ITS [N NATURE0 MU/ BE RESPECT$1 S9CE ?IS 0RI<T0 IS 0SIMPLY ! COROLL>Y ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM40.<#a#g.> 

,! SUBTLETY ( ,BAKUN9'S OBS]VATIONS %\LD NOT BE OV]LOOK$ 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS SEEM+ SELF-CONTRADICTION4 ,HE DEF9$ A G5]AL PR9CIPLE ?AT IS HUMAN1 ONE ?AT IS ABRIDG$ OR P>TIALLY VIOLAT$ BY ASOCIAL OR 0BIOLOGICAL0 FACTS ?AT = BETT] OR WORSE MU/ BE TAK5 = GRANT$4 ,TO BE A NATIONALI/ IS TO BE LESS ?AN HUMAN1 BUT IT IS ALSO 9EVITABLE 9S(> AS 9DIVIDUALS >E PRODUCTS ( DI/9CTIVE CULTURAL TRADITIONS1 5VIRONM5TS1 & /ATES ( M9D4 ,OV]%AD[+ ! M]E FACT ( 0NATIONALITY0 IS ! HI<] UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLE 9 :I* PEOPLE RECOGNIZE !MSELVES AS MEMB]S ( ! SAME SPECIES & SEEK TO FO/] !IR COMMONALITIES RA!R ?AN !IR 0NATIONAL0 DI/9CTIV5ESS4 

,SU* HUMANI/IC PR9CIPLES W]E TO BE TAK5 V]Y S]I\SLY BY LEFT LIB]T>IANS G5]ALLY & /RIK+LY SO BY ! L>GE/ AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( MOD]N TIMES1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,FROM ! E>LY #a#h#hS UP TO ! BLOODY CIVIL W> ( #a#i#c#f-#c#i1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ,SPA9 OPPOS$ NOT ONLY /ATISM & NATIONALISM BUT EV5 REGIONALISM 9 ALL ITS =MS4 ,DESPITE !IR 5ORM\S ,CATALAN FOLL[+1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CONSI/5TLY RAIS$ ! HI<] HUMAN PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION OV] NATIONAL LIB]ATION & OPPOS$ ! NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES )9 ,SPA9 ?AT SO (T5 DIVID$ ,BASQUES1 ,CATALANS1 ,&ALUSIANS1 & ,GALICIANS FROM ONE ANO!R & P>TICUL>LY FROM ! ,CA/ILIANS1 :O 5JOY$ CULTURAL SUPREMACY OV] ! C\NTRY'S M9ORITIES4 ,9DE$1 ! WORD 0,IB]IAN0 RA!R ?AN 0,SPANI%0 ?AT APPE>S 9 ! NAME ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I7 S]V$ TO EXPRESS NOT ONLY A COMMITM5T TO P59SUL> SOLID>ITY BUT AN 9DIFF]5CE TO REGIONAL & NATIONAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL4 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CULTIVAT$ ,ESP]ANTO AS A 0UNIV]SAL0 HUMAN LANGUAGE MORE 5?USIA/ICALLY ?AN ANY MAJOR RADICAL T5D5CY1 & 0UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD0 REMA9$ A LA/+ IDEAL ( !IR MOVEM5T - AS IT HI/ORICALLY DID 9 MO/ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS UP TO ! PRES5T DAY4 

,PRIOR TO #a#i#a#d1 ,M>XI/S & ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL G5]ALLY HELD SIMIL> CONVICTIONS1 DESPITE ! BURGEON+ ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY NATIONALISM4 ,9 ,M>X & ,5GELS'S VIEW1 ! PROLET>IAT ( ! WORLD HAD NO C\NTRY2 AU!NTICALLY UNIFI$ AS A CLASS1 IT WAS DE/9$ TO ABOLI% ALL =MS ( CLASS SOCIETY4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 5DS ) ! R++ APPEAL3 0,WORK+ ,M5 ( ,ALL ,C\NTRIES1 ,UNITE60 ,9 ! BODY ( ! WORK 7:I* ,BAKUN9 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN71 ! AU?ORS DECL>$3 0,9 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES ( ! PROLET>IANS ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 .<,COMMUNI/S.> PO9T \T & BR+ TO ! FRONT ! COMMON 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ALL NATIONALITY40.<#a#h.> ,& FUR!R3 0,! WORK+ M5 HAVE NO C\NTRY4 ,WE CANNOT TAKE AWAY FROM !M :AT !Y HAVE NOT GOT40.<#a#i.> 

,! SUPPORT ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS DID L5D TO 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES WAS ESS5TIALLY /RATEGIC1 /EMM+ PRIM>ILY FROM !IR GEOPOLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONC]NS RA!R ?AN FROM BROAD SOCIAL PR9CIPLE4 ,!Y VIGOR\SLY *AMPION$ ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,RUSSIA1 = EXAMPLE1 BECAUSE !Y WANT$ TO WEAK5 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE1 :I* 9 !IR DAY WAS ! SUPREME C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y P[] ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 ,& !Y WANT$ TO SEE A UNIT$ ,G]MANY BECAUSE A C5TRALIZ$1 P[]FUL NATION-/ATE W\LD PROVIDE IT ) :AT ,5GELS1 9 A LETT] TO ,K>L ,KAUTSKY 9 #a#h#h#b1 CALL$ 0! NORMAL POLITICAL CON/ITUTION ( ! ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE40 

,YET ! MANIFE/ SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ! 9T]NATIONALI/ RHETORIC ( ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O & ! 9T]NATIONALISM ( ! AN>*I/ !ORI/S & MOVEM5TS %\LD NOT BE P]MITT$ TO CONCEAL ! IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !SE TWO =MS ( SOCIALISM - DIFF]5CES ?AT W]E TO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! DEBATES ?AT SEP>AT$ !M4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E 9 EV]Y S5SE E?ICAL SOCIALI/S :O UPHELD UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES ( ! 0BRO!RHOOD ( MAN0 & 0FRAT]NITY10.<#b.> PR9CIPLES ?AT ,M>X'S 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 DISDA9$ AS M]E 0AB/RACTIONS40 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 EV5 :5 SPEAK+ BROADLY ( FRE$OM & ! OPPRESS$1 ,M>X & ,5GELS CONSID]$ ! USE ( SEEM+LY 09EXACT0 WORDS LIKE 0WORK]S0 & 0TOIL]S0 TO BE AN IMPLICIT REJECTION ( SOCIALISM AS A 0SCI5CE02 9/EAD1 !Y PREF]R$ :AT !Y CONSID]$ ! MORE SCI5TIFICALLY RIGOR\S WORD PROLET>IAT1 :I* SPECIFICALLY REF]R$ TO ?OSE :O G5]ATE SURPLUS VALUE4 

,9DE$1 9 CONTRA/ TO AN>*I/ !ORI/S LIKE ,PR\DHON1 :O CONSID]$ ! SPREAD ( CAPITALISM & ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( PRE9DU/RIAL PEASANTRY & CRAFTSPEOPLE TO BE A DISA/]1 ,M>X & ,5GELS 5?USIA/ICALLY WELCOM$ !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 AS WELL AS ! =MATION ( L>GE1 C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES 9 :I* M>KET ECONOMIES C\LD FL\RI%4 ,!Y SAW !M NOT ONLY AS DESID]ATA 9 FO/]+ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T BUT1 BY PROMOT+ CAPITALISM1 AS 9DISP5SABLE 9 CREAT+ ! PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM4 ,DESPITE !IR SUPPORT = PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM1 !Y D]OGAT$ :AT !Y SAW AS 0AB/RACT0 D5UNCIATIONS ( NATIONALISM AS SU* OR SCORN$ !M AS M]ELY 0MORALI/IC40 ,AL?\< 9T]NATIONALISM 9 ! 9T]E/S ( CLASS SOLID>ITY REMA9$ A DESID]ATUM = ,M>X & ,5GELS1 !IR VIEW IMPLICITLY /OOD AT ODDS ) !IR COMMITM5T TO CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC EXPANSION ) ITS NE$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY = C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES4 ,!Y HELD ! NATION-/ATE TO BE GOOD OR BAD 9S(> AS IT ADVANC$ OR 9HIBIT$ ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 ! ADVANCE ( ! 0PRODUCTIVE =CES10 & ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( PRE9DU/RIAL PEOPLES4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 !Y LOOK$ ASKANCE AT ! NATIONALI/ S5TIM5TS ( ,9DIANS1 ,*9ESE1 ,AFRICANS1 & ! RE/ ( ! NONCAPITALI/ WORLD1 :OSE PRECAPITALI/ SOCIAL =MS MI<T IMP$E CAPITALI/ EXPANSION4 ,IREL&1 IRONICALLY1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AN EXCEPTION TO ?IS APPROA*4 ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T AS A :OLE ACKN[L$G$ ! RI<T ( ! ,IRI% TO NATIONAL LIB]ATION L>GELY = S5TIM5TAL REASONS & BECAUSE IT W\LD PRODUCE PROBLEMS = ,5GLI% IMP]IALISM1 :I* COMM&$ A WORLD M>KET4 ,9 ! MA91 UNTIL SU* TIME AS A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY C\LD BE A*IEV$1 ,M>XI/S CONSID]$ ! =MATION ( L>GE1 EV] MORE C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES 9 ,EUROPE TO BE 0HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE40 

,GIV5 !IR 9/RUM5TAL GEOPOLITICS1 IT %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS+ ?AT AS ! YE>S W5T BY1 ,M>X & ,5GELS ESS5TIALLY SUPPORT$ ,BISM>CK'S ATTEMPTS TO UNIFY ,G]MANY4 ,!IR EXPRESS DI/A/E = ,BISM>CK'S ME?ODS & = ! L&$ G5TRY 9 :OSE 9T]E/S HE SPOKE %\LD NOT BE TAK5 TOO S]I\SLY1 9 MY VIEW4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE WELCOM$ ,G]MANY'S ANNEXATION ( ,D5M>K1 & !Y CALL$ = ! 9CORPORATION ( SMALL] ,EUROPEAN NATIONALITIES LIKE ! ,CZE*S & ,SLAVS G5]ALLY 9TO A C5TRALIZ$ ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y1 AS WELL AS ! UNIFICATION ( ,ITALY 9TO A NATION-/ATE1 9 ORD] TO BROAD5 ! T]RA9 ( ! M>KET & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( CAPITALISM ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 

,NOR IS IT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS SUPPORT$ ,BISM>CK'S >MIES 9 ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN W> ( #ahg - DESPITE ! OPPOSITION ( !IR CLOSE/ ADH]5TS 9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T & ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL - AT LEA/ UP TO ! PO9T :5 ?OSE >MIES CROSS$ ! ,FR5* FRONTI] & SURR\ND$ ,P>IS 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,M>X & ,5GELS'S [N >GUM5TS W]E TO BE 9VOK$ BY ! ,EUROPEAN ,M>XI/S :O DIV]G$ FROM !IR ANTI-W> COMRADES TO SUPPORT !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONAL MILIT>Y EF=TS AT ! \TBREAK ( ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE4 ,PRO-W> ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS SUPPORT$ ! ,KAIS] AS A BULW>K AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN 0,ASIATIC0 B>B>ISM - SEEM+LY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,M>X & ,5GELS'S [N VIEWS - :ILE ! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/S 7AS WELL AS ,KROPOTK9 9 ,BRITA9 & LAT] 9 ,RUSSIA7 9VOK$ ! TRADITION ( !IR C\NTRY'S ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION 9 OPPOSITION TO 0,PRUSSIAN MILIT>ISM40 

,DESPITE MANY WIDESPREAD CLAIMS ?AT ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS MORE AN>*I/IC ?AN A COMMITT$ ,M>XI/1 %E ACTUALLY VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ ! MOTIVATIONS ( AN>*IC =MS ( SOCIALISM & WAS MORE ( A DOCTR9AIRE ,M>XI/ ?AN IS G5]ALLY REALIZ$4 ,H] OPPOSITION TO ,POLI% NATIONALISM & ,PILSUDSKI'S ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7:I* DEM&$ ,POLI% NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE7 AS WELL AS H] HO/ILITY T[>D NATIONALISM G5]ALLY1 ADMIRABLE & C\RAGE\S AS IT WAS1 RE/$ PR9CIPALLY NOT ON AN AN>*I/IC BELIEF 9 ! 0BRO!RHOOD ( MAN0 BUT ON TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ >GUM5TS - NAMELY1 AN EXT5SION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS'S DESIRE = UNIFI$ M>KETS & C5TRALIZ$ /ATES AT ! EXP5SE ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN NATIONALITIES1 ALBEIT ) A NEW TWI/4 

,BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 NEW CONSID]ATIONS HAD COME TO ! =EGR\ND ?AT 9DUC$ ,LUXEMBURG TO MODIFY H] VIEWS4 ,LIKE MANY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC !ORI/S AT ! TIME1 ,LUXEMBURG %>$ ! CONVICTION ?AT CAPITALISM HAD PASS$ FROM A PROGRESSIVE 9TO A L>GELY REACTION>Y PHASE4 ,NO LONG] A HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE ECONOMIC ORD]1 CAPITALISM WAS N[ REACTION>Y BECAUSE IT HAD FULFILL$ ITS 0HI/ORICAL0 FUNCTION 9 ADVANC+ TE*NOLOGY & PRESUMABLY 9 PRODUC+ A CLASS-CONSCI\S OR EV5 REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 ,L59 SY/EMIZ$ ?IS CONCLUSION 9 HIS FAM\S WORK1 ,IMP]IALISM3 ,! ,HI<E/ ,/AGE ( ,CAPITALISM4 

,?US BO? ,L59 & ,LUXEMBURG LOGICALLY D5\NC$ ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE AS IMP]IALI/ & BROKE ) ALL SOCIALI/S :O SUPPORT$ ! ,5T5TE & ! ,C5TRAL ,P[]S1 D]ID+ !M AS 0SOCIAL PATRIOTS40 ,:]E ,L59 M>K$LY DIFF]$ FROM ,LUXEMBURG 7ASIDE FROM ! FAM\S ISSUE ( HIS SUPPORT = A C5TRALIZ$ P>TY ORGANIZATION7 WAS ON H[1 FROM A /RICTLY 0REALI/IC0 /&PO9T1 ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 C\LD BE US$ AGA9/ CAPITALISM 9 AN ]A ( IMP]IALISM4 ,TO ,L591 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES ( ECONOMICALLY UNDEVELOP$ COLONIZ$ C\NTRIES = LIB]ATION FROM ! COLONIAL P[]S1 9CLUD+ ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 W]E N[ 9H]5TLY PROGRESSIVE 9S(> AS !Y S]V$ TO UND]M9E ! P[] ( CAPITAL4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ,L59'S SUPPORT = NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES WAS ESS5TIALLY NO LESS PRAGMATIC ?AN ?AT ( O!R ,M>XI/S1 9CLUD+ ,LUXEMBURG H]SELF4 ,= IMP]IALI/ ,RUSSIA1 APPROPRIATELY *>ACT]IZ$ AS A 0PRISON ( NATIONS10 ,L59 ADVOCAT$ ! UNCONDITIONAL RI<T ( NON-,RUSSIAN PEOPLES TO SEC$E UND] ANY CONDITIONS & TO =M NATION-/ATES ( !IR [N4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HE MA9TA9$1 NON-,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 9 ,RUSSIA'S COLONIZ$ C\NTRIES W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO ADVOCATE SOME K9D ( F$]AL UNION ) ! 0MO!R C\NTRY0 IF ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS SUCCE$$ 9 A*IEV+ A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,H5CE1 AL?\< ,L59'S & ,LUXEMBURG'S PREMISES W]E V]Y SIMIL>1 ! TWO ,M>XI/S CAME TO RADICALLY DIFF]5T CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 & ! CORRECT MANN] ( RESOLV+ IT4 ,L59 DEM&$ ! RI<T ( ,POL& TO E/ABLI% A NATION-/ATE ( ITS [N1 :ILE ,LUXEMBURG OPPOS$ IT AS ECONOMICALLY UNVIABLE & REGRESSIVE4 ,L59 %>$ ,M>X'S & ,5GELS'S SUPPORT = ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE1 ALBEIT = V]Y DIFF]5T YET EQUALLY PRAGMATIC REASONS4 ,HE DID NOT HONOR HIS [N POSITION ON ! RI<T TO SECESSION DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W>1 MO/ FLAGRANTLY 9 HIS MANN] ( DEAL+ ) ,GEORGIA1 A V]Y DI/9CT NATION ?AT HAD SUPPORT$ ! ,M5%EVIKS UNTIL ! ,SOVIET REGIME =C$ IT TO ACCEPT A DOME/IC V>IANT ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,ONLY 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE1 AFT] A ,GEORGIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TOOK COMM& ( ! /ATE1 DID ,L59 OPPOSE ,/AL9'S ATTEMPT TO SUBORD9ATE ! ,GEORGIAN P>TY TO ! ,RUSSIAN - A PREPOND]ANTLY 9TRA-P>TY CONFLICT ?AT WAS ( LITTLE CONC]N TO ! PRO-,M5%EVIK ,GEORGIAN POPULATION4 ,L59 DID NOT LIVE LONG 5\< TO 5GAGE ,/AL9 ON ?IS - & O!R - POLICIES & ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES4 

,TWO ,APPROA*ES TO ! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION 

  

,! ,M>XI/ & ,M>XI/-,L59I/ DISCUSSIONS ON ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE ?US PRODUC$ A HI<LY CONVOLUT$ LEGACY ?AT AFFECT$ ! POLICIES NOT ONLY ( ! ,OLD ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS BUT ?OSE ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#fS AS WELL4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT TO CL>IFY H]E >E ! RADICALLY DIFF]5T PREMISES FROM :I* LEFT LIB]T>IANS & ,M>XI/S VIEW$ NATIONALISM G5]ALLY4 ,LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM 9 ! MA91 ASIDE FROM SOME ( ITS V>IANTS1 ADVANC$ HUMANI/IC1 BASICALLY E?ICAL REASONS = OPPOS+ ! NATION-/ATES ?AT FO/]$ NATIONALISM4 ,LEFT LIB]T>IANS DID SO1 TO BE MORE SPECIFIC1 BECAUSE NATIONAL DI/9CTIONS T5D$ TO LEAD TO /ATE =MATION & TO SUBV]T ! UNITY ( HUMANITY1 TO P>O*IALIZE SOCIETY1 & TO FO/] CULTURAL P>TICUL>ITIES RA!R ?AN ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,M>XISM1 AS A 0SOCIALI/ SCI5CE10 ES*EW$ SU* E?ICAL 0AB/RACTIONS40 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE & TO C5TRALIZATION1 NOT ONLY DID ,M>XI/S SUPPORT A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 !Y 9SI/$ ON ! 0HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE0 NATURE ( CAPITALISM & A M>KET ECONOMY1 :I* REQUIR$ C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES AS DOME/IC M>KETS & AS MEANS = REMOV+ ALL 9T]NAL B>RI]S TO COMM]CE ?AT LOCAL & REGIONAL SOV]EIGNTIES HAD CREAT$4 ,M>XI/S G5]ALLY REG>D$ ! NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLES AS MATT]S ( POLITICAL /RATEGY ?AT %\LD BE SUPPORT$ OR OPPOS$ = /RICTLY PRAGMATIC CONSID]ATIONS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ANY BROAD] E?ICAL ONES4 

,?US TWO DI/9CT APPROA*ES TO NATIONALISM EM]G$ )9 ! ,LEFT4 ,! E?ICAL ANTI-NATIONALISM ( AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S *AMPION$ ! UNITY ( HUMANITY1 ) DUE ALL[ANCE = CULTURAL DI/9CTIONS BUT 9 FLAT OPPOSITION TO ! =MATION ( NATION-/ATES2 :ILE ! ,M>XI/S SUPPORT$ OR OPPOS$ ! NATIONALI/IC DEM&S ( L>GELY PRECAPITALI/ CULTURES = A V>IETY ( PRAGMATIC & GEOPOLITICAL REASONS4 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS NOT 9T5D$ TO BE H>D & FA/2 SOCIALI/S 9 PRE-,WORLD ,W> ,ONE ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y W]E /RONGLY MULT9ATIONAL AS A RESULT ( ! MANY DIFF]5T PEOPLES :O MADE UP ! PREW> EMPIRE4 ,!Y CALL$ = A CONF$]AL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ RUL]S ( ! EMPIRE & ITS L>GELY ,SLAVONIC MEMB]S1 :I* APPROXIMAT$ AN AN>*I/ VIEW4 ,:E!R !Y W\LD HAVE HONOR$ !IR [N IDEALS 9 PRACTICE ANY BETT] ?AN ,L59 ADH]$ TO HIS [N PRESCRIPTIONS ONCE A 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION0 ACTUALLY SUCCE$$ WE WILL NEV] KN[4 ,! ORIG9AL EMPIRE HAD DISAPPE>$ BY #a#i#a#h1 & ! O/5SIBLE LIB]T>IANISM ( 0,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN ,M>XISM10 AS IT WAS CALL$1 BECAME MOOT DUR+ ! 9T]W> P]IOD4 ,TO ITS HONOR1 ,I MAY ADD1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicd 9 ,VI5NA1 ,AU/RIAN SOCIALI/S1 UNLIKE ANY O!R MOVEM5T AP>T FROM ! ,SPANI>DS1 RESI/$ PROT(ASCI/ DEVELOPM5TS 9 BLOODY /REET FI<T+2 ! MOVEM5T NEV] REGA9$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y ELAN AFT] IT WAS RE/OR$ 9 #a#i#d#e4 

,NATIONALISM & ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO 

  

,! ,LEFT ( ! 9T]W> P]IOD1 ! SO-CALL$ ,OLD ,LEFT1 VIEW$ ! FA/-APPROA*+ W> AGA9/ ,NAZI ,G]MANY AS A CONT9UATION ( ! 0,GREAT ,W>0 ( #a#i#a#d-#a#h4 ,ANTI- ,/AL9I/ ,M>XI/S PR$ICT$ A %ORT-LIV$ CONFLICT ?AT W\LD T]M9ATE 9 PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS EV5 MORE SWEEP+ ?AN ?OSE ( ! #a#i#a#g-#b#a P]IOD4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,TROTSKY /AK$ HIS ADH]5CE TO OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ITSELF ON ?IS CALCULATION3 IF ! W> DID NOT 5D 9 ?IS \TCOME1 HE PROPOS$1 NE>LY ALL ! PREMISES ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM W\LD HAVE TO BE EXAM9$ & P]HAPS DRA/ICALLY REVIS$4 ,HIS DEA? 9 #aid PRECLUD$ SU* A REEVALUATION ON HIS [N P>T4 ,:5 ! W> DID NOT CONCLUDE 9 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS1 ,TROTSKY'S SUPPORT]S W]E H>DLY WILL+ TO MAKE ! SWEEP+ REEXAM9ATION ?AT HE HAD SUGGE/$4 

,YET ?IS REEXAM9ATION WAS V]Y MU* NE$$4 ,NOT ONLY DID ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO FAIL TO 5D 9 PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS 9 ,EUROPE2 IT BR\<T AN 5D TO ! :OLE ]A ( REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM & ! CLASS-ORI5T$ 9T]NATIONALISM ?AT HAD EM]G$ 9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 :5 ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS RAIS$ B>RICADES & R$ FLAGS 9 SUPPORT ( A 0SOCIAL REPUBLIC40 ,F> FROM A*IEV+ ANY SUCCESSFUL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO1 ! ,EUROPEAN WORK+ CLASS FAIL$ TO EXHIBIT A SEMBLANCE ( 9T]NATIONALISM DUR+ ! CONFLICT4 ,UNLIKE !IR FA!RS A G5]ATION E>LI]1 NO W>R+ TROOPS 5GAG$ 9 FRAT]NIZATION2 NOR DID ! CIVILIAN POPULATIONS EXHIBIT ANY OV]T HO/ILITY TO !IR POLITICAL & MILIT>Y LEAD]S = !IR CONDUCT ( ! W>1 DESPITE ! MASSIVE DE/RUCTION ( CITIES BY A]IAL BOMB]S & >TILL]Y4 ,! ,G]MAN >MY F\<T DESP]ATELY AGA9/ ! ,ALLIES 9 ! ,WE/ & ITS SOLDI]S W]E PREP>$ TO DEF5D ,HITL]'S BUNK] TO ! 5D4 

,ABOVE ALL1 AN ELEVAT$ AW>5ESS ( CLASS DI/9CTIONS & CONFLICTS 9 ,EUROPE GAVE WAY TO NATIONALISM - P>TLY 9 REACTION TO ,G]MANY'S OCCUPATIONS ( HOME T]RITORIES1 BUT P>TLY ALSO1 & SIGNIFICANTLY1 AS A RESULT ( ! RESURG5CE ( A CRUDE X5OPHOBIA ?AT V]G$ ON \TRI<T RACISM4 ,:AT LIMIT$ CLASS-ORI5T$ MOVEM5TS DID EM]GE = A :ILE AFT] ! W>1 NOTABLY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,GREECE1 W]E EASILY MANIPULAT$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S TO S]VE ,SOVIET 9T]E/S 9 ! ,COLD ,W>4 ,H5CE AL?\< ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO LA/$ MU* LONG] ?AN ! FIR/1 ITS \TCOME NEV] ROSE TO ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL LEVEL ( ! #a#i#a#g-#b#a P]IOD4 ,9 FACT1 WORLD CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO /RONG] ?AN IT HAD BE5 AT ANY TIME 9 ITS HI/ORY1 [+ PR9CIPALLY TO ! /ATE'S MASSIVE 9T]V5TION 9 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 

,/RUGGLES = 0,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION0 

  

,! FAILURE ( S]I\S RADICAL !ORI/S TO REEXAM9E ,M>XI/ !ORY 9 ! LI<T ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 AS ,TROTSKY HAD PROPOS$1 WAS FOLL[$ BY ! PRECIPITATE DECL9E ( ! ,OLD ,LEFT1 ! G5]AL RECOGNITION ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS NO LONG] A 0HEGEMONIC0 CLASS 9 OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM1 ! ABS5CE ( A 0G5]AL CRISIS0 ( CAPITALISM1 & ! FAILURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TO PLAY AN 9T]NATIONALI/ ROLE 9 PO/W> EV5TS4 

,:AT CAME TO =EGR\ND 9/EAD W]E NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES 9 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 C\NTRIES & SPORADIC ANTI- ,SOVIET ]UPTIONS 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 :I* W]E L>GELY SMO!R$ BY ,/AL9I/ TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,! ,LEFT1 9 !SE 9/ANCES1 HAS (T5 TAK5 NATIONALI/ /RUGGLES AS G5]AL 0ANTI-IMP]IALI/0 ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE 0AUTONOMY0 FROM IMP]IALISM1 & /ATE =MATION AS A LEGITIMATION ( ?IS 0AUTONOMY10 EV5 AT ! EXP5SE ( A POPUL> DEMOCRACY 9 ! COLONIZ$ WORLD4 

,IF ,M>X & ,5GELS (T5 SUPPORT$ NATIONAL /RUGGLES = /RATEGIC REASONS1 ! ,LEFT 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 BO? ,NEW & ,OLD1 (T5 ELEVAT$ SU* SUPPORT = SU* /RUGGLES 9TO A M9DLESS >TICLE ( FAI?4 ,! /RATEGIC 0NATIONALISMS0 ( ,M>XI/-TYPE MOVEM5TS L>GELY =ECLOS$ 9QUIRY 9TO :AT K9D ( SOCIETY A GIV5 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 MOVEM5T W\LD LIKELY PRODUCE1 9 A WAY ?AT E?ICAL SOCIALISMS LIKE AN>*ISM 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY DID NOT4 ,IT WAS - OR IF NOT1 IT %\LD HAVE BE5 - A MATT] ( ! GRAVE/ CONC]N = ! ,OLD ,LEFT 9 ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS TO 9QUIRE 9TO :AT TYPE ( SOCIETY ,MAO ,TSE-TUNG1 TO TAKE A /RIK+ CASE 9 PO9T1 W\LD E/ABLI% 9 ,*9A IF HE DEFEAT$ ! ,KUOM9TANG1 :ILE ! ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#fS %\LD HAVE 9QUIR$ 9TO :AT TYPE ( SOCIETY ,CA/RO1 TO CITE ANO!R IMPORTANT CASE1 W\LD E/ABLI% 9 ,CUBA AFT] ! EXPULSION ( ,BATI/A4 

,BUT ?R\<\T ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :5 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS 9 COLONIAL C\NTRIES MADE CONV5TIONAL AV[ALS ( SOCIALISM & !N PROCE$$ TO E/ABLI% HI<LY C5TRALIZ$1 (T5 BRUTALLY AU?ORIT>IAN /ATES1 ! ,LEFT (T5 GREET$ !M AS EFFECTIVE /RUGGLES AGA9/ IMP]IALI/ 5EMIES4 ,ADVANC$ AS 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION10 NATIONALISM HAS (T5 /OPP$ %ORT ( ADVANC+ MAJOR SOCIAL *ANGES & HAS EV5 IGNOR$ ! NE$ TO DO SO4 ,AV[ALS ( AU?ORIT>IAN =MS ( SOCIALISM HAVE BE5 US$ BY 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 MOVEM5TS V]Y MU* ! WAY ,/AL9 US$ SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGIES TO BRUTALLY CONSOLIDATE HIS [N DICTATOR%IP4 ,9DE$1 ,M>XISM- ,L59ISM HAS PROV$ A REM>KABLY EFFECTIVE DOCTR9E = MOBILIZ+ 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES AGA9/ IMP]IALI/ P[]S & GA9+ ! SUPPORT ( LEFTI/ RADICALS ABROAD1 :O SAW 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 MOVEM5TS AS L>GELY ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES RA!R ?AN OBS]V+ !IR TRUE SOCIAL CONT5T4 

,?US1 DESPITE ! POPULI/ & (T5 EV5 AN>*I/IC T5D5CIES ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN ,NEW ,LEFT1 ITS ESS5TIALLY 9T]NATIONAL FOCUS WAS DIRECT$ 9CREAS+LY T[>D AN UNCRITICAL SUPPORT = 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES \TSIDE ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SPH]E1 )\T REG>D = :]E !SE /RUGGLES W]E LEAD+ & ! AU?ORIT>IAN NATURE ( !IR LEAD]%IP4 ,AS ! #a#i#fS PROGRESS$1 ?IS 9CR$IBLY CONFUS$ MOVEM5T 9 FACT /EADILY %$ ! LIB]T>IAN & UNIV]SALI/IC AMBIANCE ) :I* IT HAD BEGUN4 ,AFT] ,MAO'S PRACTICES W]E ELEVAT$ TO AN 0ISM0 9 ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 MANY Y\NG RADICALS ADOPT$ 0,MAOISM0 UNRES]V$LY1 ) GRIM RESULTS = ! ,NEW ,LEFT AS A :OLE4 ,BY #a#i#f#i1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT HAD L>GELY BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ,MAOI/S & ADMIR]S ( ,FIDEL ,CA/RO4 ,AN UTT]LY MISLEAD+ BOOK LIKE ,WILLIAM ,H9TON'S ,FAN%51 :I* UNCRITICALLY APPLAUD$ ,MAOI/ ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,*9ESE C\NTRYSIDE1 WAS REV]$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS1 & MANY RADICAL GR\PS ADOPT$ :AT !Y TOOK TO BE ,MAOI/ ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES4 ,SO HEAVILY FOCUS$ WAS ! ,NEW ,LEFT'S ATT5TION ON 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN 9VASION ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 #aifi H>DLY PRODUC$ S]I\S PROTE/ FROM Y\NG LEFTI/S1 AT LEA/ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AS ,I CAN P]SONALLY ATTE/4 

,! #a#i#fS ALSO SAW ! EM]G5CE ( YET ANO!R =M ( NATIONALISM ON ! ,LEFT3 9CREAS+LY E?NICALLY *AUV9I/IC GR\PS BEGAN TO APPE> ?AT ULTIMATELY 9V]T$ ,EURO-,AM]ICAN CLAIMS ( ! ALLEG$ SUP]IORITY ( ! :ITE RACE 9TO AN EQUALLY REACTION>Y CLAIM TO ! SUP]IORITY ( NON-:ITES4 ,EMBRAC+ ! P>TICUL>ISM 9TO :I* RACIAL POLITICS HAD DEG5]AT$ 9/EAD ( ! POT5TIAL UNIV]SALISM ( A HUMANITAS1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT PLAC$ BLACKS1 COLONIAL PEOPLES1 & EV5 TOTALIT>IAN COLONIAL NATIONS ON ! TOP ( ITS !ORETICAL PYRAMID1 5D[+ !M ) A COMM&+ OR 0HEGEMONIC0 POSITION 9 RELATION TO :ITES1 ,EURO-,AM]ICANS1 & B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC NATIONS4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS1 ?IS P>TICUL>I/IC /RATEGY WAS ADOPT$ BY C]TA9 FEM9I/S1 :O BEGAN TO EXTOLL ! 0SUP]IORITY0 ( WOM5 OV] M51 9DE$ TO AFFIRM AN ALLEG$LY FEMALE MY/ICAL 0P[]0 & AN ALLEG$LY FEMALE IRRATIONALISM OV] ! SECUL> RATIONALITY & SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY ?AT W]E PRESUMABLY ! DOMA9 ( ALL MALES4 ,! T]M 0:ITE MALE0 BECAME A PAT5TLY D]OGATORY EXPRESSION ?AT WAS APPLI$ ECUM5ICALLY TO ALL ,EURO-,AM]ICAN M51 IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R !Y !MSELVES W]E EXPLOIT$ & DOM9AT$ BY RUL+ CLASSES & HI]>*IES4 

,A HI<LY P>O*IAL 0ID5TITY POLITICS0 BEGAN TO EM]GE1 EV5 TO DOM9ATE MANY ,NEW ,LEFTI/S AS NEW 0MICRONATIONALISMS10 IF ,I MAY CO9 A WORD4 ,NOT ONLY DO C]TA9 T5D5CIES 9 SU* 0ID5TITY0 MOVEM5TS CLOSELY RESEMBLE ?OSE ( V]Y TRADITIONAL =MS ( OPPRESSION LIKE PATRI>*Y1 BUT 0ID5TITY POLITICS0 ALSO CON/ITUTES A REGRESSION FROM ! LIB]T>IAN & EV5 G5]AL ,M>XIAN MESSAGE ( ! 0,9T]NATIONALE0 & A TRANSC5D5CE ( ALL 0MICRONATIONALI/0 DIFF]5TIA 9 A TRULY HUMANI/IC COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,:AT PASSES = 0RADICAL CONSCI\SNESS0 TODAY IS %IFT+ 9CREAS+LY T[>D A BIOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ EMPHASIS ON HUMAN DIFF]5TIATION LIKE G5D] & E?NICITY - NOT AN EMPHASIS ON ! NE$ TO FO/] HUMAN UNIV]SALITY ?AT WAS SO PRON\NC$ AMONG ! AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ WRIT]S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & EV5 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 

,T[>D A ,NEW ,9T]NATIONALISM 

  

,H[ TO ASSESS ?IS DEVOLUTION 9 LEFTI/ ?\<T & ! PROBLEMS IT RAISES TODAY8 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO PLACE NATIONALISM 9 ! L>G] HI/ORICAL CONTEXT ( HUMANITY'S SOCIAL EVOLUTION FROM ! 9T]NAL SOLID>ITY ( ! TRIBE TO ! 9CREAS+ EXPANSIV5ESS ( URBAN LIFE & ! UNIV]SALISM ADVANC$ BY ! GREAT MONO!I/IC RELIGIONS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & F9ALLY TO IDEALS ( HUMAN AFF9ITY BAS$ ON REASON1 SECUL>ISM1 COOP]ATION1 & DEMOCRACY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,WE CAN SAY ) C]TA9TY ?AT ANY MOVEM5T ?AT ASPIRES TO SOME?+ LESS ?AN !SE AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ NOTIONS ( ! 0BRO!RHOOD ( MAN10 C]TA9LY AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! 0,9T]NATIONALE10 IS LESS ?AN HUMAN4 ,9DE$1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO ASK = EV5 MORE ?AN :AT N9ETE5?-C5TURY 9T]NATIONALISM DEM&$4 ,WE >E OBLIG$ TO =MULATE AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY 9 :I* CULTURAL DIFF]5TIA MUTUALI/ICALLY S]VE TO 5HANCE HUMAN UNITY ITSELF1 9 %ORT1 ?AT CON/ITUTE A NEW MOSAIC ( VIGOR\S CULTURES ?AT 5RI* ! HUMAN CONDITION & ?AT FO/] ITS ADVANCE RA!R ?AN FRAGM5T & DECOMPOSE IT 9TO NEW 0NATIONALITIES0 & AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( NATION-/ATES4 

,NO LESS SIGNIFICANT IS ! NE$ = A RADICAL SOCIAL \TLOOK ?AT CONJO9S CULTURAL V>IETY & ! IDEAL ( A UNIFI$ HUMANITY ) AN E?ICAL CONCEPT ( :AT A NEW SOCIETY %\LD BE LIKE - ONE ?AT IS UNIV]SALI/IC 9 ITS VIEW ( HUMANITY1 COOP]ATIVE 9 ITS VIEW ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS ON ALL LEVELS ( LIFE1 & EGALIT>IAN 9 ITS IDEA ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,:ILE 9T]NATIONALI/ 9 !IR CLASS \TLOOK1 NE>LY ALL ,M>XI/ ATTITUDES T[>D ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 W]E 9/RUM5TAL3 !Y W]E GUID$ BY EXP$I5CY & OPPORTUNISM1 & WORSE1 !Y (T5 D5IGRAT$ IDEAS ( DEMOCRACY1 CITIZ5%IP1 & FRE$OM AS 0AB/RACT0 &1 PRESUMABLY1 0UNSCI5TIFIC0 NOTIONS4 ,\T/&+ ,M>XI/S ACCEPT$ ! NATION-/ATE ) ALL ITS CO]CIVE P[] & C5TRALI/IC TRAITS1 BE !Y ,M>X OR ,5GELS1 ,LUXEMBURG OR ,L594 ,NOR DID !SE ,M>XI/S VIEW CONF$]ALISM AS A DESID]ATUM4 ,LUXEMBURG'S WRIT+S1 = EXAMPLE1 SIMPLY TAKE CONF$]ALISM AS IT EXI/$ 9 H] [N TIME 7P>TICUL>LY ! VICISSITUDES ( ,SWISS CANTONALISM7 AS EXHAU/+ ALL ! POSSIBILITIES ( ?IS POLITICAL IDEA1 )\T DUE REG>D = ! LEFT LIB]T>IAN EMPHASIS ON ! NE$ = PR(\ND SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC *ANGES 9 ! MUNICIPALITIES ?AT >E TO CONF$]ATE ) EA* O!R4 ,) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ,M>XI/S ADVANC$ NO S]I\S CRITIQUE ( ! NATION-/ATE & /ATE C5TRALIZATION AS SU*1 AN OMISSION ?AT1 ALL 0COLLECTIVI/IC0 A*IEVEM5TS ASIDE1 W\LD HAVE =$OOM$ !IR ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY IF NO?+ ELSE HAD4 

,CULTURAL FRE$OM & V>IETY1 LET ME EMPHASIZE1 %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) NATIONALISM4 ,?AT SPECIFIC PEOPLES %\LD BE FREE TO FULLY DEVELOP !IR [N CULTURAL CAPACITIES IS NOT M]ELY A RI<T BUT A DESID]ATUM4 ,! WORLD WILL BE A DRAB PLACE 9DE$ IF A MAGNIFIC5T MOSAIC ( DIFF]5T CULTURES DO NOT REPLACE ! L>GELY DECULTURAT$ & HOMOG5IZ$ WORLD CREAT$ BY MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,BUT BY ! SAME TOK51 ! WORLD WILL BE COMPLETELY DIVID$ & PEOPLES WILL BE *RONICALLY AT ODDS ) ONE ANO!R IF !IR CULTURAL DIFF]5CES >E P>O*IALIZ$ & IF SEEM+ 0CULTURAL DIFF]5CES0 >E ROOT$ 9 BIOLOGI/IC NOTIONS ( G5D]1 RACIAL1 & PHYSICAL SUP]IORITY4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 !RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* ! NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION ( PEOPLES ALONG T]RITORIAL L9ES DID PRODUCE A SOCIAL SPH]E ?AT WAS BROAD] ?AN ! N>R[ K9%IP BASIS = K9%IP SOCIETIES BECAUSE IT SU* CONSOLIDATION OBVI\SLY IS MORE OP5 TO /RANG]S1 JU/ AS CITIES T5D TO FO/] BROAD] HUMAN AFF9ITIES ?AN TRIBES4 ,BUT NEI!R TRIBAL AFF9ITIES NOR T]RITORIAL B\ND>IES CON/ITUTE A REALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY TO A*IEVE A FULL S5SE ( COMMONALITY ) RI* BUT H>MONI\S CULTURAL V>IATIONS4 ,FRONTI]S HAVE NO PLACE ON ! MAP ( ! PLANET1 ANY MORE ?AN !Y HAVE A PLACE ON ! L&SCAPE ( ! M9D4 

,A SOCIALISM ?AT IS 9=M$ BY ?IS K9D ( E?ICAL \TLOOK1 ) A DUE RESPECT = CULTURAL V>IETY1 CANNOT IGNORE ! POT5TIAL \TCOME ( A NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE AS ! ,OLD & ,NEW ,LEFTS ALIKE SO (T5 DID4 ,NOR CAN IT SUPPORT NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES = 9/RUM5TAL PURPOSES1 M]ELY AS A MEANS ( 0WEAK5+0 IMP]IALISM4 ,C]TA9LY1 SU* A SOCIALISM CANNOT1 9 MY VIEW1 PROMOTE ! PROLIF]ATION ( NATION-/ATES1 MU* LESS 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( DIVISIVE NATIONAL 5TITIES4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! SUCCESS ( MANY 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES HAS HAD ! EFFECT ( CREAT+ POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T /ATI/ REGIMES ?AT >E NONE!LESS AS MANIPULABLE BY ! =CES ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM AS W]E ! OLD1 G5]ALLY OBTUSE IMP]IALI/ ONES4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 NATIONS HAVE NOT CA/ (F !IR COLONIAL %ACKLES S9CE ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO3 !Y HAVE M]ELY BECOME DOME/ICAT$ & R5D]$ HI<LY VULN]ABLE TO ! =CES ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM1 ) LITTLE MORE ?AN A FACADE ( SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y HAVE (T5 US$ !IR MY?S ( 0NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY0 TO N\RI% X5OPHOBIC AMBITIONS TO GRAB ADJAC5T T]RITORIES & OPPRESS !IR NEI<BORS AS BRUTALLY AS IMP]IALI/S 9 !IR [N RI<T1 SU* AS ,<ANA'S OPPRESSION UND] ,NKRUMAH ( ! ,TOGO PEOPLES 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA OR ,MILOSEVIC'S ATTEMPT TO 0CLEANSE0 ,MUSLIMS FROM ,BOSNIA4 ,:AT IS NO LESS REGRESSIVE1 SU* NATIONALISMS EVOKE :AT IS MO/ S9I/] 9 A PEOPLE'S PA/ - RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISM 9 ALL ITS =MS1 TRADITIONAL HATR$S ( 0=EIGN]S10 A 0NATIONAL UNITY0 ?AT OV]RIDES T]RIBLE 9T]NAL SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUITIES1 & MO/ COMMONLY1 A TOTAL DISREG>D = HUMAN RI<TS4 ,! 0NATION0 AS A CULTURAL 5TITY IS SUP]S$$ BY AN OV]P[]+ & OPPRESSIVE /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,RACISM COMMONLY GOES H& 9 H& ) 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES1 SU* AS 0E?NIC CLEANS+0 & W>S = T]RITORIAL GA91 AS WE SEE MO/ POIGNANTLY TODAY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ,9DIA1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,NATIONALISMS ?AT ONLY A G5]ATION AGO MI<T HAVE BE5 REG>D$ AS 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES >E MORE CLE>LY SE5 TODAY1 9 ! WAKE ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET EMPIRE1 AS LITTLE MORE ?AN SOCIAL NI<TM>ES & DECIVILIZ+ BLI<TS4 

,PUT BLUNTLY1 NATIONALISMS >E ! K9D ( REGRESSIVE ATAVISMS ?AT ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRI$ TO OV]COME LONG AGO4 ,!Y 9TROJECT ! WOR/ FEATURES ( ! V]Y EMPIRES FROM :I* OPPRESS$ PEOPLES HAVE TRI$ TO %AKE LOOSE4 ,NOT ONLY DO !Y TYPICALLY REPRODUCE /ATE-MA*9ES ?AT >E AS OPPRESSIVE AS ?OSE ! COLONIAL P[]S IMPOS$ ON !M1 BUT !Y RE9=CE ?OSE MA*9ES ) CULTURAL1 RELIGI\S1 E?NIC1 & X5OPHOBIC TRAITS ?AT >E (T5 US$ TO FO/] REGIONAL & EV5 DOME/IC HATR$S & SUB-IMP]IALISMS4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT1 9 ! ABS5CE ( G5U9E POPUL> DEMOCRACIES ! SEQUELAE ( UND]/&ABLY ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES TOO (T5 9CLUDE ! /R5G!N+ ( IMP]IALISM ITSELF1 SU* ?AT ! P[]S ?AT HAVE BE5 SEEM+LY DISPOSSESS$ ( !IR COLONIES CAN N[ PLAY (F ! /ATE ( ONE =M] COLONY AGA9/ ?AT ( ANO!R1 AS WITNESS ! CONFLICTS ?AT RAVAGE ,AFRICA1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 & ! ,9DIAN SUBCONT95T4 ,!SE >E ! >EAS1 ,I MAY ADD1 :]E NUCLE> W>S WILL BE MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR AS ! YE>S GO BY ?AN ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ,ISLAMIC NUCLE> BOMB TO C\NT]VAIL AN ,ISRAELI ONE1 OR ( A ,PAKI/ANI BOMB TO C\NT]VAIL AN ,9DIAN ONE1 PORT5D NO GOOD = ! ,S\? & ITS CONFLICT ) ! ,NOR?4 ,9DE$1 ! T5D5CY = =M] COLONIES TO ACTIVELY SEEK ALLIANCES ) !IR ]/:ILE IMP]IALI/ RUL]S IS N[ A MORE TYPICAL FEATURE ( ,NOR?-,S\? DIPLOMACY ?AN IS ANY UNITY )9 ! ,S\? AGA9/ ! ,NOR?4 

,NATIONALISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 A DISEASE ?AT DIVID$ HUMAN FROM HUMAN - 0AB/RACT0 AS TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/S MAY CONSID] ?IS NOTION TO BE - & IT CAN NEV] BE VIEW$ AS ANY?+ MORE ?AN A REGRESSION T[>D TRIBAL P>O*IALISM & ! FUEL = 9T]COMMUNAL W>F>E4 ,NOR HAVE ! 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES ?AT HAVE PRODUC$ NEW /ATES ?R\<\T ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 & 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE IMPAIR$ ! EXPANSION ( IMP]IALISM OR EV5TUAT$ 9 FULLY DEMOCRATIC /ATES4 ,?AT ! 0LIB]AT$0 PEOPLES ( ! ,/AL9I/ EMPIRE >E LESS OPPRESS$ TODAY ?AN !Y W]E UND] COMMUNI/ RULE %\LD NOT MISLEAD US 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT !Y >E ALSO FREE FROM ! X5OPHOBIA ?AT NE>LY ALL NATION-/ATES CULTIVATE OR FROM ! CULTURAL HOMOG5IZATION ?AT CAPITALISM & ITS M$IA PRODUCE4 

,NO LEFT LIB]T>IAN1 TO BE SURE1 CAN OPPOSE ! RI<T ( A SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLE TO E/ABLI% ITSELF AS AN AUTONOM\S 5TITY - BE IT 9 A CONF$]ATION BAS$ ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM OR AS A NATION-/ATE BAS$ ON HI]>*ICAL & CLASS 9EQUITIES4 ,BUT TO OPPOSE AN OPPRESSOR IS NOT EQUIVAL5T TO CALL+ = SUPPORT = EV]Y?+ =M]LY COLONIZ$ NATION-/ATES DO4 ,E?ICALLY SPEAK+1 ONE CANNOT OPPOSE A WRONG :5 ONE P>TY COMMITS IT1 !N SUPPORT ANO!R P>TY :O COMMITS ! SAME WRONG4 ,! TRITE BUT PI?Y MAXIM - 0,MY 5EMY'S 5EMY IS NOT MY FRI5D0 - IS P>TICUL>LY APPLICABLE TO OPPRESS$ PEOPLE :O MAY BE MANIPULAT$ BY TOTALIT>IANS1 RELIGI\S ZEALOTS1 & 0E?NIC CLEANS]S40 ,JU/ AS AN AU!NTIC E?ICS MU/ BE REASON$ \T & PREMIS$ ON G5U9E HUMANI/IC POT5TIALITIES1 SO A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM OR AN>*ISM MU/ RETA9 ITS E?ICAL 9TEGRITY IF ! VOICE ( REASON IS TO BE HE>D 9 SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 ,9 ! #a#i#fS1 ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA & AT ! SAME TIME REJECT$ GIV+ ANY SUPPORT TO ! COMMUNI/ REGIME 9 ,HANOI1 & ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION 9 ,CUBA )\T SUPPORT+ ,CA/ROI/ TOTALIT>IANISM1 /OOD ON A HI<] MORAL GR\ND ?AN ! ,NEW ,LEFTI/S :O EX]CIS$ !IR REBELLI\SNESS AGA9/ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PR$OM9ANTLY BY SUPPORT+ 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES )\T REG>D TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ GOALS ( ?OSE /RUGGLES4 ,9DE$1 ID5TIFI$ ) ! AU?ORIT>IANS :OM !Y ACTIVELY SUPPORT$1 !SE ,NEW ,LEFTI/S EV5TUALLY GREW DEMORALIZ$ BY ! ABS5CE ( AN E?ICAL BASIS 9 !IR LIB]ATORY IDEAS4 ,TODAY1 9 FACT1 LIB]ATORY /RUGGLES BAS$ ON NATIONALISM & /ATISM HAVE BORNE ! T]RIFY+ H>VE/ ( 9T]NEC9E BLOODLETT+ ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,EV5 9 REC5TLY 0LIB]AT$0 /ATES LIKE ,EA/ ,G]MANY1 NATIONALISM HAS F\ND BRUTAL EXPRESSION 9 ! RISE ( FASCI/ MOVEM5TS1 ,G]MAN NATIONALISM1 PLANS TO RE/RICT ! IMMIGRATION ( ASYLUM-SEEK]S1 VIOL5CE AGA9/ 0=EIGN]S0 9CLUD+ VICTIMS ( ,NAZISM LIKE GYPSIES1 & ! LIKE4 ,?US ! 9/RUM5TAL VIEW ( NATIONALISM ?AT ,M>XI/S ORIG9ALLY CULTIVAT$ HAS LEFT MANY 0LEFTI/0 T5D5CIES LIKE ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 A CONDITION ( MORAL BANKRUPTCY4 

,E?ICALLY1 LET ME ADD1 !RE >E SOME SOCIAL ISSUES ON :I* ONE MU/ TAKE A /& - SU* AS :ITE & BLACK RACISM1 PATRI>*Y & MATRI>*Y1 & IMP]IALISM & 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,AN UNSW]V+ OPPOSITION TO RACISM1 G5D] OPPRESSION1 & DOM9ATION AS SU* MU/ ALWAYS BE P>AM\NT IF AN E?ICAL SOCIALISM IS TO EM]GE FROM ! RU9S ( SOCIALISM ITSELF4 ,BUT WE ALSO LIVE 9 A WORLD 9 :I* ISSUES SOMETIMES >ISE ON :I* LEFTI/S CANNOT TAKE ANY POSITION AT ALL - ISSUES 9 :I* TO TAKE A POSITION IS TO OP]ATE )9 ! ALT]NATIVES ADVANC$ BY A BASICALLY IRRATIONAL SOCIETY & TO *OOSE ! LESS] ( SEV]AL IRRATIONALITIES OR EVILS OV] O!R IRRATIONALITIES OR EVILS4 ,IT IS NOT A SIGN ( POLITICAL 9EFFECTUALITY TO REJECT SU* A *OICE ALTOGE!R & DECL>E ?AT TO OPPOSE ONE EVIL ) A LESS] ONE MU/ EV5TUALLY LEAD TO ! SUPPORT ( ! WOR/ EVIL ?AT EM]GES4 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 BY ABETT+ ONE 0LESS] EVIL0 AFT] ANO!R DUR+ ! #a#i#bS1 W5T FROM SUPPORT+ LIB]ALS TO CONS]VATIVES TO REACTION>IES - :O F9ALLY BR\<T ,HITL] TO P[]4 ,9 AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY1 CONV5TIONAL WISDOM & 9/RUM5TALISM CAN PRODUCE ONLY EV]-GREAT] IRRATIONALITY1 US+ VIRTUE AS A PAT9A TO CONCEAL BASIC CONTRADICTIONS BO? 9 ITS [N POSITION & 9 SOCIETY4 

0.<,L.>IKE ! PROCESSES ( LIFE1 DIGE/ION & BREA?+10 OBS]V$ ,BAKUN91 NATIONALITY 0HAS NO RI<T TO BE CONC]N$ ) ITSELF UNTIL ?AT RI<T IS D5I$40 ,?IS WAS A P]CEPTIVE 5\< /ATEM5T 9 ITS DAY4 ,) ! EXPLOSIONS ( B>B>\S NATIONALISM 9 \R [N DAY & ! SN>L+ APPETITES ( NATIONALI/S TO CREATE MORE & MORE NATION-/ATES1 ,I AM OBLIG$ TO ADD ?AT 0NATIONALITY0 IS A =M ( 9DIGE/ION & ?AT ITS CAUSES MU/ BE VOMIT$ UP IF SOCIETY IS NOT TO FUR!R DET]IORATE BECAUSE ( ?IS MALADY4 

,SEEK+ AN ,ALT]NATIVE 

  

,IF NATIONALISM IS REGRESSIVE1 :AT RATIONAL & HUMANI/IC ALT]NATIVE TO IT CAN AN E?ICAL SOCIALISM (F]8 ,!RE IS NO PLACE 9 A FREE SOCIETY = NATION-/ATES - EI!R AS NATIONS OR AS /ATES4 ,H[EV] /RONG MAY BE ! IMPULSE ( SPECIFIC PEOPLES = A COLLECTIVE ID5TITY1 REASON & A CONC]N = E?ICAL BEHAVIOR OBLIGE US TO RECOV] ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! CITY OR T[N & A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL CULTURE1 ALBEIT ON A HI<] PLANE ?AN EV5 ! POLIS ( ,P]ICLEAN ,A!NS4 ,ID5TITY %\LD PROP]LY BE REPLAC$ BY COMMUNITY - BY A %>$ AFF9ITY ?AT IS HUMANLY SCAL$1 NON-HI]>*ICAL1 LIB]T>IAN1 & OP5 TO ALL1 IRRESPECTIVE ( AN 9DIVIDUAL'S G5D]1 E?NIC TRAITS1 SEXUAL ID5TITY1 TAL5TS1 OR P]SONAL PROCLIVITIES4 ,SU* COMMUNITY LIFE CAN ONLY BE RECOV]$ BY ! NEW POLITICS ?AT ,I HAVE CALL$ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM3 ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( MUNICIPALITIES SO ?AT !Y >E SELF-MANAG$ BY ! PEOPLE :O 9HABIT !M1 & ! =MATION ( A CONF$]ATION ( !SE MUNICIPALITIES TO CON/ITUTE A C\NT]-P[] TO ! NATION-/ATE4 

,! DANG] ?AT DEMOCRATIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES 9 A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY W\LD RESULT 9 ECONOMIC & CULTURAL P>O*IALISM IS V]Y REAL1 & IT CAN ONLY BE PRECLUD$ BY A VIGOR\S CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES BAS$ ON !IR MAT]IAL 9T]DEP5D5CE4 ,! 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY0 ( COMMUNITY LIFE - EV5 IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TODAY - W\LD BY NO MEANS GU>ANTEE A G5U9E GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY4 ,! CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES1 AS A M$IUM = 9T]ACTION1 COLLABORATION1 & MUTUAL AID AMONG ITS MUNICIPAL COMPON5TS1 PROVIDES ! SOLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! P[]FUL NATION-/ATE ON ! ONE H& & ! P>O*IAL T[N OR CITY ON ! O!R4 ,FULLY DEMOCRATIC1 9 :I* ! MUNICIPAL DEPUTIES TO CONF$]AL 9/ITUTIONS W\LD BE SUBJECT TO RECALL1 ROTATION1 & UNREL5T+ PUBLIC PURVIEW1 ! CONF$]ATION W\LD CON/ITUTE AN EXT5SION ( LOCAL LIB]TIES TO ! REGIONAL LEVEL1 ALL[+ = A S5SITIVE EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 LOCALITY & REGION 9 :I* ! CULTURAL V>IETY ( T[NS C\LD FL\RI% )\T TURN+ 9W>D T[>D LOCAL EXCLUSIVITY4 ,9DE$1 B5EFICIAL CULTURAL TRAITS W\LD ALSO BE 0TRAFFICK$10 SO TO SPEAK1 )9 & BETWE5 V>I\S CONF$]ATIONS1 ALONG ) ! 9T]*ANGE ( GOODS & S]VICES ?AT MAKE UP ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 0PROP]TY0 W\LD BE MUNICIPALIZ$1 RA!R ?AN NATIONALIZ$ 7:I* M]ELY RE9=CES /ATE P[] ) ECONOMIC P[]71 COLLECTIVIZ$ 7:I* SIMPLY RECA/S PRIVATE 5TREPR5EURIAL RI<TS 9 A 0COLLECTIVE0 =M71 OR PRIVATIZ$ 7:I* FACILITATES ! REEM]G5CE ( A COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY74 ,A MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMY W\LD APPROXIMATE A SY/EM ( USUFRUCT BAS$ 5TIRELY ON ONE'S NE$S & CITIZ5%IP 9 A COMMUNITY RA!R ?AN ONE'S PROPRIET>Y1 VOCATIONAL1 OR PR(ESSIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,:]E A MUNICIPAL CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLY CONTROLS ECONOMIC POLICY1 NO ONE 9DIVIDUAL CONTROLS1 MU* LESS 0[NS10 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ( LIFE4 ,:]E CONF$]AL MEANS ( ADM9I/]+ A REGION'S RES\RCES COORD9ATE ! ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR ( ! :OLE1 P>O*IAL 9T]E/S W\LD T5D TO GIVE WAY TO L>G] HUMAN 9T]E/S & ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS TO MORE DEMOCRATIC ONES4 ,! ISSUES ?AT MUNICIPALITIES & !IR CONF$]ATIONS ADDRESS W\LD CEASE TO RANGE >\ND ECONOMIC SELF-9T]E/2 !Y W\LD FOCUS ON DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES & SIMPLE EQUITY 9 MEET+ HUMAN NE$S4 

,LET !RE BE NO D\BT ?AT ! TE*NOLOGICAL RES\RCES ?AT MAKE IT POSSIBLE = PEOPLE TO *OOSE !IR [N LIFE/YLES & HAVE ! FREE TIME TO P>TICIPATE FULLY 9 A DEMOCRATIC POLITICS >E ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! LIB]T>IAN1 CONF$]ALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY ?AT ,I HAVE SKET*$ H]E4 ,EV5 ! BE/ ( E?ICAL 9T5TIONS >E LIKELY TO YIELD TO SOME =M ( OLIG>*Y1 9 :I* DIFF]5TIAL ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( LIFE WILL LEAD TO ELITES :O HAVE MORE ( ! GOOD ?+S 9 LIFE ?AN DO O!R CITIZ5S4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ! ASCETICISM ?AT ECOMY/ICS & DEEP ECOLOGI/S PROMOTE IS 9SIDI\SLY REACTION>Y3 NOT ONLY DOES IT IGNORE ! FRE$OM ( PEOPLE TO *OOSE !IR [N LIFE/YLE - ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY TO BECOM+ A M9DLESS CONSUM] - BUT IT SUBORD9ATES HUMAN FRE$OM AS SU* TO AN ALMO/ MY/ICAL NOTION ( ! DICTATES ( 0,NATURE0 - PRESCRIB+ A 0RETURN TO ! ,PLEI/OC5E10 TO ! ,NEOLI?IC1 OR TO FOOD GA!R+1 TO CITE ! MO/ EXTREME EXAMPLES4 ,A FREE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY - AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ONE REGULAT$ BY AN AU?ORIT>IAN ECOLOGICAL ELITE OR BY ! 0FREE M>KET0 - CAN ONLY BE CA/ 9 T]MS ( AN ECOLOGICALLY CONF$]AL =M ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,:5 AT L5G? FREE COMMUNES REPLACE ! NATION & CONF$]AL =MS ( ORGANIZATION REPLACE ! /ATE1 HUMANITY WILL HAVE RID ITSELF ( NATIONALISM4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,NATIONALISM & ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION 
,NATIONALISM & ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION 

  

,DUR+ & AFT] ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY - P>TICUL>LY ! ,AM]ICAN & ! ,FR5* - EXPRESSIONS R$OL5T ) NATIONALISM DID NOT HAVE ! MEAN+ !Y (T5 HAVE TODAY4 ,! WORD 0PATRIOT0 WAS NOT US$ TO EXPRESS A SPECIAL LOYALTY TO A 0,FA!RL&0 TWO C5TURIES AGO2 ! WORD NORMALLY WAS US$ 9 BO? ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS TO DELEGITIMATE ! CLAIM ( ! MON>*Y TO LIT]ALLY [N ! C\NTRIES & COLONIES IT RUL$ AS ! P]SONAL PATRIMONY ( ! ,K+ & E/ABLI% ! ORD9>Y CITIZ5'S /ATUS AS A 0%>EHOLD]0 9 :AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 REG>D$ AS A ROYAL E/ATE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>IES :O DECL>$ !IR 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,BRITI% MON>*Y 9 #aggf FUNDAM5TALLY ALT]$ !IR TIES TO ! 0MO!R C\NTRY0 BY REPLAC+ ROYAL RULE ) A REPUBLICAN SY/EM /RUCTUR$ POLITICALLY >\ND CITIZ5%IP RA!R ?AN SUBJEC?OOD4 ,! ,FR5*1 A DECADE & A HALF LAT]1 DELIB]ATELY *ANG$ ! TITLE ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I FROM 0,K+ ( ,FRANCE0 TO 0,K+ ( ! ,FR5*10 A %IFT ?AT WAS NOT A M]E SEMANTIC ONE4 ,JU/ AS ,K+ ,GEORGE ,I,I,I C\LD NO LONG] CLAIM TO POSSESS ! ,AM]ICAN COLONIES1 A CLAIM ! COLONI/S NEV] REALLY REG>D$ AS EXI/5TIALLY VALID1 SO ,L\IS ,X,V,I NO LONG] 0[N$0 ,FRANCE ONCE ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY WAS =M$4 

,! WORD 0PATRIOT10 SO WIDELY US$ 9 BO? REVOLUTIONS1 & LA 0,NATION0 9 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION LEGALLY RE/OR$ A NATIONAL PATRIMONY TO ! PEOPLE4 ,9DE$1 T]MS LIKE 0,NATION0 ESS5TIALLY REF]R$ TO ! CITIZ5 BODY AS A :OLE 9 CONTRA/ TO ! 0,C\RT10 :I* REF]R$ TO ! PROPRIET>Y AU?ORITY ( ! ROYAL FAMILY4 ,9DE$1 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 0,C\RT0 & 0,C\NTRY0 HAD ALREADY BE5 MADE 9 ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS1 & WAS TO F9D EXPRESSION LAT] 9 DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 0ROYALI/0 & 0PATRIOT0 DUR+ ! LATE #a#gS4 

,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ! HI/ORIC DOCUM5TS ?AT PROCLAIM$ A FUNDAM5TAL ALT]ATION ( ( ! TIES BETWE5 A 0,NATION0 & ITS =M] RUL]S W]E ADDRESS$ TO HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 NOT M]ELY TO A GIV5 PEOPLE4 ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON'S ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE OP5S ) ! *ALL5G+ REM>KS ?AT 0A DEC5T RESPECT = ! OP9IONS ( MANK9D REQUIRE ?AT .<! ,AM]ICANS.> %\LD DECL>E :AT IMPELS !M0 TO SEV] !IR BONDS ) ! ,BRITI% MON>*Y4 ,LIKE ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y DOCUM5TS ?AT W]E TO FOLL[1 IT BAS$ ?IS CLAIM ON ! BELIEF 0?AT ALL M5 >E CREAT$ EQUAL0 & ?AT 0,GOV]NM5T IS 9/ITUT$ AMONG ,M51 D]IV+ !IR JU/ P[]S FROM ! CONS5T ( ! GOV]N$ .<EMPHASIS ADD$.>40 

,! ,AM]ICAN ,DECL>ATION ( ,JULY #d1 #a#g#g#f1 WAS TO BECOME ! !ORETICAL TEMPLATE = SIMIL> DECL>ATIONS BY ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES4 ,F> FROM BE+ NATIONALI/IC /ATEM5TS1 !Y W]E F]V5TLY COSMOPOLITAN & ADDRESS$ TO ! WORLD AT L>GE4 ,?OMAS ,PA9E'S FAM\S P]SONAL MAXIM1 0,MY C\NTRY IS ! WORLD10 WAS NOT IDIOSYNCRATIC TO ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S4 ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON DID NOT HESITATE TO DECL>E ?AT HE WAS 0A CITIZ5 ( ! GREAT REPUBLIC ( HUMANITY10 & ,B5JAM9 ,RU% ALL[$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION OP5$ 0NO BREA* 9 ! REPUBLIC ( LETT]S40 ,9 A /ATEM5T ?AT F]V5TLY EXPRESS$ ! SPIRIT ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 ,JOHN ,ADAMS WAS TO /ATE ?AT1 ! W> 9 ! COLONIES NOT)/&+1 0,SCI5CE & LIT]ATURE >E ( NO P>TY NOR NATION40 ,! PHRASE 0,LIB]TY1 ,EQUALITY1 ,FRAT]NITY0 IS REPORT$ TO HAVE BE5 GIV5 TO ! ,FR5* BY ,B5JAM9 ,FRANKL91 :OSE FRE$OM FROM NATIONALISM & P>O*IALISM E>N$ WIDESPREAD ADMIRATION4 0,:]E LIB]TY IS AT /AKE10 HE DECL>$ 9 #a#g#h#c1 0!RE IS MY C\NTRY40 

,! ?9K]S & PROPAGATORS 9 ! ,FR5* ,5LI<T5M5T W]E NO DIFF]5T 9 SPIRIT & CONVEY$ IT FULLY TO ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#g#h#i4 ,MONTESQUIEU1 :OSE ,P]SIAN ,LETT]S 7#a#g#b#a7 HAS BE5 CALL$ ! 0FIR/ MAJOR WORK ( ! ,FR5* ,5LI<T5M5T10 BY ,NORMAN ,HAMPSON1 WAS TO JOT 9 HIS NOTEBOOKS3 0,:5 ,I ACT1 ,I AM A CITIZ52 BUT :5 ,I WRITE1 ,I AM A MAN & REG>D ALL ! PEOPLES ( ,EUROPE ) AS MU* IMP>TIALITY AS ?OSE ( ,MADAGASK>40 ,?IS UNIV]SALISM WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( ESS5TIALLY ALL ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ,R\SSEAU1 :OSE MY/IFICATION ( HIS ,SWISS ORIG9S 9VOLV$ A DEMOCRATIC BUT (T5 S5TIM5TAL PASSION = A FICTITI\S RURALISM ( :I* HE WAS NEV] P>T ( 9 HIS REAL LIFE4 ,?AT ,FR5* BECAME ! LANGUAGE ( $UCAT$ ,EUROPE WAS NOT ACCID5TAL3 ! WORLDLY \TLOOK ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T 9TELLECTUALS1 9 FACT1 CREAT$ A SECUL> REPUBLIC ( LETT]S ?AT WAS TO BE ]OD$ OV] TIME BY ROMANTICISM1 MY/ICISM1 & ULTIMATELY AN ID5TIFICATION ( NATIONHOOD ) RACE OR E?NIC SUP]IORITY4 

,NATIONALISM EXI/$ \TSIDE ! ORBIT ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 :I* W]E EXPLICITLY UNIV]SALI/IC 9 !IR SOCIAL & CULTURAL SPIRIT4 ,NEV] CEAS+ TO BE CAPTIVAT$ BY CULTURAL V>IETY & ITS MORE HUMANI/IC FEATURES1 ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ! TIME1 LIKE ! ,5LI<T5]S :O PREP>$ ! 9TELLECTUAL BASES ( !IR SOCIAL ACTIVITIES1 SAW !MSELVES ABOVE ALL AS 0CITIZ5S0 ( A SECUL> HUMAN COMMUNITY ?AT KNEW NO 9TELLECTUAL1 POLITICAL1 OR T]RITORIAL FRONTI]S4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,HI/ORICAL ,IMPORTANCE ( ! ,CITY 
,! ,HI/ORICAL ,IMPORTANCE ( ! ,CITY 

  

,I HAVE LONG >GU$ ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CON/ITUTES ! POLITICS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 NOTABLY A REVOLUTION>Y EF=T 9 :I* FRE$OM IS GIV5 9/ITUTIONAL =M 9 PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES ?AT BECOME DECISION-MAK+ BODIES4 ,IT DEP5DS UPON LIB]T>IAN LEFTI/S RUNN+ C&IDATES AT ! LOCAL MUNICIPAL LEVEL1 CALL+ = ! DIVISION ( MUNICIPALITIES 9TO W>DS1 :]E POPUL> ASSEMBLIES CAN BE CREAT$ ?AT BR+ PEOPLE 9TO FULL & DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL LIFE4 ,HAV+ DEMOCRATIZ$ !MSELVES1 MUNICIPALITIES W\LD CONF$]ATE 9TO A DUAL P[] TO OPPOSE ! NATION-/ATE & ULTIMATELY DISP5SE ) IT & ) ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT UND]P9 /ATISM AS SU*4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ABOVE ALL A POLITICS ?AT SEEKS TO CREATE A VITAL DEMOCRATIC PUBLIC SPH]E4 ,9 MY ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES AS WELL AS O!R WORKS1 ,I HAVE MADE C>EFUL BUT CRUCIAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ?REE SOCIETAL REALMS3 ! SOCIAL1 ! POLITICAL1 & ! /ATE4 ,:AT PEOPLE DO 9 !IR HOMES1 :AT FRI5D%IPS !Y =M1 ! COMMUNAL LIFE/YLES !Y PRACTICE1 ! WAY !Y MAKE !IR LIV+1 !IR SEXUAL BEHAVIOR1 & ! CULTURAL >TIFACTS !Y CONSUME - ALL !SE P]SONAL AS WELL AS MAT]IALLY NECESS>Y ACTIVITIES BELONG TO :AT ,I CALL ! SOCIAL SPH]E ( LIFE4 ,FAMILIES1 FRI5DS1 & COMMUNAL LIV+ >RANGEM5TS >E P>T ( ! SOCIAL REALM4 

,H[EV] MU* ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE 9T]ACT ) ONE ANO!R1 NONE ( !SE SOCIAL ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE PROP]LY BELONGS TO ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 :I* ,I EXPLICITLY ID5TIFY ) POLITICS 9 ! ,HELL5IC S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,9 CREAT+ A NEW POLITICS BAS$ ON SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 WE >E CONC]N$ ) :AT PEOPLE DO 9 ?IS PUBLIC OR POLITICAL SPH]E1 NOT ) :AT PEOPLE DO 9 !IR B$ROOMS1 LIV+ ROOMS1 OR BASEM5TS4 

,LET ME /ATE FROM ! \TSET ?AT ,I HAVE NEV] DECL>$ ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A SUB/ITUTE = ! MANIFOLD DIM5SIONS ( CULTURAL OR EV5 PRIVATE LIFE4 ,YET EV5 A MODICUM ( A HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE %[S ?AT IT IS PRECISELY ! MUNICIPALITY ?AT MO/ 9DIVIDUALS MU/ DEAL ) DIRECTLY1 ONCE !Y LEAVE ! SOCIAL REALM & 5T] ! PUBLIC SPH]E4 ,D\BTLESS ! MUNICIPALITY IS USUALLY ! PLACE :]E EV5 A GREAT DEAL ( SOCIAL LIFE IS EXI/5TIALLY LIV$1 :I* DOES NOT EFFACE ITS DI/9CTIV5ESS AS A UNIQUE SPH]E ( LIFE4 

,AS A PROJECT = 5T]+ 9TO ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CALLS = A RADICAL PRES5CE 9 A COMMUNITY ?AT ADDRESSES ! QUE/ION ( :O %ALL EX]CISE P[] 9 A LIV$ S5SE2 9DE$1 IT IS TRULY A POLITICAL CULTURE ?AT SEEKS TO RE-EMP[] ! 9DIVIDUAL & %>P5 HIS OR H] S5SIBILITY AS A LIV+ CITIZ54 

,! ,]OSION ( ,CITIZ5%IP 

  

,TODAY1 ! CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP HAS ALREADY UND]GONE S]I\S ]OSION ?R\< ! R$UCTION ( CITIZ5S TO 0CON/ITU5TS0 ( /ATI/ JURISDICTIONS OR TO 0TAXPAY]S0 :O SU/A9 /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,TO FUR!R R$UCE CITIZ5%IP TO 0P]SONHOOD0 - OR TO E!REALIZE ! CONCEPT BY SPEAK+ ( AN AIRY 0E>? CITIZ5%IP0 - IS NO?+ %ORT ( REACTION>Y4 ,IT TOOK LONG MILL5NIA = ,HI/ORY TO CREATE ! CONCEPT ( ! CITIZ5 AS A SELF-MANAG+ & COMPET5T AG5T 9 DEMOCRATICALLY %AP+ A POLITY4 ,DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ! T]M CITOY5 WAS US$ PRECISELY TO EFFACE ! /ATUS-G5]AT$ RELEGATION ( 9DIVIDUALS TO M]E 0SUBJECTS0 ( ! ,B\RBON K+S4 ,MOREOV]1 REVOLUTION>IES ( ! LA/ C5TURY - FROM ,M>X TO ,BAKUN9 - REF]R$ TO !MSELVES AS 0CITIZ5S0 LONG BE=E ! APPELLATION 0COMRADE0 REPLAC$ IT4 

,WE MU/ NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! CITIZ51 AS HE OR %E %\LD BE1 CULM9ATES ! TRANS=MATION ( E?NIC TRIBAL FOLK1 :OSE SOCIETIES W]E /RUCTUR$ >\ND BIOLOGICAL FACTS LIKE K9%IP1 G5D] DIFF]5CES1 & AGE GR\PS1 & %\LD BE P>T ( A SECUL>1 RATIONAL1 & HUMANE COMMUNITY4 ,9DE$1 MU* ( ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ W> AGA9/ 0,JEWI% COSMOPOLITANISM0 WAS 9 FACT AN E?NICALLY 7VOLKIS*7 NATIONALI/IC W> AGA9/ ! ,5LI<T5M5T IDEAL ( ! CITOY54 ,= IT WAS PRECISELY ! DEPOLITICIZ$1 9DE$1 ANIMALIZ$ 0LOYAL SUBJECT0 RA!R ?AN ! CITIZ5 ?AT ! ,NAZIS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO !IR RACIAL IMAGE ( ! ,G]MAN ,VOLK1 ! ABJECT1 /ATUS-DEF9$ CREATURE ( ,HITL]'S HI]>*ICAL ,FUHR]PR9ZIP4 ,ONCE CITIZ5%IP BECOMES CONT5TLESS AS A RESULT ( ! DEFLATION ( ITS EXI/5TIAL POLITICAL REALITY OR1 EQUALLY TREA*]\SLY1 BY ! EXPANSION ( ITS HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T 9TO A 0PLANET>Y0 METAPHOR1 WE HAVE COME A LONG WAY T[>D ACCEPT+ ! B>B>ISM ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS N[ FO/]+ ) ,HEIDEGG]IAN V]SIONS ( ECOLOGY4 

,TODAY1 WE CANNOT ALL[ FLIPPANT DIM9UTIONS ( ! UNIQU5ESS ( CITIZ5%IP1 SO PREGNANT ) POLITICAL MEAN+1 NOR CAN WE IGNORE ! FACTORS ?AT CAN HELP US DEVELOP A G5]AL CIVIC 9T]E/ TODAY4 ,! T5D5CY ( PHYSIOGRAPHY AMONG ECOMY/ICS & SPIRITUALI/S TO OV]TAKE & DEV\R VA/ SOCIO-CULTURAL DIFF]5CES IS NO?+ LESS ?AN DAZZL+4 ,PUT ! PREFIX BIO BE=E A WORD1 & Y\ COME UP ) ! MO/ 9ANE1 (T5 ASOCIAL BODY ( 0IDEAS0 POSSIBLE1 SU* AS BIOREGIONALISM1 :I* OV]RIDES ! V]Y FUNDAM5TAL CULTURAL DIFF]5CES ?AT DEM>CATE ONE COMMUNITY OR GR\P ( COMMUNITIES FROM ANO!R BY VIRTUE ( A COMMON WAT]%$1 LAKE1 OR M\NTA9 RANGE4 ,BIOREGIONALISM1 AS EXPRESS$ BY ,JOHN ,CL>K & O!RS1 IS NOT ONLY A MY/IFICATION ( FIR/ 7BIOLOGICAL7 NATURE AT ! EXP5SE ( SECOND 7SOCIAL & CULTURAL7 NATURE2 ITS IRRELEVANCE TO IMPROV+ ! HUMAN CONDITION IS TRULY 9CR$IBLE4 ,ONE HAS ONLY TO VIEW ! T]RIBLE CONFLICT 9 ! =M] ,YUGOSLAVIA1 :I* RAG$ 9 >EAS ?AT >E ALMO/ ID5TICAL BIOREGIONALLY BUT >E GROSSLY DISSIMIL> CULTURALLY1 TO RECOGNIZE H[ MEAN+LESS & MY/IFY+ >E ,CL>K'S EXPECTATIONS ( HIS BIOREGIONAL 0POLITICS40 

,! EXT5T TO :I* CONTEMPOR>Y MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S ABSORB SECOND NATURE 9TO FIR/ NATURE1 ! SOCIAL 9TO ! BIOLOGICAL1 IGNORES ! EXT5T TO :I* ! SOCIOSPH]E TODAY 5COMPASSES ! BIOSPH]E1 TO :I* FIR/ NATURE HAS BE5 ABSORB$ 9TO SECOND NATURE1 & REVEALS A /UNN+ NEGLECT ( ! DECISIVE IMPORTANCE ( SOCIETY 9 DET]M9+ ! FUTURE ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,WE CAN NO LONG] AF=D A NAIVE NATURE ROMANTICISM1 :I* MAY BE V]Y ALLUR+ TO JUV5ILES BUT HAS BE5 CONTRIBUT+ A GREAT DEAL TO ! /RID5T NATIONALISM & GR[+ EC(ASCISM ?AT IS EM]G+ 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 

,OPPRESSION & ,LIB]ATION 

  

LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ?AT ! 0,GREEK POLIS10 :I* 0ADVOCATES ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY HAVE ALWAYS APPEAL$ TO10 WAS M>R$ BY 0! EXCLUSION ( WOM51 SLAVES1 & =EIGN]S40 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY TRUE1 & WE MU/ ALWAYS REMEMB] ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S >E ALSO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S1 :O OBVI\SLY OPPOSE HI]>*Y1 9CLUD+ PATRI>*Y & *ATTEL SLAV]Y4 

,AS IT TURNS \T1 9 FACT1 ! 0,GREEK POLIS0 IS NEI!R AN IDEAL NOR A MODEL = ANY?+ - EXCEPT P]HAPS = ,R\SSEAU1 :O GREATLY ADMIR$ ,SP>TA4 ,IT IS ! ,A!NIAN POLIS :OSE DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ,I (T5 DESCRIBE & ?AT HAS ! GREATE/ SIGNIFICANCE = ! DEMOCRATIC TRADITION4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ITS SIGNIFICANCE IS TO PROVIDE US ) EVID5CE ?AT A PEOPLE1 = A TIME1 C\LD QUITE SELF-CONSCI\SLY E/ABLI% & MA9TA9 A DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 DESPITE ! EXI/5CE ( SLAV]Y1 PATRI>*Y1 ECONOMIC & CLASS 9EQUALITIES1 AGONI/IC BEHAVIOR1 & EV5 IMP]IALISM1 :I* EXI/$ ?R\<\T ! ANCI5T ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD4 

,! FACT IS ?AT WE MU/ LOOK = :AT IS NEW & 9NOVATIVE 9 A HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 EV5 AS WE ACKN[L$GE CONT9UITIES ) SOCIAL /RUCTURES ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ! PA/4 ,ANCI5T ,A!NS & O!R P>TS ( ,GREECE1 IT IS WOR? NOT+ 9 ?IS PO/MOD]N ]A1 WAS ! >5A = ! EM]G5CE NOT ONLY ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY BUT ( ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY1 DRAMA1 POLITICAL !ORY1 MA!MATICS1 SCI5CE1 & ANALYTICAL & DIALECTICAL LOGIC4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,I C\LD H>DLY D]IVE DEMOCRATIC IDEAS FROM ! ,*9ESE ,TAOI/ TRADITION1 ROOT$ AS IT IS 9 QUIETISM & A CR$O ( RESIGNATION & SUBMISSION TO NOBLE & ROYAL P[] 7NOT TO SPEAK ( ! EXCLUSION ( WOM5 FROM SOCIALLY IMPORTANT ROLES74.<#b#a.> 

,9 FACT1 %ORT ( ! HAZY ,NEOLI?IC VILLAGE TRADITIONS ?AT ,M>IJA ,GIMBUTAS1 ,RIANE ,EISL]1 & ,WILLIAM ,IRW9 ,?OMPSON HYPO/ATIZE1 WE WILL HAVE A H>D TIME F9D+ ANY TRADITION ?AT WAS NOT PATRI>*AL TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R4 ,REJECT+ ALL PATRI>*AL SOCIETIES AS S\RCES ( 9/ITUTIONAL /UDY W\LD MEAN ?AT WE MU/ AB&ON NOT ONLY ! ,A!NIAN POLIS BUT ! FREE M$IEVAL COMMUNES & !IR CONF$]ATIONS1 ! COMUN]O MOVEM5T ( SIXTE5?-C5TURY ,SPA91 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga - & EV5 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ COLLECTIVES ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g4 ,ALL ( !SE 9/ITUTIONAL DEVELOPM5TS1 BE IT NOT$1 W]E M>R$ TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R BY PATRI>*AL VALUES4 

,NO1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S >E NOT IGNORANT ( !SE V]Y REAL HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS2 NOR IS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM BAS$ ON ANY HI/ORICAL 0MODELS40 ,NEI!R DOES ANYONE :O S]I\SLY ACCEPTS A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ APPROA* BELIEVE ?AT SOCIETY AS IT EXI/S & CITIES AS !Y >E /RUCTUR$ TODAY CAN SUDD5LY BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC & RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION WE SEEK IS ONE ?AT REQUIRES $UCATION1 ! =MATION ( A MOVEM5T1 & ! PATI5CE TO COPE ) DEFEATS4 ,AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ AGA9 & AGA91 A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PRACTICE BEG9S1 M9IMALLY1 ) AN ATTEMPT TO 5L>GE LOCAL FRE$OM AT ! EXP5SE ( /ATE P[]4 ,& IT DOES ?IS BY EXAMPLE1 BY $UCATION1 & BY 5T]+ ! PUBLIC SPH]E 7?AT IS1 9TO LOCAL ELECTIONS OR EXTRALEGAL ASSEMBLIES71 :]E IDEAS CAN BE RAIS$ AMONG ORD9>Y PEOPLE ?AT OP5 ! POSSIBILITY ( A LIV$ PRACTICE4 ,9 %ORT1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9VOLVES A VIBRANT POLITICS 9 ! REAL WORLD TO *ANGE SOCIETY & PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS ALIKE1 NOT A PROGRAM DIRECT$ AT NAVEL-GAZ+1 PSY*O!RAPY1 & 0SURREGIONALI/ MANIFE/OES40 ,IT TRIES TO =GE A MOVEM5T ?AT WILL 5T] 9TO OP5 CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE & ! B\RGEOISIE1 NOT CRAV5LY SNEAK >\ND !M MURMUR+ ,TAOI/ P>ADOXES4 

,I %\LD P]HAPS PO9T \T ?AT MY APPEAL TO A NEW POLITICS ( CITIZ5%IP IS NOT 9 ANY WAY MEANT TO PUT A RUG OV] V]Y REAL SOCIAL CONFLICTS1 NOR IS IT AN APPEAL TO CLASS NEUTRALITY4 ,! FACT IS ?AT 0! ,PEOPLE0 ,I 9VOKE DOES NOT 9CLUDE ,*ASE ,MANHATTAN ,BANK1 ,G5]AL ,MOTORS1 OR ANY CLASS EXPLOIT]S & ECONOMIC B&ITS2 LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT ,I AM ADDRESS+ AN OPPRESS$ HUMANITY1 ALL ( :OM MU/ - IF !Y >E TO ELIM9ATE !IR OPPRESSIONS - TRY TO REMOVE ! %>$ ROOTS ( OPPRESSION AS SU*4 

,I HAVE NEV] >GU$ ?AT WE CAN OR %\LD IGNORE CLASS 9T]E/S BY COMPLETELY ABSORB+ !M 9TO TRANS-CLASS ONES4 ,BUT 9 \R TIME P>TICUL>IZATION IS BE+ OV]EMPHASIZ$1 TO ! PO9T :]E ANY %>$ /RUGGLE MU/ N[ OV]COME NOT ONLY DIFF]5CES 9 CLASS1 G5D]1 E?NICITY1 0& O!R ISSUES10 BUT NATIONALISM1 RELIGI\S ZEALOTRY1 & ID5TITY BAS$ ON EV5 M9OR DI/9CTIONS 9 /ATUS4 ,! ROLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T = OV] TWO C5TURIES HAS BE5 TO EMPHASIZE \R %>$ HUMANITY PRECISELY AGA9/ RUL+ /ATUS GR\PS & RUL+ CLASSES - :I* ,M>X1 EV5 9 S+L+ \T ! PROLET>IAT AS HEGEMONIC1 VIEW$ AS A 0UNIV]SAL CLASS40 ,NOR >E ALL 0IMAGES0 ?AT PEOPLE HAVE ( !MSELVES AS CLASSES1 G5D]S1 RACES1 NATIONALITIES1 & CULTURAL GR\PS RATIONAL OR HUMANE1 OR EVID5CE ( CONSCI\SNESS1 OR DESIRABLE FROM A RADICAL VIEWPO9T4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 !RE IS NO REASON :Y DIFF]ANCE AS SU* %\LD NOT 5TANGLE US & P>ALYZE US COMPLETELY 9 \R MULTIF>I\S & SELF-5CLOS$ 0P>TICUL>ITY10 9 PO/MOD]NI/1 9DE$ ,D]RIDEAN FA%ION4 ,9DE$1 TODAY1 :5 P>O*IAL DIFF]5CES AMONG ! OPPRESS$ HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO MICROSCOPIC DIVISIONS1 IT IS ALL ! MORE IMPORTANT = A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO RESOLUTELY PO9T \T ! COMMON S\RCES ( OPPRESSION AS SU* & ! EXT5T TO :I* COMMODIFICATION HAS UNIV]SALIZ$ !M - P>TICUL>LY GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 

,! DE=MATIONS ( ! PA/ W]E CREAT$ L>GELY BY ! FAM\S 0SOCIAL QUE/ION10 NOTABLY BY CLASS EXPLOITATION1 :I* 9 GREAT MEASURE C\LD HAVE BE5 REM$I$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y W]E SC>CITY SOCIETIES - ALBEIT NOT ?AT ALONE4 ,( C\RSE A NEW SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY HAS TO BE CREAT$1 AS DO NEW VALUES & RELATION%IPS1 & IT WILL BE DONE P>TLY BY OV]COM+ ECONOMIC NE$1 H[EV] ECONOMIC NE$ IS CON/RU$4 ,LITTLE D\BT %\LD EXI/ ?AT A CALL = AN 5D TO ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION MU/ BE A C5TRAL FEATURE 9 ANY SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROGRAM & MOVEM5T1 :I* >E P>T ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRADITION & ITS REVOLUTION>Y \TCOME4 

,! ESS5CE ( DIALECTIC IS TO ALWAYS SE>* \T :AT IS NEW 9 ANY DEVELOPM5T3 SPECIFICALLY1 = ! PURPOSES ( ?IS DISCUSSION1 ! EM]G5CE ( A TRANS-CLASS ,PEOPLE1 SU* AS OPPRESS$ WOM51 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 EV5 ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 AS WELL AS SUBCULTURES DEF9$ BY SEXUAL PREF]5CES & LIFE/YLES4 ,TO P>TICUL>IZE DI/9CTIONS 7L>GELY CREAT$ BY ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]7 TO ! PO9T ( R$UC+ OPPRESS$ PEOPLE TO SEEM+LY 0DIV]SE P]SONS0 - 9DE$1 TO M]E 0P]SONHOOD0 - IS TO FE$ 9TO ! CURR5T PRIVATI/IC FADS ( \R TIME & TO REMOVE ALL POSSIBILITY = COLLECTIVE SOCIAL ACTION & REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 

,REASON & ,HI/ORY 

  

,TO EXAM9E :AT IS REALLY AT ISSUE 9 ! QUE/IONS ( MUNICIPALISM1 CONF$]ALISM1 & CITIZ5%IP1 AS WELL AS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! SOCIAL & ! POLITICAL1 WE MU/ GR\ND !SE NOTIONS 9 A HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND :]E WE CAN LOCATE ! MEAN+ ( ! CITY 7PROP]LY CONCEIV$ 9 DI/9CTION TO ! MEGALOPOLIS71 ! CITIZ51 & ! POLITICAL SPH]E 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION4 

,HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE BEGAN TO ADVANCE BEYOND A CONCEPTION ( M]E CYCLICAL TIME1 TRAPP$ 9 ! /ASIS ( ET]NAL RECURR5CE1 9TO A CREATIVE HI/ORY 9S(> AS 9TELLIG5CE & WISDOM - MORE PROP]LY1 REASON - BEGAN TO 9=M HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( A HUNDR$ ?\S& YE>S OR SO1 AS WE N[ KN[1 ,HOMO SAPI5S SAPI5S SL[LY OV]CAME ! SLUGGI%NESS ( !IR MORE ANIMALI/IC C\S9S1 ! ,NE&]?ALS1 &1 AMID UPS & D[NS1 5T]$ AS AN 9CREAS+LY ACTIVE AG5T 9TO ! SURR\ND+ WORLD - BO? TO MEET !IR MORE COMPLEX NE$S 7MAT]IAL AS WELL AS IDEOLOGICAL71 & TO ALT] ?AT 5VIRONM5T BY MEANS ( TOOLS &1 YES1 9/RUM5TAL RATIONALITY4 ,LIFE BECAME LONG]1 MORE ACCULTURAT$ ES!TICALLY1 & MORE SECURE1 &1 POT5TIALLY AT LEA/1 HUMAN COMMUNITIES TRI$ TO DEF9E & RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( FRE$OM & CONSCI\SNESS AT V>I\S LEVELS ( !IR DEVELOPM5T4 

,! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = FRE$OM & CONSCI\SNESS - OR PRECONDITIONS1 AS SOCIALI/S ( ALL K9DS RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! LA/ C5TURY & A HALF - 9VOLV$ TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES ?AT1 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 C\LD EMANCIPATE PEOPLE FROM ! IMM$IATE1 ANIMALI/IC CONC]NS ( SELF-MA9T5ANCE1 9CREASE ! REALM ( FRE$OM FROM CON/RICTIONS IMPOS$ UPON IT BY PREOCCUPATIONS ) MAT]IAL NECESSITY1 & PLACE KN[L$GE ON A RATIONAL1 SY/EMATIC1 & COH]5T BASIS TO ! EXT5T ?AT ?IS WAS POSSIBLE4 ,!SE CONDITIONS AT LEA/ 9VOLV$ HUMANITY'S SELF-EMANCIPATION FROM ! OV]P[]+ !I/IC CREATIONS ( ITS [N IMAG9ATION 7CREATIONS L>GELY =MULAT$ BY %AMANS & PRIE/S = !IR [N SELF-S]V+ 5DS1 AS WELL AS BY APOLOGI/S = HI]>*Y7 - NOTABLY1 MY?OPOESIS1 MY/ICISM1 ANTI-RATIONALISM1 & FE>S ( DEMONS & DEITIES1 CALCULAT$ TO PRODUCE SUBS]VI5CE & QUIETISM 9 ! FACE ( ! SOCIAL P[]S ?AT BE4 

,?AT ! NECESS>Y & SUFFICI5T CONDITIONS = ?IS EMANCIPATION HAVE NEV] EXI/$ 9 A 0ONE-TO-ONE0 RELATION%IP ) EA* O!R - & IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MIRACUL\S IF !Y HAD - HAS PROVID$ ! FUEL = ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS'S RA!R DISORD]$ ESSAYS ON ! OMNIPOT5CE ( 0SOCIAL IMAG9>IES10 = ,!ODOR ,ADORNO'S BASIC NIHILISM1 & = FRIVOL\S AN>*O-*AOTICS :O1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 HAVE DEBAS$ ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S IDEALS & ! CLASSICAL =MS ( SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM4 ,TRUE - ! DISCOV]Y ( ! SPE> DID NOT PRODUCE AN AUTOMATIC %IFT FROM 0MATRI>*Y0 TO 0PATRI>*Y10 NOR DID ! DISCOV]Y ( ! PL[ PRODUCE AN AUTOMATIC %IFT FROM 0PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM0 TO PRIVATE PROP]TY1 AS EVOLUTION>Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY SUPPOS$4 ,9DE$1 IT *EAP5S ANY DISCUSSION ( HI/ORY & SOCIAL *ANGE TO CREATE 0ONE-TO-ONE0 RELATIONS BETWE5 TE*NOLOGICAL & CULTURAL DEVELOPM5TS1 A TRAGIC FEATURE ( ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS'S SIMPLIFICATION ( HIS M5TOR'S IDEAS4 

,9 FACT1 SOCIAL EVOLUTION IS V]Y UNEV5 & COMB9$1 :I* ONE W\LD HOPE ,CA/ORIADIS LE>N$ FROM HIS ,TROTSKYI/ PA/4 ,NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 LIKE NATURAL EVOLUTION1 IS PR(LIGATE 9 PRODUC+ A VA/ DIV]SITY ( SOCIAL =MS & CULTURES1 :I* >E (T5 9COMM5SURABLE 9 !IR DETAILS4 ,IF \R GOAL IS TO EMPHASIZE ! VA/ DIFF]5CES ?AT SEP>ATE ONE SOCIETY FROM ANO!R - RA!R ?AN ID5TIFY ! IMPORTANT ?READ ( SIMIL>ITIES ?AT BR+ HUMANITY TO ! PO9T ( A HI<LY CREATIVE DEVELOPM5T - 0! ,AZTECS1 ,9CAS1 ,*9ESE1 ,JAPANESE1 ,MONGOLS1 ,H9DUS1 ,P]SIANS1 ,>ABS1 ,BYZANT9ES1 & ,WE/]N ,EUROPEANS1 PLUS EV]Y?+ ?AT C\LD BE 5UM]AT$ FROM O!R CULTURES0 DO NOT RESEMBLE EA* O!R1 TO CITE ! NAIVE OBLIGATIONS ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS PLACES ON :AT HE CALLS 0A 'RATIONAL DIALECTIC' ( HI/ORY0 &1 IMPLICITLY1 ON REASON ITSELF4.<#b#b.> ,9DE$1 IT IS UNP>DONABLE NONS5SE TO C>ELESSLY FL+ !SE CIVILIZATIONS TOGE!R )\T REG>D = !IR PLACE 9 TIME1 !IR SOCIAL P$IGREES1 ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y CAN BE $UC$ DIALECTICALLY FROM ONE ANO!R1 OR )\T AN EXPLANATION ( :Y AS WELL AS DESCRIPTIONS ( H[ !Y DIFF] FROM EA* O!R4 ,BY FOCUS+ 5TIRELY ON ! PECULI>ITY ( 9DIVIDUAL CULTURES1 ONE R$UCES ! DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZATIONS 9 AN $UCTIVE SEQU5CE TO ! N>R[ NOM9ALISM ?AT ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD APPLI$ TO ORGANIC EVOLUTION - EV5 TO ! PO9T :]E ! 0AUTONOMY0 SO PRIZ$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS CAN BE DISMISS$ AS A PURELY SUBJECTIVE 0NORM10 ( NO GREAT] VALUE 9 ?IS PO/MOD]NI/ WORLD ( 9T]*ANGEABLE EQUIVAL5CES ?AN AU?ORIT>IAN 0NORMS0 ( HI]>*Y4 

,BUT IF WE EXPLORE V]Y EXI/5TIAL DEVELOPM5TS T[>D FRE$OM FROM TOIL & FRE$OM FROM OPPRESSION 9 ALL ITS =MS1 WE F9D ?AT !RE IS A ,HI/ORY TO BE TOLD ( RATIONAL ADVANCES - )\T PRESUPPOS+ TELEOLOGIES ?AT PR$ET]M9E ?AT ,HI/ORY & ITS T5D5CIES4 ,IF WE CAN GIVE MAT]IAL FACTORS !IR DUE EMPHASIS )\T R$UC+ CULTURAL *ANGES TO /RICTLY AUTOMATIC RESPONSES TO TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES & )\T LOCAT+ ALL HI<LY V>IEGAT$ SOCIETIES 9 A NE>LY MY/ICAL SEQU5CE ( 0/AGES ( DEVELOPM5T10 !N WE CAN SPEAK 9TELLIGIBLY ( DEF9ITE ADVANCES MADE BY HUMANITY \T ( ANIMALITY1 \T ( ! TIMELESS 0ET]NAL RECURR5CE0 ( RELATIVELY /AGNANT CULTURES1 \T ( BLOOD1 G5D]1 & AGE RELATION%IPS AS ! BASIS = SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 & \T ( ! IMAGE ( ! 0/RANG]10 :O WAS NOT K9 TO O!R MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY1 9DE$1 :O WAS 09ORGANIC10 TO USE ,M>X'S T]M1 & H5CE SUBJECT TO >BITR>Y TREATM5T BEYOND ! REA* ( CU/OM>Y RI<TS & DUTIES1 DEF9$ AS !Y W]E BY TRADITION RA!R ?AN REASON4 

,CITIES 9 ,HI/ORY 

  

,IMPORTANT AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE1 TE*NOLOGY1 & VILLAGE LIFE W]E 9 MOV+ T[>D ?IS MOM5T 9 HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY WAS ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE 9 FREE+ PEOPLE FROM M]E E?NIC TIES ( SOLID>ITY1 9 BR++ REASON & SECUL>ITY1 H[EV] RUDIM5T>ILY1 9TO HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,= IT WAS ONLY BY ?IS EVOLUTION ?AT SEGM5TS ( HUMANITY C\LD REPLACE ! TYRANNY ( M9DLESS CU/OM ) A DEF9ABLE & RATIONALLY CONDITION$ NOMOS1 9 :I* ! IDEA ( JU/ICE C\LD BEG9 TO REPLACE TRIBALI/IC 0BLOOD V5GEANCE0 - UNTIL LAT]1 :5 IT WAS REPLAC$ BY ! IDEA ( FRE$OM4 ,I SPEAK ( ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY1 BECAUSE AL?\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY HAS YET TO BE COMPLET$1 ITS MOM5TS 9 ,HI/ORY CON/ITUTE A DISC]NIBLE DIALECTIC ?AT OP5$ AN EMANCIPATORY REALM )9 :I* 0/RANG]S0 & ! 0FOLK0 C\LD BE RECON/ITUT$ AS CITIZ5S1 NOTABLY1 SECUL> & FULLY RATIONAL BE+S :O APPROXIMATE1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY TO BECOME FREE1 RATIONAL1 FULLY 9DIVIDUAT$1 & R\ND$4 

,MOREOV]1 ! CITY HAS BE5 ! ORIG9AT+ & AU!NTIC SPH]E ( POLITICS 9 ! ,HELL5IC DEMOCRATIC S5SE ( ! T]M1 & ( CIVILIZATION - NOT1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ AGA9 & AGA91 ( ! /ATE4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT CITY-/ATES HAVE NOT EXI/$4 ,BUT DEMOCRACY1 CONCEIV$ AS A FACE-TO-FACE REALM ( POLICY-MAK+1 5TAILS A COMMITM5T TO ! ,5LI<T5M5T BELIEF ?AT ALL 0ORD9>Y0 HUMAN BE+S >E POT5TIALLY COMPET5T TO COLLECTIVELY MANAGE !IR POLITICAL AFFAIRS - A CRUCIAL CONCEPT 9 ! ?9K+1 ALL ITS LIMITATIONS ASIDE1 ( ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRATIC TRADITION1 &1 MORE RADICALLY1 ( ?OSE ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #agic ?AT GAVE AN EQUAL VOICE TO WOM5 AS WELL AS ALL M54 ,AT SU* HI< PO9TS ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T1 9 :I* SUBSEQU5T ADVANCES (T5 SELF-CONSCI\SLY BUILT ON & EXP&$ MORE LIMIT$ E>LI] ONES1 ! CITY BECAME MORE ?AN A UNIQUE >5A = HUMAN LIFE & POLITICS1 & MUNICIPALISM - CIVICISM1 :I* ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES LAT] ID5TIFI$ ) 0PATRIOTISM0 - BECAME MORE ?AN AN EXPRESSION ( LOVE ( C\NTRY4 ,EV5 :5 ,JACOB9 DEMAGOGUES GAVE IT *AUV9I/IC CONNOTATIONS1 0PATRIOTISM0 9 #agic MEANT ?AT ! 0NATIONAL PATRIMONY0 WAS NOT ! 0PROP]TY ( ! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE0 BUT ?AT ,FRANCE1 9 EFFECT1 N[ BELONG$ TO ALL ! PEOPLE4 

,OV] ! LONG RUN1 ! CITY WAS CONCEIV$ AS ! SOCIO-CULTURAL DE/9Y ( HUMANITY1 A PLACE :]E1 BY LATE ,ROMAN TIMES1 !RE W]E NO 0/RANG]S0 OR E?NIC 0FOLK10 & BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 NO CU/OM OR DEMONIC IRRATIONALITIES1 BUT RA!R CITOY5S :O LIV$ 9 A FREE T]RA91 ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO DISCURSIVE ASSEMBLIES1 & ADVANC$ CANONS ( SECUL>ITY & FRAT]NITE1 OR MORE BROADLY1 SOLID>ITY & PHILIA1 HOPEFULLY GUID$ BY REASON4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION WAS /RONGLY CONF$]ALI/ UNTIL ! DICTATORIAL ,JACOB9 ,REPUBLIC CAME 9TO BE+ - WIP+ \T ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS AS WELL AS ! IDEAL ( A FETE DE LA F$]ATION4 ,ONE MU/ READ ,JULES ,MI*ELET'S ACC\NT ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION TO LE>N ! EXT5T TO :I* CIVICISM WAS ID5TIFI$ ) MUNICIPAL LIB]TY & FRAT]NITE ) LOCAL CONF$]ATIONS1 9DE$ A 0REPUBLIC0 ( CONF$]ATIONS1 BETWE5 #agi & #a#g#i#c4 ,ONE MU/ EXPLORE ! 5DEAVORS ( ,JEAN ,V>LET & ! ,EVE*E MILITANTS ( ,MAY #c-#c#a1 #a#g#i#c1 TO UND]/& H[ CLOSE ! ,REVOLUTION CAME 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,JUNE #b TO CON/RUCT+ ! *]I%$ CONF$]AL 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES0 ?AT L+]$ 9 ! HI/ORICAL MEMORY ( ! ,P>ISIAN F$]ES1 AS !Y DESIGNAT$ !MSELVES1 9 #a#h#g#a4 

,H5CE1 LET ME /RESS ?AT A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS IS NOT A M]E 0/RATEGY0 = HUMAN EMANCIPATION2 IT IS A RIGOR\S & E?ICAL CONCORDANCE1 ( MEANS & 5DS 7( 9/RUM5TALITIES1 SO TO SPEAK7 ) HI/ORIC GOALS - :I* IMPLIES A CONCEPT ( ,HI/ORY AS MORE ?AN M]E *RONICLES OR A SCATT]$ >*IPELAGO ( SELF-5CLOS$ 0SOCIAL IMAG9>IES40 ,! CIVITAS1 HUMANLY SCAL$ & DEMOCRATICALLY /RUCTUR$1 IS ! POT5TIAL HOME ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS ?AT F> TRANSC5DS ! P>O*IAL BLOOD TIE ( ! TRIBE1 ! GEO-ZOOLOGICAL NOTION ( ! 0E>?L+10 & ! AN?ROPOMORPHIC & JUV5ILE 0CIRCLE ( ALL ,BE+S0 7FROM ANTS TO PUSSYCATS7 PROMOT$ BY ,FA!R ,B]RY & HIS ACOLYTES4 ,IT IS ! IMM$IATE SPH]E ( PUBLIC LIFE - NOT ! MO/ 09TIMATE10 TO USE ,CL>K'S CRASSLY SUBJECTIVIZ$ WORD - :I*1 TO BE SURE1 DOES NOT PRECLUDE BUT 9DE$ %\LD FO/] 9TIMACY 9 ! =M ( SOLID>ITY & COMPLEM5T>ITY4 

,! CIVITAS1 HUMANLY SCAL$ & DEMOCRATICALLY /RUCTUR$1 IS ! 9ITIAT+ >5A ( RATIONAL REFLECTION1 DISCURSIVE DECISION-MAK+1 & SECUL>ITY 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,IT SPEAKS TO US FROM ACROSS ! C5TURIES 9 ,P]ICLES' MAGNIFIC5T FUN]AL ORATION & 9 ! E>?Y1 AMAZ+LY FAMILI>1 & EM95TLY SECUL> SATIRES ( ,>I/OPHANES1 :OSE WORKS DEMOLI% ,CA/ORIADIS' EMPHASIS ON ! 0MY/]IUM0 & 0CLOSURE0 ( ! ,A!NIAN POLIS TO ! MOD]N M9D4 ,NO ONE :O READS ! *RONICLES ( ,WE/]N HUMANITY CAN IGNORE ! RATIONAL DIALECTIC ?AT UND]LIES ! ACCUMULATION ( M]E EV5TS & ?AT REVEALS AN UNFOLD+ ( ! HUMAN POT5TIALITY = UNIV]SALITY1 RATIONALITY1 SECUL>ITY1 & FRE$OM 9 AN $UCTIVE RELATION%IP ?AT ALONE %\LD BE CALL$ ,HI/ORY4 ,?IS ,HI/ORY1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT HAS CULM9ATIONS AT GIV5 MOM5TS ( DEVELOPM5T1 ON :I* LAT] CIVILIZATIONS BUILT1 IS AN*OR$ 9 ! EVOLUTION ( A SECUL> PUBLIC SPH]E1 9 POLITICS1 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! RATIONAL CITY - ! CITY ?AT IS RATIONAL 9/ITUTIONALLY1 CREATIVELY1 & COMMUNALLY4 ,NOR CAN IMAG9ATION BE EXCLUD$ FROM ,HI/ORY1 BUT IT IS AN IMAG9ATION ?AT MU/ BE ELUCIDAT$ BY REASON4 ,= NO?+ CAN BE MORE DANG]\S TO A SOCIETY1 9DE$ TO ! WORLD TODAY1 ?AN ! K9D ( UNBRIDL$ IMAG9ATION1 UNGUID$ BY REASON1 ?AT SO EASILY L5T ITSELF TO ,NUREMB]G RALLIES1 FASCI/ DEMON/RATIONS1 ,/AL9I/ IDOLATRY1 & DEA? CAMPS4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY REFUSES TO ALL[ ?IS VA/ MOVEM5T T[>D CITIFICATION & ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITIZ5 TO BE EFFAC$ BY DECONTEXTUALIZ+ ! CITY ( ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,NOR CAN WE ALL[ ! POLITICAL DOMA9 - ! MO/ IMM$IATE PUBLIC SPH]E ?AT R5D]S A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE - TO BE COLLAPS$ 9TO ! SOCIAL SPH]E2 WE CANNOT AF=D TO DISMISS ! QUALITATIVELY UNIQUE SPH]E CALL$ ! CIVITAS1 & ITS HI/ORY OR DIALECTIC4 

,QUIETISM OR ,CONFRONTATION8 

  

,! CULTURAL & SOCIAL B>B>ISM ?AT IS CLOS+ >\ND ?IS P]IOD IS ABOVE ALL M>K$ BY IDEOLOGIES ( REGRESSION3 A RETREAT 9TO AN (T5 MY?IC PRELAPS>IAN PA/2 A N>CISSI/IC EGOC5TRICITY 9 :I* ! POLITICAL DISAPPE>S 9TO ! P]SONAL2 & AN 0IMAG9>Y0 ?AT DISSOLVES ! V>I\S PHASES ( A HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 9TO A BLACK HOLE ( 0,ON5ESS0 OR 09T]CONNECT$NESS10 SO ?AT ALL ! MOM5TS ( A DEVELOPM5T >E FLATT5$ \T4 ,UND]P9N+ ?IS IDEOLOGICAL FLATT5+ IS A ,HEIDEGG]IAN ,GELASS5HEIT1 A PASSIVE-RECEPTIVE1 9DE$ QUIETI/IC1 0LETT+ ?+S BE10 ?AT IS DRESS$ UP 9 C\NT]VAIL+ ,TAOI/ 0CONTR>IES0 - EA* ( :I* CANCELS \T ITS OPPOSITE TO LEAVE PRACTICAL REASON ) A BLANK %EET UPON :I* ANY?+ CAN BE SCRAWL$1 H[EV] HI]>*ICAL OR OPPRESSIVE4 ,! ,TAOI/ RUL]1 :O ,JOHN ,CL>K ADDUCES 9 HIS WRIT+S1 :O DOES NOT RULE1 :O DOES NO?+ YET ACCOMPLI%ES MORE ?AN ANYONE ELSE1 IS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS1 A MUTUAL CANCELLATION ( ! V]Y CONCEPTS ( 0RUL]0 & 0SAGE0 - OR1 MORE LIKELY1 A TYRANT :O %REWDLY MANIPULATES HIS OR H] SUBJECT :ILE PRET5D+ TO BE SELF-EFFAC+ & REMOV$ FROM ! OBJECT ( HIS OR H] TYRANNY4 

,! ,*9ESE RUL+ CLASSES PLAY$ AT ?IS GAME = AGES - JU/ AS ! POPE1 TO ?IS DAY1 KISSES ! FEET ( HIS NEWLY ORDA9$ C>D9ALS ) ,*RI/IAN 0HUMILITY40 ,:AT ,M>X'S FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES IS = CAPITALISM1 ?IS ,HEIDEGG]IAN ,GELASS5HEIT IS = PRES5T-DAY IDEOLOGY1 P>TICUL>LY = DEEP ECOLOGY 9 ALL ITS V>I\S MUTATIONS4 ,?US1 WE DO NOT *ANGE ! WORLD2 WE 0DWELL0 9 IT4 ,WE DO NOT REASON \T A C\RSE ( ACTION2 WE 09TUIT0 IT1 OR BETT]1 0IMAG9E0 IT4 ,WE DO NOT PURSUE A RATIONAL $UCTION ( ! MOM5TS ?AT MAKE UP AN EVOLUTION2 9/EAD1 WE RELAPSE 9TO A MAGICAL REV]IE1 (T5 9 ! NAME ( AN ES!TIC VANGU>DISM ?AT SURR5D]S REALITY TO FANCY OR IMAG9ATION4 ,H5CE ! EXPLOSION !SE DAYS ( MY/ICAL ECOLOGIES1 PRIMITIVISM1 TE*NOPHOBIA1 ANTI-CIVILIZATIONALISM1 IRRATIONALISM1 & *EAP FADS FROM DEVIL WOR%IP TO ANGELOLOGY4 

,9 FACT1 WE >E FAC+ A REAL CRISIS 9 ?IS TRULY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y TIME - NOT ONLY 9 SOCIETY'S RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD BUT 9 HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS ITSELF4 ,:5 ,JOHN ,CL>K />T$ DESIGNAT+ HIMSELF AS A 0SOCIAL DEEP ECOLOGI/ OR A DEEP SOCIAL ECOLOGI/10.<#b#c.> HE OBFUSCAT$ E>NE/ ATTEMPTS TO DEM>CATE ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 A DEAD5+ MY/ICAL1 (T5 RELIGI\S1 POLITICALLY 9]T1 & POT5TIALLY REACTION>Y T5D5CY 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 & ONE ?AT IS TRY+ TO EMPHASIZE ! NE$ = FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGE & FI<T UNCOMPROMIS+LY ! 0PRES5T /ATE ( POLITICAL CULTURE40 

,9/EAD ( RETREAT+ TO QUIETISM1 MY/ICISM1 & PURELY P]SONALIZ$ APPEALS = *ANGE1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY SEEKS TO ?9K \T ! K9DS ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W\LD BE REQUIR$ 9 A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY2 ! K9D ( POLITICS WE %\LD APPROPRIATELY PRACTICE2 & ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T NE$$ TO A*IEVE SU* A SOCIETY4 ,%\LD WE FAIL TO 9ITIATE NEW MOVEM5TS1 BAS$ ON NEW IDEAS1 & ADVANCE NEW PROGRAMS TO MOBILIZE ! GREAT MASS ( HUMANITY1 ?IS PLANET MAY WELL BE DEGRAD$ BEYOND R$EMPTION SOCIALLY EV5 BE=E IT IS DEGRAD$ BEYOND R$EMPTION ECOLOGICALLY4 ,IT IS ?IS T]RIBLE PROSPECT SOCIAL ECOLOGY SEEKS TO AV]T4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,AN>*ISM AS ,9DIVIDUALISM 
,AN>*ISM AS ,9DIVIDUALISM 

  

,I HAVE LONG SUSPECT$ ?AT AN>*ISM1 IF ?\<T \T TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS & REASON$ \T FROM ITS MO/ FUNDAM5TAL ROOTS1 IS 9H]5TLY A NEGATIVE CONCEPTION ( LIB]TY 9 ITS MO/ AB/RACT =M4 ,9DE$1 IF ! WILD MIX ( AN>*I/S TODAY & YE/]DAY ALL %>E ONE ?+ 9 COMMON1 IT IS !IR REJECTION ( /ATE CO]CION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

,IF WE TAKE A CLOS] LOOK AT AN>*ISM AS AN IDEOLOGY1 IT HAS FOLL[$ A C>E5+ TRAJECTORY4 ,IT ORIG9AT$ 7AP>T FROM SOME PRECURSORS7 9 ! #a#h#cS & #a#h#dS AS A =M ( UNFETT]$ EGOISM1 A RADICAL DEM& = P]SONAL AUTONOMY4 ,9ITIALLY IT MEANT LITTLE MORE ?AN UNREL5T+ RESI/ANCE TO ATTEMPTS BY SOCIETY & P>TICUL>LY ! /ATE TO RE/RICT 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,LAT] IT FLIRT$ ) V>I\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ! OPPRESS$1 EMBRAC+ ! COLLECTIVISM ( ! >*AIC PEASANT VILLAGE1 !N ! SYNDICALISM ( CRAFT & 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 & LAT] /ILL IT WAS HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY ,M>XISM & ASSOCIAT$ ITSELF ) A LIB]T>IAN =M ( COMMUNISM4 ,! COMMITM5T TO V>I\S =MS ( COLLECTIVE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ,I BELIEVE1 WAS A RESPONSE PRIM>ILY TO ! SPREAD ( SOCIALISM AMONG ! WORK+ CLASSES ( ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 

,BUT BY ! TURN ( ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 9 ! WAKE ( SOCIAL & CULTURAL HOMOG5IZATION ?AT HAS BE5 PRODUC$ BY MOD]N CORPORATE CAPITALISM & ! MASS M$IA1 AN>*ISM HAS COME FULL CIRCLE & HAS RETURN$ TO ITS OLD 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 AUTONOMI/ ORIG9S4 ,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT REC5T DEVELOPM5TS >E NOT ANOMAL\S TO AN>*ISM4 ,! 0LEFT LIB]ALISM0 F\ND ALL OV] ! PLACE 9 AN>*ISM1 AS WELL AS ! UNSAVORY1 EV5 \TRI<T REACTION>Y IDEAS 9 ,AN>*Y1 ,FIF? ,E/ATE1 & ! LIKE 7!SE >E ! L>GE/ CIRCULATION AN>*I/ P]IODICALS 9 ! ,U,S71 >E BUILT 9TO SOME ( ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PREMISES ( AN>*ISM - NOTABLY1 ! 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT =MS ! CONCEPTUAL BUILD+ BLOCK ( ! :OLE SKEW$ $IFICE4 

,HI/ORY CAN PROVIDE AMPLE EXAMPLES ( H[ SOME SELF-PR(ESS$ AN>*I/S EXPLICITLY D5\NC$ MASS SOCIAL ACTION AS FUTILE & ALI5 TO !IR PRIVATE CONC]NS4.<#b#d.> ,YET1 ,I AM NOT PRIM>ILY TAK+ ISSUE ) FULL-FRONTAL 9DIVIDUALI/S OR EV5 ! (T5 EXPLICITLY ANTI-SOCIAL ELEM5TS ?AT SOMEH[ HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ACCEPT$ )9 ! FOLDS ( AN>*ISM4 ,:AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO GET AT IS ! ESS5CE ( ?IS CONTRADICTORY 0IDEOLOGY0 & ! SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES IT YIELDS2 EV5 ! MO/ 0SOCIAL0 =MS ( AN>*ISM HAVE BE5 DEF9$ BY A F\NDATIONAL 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,9 FACT1 ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ?AT HAVE 9 ! PA/ BE5 (F]$ 9 ! NAME ( 0AN>*Y0 HAVE 9V>IABLY BE5 DRAWN TO A GREAT EXT5T FROM ,M>XISM & O!R =MS ( SOCIALISM4 ,! FACT ?AT AN>*ISM CAME WRAPP$ 9 SOCIALI/ CONCEPTS HAS (T5 PREV5T$ AN>*I/S FROM APPE>+ AS :AT !Y >E3 EGOI/S4 

,! ,9DIVIDUALI/IC ,CORE ( ,AN>*ISM 

  

,AS F> AS ,I CAN JUDGE1 AN>*I/S BASICALLY SEEK A FUTURE ( 0VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5TS0 BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,9S(> AS AN>*I/S HAVE CALL$ = A COMMUNAL SOCIETY1 !Y HAVE MEANT A =M ( ASSOCIATION ?AT WAS NECESS>Y = ! 9DIVIDUAL'S A*IEVEM5T ( AUTONOMY 9 A NON-OPPRESSIVE OR 0ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN0 MANN]4 ,!Y %>E ! BELIEF ?AT 5=CEABLE1 /RUCTUR$ OR 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELATIONS )9 & BETWE5 COMMUNES >E EVIL1 ?REAT5+ !IR HI<LY TREASUR$ 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY4 

,ABSOLUTELY CANONICAL = ALL AN>*I/S - YES1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O CALL !MSELVES 0AN>*O-COLLECTIVI/10 0AN>*O-COMMUNI/10 & 0AN>*O-SYNDICALI/0 - IS ! BELIEF ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL EGO MU/ BE AUTONOM\S1 & A FREE SOCIETY MU/ BE ONE 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY HAS FREE RE91 UNRE/RICT$ BY LAWS & CON/ITUTIONS4 

,?R\<\T ! WRIT+S ( ! CANONICAL !ORI/S MILITANT ASS]TIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY AB\ND4 ,PR\DHON H>DLY REQUIRES MU* ELUCIDATION ON ?IS SCORE - SOME ( HIS MO/ BASIC 0SOCIAL0 IDEAS >E BUILT >\ND 5TIRELY B\RGEOIS CONCEPTS ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 TO BE SURE1 CRITICIZ$ 0,9DIVIDUALI/S0 AT GREAT L5G?1 BUT MY VIEW IS ?AT !IR [N IDEAS W]E !MSELVES ESS5TIALLY 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 (T5 OV]LAID ) SOCIALI/ IDEAS - & ?AT ! 0COLLECTIVI/0 OR 0COMMUNI/0 OV]LAY /OOD 9 UTT] CONTRADICTION TO !IR 9DIVIDUALI/IC F\NDATIONS4 ,I MYSELF ONCE US$ AN>*ISM AS A POLITICAL LABEL = MY VIEWS1 BUT FUR!R ?\<T HAS =C$ ME TO CONCLUDE ?AT AN>*ISM IS NOT A SOCIAL !ORY AT ALL BUT RA!R A P]SONAL PSY*OLOGY2 IT IS NOT A POLITICAL MOVEM5T BUT A SUBCULTURE4 

,SOME ( ! IDEAS ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM WILL C]TA9LY BE USEFUL = A FUTURE LIB]T>IAN RADICALISM4 ,I HAVE CONSI/5TLY 9VOK$ CONF$]ALISM AS ONE ( AN>*ISM'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIAL !ORY4 ,BUT ,I HAVE ALSO PO9T$ \T ?AT ! CONF$]ALI/ ELEM5T 9 HI/ORICAL AN>*ISM1 HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY ,PR\DHON1 IS SO LOOSELY CON/RUCT$1 & SO *>G$ ) A BELIEF 9 AUTONOMY1 ?AT ANY COMPON5T ( ! CONF$]ATION C\LD )DRAW AT ANY TIME4 ,! =M ( CONF$]ALISM ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE ADVANC$ - 0A F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES0 

- RECAPITULATES ! SAME SELF-CONTRADICTION BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY3 IF A COMMUNE IS COMPLETELY AUTONOM\S1 IT CANNOT BE P>T ( A F$]ATION4 ,PR\DHON1 = EXAMPLE1 DECL>$ ?AT HE W\LD DIVIDE & SUBDIVIDE 0P[]0 UNTIL HE REA*$ ITS MO/ ELEM5T>Y COMPON5TS4 ,BUT 9 SU* A SITUATION1 NO?+ REMA9S 9 ! 5D BUT ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! PURELY SELF-SUFFICI5T EGO1 SECURE 9 HIS [N WAY ( LIFE & SUFFICI5CY4 ,FOLL[$ TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 ,PR\DHON'S 0F$]ALISM0 W\LD R5D] ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY UNT5ABLE BECAUSE ( ASS]TIONS ( COMMUNAL & 9DIVIDUAL 0LIB]TIES40 

,IF 9DIVIDUALS MU/ BE FREE ( CON/RA9T1 AN>*I/S HAVE >GU$1 SO MU/ ! COMMUNES 9 A FUTURE SOCIETY4 7,H[ COMMUNES C\LD EV5 EXI/ :5 !IR MEMB]S W]E ALL 9DIVIDUALLY AUTONOM\S IS AN UNRESOLV$ QUE/ION47 ,AL?\< ,KROPOTK9 CALL$ HIMSELF AN AN>*O-COMMUNI/1 HE ESS5TIALLY AGRE$ ) ,PR\DHON ON HIS PO9T3 0! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ BE A*IEV$ BY ! LIB]ATION ( ! COMMUNES10 HE WROTE1 0& 444 IT IS ! COMMUNES1 ABSOLUTELY 9DEP5D5T1 LIB]AT$ FROM ! TUTELAGE ( ! /ATE1 ?AT ALONE CAN GIVE US ! NECESS>Y SETT+ = A REVOLUTION & ! MEANS ( ACCOMPLI%+ IT40.<#b#e.> ,TO BOL/] ?IS NOTION1 ,KROPOTK9 ALSO REJECTS MAJORITY RULE3 HE'S AGA9/ PEOPLE 0SUBMITT+ !MSELVES TO ! MAJORITY-RULE1 :I* ALWAYS IS A M$IOCRITY-RULE40.<#b#f.> 

,BY ! SAME LOGIC1 AN>*I/S CLAIM ?AT ! FUTURE SOCIETY MU/ BE ONE B]EFT ( LAWS & CON/ITUTIONS1 BECAUSE !Y NECESS>ILY RE/RICT ! SOV]EIGN AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,:5 ,PR\DHON WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,FR5* ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 HE ONCE DECL>$ ?AT HE REFUS$ TO VOTE = A P>TICUL> CON/ITUTION1 NOT BECAUSE HE OPPOS$ ! CONT5T ( IT1 BUT SIMPLY BECAUSE IT WAS A CON/ITUTION4 ,I FAIL TO SEE H[ ANY FREE SOCIETY CAN BE CON/ITUT$ RATIONALLY )\T A CON/ITUTION - & = ?AT MATT]1 LAWS1 ORD9ANCES1 RULES1 & ! LIKE4 ,?IS CONDEMNATION ( ALL CON/ITUTIONS1 LAWS1 & 9/ITUTIONS - CLAIM+ !Y >E ALL EQUIVAL5T TO A /ATE - AS ALL 0GREAT0 AN>*I/ ?9K]S DID & O!RS TODAY CONT9UALLY DO1 IS TO APPEAL TO WANTON *AOS1 9DE$ TO A SOCIALITY ?AT ESS5TIALLY DEP5DS ON GOOD 9/9CTS &1 HOPEFULLY1 $UCATION 7TO :I* ,BAKUN9 ADD$ CU/OM & O!RS1 HABIT74 ,SU* ?9K+ REVEALS NOT ONLY ! BASIC SOCIO-BIOLOGISM ?AT UND]P9S MO/ AN>*I/ !ORY 7IF ONE CAN USE ! WORD !ORY AT ALL71 BUT ALSO ! T5D5CY ( AN>*I/S TO REF] BACK TO PRIMORDIAL LEVELS = !IR MORAL PHILOSOPHY - G5ES1 CU/OM1 HABIT1 TRADITION1 & ! LIKE4 

,! ,ESS5CE ( ,AN>*Y 

  

,! T5SION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALISM & COLLECTIVISM OR COMMUNISM W\LD NOT EXI/ IF ! 9T]E/S ( 9DIVIDUALS C\LD SOMEH[ BE CONCEIV$ TO BE ! SAME AS OR AT LEA/ COMPATIBLE ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! L>G] SOCIETY4 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 TRI$ TO DO JU/ ?AT4 ,BAKUN9 ASS]T$ ?AT 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL 9T]E/S W]E 9DE$ COMPATIBLE1 BLAM+ ! IDEA ?AT 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL 9T]E/S DID NOT ALWAYS H>MONI\SLY CONV]GE ON1 V>I\SLY1 ! /ATE OR ! RELIGI\S DOCTR9E ( ORIG9AL S94 ,KROPOTK9 W5T FUR!R1 MA9TA9+ ?AT 9DIVIDUAL MORALITY WAS 9 ! 5D ID5TICAL TO SOCIAL MORALITY3 HE GAVE A SOCIO-BIOLOGICAL BASIS TO ! 9/9CT = MUTUAL AID1 SAY+ ?AT MO/ CREATURES1 FROM ! SIMPLE/ TO ! MO/ COMPLEX1 >E DRIV5 BY AN URGE TO COOP]ATE4 ,?IS BE+ ! CASE1 HE BELIEV$1 ! 9DIVIDUAL - FRE$ FROM ! TRAMMELS ( ! /ATE - W\LD MAKE *OICES 9 BEHAVIOR & ?9K+ ?AT W]E 9 H>MONY ) ! NE$S ( HIS OR H] SOCIETY4 ,?US ,KROPOTK9 C\LD WRITE3  
  

,HUMANITY IS TRY+ N[ TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! BONDS ( ANY GOV]NM5T :ATEV]1 & TO RESPOND TO ITS NE$S ( ORGANIZATION BY ! FREE UND]/&+ BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS PURSU+ ! SAME COMMON AIMS4444 ,FREE AGREEM5T IS BECOM+ A SUB/ITUTE = LAW4 ,& FREE COOP]ATION A SUB/ITUTE = GOV]NM5TAL GU>DIAN%IP4444 ,WE ALREADY =ESEE A /ATE ( SOCIETY :]E ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL BE LIMIT$ BY NO LAWS1 NO BONDS - BY NO?+ ELSE BUT HIS [N SOCIAL HABITS & ! NECESSITY1 :I* EV]YONE FEELS1 ( F9D+ COOP]ATION1 SUPPORT1 & SYMPA?Y AMONG HIS NEI<BORS4.<#b#g.>  
  

,BUT ?IS SOCIO-BIOLOGICALLY BAS$ COOP]ATION RE/S1 ( C\RSE1 ON A FALLACY4 ,9 FACT1 9DIVIDUALS HAVE (T5 PLAC$ !IR [N P]SONAL 9T]E/ ABOVE ?OSE ( !IR COMMUNITY4 ,S9CE ,KROPOTK91 MOREOV]1 WAS ALWAYS PRONE TO HI<LI<T ! /EADY ADVANCE ( MUTUAL AID 9 ! WORLD 9 :I* HE LIV$1 HE W\LD HAVE HAD A H>D TIME TO EXPLA9 ! BRUTALITIES ?AT OCCURR$ FROM #aiad ONW>D1 :I* OP5$ ONE ( ! BLOODIE/ P]IODS 9 HI/ORY4 ,ALAS1 COOP]ATION IS NOT EMB$D$ 9 \R G5ES4 ,BUT IT IS ON SU* G5ETICALLY BAS$ COOP]ATION ?AT ,KROPOTK9'S 0AN>*O-COMMUNISM0 RE/S2 & :5 IT COLLAPSES1 SO DOES ! :OLE $IFICE4 ,:AT REMA9S1 AGA91 IS ! 9DIVIDUAL EGO4 

,M>T9 ,A4 ,MILL]1 A ,KROPOTK9 BIOGRAPH]1 WROTE ?AT 0,KROPOTK9 >GU$ = ! FULL & COMPLETE LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 AS ! E?ICAL BASIS ( AN>*ISM4 ,HE /OPP$ %ORT ( FALL+ 9TO ! TRAP ( HAV+ TO ACCEPT EGOISM & EXTREME 9DIVIDUALISM ONLY BECAUSE HE BELIEV$ 9 ! 9NATE SOCIABILITY & PASSIVITY ( MAN1 :5 ALL[$ TO BE FREE )\T CON/RA9T FROM ABOVE40.<#b#h.> ,?IS BELIEF TOO WAS MI/AK54 ,LACK+ ! L9*P9 ?AT UNITES 9DIVIDUALISM & SOCIALISM1 0AN>*O-COMMUNISM0 & 0AN>*O-COLLECTIVISM0 BECOME OXYMORONIC WORDS1 B]EFT ( MEAN+4 

,FUR!RMORE1 AN>*ISM1 GR\ND$ 9 ! EGOI/IC 9DIVIDUAL1 T5DS TO REJECT ANY?+ AB\T ,WE/]N SOCIETY ) A FLAT 0,NO60 & TO DEM& ITS OPPOSITE 9/EAD1 AS IF A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY WAS SIMPLY ! M]E NEGATION ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,RADICAL AS ?IS PO/UR+ MAY SEEM AT FIR/1 IT IMPLIES ! DISB&+ ( SOCIETY AS SU*4 ,H5CE ! FASC9ATION ( SO MANY AN>*I/ WRIT]S ) PRIMITIVISM1 !IR TE*NOPHOBIC \TLOOK1 !IR AV]SION TO REGULATION ( ANY K9D1 & 9DE$ !IR 9DIFF]5CE TO ! REALM ( NECESSITY1 AS ?\< ITS COMPULSIONS - POSSIBLY 9CLUD+ DEA? ITSELF - C\LD BE ABOLI%$4 

,9 ITS WORLD \TLOOK1 AN>*ISM HAS CONSI/5TLY OPPOS$ DIALECTICS & FAVOR$ EI!R POSITIVISM OR MY/ICISM 9/EAD4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY DIALECTICAL !ORY ( HI/ORY - UNLESS ONE WANTS TO BELIEVE ?AT HUMANITY IS CURR5TLY PROGRESS+ T[>D MUTUAL AID 9 ! =M ( ONE SORT ( COLLECTIVE OR O!R - AN>*ISM H>DLY RISES BEYOND A 0VISION40 ,ITS MO/ APPROPRIATE 0PHILOSOPHY10 9 MY VIEW1 IS ACTUALLY PO/MOD]NISM1 ) ITS RADICAL FRAGM5TATION ( REALITY1 ITS *AOS1 ITS VACU\S SPONTANEITY1 & AS ,FEY]AB5D PUT IT1 ! NOTION ?AT 0ANY?+ GOES40 

,AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS %[N LITTLE REG>D = ! PLACE ( REASON 9 HI/ORY1 & !Y HAVE NOT C>$ = A S]I\S APPRECIATION ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ) AN 5DEAVOR TO DI/+UI% ! PRECONDITIONAL 9 KEY SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS 7:]E ,M>X (T5 EXCELL$7 FROM ! CONDITIONAL4 ,H]E1 ,I COMPLETELY AGREE ) ,M>X'S /ATEM5T 9 ! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE ?AT 0M50 MAKE HI/ORY BUT NOT UND] CONDITIONS ( !IR [N *OOS+4 

,AMONG AN>*I/S1 ,I F9D1 SU* VIEWS >E HE9\S4 ,AS ,COL9 ,W>D PUTS IT1 0AN>*Y0 IS ! WOND]FUL SOCIETY ?AT1 LIKE SOIL1 LIES B5EA? ! SN[ 7( CAPITALISM1 ! /ATE1 RELIGION1 & OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS G5]ALLY72 ! SN[ ONLY HAS TO MELT AWAY1 & !N WE WILL HAVE \R ,WOND]L&4 ,KROPOTK9 SEEMS TO HAVE HAD NO GREAT] APPRECIATION ?AN O!R AN>*I/ !ORI/S = ! MUTUAL 9T]ACTION BETWE5 ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION & ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM 9 HI/ORY4 ,W>D'S 0SN[0 METAPHOR IS MOREOV] V]Y MU* 9 TUNE ) ,BAKUN9'S CONT9UAL RELIANCE ON AN ALLEG$ 9/9CT = REVOLUTION ?AT LIES LAT5T 9 WORK]S & PEASANTS1 & ,KROPOTK9'S T5D5CY TO FALL BACK ON AN 9/9CT = MUTUAL AID4 

,:ILE ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT ! REJECTION ( ANY LIMITATION ON BEHAVIOR IS SYMPTOMATIC ( AN>*ISM'S 9DIVIDUALI/IC BASIS1 ! WAY AN>*I/S >E 9VOK+ 09/9CT0 AS AN ALT]NATIVE SOCIAL F\NDATION NOT ONLY MAKES A MOCK]Y ( REASON BUT ALSO R$UCES US TO A QUASI-ANIMALI/IC EXI/5CE4 ,! ABS5CE ( ANY REAL HI/ORICAL S5SE - :I* MAKES AN>*Y POSSIBLE ANYTIME1 EV5 9 ! 0AFFLU5T0 SOCIETIES ( ! ,PALEOLI?IC & ,NEOLI?IC - EASILY LEADS AN>*I/S 9TO PRIMITIVISM & TE*NOPHOBIA4 ,( C\RSE1 ! DISREG>D = DIALECTICAL REASON1 9DE$ ! ANTAGONISM T[>D IT1 FITS 9 ) ! ANTI-RATIONALISM ?AT P]VADES MU* ( AN>*ISM2 IT IS PRECISELY ! HYPO/ATIZATION ( 9/9CT1 HABIT1 & TRADITION1 ?AT LEADS AN>*I/S 9TO MY/ICISM & ANTI-RATIONALISM1 & RE9=CES !IR PROCLIVITY = PRIMITIVISM4.<#b#i.> 

,H5CE AN>*ISM DOES NOT PAY ANY ATT5TION TO ! 0=MS ( FRE$OM10 NOR TO ! IMP]ATIVE MAT]IAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 & CULTURAL PRECONDITIONS = A FREE & RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,FEW IF ANY ( ! MAJOR AN>*I/ !ORI/S CLE>LY FAC$ ! PROBLEM ( SU* 9/ITUTIONS1 & C]TA9LY NONE ( !M TODAY PROPOSE TO DEAL ) IT4 ,DOZ5S ( QUE/IONS & ISSUES1 RANG+ FROM PHILOSOPHY TO ! 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY1 TO ! EVALUATION ( POLITICS1 CAPITALISM1 ORGANIZATION1 PROGRAMS1 & SO ON1 SIMPLY REMA9 BEYOND ! PURVIEW ( AN>*ISM4 

,9 MY M9D1 !SE NOTIONS TAK5 TOGE!R =M A COMPLETE FIT1 ON A LEVEL MORE BASIC ?AN ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ONE =M ( AN>*ISM & ANO!R4 ,?AT AN>*ISM'S COMMITM5T TO ! EGO \TWEI<S ITS V>I\SLY COLOR$ SOCIALI/IC V5E]S IS EVID5T 9 ITS HI/ORY4 ,IT IS HI<LY SYMPTOMATIC ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 NOTORI\SLY UNABLE TO DEVELOP BEYOND A SMALL GR\P LEVEL OR TO =M ORGANIZATIONS4 ,:Y NOT8 WE ASK \RSELVES4 ,:AT /&S 9 ! WAY1 ,I ASSURE Y\1 IS NOT ! 0COMMUNI/IC0 DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM - IT IS ITS F\NDATIONAL 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#b#a1 9 ,EUROPE'S CLIMACTIC REVOLUTION>Y YE>S1 AN>*ISM PLAY$ NO MAJOR ROLE 7AL?\< V>I\S SYNDICALI/S (T5 TEMPOR>ILY ?\<T ( !MSELVES AS AN>*I/S74 ,9 #a#i#a#g1 = EXAMPLE1 ,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM1 MU* TO ITS DISCR$IT1 DID NOT EMBRACE SYNDICALISM BUT YIELD$ TO ! ,MOSC[ 0H\SE EXPROPRIATORS40 

,:AT GAVE AN>*ISM A SEMBLANCE ( A MASS FOLL[+ WAS SYNDICALISM1 A =M ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,IT WAS SYNDICALI/S1 NOT AN>*I/S1 :O BUILT ! ,C,N,T1 & H5CE ! ,C,N,T IS AN EXAMPLE NOT ( AN>*ISM BUT ( SYNDICALISM4 ,! AN>*I/S =M$ A VOLATILE BUT V]Y SMALL FRACTION )9 ! ,C,N,T1 CONSI/+ ( SMALL LOOSELY /RUCTUR$ AFF9ITY GR\PS 9SIDE V]Y HI<LY /RUCTUR$ TRADE UNIONS ?AT QU>REL$ 5DLESSLY ) ! SYNDICALI/S4.<#c.> ,! CONT9U+ DEM& ( ! AN>*I/ GRUPI/AS1 9 ! #a#i#bS1 WAS TO REJECT ! NE$ = DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ & DEM& EV] MORE DEC5TRALIZATION )9 :AT WAS ALREADY A LOOSE & UN/ABLE CONF$]ATION - TO ! PO9T :]E ! 9DIVIDUAL GR\P %\LD BE ABLE TO FUNCTION ON ITS [N1 AUTONOM\SLY1 AS IT SAW FIT4 ,H]E ! AN>*I/S HELD TRUE TO ! IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON & ,KROPOTK91 QUOT$ ABOVE4 ,?R\<\T ! #a#i#cS ! FAI/AS W]E 9 5DLESS CONFLICTS ) ! C5ETI/AS4 ,TRAGICALLY1 9 #aicc ! GRUPI/AS DRAGG$ ! MOVEM5T 9TO ! DISA/R\S 0CYCLE ( 9SURRECTIONS0 ?AT CONTRIBUT$ SIGNIFICANTLY TO ! \TBREAK ( ! CIVIL W>1 = :I* ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I WAS TOTALLY UNPREP>$4 

,AN>*Y OR ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM8 

  

,AP>T FROM ! SYNDICALI/S1 MANY ( :OM W]E DECID$LY NOT AN>*I/S1 AN>*ISM HAS %[N LITTLE REG>D = 9/ITUTIONS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,9 FACT1 ! TOTAL ID5TIFICATION ( POLITICS ) ! /ATE LEADS AN>*I/S TO PIT PURELY SOCIAL ACTIONS & PH5OM5A AGA9/ ! /ATE1 LEAD+ TO 9CID5TS1 0DIRECT ACTIONS0 SU* AS 0RECLAIM+ ! /REETS10 COOP]ATIVES1 SQUATS1 & M]E =MS ( M]RIM5T OR !AT] ?AT ,I CAN NO LONG] TAKE S]I\SLY AS POLITICAL WORK4 ,SOME ( !SE ACTIONS >E USEFUL GYMNA/ICS OR TRA9+ ON COOP]ATION1 BUT !Y EXHIBIT NO CONC]N = OR 9T]E/ 9 P[]4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 BY CONTRA/1 IS CONC]N$ ) P[] - & :O WILL HAVE IT4 ,H[ CAN P[] BE ACQUIR$ & COMMUNALLY MANAG$ BY ! OPPRESS$8 ,9 :AT LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS %\LD IT BE COLLECT$8 ,H[ DOES ONE MOVE T[>D CREAT+ ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS8 

,POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 9 MY VIEW1 >E ! MEANS BY :I* DIRECT DEMOCRACY CAN BE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$4 ,:ILE AN>*ISM HAS NO POLITICS1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS 9T5SELY POLITICAL4 ,IT IS MY HOPE ?AT A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PROGRAM WILL RESONATE AMONG RESPONSIBLE & ?9K+ PEOPLE :O >E CONC]N$ ) :]E P[] WILL REPOSE 9 A FREE & RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT ONLY ! 5D - ! POLITICAL 9FRA/RUCTURE = ! FUTURE SOCIETY - BUT ! MEANS2 A R>E CONFLU5CE ( MEANS & 5DS ?AT HAS NOT BE5 WORK$ \T 9 EI!R ,M>XISM OR AN>*ISM4 ,H5CE IT IS A MATT] ( VITAL IMPORTANCE ?AT :5 WE RUN C&IDATES TO MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS1 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]AL /RUCTURES1 !Y >E AS A MATT] ( CIVIC & POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITY OBLIG$ TO TAKE (FICE1 OR ELSE !RE IS NO PO9T 9 ADVOCAT+ A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PROGRAM4 ,?US TO RUN C&IDATES :O WILL NOT OCCUPY SEATS ON CITY C\NCILS OR SIMIL> 9/ITUTIONS IS TO TURN LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9TO A !AT] OR PROPAG&A = O!R 5DS4 ,IT DOES NOT %[ ANY TRUE CONC]N = H[ P[] WILL BE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$2 9DE$ IT MAKES A MOCK]Y ( ! POT5TIALITIES ( ! MUNICIPALITY = CREAT+ AN EMP[]$ PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY4 

,WE >E FAC$ ) A REAL DILEMMA4 ,IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO GOV]N OR MANAGE SOCIETY FROM ! 0GR\ND UP0 9 AN IMM5SELY POPUL\S & GLOBAL WORLD4 ,I 5VISION CONF$]ATIONS )9 CONF$]ATIONS1 ESS5TIALLY /RUCTUR$ >\ND LOCAL1 CITYWIDE1 C\NTYWIDE1 PROV9CIAL1 REGIONAL1 & NATIONAL CONF$]AL C\NCILS BAS$ ON DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES4 ,! LOGIC ( AN>*I/ ?\<T & ITS 5DLESS DEM&S = AUTONOMY PRECLUDES ?AT ?IS VISION CAN BE REALIZ$ )9 ITS FRAMEWORK4 ,:5 ,KROPOTK9 & O!R AN>*I/S EXTOLL 0FREE AGREEM5TS0 !Y EXPRESS A VOLUNT>ISM BY :I* 9DIVIDUALS & COMMUNITIES NOT ONLY CONF$]ATE TOGE!R BUT MAY )DRAW FROM !SE CONF$]ATIONS AT WILL1 MAK+ COLLECTIVE SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 :I* W\LD ULTIMATELY VALIDATE LAWS & CON/ITUTIONS1 MU/ OP]ATE ) A DEEP S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY = ONE ANO!R BY MAJORITY VOTES & )9 A FRAMEWORK ?AT LIMITS !IR RI<T TO WALK \T ( A CONF$]ATION )\T ! CONS5T ( ! MAJORITY ( ! 5TIRE CONF$]ATION'S MEMB]S4 

,WE MU/ WORK TO MAKE LEFT LIB]T>IAN ?\<T RELEVANT TODAY1 & FOCUS ON H[ WE CAN REMAKE SOCIETY BY S]I\S LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 ,I SUGGE/ ?AT WE MU/ WORK TO CREATE A DEMOCRATIC =M ( GOV]NM5T1 ONE ?AT IS LIB]T>IAN & MUNICIPALI/4 ,I PREF] ! WORD GOV]NM5T H]E TO SELF-MANAGEM5T OR EV5 SELF-GOV]NM5T = SEV]AL REASONS1 MO/ IMPORTANTLY BECAUSE CONCEPTS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T & SELF-GOV]NM5T SEEM TO ME TO CONTA9 ! IMPLICATION - RE9=C$ BY ?IS BUS9ESS-ORI5T$ & N>CISSI/IC SOCIETY - ?AT SOCIAL LIFE IS BASICALLY AN AGGLOM]ATION ( AUTONOM\S EGOS1 OR 0SELVES10 & ?AT COMMUNAL LIFE CAN BE R$UC$ TO !M4 ,9DE$1 MANY AN>*I/S (T5 REF] TO 0SELF-GOV]NM5T0 :5 DESCRIB+ !IR DISMISSAL ( ANY K9D ( OBLIGATIONS ( ANY SORT AS AU?ORIT>IAN OR CO]CIVE OR WORSE1 S9CE !Y >E DEM&+ UNRE/RICT$ RI<TS = EV]Y 0SOV]EIGN0 9DIVIDUAL )\T REQUIR+ ( !M ANY DUTIES4 

,I HAVE COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT !SE CONC]NS M]ELY FLOAT ON ! SURFACE ( A DEEPLY FLAW$ VIEW ( SOCIAL REALITY4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E CLE>LY DI/+UI% BETWE5 AN>*Y & MY IDEAS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,AFT] #d EXHAU/+ YE>S 9 ! AN>*I/ SC5E1 ,I'VE BE5 =C$ TO CONCLUDE ?AT 0AN>*ISM0 IS MORE SYMPTOMATIC ( ! DECAD5CE ?AT M>KS ! PRES5T ]A ?AN A =CE 9 OPPOSITION TO IT4 

,IT IS MY DESIRE1 9 ! TIME ?AT ,I HAVE LEFT1 TO GET \T ( ! AN>*I/ 0LOOP0 7AS ?IS G5]ATION LIKES TO PUT IT7 BE=E IT TURNS 9TO A NOOSE & /RANGLES ME4 ,I'VE TRI$ TO RESCUE A SOCIAL AN>*ISM1 ) SOCIAL ECOLOGY & LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 FROM ! RE/ ( AN>*ISM2 BUT ! RESPONSE TO !SE EF=TS HAVE L$ ME TO CONCLUDE ?AT ?IS HAS BE5 A FAILURE AMONG AN>*I/S4 ,) A FEW NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS1 !Y SIMPLY DON'T WANT !SE IDEAS - & ?AT IS ?AT4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO PUT ALL ! DI/ANCE ,I CAN BETWE5 ?IS SC5E & MYSELF4 ,YET ,I W\LD ALSO LIKE TO BELIEVE ?AT WE CAN DEVELOP A SYN!SIS ( ! BE/ 9 ,M>X'S WRIT+S & 9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION - A COMMUNALISM ?AT WILL BE MEAN+FUL & RELEVANT TO S]I\S1 RESPONSIBLE PEOPLE 9 ! YE>S AHEAD4 ,?IS IS ! PROJECT ?AT IS N[ DE>E/ TO MY HE>T1 NOT AN ATTEMPT TO RESCUE MOVEM5TS & TRADITIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 \TLIV$ BY HI/ORY4 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,AN>*ISM1 ,P[]1 & ,GOV]NM5T 
,AN>*ISM1 ,P[]1 & ,GOV]NM5T 

  

,TODAY1 :5 AN>*ISM HAS BECOME LE MOT DU JOR 9 RADICAL CIRCLES1 ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON AN>*Y & ONE BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY %\LD BE CLE>LY DI/+UI%$4 ,!RE=E1 JU/ AS ELSE:]E ,I HAVE DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 POLITICS & /ATECRAFT1 ,I MU/ N[ ALSO PO9T \T ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 GOV]NM5TS & /ATES4 ,ALL AN>*I/S1 & 9DE$ MO/ LEFT LIB]T>IANS1 DISMISS EV]Y GOV]NM5T AS A /ATE4 ,! FACT IS ?AT NO SOCIETY CAN EXI/ )\T AN ORD]LY WAY ( ADM9I/]+ ITSELF1 :I* NECESS>ILY IMPLIES ADM9I/RATION OR REGULATION ( SOME K9D4 

,NOT ,EV]Y ,GOV]NM5T IS A ,/ATE 

  

,ALL /ATES >E GOV]NM5TS1 BUT NOT ALL GOV]NM5TS >E /ATES4 ,A GOV]NM5T IS A SET ( ORGANIZ$ & RESPONSIBLE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >E M9IMALLY AN ACTIVE SY/EM ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION4 ,!Y H&LE ! PROBLEMS ( LIV+ 9 AN ORD]LY FA%ION4 ,A GOV]NM5T MAY BE A DICTATOR%IP2 IT MAY BE A MON>*Y OR A REPUBLICAN /ATE2 BUT IT MAY ALSO BE A LIB]T>IAN =MATION ( SOME K9D4 ,BUT )\T A RUDIM5T>Y BODY ( 9/ITUTIONS TO SORT \T ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( ITS MEMB]S1 HOPEFULLY 9 A DEMOCRATIC WAY1 SOCIETY W\LD SIMPLY DISSOLVE 9TO A DISORD]LY AGGREGATION ( 9DIVIDUALS4 

,9DE$1 ! V]Y NOTION ( COMMUNITY IS MEAN+LESS UNLESS ?OSE :O CLAIM ALLEGIANCE TO IT TAKE ON OBLIGATIONS ?AT ALL[ IT TO FUNCTION1 FL\RI%1 & MEET EV]YONE'S NE$S4 ,EV5 SELF-GOV]NM5T IS !RE=E A =M ( GOV]NM5T1 = UND] SY/EMS ( SELF-GOV]NM5T COMMUNITY MEMB]S CONTRIBUTE TO ITS FUNCTION+4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE1 & 9DE$ NECESS>Y1 = HUMAN BE+S TO GOV]N !MSELVES 9 CIVILIZ$ & RATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 FACT1 9/ITUTIONS AS SU* >E NECESS>Y = SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES HAVE TRADITIONALLY S\<T A SOCIAL ORD] ?AT IS CONC]N$ ) 0! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S1 9/EAD ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( M510 BUT PEOPLE MU/ FIR/ BE ORGANIZ$ 9/ITUTIONALLY 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !Y CAN ADM9I/] ?+S4 ,ONE1 9 EFFECT1 CANNOT BE DONE )\T ! O!R4 ,?US IF A SOCIETY IS TO SOCIALLY [N OR CONTROL PROP]TY1 IF IT IS TO PRODUCE GOODS TO MEET ! NE$S ( ALL 9/EAD ( ALL[ PR(IT = A FEW1 IF IT IS TO ORGANIZE A SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION SO ?AT ALL RA!R ?AN AN ELITE %>E EQUITABLY 9 ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE - !N CLE>LY DEF9ABLE ADM9I/RATIVE 9/ITUTIONS HAVE TO BE E/ABLI%$ ?AT NOT ONLY MAKE !M WORKABLE BUT ALSO CON/RA9 IRRATIONAL BEHAVIOR4 ,9 %ORT1 =MS ( AU?ORITY HAVE TO BE CREAT$ ?AT >E MEANT NOT TO EXPLOIT OR OPPRESS HUMAN BE+S1 BUT RA!R TO 5SURE ?AT SOME HUMAN BE+S >E NOT EXPLOIT$ OR OPPRESS$ BY O!RS & TO 5SURE ! MEANS = ACQUIR+ ! GOOD LIFE4 

,SU* 9/ITUTIONS MU/ EXI/ 9 A SOCIETY1 EV5 A LIB]T>IAN ONE4 ,!IR ABS5CE W\LD LEAD TO A PREVAL5CE ( *AOS1 DISORD]1 9/ABILITY1 & DISEQUILIBRIUM - NONE ( :I* NECESS>ILY HAS REVOLUTION>Y OR LIB]ATORY IMPLICATIONS4 ,?AT REVOLUTIONS PRODUCE 9/ABILITY DOES NOT MEAN ?AT 9/ABILITY IS SOMEH[ A DESIRABLE CONDITION OR ?AT IT MU/ PRODUCE A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,IF 0AN>*Y IS ! HI<E/ =M ( ORD]10 AS SOME AN>*I/S HAVE SAID1 !N IT IS ALSO ! HI<E/ =M ( ADM9I/RATION & /ABILITY4 

,:AT K9DS ( GOV]NM5TS1 !N1 >E NOT /ATES8 ,TRIBAL C\NCILS1 T[N MEET+S1 WORK]S' COMMITTEES1 SOVIETS 79 ! ORIG9AL S5SE ( ! WORD71 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & ! LIKE >E GOV]NM5TS1 & NO AM\NT ( JUGGL+ ) WORDS CAN CONCEAL ?AT FACT4 ,!Y >E ORGANIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT S]VE G5]ALIZ$ HUMAN NE$S1 SU* AS ?OSE ( A REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT OR PEASANTRY1 9 A LIB]T>IAN FA%ION4 ,! 5D ?AT A GOV]NM5T S]VES1 NO LESS ?AN ITS /RUCTURE1 IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ITS NATURE & DEF9ITION4 

,A /ATE1 BY CONTRA/1 IS A GOV]NM5T ?AT IS ORGANIZ$ TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( A PRIVILEG$ & (T5 PROP]TI$ CLASS AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MAJORITY4 ,?IS HI/ORIC RISE ( ! /ATE TRANS=M$ GOV]NANCE 9TO A MALIGNANT =CE = SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,:5 A GOV]NM5T BECOMES A /ATE - ?AT IS1 A CO]CIVE ME*ANISM = P]PETUAT+ CLASS RULE = EXPLOITATIVE PURPOSES - IT 9V>IABLY ACQUIRES DIFF]5T 9/ITUTIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,FIR/1 ITS MEMB]S >E PR(ESSIONALIZ$ TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R1 9 ORD] TO SEP>ATE !M FROM ! MASS ( ! POPULATION & !REBY IMP>T TO !M AN EXTRAORD9>Y /ATUS1 :I* 9 TURN R5D]S !M ! FULL-TIME PROTECTORS ( A RUL+ CLASS4 ,SECOND1 ! /ATE1 AID$ BY MILIT>Y & POLICE FUNCTION>IES1 5JOYS A MONOPOLY OV] ! MEANS ( VIOL5CE4 ,! MEMB]S ( A /ATE'S >MIES & POLICE MAY BE DRAWN FROM ! V]Y CLASSES !Y >E ORGANIZ$ TO CO]CE - ?AT IS IRRELEVANT2 ONCE !Y >E SEP>AT$ FROM ! POPULATION AT L>GE1 UNI=M$1 RIGOR\SLY TRA9$1 DISCIPL9$1 & PLAC$ 9 AN EXPLICIT *A9 ( COMM&1 !Y CEASE TO BELONG TO ANY CLASS & BECOME PR(ESSIONAL M5 & WOM5 ( VIOL5CE :O >E AT ! S]VICE ( ?OSE :O COMM& !M4 ,! *A9 ( COMM& B9DS !M TOGE!R & PLACES !M AT ! DISPOSAL ( !IR COMM&]S4 

,! T5D5CY ( AN>*I/S TO CLASSIFY ALL GOV]NM5TS AS /ATES IS A MIS*IEV\S DI/ORTION 7JU/ AS ! T5D5CY ( AN>*I/S TO ID5TIFY CON/ITUTIONS & LAWS AS SU* ) /ATISM V]GES ON ! ABSURD74 ,BO? T5D5CIES >E ! PRODUCT ( A RADICAL EGO-ORI5TATION ?AT D5IES ! NE$ = ANY CON/RA9TS - 9DE$1 ?AT UN?9K+LY SEES ALL CON/RA9TS AS EVIL4 

,?IS ISSUE IS BY NO MEANS AN IDLE DISCUSSION4 ,IT PLAY$ A PIVOTAL ROLE DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g1 A HI/ORY ?AT EV5 HAS PR(\ND IMPLICATIONS = ! FUTURE ( LEFT LIB]T>IAN !ORY & PRACTICE4 

,LIB]T>IAN ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9 

  

,9 ! LATE N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ,SPA9 WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT LOCUS ( WORLDWIDE AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,H]E1 UNIQUELY1 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S CONJO9TLY DEVELOP$ A MASS MOVEM5T ?AT P]SI/$ = AT LEA/ TWO G5]ATIONS4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T71 =M$ 9 #aia 9 ,B>CELONA1 WAS BY ! MID-#a#i#cS ! L>GE/ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT WAS A /RONG & VITAL =CE1 P>TICUL>LY ON ! EA/]N COA/ ( ,SPA94 

,DESPITE OR P]HAPS BECAUSE ( ITS BREAD?1 ! ,C,N,T WAS BAS$ ON AT LEA/ TWO DI/9CT IDEOLOGIES ?AT W]E FREQU5TLY 9 T5SION ) EA* O!R4 ,! FIR/1 SYNDICALISM1 WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ HI<LY ORGANIZ$ ( ALL LIB]T>IAN IDEOLOGIES4 ,SYNDICALISM EMPHASIZ$ DISCIPL9E & UNITY1 & ITS HI< REG>D = ! IMPORTANCE ( ORGANIZ+ ! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES C\LD SURPASS EV5 ?AT ( SOCIALISM4 ,SYNDICALI/S W\LD HAVE AGRE$ /RONGLY ) ! WORDS ( ,JOE ,HILL AS HE FAC$ A FIR+ SQUAD 9 ,UTAH3 0,DON'T M\RN - ORGANIZE60 

,= !IR P>T1 AN>*I/S HI/ORICALLY DI/RU/$ ORGANIZATION4 ,LEAD+ FIGURES ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM SU* AS ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO & ,F$]ICO ,URALES VIEW$ ! =MATION ( ! ,C,N,T ) DEEP SUSPICION1 IF NOT \TRI<T HO/ILITY4 ,A*IEV+ A CREATIVE UNION BETWE5 ! MORE MADCAP MEMB]S ( ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I71 :O 9 FACT W]E TRUE TO !IR AN>*I/ PRECEPTS1 & ! SYNDICALI/S WAS DIFFICULT2 FRACTI\S DISPUTES (T5 %R$D$ ! ,C,N,T &1 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 L$ TO AN \TRI<T SPLIT4.<#c#a.> 

,! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 9 #aicf CREAT$ A DECISIVE CRISIS ?AT TE/$ ! V]Y 9TEGRITY ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 IT *ALL5G$ AN>*ISM TO DEAL ) ! S]I\S QUE/ION ( ACQUIR+ & HOLD+ P[]4 

,ON ,JULY #b#a1 #a#i#c#f1 ! WORK]S ( ,CATALONIA & ESPECIALLY ITS CAPITAL1 ,B>CELONA1 DEFEAT$ ! REBEL =CES ( ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO & !REBY GA9$ CONTROL OV] ONE ( ,SPA9'S L>GE/ & MO/ 9DU/RIALIZ$ PROV9CES1 9CLUD+ MANY IMPORTANT CITIES ALONG ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/ & A CONSID]ABLE AGR>IAN >EA4 ,9 ! FACE ( ! CONFLICT1 ! ,CATALAN /ATE 9/ITUTIONS EI!R FL\ND]$ HELPLESSLY OR DISSOLV$4 ,SOME?+ UNPREC$5T$ 9 MOD]N HI/ORY !N TOOK PLACE3 AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T F\ND ITSELF 9 A POSITION ( P[]4 ,P>TLY AS ! RESULT ( AN 9DIG5\S LIB]T>IAN TRADITION & P>TLY AS A RESULT ( ! 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY ! ,C,N,T1 ,SPA9'S MASS REVOLUTION>Y-SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNION WAS POSSESS$ ( ! AU?ORITY TO CREATE A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY & ! 9/ITUTIONS TO /RUCTURE IT4 

,! ,C,N,T MEMB]%IP PROCE$$ TO CREATE A DAZZL+ S]IES ( LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 ! CITIES IT ORGANIZ$ A HUGE NETWORK ( DEF5SE1 NEI<BORHOOD1 FACTORY1 SUPPLY1 & TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEES & ASSEMBLIES1 :ILE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ! MORE RADICAL PEASANTRY 7A SIZABLE P>T ( ! AGR>IAN POPULATION7 TOOK OV] & COLLECTIVIZ$ ! L&4 ,CATALONIA & ITS POPULATION W]E PROTECT$ AGA9/ A POSSIBLE C\NT]ATTACK BY A REVOLUTION>Y MILITIA1 :I*1 NOT)/&+ ITS (T5 >*AIC WEAPONS1 WAS SUFFICI5TLY WELL >M$ TO HAVE DEFEAT$ ! REBEL >MY & POLICE =CE4 ,?IS COMMITTEE SY/EM ASSUM$ CONTROL OV] ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE ( EA/]N COA/AL ,SPA9 & P>TS ( ! P59SULA'S 9T]IOR4 ,IT CONTROLL$ NE>LY EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 ,B>CELONA1 FROM ! FE$+ ( ! CITY'S POPULATION TO ITS SAFETY4 

,! COMMITTEE /RUCTURE HAD NOT BE5 CREAT$ BY AN ELITE GR\P1 SU* AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT DECID$LY EM]G$1 UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ,C,N,T MILITANTS1 FROM ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ,CATALONIA !MSELVES - TO ! SURPRISE & EV5 ! PAT5T UNEASE ( MO/ ( ! ,C,N,T'S REGIONAL & NATIONAL LEAD]S1 :O SEEM$ TO BE UNN]V$ & ?R[N (F BALANCE BY ! RAPID TEMPO ( REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS4 ,NOT)/&+ !IR REPUTATION = 9DISCIPL9E1 ! MAJORITY ( ,C,N,T MEMB]S1 OR C5ETI/AS1 W]E LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALI/S RA!R ?AN AN>*I/S2 !Y W]E /RONGLY COMMITT$ TO A WELL-/RUCTUR$1 DEMOCRATIC1 DISCIPL9$1 & COORD9AT$ ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ,JULY #aicf !Y ACT$1 (T5 ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE1 TO CREATE !SE C\NCILS1 COMMITTEES1 & ASSEMBLIES1 BREAK+ ?R\< ALL PR$ET]M9$ IDEOLOGIES )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,! RESULT WAS ?AT !Y %ATT]$ ! B\RGEOIS /ATE-MA*9E & CREAT$ A RADICALLY NEW GOV]NM5T OR POLITY 9 :I* !Y !MSELVES EX]CIS$ DIRECT CONTROL OV] PUBLIC & ECONOMIC AFFAIRS ?R\< 9/ITUTIONS ( !IR [N MAK+4 ,= SEV]AL MON?S ! ,C,N,T'S GRASSROOTS PROLET>IAN & PEASANT MILITANTS PROVID$ R>E EXAMPLES ( ! USE ( F$]ATIVE PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMIC CONTROL1 9 CONTRA/ TO PRIVATE OR /ATI/ ME?ODS1 TO EFFECTIVELY MANAGE PRODUCTION 9 ! CITIES & ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,PUT BLUNTLY1 !Y TOOK P[] BY DE/ROY+ ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS & CREAT+ RADICALLY NEW ONES :OSE =M & SUB/ANCE GAVE ! MASSES ! RI<T TO DET]M9E ! OP]ATIONS ( ECONOMY & POLITY4.<#c#b.> 

,:AT !Y CREAT$ WAS A LIB]T>IAN GOV]NM5T1 ONE ?AT CON/ITUT$ ! AU!NTIC P[] 9 ! EXPANSIVE >EAS 9 :I* !Y EXI/$4.<#c#c.> ,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ WORK]S CLE>LY DESIR$ TO PREV5T ! LIB]ALS & CONS]VATIVES :O HAD RUN ! (FICIAL ,SPANI% /ATE 7& UND] :OSE COV] ! >MY REBELS HAD PLOTT$ & EXECUT$ !IR REBELLION7 FROM RETURN+ TO P[]4 ,! COMMITTEE /RUCTURE 9/ITUTIONALLY EMBODI$ ! DESIRE ( MO/ WORK]S 9 ! L>GE >EA :]E IT WAS E/ABLI%$ TO TAKE OV] SOCIETY & MANAGE IT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! OPPRESS$2 9 FACT1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 ,NEV] WAS AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 9 A MORE FAVORABLE POSITION 9 ITS HI/ORY TO DECL>E LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 !IR /AT$ SOCIAL GOAL4 ,MANY ( ! COMMITTEES W]E EAG] TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ,C,N,T W\LD IDEOLOGICALLY LEGITIMATE !IR EXI/5CE & PROVIDE !M ) ! GUIDANCE NE$$ TO A*IEVE A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,!Y !RE=E TURN$ TO ,C,N,T - OR RA!R TO ! UNION'S 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS0 7AS ,C,N,T LEAD]S W]E EUPHEMI/ICALLY CALL$7 - TO COORD9ATE ! NEW 9/ITUTIONS 9TO AN EFFECTIVE GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,D[NFALL ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM 

  

,! /RUCTURE ! ,CATALAN WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD CREAT$ 9 FACT /OOD AT ODDS ) ! 9DIVIDUALISM EMPHASIZ$ BY AN>*ISM4 ,9 ?IS SITUATION1 ! AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY EMBRAC$ BY ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP GAVE !M NO TOOLS TO FUNCTION APPROPRIATELY4 ,AFT] ALL1 PURE AN>*ISM HAS NO?+ TO DO ) GOV]NM5T - 9DE$ IT REJECTS GOV]NM5T1 EV5 LIB]T>IAN1 POPUL> GOV]NM5T1 ON ! BASIS ?AT ALL GOV]NM5TS >E 9H]5TLY /ATES4 

,NONE!LESS1 ALMO/ AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 ! ,C,N,T MEMB]%IP GAVE ITS UNION LEAD]%IP ! AU?ORITY TO ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T & PROVIDE IT ) POLITICAL DIRECTION4 ,AFT] ALL1 = YE>S ! ,C,N,T HAD CONT9U\SLY PROPAGAT$ REVOLUTIONS & UPRIS+S2 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS IT HAD TAK5 UP >MS AGA9 & AGA91 )\T ! LEA/ PROSPECT ( ACTUALLY BE+ ABLE TO *ANGE ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,N[ 9 #a#i#c#f1 AS ITS MEMB]%IP LOOK$ TO IT = COORD9ATION1 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP C\LD F9ALLY HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON SOCIETY4 

,:AT DID IT DO8 ,APP>5TLY IT /OOD >\ND ) A PUZZL$ LOOK1 AS IF ORPHAN$ BY ! V]Y SUCCESS ( ITS WORK+-CLASS MEMB]S 9 A*IEV+ ! GOALS EMB$D$ 9 ITS RHETORIC4 ,?IS CONFUSION WAS NOT ! RESULT ( A FAILURE ( N]VE2 IT /EMM$ FROM A FAILURE ( ! ,C,N,T'S !ORETICAL 9SI<T4 ,= 9 ! EYES ( ! 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS10 ! COMMITTEE /RUCTURE ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y WORKS HAD CREAT$1 & ?AT N[ RAN A V]Y L>GE P>T ( ,SPA91 BORE SOME RESEMBLANCE TO ?AT P]5NIAL NI<TM>E ?AT HAUNT$ ! AN>*I/ TRADITION FROM ITS 9CEPTION3 A /ATE4 

,ON ,JULY #b#c1 A M]E TWO DAYS AFT] ! WORK]S' VICTORY OV] ! ,FRANCOI/ UPRIS+1 A ,CATALAN REGIONAL PL5UM ( ! ,C,N,T CONV5$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,H]E ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP W\LD DECIDE :AT TO DO ) ! P[] ?AT ! WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD F\<T = 9 ! /REETS & VILLAGES & !N (F]$ UP TO IT4 ,! LEAD]%IP C\LD HAVE ACCEPT$ ?AT P[] & DECID$ TO USE IT TO TRANS=M ! SOCIAL ORD] 9 ! CONSID]ABLE & /RATEGIC >EA ( ,SPA9 ?AT WAS N[ UND] ! UNION'S DE FACTO CONTROL4 ,IT C\LD HAVE DECL>$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & ! 5D ( ! OLD POLITICAL & SOCIAL ORD]4 ,IT C\LD HAVE CREAT$ A 0,B>CELONA ,COMMUNE10 ONE ?AT MI<T HAVE BE5 NO MORE P]MAN5T ?AN ! 0,P>IS ,COMMUNE0 BUT W\LD HAVE BE5 F> MORE MEMORABLE & 9SPIR+ TO LAT] G5]ATIONS4 ,A FEW DELEGATES FROM ! MILITANT ,BAJO DE ,LLOBREGAT REGION 7ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CITY71 & ! ,C,N,T MILITANT ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 F]V5TLY DEM&$ ?AT ! PL5UM DO JU/ ?IS3 CLAIM ! P[] IT ALREADY POSSESS$ & PROCLAIM LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 

,BUT TO ! A/ONI%M5T ( !SE MILITANTS1 ! PL5UM'S MEMB]S F\ND !MSELVES RELUCTANT TO TAKE ?IS DECISIVE MEASURE4 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y & ! >GUM5TS ( ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN 7TWO ,C,N,T LEAD]S7 URG$ ! PL5UM NOT TO TAKE ?IS MOVE1 D5\NC+ IT AS A 0,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[]40 ,!IR ORATORY PREVAIL$4 ,BETRAY+ ! HI/ORIC TRU/ ( ITS CLASS1 ! ,C,N,T PL5>Y 9/EAD VOT$ TO E/ABLI% A COALITION GOV]NM5T ALONG ) ALL ! O!R P>TIES 9 ,B>CELONA ?AT HAD OPPOS$ ! MILIT>Y REBELLION4 ,?IS NEW BODY1 CALL$ ! ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,MILITIA ,COMMITTEE1 9CLUD$ ! B\RGEOIS LIB]ALS & ! ,/AL9I/S4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP SURR5D]$ ITS [N P[] BY 5T]+ 9TO ?IS 0,PEOPLE'S ,FRONT0 /YLE GOV]NM5T4 ,9CR$IBLY1 ALL !SE P>TIES & UNIONS W]E GRANT$ REPRES5TATION ON ! BASIS ( P>ITY1 NOT 9 PROPORTION TO !IR MEMB]%IPS1 :I* W\LD HAVE C]TA9LY PROVID$ ! ,C,N,T ) A COMM&+ MAJORITY ON ! COMMITTEE4 

,! MONUM5TAL NATURE ( ?IS ]ROR %\LD BE FULLY APPRECIAT$ BECAUSE IT REVEALS ALL ?AT IS 9T]NALLY CONTRADICTORY AB\T AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY4 ,BY MI/AK+ A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T = A /ATE1 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP REJECT$ POLITICAL P[] 9 ,CATALONIA AT A TIME :5 IT WAS ACTUALLY 9 !IR H&S4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! ,C,N,T TURN$ ! P[] ?AT ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES HAD VE/$ 9 !IR H&S OV] TO A NEW /ATE - & EV5TUALLY1 A FEW MON?S LAT]1 TO ! B\RGEOIS ,G5]ALIDAD ITSELF4 ,! ,C,N,T REMA9$ 0PURE0 IDEOLOGICALLY1 BUT ONLY BY ACT+ AS A CONDUIT TO TRANS=M WORK]S' P[] 9TO CAPITALI/S' P[]4 ,?AT IS1 ! PL5UM DID NOT ELIM9ATE P[] AS SU*2 IT M]ELY TRANSF]R$ IT TO ITS TREA*]\S 0ALLIES40 

,9 TAK+ ITS ACTION1 ! ,C,N,T REVEAL$ ?AT :ILE IT C\LD MILITANTLY PROTE/ ! ABUSES ( CAPITALISM1 IT LACK$ ANY !ORETICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY TO REPLACE IT4 ,IT WAS 9CAPABLE ( DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 A WORK]- PEASANT GOV]NM5T ?AT ! MASSES HAD CREAT$ FROM BEL[ & A CAPITALI/ /ATE 7OR1 EV5 MORE PA!TICALLY1 A ,/AL9I/-TYPE DICTATOR%IP7 C>EFULLY CONTRIV$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE FROM ABOVE4 ,BY EXPRESSLY REJECT+ ! TAK+ ( ! P[] AS 0/ATI/10 EV5 0,BOL%EVI/IC0 & 0DICTATORIAL10 IT P]MITT$ ! B\RGEOISIE TO OCCUPY ! P[] >5A4 ,?IS 5SUR$ ! ACTUAL TRANSF] ( P[] AWAY FROM ! WORK]S & PEASANTS & 9TO ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! ,/AL9I/S1 :O !N PROCE$$ TO CONSOLIDATE !IR P[] & EV5TUALLY US$ IT TO DE/ROY ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T4 ,ADD+ 9SULT TO 9JURY1 ! ,C,N,T SOON JO9$ ! ,G5]ALIDAD1 & ! P[] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S & PEASANTS ?US PASS$ TO ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 

,:Y DID ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP DECIDE TO TRANSF] ITS P[] TO ! ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,MILITIA ,COMMITTEE8 ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 :O WAS ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL >*ITECTS ( ?IS CURI\S POLICY1 LAT] >TICULAT$ ! TWI/$ LOGIC3  
  

,WE C\LD HAVE REMA9$ ALONE1 IMPOS$ \R ABSOLUTE WILL1 DECL>$ ! ,G5]ALIDAD NULL & VOID1 & IMPOS$ ! TRUE P[] ( ! PEOPLE 9 ITS PLACE1 BUT WE DID NOT BELIEVE 9 DICTATOR%IP :5 IT WAS BE+ EX]CIS$ AGA9/ US1 & WE DID NOT WANT IT :5 WE C\LD HAVE EX]CIS$ IT \RSELVES ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( O!RS4 ,! ,G5]ALIDAD W\LD REMA9 9 =CE ) ,PRESID5T ,COMPANYS AT ITS HEAD1 & ! POPUL> =CES W\LD ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO MILITIAS TO C>RY ON ! /RUGGLE = ! LIB]ATION ( ,SPA94.<#c#d.>  
  

,?IS /ATEM5T1 REIT]AT$ 9 DIFF]5T WAYS BY NE>LY ALL ! LEAD+ FIGURES ( ! ,C,N,T1 COMB9ES \TRI<T FALSEHOOD ) NUMB+ /UPIDITY4 ,HAD ! ,C,N,T TAK5 ! P[]1 IT W\LD NOT HAVE 0REMA9$ ALONE40 ,ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S &1 P]HAPS1 A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( ! 5LI<T5$ PETTY B\RGEOISIE 9 ,CATALONIA W\LD HAVE SUPPORT$ IT4 ,C]TA9LY ! ,P,\,M1 A L>GE ANTI- ,/AL9I/ ,M>XI/ P>TY 9 ! PROV9CE1 W\LD HAVE ACTIVELY SUPPORT$ A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T4 ,EV5 ! ,/AL9I/ LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ,U,G,T 7BO? ( :I* W]E QUITE SMALL 9 #a#i#c#f7 W\LD MO/ LIKELY HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO PREV5T A MAJORITY ( !IR MEMB]S FROM SUPPORT+ WORK]S' P[] 9 ,CATALONIA4 

,NOR W\LD A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T HAVE HAD TO BE A 0DICTATOR%IP0 9 ANY USUAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,IT C\LD HAVE BE5 QUITE DEMOCRATIC1 9DE$ LIB]T>IAN1 & /ILL FUNCTION$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS & O!R OPPRESS$ /RATA4 ,/RUCTUR$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 A POPUL> P[] OR GOV]NM5T ?AT C\LD HAVE ALL[$ A FREE PRESS1 FREE EXPRESSION1 & PUBLIC CRITICISM4 ,EV5 ! MIDDLE-CLASS PRESS1 PROVID$ ?AT IT DID NOT 9CITE PEOPLE TO >M$ REBELLION AGA9/ ! NEW WORK]S' REGIME1 MI<T HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO PUBLI% ITS CRITICISMS4 ,TRUE1 ! FACTORIES W\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 OV] BY WORK]S' COMMITTEES1 BUT =M] TE*NICIANS & EV5 [N]S C\LD HAVE BE5 EMPLOY$ = !IR EXP]TIZE4 ,9 ONE OR ANO!R P]MUTATION1 ,CATALONIA C\LD HAVE BE5 RECREAT$ AS A TOL]ANT1 EV5 OP5 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ REGION FROM A CIVIL LIB]TIES' /&PO9T4 

,BUT ?IS WAS NOT TO BE4 ,! ,C,N,T'S 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS0 W]E W$D$ TO A PSEUDO-!ORY ?AT P]CEIV$ NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 A GOV]NM5T & A /ATE4 ,!Y W]E BL9D TO ! FACT ?AT NO B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T SU* AS ! ,G5]ALIDAD W\LD P]MIT ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T TO EX]CISE EFFECTIVE P[] ONCE E>LY REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM AMONG ! MASSES WAN$4 ,?US ! ,C,N,T'S %REWD OPPON5TS C\LD LEAD ! 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS0 BY ! NOSE1 /EP BY /EP1 9TO ! CLUT*ES ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 

,ACTUALLY1 9 ! 9T]V5+ YE>1 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]S DISCOV]$ ?AT !IR REJECTION ( P[] = ! ,CATALAN PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY DID NOT 9CLUDE A REJECTION ( P[] = !MSELVES AS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,F\R ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]S ACTUALLY AGRE$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE 9 ,MADRID1 AS CAB9ET M9I/]S4 ,BUT FIR/1 ) A RA!R ADOLESC5T CONC]N = =M RA!R ?AN CONT5T1 !Y TRI$ TO GET ! PRIME M9I/]1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 TO *ANGE ! /ATE'S NAME FROM ?AT ( A CAB9ET TO A 0,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL40 ,CABALL]O1 A HUMORLESS OLD SOCIAL DEMOCRAT1 SIMPLY TOLD ! ,C,N,T TO GO TO HELL - :]EUPON ! F\R AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 :O W]E NEV] NOTORI\S = !IR !ORETICAL 9SI<TS1 MEEKLY JO9$ ! ,MADRID /ATE AS \TRI<T M9I/]S 9 ! S]VICE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!RE1 !Y DUTIFULLY S]V$ ! B\RGEOIS /ATE AS LONG AS !Y W]E USEFUL1 UP TO ! CLOS+ DAYS ( ! CIVIL W>4 

,?US DID AN>*O-SYNDICALISM FOLL[ ! UNREL5T+ LOGIC ( EV5TS TO ! $GE ( ! POLITICAL CLIFF - & IGNOM9I\SLY JUMP (F1 BY ITS PRES5CE LEGITIMAT+ A /ATE ?AT IT WAS COMMITT$ TO OPPOSE4 

,NE$LESS TO EMPHASIZE1 ! OLD RUL+ CLASSES 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,C,N,T'S CAPITALI/ & PETTY-B\RGEOIS OPPON5TS1 CELEBRAT$ IT ALL4 ,AID$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S1 !Y EXHIBIT$ NO QUALMS 9 ACCEPT+ ! P[] ?AT ! AN>*I/S HAD DONAT$ TO !M4 ,9EVITABLY1 !Y US$ ! P[] ! WORK]S HAD WON TO CON/ITUTE !IR [N /ATE & SY/EMATICALLY DEMOLI% ALL ! /RATEGIC GA9S ! WORK]S HAD MADE4 

,9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#c#f1 ! NEWLY REEMP[]$ P>TIES SET \T TO DISMANTLE ! WORK]S' GOV]NM5T 9 ! REGION4 ,UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ?AT PROCESS OP5$ ! DOOR TO AN AU?ORIT>IAN ,/AL9I/ REGIME4 ,9DE$1 ! REBORN ,CATALAN /ATE1 9 ORD] TO EVISC]ATE ! P[] ( ! ,C,N,T WORK]S1 SOON BECAME A VIOL5TLY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9/RUM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! ,/AL9I/S4 ,SY/EMATICALLY & ) >M$ =CE1 IT SWEPT AWAY ! COMMITTEE SY/EM1 IT RE/OR$ ! OLD POLICE =CES 7UND] NEW NAMES71 & IT SO ABRIDG$ WORK]S' CONTROL & MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORIES ?AT !IR ROLE = ! RE/ ( ! CIVIL W> WAS 9EFFECTIVE4 ,EV5TUALLY1 IT HUNT$ D[N1 >RE/$1 & (T5 EXECUT$ MILITANT ,C,N,T & ,P,\,M MEMB]S4 ,IT F9ALLY BOOT$ ! ,C,N,T \T ( ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T1 & ! ,/AL9I/S HAD A FREE H& TO FUR!R EFFACE ! REVOLUTION & H\ND ITS SUPPORT]S4 

,RA!R ?AN REFUSE ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC P[] ?AT ITS [N MEMB]S HAD (F]$ TO IT1 ! ,C,N,T PL5UM %\LD HAVE ACCEPT$ IT & LEGITIMAT$ & APPROV$ ! NEW 9/ITUTIONS !Y HAD ALREADY CREAT$4 ,9/EAD1 ! T5SION BETWE5 METAPHORICAL CLAIMS & PA9FUL REALITIES F9ALLY BECAME 9TOL]ABLE1 & 9 ,MAY #aicg RESOLUTE ,C,N,T WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA W]E DRAWN 9TO OP5 BATTLE ) ! REVIV$ ,CATALAN /ATE 9 A BRIEF BUT BLOODY W> )9 ! CIVIL W>4 ,F9ALLY ! B\RGEOIS /ATE SUPPRESS$ ! LA/ MAJOR UPRIS+ ( ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 BUT*]+ HUNDR$S IF NOT ?\S&S ( ,C,N,T MILITANTS4 ,H[ MANY W]E KILL$ WILL NEV] BE KN[N1 BUT WE DO KN[ ?AT BE=E IT WAS OV]1 ! 9T]NALLY CONTRADICTORY IDEOLOGY CALL$ AN>*O-SYNDICALISM LO/ ! GREAT] P>T ( ! FOLL[+ IT HAD POSSESS$ 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#f4 

,ADDRESS+ ,P[] 

  

,PURE AN>*ISM SEEKS ABOVE ALL ! EMANCIPATION ( 9DIVIDUAL P]SONALITY FROM ALL E?ICAL1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL CON/RA9TS4 ,9 SO DO+1 IT FAILS TO ADDRESS ! CONCRETE ISSUE ( P[] ?AT CONFRONTS ALL REVOLUTION>IES 9 A P]IOD ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,RA!R ?AN ADDRESS H[ ! PEOPLE1 ORGANIZ$ 9TO CONF$]AT$ POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 MI<T CAPTURE P[] & CREATE A FULLY DEVELOP$ LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY1 AN>*I/S HAVE TRADITIONALLY CONCEIV$ ( P[] AS A MALIGNANT EVIL ?AT MU/ BE DE/ROY$4 ,PR\DHON1 = EXAMPLE1 ONCE /AT$ ?AT HE W\LD DIVIDE & SUBDIVIDE P[] UNTIL1 9 EFFECT1 IT CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,PR\DHON MAY WELL HAVE 9T5D$ ?AT GOV]NM5T %\LD BE R$UC$ TO A M9IMAL 5TITY1 BUT HIS /ATEM5T P]PETUATES ! ILLUSION ?AT P[] CAN ACTUALLY CEASE TO EXI/4 

,SPA9 REVEAL$ ! 9ABILITY ( ?IS ANTI-9TELLECTUAL1 ANTI-!ORETICAL1 & EGO-ORI5T$ IDEOLOGY 7H[EV] S9C]E & RADICAL ITS ADH]5TS7 TO COPE ) ! COMPELL+ ISSUES ( P[] & SOCIAL RECON/ITUTION4 ,HAV+ /AG$ NO LESS ?AN ?REE 9SURRECTIONS 9 #a#i#c#c1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S & !IR SYNDICALI/ ALLIES SEEM NEV] TO HAVE ASK$ !MSELVES :AT !Y W\LD DO IF !Y ACTUALLY SUCCE$$ 9 OV]?R[+ ! REPUBLIC4 ,AS A MATT] ( SELF-DEF9+ DOGMA1 AN>*ISM ES*EWS ! CREATION ( 9/ITUTIONAL P[]4 ,BUT 9 ,SPA9 AN>*I/S C\LD NOT TOL]ATE EV5 AN 5TITY ?AT HAD SPRUNG FROM ITS [N LO9S3 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' COMMITTEES4 ,TO /& AT ! HEAD ( !SE COMMITTEES & SIMPLY TAKE CONTROL OV] ,CATALONIA & O!R >EAS W\LD HAVE VIOLAT$ A SELF-DEF9+ PR9CIPLE1 BUT ONE ?AT ASSUR$ AN>*ISM'S 9EFFECTUALITY 9 A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 

,P[] ALWAYS EXI/S1 & IT MU/ ALWAYS BE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ - :E!R 9 DEMOCRATIC =MS LIKE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 COMMITTEES1 & C\NCILS1 OR P]NICI\SLY1 9 *IEFDOMS1 >I/OCRACIES1 MON>*IES1 REPUBLICS1 DICTATOR%IPS1 & TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES4 ,TO SUGGE/ ?AT P[] CAN BE ABOLI%$1 & ?AT 0EV]YONE0 MAY COME TO FEEL 0P]SONALLY EMP[]$10 IS TO PLAY ) PSY*OLOGICAL FALLACIES ?AT HAVE 9 ! PA/ L$ MORE ?AN ONE LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T TO COME TO GRIEF4 ,CONFUSION OV] ! NATURE ( POPUL> P[] CONTRIBUT$ TO POPUL> DISEMP[]M5T1 & TO ! DISEMP[]M5T ( POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS ! SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES ( #a#g#i#d1 ! REVOLUTION>Y CLUBS ( #a#h#d#h1 ! NEI<BORHOOD COMMITTEES ( #a#h#g#a1 ! SOVIETS ( #a#i#a#g1 & ! COMMITTEES & ASSEMBLIES ( #a#i#c#f4 

,! FACT IS ?AT P[] IS AS UBIQUIT\S AS GRAVITY4 ,JU/ AS GRAVITY IS ONE ( ! =CES ?AT HOLD ! UNIV]SE TOGE!R1 SO P[] IS ONE ( ! =CES ?AT HOLD ANY SOCIETY TOGE!R4 ,A DEF9+ FEATURE ( ANY SOCIETY - :E!R IT IS TRIBAL1 SLAVE1 FEUDAL1 CAPITALI/1 SOCIALI/1 COMMUNI/1 OR EV5 AN>*I/ - IS NOT :E!R P[] IS BE+ EX]CIS$ BUT H[4 ,TO >GUE ?AT SOCIAL P[] AS SU* IS SOMEH[ WRONG OR 0EVIL0 IS FALLACI\S4 ,:AT C\NTS IS :E!R IT BELONGS TO ! PEOPLE1 & BY :AT K9D ( 9/ITUTIONS IS IT BE+ EX]CIS$4 ,COMMUNALISM1 TO TAKE ONE EXAMPLE1 SEEKS AS ,I HAVE >GU$ TO TRANSF] P[] FROM ! /ATE TO ORGANIZ$ CONF$]ATIONS ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 

,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ EXP]I5CE CANNOT BE JUDG$ AS AN ANOMAL\S EV5T1 POSSIBLE ONLY ON AN ISOLAT$ P59SULA S\? ( ! ,PYR5EES4 ,IF WE >E TO LE>N ANY?+ FROM ?IS CRUCIAL ]ROR BY ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP1 IT IS ?AT P[] IS ALWAYS A FEATURE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE4 ,! REAL QUE/ION ?AT EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T FACES IS NOT :E!R P[] HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$1 BUT :]E IT IS LOCAT$3 9 9/ITUTIONS ?AT S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( OPPRESSIVE CLASSES & /RATA1 OR 9 ?OSE ?AT S]VE ! OPPRESS$2 WILL IT RE/ 9 ! H&S ( AN ELITE OR 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE8 

,?AT :I* IS 0PURE0 EXI/S ONLY )9 ! CONF9ES ( ! LABORATORY & ! WORK+S ( ! HUMAN BRA94 ,9 ! REAL WORLD1 :]E REAL PEOPLE1 ANIMALS1 & PLANTS LIVE1 IMPURITY IS UNAVOIDABLE2 ANY DEVELOPM5T1 *ANGE1 OR DIALECTIC YIELDS NEW ELEM5TS & PH5OM5A ?AT 9/ANTLY ADULT]ATE A SEEM+LY PURE PROCESS4 ,MANY ( ! />K DICTUMS HI/ORICALLY POS$ BY ! ,LEFT HAVE BE5 %[N TO BELIE ! AU!NTICITY ( ! REAL WORLD1 YIELD+ FALSE RESULTS = SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS4 ,DUR+ ! CLASSICAL P]IOD ( SOCIALISM MANY ,M>XI/S BELIEV$ IT 9EVITABLE ?AT SOCIALISM W\LD BE A*IEV$2 SIMIL>LY1 MANY AN>*I/S BELIEVE IT 9EVITABLE ?AT FRE$OM CAN EM]GE )\T BE+ CONDITION$ BY NECESSITY4 ,UNLESS ?OSE ( US ON ! LIB]T>IAN LEFT >E TO ACCEPT ! ABSURD NOTION ( A DECIVILIZ$ 0AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL10 WE MU/ CONC$E ?AT SOCIETY CANNOT EXI/ )\T ORGANIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT ABRIDGE PURE AUTONOMY BY SITUAT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL )9 CONTEXTUAL LIMITATIONS4 

,P[] ?AT IS NOT PLAC$ SECURELY 9 ! H&S ( ! MASSES MU/ 9EVITABLY FALL 9TO ! H&S ( !IR OPPRESSORS4 ,!RE IS NO CLOSET 9 :I* IT CAN BE TUCK$ AWAY1 NO BEWIT*+ RITUAL ?AT CAN MAKE IT EVAPORATE1 NO SUP]HUMAN REALM :]E IT CAN BE PLAC$ 9 RES]VE - & NO SIMPLI/IC IDEOLOGY CAN MAKE IT DISAPPE>4 ,SELF-/YL$ RADICALS MAY TRY TO IGNORE ! PROBLEM ( P[]1 AS ! ,C,N,T LEAD]S DID 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 BUT IT WILL REMA9 HIDD5 AT EV]Y MEET+1 LIE CONCEAL$ 9 PUBLIC ACTIVITIES1 & APPE> & REAPPE> AT EV]Y RALLY4 

,SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES1 F> FROM REMOV+ ! PROBLEM ( P[] FROM !IR FIELD ( VISION1 MU/ ADDRESS ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO GIVE P[] A CONCRETE 9/ITUTIONAL EMANCIPATORY =M4 ,TO BE SIL5T ) RESPECT TO ?IS QUE/ION1 & TO HIDE BEH9D SUP]ANNUAT$ IDEOLOGIES ?AT >E IRRELEVANT TO ! PRES5T OV]HEAT$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 IS M]ELY TO PLAY AT REVOLUTION1 EV5 TO MOCK ! MEMORY ( ! C\NTLESS MILITANTS :O HAVE GIV5 !IR ALL TO A*IEVE IT4 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,POLITICS ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM 
,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,POLITICS ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM 

  

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 & NOT A NEW V]SION ( ,PAUL ,BR\SSE'S RE=MI/ 0POSSIBILISM0 ( ! #a#h#iS4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9 NO WAY COMPROMISES ) P>LIAM5T>ISM1 RE=MI/ ATTEMPTS TO 0IMPROVE0 CAPITALISM1 OR ! P]PETUATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,LIMIT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! MUNICIPALITY AS ! LOCUS = POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM PROV9CIAL & /ATE GOV]NM5TS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( NATIONAL & SUPRANATIONAL GOV]NM5TS1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS REVOLUTION>Y TO ! CORE1 9 ! V]Y IMPORTANT S5SE ?AT IT SEEKS TO EXAC]BATE ! LAT5T & (T5 V]Y REAL T5SION BETWE5 ! MUNICIPALITY & ! /ATE1 & TO 5L>GE ! DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ( ! COMMUNE ?AT /ILL REMA91 AT ! EXP5SE ( /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT C\NT]POSES ! CONF$]ATION TO ! NATION-/ATE1 & LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM TO EXI/+ SY/EMS ( PRIVATE & NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS AN EXPLICIT ATTEMPT TO UPDATE ! TRADITIONAL AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ IDEAL ( ! F$]ATION ( COMMUNES OR 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES40 ,MORE SPECIFICALLY1 IT AIMS = ! CONF$]AL L9K+ ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ MUNICIPALITIES1 9 ! =M ( DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC POPUL> ASSEMBLIES AS WELL AS ! COLLECTIVE CONTROL OR 0[N]%IP0 ( SOCIALLY IMPORTANT PROP]TY4 

,:]E AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S 9 ! PA/ HAVE REG>D$ ! F$]ATION ( COMMUNES AS AN IDEAL TO BE A*IEV$ AFT] AN 9SURRECTION1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S1 ,I CONT5D1 REG>D ! F$]ATION - OR CONF$]ATION - ( COMMUNES AS A POLITICAL PRACTICE ?AT CAN BE DEVELOP$1 AT LEA/ P>TLY1 PRIOR TO AN \TRI<T REVOLUTION>Y CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE - A CONFRONTATION :I*1 9 MY VIEW1 CANNOT BE AVOID$ &1 IF ANY?+1 %\LD BE 5C\RAG$ BY 9CREAS+ ! T5SION BETWE5 ! /ATE & CONF$]ATIONS ( MUNICIPALITIES4 ,9 FACT1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A COMMUNALI/ PRACTICE = CREAT+ A REVOLUTION>Y CULTURE1 & = BR++ REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9TO COMPLETE CON=MITY ) \R SOCIAL GOALS4 

,9 ! LA/ CASE1 IT UNIFIES PRACTICE & IDEAL 9TO A S+LE & COH]5T MEANS-&-5DS APPROA* = 9ITIAT+ A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 )\T ANY DISJUNCTION BETWE5 ! /RATEGY = A*IEV+ SU* A SOCIETY & ! SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,AT NO PO9T %\LD LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S CULTIVATE ! ILLUSION ?AT ! /ATE & B\RGEOISIE WILL ALL[ SU* A CONT9UUM TO F9D FULFILLM5T )\T OP5 /RUGGLE4 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MUNICIPALITY 

  

,IT W\LD BE HELPFUL TO PLACE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9 A BROAD HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ALL ! MORE TO UND]/& ITS REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS G5]ALLY AS WELL AS ITS PLACE 9 ! REP]TOIRE ( ANTI-/ATI/ PRACTICES4 ,! T[N OR CITY1 OR1 MORE BROADLY1 ! MUNICIPALITY1 IS NOT M]ELY A 0SPACE0 CREAT$ BY A GIV5 D5SITY ( HUMAN HABITATIONS4 ,9 T]MS ( ITS HI/ORY AS A CIVILIZ+ T5D5CY 9 HUMANITY'S DEVELOPM5T1 ! MUNICIPALITY IS 9TEGRALLY P>T ( ! SWEEP+ PROCESS :]EBY HUMAN BE+S BEGAN TO DISSOLVE BIOLOGICALLY CONDITION$ SOCIAL RELATIONS BAS$ ON REAL OR FICTITI\S BLOOD TIES1 ) !IR PRIMORDIAL HO/ILITY TO 0/RANG]S10 & SL[LY REPLACE !M BY L>GELY SOCIAL & RATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 RI<TS1 & DUTIES ?AT 9CREAS+LY 5COMPASS$ ALL RESID5TS ( AN URBAN SPACE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( CONSANGU9ITY & BIOLOGICAL FACTS4 ,! T[N1 CITY1 MUNICIPALITY1 OR COMMUNE 7! EQUIVAL5T WORD1 9 ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 = 0MUNICIPALITY07 WAS ! EM]G+ CIVIC SUB/ITUTE1 BAS$ ON RESID5CE & SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 = ! TRIBAL BLOOD GR\P1 :I* HAD BE5 BAS$ ON MY?S ( A COMMON ANCE/RY4 ,! MUNICIPALITY1 H[EV] SL[LY & 9COMPLETELY1 =M$ ! NECESS>Y CONDITION = HUMAN ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON RATIONAL DISC\RSE1 MAT]IAL 9T]E/1 & A SECUL> CULTURE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( & (T5 9 CONFLICT ) ANCE/RAL ROOTS & BLOOD TIES4 ,9DE$1 ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE CAN COME TOGE!R PEACEFULLY & %>E CREATIVELY 9 ! EX*ANGE ( IDEAS )\T HO/ILITY OR SUSPICION TODAY1 DESPITE \R DISP>ATE E?NIC1 L+UI/IC1 & NATIONAL BACKGR\NDS1 IS A GR& HI/ORIC A*IEVEM5T ( CIVILIZATION1 ONE ?AT IS ! WORK ( C5TURIES 9VOLV+ A PA9FUL DISC>D+ ( PRIMORDIAL DEF9ITIONS ( ANCE/RY1 & ! REPLACEM5T ( !SE >*AIC DEF9ITIONS BY REASON1 KN[L$GE1 & A GR[+ S5SE ( \R /ATUS AS MEMB]S ( A COMMON HUMANITY4 

,9 GREAT P>T1 ?IS HUMANIZ+ DEVELOPM5T WAS ! WORK ( ! MUNICIPALITY - ! 9CREAS+LY FREE SPACE 9 :I* PEOPLE1 AS PEOPLE1 BEGAN TO SEE EA* O!R REALI/ICALLY1 /EADILY UNFETT]$ BY >*AIC NOTIONS ( BIOLOGICAL CONSANGU9ITY1 TRIBAL AFFILIATIONS1 & A MY/ICAL1 TRADITION-LAD51 & P>O*IAL ID5TITY4 ,I DO NOT CONT5D ?AT ?IS PROCESS ( CIVILIZATION HAS BE5 COMPLETELY A*IEV$4 ,F> FROM IT4 ,)\T ! EXI/5CE ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 ! MUNICIPALITY CAN EASILY BECOME A MEGALOPOLIS1 9 :I* COMMUNITY1 H[EV] SECUL>1 IS REPLAC$ BY ATOMIZATION & AN 9HUMAN SOCIAL SCALE BEYOND ! COMPREH5SION ( ITS CITIZ5S - 9DE$1 BECOMES ! SPACE = CLASS1 RACIAL1 RELIGI\S1 & O!R IRRATIONAL CONFLICTS4 

,BUT BO? HI/ORICALLY & CONTEMPORANE\SLY1 CITIFICATION =MS ! NECESS>Y CONDITION - ALBEIT BY NO MEANS FULLY ACTUALIZ$ - = ! REALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY TO BECOME FULLY HUMAN1 RATIONAL1 & COLLECTIVI/IC1 !REBY %$D+ DIVISIVE1 ESS5TIALLY ANIMALI/IC DIVISIONS BAS$ ON PRESUM$ BLOOD AFFILIATIONS & DIFF]5CES1 M9DLESS CU/OM1 FE>FUL IMAG9>IES1 & A NON-RATIONAL1 (T5 9TUITIONAL1 NOTION ( RI<TS & DUTIES4 

,H5CE ! MUNICIPALITY IS ! POT5TIAL >5A = REALIZ+ ! GREAT GOAL ( TRANS=M+ P>O*IALIZ$ HUMAN BE+S 9TO TRULY UNIV]SAL HUMAN BE+S1 A G5U9E HUMANITAS1 DIVE/$ ( ! D>K] ANIMALI/IC ATTRIBUTES ( ! PRIMORDIAL WORLD4 ,! RATIONAL MUNICIPALITY 9 :I* ALL HUMAN BE+S CAN BE CITIZ5S - IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR E?NIC BACKGR\ND & IDEOLOGICAL CONVICTIONS - CON/ITUTES ! TRUE >5A ( A COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY4 ,METAPHORICALLY SPEAK+1 IT IS NOT ONLY A DESID]ATUM = RATIONAL HUMAN BE+S1 )\T :I* A FREE SOCIETY IS IMPOSSIBLE2 IT IS ALSO ! FUTURE ( A RATIONAL HUMANITY1 ! 9DISP5SABLE SPACE = ACTUALIZ+ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 

,I DO NOT PRESUME TO CLAIM ?AT A CONF$]ATION ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITIES - A ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES - HAS EV] EXI/$ 9 ! PA/4 ,YET NO MATT] H[ FREQU5TLY ,I DISCLAIM ! EXI/5CE ( ANY HI/ORICAL 0MODELS0 & 0P>ADIGMS0 = LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITIES1 MY CRITICS /ILL TRY TO SADDLE ME ) ! MANY SOCIAL DEFECTS ( ,A!NS1 REVOLUTION>Y ,NEW ,5GL& T[NS1 & ! LIKE1 AS IF !Y W]E SOMEH[ AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( MY 0IDEALS40 ,?IS CRITICISM IS CYNICAL DEMAGOGY & B5EA? CONTEMPT4 ,I PRIVILEGE NO S+LE CITY OR GR\P ( CITIES - BE !Y CLASSICAL ,A!NS1 ! FREE CITIES ( ! M$IEVAL WORLD1 ! T[N MEET+S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! SECTIONS ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 OR ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ COLLECTIVES ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION - AS ! FULL ACTUALIZATION1 /ILL LESS ! COMPREH5SIVE 0MODELS0 OR 0P>ADIGMS10 ( ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ VISION4 

,YET SIGNIFICANT FEATURES - DESPITE V>I\S1 (T5 UNAVOIDABLE1 DI/ORTIONS - EXI/$ AMONG ALL ( !SE MUNICIPALITIES & ! F$]ATIONS ?AT !Y =M$4 ,!IR VALUE = US LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT WE CAN LE>N FROM ALL ( !M AB\T ! WAYS 9 :I* !Y PRACTIC$ ! DEMOCRATIC PRECEPTS BY :I* !Y W]E GUID$2 & WE CAN 9CORPORATE ! BE/ ( !IR 9/ITUTIONS = \R [N & FUTURE TIMES1 /UDY !IR DEFECTS1 & GA9 9SPIRATION FROM ! FACT ?AT !Y DID EXI/ & FUNCTION$ ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS = G5]ATIONS1 IF NOT C5TURIES4 

,AT PRES5T1 ,I ?9K IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT :5 WE ADVANCE A POLITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 WE >E NOT 5GAG$ 9 DISCUSS+ A M]E TACTIC OR /RATEGY = CREAT+ A PUBLIC SPH]E2 RA!R1 WE >E TRY+ TO CREATE A NEW POLITICAL CULTURE ?AT IS NOT ONLY CONSI/5T ) \R COMMUNALI/ GOALS BUT ?AT 9CLUDES REAL EF=TS TO ACTUALIZE !SE GOALS1 FULLY COGNIZANT ( ALL ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT FACE US & ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ?AT !Y HOLD = US 9 ! YE>S AHEAD4 

,LET ME NOTE H]E ?AT ! 0NEI<BORHOOD0 IS NOT M]ELY ! PLACE :]E PEOPLE MAKE !IR HOMES1 RE> !IR *ILDR51 & PUR*ASE MANY ( !IR GOODS4 ,UND] A MORE POLITICAL COLORATION1 SO TO SPEAK1 A NEI<BORHOOD MAY WELL 9CLUDE ?OSE VITAL SPACES :]E PEOPLE CONGREGATE TO DISCUSS POLITICAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL ISSUES4 ,9DE$1 IT IS ! EXT5T TO :I* PUBLIC ISSUES >E OP5LY DISCUSS$ 9 A CITY OR T[N ?AT TRULY DEF9ES ! NEI<BORHOOD AS AN IMPORTANT POLITICAL & P[] SPACE4 

,BY ?IS ,I DO NOT MEAN ONLY AN ASSEMBLY1 :]E CITIZ5S DISCUSS & GIRD !MSELVES TO FI<T = SPECIFIC POLICIES2 ,I ALSO MEAN ! NEI<BORHOOD AS ! C5T] ( A T[N1 :]E CITIZ5S MAY GA!R AS A L>GE GR\P TO %>E !IR VIEWS & GIVE PUBLIC EXPRESSION TO !IR POLICIES4 ,?IS WAS ! FUNCTION ( ! ,A!NIAN AGORA1 = EXAMPLE1 & ! T[N SQU>ES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! SPACES = POLITICAL LIFE MAY BE MULTIPLE1 BUT !Y >E G5]ALLY HI<LY SPECIFIC & DEF9ABLE1 NOT R&OM OR AD HOC4 

,SU* ESS5TIALLY POLITICAL NEI<BORHOODS HAVE (T5 APPE>$ 9 TIMES ( UNRE/1 :5 SIZABLE NUMB]S ( 9DIVIDUALS SPONTANE\SLY OCCUPY SPACES = DISCUSSION1 AS 9 ! ,HELL5IC AGORA4 ,I RECALL !M DUR+ MY [N Y\? 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 9 ,UNION ,SQU>E & ,CROTONA ,P>K1 :]E HUNDR$S & POSSIBLY ?\S&S ( M5 & WOM5 APPE>$ WEEKLY TO 9=MALLY DISCUSS ! ISSUES ( ! DAY4 ,HYDE ,P>K 9 ,LONDON CON/ITUT$ SU* A CIVIC SPACE1 AS DID ! ,PALAIS-,ROYAL 9 ,P>IS1 :I* WAS ! BRE$+ GR\ND ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#c4 

,& DUR+ ! E>LY DAYS ( ! #ahdh REVOLUTION 9 ,P>IS1 SCORES 7POSSIBLY HUNDR$S7 ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY HALLS EXI/$ AS CLUBS & =UMS & POT5TIALLY =M$ ! BASIS = A RE/ORATION ( ! OLD] NEI<BORHOOD SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c4 ,! BE/ E/IMATES 9DICATE ?AT CLUB MEMB]%IP DID NOT EXCE$ #g1 \T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( AB\T A MILLION RESID5TS4 ,YET HAD ?IS CLUB MOVEM5T BE5 COORD9AT$ BY AN ACTIVE & POLITICALLY COH]5T REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 IT C\LD HAVE BECOME A =MIDABLE1 POSSIBLY A SUCCESSFUL1 =CE DUR+ ! WEEKS ( CRISIS ?AT L$ TO ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S4 

,!RE IS NO REASON1 9 PR9CIPLE1 :Y SU* SPACES & ! PEOPLE :O REGUL>LY OCCUPY !M CANNOT BECOME CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES AS WELL4 ,9DE$1 LIKE C]TA9 SECTIONS 9 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 !Y MAY WELL TAKE A LEAD+ ROLE 9 SP>K+ A REVOLUTION & PU%+ IT =W>D TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION4 

,RECREAT+ A ,POLITICAL ,SPH]E 

  

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM SEEKS TO GO BEYOND ! PROBLEMS & LIMITATIONS 9 CLASSICAL AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ !ORY4 ,ABOVE ALL BY 9SI/+ ?AT A POLITICAL SPH]E1 DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! /ATE & POT5TIALLY LIB]T>IAN 9 ITS POSSIBILITIES1 MU/ BE ACKN[L$G$1 & ITS POT5TIALITIES = A TRULY LIB]T>IAN POLITICS MU/ BE EXPLOR$4 ,WE CANNOT SIMPLY CONT5T \RSELVES ) SIMPLI/ICALLY DIVID+ CIVILIZATION 9TO A WORKADAY WORLD ( EV]YDAY LIFE ?AT IS PROP]LY SOCIAL1 AS ,I CALL IT1 9 :I* WE REPRODUCE ! CONDITIONS ( \R 9DIVIDUAL EXI/5CE AT WORK1 9 ! HOME1 & AMONG \R FRI5DS1 &1 ! WORLD ( ! /ATE1 :I* R$UCES US AT BE/ TO DOCILE OBS]V]S ( ! ACTIVITIES ( PR(ESSIONALS :O ADM9I/] \R CIVIC & NATIONAL AFFAIRS4 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO WORLDS IS /ILL ANO!R WORLD1 ! REALM ( ! POLITICAL1 :]E \R ANCE/ORS 9 ! PA/1 AT V>I\S TIMES & PLACES HI/ORICALLY1 EX]CIS$ V>Y+ DEGREES ( CONTROL OV] ! COMMUNE & ! CONF$]ATION TO :I* IT BELONG$4 

,IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 A LACUNA 9 AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ !ORY ?AT ! POLITICAL WAS CONFLAT$ ) ! /ATE1 !REBY EFFAC+ A MAJOR DI/9CTION BETWE5 A POLITICAL SPH]E 9 :I* PEOPLE 9 V>Y+ DEGREES EX]CIS$ P[]1 (T5 ?R\< DIRECT ASSEMBLIES1 OV] !IR CIVIC 5VIRONM5T1 & ! /ATE1 9 :I* PEOPLE HAD NO DIRECT CONTROL1 (T5 NO CONTROL AT ALL1 OV] ?AT 5VIRONM5T4 

,IF POLITICS IS D5ATUR$ TO MEAN LITTLE MORE ?AN /ATECRAFT & ! MANIPULATION ( PEOPLE BY !IR SO-CALL$ 0REPRES5TATIVES10 !N A CONDITION ?AT HAS ACQUIR$ V>Y+ =MS ( EXPRESSION 9 ! CLASSICAL ,A!NIAN ASSEMBLY1 POPUL> M$IEVAL CIVIC ASSEMBLIES1 T[N MEET+S1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES ( ,P>IS1 IS CONV5I5TLY ]AS$1 & ! MULTITUD9\S 9/ITUTIONS = MANAG+ A MUNICIPALITY BECOME R$UCIBLE TO ! BEHAVIOR ( CYNICAL P>LIAM5T>IANS1 OR WORSE4 ,YET1 IT IS A GROSS SIMPLIFICATION ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & ! WORLD 9 :I* WE LIVE TO SEE ! POLITICAL SIMPLY AS ! PRACTICE ( /ATECRAFT4 ,JU/ AS ! TRIBE EM]G$ LONG BE=E ! CITY1 SO ! CITY EM]G$ LONG BE=E ! /ATE - 9DE$1 (T5 9 OPPOSITION TO IT4 ,MESOPOTAMIAN CITIES1 APPE>+ 9 ! L& BETWE5 ! ,TIGRIS & ,EUPHRATES RIV]S SOME #f1 YE>S AGO1 >E BELIEV$ TO HAVE BE5 MANAG$ BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES LONG BE=E !Y W]E =C$ BY 9T]CITY CONFLICTS TO E/ABLI% /ATE-LIKE 9/ITUTIONS & ULTIMATELY DESPOTIC IMP]IAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT WAS 9 !SE E>LY CITIES ?AT POLITICS - ?AT IS1 POPUL> WAYS ( MANAG+ ! CITY - W]E BORN & MAY V]Y WELL HAVE ?RIV$4 ,! /ATE FOLL[$ LAT] & ELABORAT$ ITSELF 9/ITUTIONALLY1 (T5 9 BITT] OPPOSITION TO T5D5CIES ?AT TRI$ TO RE/ORE POPUL> CONTROL OV] CIVIC AFFAIRS4 

,NOR CAN WE AF=D TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ! SAME CONFLICT ALSO EM]G$ 9 E>LY ,A!NS & PROBABLY O!R ,GREEK POLEIS LONG BE=E ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /ATE REA*$ A RELATIVELY HI< DEGREE ( COMPLETION4 ,ONE CAN SEE ! RECURR5CE ( SIMIL> CONFLICTS 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,GRAC*I BRO!RS & POPUL> ASSEMBLIES 9 ,ROME AGA9/ ! ELITI/ ,S5ATE &1 REPEAT$LY1 9 ! M$IEVAL CITIES1 LONG BE=E ! RISE ( LATE M$IEVAL >I/OCRACIES & ! ,B>OQUE MON>*IES ( ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURIES4 ,KROPOTK9 DID NOT WRITE NONS5SE :5 HE PO9T$ TO ! FREE CITIES ( ,EUROPE1 M>K$ NOT BY ! EXI/5CE ( /ATES BUT BY !IR ABS5CE4 

,9DE$1 LET US ALSO ACKN[L$GE ?AT ! /ATE ITSELF UND]W5T A PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T & DIFF]5TIATION1 AT TIMES DEVELOP+ NO FUR!R ?AN 9TO A LOOSE1 ALMO/ M9IMAL SY/EM ( CO]CION2 EXT5D+ FUR!R AT O!R TIMES 9TO AN EV]-GR[+ APP>ATUS2 F9ALLY1 9 ?IS C5TURY 9 P>TICUL>1 ACQUIR+ TOTALIT>IAN CONTROL OV] EV]Y ASPECT ( HUMAN EXI/5CE - AN APP>ATUS ?AT WAS ONLY TOO FAMILI> ?\S&S ( YE>S AGO 9 ,ASIA & EV5 9 ,9DIAN ,AM]ICA 9 PRE-,COLUMBIAN TIMES4 ,! CLASSICAL ,A!NIAN CITY-/ATE WAS ONLY P>TIALLY /ATI/2 IT CON/ITUT$ A FRAT]NITY1 (T5 RIV5 BY CLASS CONFLICTS1 ( SELECT CITIZ5S :O COLLECTIVELY OPPRESS$ SLAVES1 WOM51 & EV5 =EIGN RESID5TS4 ,! M$IEVAL /ATE WAS (T5 A MU* LOOS] /ATE =MATION ?AN1 SAY1 ! ,ROMAN IMP]IAL /ATE1 & AT V>I\S TIMES 9 HI/ORY 7ONE ?9KS ( ! COMUN]OS 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! SIXTE5? C5TURY & ! SECTIONS 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ! EI<TE5?7 ! /ATE ALMO/ COMPLETELY COLLAPS$ & DIRECT DEMOCRACIES BAS$ ON :AT APPROXIMAT$ COMMUNALI/ POLITICAL PR9CIPLES PLAY$ A HEGEMONIC ROLE 9 SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS CONC]N$ ) ?IS POLITICAL SPH]E1 9CLUD+ ASPECTS ( BASIC CIVIC IMPORTANCE1 SU* AS ECONOMIC ISSUES1 AS WELL AS ! MANY CULTURAL FACTORS ?AT MU/ PLAY A ROLE 9 ! =MATION ( TRUE CITIZ5S1 9DE$1 ( R\ND$ HUMAN BE+S4 7,9 ?IS RESPECT1 IT DOES NOT DRAW /RICT IMP5ETRABLE B>RI]S BETWE5 POLITICS & ECONOMICS TO ! PO9T :]E !Y >E IMPLACABLY SET AGA9/ EA* O!R3 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CALLS = ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY &1 :]E MAT]IAL 9T]E/S BETWE5 COMMUNITIES OV]LAP1 ! CONF$]ALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY47 ,9 A V]Y FUNDAM5TAL S5SE1 ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ >5A MAY BE A S*OOL = $UCAT+ ITS Y\? & ITS MATURE CITIZ5S2 BUT :AT MAKES IT P>TICUL>LY SIGNIFICANT1 ESPECIALLY AT ?IS TIME1 IS ?AT IT IS A SPH]E ( P[] RELATIONS ?AT MU/ BE CRY/ALLIZ$ AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 ! M>KETPLACE1 ! =CES = ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION1 & ! /ATE4 ,9DE$1 )\T A MOVEM5T ?AT KEEPS ?IS NE$ COMPLETELY 9 M9D1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM MAY EASILY DEG5]ATE 9 ?IS AGE ( ACADEMIC CRET9ISM 9TO ANO!R SUBJECT 9 A CLASSROOM CURRICULUM4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM RE/S ITS POLITICS TODAY ON ! HI/ORICALLY PREEMPTIVE ROLE ( ! CITY 9 RELATION TO ! /ATE1 & ABOVE ALL ON ! FACT ?AT CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS /ILL EXI/1 H[EV] DI/ORT$ !Y MAY APPE> OR H[EV] CAPTIVE TO ! /ATE !Y MAY BE1 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN BE 5L>G$1 RADICALIZ$1 & EV5TUALLY AIM$ AT ! ELIM9ATION ( ! /ATE4 ,! CITY C\NCIL1 H[EV] FEEBLE ITS P[]S MAY BE1 /ILL EXI/S AS ! REMNANT ( ! COMMUNES ) :I* IT WAS ID5TIFI$ 9 ! PA/1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( RECREAT+ A SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY /ILL REMA9S1 ASSUM+ EI!R A LEGAL OR EXTRALEGAL =M4 ,WE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SECTIONS DID NOT HAVE ANY PRIOR TRADITION ON :I* TO RE/ !IR CLAIMS TO LEGITIMACY - 9DE$1 !Y EV5 EM]G$ FROM ! ELITI/ ASSEMBLIES OR DI/RICTS ( #a#g#h#i1 :I* ! MON>*Y HAD CREAT$ TO ELECT ! ,P>ISIAN DEPUTIES TO ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL - EXCEPT ?AT !Y REFUS$ TO DISB& AFT] !Y COMPLET$ !IR ELECTORAL ROLE & REMA9$ AS WAT*DOGS OV] ! BEHAVIOR ( ! ,E/ATES 9 ,V]SAILLES4 

,WE1 TOO1 >E FAC$ ) ! TASK ( RE/RUCTUR+ & EXP&+ ! CIVIC DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT /ILL EXI/1 H[EV] VE/IGIAL !IR =MS & P[]S MAY BE2 ( ATTEMPT+ TO BASE !M ON OLD OR NEW POPUL> ASSEMBLIES - &1 TO BE QUITE CATEGORICAL1 ( CREAT+ NEW LEGAL OR1 MO/ EMPHATICALLY1 EXTRALEGAL POPUL> DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS :]E VE/IGES ( CIVIC DEMOCRACY DO NOT EXI/4 ,9 DO+ SO1 WE >E DIRELY 9 NE$ ( A MOVEM5T - 9DE$1 A RESPONSIBLE1 WELL-/RUCTUR$1 & PROGRAMMATICALLY COH]5T ORGANIZATION - ?AT CAN PROVIDE ! $UCATIONAL RES\RCES1 MEANS ( MOBILIZATION1 & VITAL IDEAS = A*IEV+ \R LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ & MUNICIPALI/ GOALS4 

,\R PROGRAM %\LD BE FLEXIBLE 9 ! SPECIAL S5SE ?AT IT POSE M9IMUM DEM&S ?AT WE SEEK TO A*IEVE AT ONCE1 GIV5 ! POLITICAL SOPHI/ICATION ( ! COMMUNITY 9 :I* WE FUNCTION4 ,BUT SU* DEM&S W\LD EASILY DEG5]ATE 9TO RE=MISM & EV5 POSSIBILISM IF !Y DID NOT ESCALATE 9TO A BODY ( TRANSITIONAL DEM&S ?AT W\LD ULTIMATELY LEAD TO \R MAXIMUM DEM&S = A LIB]T>IAN & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,NOR CAN WE GIVE UP \R SEEM+LY UTOPIAN VISION ?AT ! GREAT METROPOLITAN >EAS CAN BE /RUCTURALLY DEC5TRALIZ$4 ,CITIES ON ! SCALE ( ,NEW ,YORK1 ,LONDON1 & ,P>IS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ,MEXICO ,CITY1 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ,BOMBAY1 & ! LIKE1 MU/ ULTIMATELY BE P>CEL$ 9TO SMALL] CITIES & DEC5TRALIZ$ TO A PO9T :]E !Y >E ONCE AGA9 HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES1 NOT HUGE & 9COMPREH5SIBLE URBAN BELTS4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM TAKES ITS IMM$IATE PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM ! EXI/+ FACTS ( URBAN LIFE1 MANY ( :I* >E BEYOND ! COMPREH5SION ( ITS RESID5TS4 ,BUT IT ALWAYS /RIVES TO PHYSICALLY AS WELL AS POLITICALLY FRAGM5T ! GREAT CITIES1 UNTIL IT A*IEVES ! GREAT AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ & EV5 ,M>XIAN GOAL ( SCAL+ ALL CITIES TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS4 

,CRITICISMS ( ,ASSEMBLY ,DEMOCRACY 

  

,P]HAPS ! MO/ COMMON CRITICISM ?AT BO? ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S HAVE PRES5T$ AGA9/ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ! CLAIM ?AT MOD]N CITIES >E TOO HUGE TO BE ORGANIZ$ >\ND WORKABLE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,SOME CRITICS ASSUME ?AT IF WE >E TO HAVE TRUE DEMOCRACY1 EV]YONE FROM AGE Z]O TO ONE HUNDR$1 IRRESPECTIVE ( HEAL?1 M5TAL CONDITION1 OR DISPOSITION1 MU/ BE 9CLUD$ 9 A POPUL> ASSEMBLY - & ?AT AN ASSEMBLY MU/ BE AS SMALL AS A T\*Y-FEELY ,AM]ICAN 5C\NT] GR\P 7SAY #c OR #d PEOPLE71 OR 0AFF9ITY GR\P10 AS ONE CRITIC CALLS IT4 ,BUT 9 L>GE WORLD CITIES1 !SE CRITICS SUGGE/1 :I* HAVE SEV]AL MILLION RESID5TS1 WE W\LD REQUIRE MANY ?\S&S ( ASSEMBLIES 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE TRUE DEMOCRACY4 ,9 SU* CITIES SU* A MULTIPLICITY ( SMALL ASSEMBLIES1 !Y >GUE1 W\LD BE JU/ TOO CUMB]SOME & UNWORKABLE4 

,BUT A L>GE URBAN POPULATION IS ITSELF NO OB/ACLE TO LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,9DE$1 BAS$ ON ?IS K9D ( CALCULATION - :I* W\LD C\NT ALL RESID5TS AS P>TICIPAT+ CITIZ5S - ! #dh ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #agic W\LD HAVE BE5 COMPLETELY DYSFUNCTIONAL1 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS HAD A TOTAL ( #e1 TO #f1 PEOPLE4 ,IF EV]Y MAN1 WOMAN1 & *ILD1 9DE$ EV]Y PA?OLOGICAL LUNATIC & TOTALLY DYSFUNCTIONAL P]SON1 HAD ATT5D$ SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES1 & EA* ASSEMBLY HAD HAD NO MORE ?AN #d PEOPLE1 MY >I?METIC TELLS ME ?AT AB\T #a#e1 ASSEMBLIES W\LD HAVE BE5 NE$$ TO ACCOMMODATE ALL ! PEOPLE ( REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES ONE WOND]S H[ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION C\LD EV] HAVE OCCURR$4 

,SU* CRITICS >E USUALLY NOT REVOLUTION>IES AT ALL1 & W\LD PROBABLY BELIEVE ?AT HI/ORY W\LD HAVE BE5 ALL ! BETT] IF ! SECTIONS HAD NEV] EXI/$ TO PU% ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION =W>D4 ,!IR OBJECTION REPRES5TS ! 9/RUM5TAL M9D QUA CALCULAT+ MA*9E AT ITS WOR/4 ,A POPUL> DEMOCRACY1 TO BEG9 )1 IS NOT PREMIS$ ON ! IDEA ?AT EV]YONE CAN1 WILL1 OR EV5 WANTS TO ATT5D POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,NOR %\LD ANYONE MAKE P>TICIPATION COMPULSORY1 CO]C+ EV]YONE 9TO DO+ SO4 ,EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 IT HAS R>ELY HAPP5$ - 9DE$1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 IT HAS NEV] HAPP5$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY - ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9 A P>TICUL> PLACE1 /ILL LESS EV]YONE1 5GAGE 9 REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! FACE ( 9SURRECTION 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 :ILE UNKN[N MILITANTS AID$ BY A FAIRLY SMALL NUMB] ( SUPPORT]S RISE UP & OV]?R[ ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]1 MO/ PEOPLE T5D TO BE EI!R ACTIVE OR 9ACTIVE OBS]V]S4 

,HAV+ REVIEW$ C>EFULLY ! C\RSE ( ALMO/ EV]Y MAJOR REVOLUTION 9 ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN WORLD1 ,I CAN SAY ) SOME KN[L$GE ?AT1 EV5 9 A COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION1 IT WAS ALWAYS A M9ORITY ( ! PEOPLE :O ATT5D$ MEET+S ( ASSEMBLIES ?AT MADE SIGNIFICANT DECISIONS AB\T ! FATE ( !IR SOCIETY4 ,! V]Y DIFF]5TIAT$ POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 9T]E/S1 $UCATION1 & BACKGR\NDS AMONG MASSES 9 A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY GU>ANTEE ?AT PEOPLE WILL BE DRAWN 9TO REVOLUTIONS 9 WAVES1 IF AT ALL4 ,! =EMO/1 MO/ MILITANT WAVE IS1 AT FIR/1 NUM]ICALLY SURPRIS+LY SMALL2 IT IS FOLL[$ BY SEEM+ BY/&]S :O1 IF AN UPRIS+ SEEMS TO BE CAPABLE ( SUCCESS1 M]GE ) ! =EMO/ WAVE1 & ONLY AFT] ! UPRIS+ IS LIKELY TO BE SUCCESSFUL DO ! POLITICALLY LESS DEVELOP$ WAVES1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 FOLL[ IT4 ,EV5 AFT] AN UPRIS+ IS SUCCESSFUL1 IT TAKES TIME = A SUB/ANTIAL MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE TO FULLY P>TICIPATE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 COMMONLY AS CR[DS 9 DEMON/RATIONS1 MORE R>ELY AS P>TICIPANTS 9 REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS4 

,9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS1 = EXAMPLE1 IT WAS PRIM>ILY ! ,PURITAN >MY ?AT RAIS$ ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC ISSUES1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,LEVEL]S1 :O =M$ A V]Y SMALL FRACTION ( ! CIVILIAN POPULATION4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION WAS NOTORI\SLY SUPPORT$1 ALBEIT BY NO MEANS ACTIVELY1 BY ONLY ONE-?IRD ( ! COLONIAL POPULATION2 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION F\ND ITS PR9CIPAL SUPPORT 9 ,P>IS & WAS C>RI$ =W>D BY #dh SECTIONS1 MO/ ( :I* W]E ROOT$ 9 ASSEMBLIES ?AT W]E POORLY ATT5D$1 EXCEPT AT TIMES :5 MOM5T\S DECISIONS >\S$ ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y NEI<BORHOODS4 

,9DE$1 :AT DECID$ ! FATE ( MO/ REVOLUTIONS WAS LESS ! AM\NT ( SUPPORT !IR MILITANTS RECEIV$ ?AN ! DEGREE ( RESI/ANCE !Y 5C\NT]$4 ,:AT BR\<T ,L\IS ,X,V,I & HIS FAMILY BACK TO ,P>IS FROM ,V]SAILLES 9 ,OCTOB] #a<i WAS C]TA9LY NOT ALL ! WOM5 ( ,P>IS - 9DE$1 ONLY A FEW ?\S& MADE ! FAM\S M>* TO ,V]SAILLES - BUT ! K+'S [N 9ABILITY TO MOBILIZE A SUFFICI5TLY L>GE & RELIABLE =CE TO RESI/ !M4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #aiag 9 ,PETROGRAD - = MANY HI/ORIANS ! 0MODEL0 ( A MASS SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION 7& AN UPRIS+ F> MORE NUANC$ ?AN MO/ ACC\NTS SUGGE/7 - SUCCE$$ BECAUSE NOT EV5 ! CZ>'S P]SONAL GU>D1 LET ALONE SU* =M]LY RELIABLE SUPPORTS ( ! AUTOCRACY AS ! ,COSSACKS1 WAS PREP>$ TO DEF5D ! MON>*Y4 ,9DE$1 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#c#f1 ! RESI/ANCE TO ,FRANCO'S =CES WAS 9ITIAT$ BY ONLY A FEW ?\S& AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ) ! AID ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 :OSE DISCIPL9E1 WEAPONRY1 & TRA9+ W]E 9DISP5SABLE FACTORS 9 P9N+ D[N & ULTIMATELY DEFEAT+ ! REGUL> >MY'S UPRIS+4 

,IT IS SU* CON/ELLATIONS ( =CES1 9 FACT1 ?AT EXPLA9 H[ REVOLUTIONS ACTUALLY SUCCE$4 ,!Y DO NOT TRIUMPH BECAUSE 0EV]YONE10 OR EV5 A MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 ACTIVELY P>TICIPATES 9 OV]?R[+ AN OPPRESSIVE REGIME1 BUT BECAUSE ! >M$ =CES ( ! OLD ORD] & ! POPULATION AT L>GE >E NO LONG] WILL+ TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ A MILITANT & RESOLUTE M9ORITY4 

,NOR IT IS LIKELY1 H[EV] DESIRABLE IT MAY BE1 ?AT AFT] A SUCCESSFUL 9SURRECTION ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE OR EV5 ( ! OPPRESS$ WILL P]SONALLY P>TICIPATE 9 REVOLUTIONIZ+ SOCIETY4 ,FOLL[+ ! SUCCESS ( A REVOLUTION1 ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE T5D TO )DRAW 9TO ! LOCALITIES 9 :I* !Y LIVE1 H[EV] L>GE OR SMALL1 :]E ! PROBLEMS ( EV]YDAY LIFE HAVE !IR MO/ VISIBLE IMPACT ON ! MASSES4 ,!SE LOCALITIES MAY BE RESID5TIAL &_/OR OCCUPATIONAL NEI<BORHOODS 9 L>GE CITIES1 ! 5VIRONS ( VILLAGES & HAMLETS1 OR EV5 AT SOME DI/ANCE FROM ! C5T] ( A CITY OR REGION1 FAIRLY DISP]S$ LOCALITIES 9 :I* PEOPLE LIVE & WORK4 

,9 %ORT1 ,I FAIL TO SEE :Y ! L>GE SIZE ( MOD]N CITIES %\LD CON/ITUTE AN 9SUP]ABLE OB/ACLE TO ! =MATION ( A NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY MOVEM5T4 ,! DOORS ( ! NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES %\LD ALWAYS BE OP5 TO :OEV] LIVES 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,POLITICALLY LESS AW>E 9DIVIDUALS MAY *OOSE NOT TO ATT5D !IR NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY1 & !Y %\LD NOT BE OBLIG$ TO ATT5D4 ,! ASSEMBLIES1 REG>DLESS ( !IR SIZE1 WILL HAVE PROBLEMS 5\<1 )\T HAV+ TO DEAL ) 9DIFF]5T BY/&]S & PASS]SBY4 ,:AT C\NTS IS ?AT ! DOORS ( ! ASSEMBLIES REMA9 OP5 = ALL :O WI% TO ATT5D & P>TICIPATE1 = !RE9 LIES ! TRUE DEMOCRATIC NATURE ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES4 

,ANO!R CRITICISM ,I HAVE HE>D AGA9/ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ?AT A =CEFUL SPEAK] OR FACTION MAY MANIPULATE A L>GE CR[D1 SU* AS NUM]\S CITIZ5S AT AN ASSEMBLY MEET+4 ,?IS PHILI/9E CRITICISM C\LD BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ANY DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION1 BE IT A L>GE ASSEMBLY1 A SMALL COMMITTEE1 AN AD HOC CONF]5CE OR MEET+1 OR EV5 AN 0AFF9ITY0 GR\P4 ,9 MY VIEW1 SU* A TRANSP>5T EF=T TO 9FLICT BRUISES ON ANY ATTEMPT TO CREATE A POPUL> ORGANIZATION H>DLY DES]VES DISCUSSION4 ,! SIZE ( ! GR\P IS NOT A FACTOR H]E - SOME V]Y ABUSIVE TYRANNIES APPE> 9 V]Y SMALL GR\PS1 :]E ONE OR TWO 9TIMIDAT+ FIGURES CAN COMPLETELY DOM9ATE EV]YONE ELSE4 

,:AT ! CRITICS MI<T WELL ASK - BUT SELDOM DO - IS H[ WE >E TO PREV5T P]SUASIVE 9DIVIDUALS FROM MAK+ DEMAGOGIC ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL ANY POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 REG>DLESS ( SIZE4 ,9 MY VIEW ! ONLY OB/ACLE TO SU* ATTEMPTS IS ! EXI/5CE ( AN ORGANIZ$ BODY ( REVOLUTION>IES - YES1 EV5 A FACTION - ?AT IS COMMITT$ TO SEEK+ TRU?1 EX]CIS+ RATIONALITY1 & ADVANC+ AN E?ICS ( PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY4 ,SU* A FACTION OR ORGANIZATION WILL BE NE$$1 9 MY VIEW1 NOT ONLY BE=E & DUR+ A REVOLUTION BUT ALSO AFT] ONE1 :5 ! CON/RUCTIVE PROBLEM ( CREAT+ /ABLE1 5DUR+1 & $UCATIONAL DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS BECOMES ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 

,SU* AN ORGANIZATION WILL BE P>TICUL>LY NE$$ DUR+ ! P]IOD ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION1 :5 ATTEMPTS >E MADE TO PUT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9TO PRACTICE4 ,WE CANNOT EXPECT ?AT1 JU/ BECAUSE WE PROPOSE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 WE WILL ALWAYS - OR P]HAPS EV5 (T5 - BE ! MAJORITY 9 ! V]Y 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WE HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY HELP$ TO E/ABLI%4 ,WE MU/ ALWAYS BE PREP>$1 9 FACT1 TO BE 9 ! M9ORITY1 UNTIL SU* TIME AS CIRCUM/ANCES & SOCIAL 9/ABILITY MAKE \R OV]ALL MESSAGES PLAUSIBLE TO ASSEMBLY MAJORITIES4 

,CLASS ,& ,TRANS-,CLASS ,ISSUES 

  

,9DE$1 :]EV] WE E/ABLI% A POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 ) OR )\T LEGAL LEGITIMACY1 IT WILL EV5TUALLY BE 9VAD$ BY COMPET+ CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE H]E1 IS NOT AN ATTEMPT TO OV]LOOK OR EVADE ! REALITY ( CLASS CONFLICT2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT ATTEMPTS1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 TO GIVE DUE RECOGNITION TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE'S CIVIC DIM5SION4 ,MOD]N CONFLICTS BETWE5 CLASSES HAVE NEV] BE5 CONF9$ SIMPLY TO ! FACTORY OR WORKPLACE2 !Y HAVE ALSO TAK5 A DI/9CTLY URBAN =M1 AS 9 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS10 0,R$ ,PETROGRAD10 & 0,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,B>CELONA40 ,AS ANY /UDY ( ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS VIVIDLY REVEALS1 ! BATTLE BETWE5 CLASSES HAS ALWAYS BE5 A BATTLE NOT ONLY BETWE5 DIFF]5T ECONOMIC /RATA 9 SOCIETY BUT ALSO )9 & BETWE5 NEI<BORHOODS4 

,MOREOV]1 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 T[N1 & VILLAGE ALSO G5]ATES SE>+ ISSUES ?AT CUT ACROSS CLASS L9ES3 BETWE5 WORK+ PEOPLE 7! TRADITIONAL 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 :I* IS N[ DW9DL+ 9 NUMB]S 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & IS FI<T+ A RE>GU>D BATTLE ) CAPITAL71 MIDDLE-CLASS /RATA 7:I* LACK ANY CONSCI\SNESS ( !MSELVES AS WORK+ PEOPLE71 ! VA/ >MY ( GOV]NM5T EMPLOYES1 A HUGE PR(ESSIONAL & TE*NICAL /RATUM ?AT IS NOT LIKELY TO REG>D ITSELF AS A PROLET>IAT1 & AN UND]CLASS ?AT IS ESS5TIALLY DEMORALIZ$ & HELPLESS4 

,WE CANNOT IGNORE ! COMPELL+ FACT ?AT CAPITALISM HAS *ANG$ S9CE ! 5D ( ! ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO2 ?AT IT HAS TRANS=M$ ! V]Y SOCIAL FIB] ( ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PEOPLE1 BO? ATTITUD9ALLY & OCCUPATIONALLY1 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 ?AT IT WILL WREAK EV5 FUR!R *ANGES 9 ! DECADES ?AT LIE AHEAD1 ) DAZZL+ RAPIDITY1 ESPECIALLY AS AUTOMATION IS FUR!R DEVELOP$ & AS NEW RES\RCES1 TE*NIQUES1 & PRODUCTS REPLACE ?OSE ?AT SEEM SO DOM9ANT TODAY4 

,NO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T CAN IGNORE ! PROBLEMS ?AT CAPITALISM IS LIKELY TO G5]ATE 9 ! YE>S ?AT LIE AHEAD1 ESPECIALLY 9 T]MS ( CAPITAL'S PR(\ND EFFECTS ON BO? SOCIETY & ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,! FUTILITY ( SYNDICALISM TODAY LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT IT IS /ILL TRY+ TO ADDRESS ! PROBLEMS G5]AT$ BY ! OLD ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 & 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! SOCIAL SETT+ ?AT GAVE !SE PROBLEMS MEAN+ 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IF WE HAVE HI/ORICALLY EXHAU/$ ! SYNDICALI/ ALT]NATIVE1 IT IS BECAUSE ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT IS EV]Y:]E DE/9$1 BY VIRTUE ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 TO BECOME A SMALL M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,IT WILL NOT DO TO TRY TO !ORETICALLY FABRICATE A 0PROLET>IAT0 \T ( CL]ICAL1 S]VICE1 & PR(ESSIONAL 0WORK]S0 :O1 9 MANY IF NOT MO/ CASES1 WILL NOT ACQUIRE ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ID5TIFI$ & GAVE A HI/ORICAL /&+ TO ! AU!NTIC PROLET>IAN4 

,BUT !SE /RATA1 (T5 AMONG ! MO/ EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$1 CAN BE 5LI/$ TO SUPPORT \R COMMUNALI/ IDEALS ON ! BASIS ( ! L>G] 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !Y LIVE & ! L>G] ISSUES ( !IR SOV]EIGNTY 9 A WORLD ?AT IS RAC+ \T ( CONTROL3 NAMELY !IR NEI<BORHOODS1 CITIES1 & T[NS1 & ! EXPANSION ( !IR DEMOCRATIC RI<TS AS FREE CITIZ5S 9 A WORLD ?AT HAS R$UC$ !M TO M]E ELECTORAL CON/ITU5TS4 ,!Y CAN BE MOBILIZ$ TO SUPPORT \R COMMUNALI/ IDEALS BECAUSE !Y FEEL !IR P[] TO CONTROL !IR [N LIVES IS DIM9I%+ 9 ! FACE ( C5TRALIZ$ /ATE & CORPORATE P[]4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,I AM NOT D5Y+ ?AT WORK+ PEOPLE HAVE GRIM ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ?AT MAY PIT !M AGA9/ CAPITAL1 BUT !IR QUASI-MIDDLE-CLASS \TLOOK IF NOT /ATUS DIM9I%ES !IR ABILITY TO SEE ! ILLS ( CAPITALISM EXCLUSIVELY AS AN ECONOMIC SY/EM4 

,TODAY WE LIVE 9 AN ]A ( P]MAN5T 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION 9 :I* PEOPLE T5D TO RESPOND TO ! EXTREME RAPIDITY & VA/ SCOPE ( *ANGE ) A MY/ICISM ?AT EXPRESSES !IR DISEMP[]M5T & A PRIVATISM ?AT EXPRESSES !IR 9ABILITY TO CONT5D ) *ANGE4 ,9DE$1 CAPITALISM1 F> FROM BE+ 0ADVANC$10 /ILL LESS 0MORIBUND10 CONT9UES TO MATURE & EXT5D ITS SCOPE4 ,:AT IT WILL LOOK LIKE HALF A C5TURY OR A C5TURY FROM N[ IS OP5 TO ! BOLDE/ ( SPECULATIONS4 

,H5CE1 MORE ?AN EV]1 ANY REVOLUTION>Y LEFT LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T MU/1 9 MY VIEW1 RECOGNIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! MUNICIPALITY AS ! LOCUS ( NEW1 9DE$ (T5 TRANS-CLASS PROBLEMS ?AT CANNOT SIMPLY BE R$UC$ TO ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL4 ,REAL PROBLEMS ( 5VIRONM5TAL DET]IORATION AFFECT EV]YONE 9 A COMMUNITY2 REAL PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUITIES AFFECT EV]YONE 9 A COMMUNITY2 REAL PROBLEMS ( HEAL?1 $UCATION1 SANIT>Y CONDITIONS1 & ! NI<TM>E1 AS ,PAUL ,GOODMAN PUT IT1 ( 0GR[+ UP ABSURD0 PLAGUE EV]YONE 9 A COMMUNITY - PROBLEMS ?AT >E EV5 MORE S]I\S TODAY ?AN !Y W]E 9 ! ALI5AT$ #a#i#fS DECADE4 ,!SE TRANS-CLASS ISSUES CAN BR+ PEOPLE TOGE!R ) WORK]S ( ALL K9DS 9 A COMMON EF=T TO SEEK !IR SELF-EMP[]M5T1 AN ISSUE ?AT CANNOT BE RESOLV$ 9TO ! CONFLICT ( WAGE LABOR AGA9/ CAPITAL ALONE4 

,NOR >E WORK]S M]E 0AG5TS0 ( HI/ORY1 AS VULG> ,M>XI/S 7& IMPLICITLY1 SYNDICALI/S7 W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,WORK]S LIVE 9 CITIES1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES - NOT ONLY AS CLASS BE+S BUT ALSO AS CIVIC BE+S4 ,!Y >E FA!RS & MO!RS1 BRO!RS & SI/]S1 FRI5DS & COMRADES1 & NO LESS ?AN !IR ECOLOGICAL C\NT]P>TS AMONG ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 !Y >E CONC]N$ ) 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES4 ,AS P>5TS & Y\NG PEOPLE1 !Y >E CONC]N$ ) ! PROBLEMS ( ACQUIR+ AN $UCATION1 5T]+ A PR(ESSION1 & ! LIKE4 ,!Y >E DEEPLY DI/URB$ BY ! DECAY ( URBAN 9FRA/RUCTURES1 ! DIM9UTION ( 9EXP5SIVE H\S+1 & ISSUES ( URBAN SAFETY & ES!TICS4 ,!IR HORIZON EXT5DS F> BEYOND ! REALM ( ! FACTORY OR EV5 ! (FICE TO ! RESID5TIAL URBAN WORLD 9 :I* !Y & !IR FAMILIES LIVE4 ,AFT] ,I HAD SP5T YE>S WORK+ 9 FACTORIES1 ,I WAS NOT SURPRIS$ TO F9D ?AT ,I C\LD REA* WORK]S1 MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE1 & EV5 RELATIVELY AFFLU5T 9DIVIDUALS MORE EASILY BY DISCUSS+ ISSUES RELAT+ TO !IR LIV$ 5VIRONM5TS - !IR NEI<BORHOODS & CITIES - RA!R ?AN TO !IR WORKPLACES4 

,TODAY1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! GLOBALIZATION ( CAPITAL RAISES ! QUE/ION ( H[ LOCALITIES CAN KEEP PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES )9 !IR [N CONF9ES )\T IMPAIR+ ! OPPORTUNITIES ( PEOPLES 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 OR ,S\? TO FREELY DEVELOP TE*NOLOGICALLY ACCORD+ TO !IR [N NE$S4 ,?IS CONUNDRUM CANNOT BE RESOLV$ BY LEGISLATION & ECONOMIC RE=MS4 ,CAPITALISM IS A COMPULSIVELY EXPANSIVE SY/EM4 ,A MOD]N M>KET ECONOMY DICTATES ?AT AN 5T]PRISE MU/ GR[ OR DIE1 & NO?+ WILL PREV5T CAPITALISM FROM 9DU/RIALIZ+ - MORE ACCURATELY1 EXP&+ - 5DLESSLY OV] ! 5TIRE FACE ( ! PLANET :5EV] IT IS PREP>$ TO DO SO4 ,ONLY ! COMPLETE RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY & ! ECONOMY CAN 5D ! DILEMMAS ?AT GLOBALIZATION RAISES1 9CLUD+ ! ONE-SID$ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,S\?1 (T5 AT ! EXP5SE ( WORK]S 9 ! ,NOR?1 & ! 5HANCEM5T ( CORPORATE P[] TO ! PO9T ( ?REAT5+ ! /ABILITY1 9DE$ ! V]Y SAFETY1 ( ! PLANET4 

,H]E AGA91 ,I W\LD CONT5D ?AT ONLY A GRASSROOTS ECONOMIC POLICY1 BAS$ ON A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ AG5DA & MOVEM5T1 CAN (F] A MAJOR ALT]NATIVE - & IT IS PRECISELY AN ALT]NATIVE ?AT MANY PEOPLE SEEK TODAY - CAPABLE ( >RE/+ ! IMPACT ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,= ! PROBLEM ( GLOBALIZATION1 !RE IS NO GLOBAL SOLUTION4 ,GLOBAL CAPITAL1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS V]Y HUG5ESS1 CAN ONLY BE EAT5 AWAY AT ITS ROOTS1 SPECIFICALLY BY MEANS ( A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ RESI/ANCE AT ! BASE ( SOCIETY4 ,IT MU/ BE ]OD$ BY ! MYRIAD MILLIONS :O1 MOBILIZ$ BY A GRASSROOTS MOVEM5T1 *ALL5GE GLOBAL CAPITAL'S SOV]EIGNTY OV] !IR LIVES & TRY TO DEVELOP LOCAL & REGIONAL ECONOMIC ALT]NATIVES TO ITS 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS4 ,DEVELOP+ ?IS RESI/ANCE W\LD 9VOLVE SUBSIDIZ+ MUNICIPALLY CONTROLL$ 9DU/RIES & RETAIL \TLETS1 & TAK+ REC\RSE TO REGIONAL RES\RCES ?AT CAPITAL DOES NOT F9D IT PR(ITABLE TO USE4 ,A MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMY1 SL[ AS IT MAY BE 9 ! MAK+1 WILL BE A MORAL ECONOMY1 ONE ?AT - CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY ) ! QUALITY ( ITS PRODUCTS & !IR PRODUCTION AT ! L[E/ POSSIBLE CO/ - CAN HOPE TO ULTIMATELY SUBV]T A CORPORATE ECONOMY1 :OSE SUCCESS IS MEASUR$ 5TIRELY BY ITS PR(ITS RA!R ?AN BY ! QUALITY ( ITS COMMODITIES4 

,LET ME /RESS ?AT :5 ,I SPEAK ( A MORAL ECONOMY1 ,I AM NOT ADVOCAT+ A COMMUNIT>IAN OR COOP]ATIVE ECONOMY 9 :I* SMALL PR(ITE]S1 H[EV] WELL-MEAN+ !IR 9T5TIONS MAY BE1 SIMPLY BECOME LITTLE 0SELF-MANAG$0 CAPITALI/S 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,9 MY [N COMMUNITY ,I HAVE SE5 A SELF-/YL$ 0MORAL0 5T]PRISE1 ,B5 & ,J]RY'S ,ICE ,CREAM1 GR[ 9 TYPICAL CAPITALI/ FA%ION FROM A SMALL1 PRESUMABLY 0C>+10 & 9TIMATE 5T]PRISE 9TO A GLOBAL CORPORATION1 9T5T ON MAK+ PR(IT & FO/]+ ! MY? ?AT 0CAPITALISM CAN BE GOOD40 ,COOP]ATIVES ?AT PR(ESS TO BE MORAL 9 !IR 9T5TIONS HAVE YET TO MAKE ANY HEADWAY 9 REPLAC+ BIG CAPITALI/ CONC]NS OR EV5 9 SURVIV+ )\T !MSELVES BECOM+ CAPITALI/IC 9 !IR ME?ODS & PR(IT-ORI5T$ 9 !IR GOALS4 

,! ,PR\DHONI/ MY? ?AT SMALL ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUC]S - AS OPPOS$ TO A G5U9ELY SOCIALI/IC OR LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/IC 5DEAVOR - CAN SL[LY EAT AWAY AT CAPITALISM1 %\LD F9ALLY BE DISPELL$4 ,SADLY1 !SE G5]ALLY FAIL$ ILLUSIONS >E /ILL PROMOT$ BY LIB]ALS SU* AS ,H>RY ,BOYTE & BY NAIVE LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S SU* AS ! J\RNALI/IC RUFFIANS AT ,AN>*Y3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,DESIRE ,>M$1 & PURE ACADEMICS SU* AS ,JOHN ,CL>K & HIS ASSOCIATES4 ,EI!R MUNICIPALIZ$ 5T]PRISES CONTROLL$ BY CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES WILL TRY TO TAKE OV] ! ECONOMY1 OR CAPITALISM WILL PREVAIL 9 ?IS SPH]E ( LIFE ) A =CEFULNESS ?AT NO M]E RHETORIC CAN DIM9I%4 

,CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAS EFFECTS NOT ONLY ON ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RELATIONS BUT ON IDEAS & 9TELLECTUAL TRADITIONS AS WELL1 9DE$1 ON ALL ( HI/ORY1 FRAGM5T+ !M UNTIL KN[L$GE1 DISC\RSE1 & EV5 REALITY BECOME BLURR$1 DIVE/$ ( ANY DI/9CTIONS1 SPECIFICITY1 & >TICULATION4 ,! CULTURE ?AT PROMOTES ?IS CELEBRATION ( DIFFUS5ESS & FRAGM5TATION - A CULTURE ?AT IS EPIDEMIC 9 ,AM]ICAN COLLEGES & UNIV]SITIES - GOES UND] ! NAME ( PO//RUCTURALISM OR1 MORE COMMONLY1 PO/MOD]NISM4 ,GIV5 ITS CORROSIVE PRECEPTS1 ! PO/MOD]NI/ WORLDVIEW IS ABLE TO LEVEL OR HOMOG5IZE EV]Y?+ ?AT IS UNIQUE OR DI/9CTIVE1 DISSOLV+ IT 9TO A L[ COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( IDEAS4 

,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 ! OBSCURANTI/ T]M 0E>? CITIZ5%IP10 :I* DISSOLVES ! V]Y COMPLEX NOTION ( 0CITIZ5%IP10 ) ITS PRESUPPOSITIONS ( PAIDEIA - ?AT IS1 ! LIFELONG $UCATION ( ! CITIZ5 = ! PRACTICE ( CIVIC SELF-MANAGEM5T - 9TO A DIFFUSE CATEGORY1 BY EXT5D+ 7& *EAP5+7 ! NOTION ( CITIZ5%IP TO 9CLUDE ANIMALS1 PLANTS1 ROCKS1 M\NTA9S1 ! PLANET1 9DE$ ! V]Y COSMOS ITSELF4 ,) A PURELY METAPHORICAL LABEL = ALL RELATION%IPS AS AN 0E>? COMMUNITY10 ! HI/ORICAL & CONTEMPOR>Y UNIQU5ESS ( ! CITY DISAPPE>S4 ,IT PRESUMABLY PREEMPTS EV]Y O!R COMMUNITY BECAUSE ( ITS WID] SCOPE & BREAD?4 ,SU* METAPHORS ULTIMATELY FLATT5 EV]Y?+1 9 EFFECT1 9TO A UNIV]SAL 0,ON5ESS0 ?AT1 9 ! NAME ( 0ECOLOGICAL WISDOM10 D5IES DEF9ITION TO VITAL CONCEPTS & REALITIES BY ! V]Y UBIQUITY ( ! 0,ONE40 

,IF ! WORD 0CITIZ50 APPLIES TO EV]Y EXI/+ ?+1 & IF ! WORD 0COMMUNITY0 EMBRACES ALL RELATION%IPS 9 ?IS SEEM+LY 0GRE50 WORLD1 !N NO?+1 9 FACT1 IS A CITIZ5 OR A COMMUNITY4 ,JU/ AS ! LOGICAL CATEGORY 0,BE+0 IS R5D]$ AS M]E EXI/5CE1 ,BE+ CAN ONLY BE REG>D$ AS 9T]*ANGEABLE ) 0,NO?+40 ,SO1 TOO1 0CITIZ50 & 0COMMUNITY0 BECOME A UNIV]SAL PASSPORT TO VACUITY1 NOT TO UNIQUELY CIVIC CONDITIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 =M+ & DIFF]5TIAT+ DIALECTICALLY = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 ?R\< ! ANCI5T1 M$IEVAL1 & MOD]N WORLDS4 ,TO R$UCE !M TO AN AB/RACT 0COMMUNITY0 IS TO ULTIMATELY NEGATE !IR WEAL? ( EVOLUTION>Y =MS & P>TICUL>LY !IR DIFF]5TIATION AS SOPHI/ICAT$ ASPECTS ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 

,*ALL5GES = ,\R ,MOVEM5TS 

  

,AS A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM MU/ NONE!LESS BE CONCEIV$ AS A PROCESS1 A PATI5T PRACTICE ?AT WILL PROBABLY HAVE ONLY LIMIT$ SUCCESS AT ! PRES5T TIME1 & EV5 !N ONLY 9 SELECT >EAS ?AT CAN AT BE/ PROVIDE EXAMPLES ( ! POSSIBILITIES IT C\LD HOLD IF & :5 IT IS ADOPT$ ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,WE WILL NOT CREATE A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ SOCIETY OV]NI<T1 & 9 ?IS ]A ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION WE MU/ BE PREP>$ TO 5DURE MORE FAILURES ?AN SUCCESSES4 ,PATI5CE & COMMITM5T >E TRAITS ?AT REVOLUTION>IES ( ! PA/ CULTIVAT$ ASSIDU\SLY2 ALAS TODAY1 9 \R FA/ CONSUM]I/ SOCIETY1 ! DEM& = IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION1 = FA/ FOOD & FA/ LIV+1 9CULCATES A DEM& = FA/ POLITICS4 ,9DIVIDUALS :O >E PRONE TO ADOPT A FA/ LIFE/YLE OV] ONE ?AT ACKN[L$GES ! NE$ = SL[ GR[?1 ) ALL ITS DISAPPO9TM5TS1 W\LD DO WELL TO LE>N ! >T ( ?R[+ BRICKS & PA9T+ GRAFFITI RA!R ?AN COMMIT !MSELVES TO ! $UCATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES REQUIR$ BY A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,:AT %\LD C\NT = US IS :E!R LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A RATIONAL MEANS = A*IEV+ ! RATIONAL CULM9ATION ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 NOT :E!R IT IS SUITABLE AS A QUICK FIX = PRES5T SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 

,WE MU/ LE>N TO BE FLEXIBLE )\T ALL[+ \R BASIC PR9CIPLES TO BE REPLAC$ BY A PO/MOD]NI/ QUAGMIRE ( AD HOC1 EV]-*ANGEABLE OP9IONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF WE HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO USE ELECTRONIC MEANS1 SU* AS TO E/ABLI% POPUL> P>TICIPATION 9 RELATIVELY L>GE CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES1 !N SO BE IT4 ,BUT WE %\LD1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 DO SO ONLY :5 IT IS UNAVOIDABLE & = ONLY AS LONG AS IS NECESS>Y4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 IF C]TA9 DESIRABLE MEASURES REQUIRE A DEGREE ( C5TRALIZATION1 !N WE %\LD ACCEPT ?AT - )\T SACRIFIC+1 LET ME 9SI/1 ! RI<T TO IMM$IATE RECALL4 ,BUT H]E1 TOO1 WE %\LD 5DURE SU* ORGANIZATIONAL MEASURES = ONLY AS LONG AS !Y >E NECESS>Y & NO LONG]4 ,\R BASIC PR9CIPLES 9 SU* CASES MU/ ALWAYS BE \R GUIDE3 WE REMA9 COMMITT$ TO A DIRECT FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY & A WELL-COORD9AT$1 CONF$]AL1 BUT DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY4 

,NOR %\LD WE FETI%IZE CONS5SUS OV] DEMOCRACY 9 \R DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES4 ,CONS5SUS1 AS ,I HAVE >GU$1 IS PRACTICABLE ) V]Y SMALL GR\PS 9 :I* PEOPLE KN[ EA* O!R 9TIMATELY4 ,BUT 9 L>G] GR\PS IT BECOMES TYRANNICAL BECAUSE IT ALL[S A SMALL M9ORITY TO DECIDE :AT WILL BE ! PRACTICE ( A L>GE OR EV5 SIZABLE MAJORITY2 & IT FO/]S HOMOG5EITY & /AGNATION 9 IDEAS & POLICIES4 ,M9ORITIES & !IR FACTIONS >E ! 9DISP5SABLE YEA/ = MATUR+ NEW IDEAS - & NE>LY ALL NEW IDEAS />T \T AS ! VIEWS ( M9ORITIES4 ,9 A LIB]T>IAN GR\P1 ! 0RULE0 ( ! MAJORITY OV] A M9ORITY IS A MY?2 NO ONE EXPECTS A M9ORITY TO GIVE UP ITS UNPOPUL> BELIEFS OR TO YIELD ITS RI<T TO >GUE ITS VIEWS - BUT ! M9ORITY MU/ HAVE PATI5CE & ALL[ A MAJORITY DECISION TO BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,?IS EXP]I5CE & ! DISCUSSION IT G5]ATES %\LD BE ! MO/ DECISIVE ELEM5T 9 IMPELL+ A GR\P OR ASSEMBLY TO RECONSID] ITS DECISION & ADOPT ! M9ORITY'S VIEWPO9T1 SPURR+ ON ! FUR!R 9NOVATION ( PRACTICES & IDEAS AS O!R M9ORITIES EM]GE4 ,CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+ CAN EASILY PRODUCE 9TELLECTUAL & PRACTICAL /AGNATION IF IT ESS5TIALLY COMPELS A MAJORITY TO =GO A SPECIFIC POLICY 9 ORD] TO PLEASE A M9ORITY4 

,I WILL NOT 5T] H]E 9TO MY DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLICY DECISIONS & !IR 5ACTM5T 9 PRACTICE BY ?OSE QUALIFI$ TO ADM9I/] !M4 ,I WILL ONLY NOTE SOME?+ ?AT MY FRI5D ,G>Y ,SISCO HAS PO9T$ \T3 ?AT IF ! ,U,S ,CONGRESS - A GA!R+1 = ! MO/ P>T1 ( LAWY]S - CAN MAKE BASIC POLICY DECISIONS ON ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,AM]ICAN 9FRA/RUCTURE1 ON W> & PEACE1 ON $UCATION & =EIGN POLICY1 ETC41 )\T HAV+ FULL KN[L$GE ( ALL ASPECTS ( !SE FIELDS1 LEAV+ ! ADM9I/RATION ( !IR DECISIONS TO O!RS1 !N IT IS DIFFICULT TO UND]/& :Y A CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLY CANNOT MAKE POLICY DECISIONS ON USUALLY MORE MODE/ ISSUES & LEAVE !IR ADM9I/RATION1 UND] CLOSE SUP]VISION1 TO EXP]TS 9 ! FIELDS 9VOLV$4 

,AMONG ! O!R ISSUES WE MU/ AT SOME PO9T CONSID] >E ! PLACE ( LAW OR NOMOS 9 A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS CON/ITUTIONS ?AT LAY D[N IMPORTANT PR9CIPLES ( RI<T OR JU/ICE & FRE$OM4 ,>E WE TO VE/ ! P]PETUATION ( \R GUID+ PR9CIPLES SIMPLY 9 BL9D CU/OM1 OR 9 ! GOOD NATURE ( \R FELL[ HUMANS - :I* ALL[S = A GREAT DEAL ( >BITR>9ESS8 ,= C5TURIES OPPRESS$ PEOPLES DEM&$ WRITT5 F\ND+ CON/ITUTIONAL PROVISIONS TO PROTECT !M FROM >BITR>Y OPPRESSION BY ! NOBILITY4 ,) ! EM]G5CE ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 ?IS PROBLEM DOES NOT DISAPPE>4 ,= US1 ,I BELIEVE1 ! QUE/ION CAN NEV] BE :E!R LAW & CON/ITUTIONS >E 9H]5TLY 0AU?ORIT>IAN10 BUT :E!R !Y >E RATIONAL1 MUTABLE1 SECUL>1 & RE/RICTIVE ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y PROHIBIT ! ABUSE ( P[]4 

,ADMITT$LY1 ! PRES5T TIME IS NOT ONE ?AT IS FAVORABLE = ! SPREAD ( REVOLUTION>Y & LIB]T>IAN ANTI-CAPITALI/ IDEAS & MOVEM5TS4 ,UNLESS WE >E TO LET ! CAPITALI/ CANC] SPREAD OV] ! 5TIRE PLANET1 H[EV]1 ABSORB+ EV5 ! NATURAL WORLD 9TO ! WORLD ECONOMY1 WE MU/ DEVELOP A !ORY & PRACTICE ?AT PROVIDES US ) AN 5TRY 9TO ! PUBLIC SPH]E - A !ORY & PRACTICE1 ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE1 ?AT IS CONSI/5T ) ! GOAL ( A RATIONAL LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

,F9ALLY1 WE MU/ ASS]T ! HI/ORIC RI<T ( SPECULATIVE REASON - RE/+ ON ! REAL POT5TIALITIES ( HUMAN BE+S AS WE KN[ !M FROM ! PA/ AS WELL AS ! PRES5T - TO PROJECT ITSELF BEYOND ! IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* WE LIVE1 9DE$1 TO CLAIM ?AT ! PRES5T IRRATIONAL SOCIETY IS NOT ! ACTUAL - OR 0REAL0 - ?AT IS WOR?Y ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,DESPITE ITS PREVAL5CE - &1 TO MANY PEOPLE1 ITS P]MAN5CE - ! PRES5T SOCIETY IS UNTRUE TO ! PROJECT ( FULFILL+ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & H5CE IT IS UNREAL 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT IS A BETRAYAL ( ! CLAIMS ( HUMANITY'S GREATE/ QUALITIES1 ! CAPACITY = REASON & 9NOVATION4 

,IF \R ATTEMPTS TO ?9K1 FI<T =1 $UCATE PEOPLE AB\T1 & RISE 9 BATTLE =1 A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES1 >E EVID5CE ( 0,BAKUN9I/ WILL10 = :I* PRES5T-DAY MY/ICS SU* AS ,JOHN ,CL>K 7AKA 0,MAX ,CAF>D0 OR 0,C07 HAVE CRITICIZ$ ME1 !N ,I CAN ONLY REPLY ?AT ,I F9D ALL ! MORE FLATT]+ ?IS ASSOCIATION ) ,BAKUN91 :O W\LD HAVE D5\NC$ ,CL>K'S ,TAOI/ NOTIONS ( PASSIVITY & 0GO+ ) ! FL[0 AS A FUNDAM5TAL ACCOMMODATION TO ! /ATUS QUO4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S MU/ DI/+UI% !MSELVES FROM ?OSE :O1 9 ! NAME ( ORGANIC ?\<T1 R$UCE !MSELVES TO BY/&]S1 !IR BEHAVIOR GUID$ BY ! ,TAOI/ DOCTR9E ( 0WU-WEI10 ?AT IS1 ! 0VIRTUES0 ( NON-ACTION4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ?AT BROAD S*OOL ( IDEAS WE CALL 0AN>*ISM0 IS FAC$ ) A P>T+ ( ! WAYS BETWE5 ?OSE :O G5U9ELY WI% TO FOCUS !IR EF=TS ON ! REVOLUTION>Y ELIM9ATION ( HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETY1 & SELF-9DULG5T LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S :O1 IF !Y BELIEVE 9 ANY?+ BEYOND M]E ADV5TURES 7SAY1 ?R[+ BRICKS AT POLICE71 SEE SOCIAL *ANGE ONLY 9 T]MS ( !IR P]SONAL SELF-EXPRESSION & ! REPLACEM5T ( S]I\S IDEAS ) MY/ICAL FANTASIES4 

,LEFT LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES CANNOT HAVE ANY HOPES ( CREAT+ A PUBLIC MOVEM5T UNLESS !Y =MULATE A POLITICS ?AT OP5S IT TO SOCIAL 9T]V5TION1 9DE$ ?AT IS BR\<T 9TO ! PUBLIC SPH]E AS AN ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T ?AT CAN GR[1 ?9K RATIONALLY1 MOBILIZE PEOPLE1 & ACTIVELY SEEK TO *ANGE ! WORLD4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS HAVE (F]$ US P>LIAM5T>Y RE=MS AS A PRACTICE1 & ! RESULTS !Y HAVE PRODUC$ HAVE BE5 DEBILITAT+ - MO/ NOTABLY1 A RADICAL DECL9E 9 PUBLIC LIFE & A DISA/R\S GR[? 9 CONSUM]I/ SELF-9DULG5CE & PRIVATISM4 ,AL?\< ! ,/AL9I/S AS >*ITECTS ( ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE HAVE MO/LY PASS$ FROM ! PUBLIC SC5E1 A FEW P]SI/ AS P>ASITES ON :ATEV] RADICAL MOVEM5T MAY EM]GE AMONG OPPRESS$ PEOPLES4 ,& FASCISM1 9 ITS V>I\S MUTATIONS1 HAS ATTEMPT$ TO FILL ! VOID CREAT$ BY DISEMP[]M5T & A LACK ( HUMAN SCALE 9 POLITICS AS WELL AS COMMUNITY1 ) TRAGIC RESULTS4 

,AS LEFT LIB]T>IANS WE MU/ ASK \RSELVES :AT MODE ( 5TRY 9TO ! PUBLIC SPH]E IS CONSI/5T ) \R VISION ( EMP[]M5T4 ,IF \R IDEAL IS ! ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES1 !N ,I SUBMIT ?AT ! ONLY MEANS ( 5TRY & SOCIAL FULFILLM5T IS A POLITICS - ?AT IS1 A MOVEM5T & PROGRAM ?AT F9ALLY EM]GES ON ! LOCAL ELECTORAL SC5E AS ! UNCOMPROMIS+ ADVOCATE ( POPUL> NEI<BORHOOD & T[N ASSEMBLIES & ! DEVELOPM5T ( A MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,I KN[ ( NO O!R ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITULATION TO ! EXI/+ SOCIETY - UNLESS SOME AMONG US WI% TO ?R[ ROCKS AT POLICE1 DEFACE WALLS ) GRAFFITI1 OR 5GAGE 9 AD HOC 0ACTIONS0 ?AT DISAPPE> )\T ANY TRACE LIKE A PEBBLE ?R[N 9TO A LAKE4 

,I HAVE NO D\BT ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 IF IT MEETS ) A MEASURE ( SUCCESS1 WILL FACE MANY OB/ACLES & ! POSSIBILITY ( BE+ CO-OPT$ OR DEG5]AT$2 ?AT IT WILL FACE NOT ONLY A CIVIC REALM ( IDEOLOGICAL DISCORD BUT 9T]NAL DISCORD )9 ITS [N ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK2 & ?AT IT OP5S A BROAD FIELD ( POLITICAL CONFLICT1 ) ALL ITS RISKS & UNC]TA9TIES4 ,AT A TIME :5 SOCIAL LIFE HAS BE5 TRIVIALIZ$ BEYOND DESCRIPTION1 :5 ACCOMMODATION TO CAPITALI/ VALUES & LIFE-WAYS HAS REA*$ UNPREC$5T$ LEVELS1 :5 AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM >E SE5 AS ! 0LO/ CAUSES0 ( ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES - ONE CAN ONLY HOPE ?AT SU* DISCORD BECOMES A G5U9E PUBLIC REALITY4 ,AT NO TIME HAS M$IOCRITY BE5 MORE TRIUMPHANT ?AN IT IS TODAY1 & AT NO TIME HAS 9DIFF]5CE TO SOCIAL & POLITICAL ISSUES BE5 AS WIDESPREAD4 

,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT SOCIAL *ANGE CAN BE A*IEV$ )\T TAK+ RISKS1 ALL[+ = UNC]TA9TIES1 & RECOGNIZ+ ! POSSIBILITY ( FAILURE4 ,IF WE >E TO HAVE ANY EFFECT ON ! FOSSILIZATION ( PUBLIC LIFE - TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! PRES5T P]IOD IS M>K$ 9 ANY S5SE BY A G5U9E PUBLIC LIFE - HI/ORY TOO MU/ MOVE ) US4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ,I AM MU* TOO OLD TO MAKE WOR?:ILE PR$ICTIONS AB\T H[ ! C\RSE ( EV5TS WILL UNFOLD1 EXCEPT TO SAY ?AT ! PRES5T1 :E!R = GOOD OR ILL1 WILL H>DLY BE RECOGNIZABLE TO ! G5]ATION ?AT WILL COME ( AGE #e YE>S FROM N[1 SO RAPIDLY >E ?+S LIKELY TO *ANGE 9 ! PRES5T C5TURY4 

,BUT :]E *ANGE EXI/S1 SO TOO DO POSSIBILITIES4 ,! TIMES CANNOT REMA9 AS !Y >E - ANY MORE ?AN ! WORLD CAN BE FROZ5 9TO IMMOBILITY4 ,:AT WE CAN HOPE TO DO IS TO PRES]VE ! ?READ ( RATIONALITY ?AT DI/+UI%ES TRUE CIVILIZATION FROM B>B>ISM - & B>B>ISM W\LD 9DE$ BE ! \TCOME ( A WORLD ?AT IS P]MITT$ TO TUMBLE 9TO A FUTURE )\T RATIONAL ACTIVITY OR GUIDANCE4 ,= ?OSE :O WILL A WORLD ( FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 !RE CAN BE NO ACCOMMODATION ) ! /ATUS QUO4 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT 
,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT 

  

,BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! ,LEFT HAD REA*$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE ( CONCEPTUAL SOPHI/ICATION & ORGANIZATIONAL MATURITY4 ,G5]ALLY :AT WAS CALL$ LEFTISM AT ?AT TIME WAS SOCIALI/1 9FLU5C$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES BY ! WORKS ( ,K>L ,M>X4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY ! CASE 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 BUT SOCIALISM WAS ALSO 9T]MIX$ ) POPULI/ IDEAS 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE & ) SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ALL ( !SE IDEAS W]E MELD$ TOGE!R1 SU* AS 9 ,EUG5E ,V4 ,DEBS'S ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W74 

,ON ! EVE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE LEFTI/ IDEAS & MOVEM5TS HAD BECOME SO ADVANC$ ?AT !Y SEEM$ POSITION$ TO S]I\SLY *ALL5GE ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM1 9DE$1 ( CLASS SOCIETY AS SU*4 ,! WORDS FROM ! ,9T]NATIONALE1 0,TIS ! F9AL CONFLICT10 ACQUIR$ A NEW CONCRET5ESS & IMM$IACY4 ,CAPITALISM SEEM$ FAC$ ) AN 9SURG5CY BY ! WORLD'S EXPLOIT$ CLASSES1 P>TICUL>LY ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,9DE$1 GIV5 ! SCOPE ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL & ! GR[? ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,WE/1 CAPITALISM APPE>$ TO BE FAC+ AN UNPREC$5T$1 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,MANY REVOLUTION>IES W]E CONV9C$ ?AT A POLITICALLY MATURE & WELL-ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT C\LD F9ALLY TAKE CONSCI\S CONTROL OV] SOCIAL LIFE & EVOLUTION & SATISFY1 NOT ! P>TICUL>IZ$ ELITI/ 9T]E/S ( A PROP]TI$ M9ORITY CLASS1 BUT ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( ! MAJORITY4 

,! 0,GREAT ,W>10 AS IT WAS CALL$1 ACTUALLY DID 5D AMID SOCIALI/IC REVOLUTIONS4 ,RUSSIA E/ABLI%$ A 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP10 PREMIS$ O/5SIBLY ON REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,G]MANY1 ) ! L>GE/ & MO/ IDEOLOGICALLY ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ,EUROPE1 W5T ?R\< ?REE YE>S ( ,M>XI/-9FLU5C$ REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL1 :ILE ,BAV>IA1 ,HUNG>Y1 & O!R PLACES EXP]I5C$ %ORT-LIV$ 9SURG5CIES4 ,9 ,ITALY & ,SPA91 ! 5D ( ! W> SAW ! EM]G5CE ( GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5TS & NE>-9SURRECTIONS1 AL?\< !Y NEV] REA*$ A DECISIVE REVOLUTION>Y LEVEL4 ,EV5 ,FRANCE SEEM$ TO BE TEET]+ ON REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g1 :5 5TIRE REGIM5TS AT ! ,WE/]N ,FRONT RAIS$ R$ FLAGS & TRI$ TO MAKE !IR WAY TO ,P>IS4 ,SU* UPHEAVALS1 :I* RECURR$ 9TO ! #a#i#cS1 APPE>$ TO SUPPORT ,L59'S VIEW ?AT A 0MORIBUND0 CAPITALISM HAD F9ALLY 5T]$ 9TO A P]IOD ( W> & REVOLUTION1 ONE ?AT 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE C\LD 5D ONLY ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SOCIALI/ OR COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

,FROM ,CLASSICISM TO ,DECAD5CE 

  

,BY ?IS TIME1 MOREOV]1 MAJOR 9TELLECTUAL 9NOVATORS - FROM ,DID]OT & ,R\SSEAU ?R\< ,HEGEL & ,M>X TO AN ASSORTM5T ( LIB]T>IAN REBELS - HAD BR\<T SECUL> & RADICAL IDEOLOGIES TO A PO9T :]E1 SORT$ 9TO A LOGICAL :OLE1 !Y PROVID$ ! FRAMEWORK = A TRULY COH]5T BODY ( IDEAS ?AT GAVE A RATIONAL MEAN+ TO HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 COMB9+ A DUE RECOGNITION ( HUMANITY'S MAT]IAL NE$S ) ITS HOPES = 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL EMANCIPATION4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 IT SEEM$1 )\T REC\RSE TO DIV9E OR O!R >*AIC NON-HUMAN =MS ( 9T]V5TION1 HUMANITY W\LD F9ALLY BE ABLE TO DRAW UPON ITS [N ADVANC+ 9TELLECTUALITY1 KN[L$GE1 & VIRTUES1 & UPON ITS UNIQUE CAPACITY = 9NOVATION1 TO CREATE A NEW WORLD 9 :I* ALL ! CONDITIONS W\LD EXI/ TO ACTUALIZE ITS POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM & CREATIVITY4 ,!SE EM95TLY HUMAN GOALS1 EMBODI$ 9 ,M>X'S GREAT !ORETICAL SYN!SIS ( ! IDEAS HE HAD DRAWN FROM ! ,5LI<T5M5T AS WELL AS NEW IDEAS HE HAD DEVELOP$ ON HIS [N1 C\LD BE 9ITIAT$ 9 PRACTICE BY ! D[NTRODD5 !MSELVES1 :O W\LD BE DRIV5 9EXORABLY BY ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO REVOLUTION & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY = HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 

,I %\LD NOTE ?AT MANY ( MY [N WORDS - 09EXORABLY10 0MORIBUND10 0DECAY+10 & 0G5]AL 9T]E/S0 - >E DRAWN FROM ! LIT]ATURE ( E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY LEFTI/ !ORI/S & MOVEM5TS4 ,YET :ATEV] MAY BE ! LIMITS ( ?IS LIT]ATURE & ITS WRIT]S - AS WE1 AT ! TURN ( ! MILL5NIUM1 >E N[ PRIVILEG$ TO SEE 9 RETROSPECT - ?IS SWEEP+ LANGUAGE WAS NOT ! PRODUCT ( M]E SLOGANE]+3 IT WAS D]IV$ FROM AN 9TEGRAT$ & COH]5T LEFTI/ \TLOOK & CULTURE ?AT APPE>$ ON ! EVE ( ! ,GREAT ,W>4 ,?IS \TLOOK & CULTURE =M$ :AT WE CAN PROP]LY CALL A CLASSICAL BODY ( UNIV]SALI/ IDEAS1 CONT9UALLY 5L>G$ BY ! G5]ATIONS ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a<i TO #a#g#i#d4 ,9 ! YE>S ?AT PASS$1 ?IS BODY ( IDEAS WAS /EADILY 5L>G$ BY EXP]I5CE & SUCCE$$ 9 MOBILIZ+ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9TO 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5TS = HUMAN EMANCIPATION & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 

,QUITE OBVI\SLY1 ! ,5LI<T5M5T GOALS & ,L59'S PROGNOSES1 ) !IR PROMISE ( SUCCESSFUL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTIONS1 W]E NOT TO BE REALIZ$ 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,9DE$1 :AT HAS OCCURR$ S9CE ! MIDPO9T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IS A V]Y DIFF]5T DEVELOPM5T3 A P]IOD ( CULTURAL & !ORETICAL DECAD5CE SO F> AS REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & MOVEM5TS >E CONC]N$ - A P]IOD ( DECOMPOSITION1 9 FACT1 ?AT HAS SWEPT UP NE>LY ALL ! PHILOSOPHICAL1 CULTURAL1 E?ICAL1 & SOCIAL /&>DS ?AT ! ,5LI<T5M5T HAD PRODUC$4 ,= MANY Y\NG PEOPLE :O PR(ESS$ TO HOLD A RADICAL \TLOOK 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 LEFTI/ !ORY HAS %RIVEL$ 9 SCOPE & CONT5T TO ! LEVEL ( SPECTATORIAL ES!TICS1 (T5 FOCUS$ ON ! SCATT]$ WORKS ( PEOPLE LIKE ! 9DECISIVE CRITIC ,WALT] ,B5JAM91 ! PO/MOD]NI/ ,JACQUES ,D]RIDA1 OR ! CON/IPAT$ /RUCTURALI/ ,L\IS ,AL?USS]1 AS SOCIAL !ORY HAS RETREAT$ FROM ! LU/Y DEBAT+ =UMS ( #a#i#cS SOCIALISM TO ! CLOI/]$ SEM9> ROOMS ( CONTEMPOR>Y UNIV]SITIES4 

,N[ ?AT ! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAS COME TO A CLOSE1 WE >E JU/IFI$ 9 ASK+3 ,:Y HAS HUMANITY'S EMANCIPATION FAIL$ TO A*IEVE FRUITION8 ,:Y1 9 P>TICUL>1 HAS ! PROLET>IAT FAIL$ TO MAKE ITS PR$ICT$ REVOLUTION8 ,9DE$1 :Y DID ! ONCE-RADICAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS FAIL FROM !IR V]Y 9CEPTION TO A*IEVE EV5 A MAJORITY VOTE 9 SU* C5T]S AS ,G]MANY8 ,:Y DID !Y1 9 #a#i#c#c1 SURR5D] SO TAMELY TO ,HITL]8 7,! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S1 ( C\RSE1 W]E SIMPLY %UNT$ ASIDE AFT] #a#i#b#c1 ASSUM+ !Y C\LD EV5 BE TAK5 S]I\SLY 9 ?AT YE>1 EXCEPT AS CONTRIV$ T>GETS = DEMAGOGIC PROPAG&I/IC PURPOSES TO FRI<T5 ! MIDDLE CLASSES ) ! M5ACE ( SOCIAL DISORD]47 

,H[1 MOREOV]1 DID CAPITALISM MANAGE TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! 0*RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS0 9 :I* IT SEEM$ HOPELESSLY MIR$ DUR+ ! #a#i#cS8 ,:Y1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO1 DID IT PRODUCE ADVANCES 9 TE*NICS SO DAZZL+ ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS N[ UND]GO+ A P]MAN5T 0,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION0 :OSE RESULTS >E DIFFICULT TO =ESEE8 ,F9ALLY1 :Y DID IT COME TO PASS ?AT1 FOLL[+ ! PR(\ND ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CRISES ( ! #a#i#cS1 CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM A SECOND WORLD W> AS A MORE /ABLE & MORE SOCIALLY 5TR5*$ ORD] ?AN IT HAD EV] BE5 9 ! PA/8 

,NONE ( !SE EV5TS1 SO IMPORTANT 9 ! PR$ICTIVE CALCULATIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S1 HAVE BE5 ADEQUATELY EXPLA9$ 9 A FUNDAM5TAL & HI/ORICAL S5SE1 NOTABLY ! PROGRESSIVE ROLE ?AT ,M>X ASSIGN$ TO CAPITALISM 9 HIS 0/AGES !ORY0 ( HI/ORY4.<#c#e.> ,9/EAD1 = YE>S ,M>XI/S L>GELY EXP5D$ !IR POLEMICAL 5]GY 9 ?R[+ EPI!TS AT EA* O!R & AT O!R LABOR MOVEM5TS = !IR 0BETRAYALS0 - )\T ASK+ :Y ,M>XISM WAS SO VULN]ABLE TO BETRAYAL 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,9 MORE REC5T YE>S ,M>XI/S HAVE TRI$ TO APPROPRIATE FRAGM5TS ( IDEAS ?AT BELONG TO ONCE-DESPIS$ UTOPIAN IDEOLOGIES1 SU* AS ,F\RI]ISM 7,M>CUSE1 TO CITE ONLY ONE EXAMPLE7 OR TO O!R ALI5 IDEOLOGIES1 SU* AS SYNDICALISM1 AN>*ISM1 ECOLOGY1 FEM9ISM1 & COMMUNIT>IANISM1 APPROPRIAT+ ILL-FITT+ IDEOLOGICAL T5ETS FROM ONE OR ! O!R TO REFURBI% !IR LIMIT$ VIEW ( A *ANG+ B\RGEOIS REALITY1 UNTIL :AT PASSES = ,M>XISM TODAY IS (T5 A PA/I*E ( FRAGM5TS PAT*$ TOGE!R ) PLANKS FROM BASICALLY ALI5 IDEOLOGIES4 

,H[1 9 %ORT1 DID IT COME TO PASS ?AT ! CLASSICAL ]A1 M>K$ BY ITS COH]5CE & UNITY 9 REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T & PRACTICE1 GAVE WAY TO A COMPLETELY DECAD5T ]A 9 :I* 9COH]5CE IS CELEBRAT$1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! NAME ( A PO/MOD]NISM ?AT EQUATES *AOTIC NIHILISM ) FRE$OM1 SELF-EXPRESSION1 & CREATIVITY - NOT UNLIKE ! *AOS ( ! M>KETPLACE ITSELF8 

,MORIBUND OR ,MATURE ,CAPITALISM8 

  

,WE CAN ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS BECAUSE WE N[ 5JOY OV] A HALF-C5TURY ( H9DSI<T4 ,:AT ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S HAVE %[N US IS ?AT ! UNIQUELY 9SURG5T P]IOD BETWE5 #aiag & #aici WAS NOT EVID5CE ( CAPITALI/ MORBIDITY & DECL9E1 AS ,L59 SURMIS$4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS A P]IOD ( SOCIAL TRANSITION4 ,DUR+ ?OSE DECADES ! WORLD WAS SO TORN BY CIRCUM/ANTIALLY CREAT$ T5SIONS ?AT ,L59'S VIEW ( CAPITALISM AS A DY+ SOCIAL ORD] SEEM$ 9DE$ CONFIRM$ BY REALITY4 

,:AT ?IS CLASSICAL PROGNOSIS & ITS SUPPORT+ !ORETICAL CORPUS DID NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT W]E V>I\S ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5TS ?AT FAC$ CAPITALISM BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,GREAT ,W> & EV5 DUR+ ! 9T]W> P]IOD - ALT]NATIVES ?AT LAY B5EA? ! TUMULTU\S SURFACE ( ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,! CLASSICAL ,LEFT DID NOT CONSID] O!R POSSIBLE SOCIAL TRAJECTORIES ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD HAVE FOLL[$ - & EV5TUALLY DID FOLL[ - ?AT W\LD MAKE = ITS /ABILIZATION4 ,IT NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO UND]/& !SE NEW SOCIAL TRAJECTORIES BUT ALSO FAIL$ TO =ESEE1 EV5 FA9TLY1 ! EM]G5CE ( NEW ISSUES ?AT EXT5D$ BEYOND ! L>GELY WORK]-ORI5T$ ANALYSIS ( ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT4 

,= ONE ?+1 :AT MAKES SO MU* ( ! CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y PROGNOSES =MULAT$ BY PREW> & W>TIME SOCIALISM SEEM P>ADOXICAL IS ?AT ! 0MORIBUND0 P]IOD 9 :I* MANY CLASSICAL LEFTI/S AN*OR$ !IR HOPES = REVOLUTION WAS /ILL NOT EV5 A P]IOD ( 0MATURE0 CAPITALISM1 LET ALONE ONE ( 0DY+0 CAPITALISM4 ,! ]A BE=E ! ,GREAT ,W> WAS ONE 9 :I* MASS PRODUCTION1 REPUBLICAN SY/EMS ( GOV]NM5T1 & SO-CALL$ 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC0 LIB]TIES W]E /ILL EM]G+ FROM A *RYSALIS ( PRECAPITALI/ =MS ( CRAFT PRODUCTION & COMM]CE1 /ATE /RUCTURES RUL$ BY ROYAL FAMILIES & C\RTS1 & ECONOMIES 9 :I* 5NOBL$ L&LORDS SU* AS ! ,G]MAN ,JUNK]S1 ,BRITI% >I/OCRATS1 & ,LAT9 ,GR&EES COEXI/$ ) A HUGE1 TE*NICALLY BACKW>D PEASANT POPULATION4 ,EV5 :]E MO/ GREAT E/ATES W]E [N$ BY B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS1 AS 9 ,SPA91 !IR MANAGEM5T ( AGRICULTURE WAS CONDUCT$ LE?>GICALLY1 EMULAT+ ! DIFFID5T ECONOMIC HABITS ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ P>ASITIC AGR>IAN ELITES ( A PRECAPITALI/ ]A4 ,CAPITALISM1 :ILE IT WAS ! DOM9ANT ECONOMY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ,G]MANY1 MORE AMBIGU\SLY ,FRANCE1 & ONLY M>G9ALLY 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 WAS /ILL SUBORD9AT$ CULTURALLY & EV5 /RUCTURALLY TO ELITE /RATA1 (T5 BAS$ ON K9%IP1 ?AT W]E MORE FEUDAL ?AN B\RGEOIS1 & M>K$ BY ! R5TI] & MILIT>I/IC VALUES ?AT DI/+UI%$ A WAN+ ]A4 

,9 EFFECT1 EV5 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 :ILE BECOM+ C5TRAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAJOR NATION-/ATES 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 WAS /ILL AN*OR$ 9 A CRAFT-PEASANT SOCIAL MATRIX4 ,! [N]%IP ( L& & ( SMALL-SCALE WORK%OPS1 (T5 FAMILY MANAG$1 =M$ ! TRADITIONAL FEATURES ( SOCIAL /ATUS 9 A V]Y /ATUS-RIDD5 WORLD1 SU* AS ,5GL& & ,G]MANY4 ,IT IS H>D TO RECALL TODAY H[ L[ WAS ! REAL /ATUS ( WOM5 DUR+ ! E>LY #a#iS2 H[ DEGRAD$ WAS ! /ATUS ( PROP]TYLESS1 (T5 M5DICANT WORK]S2 H[ EAG]LY EV5 SUB/ANTIAL CAPITALI/S TRI$ TO M>RY 9TO TITL$ FAMILIES2 H[ FEEBLE W]E ELEM5T>Y CIVIL LIB]TIES 9 A WORLD ?AT ACKN[L$G$ ! VALIDITY ( 9H]IT$ PRIVILEGE & ! AU?ORITY ( MON>*S2 & H[ EMBATTL$ WAS ! 9DU/RIALLY REGIM5T$ PROLET>IAT 7(T5 REMOV$ BY A G5]ATION OR TWO FROM VILLAGE LIFE ) ITS MORE NATURAL LIFE-WAYS7 9 ITS EF=TS TO M]ELY ORGANIZE RE=MI/ TRADE UNIONS4 

,! ,GREAT ,W> - A MON/R\S EV5T ?AT WAS AS MU*1 IF NOT MORE1 ! PRODUCT ( DYNA/IC AMBITIONS1 MILIT>Y OBTUS5ESS1 & ! AWESOME AU?ORITY ALL[$ TO PRE5+ MON>*S1 AS IT WAS ( ECONOMIC IMP]IALISM - WAS NOT A 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITY40 ,AN 5TANGL$ ,EUROPE1 CAU<T UP 9 ,KAIS] ,WILHELM ,I,I'S JUV5ILE PO/UR+ & DIZZY+ IMAGES ( ,G]MAN NATIONAL GR&EUR1 ! BL9D SPIRIT ( ,FR5* REVAN*ISME FOLL[+ ! C\NTRY'S LOSS ( ,ALSACE & ,LORRA9E 9 #ahga TO ! ,WILHELM9E ,REI*1 & ! NAIVE NATIONALISM ( ! MASSES1 :OSE CLASS 9T]NATIONALISM WAS (T5 MORE RHETORICAL ?AN REAL - ALL L$ TO A HORRIBLE =M ( TR5* W>F>E ?AT %\LD HAVE BE5 UN5DURABLE TO ANY CIVILIZ$ PEOPLE )9 A FEW MON?S AFT] IT FELL 9TO PLACE1 LET ALONE = F\R BLOODY YE>S4 ,! ,DEUTS*E ,M>K1 ! EMBLEMATIC EXPRESSION ( ,G]MAN CAPITALISM1 MANAG$ TO P]=M ECONOMIC PRODIGIES ?AT NEI!R ,WILHELM'S NOR ,HITL]'S BAYONETS C\LD HOPE TO P]=M DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY - SO DIFF]5T >E ! ALT]NATIVES ?AT ! PO/W> ]A F9ALLY REVEAL$6 

,YET1 IRONICALLY1 IT WAS NOT ! BATTLEFRONT 9 ! ,GREAT ,W> ?AT G5]AT$ ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#i#a#g-#a#h2 IT WAS ! RE>1 :]E HUNG] MANAG$ TO DO :AT ! T]RIFY+ EXPLOSIVES1 MA*9E GUNS1 TANKS1 & POISON GAS AT ! FRONT NEV] QUITE SUCCE$$ 9 A*IEV+ - A REVOLUTION OV] ISSUES SU* AS BREAD & PEACE 79 PRECISELY ?AT ORD]74 ,IT IS BREA?TAK+ TO CONSID] ?AT1 AFT] ?REE YE>S ( CON/ANT BLOODLETT+1 MUTILATION1 & 9CR$IBLE DAILY FE>1 ! ,G]MAN /RIKES ( ,JANU>Y #aiah ?AT HAD ! PUNG5T ODOR ( REVOLUTION ACTUALLY SUBSID$1 & ! ,G]MAN WORK]S REMA9$ PATI5TLY QUIESC5T :5 ,G5]AL ,LUD5DORFF'S SPR+ & SUMM] (F5SIVES ( ?AT YE> GA9$ SUB/ANTIAL GR\ND FROM ,FR5* & ,BRITI% TROOPS 9 ! ,WE/ TO ! 0GREAT] GLORY0 ( ! ,REI*4 ,SO MU* = ! 0REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CTS0 ( ! PEOPLE1 :I* ,BAKUN9 WAS WONT TO CELEBRATE4 ,IT SPEAKS VOLUMES ?AT1 DESPITE ! HORRORS ( ! ,GREAT ,W>1 ! MASSES W5T ALONG ) ! CONFLICT UNTIL IT WAS COMPLETELY UN5DURABLE MAT]IALLY4 ,SU* IS ! P[] ( ADAPTATION1 TRADITION1 & HABIT 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,A ,P]IOD ( ,TRANSITION 

  

,NOT)/&+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,GREAT ,W> CAME TO AN 5D )\T OV]?R[+ ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM1 LET ALONE WORLD CAPITALISM4 ,! W> ACTUALLY REVEAL$ ?AT ! CLASSICAL TRADITION ( SOCIALISM WAS V]Y LIMIT$ &1 9 MANY RESPECTS1 WAS GREATLY 9 NE$ ( REPAIR4 ,UND]/&ABLY1 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY TRI$ TO =E%ORT5 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & BR+ AB\T ! LIKELIHOOD ( SOCIALISM )9 !IR [N LIFE SPANS1 AL?\< ?IS IS LESS TRUE ( ,LUXEMBURG & P>TICUL>LY ( ,M>X1 :O WAS F> MORE CRITICAL ( ,M>XISM ?AN HIS ACOLYTES4 ,9DE$1 ,M>X WAS AT PA9S TO W>N ?AT IT HAD TAK5 C5TURIES = FEUDALISM TO DIE & = CAPITALISM TO EM]GE1 H5CE ,M>XI/S %\LD H>DLY EXPECT ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD BE OV]?R[N 9 A YE>1 A DECADE1 OR EV5 A G5]ATION4 ,TROTSKY WAS F> MORE SANGU9E ?AN ,L59 9 HIS CONVICTION ?AT CAPITALISM WAS 0MORIBUND10 0DECAY+10 0ROTT+10 & O!RWISE FALL+ AP>T1 & ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS GR[+ 0/RONG]10 OR 0MORE CLASS CONSCI\S10 OR 0ORGANIZ$0 - BUT IT MATT]S LITTLE TODAY TO DWELL ON HIS EXPECTATIONS & PROGNOSES4 

,NEV]!LESS ! ,GREAT ,W> - :ILE NOT COMPLETELY SWEEP+ ! HI/ORICAL SLATE CLEAN ( ! FEUDAL DETRITUS ?AT CONTRIBUT$ SO GREATLY TO ITS \TBREAK - LEFT ! ,WE/]N WORLD 9 A CULTURAL1 MORAL1 & POLITICAL /UPOR4 ,AN ]A WAS CLE>LY 5D+1 BUT IT WAS NOT CAPITALISM ?AT WAS FAC$ ) IMM95T OBLIVION4 ,:AT WAS DISAPPE>+ WAS ! TRADITIONAL1 TIME-WORN /ATUS & CLASS SY/EM ( A FEUDAL PA/1 YET )\T ANY FULLY DEVELOP$ =M ( CAPITALISM TO TAKE ITS PLACE4 ,) ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION1 ,BRITI% L&LORDISM BEGAN TO 5T] 9TO H>D1 EV5 DEVA/AT+ TIMES1 BUT IT HAD NOT COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ DUR+ ! #a#i#cS4 ,! ,PRUSSIAN ,JUNK]S W]E /ILL 9 COMM& ( ! ,G]MAN >MY AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i#cS &1 ?ANKS TO VON ,H9D5BURG'S ELECTION AS PRESID5T ( ! ,G]MAN /ATE1 /ILL 5JOY$ MANY ( ! PRIVILEGES ( AN E/ABLI%$ ELITE E>LY 9 ! ,HITL] P]IOD4 ,BUT ?IS ONCE HAU<TY /RATUM WAS EV5TUALLY FAC$ ) ! *ALL5GE ( ,HITL]'S ,GLEI*S*ALTUNG1 ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL LEVEL+ ?AT F9ALLY DEGRAD$ ! ,PRUSSIAN (FIC] CA/E4 ,9 ! 5D1 IT WAS ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN & ,RUSSIAN >MIES ?AT SWEPT ! ,JUNK]S AWAY BY SEIZ+ !IR E/ATES 9 ! ,EA/ & DISSOLV+ !M AS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC 5TITY4 ,FRANCE WAS FI<T+ ITS LA/ BATTLES AS A MIDDLE-CLASS REPUBLIC DUR+ ! MID #a#i#cS1 ) ,CA?OLIC REACTION>IES & ! BLOOD$ Y\NG FASCI/S ( ! ,CROIX DE ,FEU1 :O ASPIR$ TO AN >I/OCRATIC ,GALLICISM L$ BY RI* & TITL$ LEAD]S4 

,?US1 ! 9T]W> DECADES W]E A /ORMY P]IOD ( TRANSITION BETWE5 A DECL9+ QUASI-FEUDAL WORLD1 ALREADY %ATT]$ BUT NOT BURI$1 & AN EM]G+ B\RGEOIS WORLD1 :I*1 DESPITE ITS VA/ ECONOMIC P[]1 HAD /ILL NOT P5ETRAT$ 9TO EV]Y PORE ( SOCIETY & DEF9$ ! BASIC VALUES ( ! C5TURY4 ,! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION1 9 FACT1 %[$ ?AT ! P$E/RIAN MAXIM1 0MONEY ISN'T EV]Y?+10 IS TRUE :5 !RE IS NO MONEY TO GO >\ND4 ,9DE$1 ! ,DEPRESSION ?REW MU* ( ! WORLD1 ESPECIALLY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9TO A DISORD]LY WORLD ?AT RESEMBL$ ITS [N HECTIC POPULI/ ]A ( ! #a#h#gS & #a#h#hS1 H5CE ! FL>E-UP ( TRADE UNIONISM1 VIOL5T /RIKES1 GREAT DEMON/RATIONS1 & 0,R$0 AGITATION ?AT SWEPT OV] ! ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN CONT95TS 9 ! #a#i#cS4 

,9 ?IS SOCIALLY HYP]ACTIVE BUT 9DECISIVE P]IOD ( SOCIAL T5SIONS BETWE5 ! OLD & NEW1 :5 ! RUL+ CLASSES AS WELL AS ! DOM9AT$ MASSES LIV$ 9 MURD]\S ANTIPA?Y T[>D EA* O!R1 HI/ORY UNLOCK$ ! DOOR TO REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS4 ,AMID ! UNC]TA9TY ( A T5SION-FILL$ WORLD1 ! FULFILLM5T ( ,M>X'S DREAM - A DEMOCRATIC WORK]S' SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T - SEEM$ A*IEVABLE4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! T5SIONS ?AT EXI/$ )9 ?AT 9T]W> P]IOD1 IT APPE>$ ?AT CAPITALISM HAD COLLAPS$ ECONOMICALLY & A WORLDWIDE MOVEM5T T[>D A DEMOCRATIC1 POSSIBLY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WAS A*IEVABLE4 ,BUT TO CREATE SU* A SOCIETY REQUIR$ A HI<LY CONSCI\S MOVEM5T ) AN ABLE LEAD]%IP & A CLE>-EY$ S5SE ( PURPOSE4 

,TRAGICALLY1 NO SU* MOVEM5T APPE>$4 ,GROSSLY PRAGMATIC BUREAUCRATS SU* AS ,FRI$RI* ,EB]T & ,PHILIP ,S*EIDEMANN1 & P$E/RIAN !ORI/S SU* AS ,K>L ,KAUTSKY & ,RUDOLF ,HILF]D+1 ASSUM$ ! DEFLAT$ MANTLE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL & SET ITS TONE UP UNTIL ! RISE ( ,G]MAN FASCISM4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS ,/AL9 9T]V5$ 9 EV]Y POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 ,EUROPE & POISON$ IT TO S]VE ,RUSSIA'S - & HIS [N - 9T]E/S4 ,! PRE/IGE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION1 TO :I* ?IS TYRANT CONTRIBUT$ ABSOLUTELY NO?+ & :I* HE DEFAM$ :5 HE CAME TO P[]1 WAS /ILL NOT SUFFICI5TLY SULLI$ TO ALL[ ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT TO CREATE ITS [N AU!NTIC MOVEM5TS & EXP& ITS VISION TO ACCORD ) EM]G+ SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT REFLECT$ *ANGES 9 CAPITALISM ITSELF4 

,:AT MU/ N[ BE ACKN[L$G$ IS ?AT BETWE5 #aiad & #aide CAPITALISM WAS 5L>G+ ITS F\NDATIONS ) MASS MANUFACTURE & NEW 9DU/RIES1 NOT DIGG+ ITS GRAVE1 AS ,L59 & ,TROTSKY HAD OP9$4 ,ITS /ATUS AS A DOM9ANT WORLD ECONOMY & SOCIETY /ILL LAY BE=E IT 9 #a#i#a#g1 NOT BEH9D IT4 ,& IT W\LD BE %E] MYOPIA NOT TO SEE ?AT IT IS /ILL 9DU/RIALIZ+ ! WORLD - ! AGR>IAN AS WELL AS ! URBAN - :I* IS BASICALLY :AT ! WORD 0GLOBALIZATION0 MEANS4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS /ILL ]OD+ ! P>TICUL>ISMS ?AT DIVIDE HUMAN BE+S ON ! BASIS ( NATIONALISM1 RELIGION1 & E?NICITY4 ,MO/ ( ! 0FUNDAM5TALISMS0 & 0ID5TITY POLITICS0 ]UPT+ 9 ! WORLD TODAY >E ESS5TIALLY REACTIONS AGA9/ ! 5CROA*+ SECUL>ISM & UNIV]SALISM ( A BUS9ESS-ORI5T$1 9CREAS+LY HOMOG5IZ+ CAPITALI/ CIVILIZATION ?AT IS SL[LY EAT+ AWAY AT A DEEPLY RELIGI\S1 NATIONALI/IC1 & E?NIC H]ITAGE4 ,! COMMODITY IS /ILL P]=M+ PRODIGIES ( SOCIAL ]OSION 9 PRECAPITALI/ CULTURES1 BE !Y = GOOD OR BAD1 SU* AS ,M>X & ,5GELS DESCRIB$ 9 ! FIR/ P>T ( ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 ,:]E SANITY & REASON DO NOT GUIDE HUMAN AFFAIRS1 TO BE SURE1 ! GOOD IS NE>LY ALWAYS POLLUT$ BY ! BAD1 & IT IS ! FUNCTION ( ANY S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y ?9K] TO SEP>ATE ! TWO 9 ! HOPE ( UNE>?+ ! RATIONAL T5D5CY 9 A SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,AT ! SAME TIME CAPITALISM IS NOT ONLY HOMOG5IZ+ OLD SOCIETIES & REMAK+ !M 9 ITS URBANIZ$1 COMMODITY-ORI5T$ IMAGE2 IT IS DO+ ! SAME TO ! PLANET & ! BIOSPH]E 9 ! NAME ( 0MA/]+0 ! =CES ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY ! 0HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE0 ROLE ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS ASSIGN$1 9 A CELEBRATORY MANN]1 TO ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,H[ 0PROGRESSIVE0 ?IS PROCESS ( HOMOG5IZATION IS1 9 FACT1 REMA9S TO BE SE54 ,= ! PRES5T1 IT BEHOOVES US TO EXAM9E ! FAILURE ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM 7>GUABLY ! TWO PR9CIPAL W+S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION7 TO DEAL ) ! TRANSITIONAL NATURE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,ASSESS+ ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,TRADITION 

  

,9 ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,TWO P]IOD ! WEAKE/ ELEM5TS 9 ,M>X'S S*EMA ( HI/ORY1 CLASS /RUGGLE1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & POLITICAL ACTIVITY HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$ TO P5ETRAT+ CRITICAL EXAM9ATION4.<#c#f.> ,! ,M>XIAN CANON TO ! CONTR>Y1 HI/ORY1 VIEW$ AS A :OLE1 CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO ECONOMIC FACTORS AS ,M>X TRI$ TO DO 9 HIS KEY WORKS1 AL?\< CAPITALISM MAY WELL BE MUTAT+ HOMO SAPI5S 9TO HOMO CONSUM]ANS & FO/]+ ! T5D5CY AMONG MASSES ( PEOPLE TO EXP]I5CE REALITY AS A HUGE M>KET4 ,M>X'S BASIC VIEWS MAY HAVE PROVID$ HIS ACOLYTES ) ! NECESS>Y OR PRECONDITIONAL CAUSES = SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T - ADMITT$LY MAT]IAL OR ECONOMIC CAUSES - BUT !Y FAIL$ TO EXPLA9 ! 5ORM\S ROLE ( ! EFFICI5T CAUSES - ! IMM$IATE CAUSES1 SU* AS CULTURE1 POLITICS1 MORALITY1 JURIDICAL PRACTICES1 & ! LIKE 7:I* ,M>X D5OT$ AS A 0SUP]/RUCTURAL07 - = PRODUC+ SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,9DE$1 :AT ELSE BESIDES 0SUP]/RUCTURAL0 7P>TICUL>LY MORAL1 RELIGI\S1 & POLITICAL7 FACTORS CAN EXPLA9 :Y ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 :I* ALWAYS EXI/$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES 9 AGR>IAN & CRAFT ECONOMIES1 WAS >RE/$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S & BECAME A MAJOR ECONOMY 9 ONLY ONE C\NTRY 7,5GL&7 E>LY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY8 ,OR :Y REVOLUTIONS OCCUR ONLY UND] CONDITIONS ( COMPLETE SOCIAL BREAKD[N1 ?AT IS1 AFT] A VA/ BODY ( MASSIVELY 9FLU5TIAL 0SUP]/RUCTURAL0 BELIEF SY/EMS 7(T5 ACCEPT$ 9 !IR TIME AS ET]NAL REALITIES7 >E %ATT]$8 ,M>X WAS NOT OBLIVI\S TO ! EXT5T TO :I* BELIEF-SY/EMS OV]RIDE B\RGEOIS =CES 9 PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ESPECIALLY 9 HIS DISCUSSIONS ON ! PR$OM9ANCE ( AGR>IAN VALUES OV] URBAN ONES 9 HIS ,GRUNDRISSE4 ,V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,M>XI/S W]E RIDDL$ BY CONFLICTS OV] ! /ATUS ( CAPITALISM AT V>I\S PO9TS 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :5 ! B\RGEOISIE FAC$ ONE ( ! /ORMIE/ P]IODS ( ITS HI/ORY - PRECISELY BECAUSE CAPITALISM HAD NOT FULLY %$ ! TRAPP+S ( FEUDALISM & COME 0COMPLETELY 9TO ITS [N10 SO TO SPEAK4 

,H[1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS IT POSSIBLE = MANY ,M>XI/S TO 9SI/ ?AT CAPITALISM WAS 9 DECL9E AT A TIME :5 MAJOR TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS LIKE MASS MANUFACTURE1 RADICALLY NEW =MS ( TRANSPORTATION SU* AS ! AUTOMOBILE1 ADVANCES 9 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC MA*9ES & GOODS1 & NEW *EMICAL 9NOVATIONS W]E OCCURR+ 9 ! DECADE DIRECTLY FOLL[+ ! ,GREAT ,W>8 ,HAD ,M>X NOT WRITT51 AFT] ALL1 ?AT 0,NO SOCIAL ORD] EV] P]I%ES BE=E ALL ! PRODUCTIVE =CES .<TE*NOLOGY.> = :I* !RE IS ROOM 9 IT HAVE DEVELOP$08.<#c#g.> ,C\LD ?IS BE SAID ( CAPITALISM 9 #a#i#a#d-#a#h & #a#i#c#i-#d#e8 ,9DE$1 WILL IT EV] BE SAID ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 ! FUTURE8 

,9 ASK+ !SE QUE/IONS1 ,I AM NOT TRY+ TO SUGGE/ ?AT CAPITALISM WILL NEV] PRODUCE PROBLEMS ?AT NECESSITATE ITS OV]?R[ OR REPLACEM5T4 ,MY PURPOSE IS1 RA!R1 TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! PROBLEMS ?AT MAY WELL TURN MO/ ( HUMANITY AGA9/ CAPITALISM MAY NOT NECESS>ILY BE /RICTLY ECONOMIC ONES OR ROOT$ 9 CLASS ISSUES4 

,>GUABLE AS ,M>X'S PRODUCTIVI/ 9T]PRETATION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & ITS FUTURE MAY BE1 IT BECOMES A V]Y =C$ & >TIFICIAL1 EV5 CONTORT$ EXPLANATION ( HI/ORY IF IT IS NOT GREATLY MODIFI$ BY ! DIALECTIC ( IDEAS1 ?AT IS1 BY POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEOLOGY1 MORALITY & E?ICS1 LAW1 JURIDICAL /&>DS1 & ! LIKE4 ,M>XISM HAS YET TO =?RI<TLY ACKN[L$GE ?AT !SE DIFF]5T SPH]ES ( LIFE HAVE !IR [N DIALECTIC1 9DE$1 ?AT !Y CAN UNFOLD FROM 9N] =CES ( !IR [N & NOT SIMPLY RESULT FROM A PRODUCTIVI/ DIALECTIC CALL$ ! 0MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY40 ,MOREOV]1 IT HAS YET TO EMPHASIZE ?AT A DIALECTIC ( E?ICS OR RELIGION CAN PR(\NDLY AFFECT ! DIALECTIC ( PRODUCTIVE =CES & PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE1 = EXAMPLE1 TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY L$ LOGICALLY TO A GR[+ RESPECT = 9DIVIDUAL WOR? & F9ALLY TO RADICAL CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIAL FRE$OM - A DIALECTIC1 9 TURN1 ?AT PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BY ALT]+ ! WAY HUMAN BE+S 9T]ACT$ ) EA* O!R & ) ! MAT]IAL WORLD8 

,BY ! TIME ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 C5TURIES ( DEEPLY 5TR5*$ IDEAS ON PROP]TY1 SU* AS ! 5ORM\S E/EEM ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ! [N]%IP ( L&1 W]E 9T]M+L+ & MODIFY+ SEEM+LY OBJECTIVE SOCIAL =CES1 SU* AS ! GR[? ( AN 9CREAS+LY CAPITALI/IC M>KET4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! EXALT$ IMAGE ( ! 9DEP5D5T1 (T5 SELF-SUFFICI5T PEASANT1 :O BEGAN TO EM]GE 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,REVOLUTION ) HIS SMALL BIT ( PROP]TY & HIS CRAFT-ORI5T$ VILLAGE1 ACTUALLY 9HIBIT$ CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 ,FRANCE WELL 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BY CLOS+ (F L>GE P>TS ( ! DOME/IC M>KET TO COMMODITIES MASS-PRODUC$ 9 ! CITIES4 ,! IMAGE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION AS A 0B\RGEOIS0 REVOLUTION ?AT FO/]$ A CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T AT HOME IS >GUABLY MORE FICTITI\S ?AN REAL1 AL?\< 9 ! LONG RUN IT CREAT$ MANY PRECONDITIONS = ! RISE ( ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 

,9 %ORT1 BY $UC+ ! DIALECTIC ( HI/ORY ALONG OV]:ELM+LY PRODUCTIVI/ L9ES1 ,M>X EASILY DECEIV$ HIMSELF AS WELL AS HIS MO/ IMPORTANT FOLL[]S1 NOTABLY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 AB\T CAPITALISM'S MORBIDITY1 BY ASSUM+ ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAD F9ALLY PREP>$ ALL ! ECONOMIC PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM & H5CE WAS PREP>$ TO BE REPLAC$ BY SOCIALISM4 ,:AT HE IGNOR$ WAS ?AT MANY ( ! PROBLEMS1 CONTRADICTIONS1 & ANTAGONISMS HE IMPUT$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO CAPITALISM W]E1 9 FACT1 ! PRODUCT ( L+]+ FEUDAL TRAITS ?AT SOCIETY HAD NOT %$2 MOREOV]1 ?AT ! SEEM+LY 0SUP]/RUCTURAL0 9/ITUTIONS & VALUES ?AT HAD *>ACT]IZ$ PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 DEF9+ A SEEM+LY PR$OM9ANT CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ?AT WAS /ILL ABORN+4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ! AN>*I/S W]E RI<T :5 !Y CALL$ NOT SO MU* = ! ECONOMIC IMPROVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT AS = ITS MORAL DEVELOPM5T BE+ VITAL TO ! =MATION ( A FREE SOCIETY - IMPROVEM5TS ?AT ! ,M>XI/S L>GELY BRU%$ ASIDE AS ISSUES ?AT FELL )9 ! DOMA9 ( 0PRIVATE LIFE40 

,M>X & ,M>XISM ALSO FAIL US :5 !Y FOCUS OV]:ELM+LY ON ! WORK+ CLASS - EV5 5HANC+ ITS SOCIAL WEI<T BY PRESUMABLY ELEVAT+ TRANSP>5TLY PETTY-B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS SU* AS SAL>I$ :ITE-COLL> EMPLOYES TO A PROLET>IAN /ATUS :5 9DU/RIAL WORK]S >E EVID5TLY DECL9+ NUM]ICALLY4 ,NOR DOES ! AU!NTIC PROLET>IAT1 :I* ASSUM$ AN ALMO/ MY/ICAL CLASS /ATUS 9 ! HEYDAY ( ,M>XISM1 ACT AS ?\< IT IS A UNIQUELY HEGEMONIC HI/ORICAL AG5T 9 ! CONFLICT ) CAPITALISM AS A SY/EM4 ,NO?+ PROV$ TO BE MORE MISLEAD+ 9 ! ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD ?AN ! MY? ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS1 :5 APPEAL$ TO AS AN ECONOMIC CLASS1 C\LD SEE BEYOND ! IMM$IATE CONDITIONS ( ITS GIV5 LIFE-WAYS - ! FACTORY & B\RGEOIS =MS ( DI/RIBUTION 7EX*ANGE74.<#c#h.> ,IT CONSI/5TLY ADOPT$ RE=MI/ PROGRAMS DESIGN$ TO GA9 HI<] WAGES1 %ORT] WORK+ DAYS1 LONG] VACATIONS1 & IMPROV$ WORK+ CONDITIONS UNTIL ?UND]\S EV5TS DROVE IT TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTION - TOGE!R1 IT %\LD BE ADD$1 ) NON-PROLET>IAN /RATA4 ,VIRTUALLY NONE ( ! CLASSICAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 APPEAL$ TO ! WORK]S AS PEOPLE1 SU* AS P>5TS1 CITY DWELL]S1 BRO!RS & SI/]S1 & 9DIVIDUALS TRY+ TO LIVE DEC5T LIVES 9 A DEC5T 5VIRONM5T = !MSELVES & !IR (FSPR+4 

,MO/ CONV5TIONAL ,M>XI/ !ORI/S TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! WORK] IS FIR/ ( ALL A HUMAN BE+1 NOT SIMPLY ! EMBODIM5T ( 0SOCIAL LABOR0 ?AT IS DEF9ABLE 9 /RICTLY CLASS T]MS4 ,! FAILURE ( CLASSICAL SOCIALISM TO MAKE A HUMAN & CIVIC APPEAL TO ! WORK] - EV5 TO S]I\SLY CONSID] HIM OR H] AS MORE ?AN A CLASS BE+ - CREAT$ A W>P$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS & !IR ALLEG$ 0CON/ITU5CY40 ,AL?\< ! CLASSICAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 PROVID$ WORK]S ) A HI<LY V>I$ CULTURAL LIFE ( !IR [N1 FROM $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES TO SPORTS CLUBS1 ! PROLET>IAT WAS USUALLY BOX$ 9TO A WORLD B\ND$ BY A CONC]N = ITS MO/ IMM$IATE MAT]IAL 9T]E/S4 ,EV5 9 ! PRE-,WORLD ,W> ,TWO CULTURAL C5T]S ( ! SOCIALI/S1 SU* AS ! CASAS DEL PUEBLO E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/S1 IT WAS F$ PRIM>ILY ON DISCUSSIONS ( ITS EXPLOITATION & DEGRADATION BY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 :I* 9 ANY CASE IT EXP]I5C$ DAILY 9 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS4 ,! ATTEMPT TO R$EF9E ! PROLET>IAT & MAKE IT A MAJORITY ( A NATIONAL POPULATION LO/ ALL CR$IBILITY :5 CAPITALISM BEGAN TO CREATE A HUGE 0SAL>IAT0 ( (FICE EMPLOYES1 MANAG]S1 SALES PEOPLE1 & AN >MY ( S]VICE1 5G9E]+1 ADV]TIS+1 M$IA1 & GOV]NM5TAL P]SONNEL :O SEE !MSELVES AS A NEW MIDDLE CLASS DEEPLY 9VE/$ 9 B\RGEOIS PROP]TY ?R\< /OCKS1 BONDS1 REAL E/ATE1 P5SIONS1 & ! LIKE1 H[EV] M9OR !SE MAY SEEM BY COMP>ISON ) ! BIG B\RGEOISIE4 

,F9ALLY1 A V]Y SIGNIFICANT FAIL+ ( ,M>XISM :5 IT CAME TO BUILD+ A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS ITS COMMITM5T TO ! /ATI/ ACQUISITION & MA9T5ANCE ( P>LIAM5T>Y P[]4 ,BY ! LATE #a#h#gS ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD DEVELOP$ 9TO 0,R$ ,REPUBLICANS10 NOT)/&+ ,M>X'S 5COMIUMS TO ! ,P>ISIAN ,COMMUN>DS & !IR QUASI-AN>*I/ VISION ( A CONF$]AL =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,:AT IS (T5 IGNOR$ IS ?AT ,M>X DISCLAIM$ !SE 5COMIUMS %ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA? A DECADE LAT]4 ,D\BTLESS ,M>X'S VISION ( A REPUBLIC WAS M>K$ BY MORE DEMOCRATIC FEATURES ?AN ANY ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA DUR+ HIS LIFETIME4 ,HE W\LD HAVE FAVOR$ ! RI<T TO RECALL DEPUTIES AT ALL LEVELS ( ! /ATE1 AS WELL AS M9IMAL BUREAUCRACY & A MILITIA SY/EM HOPEFULLY BAS$ ON WORK+-CLASS RECRUITS4 ,BUT NONE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS HE ATTRIBUT$ TO A SOCIALI/ /ATE W]E 9COMPATIBLE ) ?OSE ( A 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC0 /ATE4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 HE BELIEV$ ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD BE VOT$ 9TO P[] 9 ,5GL&1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ! ,NE!RL&S1 A LI/ TO :I* ,5GELS YE>S LAT] ADD$ ,FRANCE4 

,9 V[+ ?AT ONLY 9SURRECTION & A COMPLETE RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! /ATE W]E COMPATIBLE ) SOCIALISM1 ,L59 & ,LUXEMBURG AMONG O!RS 7ESPECIALLY ,TROTSKY7 DECID$LY DEP>T$ FROM ,M>X & ,5GELS'S POLITICAL IDEAS 9 !IR LATE YE>S4 ,AT LEA/ 9 TRY+ TO WORK )9 REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS1 ! E>LY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E MORE CONSI/5TLY ,M>XI/ ?AN W]E !IR REVOLUTION>Y CRITICS4 ,!Y VIEW$ ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#h- #ai AS AN 9DISP5SABLE PRELIM9>Y TO ! CREATION ( A REPUBLICAN SY/EM ?AT W\LD OP5 A PEACEFUL BUT1 MORE SIGNIFICANT1 9/ITUTIONALLY S\ND ROAD TO SOCIALISM4 ,?AT WORK]S' C\NCILS SU* AS ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS & ,G]MAN ,RATE W]E MORE RADICALLY DEMOCRATIC MADE !M1 AS 9/ITUTIONAL MEASURES1 FRI<T5+1 MORE AK9 TO AN>*ISM & C]TA9LY ,BOL%EVISM ?AN TO A P>LIAM5T ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,AL?\< A Y\NG] ,M>X W\LD HAVE F\ND A /ATE /RUCTUR$ >\ND C\NCILS MORE TO HIS TA/E1 !RE IS LITTLE TO %[ 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S 7AP>T FROM HIS FLIRTATION ) ! LIB]T>IAN FEATURES ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE7 ?AT HE W\LD HAVE 0SMA%$ ! /ATE10 TO USE ,L59'S T]M9OLOGY1 TO ! PO9T ( REJECT+ P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T4 

,DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT AN>*I/ PRECEPTS1 SPAWN$ NE>LY TWO C5TURIES AGO1 PROVIDE A SUB/ITUTE = ,M>XISM8 

,AFT] #d YE>S ( TRY+ TO WORK ) ?IS IDEOLOGY1 MY [N V]Y CONSID]$ OP9ION IS ?AT SU* A HOPE1 :I* ,I 5T]TA9$ AS E>LY AS ! #a#i#eS1 IS UNREALIZABLE4 ,NOR DO ,I FEEL ?AT ?IS IS DUE ONLY TO ! FAIL+S ( ! SO-CALL$ 0NEW AN>*ISM0 SPAWN$ 9 REC5T YE>S BY Y\NG ACTIVI/S4 ,! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY AN>*ISM BELONG TO ! DAYS ( ITS BIR?1 :5 WRIT]S LIKE ,PR\DHON CELEBRAT$ ITS USE AS A NEW ALT]NATIVE TO ! EM]G+ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,9 REALITY1 AN>*ISM HAS NO COH]5T BODY ( !ORY O!R ?AN ITS COMMITM5T TO AN AHI/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( 0P]SONAL AUTONOMY0 - ?AT IS1 TO ! SELF-WILL+1 ASOCIAL EGO1 DIVE/$ ( CON/RA9TS1 PRECONDITIONS1 OR LIMITATIONS %ORT ( DEA? ITSELF4 ,9DE$1 TODAY1 MANY AN>*I/S CELEBRATE ?IS !ORETICAL 9COH]5CE AS EVID5CE ( ! HI<LY LIB]T>IAN NATURE ( !IR \TLOOK & ITS (T5 DIZZY+1 ( NOT CONTRADICTORY1 RESPECT = DIV]SITY4 ,IT IS PRIM>ILY BY GIV+ PRIORITY TO AN IDEOLOGICALLY PETRIFI$ NOTION ( AN 0AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL0 ?AT AN>*I/S JU/IFY !IR OPPOSITION NOT ONLY TO ! /ATE BUT TO ANY =M ( CON/RA9T1 LAW1 & (T5 ORGANIZATION & DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ BAS$ ON MAJORITY VOT+4 ,ALL SU* CON/RA9TS >E DISMISS$ 9 PR9CIPLE AS =MS ( 0CO]CION10 0DOM9ATION10 0GOV]NM5T10 & EV5 0TYRANNY0 - (T5 AS ?\< !SE T]MS >E COEQUAL & 9T]*ANGEABLE4 

,NOR DO AN>*I/ !ORI/S TAKE COGNIZANCE ( ! SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ?AT LIMIT OR MODIFY ! ABILITY TO ATTA9 0,AN>*Y10 :I* IS (T5 DESCRIB$ AS A HI<LY P]SONAL AFFAIR OR EV5 AN EPISODIC OR 0EC/ATIC0 EXP]I5CE4 ,FOLL[$ TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 9DE$ TO ITS MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PREMISES1 ,AN>*Y TO AN>*I/S IS ESS5TIALLY A MORAL DESID]ATUM1 A 0WAY ( LIFE10 AS ONE AN>*I/ PUT IT TO ME1 ?AT IS 9DEP5D5T ( TIME OR PLACE4 ,AN>*Y1 WE >E JU/IFI$ 9 CONCLUD+1 EM]GES FROM ! EX]CISE ( PURE WILL4 ,PRESUMABLY1 :5 5\< WILLS CONV]GE TO 0ADOPT0 ,AN>*Y1 IT WILL SIMPLY BE - LIKE ! SOIL ?AT REMA9S B5EA? MELT+ SN[1 AS ONE ,BRITI% AN>*I/ IDEOLOGI/ PUT IT4 

,?IS REVELATORY 9T]PRETATION ( H[ ,AN>*Y MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! WORLD LIES AT ! CORE ( ! AN>*I/ VISION4 ,AN>*Y1 IT W\LD APPE>1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 0!RE10 AS ,ISAAC ,PU5TE1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT !ORI/ ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM 9 ! #a#i#cS1 PUT IT1 SAVE ?AT IT WAS CONCEAL$ OV] ! AGES BY AN HI/ORICALLY IMPOS$ LAY] ( 9/ITUTIONS1 5TR5*$ EXP]I5CES1 & VALUES ?AT >E TYPIFI$ BY ! /ATE1 CIVILIZATION1 HI/ORY1 & MORALITY4 ,SOMEH[1 IT MU/ M]ELY BE RE/OR$ FROM ITS UNSULLI$ PA/ LIKE A HIDD5 GEOLOGICAL /RATUM4 

,?IS SUMM>Y EASILY EXPLA9S ! EMPHASIS ON PRIMITIVISM & ! NOTION ( 0RECOV]Y0 ?AT ONE SO (T5 5C\NT]S 9 AN>*I/ WRIT+4 ,RECOV]Y %\LD BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! NOTION ( DISCOV]Y & 9NOVATION ?AT MOD]N ?9K+ & RATIONALISM WAS OBLIG$ TO C\NT]POSE TO ! PREMOD]N BELIEF ?AT TRU? & VIRTUE 9 ALL !IR ASPECTS W]E ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE BUT CONCEAL$ BY AN OPPRESSIVE OR OBFUSCAT+ HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & CULTURE4 ,MORE ?AN ONE AN>*I/ C\LD EASILY USE ?IS =MULATION TO JU/IFY SOCIAL PASSIVITY AP>T FROM M]E PROTE/4 ,ONE HAD ONLY TO LET ! 0SN[0 7?AT IS ! /ATE1 & CIVILIZATION7 MELT AWAY = ,AN>*Y TO BE RE/OR$1 A VIEW ?AT MAY WELL EXPLA9 ! PACIFISM ?AT IS SO WIDESPREAD AMONG AN>*I/S ?R\<\T ! WORLD TODAY4 

,9 ANY EV5T1 SOME AN>*I/S HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! CIVILIZATION1 TE*NICS1 & RATIONALITY :I* 9 REC5T YE>S HAVE BE5 S+L$ \T BY MANY AN>*I/S AS ! GREATE/ FAIL+S ( ! HUMAN CONDITION MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY A MORE PRIMITIVE1 PRESUMABLY 0AU!NTIC0 CULTURE ?AT ES*EWS ALL ! ATTA9M5TS ( HI/ORY 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE HUMANITY'S PRIMAL 0H>MONY0 ) ITSELF & ) AN ALMO/ MY/ICAL 0,NATURE40 ,9S(> AS AN>*I/S CURR5TLY ESP\SE ?IS VIEW1 !Y HAVE ACTUALLY RETURN$ AN>*ISM TO ITS TRUE HOME AFT] ITS C5TURIES-LONG ME&]+S ?R\< ! MAZES ( SYNDICALISM & O!R BASICALLY ALI5 SOCIAL CAUSES4 ,PR\DHON'S WI/FUL IMAGE ( ! SELF-SUFFICI5T PEASANT F>M OR VILLAGE1 WISELY PRESID$ OV] BY AN ALL-KN[+ PAT]FAMILIAS1 IS F9ALLY RECOV]$ - ?IS1 ,I W\LD ADD1 AT A TIME :5 ! WORLD IS MORE 9T]DEP5D5T & TE*NOLOGICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ ?AN AT ANY O!R 9 HI/ORY6 

,9ASMU* AS AN>*ISM EMPHASIZES PRIMITIVISM AS AGA9/ ACCULTURATION1 RECOV]Y AS AGA9/ DISCOV]Y1 AUT>*Y AS AGA9/ 9T]DEP5D5CE1 & NATURISM AS AGA9/ CIVILIZATION - (T5 ROOT+ ITS CONCEPTUAL APP>ATUS 9 A 0NATURAL10 CONCEIVABLY 0BASIC0 AHI/ORICAL AUTONOM\S EGO1 FRE$ ( ! RATIONALISM & !ORETICAL BURD5 ( 0CIVILIZATION0 - IT 9 FACT /&S 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! REAL EGO1 :I* IS ALWAYS LOCAT$ 9 A GIV5 TEMPORAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 CULTURAL1 TRADITIONAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,9DE$1 ! AN>*I/ V]SION ( ! /RIPP$-D[N1 9DE$ VACU\S1 EGO DI/URB+LY RESEMBLES ,HOM]'S DESCRIPTION ( ! ,LOTUS ,EAT] 9 ! ,ODYSSEY1 :O1 :ILE EAT+ ! LOTUS FRUIT1 SLIPS 9TO ! 9DOL5CE ( =GETFULNESS1 ATEMPORALITY1 & BLISSFULNESS ?AT ACTUALLY REPRES5TS ! V]Y ANNIHILATION ( P]SONALITY & SELFHOOD4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 ?IS 0AUTONOM\S EGO0 BECAME ! BUILD+ BLOCK ?AT AN>*I/S US$ TO CREATE V>I\S MOVEM5T-TYPE /RUCTURES ?AT (T5 GAVE IT A HI<LY SOCIAL & REVOLUTION>Y PAT9A4 ,SYNDICALISM1 TO CITE ! MO/ IMPORTANT CASE 9 PO9T1 BECAME ! >*ITECTURAL =M 9 :I* !SE BLOCKS W]E MO/ COMMONLY >RANG$ - NOT AS A DEF9+ F\NDATION = AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BUT AS A HI<LY UN/ABLE SUP]/RUCTURE4 ,:5 WORK]S 9 ! CLOS+ DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BECAME ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ 9 SOCIALISM1 UNIONISM1 ORGANIZATION1 DEMOCRACY1 & EV]YDAY /RUGGLES = BETT] LIV+ & WORK+ CONDITIONS1 AN>*ISM TOOK ON ! =M ( A RADICAL TRADE UNIONISM4 ,?IS ASSOCIATION WAS PREC>I\S AT BE/4 ,AL?\< BO? %>$ ! SAME LIB]T>IAN AMBIANCE1 SYNDICALISM EXI/$ 9 %>P T5SION ) ! BASIC 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT PURE AN>*I/S PRIZ$1 (T5 ABOVE - & AGA9/ - ALL ORGANIZATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,BO? IDEOLOGIES - ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM - EM]G$ AT TIMES :5 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES W]E /ILL 9 !IR 9FANCY & NATION-/ATES W]E /ILL 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ =M$4 ,:ILE ,M>X TRI$ TO CONCEPTUALIZE SMALL-SCALE1 (T5 WELL-$UCAT$ ,P>ISIAN CRAFTSM5 AS 0PROLET>IANS10 ,BAKUN9'S IMAG9ATION WAS CAU<T UP ) IMAGES ( SOCIAL B&ITS & PEASANT JACQU]IES4 ,BO? M51 TO BE SURE1 CONTRIBUT$ VALUABLE 9SI<TS TO REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 BUT !Y W]E REVOLUTION>IES :O =MULAT$ !IR IDEAS 9 A SOCIALLY LIMIT$ TIME4 ,!Y C\LD H>DLY BE EXPECT$ TO ANTICIPATE ! PROBLEMS ?AT EM]G$ DUR+ ! HECTIC C5TURY ?AT FOLL[$ !IR DEA?S4 ,A MAJOR PROBLEM FAC+ RADICAL SOCIAL ?\<T & ACTION TODAY IS TO DET]M9E :AT CAN BE 9CORPORAT$ FROM !IR TIME 9TO A NEW1 HI<LY DYNAMIC CAPITALI/ ]A ?AT HAS LONG TRANSC5D$ ! OLD SEMI-FEUDAL WORLD ( 9DEP5D5T PEASANTS & CRAFTSM52 A NEW ]A1 ALSO1 ?AT HAS L>GELY DISC>D$ ! TEXTILE- METAL-/EAM-5G9E WORLD ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ) ITS BURGEON+ POPULATION ( TOTALLY DISPOSSESS$ PROLET>IAN MASSES4 ,!IR PLACE HAS BE5 TAK5 9 GREAT P>T BY TE*NOLOGIES ?AT CAN REPLACE LABOR 9 NE>LY ALL SPH]ES ( WORK & PROVIDE A DEGREE ( ABUNDANCE 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE ?AT ! MO/ IMAG9ATIVE UTOPIANS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY C\LD NOT HAVE ANTICIPAT$4 

,BUT JU/ AS ADVANCES 9 AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY ALWAYS TA9T ! MO/ VALUABLE ( HUMAN A*IEVEM5TS ) EVIL1 SO TOO ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION HAS PRODUC$ NEW PROBLEMS & POT5TIAL CRISES ?AT CALL = NEW MEANS TO DEAL ) !M4 ,!SE NEW MEANS MU/ GO BEYOND M]E PROTE/ IF !Y >E NOT TO SUFF] ! FATE ( ALL MOVEM5TS SU* AS ! ,LUDDITES1 ?AT C\LD (F] LITTLE MORE ?AN A RETURN TO ! PA/ BY TRY+ TO DE/ROY ! TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS ( !IR ]A4 ,ANY ASSESSM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION IMM$IATELY RAISES ! QUE/ION ( ! FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT 9 A SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T ?AT IS NOT ONLY BESET BY NEW PROBLEMS BUT DEM&S NEW SOLUTIONS4 ,:AT CAN 9CORPORATE ! BE/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION - ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM - 9 WAYS & =MS ?AT SPEAK ( ! K9D ( PROBLEMS ?AT FACE ! PRES5T TIME8 ,9DE$1 9 VIEW ( ! REM>KABLE DYNAMISM ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT *ANGES 9 ! NEW ONE WILL BE EV5 MORE SWEEP+1 IT N[ BEHOOVES US TO SPECULATE AB\T ! ANALYZES ?AT WILL EXPLA9 ITS =?COM+ DEVELOPM5T1 ! K9D ( CRISES IT IS LIKELY TO FACE1 & ! 9/ITUTIONS1 ME?ODS1 & MOVEM5TS ?AT CAN HOPE TO R5D] SOCIETY RATIONAL & N\RI%+ AS AN >5A = HUMAN CREATIVITY4 ,ABOVE ALL1 WE MU/ ?9K BEYOND ! IMM$IATE PRES5T & ITS PROXIMATE PA/ BY TRY+ TO ANTICIPATE PROBLEMS ?AT MAY LIE AT LEA/ A G5]ATION1 IF NOT FUR!R1 BEYOND A HI<LY TRANSITORY PRES5T4 

,CAPITALISM & ,GLOBALIZATION 

  

,:AT REMA9S V]Y CONTEMPOR>Y 9 ,M>X'S WRIT+S1 EV5 AFT] A C5TURY & A HALF1 IS ! 9SI<T !Y BR+ TO ! NATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>X FULLY EXPLOR$ ! COMPETITIVE =CES ?AT 9H]E 9 ! BUY]-SELL] EX*ANGE1 A RELATION%IP ?AT1 UND] CAPITALISM1 COMPELS ! B\RGEOISIE TO CONT9UALLY EXP& ITS 5T]PRISES & OP]ATIONS4 ,EV] S9CE ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY BECAME PREVAL5T OV] A SIZABLE >EA ( ! WORLD IT HAS BE5 GUID$ BY ! COMPETITIVE M>KET IMP]ATIVE ( 0GR[ OR DIE10 LEAD+ TO CONT9UAL 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION & TO ! CONSOLIDATION ( COMPET+ CONC]NS 9TO EV]-L>G]1 QUASI-MONOPOLI/IC COMPLEXES4 ,W\LD ! PROCESS ( CAPITAL CONC5TRATION CULM9ATE 9 A WORLDWIDE ECONOMY UND] ! TUTELAGE ( A FEW OR ( A S+LE CORPORATE 5TITY1 !REBY T]M9AT+ ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION & BR++ CAPITALISM TO AN 5D8 ,OR W\LD CAPITAL EXPANSION 7?AT IS1 0GLOBALIZATION07 SO LEVEL M>KET DIFF]5TIALS ?AT ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES AS A S\RCE ( ACCUMULATION BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE8 ,!SE W]E S]I\S TOPICS ( DISCUSSION DUR+ ! HEYDAY ( CLASSICAL ,M>XISM4 ,!Y REMA9 CONUNDRUMS TODAY4 

,TODAY WE CAN SAY = C]TA9 ?AT EXI/+ QUASI-MONOPOLI/IC COMPLEXES FURI\SLY ACCEL]ATE ! RATE AT :I* SOCIETY UND]GOES ECONOMIC & SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,NOT ONLY DO FIRMS EXP& AT AN EV]-9CREAS+ PACE1 EI!R ANNIHILAT+ OR ABSORB+ !IR COMPETITORS1 BUT ! COMMODITIES !Y PRODUCE & ! RES\RCES !Y DEV\R AFFECT EV]Y CORN] ( ! PLANET4 ,GLOBALIZATION IS NOT UNIQUE TO MOD]N CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY & F9ANCE - ! B\RGEOISIE HAS BE5 EAT+ ITS WAY 9TO ISOLAT$ & SEEM+LY SELF-CONTA9$ CULTURES = C5TURIES &1 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 TRANS=M+ !M4 ,:AT IS UNUSUAL AB\T PRES5T-DAY GLOBALIZATION IS ! SCALE ON :I* IT IS OCCURR+ & ! F>-REA*+ IMPACT IT IS HAV+ ON CULTURES ?AT ONCE SEEM$ TO BE 9SULAT$ FROM MOD]N COMMODITY PRODUCTION & TRADE & FROM NATION-/ATE SOV]EIGNTY4 ,N[ ! PRESUMABLY 0QUA9T0 TRAITS ( PRECAPITALI/ PEOPLES HAVE BE5 TURN$ 9TO M>KETABLE ITEMS TO TITILLATE ,WE/]N T\RI/S :O PAY EXORBITANT PRICES TO 5JOY A PRESUMABLY 0PRIMITIVE0 ITEM OR EXP]I5CE4 

,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S CONSID]$ ?IS PROCESS ( EXP&+ 9DU/RIALIZATION & M>KET RELATIONS TO BE A PROGRESSIVE FEATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ 0/AGE0 ( HI/ORY1 & !Y EXPECT$ ?AT IT W\LD EV5TUALLY ELIM9ATE ALL PREEXI/+ T]RITORIAL1 CULTURAL1 NATIONAL1 & E?NIC TIES & REPLACE !M ) CLASS SOLID>ITY1 !REBY REMOV+ OB/ACLES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,COMMODIFICATION1 ,M>X FAM\SLY EMPHASIZ$1 TURNS EV]Y?+ SOLID 9TO AIR4 ,IT ONCE ELIM9AT$ ! ECONOMIC EXCLUSIVITY ( GUILDS & O!R ECONOMIC B>RI]S TO 9NOVATION2 & IT CONT9UES TO CORRODE >T1 CRAFTS1 FAMILIAL TIES1 & ALL ! BONDS ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY - 9DE$1 ALL ! HONOR$ TRADITIONS ?AT N\RI%$ ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 

,M>X SAW ! HOMOG5IZ+ EFFECTS ( GLOBALIZATION AS DE/RUCTIVE 9S(> AS !Y DISSOLV$ ! MEAN+FUL RELATION%IPS & S5TIM5TS ?AT KNITT$ SOCIETY TOGE!R2 BUT HIS =MULATION WAS NOT ONLY A CRITIQUE4 ,HE ALSO SAW !SE EFFECTS AS PROGRESSIVE 9S(> AS !Y CLE>$ AWAY PRECAPITALI/ & P>TICUL>I/IC DETRITUS4 ,TODAY1 RADICALS EMPHASIZE ?AT ! WORLDWIDE 9VASION ( ! COMMODITY 9TO SOCIETY IS OV]:ELM+LY DE/RUCTIVE4 ,CAPITALISM 7NOT SIMPLY GLOBALIZATION & CORPORATIZATION7 NOT ONLY TURNS EV]Y?+ SOLID 9TO AIR BUT REPLACES E>LI] TRADITIONS ) DI/9CTLY B\RGEOIS ATTRIBUTES4 ,IMPLICIT 9 ,M>X'S REM>KS WAS ! BELIEF ?AT GLOBALIZ$ CAPITALISM W\LD PROVIDE ! FUTURE ) A CLEAN SLATE ON :I* TO 9SCRIBE ! \TL9ES ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,BUT AS CAPITALISM WRITES ITS MESSAGE ( UNIQUELY B\RGEOIS VALUES1 IT CREATES POT5TIALLY MON/R\S DEVELOPM5TS ?AT MAY WELL UND]M9E SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF4 ,IT SUPPLANTS TRADITIONAL TIES ( SOLID>ITY & COMMUNITY ) AN ALL-P]VASIVE GRE$1 AN APPETITE = WEAL?1 A SY/EM ( MORAL ACC\NT+ FOCUS$ ON 0! BOTTOM L9E10 & A HE>TLESS DISREG>D = ! DESP]ATION ( ! POOR1 AG$1 & PHYSICALLY DISABL$4 

,NOT ?AT GRE$ & HE>TLESSNESS W]E ABS5T FROM CAPITALISM 9 ! PA/4 ,BUT 9 AN E>LI] TIME1 ! B\RGEOISIE WAS RELATIVELY M>G9AL & VULN]ABLE TO ! PATRONIZ+ \TLOOK ( ! L&$ NOBILITY2 PRE9DU/RIAL VALUES MORE OR LESS HELD CAPITALI/S 9 *ECK4 ,!N ! M>KET ECONOMY R5D]$ 9CREAS+LY PREVAL5T AN UNBRIDL$ CAPITALI/ SPIRIT ( SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T & UNFEEL+ EXPLOITATION4 ,NAK$ B\RGEOIS GRE$ & HE>TLESSNESS1 ILLUM9AT$ BY ! VIGILANCE ( GREAT WRIT]S SU* AS ,BALZAC & ,DICK5S1 PRODUC$ A WAVE ( REVULSION ?AT SWEPT OV] PEOPLE :O W]E EXPOS$4 ,9 PA/ EPO*S ! RI* W]E NEI!R ADMIR$ NOR TURN$ 9TO EMBODIM5TS ( VIRTUE4 ,! HONOR$ VIRTUE ( MO/ ( ! PRECAPITALI/ WORLD1 RA!R1 WAS NOT SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T BUT SELF-SACRIFICE1 NOT ACCUMULAT+ BUT GIV+1 H[EV] MU* !SE VIRTUES W]E HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*4 

,BUT TODAY CAPITALISM HAS P5ETRAT$ 9TO ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE2 GRE$1 AN 9ORD9ATE APPETITE = WEAL?1 AN ACC\NT+ M5TALITY1 & A DISDA9FUL VIEW ( POV]TY & 9FIRMITY HAVE BECOME A MORAL PA?OLOGY4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES B\RGEOIS TRAITS >E ! CELEBRAT$ SYMBOLS ( ! 0BEAUTIFUL PEOPLE0 &1 MORE SUBTLY1 ( YUPPIFI$ BABY BOOM]S4 ,!SE VALUES P]COLATE 9TO LESS =TUNATE /RATA ( ! POPULATION :O1 DEP5D+ UPON !IR [N RES\RCES1 VIEW ! =TUNATE ) 5VY1 EV5 AWE1 & GUILTILY T>GET !MSELVES = !IR [N LACK ( PRIVILEGE & /ATUS AS 0NE']-DO-WELLS40 

,9 ?IS NEW EMB\RGEOISEM5T ! DISPOSSESS$ H>BOR NO CLASS ANTAGONISMS T[>D ! 0RI* & BEAUTIFUL0 7A UNIQUE JUXTAPOSITION7 BUT RA!R E/EEM !M4 ,AT PRES5T1 POOR & MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE >E LESS LIKELY TO VIEW ! B\RGEOISIE ) HATR$ ?AN ) S]VILE ADMIRATION2 !Y 9CREAS+LY SEE ! ABILITY TO MAKE MONEY & ACCRUE WEAL? NOT AS 9DICATIVE ( A PR$ATORY DISPOSITION & ! ABS5CE ( MORAL SCRUPLES1 AS WAS ! CASE A FEW G5]ATIONS AGO1 BUT AS EVID5CE ( 9NATE ABILITIES & 9TELLIG5CE4 ,NEWS/&S & BOOK/ORES >E FILL$ ) A MASSIVE LIT]ATURE CELEBRAT+ ! LIFE/YLES1 C>E]S1 P]SONAL AFFAIRS1 & RI*ES ( ! NEW WEAL?Y1 :O >E HELD UP AS MODELS ( A*IEVEM5T & SUCCESS4 ,?AT !SE 0CELEBRITIES0 ( PO/MOD]NITY BUBBLE UP FROM OBSCURITY IS AN ADD$ ASSET3 IT SUGGE/S ?AT ! ADMIR+ BUT DEBT-BURD5$ READ] CAN ALSO 0MAKE IT0 9 A NEW B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,ANY OBSCURE C&IDATE CAN 0BECOME A MILLIONAIRE0 - OR A MULTIMILLIONAIRE - M]ELY BY W9N+ 9 A TELEVISION GAME %[ OR A LOTT]Y4 ,! MYRIAD MILLIONS :O 5VY & ADMIRE ! B\RGEOISIE NO LONG] SEE ITS MEMB]S AS P>T ( A 0CLASS02 !Y >E RA!R A 0M]ITOCRACY0 :O HAVE BECOME1 AS A RESULT ( LUCK & EF=T1 W9N]S 9 ! LOTT]Y ( LIFE4 ,IF ,AM]ICANS ONCE WIDELY BELIEV$ ?AT ANYONE C\LD BECOME ! PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! NEW BELIEF HOLDS ?AT ANYONE CAN BECOME A MILLIONAIRE OR - :O KN[S8 - ONE ( ! T5 RI*E/ PEOPLE 9 ! WORLD4 

,CAPITALISM1 9 TURN1 IS 9CREAS+LY ASSUM$ TO BE ! NATURAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS T[>D :I* HI/ORY HAS BE5 CONV]G+ = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,EV5 AS CAPITALISM IS A*IEV+ ?IS SPL5DOR1 WE >E WITNESS+ A DEGREE ( PUBLIC IGNORANCE1 FATUITY1 & SMUGNESS UNSE5 S9CE ! 9CEPTION ( ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,LIKE FA/ FOOD & QUICK SEX1 IDEAS & EXP]I5CES SIMPLY RACE ?R\< ! HUMAN M9D1 & F> FROM BE+ ABSORB$ & US$ AS BUILD+ BLOCKS = G5]ALIZATIONS1 !Y QUICKLY DISAPPE> TO MAKE ROOM = /ILL NEW] & FA/]-MOV+ IDEAS & EXP]I5CES1 ( AN EV] MORE SUP]FICIAL OR DEGRAD$ *>ACT]4 ,EV]Y FEW YE>S1 IT W\LD SEEM1 A NEW G5]ATION 9ITIATES O/5SIBLY 0NEW CAUSES0 ?AT W]E EXHAU/$ ONLY A DECADE OR TWO E>LI]1 !REBY CA/+ 9TO IDEOLOGICAL OBLIVION 9VALUABLE LESSONS & KN[L$GE ?AT >E 9DISP5SABLE = A RADICAL SOCIAL PRACTICE4 ,EA* NEW G5]ATION HAS A CONCOMITANTLY >ROGANT NOTION ?AT HI/ORY BEGAN ONLY :5 IT WAS BORN2 H5CE ALL EXP]I5CES FROM ! PA/1 EV5 ! REC5T PA/1 >E TO BE IGNOR$4 ,?US ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ GLOBALIZATION1 :I* WAS F\<T = DECADES UND] ! RUBRIC ( ANTI-IMP]IALISM1 HAS BE5 RE9V5T$ & R5AM$4 

,! PROBLEM ( LO/ DEF9ITION & SPECIFICITY1 ( EV]Y?+ BE+ TURN$ 9TO 0AIR10 & ! DISA/R\S LOSS ( ! MEMORY ( EXP]I5CES & LESSONS VITAL TO E/ABLI%+ A ,LEFT TRADITION1 CONFRONTS ANY 5DEAVOR TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ! FUTURE4 ,!ORIES & CONCEPTS LOSE !IR DIM5SIONS1 !IR MASS1 !IR TRADITIONS1 & !IR RELEVANCE1 AS A RESULT ( :I* !Y >E ADOPT$ & DROPP$ ) JUV5ILE FLIPPANCY4 ,! *AUV9I/IC NOTION ( 0ID5TITY10 :I* IS ! BYPRODUCT ( CLASS & HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 IDEOLOGICALLY CORRODES ! CONCEPT ( 0CLASS10 PRIORITIZ+ A L>GELY PSY*OLOGICAL DI/9CTION AT ! EXP5SE ( A SOCIO-POLITICAL ONE4 0,ID5TITY0 BECOMES A HI<LY P]SONAL PROBLEM ) :I* 9DIVIDUALS MU/ WRE/LE PSY*OLOGICALLY & CULTURALLY RA!R ?AN A ROOT SOCIAL PROBLEM ?AT MU/ BE UND]/OOD BY & RESOLV$ ?R\< A RADICAL SOCIAL APPROA*4 

,9DE$1 ! B\RGEOISIE CAN EASILY REM$Y SU* A PROBLEM BY PROMOT+ E?NICALLY DISCRIM9AT$ EMPLOYES TO UPP]-LEVEL MANAG]S & BY PROMOT+ FEMALE LIEUT5ANTS 9 ! MILIT>Y 9TO MAJORS OR G5]ALS4 ,H5CE ! AMAZ+ WILL+NESS ?AT NEW 5T]PRISES & ! M$IA EXHIBIT 9 SELECT+ BLACKS & WOM5 = HI< SPOTS 9 !IR OP]ATIONS OR M$IA PRES5TATIONS4 ,BABY-BOOM] CAPITALI/S SU* AS ,TOM ,PET]S1 :O SEASON !IR IDEAS ( NON-HI]>*ICAL PRACTICES 9 BUS9ESS ADM9I/RATION ) DA%+LY AN>*IC TRAITS1 (T5 REG>D RACE & G5D] AS >*AISMS4 ,COL9 ,P[ELL HAS %[N ?AT EV5 ) AN ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICAN AS *AIRMAN ( ! ,JO9T ,*IEFS ( ,/AFF1 ! ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y CAN BE AS DEADLY AS IT NE$S TO BE1 & ,OPRAH ,W9FREY HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT :AT ,AM]ICANS READ OR BUY NE$S HAVE NO BE>+ ON ! RACE OR G5D] ( A TELEVISION PURVEYOR ( ?OSE COMMODITIES4 

,! MIDDLE & WORK+ CLASSES NO LONG] ?9K ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY AS /RUCTUR$ >\ND CLASSES4 ,CURR5T OP9ION HOLDS ?AT ! RI* >E DES]V+ & ! POOR >E NOT1 :ILE AN 9CALCULABLE NUMB] ( PEOPLE L+] BETWE5 ! CATEGORIES4 ,A HUGE SECTION ( PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD T5DS TO REG>D OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION AS RESIDUAL ABUSES1 NOT 9H]5T FEATURES ( A SPECIFIC SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY IS NEI!R RATIONALLY ANALYZ$ NOR =CEFULLY *ALL5G$2 IT IS PRUD5TLY PSY*OANALYZ$ & POLITELY COAX$1 AS ?\< SOCIAL PROBLEMS EM]GE FROM ]RATIC 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR4 ,AL?\< /RID5T PROTE/S EXPLODE FROM TIME TO TIME1 A GR[+ G5TILITY IS WAT]+ D[N ! SEV]ITY ( SOCIAL DISPUTES & ANTAGONISMS1 EV5 AMONG PEOPLE :O PR(ESS LEFTI/ VIEWS4 

,BEYOND A ,POLITICS ( ,PROTE/ 

  

,:AT IS ABS5T 9 ?IS TYPE ( SPORADIC & ]UPTIVE OPPOSITION IS AN UND]/&+ ( ! CAUSAL CONT9UITIES ?AT ONLY S]I\S & ABOVE ALL RATIONAL EXPLORATIONS CAN REVEAL4 ,9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,SEATTLE REBELLION0 9 LATE ,NOVEMB] & E>LY ,DECEMB] #aiii AGA9/ ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION1 :AT WAS AT ISSUE WAS NOT ! SUB/ITUTION ( 0FAIR TRADE0 = 0FREE TRADE40 ,IT WAS ! QUE/ION ( ! WAYS 9 MOD]N SOCIETY PRODUCES ! WEAL? ( ! WORLD & DI/RIBUTES IT4 ,AL?\< SOME MILITANT DEMON/RATORS ATTEMPT$ TO 9VOKE ! 09JU/ICES0 ( CAPITALISM - ACTUALLY1 CAPITALISM WAS NOT BE+ PECULI>LY 0UNJU/0 ANY MORE ?AN LE?AL BACILLI >E BE+ 0UNFAIR0 :5 !Y PRODUCE ILLNESS & DEA? - FEW1 IF ANY1 ( ! DEMON/RATORS APPE>$ TO UND]/& ! LOGIC ( A M>KET ECONOMY4 ,IT HAS BE5 REPORT$ ?AT DUR+ ANTI-,W,T,O DEMON/RATIONS LITTLE LIT]ATURE WAS DI/RIBUT$ ?AT EXPLA9$ ! BASIC REASON = D5\NC+ ! ,W,T,O & 0PREV5T+0 ITS DELEGATES FROM DO+ !IR BUS9ESS4 

,9DE$1 ! DEMON/RATION 9 ,SEATTLE1 LIKE ! ONE 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C1 ?AT FOLL[$ IT SEV]AL MON?S LAT]1 H[EV] WELL-MEANT1 CREAT$ ! ILLUSION ?AT ACTS ( M]E DISRUPTION1 :I* BECAME 9CREAS+LY /AG$1 CAN DO MORE ?AN MOD]ATE ! 0EXCESSES0 ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,! ,WA%+TON DEMON/RATION1 9 FACT1 WAS SO NEGOTIAT$ 9 *>ACT] ?AT ! POLICE ALL[$ ! DEMON/RATORS TO WALK ACROSS A *ALK$ L9E AS A M]E SYMBOL ( ILLEGALITY & !N TO ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE ESCORT$ 9TO BUSSES AS >RE/EES4 ,POLICE SPOKESM5 PLEASANTLY AGRE$ ?AT ! Y\NG DEMON/RATORS W]E 0DEC5T0 & 0SOCIALLY CONC]N$ KIDS0 :O MEANT WELL1 & ,W,T,O DELEGATES TOL]ANTLY ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! DEMON/RATORS DREW !IR ATT5TION TO TR\BL+ ECONOMIC & 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS ?AT NE$$ CORRECTION4 ,UND\BT$LY1 ! AU?ORITIES EXPECT !SE 0SOCIALLY CONC]N$ KIDS0 TO EV5TUALLY GR[ UP & BECOME GOOD CITIZ5S4 

,! DEMON/RATIONS APPE>$ MORE LIKE ACTS ( CA?>SIS ?AN >\S$ PROTE/2 DEMON/RATORS HUGG$ EA* O!R LOV+LY & WORE IDIOSYNCRATIC CLO?+1 UNWITT+LY TURN+ !MSELVES 9TO CULTURAL ODDITIES4 ,IF ANY?+1 !Y SEP>AT$ !MSELVES FROM ! G5]AL PUBLIC RA!R ?AN RELAT$ TO IT4 ,RA!R ?AN MEAN+FUL PROTE/S1 ! DEMON/RATIONS W]E NOTEWOR?Y MA9LY BECAUSE PROTE/ ( ANY K9D IS SU* A R>ITY TODAY4 ,! LIMIT$ NUMB] ( P>TICIPANTS SEEM$ TO LACK AN 9-DEP? UND]/&+ ( :AT ! ,W,T,O REPRES5T$4 ,EV5 TO PROTE/ 0CAPITALISM0 IS SIMPLY TO VOICE AN OPPOSITION TO AN AB/RACT N\N1 :I* 9 ITSELF TELLS US NO?+ AB\T CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 !IR DYNAMIC1 !IR TRANS=MATION 9TO DE/RUCTIVE SOCIAL =CES1 ! PR]EQUISITES = UNDO+ !M1 & F9ALLY ! ALT]NATIVES ?AT EXI/ TO REPLACE !M4 ,FEW ( ! DEMON/RATORS APPE>$ TO KN[ ! ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS2 ?US !Y CA/IGAT$ CORPORATIONS & MULT9ATIONALS1 AS ?\< !SE >E NOT ! UNAVOIDABLE \TCOME ( HI/ORIC =CES ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,W\LD ! DANG]S ( GLOBALIZATION BE REMOV$ FROM ! WORLD IF ! CORPORATIONS W]E SCAL$ D[N 9 SIZE8 ,MORE FUNDAM5TALLY1 C\LD SMALL] 5T]PRISES EV] HAVE BE5 PREV5T$ FROM DEVELOP+ 9TO 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL1 & F9ANCIAL GIANTS ?AT W\LD NOT DIFF] FROM MOD]N MULT9ATIONALS8 

,MY PO9T IS LESS TO ADVANCE CRITICISMS ?AN TO QUE/ION ! EXT5T TO :I* ! ,SEATTLE & ,WA%+TON DEMON/RATORS ADEQUATELY UND]/OOD ! PROBLEMS !Y W]E DEAL+ )4 ,9DE$1 :AT IS A DEMON/RATION MEANT TO DEMON/RATE8 ,IT MU/ NOT ONLY PROTE/ BUT ALSO CONFRONT (FICIAL P[] ) POPUL> P[]1 EV5 9 9CIPI5T =M4 ,DEMON/RATIONS >E MOBILIZATIONS ( SIZABLE NUMB]S ( S]I\S PEOPLE :O1 9 TAK+ TO ! /REETS1 9T5D TO LET ! AU?ORITIES KN[ ?AT !Y E>NE/LY OPPOSE C]TA9 ACTIONS BY ! P[]S-?AT-BE4 ,R$UC$ TO JUV5ILE ANTICS1 !Y BECOME SELF-DEFLAT+ =MS ( 5T]TA9M5T4 ,AS SU*1 !Y CON/ITUTE NO *ALL5GE TO ! AU?ORITIES2 9DE$1 :]E IDIOSYNCRATIC BEHAVIOR REPLACES ! =CEFULNESS ( /]N OPPOSITION1 !Y M]ELY %[ ! PUBLIC ?AT ADVOCATES ( !IR VIEW >E M]E ECC5TRICS :O NE$ NOT BE TAK5 S]I\SLY & :OSE CAUSE IS TRIVIAL4 ,)\T ! GRAVITAS ?AT COMM&S RESPECT - &1 YES1 ! DISCIPL9E ?AT REVEALS S]I\S 9T5TIONALITY - DEMON/RATIONS & O!R SU* MANIFE/ATIONS >E WORSE ?AN USELESS2 !Y H>M !IR CAUSE BY TRIVIALIZ+ IT4 

,A POLITICS ( M]E PROTE/1 LACK+ PROGRAMMATIC CONT5T1 A PROPOS$ ALT]NATIVE1 & A MOVEM5T TO GIVE PEOPLE DIRECTION & CONT9UITY1 CONSI/S ( LITTLE MORE ?AN EV5TS1 EA* ( :I* HAS A BEG9N+ & AN 5D & LITTLE MORE4 ,! SOCIAL ORD] CAN LIVE ) AN EV5T OR S]IES ( EV5TS & EV5 F9D ?IS PRAISEWOR?Y4 ,WORSE /ILL1 SU* A POLITICS LIVES OR DIES ACCORD+ TO AN AG5DA E/ABLI%$ BY ! SOCIAL ORD] IT OPPOSES4 ,CORPORATIONS PROPOS$ ! ,W,T,O2 !Y NE$$ WORLDWIDE P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,ORGANIZATION &1 9 !IR [N WAY1 G5]AT$ ! V]Y OPPOSITION ?AT N[ D5\NCES ITS LACK ( DEMOCRACY & LACK ( HUMAN5ESS4 ,!Y EXPECT$ OPPOSITION1 & ONLY POLICE AMATEURISM 9 ,SEATTLE LET IT GET SLI<TLY \T ( H&4 ,IT ILL-BECOMES SU* AN OPPOSITION TO !N PLAN TO DEMON/RATE BE=E NOM9AT+ CONV5TIONS ( MAJOR POLITICAL P>TIES :OSE V]Y EXI/5CE MANY ( ! DEMON/RATORS PR(ESS TO OPPOSE4 ,9DE$1 ! DEMON/RATORS1 H[EV] WELL-MEAN+1 LEGITIMATE ! EXI/5CE ( ! P>TIES BY CALL+ UPON !M TO ALT] !IR POLICIES ON 9T]NATIONAL TRADE1 AS ?\< !Y EV5 HAVE A JU/IFIABLE PLACE 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,A POLITICS ( PROTE/ IS NOT A POLITICS AT ALL4 ,IT OCCURS )9 P>AMET]S SET BY ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL SY/EM & M]ELY RESPONDS TO REM$IABLE ILLS1 (T5 M]E SYMPTOMS1 9/EAD ( *ALL5G+ ! SOCIAL ORD] AS SU*4 ,! MASK$ AN>*I/S :O JO9 9 !SE EV5TS BY SMA%+ W9D[S USE ! CLAMOR ( %ATT]$ GLASS TO GLAM\RIZE LIMIT$ /REET PROTE/S ) ! SEMBLANCE ( VIOL5CE & LITTLE MORE4 

,A ,LEFT = ! ,FUTURE 

  

,I HAVE NOT MADE !SE CRITICAL REM>KS AB\T ! /ATE ( ! ,LEFT TODAY 9 ORD] TO C>P AGA9/ PEOPLE1 ACTIVITIES1 & EV5TS1 OR FROM ANY G5]ATIONAL OR SECT>IAN DISDA94 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 MY CRITICISMS /EM FROM A DEEP SYMPA?Y = PEOPLE :O >E S5SITIVE TO 9JU/ICES & P>TICUL>LY = ?OSE :O >E /RIV+ TO REM$Y !M4 ,BETT] TO DO SOME?+ TO 5D ! SIL5CE ( POPUL> ACQUIESC5CE ?AN SIMPLY TO P]PETUATE ! COMPLAC5CY G5]AT$ BY A CONSUM]-ORI5T$ SOCIETY4 

,NOR HAVE ,I PRES5T$ MY CRITICISMS ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM - ! MA9 PLAY]S 9 ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT - 9 ORD] TO TRY TO A/\ND A NEW G5]ATION ( ACTIVI/S ) ! GR&EUR ( REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY ?AT !Y SOMEH[ MU/ MAT*4 ,AGA9 TO ! CONTR>Y1 ,I HAVE 9VOK$ ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT ( YE/]YE> NOT ONLY TO SUGGE/ :AT IT HAS TO TEA* US BUT ALSO TO NOTE ITS [N LIMITATIONS1 AS ! PRODUCT ( A DIFF]5T ]A1 & ONE ?AT1 = BETT] ( WORSE1 WILL NEV] RETURN4 ,:AT ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT HAS TO TEA* US IS ?AT IDEAS MU/ BE SY/EMATIC - COH]5T - IF !Y >E TO BE PRODUCTIVE & UND]/&ABLE TO PEOPLE :O >E S]I\SLY COMMITT$ TO BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE2 9DE$1 A FUTURE ,LEFT MU/ %[ ?AT ! SEEM+LY DISP>ATE PROBLEMS ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY >E CONNECT$ ) EA* O!R & ?AT !Y /EM FROM A COMMON SOCIAL PA?OLOGY ?AT MU/ BE REMOV$ AS A TOTALITY4 ,MOREOV]1 NO ATTEMPTS TO *ANGE ! EXI/+ SOCIETY WILL EV] BE BASIC UNLESS WE UND]/& H[ ITS PROBLEMS >E 9T]CONNECT$ & H[ ! SOLUTIONS ?AT CAN RESOLVE !M CAN BE $UC$ FROM HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 

,BY COH]5CE1 ,I DO NOT MEAN ONLY A ME?ODOLOGY OR A SY/EM ( ?9K+ ?AT EXPLORES BASICS2 RA!R ?AT ! V]Y PROCESS ( ATTEMPT+ TO L9K TOGE!R ! V>I\S SOCIAL PA?OLOGIES TO COMMON CAUSES & TO RESOLVE !M 9 !IR TOTALITY IS AN E?ICAL 5DEAVOR4 ,TO DECL>E ?AT HUMANITY HAS A POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS - &1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 ?AT ?IS POT5TIALITY IS NOT BE+ REALIZ$ OR ACTUALIZ$ TODAY - LEADS 9EXORABLY TO ! DEM& ?AT EV]Y SOCIETY JU/IFY ITS EXI/5CE ACCORD+ TO ! EXT5T TO :I* IT ACTUALIZES !SE NORMS4 ,ANY 5DEAVOR TO ASSESS A SOCIETY'S SUCCESS 9 A*IEV+ FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS MAKES AN IMPLICIT JUDGM5T4 ,IT RAISES ! SE>+ QUE/ION ( :AT A SOCIETY 0%\LD BE0 )9 ITS MAT]IAL & CULTURAL LIMITS4 ,IT CON/ITUTES ! REALIZABLE IDEAL ?AT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T RAISES = ALL ?9K+ PEOPLE & ?AT1 UP TO N[1 HAS KEPT ALIVE MOVEM5TS = ! FULFILLM5T ( FRE$OM4 

,)\T ?AT IDEAL AS A CONT9UAL & ACTIVAT+ PRES5CE1 NO LA/+ MOVEM5T = HUMAN LIB]ATION IS POSSIBLE - ONLY SPORADIC PROTE/S ?AT !MSELVES MAY MASK ! BASIC IRRATIONALITY ( AN UNFREE SOCIETY BY SEEK+ TO COSMETICALLY REMOVE ITS BLEMI%ES4 ,BY CONTRA/1 A CON/ANT AW>5ESS ?AT A GIV5 SOCIETY'S IRRATIONALITY IS DEEP-SEAT$1 ?AT ITS S]I\S PA?OLOGIES >E NOT ISOLAT$ PROBLEMS ?AT CAN BE CUR$ PIECEMEAL BUT MU/ BE SOLV$ BY SWEEP+ *ANGES 9 ! (T5 HIDD5 S\RCES ( CRISIS & SUFF]+ - ?AT AW>5ESS ALONE IS :AT CAN HOLD A MOVEM5T TOGE!R1 GIVE IT CONT9UITY1 PRES]VE ITS MESSAGE & ORGANIZATION BEYOND A GIV5 G5]ATION1 & EXP& ITS ABILITY TO DEAL ) NEW ISSUES & DEVELOPM5TS4 

,TOO (T5 IDEAS ?AT >E MEANT TO YIELD A C]TA9 PRACTICE >E 9/EAD TRANSPORT$ 9TO ! ACADEMY1 AS F>E = 05RI*+0 A CURRICULUM &1 ( C\RSE1 G5]AT+ JOBS = ! GR[+ PR(ESSORIAT4 ,SU* HAS BE5 ! UNHAPPY FATE ( ,M>XISM1 :I*1 ONCE AN EMBATTL$ & CREATIVE BODY ( IDEAS1 HAS N[ ACQUIR$ ACADEMIC RESPECTABILITY - TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT IS EV5 REG>D$ AS WOR?Y ( /UDY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ! R\T9E USE ( ! WORD 0ACTIVI/0 RAISES PROBLEMS ?AT UN9T5TIONALLY CAN BE REGRESSIVE4 ,CAN !RE BE ACTION )\T !ORY & 9SI<T 9TO ! NATURE ( SOCIAL ILLS & AN UND]/&+ ( ! MEASURES NE$$ TO RESOLVE !M8 ,CAN ! ACTIVI/ EV5 ACT MEAN+FULLY & EFFECTIVELY )\T DRAW+ UPON ! RI* BODY ( EXP]I5CES & IDEAS ?AT HAVE GR[N UP OV] ! YE>S & ?AT CAN %[ US ! DANG]\S PITFALLS ?AT LIE BEL[ ! SURFACE1 OR ! MANY /RATEGIES ?AT HAVE BE5 TE/$ BY E>LI] G5]ATIONS8 

,9 :AT LIKELY DIRECTIONS IS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY DEVELOP+ 9 ! COM+ C5TURY1 & :AT >E ! MO/ BASIC PROBLEMS IT IS RAIS+ = HUMANITY8 ,IS !RE ANY SPECIAL SECTOR1 CLASS1 OR GR\P 9 SOCIETY TO :I* WE MU/ APPEAL IF WE >E TO HOPE TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T8 ,:AT K9D ( MOVEM5T & 9/ITUTIONS MU/ WE CREATE ?AT WILL PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 SOCIAL *ANGE8 ,DO WE NE$ ANY WELL-ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T AT ALL1 OR WILL \R HOP$-= *ANGES OCCUR SPONTANE\SLY1 EM]G+ \T ( DEMON/RATIONS >\ND SPECIFIC ISSUES OR /REET FE/IVALS OR COMMUNIT>IAN 5T]PRISES SU* AS CO-OPS1 ALT]NATIVE 5T]PRISES1 & ! LIKE8 ,OR DO WE HAVE TO BUILD POLITICAL 5TITIES1 & IF SO1 :AT K9D8 ,:AT IS ! RELATION%IP ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO !SE NEW POLITICAL 5TITIES8 ,& H[ %\LD P[] BE SITUAT$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,F9ALLY1 :AT E?ICAL CONSID]ATIONS %\LD GUIDE US 9 \R EF=TS8 

,M>XISM FAIL$ TO =M AN ADEQUATE PICTURE ( ! WORK] AS A MANY-SID$ HUMAN BE+ & 9DE$ FETI%IZ$ HIM OR H] TO ! PO9T ( ABSURDITY4 ,IT DID NOT NORMALLY SEE WORK]S AS MORE ?AN ECONOMIC 5TITIES1 BUT RA!R 5D[$ !M ) SEMI-MY/ICAL PROP]TIES AS REVOLUTION>Y AG5TS1 POSSESS$ ( SECRET P[]S TO UND]/& !IR 9T]E/S & A UNIQUE S5SITIVITY TO RADICAL POSSIBILITIES 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,TO READ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,LEON ,TROTSKY1 ! SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&I/S1 & EV5 RUN-(-!-MILL OLD-TIME ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS IS TO S5SE ?AT !Y HELD ! SOCIALI/ JUDGM5T ( WORK]S 9 AWE & IMBU$ !M ) REM>KABLE REVOLUTION>Y P[]S4 ,?AT WORK]S C\LD ALSO BECOME FASCI/S OR REACTION>IES WAS 9CONCEIVABLE4 

,?IS MY/IFICATION HAS NOT 5TIRELY BE5 DISPELL$1 BUT EV5 SO WE MU/ ASK3 :I* P>T ( SOCIETY CAN PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 RADICAL *ANGE TODAY8 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! LEVEL+ ROLE ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM & ! 9CREAS+ DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES ALONG EV] VAGU] L9ES HAS OP5$ UP A VI/A MU* DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* ONCE HYPNOTIZ$ ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT4 ,! TE*NOLOGICAL LEVEL ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION WAS HI<LY LABOR 9T5SIVE2 ! BRUTI% EXPLOITATION ( LABOR & ! SIMPLIFICATION ( ! WORK PROCESS ) ITS CONSEQU5T DE/RUCTION ( SKILLS BY A DEAD5+ DIVISION ( LABOR MADE IT POSSIBLE = ,M>X & O!R !ORI/S TO S+LE \T ! PROLET>IAT AS ! PR9CIPAL VICTIM ( CAPITALISM & ! PR9CIPAL 5G9E ( ITS DEMISE4 

,AL?\< MANY TRADITIONAL FACTORIES >E /ILL ) US1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA !Y >E GIV+ WAY TO HI<LY SKILL$ & DIFF]5TIAT$ SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION4 ,MANY NEW /RATA CAN NO LONG] BE REG>D$1 EXCEPT 9 ! MO/ ELA/IC WAY1 AS 0WORK]S0 9 ANY 9DU/RIAL S5SE4 ,SU* PEOPLE >E EV5 BECOM+ ! MAJORITY ( ! 0WORK+ CLASS10 :ILE ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 7CONTR>Y TO ,M>X'S EXPECTATIONS7 IS VISIBLY BECOM+ AN EV]-SMALL] M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,= ! PRES5T1 AT LEA/1 !SE WORK]S >E WELL PAID 7(T5 RECEIV+ SAL>IES RA!R ?AN WAGES71 CONSUM]-ORI5T$ 9 TA/ES1 & F> REMOV$ FROM A WORK+-CLASS \TLOOK & A DISPOSITION TO HOLD LEFTI/ SOCIAL VIEWS4 

,CAPITALISM1 9 EFFECT1 IS CREAT+ ! BASES = A POPULI/ POLITICS - HOPEFULLY A RADICAL & ULTIMATELY REVOLUTION>Y ONE - ?AT IS FOCUS$ ON ! BROAD5+ & EXP&+ ( PR(ESSIONAL OPPORTUNITIES1 ! QUALITY ( LIFE1 & A MORE PLEASANT 5VIRONM5T4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 MATUR+ CAPITALISM CAN PROP]LY BE DESCRIPTIVELY DIVID$ 9TO /RATA ( ! WEAL?Y1 ! WELL-(F1 ! COM=TABLE1 & ! POOR4 ,9DU/RIAL WAGE WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/ HAVE MORE 9 COMMON ) SAL>I$ TE*NICIANS & PR(ESSIONALS ?AN ) UND]PAID UNSKILL$ WORK]S 9 ! S]VICE SECTOR ( FA/-FOOD RE/AURANTS & RETAIL SALES & ! LIKE1 LET ALONE ) ! NE>LY LUMP5IZ$ POOR4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ECONOMIC CRISES1 SOCIAL DISQUIET MAY FOCUS ON FE>S ( CRIME1 %ORTCOM+S 9 PUBLIC S]VICES & $UCATION1 ! DECL9E ( TRADITIONAL VALUES1 & ! LIKE4 ,MORE MOM5T\SLY1 ?IS POPULI/ \TLOOK FE>S 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( OP5 SPACES1 & ! GR[+ CONGE/ION ( ONCE-HUMAN-SCAL$ COMMUNITIES - 9DE$1 ( COMMUNITY LIFE 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS4 

,= MORE ?AN A HALF C5TURY1 CAPITALISM HAS MANAG$ NOT ONLY TO AVOID A *RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS ( ! K9D ,M>X EXPECT$ BUT ALSO TO CONTROL CRISES ?AT POT5TIALLY HAD A HI<LY EXPLOSIVE *>ACT]4 ,AS A SY/EM1 CAPITALISM IS ONE ( ! MO/ UN/ABLE ECONOMIES 9 HI/ORY & H5CE IS ALWAYS UNPR$ICTABLE4 ,BUT EQUALLY UNC]TA9 IS ! TRADITIONAL RADICAL NOTION ?AT IT MU/ SLIP ) UNFAIL+ REGUL>ITY 9TO P]IODIC CRISES AS WELL AS *RONIC ONES4 ,! G5]AL POPULATION 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS DISPLAY$ A REM>KABLE CONFID5CE 9 ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ECONOMY2 MORE ?AN #d P]C5T ( ,U,S FAMILIES HAVE N[ 9VE/$ 9 ! /OCK M>KET & ACCEPT ITS HUGE SW+S )\T BE+ SWEPT UP BY PANICS1 SU* AS AFFLICT$ F9ANCIAL M>KETS 9 ! PA/4 ,A /RICTLY CLASS-ORI5T$ POLITICS BAS$ ON 9DU/RIAL WORK]S HAS REC$$1 & ! ,LEFT N[ FACES ! IMP]ATIVE TO CREATE A POPULI/ POLITICS ?AT REA*ES \T TO 0! PEOPLE0 AS !Y >E TODAY1 9 ANTICIPATION ?AT !Y CAN N[ MORE EASILY BE RADICALIZ$ BY ISSUES ?AT CONC]N !IR COMMUNITIES1 !IR CIVIL LIB]TIES1 !IR OV]ALL 5VIRONM5T1 & ! 9TEGRITY ( !IR SUPPLIES ( FOOD1 AIR1 & WAT]1 NOT SIMPLY BY A FOCUS ON ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & WAGE ISSUES4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ECONOMIC ISSUES CANNOT BE OV]/AT$1 BUT ESPECIALLY 9 P]IODS ( RELATIVE WELL-BE+ A FUTURE ,LEFT WILL BE SUCCESSFUL ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT ADDRESSES ! PUBLIC AS A 0PEOPLE0 RA!R ?AN AS A CLASS1 A POPULATION :OSE DISQUIET HAS AT LEA/ AS MU* TO DO ) FRE$OMS1 QUALITY ( LIFE1 & FUTURE WELL-BE+ AS IT DOES ) ECONOMIC CRISES & MAT]IAL 9SECURITY4.<#c#i.> 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 A FUTURE ,LEFT CAN HOPE TO EX]CISE 9FLU5CE ONLY IF IT CAN MOBILIZE PEOPLE ON ISSUES ?AT CUT ACROSS ! CLASS L9ES4 ,FROM ,M>X'S DAY UNTIL ! ,DEPRESSION & FASCI/ DECADE ( ! #a#i#cS1 ! PR9CIPAL VICTIMS ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION APPE>$ TO BE WORK]S AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 IT WAS >GU$1 ALL[$ ! PEASANTRY TO GA9 GREAT] CONTROL ( ! L&1 & ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY GRANT$ ! L[] MIDDLE CLASSES A MAJOR PLACE 9 ALL SPH]ES ( ,FR5* SOCIETY4 ,BUT !Y LEFT ONE CLASS UNSATISFI$3 ! EM]G+ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS SUBJECT$ TO H>% WORK+ CONDITIONS1 PREV5T$ FROM ORGANIZ+1 & SUFF]$ A DECL9+ /&>D ( LIV+4 ,5GELS PORTRAY$ A WORK+-CLASS LIFE BAS$ ON ! ,5GLI% PROLET>IAT ( #ahdd AT ! HEI<T ( ! FIR/ ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION2 ,M>X >GU$ ?AT ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & ! DISPLACEM5T ( WORK]S BY MA*9ES W\LD CREATE 9SUFF]ABLE MIS]Y 9 ! FACTORIES ( ,5GL& & ! CONT95T4 ,?IS ANTI-CAPITALI/ VISION WAS PR$ICAT$ ON ! BELIEF ?AT ! PROLET>IAT'S MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE W\LD WORS5 /EADILY :ILE ITS NUMB]S W\LD 9CREASE TO A PO9T :]E IT BECAME ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 

,BY ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 H[EV]1 !SE PR$ICTIONS W]E FALL+ %ORT1 & BY #aie !Y W]E :OLLY DISCR$IT$4 ,:AT ) ! SOPHI/ICATION ( MA*9]Y1 ! APPE>ANCE ( ELECTRONICS1 ! SPECTACUL> 9CREASE 9 MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION1 ! RISE ( ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 & ! LIKE1 ! PROPORTION ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S TO ! POPULATION AT L>GE WAS DIM9I%+1 NOT RIS+4 ,MOREOV]1 DUE 9 L>GE P>T TO ! /RUGGLES ( LEGAL TRADE UNIONS TO IMPROVE ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 P>TICUL>1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR WAS BE+ SIGNIFICANTLY MUT$4 ,M>XISM1 !N1 WAS CLE>LY BOX$ 9TO ! CLASS RELATIONS ( A HI/ORICALLY LIMIT$ P]IOD1 ! ]A ( ! FIR/ ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,F> FROM BECOM+ PROLET>IANIZ$ OR DECL9+ TO A M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION1 AS ,M>X HAD PR$ICT$1 ! MIDDLE CLASS RETA9$ ! PSY*OLOGY & CONSCI\SNESS ( PEOPLE :O C\LD HOPE = AN EV]-HI<] /ATUS4 ,PROP]TYLESS AS IT MAY HAVE BE5 9 REALITY & (T5 C[$ BY ! REAL B\RGEOISIE1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE WAS 7& REMA9S TO A GREAT EXT5T7 CONV9C$ ?AT IT HAS A PRIVILEG$ PLACE 9 ! M>KET ECONOMY & 5T]TA9S EXPECTATIONS ?AT IT CAN CLIMB UPW>D ON ! SOCIAL LADD] ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS MADE SUFFICI5T GA9S ?AT IT EXPECTS ITS *ILDR51 EQUIPP$ ) A BETT] $UCATION ?AN !IR P>5TS1 TO /EP UPW>D 9 LIFE4 ,SMALL PROP]TY [N]S >E 9VE/$ BY ! MILLIONS 9 F9ANCIAL M>KETS4 ,WORK]S N[ DESCRIBE !MSELVES AS 0MIDDLE CLASS0 OR1 ) A NUANCE ?AT HEI<T5S ! DIGNITY ( LABOR1 AS 0WORK+ FAMILIES40 ,COMBATIVE & EXCLUSIVE EXPRESSIONS LIKE 0WORK]S10 0TOIL]S10 & 0LABOR]S0 ?AT ONCE IMPLICITLY H9T$ AT ! EXI/5CE ( CLASS /RUGGLE >E N[ US$ ) 9CREAS+ R>ITY OR NOT AT ALL4 

,! %>P L9ES ?AT ONCE DI/+UI%$ A PLANT'S ACC\NT+ (FICE FROM ! PROLET>IAT >E BE+ BLURR$ IDEOLOGICALLY & EAT+ AWAY AT WORK+-CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,NOT)/&+ ,M>X'S !ORY ( HI/ORY AS AN ACC\NT ( CLASS /RUGGLES1 ) ITS MANY TRU?S1 A CLASS IS NO MORE AU!NTIC ?AN ! CONSCI\SNESS ) :I* IT VIEWS REALITY4 ,NO WORK] IS TRULY A CLASS BE+1 H[EV] MU* HE IS EXPLOIT$1 :5 HE VIEWS SOCIAL LIFE 9 B\RGEOIS T]MS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE LE>N$ ?IS FACT QUITE E>LY :5 IT EXPLOIT$ E?NIC1 RELIGI\S1 G5D]1 & CRAFT DIVISIONS )9 ! PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE4 ,H5CE ! BLUE-COLL> OR :ITE-COLL> WORK] IS A CLASS BE+ ACCORD+ TO H[ %E ?9KS ( H]SELF1 RELATES TO H] BOSS1 & HOLDS EXPECTATIONS 9 LIFE4 ,A WORK] )\T A COMBATIVE CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS NO MORE AN EXPLOIT$ PROLET>IAN1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 ?AN A POLICEMAN IS AN ORD9>Y WORK]4 ,RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS' MY/IFICATION ( ! WORK] HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 !IR IMPUTATION ?AT 0CONSCI\SNESS FOLL[S BE+10 ?AT IS1 :5 ! WORK] RECOGNIZES ?AT HE IS EXPLOIT$ & ?AT CAPITALISM IS HIS SOCIAL 5EMY4 

,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN = A FUTURE ,LEFT8 ,UNLESS CAPITALISM UNEXPECT$LY COLLAPSES 9TO A MAJOR *RONIC CRISIS 79 :I* CASE WORK]S MAY WELL TURN TO ! FASCISM ( A ,LE ,P5 9 ,FRANCE OR ! REACTIONISM ( A ,BU*ANAN 9 ! ,U,S71 !N ! ,LEFT MU/ FOCUS ON ISSUES ?AT >E 9T]CLASS 9 NATURE1 ADDRESS+ ! MIDDLE AS WELL AS ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BY ! V]Y LOGIC ( ITS 0GR[ OR DIE0 IMP]ATIVE1 CAPITALISM MAY WELL BE PRODUC+ ECOLOGICAL CRISES ?AT GRAVELY IMP]IL ! 9TEGRITY ( LIFE ON ?IS PLANET4 ,! \TPUTS ( FACTORIES & ! RAW MAT]IAL 9DU/RIES1 ! DE/RUCTIVE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES1 & ! CONSUMPTION PATT]NS 9 PRIVILEG$ P>TS ( ! WORLD >E SIMPLIFY+ ! HI<LY COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL TIES ?AT EM]G$ OV] MILLIONS ( YE>S ( NATURAL EVOLUTION1 R$UC+ HI<LY F]TILE >EAS TO CONCRETE L&SCAPES1 TURN+ USABLE WAT] 9TO AN 9CREAS+LY DEGRAD$ RES\RCE1 SURR\ND+ ! PLANET ) A C>BON DIOXIDE LAY] ?AT ?REAT5S TO RADICALLY *ANGE ! CLIMATE1 & OP5+ DANG]\S HOLES 9 ! OZONE LAY]4 ,RIV]S1 LAKES1 & OCEANS >E BECOM+ G>BAGE DUMPS = POISON\S & LIFE-9HIBIT+ WA/ES4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y TANGIBLE COMPON5T ( DAILY LIFE1 FROM ! FOOD ON ! D9N] TABLE TO SUB/ANCES US$ 9 ! WORKPLACE1 IS BECOM+ POLLUT$ ) KN[N OR POT5TIALLY DANG]\S TOXICANTS4 ,CITIES >E GR[+ 9TO VA/1 POLLUT$1 SPRAWL+ 5VIRONM5TS :OSE POPULATIONS >E L>G] ?AN ?OSE ( MANY NATION-/ATES ONLY A FEW DECADES AGO4 ,! EQUATORIAL BELT ( TROPICAL =E/S ?AT SURR\ND ! PLANET'S L& >EAS & L>GE P>TS ( ! TEMP]ATE ZONES >E BE+ DE=E/$ & D5UD$ ( !IR COMPLEX LIFE-=MS4 

,YET = CAPITALISM TO DESI/ FROM ITS M9DLESS EXPANSION W\LD BE = IT TO COMMIT SOCIAL SUICIDE4 ,BY DEF9ITION CAPITALISM IS A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY ?AT CANNOT CEASE TO EXP&4 ,! PROBLEMS IT MAY BE CREAT+ = HUMANITY AS A :OLE - PROBLEMS ?AT TRANSC5D CLASS DIFF]5CES - CAN EASILY BECOME ! BASES = A VA/ CRITIQUE IF CURR5T 5VIRONM5TALI/S >E WILL+ TO RAISE !IR CONC]NS TO ! LEVEL ( A RADICAL SOCIAL ANALYSIS & ORGANIZE NOT SIMPLY >\ND SAV+ A SELECT SPECIES OR >\ND ! VICES ( AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTUR]S BUT >\ND REPLAC+ ! EXI/+ IRRATIONAL ECONOMY BY A RATIONAL ONE4 ,! FACT ?AT ! NUCLE> 9DU/RY /ILL EXI/S MU/ BE SE5 NOT SIMPLY AS AN ABUSE OR A MATT] ( /UPIDITY1 = EXAMPLE1 BUT AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( A GREAT] :OLE3 ! NE$ = AN 9DU/RY 9 A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY TO GR[ & \T-COMPETE ITS RIVALS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! SUCCESSES ( ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY 9 PROMOT+ ! USE ( TOXICANTS 9 AGRICULTURE1 & ! GR[+ \TPUT ( ! AUTOMOBILE & PETROLEUM 9DU/RIES - ALL MU/ BE SE5 AS ! RESULTS ( ! 9N] WORK+S ( A DEEPLY 5TR5*$ SY/EM4 ,NOT ONLY WORK]S BUT ! PUBLIC MU/ BE $UCAT$ 9 ! REALITY ?AT \R EM]G+ ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS /EM FROM \R IRRATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,ISSUES SU* AS G5D] DISCRIM9ATION1 RACISM1 & NATIONAL *AUV9ISM MU/ BE RECA/ NOT ONLY AS CULTURAL & SOCIAL REGRESSIONS BUT AS EVID5CE ( ! ILLS PRODUC$ BY HI]>*Y4 ,A GR[+ PUBLIC AW>5ESS MU/ BE FO/]$ ?AT OPPRESSION 9CLUDES NOT ONLY EXPLOITATION BUT ALSO DOM9ATION1 & ?AT IT IS BAS$ NOT ONLY ON ECONOMIC CAUSES BUT ON CULTURAL P>TICUL>ISMS ?AT DIVIDE PEOPLE ACCORD+ TO SEXUAL1 E?NIC1 & SIMIL> TRAITS4 ,:]E !SE ISSUES COME TO ! =EGR\ND 9 ! =M ( PAT5T ABUSES1 !N A CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MU/ EXP& !IR IMPLICATIONS TO %[ ?AT SOCIETY AS IT EXI/S IS BASICALLY IRRATIONAL & DANG]\S4 

,SU* A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T NE$S A DI/9CTIVE BODY ( TACTICS DESIGN$ TO EXP& ! SCOPE ( ANY ISSUE1 H[EV] RE=MI/ IT MAY SEEM AT FIR/ GLANCE1 /EADILY RADICALIZ+ IT & GIV+ IT A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y ?RU/4 ,IT %\LD MAKE NO AGREEM5T ) LIB]ALS & ! B\RGEOISIE ON RETA9+ ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,IF ! SOLUTION TO A SPECIFIC 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEM SEEMS FAIRLY PRAGMATIC1 !N ! MOVEM5T MU/ REG>D IT AS A /EP = WID5+ A P>TLY OP5 DOOR UNTIL IT CAN %[ ?AT ! 5TIRE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM IS SY/EMIC & EXPOSE IT AS SU* TO PUBLIC VIEW4 ,?US A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T %\LD 9SI/ NOT ONLY ON BLOCK+ ! CON/RUCTION ( A NUCLE> PLANT BUT ON %UTT+ D[N ALL NUCLE> PLANTS & REPLAC+ !M ) ALT]NATIVE 5]GY S\RCES ?AT 5HANCE ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,IT %\LD REG>D NO LIMIT$ GA9S AS CONCLUSIVE BUT RA!R MU/ CLE>LY L9K A GIV5 DEM& TO ! NE$ = BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! SAME /RATEGY APPLIES TO ! USE ( *EMICALS 9 AGRICULTURE1 CURR5T AGRICULTURAL ME?ODS ( GR[+ FOOD1 ! MANUFACTURE ( H>MFUL MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 ! MANUFACTURE ( DANG]\S H\SEHOLD PRODUCTS - 9DE$1 EV]Y ITEM :OSE PRODUCTION & USE DEBASES ! 5VIRONM5T & DEGRADES HUMAN VALUES4.<#d.> 

,PROGRAMMATIC ,ISSUES & ,PROSPECTS 

  

,I HAVE EXAM9$ ELSE:]E ! REASONS :Y P[] CANNOT BE IGNOR$ - A PROBLEM ?AT BELEAGU]$ ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,BUT CAN BE WE CONCEIVE ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T GA9+ P[] )\T AN AG5CY ?AT CAN PROVIDE IT ) GUIDANCE8 

,A REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT ?AT SEEKS TO ADVANCE FROM PROTE/ DEMON/RATIONS TO REVOLUTION>Y DEMON/RATIONS MU/ RESOLUTELY CONFRONT ! PROBLEM ( ORGANIZATION4 ,I SPEAK H]E NOT ( AD HOC PLANN+ GR\PS BUT RA!R ( ! CREATION & MA9T5ANCE ( AN ORGANIZATION ?AT IS 5DUR+1 /RUCTUR$1 & BROADLY PROGRAMMATIC4 ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION CON/ITUTES A DEF9ABLE 5TITY & MU/ BE /RUCTUR$ >\ND LA/+ & =MAL 9/ITUTIONS TO MAKE IT OP]ATIONAL2 IT MU/ CONTA9 A RESPONSIBLE MEMB]%IP ?AT FIRMLY & KN[L$GEABLY ADH]ES TO ITS IDEALS2 & IT MU/ ADVANCE A SWEEP+ PROGRAM = SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT CAN BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO EV]YDAY PRACTICE4 ,AL?\< SU* AN ORGANIZATION MAY JO9 A COALITION 7OR UNIT$ FRONT1 AS ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT CALL$ IT71 IT MU/ NOT DISAPPE> 9TO SU* A COALITION OR SURR5D] ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 LET ALONE ITS ID5TITY4 ,IT MU/ RETA9 ITS [N NAME AT ALL TIMES & BE GUID$ BY ITS [N /ATUTES4 ,! ORGANIZATION'S PROGRAM MU/ BE ! PRODUCT ( A REASON$ ANALYSIS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ?AT FACE SOCIETY1 !IR HI/ORICAL S\RCES & !ORETICAL FUNDAM5TS1 & ! CLE>LY VISIBLE GOALS ?AT FOLL[ FROM ! POT5TIALITIES & REALITIES = SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,ONE ( ! GREATE/ PROBLEMS ?AT REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! PA/ FAC$ 7FROM ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY TO ! ,SPANI% 9 ! TW5TIE?7 WAS !IR FAILURE TO CREATE A RESOLUTE1 WELL-/RUCTUR$1 & FULLY 9=M$ ORGANIZATION ) :I* TO C\NT] !IR REACTION>Y OPPON5TS4 ,FEW UPRIS+S EXP& BEYOND ! LIMITS ( A RIOT )\T ! GUIDANCE ( A KN[L$GEABLE LEAD]%IP4 ,! MY? ( ! PURELY SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION CAN BE DISPAT*$ BY A C>EFUL /UDY ( PA/ UPRIS+S 7AS ,I HAVE ATTEMPT$ 9 MY [N WORK ON ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION74 ,EV5 9 SELF-CONSCI\SLY LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 LEAD]%IP ALWAYS EXI/$1 EV5 9 ! =M ( 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS10 SPIRIT$ M5 & WOM5 :O CON/ITUT$ ! NUCLEI >\ND :I* CR[DS TRANS=M$ /REET PROTE/S 9TO \TRI<T 9SURRECTIONS4 ,9 HIS FAM\S ET*+ 0,! ,REVOLT10 ,DAUMI] 9TUITIVELY FOCUSES ON A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 AMID O!R REBELS1 :O RAISES ! CRY ?AT BR+S ! MASSES 9TO MOTION4 ,EV5 9 SEEM+LY 0SPONTANE\S 9SURRECTIONS10 ADVANC$ MILITANTS1 SCATT]$ ?R\<\T REBELLI\S CR[DS1 SPURR$ ! UNC]TA9 MASSES ON TO FUR!R ACTION4 ,CONTR>Y TO AN>*I/IC MY?S1 NONE ( ! SOVIETS1 C\NCILS1 & COMMITTEES ?AT >OSE 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g1 ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#a#h1 & ,SPA9 9 #aicf W]E =M$ SIMPLY ( !IR [N ACCORD4 ,9V>IABLY SPECIFIC MILITANTS 7A EUPHEMISM = LEAD]S7 TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 =M+ !M & 9 GUID+ 9EXP]I5C$ MASSES T[>D ! ADOPTION ( A RADICAL C\RSE ( ACTION4 

,ABSORB$ AS !Y W]E ) MAK+ CONCRETE & IMM$IATE DEM&S1 FEW ( !SE C\NCILS & COMMITTEES HAD A BROAD OV]VIEW ( ! SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES OP5$ BY ! 9SURRECTIONS !Y 9ITIAT$ OR A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! 5EMIES !Y HAD TEMPOR>ILY DEFEAT$4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS /ATESM5 KNEW ONLY TOO WELL H[ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES1 ?ANKS TO !IR CONSID]ABLE EXP]I5CE AS 5TREPR5EURS1 POLITICAL LEAD]S1 & MILIT>Y COMM&]S4 ,BUT ! WORK]S TOO (T5 LACK$ ! KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE SO VITAL TO DEVELOP+ AN OV]VIEW4 ,IT REMA9S A TRAGIC IRONY ?AT 9SURRECTIONS ?AT W]E NOT DEFEAT$ \TRI<T BY SUP]IOR MILIT>Y =CES (T5 FROZE 9TO IMMOBILITY ONCE !Y TOOK P[] FROM !IR CLASS 5EMIES & R>ELY TOOK ! ORGANIZATIONAL /EPS NECESS>Y TO RETA9 !IR P[]4 ,)\T A !ORETICALLY TRA9$ & MILITANT ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD DEVELOP$ A BROAD SOCIAL VISION ( ITS TASKS & C\LD (F] WORK]S PRACTICAL PROGRAMS = COMPLET+ ! REVOLUTION ?AT !Y HAD 9ITIAT$1 REVOLUTIONS QUICKLY FELL AP>T = LACK ( FUR!R ACTION4 ,!IR SUPPORT]S1 ZEAL\S AT ! \TSET & = A BRIEF P]IOD AFT]W>DS1 SOON FL\ND]$1 BECAME DEMORALIZ$ = WANT ( A ?OR\<GO+ PROGRAM1 LO/ !IR ELAN1 & !N W]E CRU%$ PHYSICALLY4 ,NO:]E WAS ?IS DE/RUCTIVE PROCESS MORE APP>5T ?AN 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#h-#a#i &1 TO A GREAT DEGREE1 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g1 MA9LY BECAUSE ! MASS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION1 ! ,C,N,T1 SURR5D]$ ! P[] IT HAD RECEIV$ FROM ! ,CATALAN WORK]S 9 ,JULY #aicf TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,A FUTURE ,LEFT MU/ C>EFULLY /UDY !SE TRAGIC EXP]I5CES & DET]M9E H[ TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( ORGANIZATION & P[]4 ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION CANNOT BE A CONV5TIONAL P>TY1 & F9D A COM=TABLE PLACE 9 A P>LIAM5T>Y /ATE1 )\T LOS+ ITS REVOLUTION>Y ELAN4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 /RUCTUR$ AS A TOP-D[N ORGANIZATION ?AT FETI%IZ$ C5TRALIZATION & 9T]NAL P>TY HI]>*Y1 EXEMPLIFIES ! WAY A P>TY CAN M]ELY REPLICATE A /ATE & BECOME A BUREAUCRATIC & AU?ORIT>IAN 5TITY4 

,IF ,M>XI/S1 :5 !Y F\ND !MSELVES 9 REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( ANY POLITICS ?AT ABOLI%$ ! /ATE1 !N ! AN>*I/S1 & TRAGICALLY ! SYNDICALI/S :O W]E DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY !M 9TELLECTUALLY1 W]E SO FIXAT$ ON AVOID+ ! /ATE ?AT !Y DE/ROY$ VITAL1 SELF-GOV]N+ REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?IS NOT ! PLACE TO DISCUSS ,SPANI% AN>*ISM & ITS RA!R CONFUS$ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 0F>RAGO10 AS ,*RIS ,EALHAM HAS SO APTLY CALL$ IT1.<#d#a.> BUT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]%IP SEEMS TO HAVE LACK$ ! SLI<TE/ IDEA H[ TO A*IEVE A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION3 :5 P[] WAS ACTUALLY ?RU/ 9TO !IR TREMBL+ H&S1 IT SIMPLY DID NOT KN[ :AT TO ) IT4 

,EV]Y REVOLUTION1 9DE$1 EV5 EV]Y ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE1 WILL ALWAYS MEET ) RESI/ANCE FROM ! ELITES 9 P[]4 ,EV]Y EF=T TO DEF5D A REVOLUTION WILL REQUIRE ! AMASS+ ( P[] - PHYSICAL AS WELL AS 9/ITUTIONAL & ADM9I/RATIVE - :I* IS TO SAY1 ! CREATION ( A GOV]NM5T4 ,AN>*I/S MAY CALL = ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 BUT CO]CION ( SOME K9D WILL BE NECESS>Y TO PREV5T ! B\RGEOIS /ATE FROM RETURN+ 9 FULL =CE ) UNBRIDL$ T]ROR4 ,= A LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION TO ES*EW1 \T ( MISPLAC$ FE> ( CREAT+ A 0/ATE10 ! TAK+ ( P[] :5 IT CAN DO SO ) ! SUPPORT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES IS CONFUSION AT BE/ & A TOTAL FAILURE ( N]VE AT WOR/4 ,P]HAPS ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ACTUALLY LIV$ 9 AWE ( ! V]Y /ATE APP>ATUS :OSE EXI/5CE IT WAS COMMITT$ TO ABOLI%4 ,BETT] ?AT SU* A MOVEM5T GETS \T ( ! WAY ?AN REMA9 CLOAK$ 9 A SEEM+LY 0RADICAL0 CAM\FLAGE ?AT MAKES PROMISES TO ! MASSES ?AT IT CANNOT HONOR4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! LIB]T>IAN ,LEFT DOES SUGGE/1 H[EV]1 A =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT IS CONSI/5T ) ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A LEFT LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,9 A CONF$]ATION1 SEEM+ HI<] BODIES PLAY ! ROLE ( ADM9I/]+ POLICY DECISIONS ?AT >E MADE AT ! BASE ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ! 5D1 NE>LY ALL POLICY DECISIONS1 ESPECIALLY BASIC ONES1 MU/ BE MADE AT ! BASE ( ! ORGANIZATION BY ITS BRAN*ES OR SECTIONS4 ,DECISIONS MADE AT ! BASE MOVE TO ! TOP & !N BACK AGA9 9 MODIFI$ =M TO ! BASE UNTIL1 BY MAJORITY VOTES AT ! BASE1 !Y BECOME POLICIES :OSE IMPLEM5TATION IS (T5 UND]TAK5 BY SPECIAL OR /&+ COMMITTEES4 

,NO ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL1 H[EV]1 %\LD BE FETI%IZ$ TO ! PO9T :]E IT FLATLY CONTRADICTS ! IMP]ATIVES ( REAL LIFE4 ,:]E EV5TS REQUIRE A MEASURE ( C5TRALIZATION1 COORD9ATION AT A CONF$]AL LEVEL MAY HAVE TO BE TI<T5$ TO IMPLEM5T A POLICY OR TACTIC - TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y & ONLY = AS LONG AS IT IS NECESS>Y4 ,A CONF$]ATION CAN ALL[ NECESS>Y C5TRALIZATION ON A TEMPOR>Y BASIS1 )\T YIELD+ TO A P]MAN5T C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION1 ONLY IF ITS MEMB]%IP IS CONSCI\S & ?OR\<LY 9=M$1 !ORETICALLY1 TO GU>D AGA9/ ! ABUSES ( C5TRALIZATION & ONLY IF ! ORGANIZATION HAS /RUCTURES 9 PLACE TO RECALL LEAD]S :O SEEM TO BE ABUS+ !IR P[]S4 ,O!RWISE WE HAVE NO C]TA9TY ?AT ANY LIB]T>IAN PRACTICES WILL BE HONOR$4 ,I HAVE SE5 PEOPLE :O = DECADES W]E COMMITT$ TO LIB]T>IAN PRACTICES & PR9CIPLES ?R[ !IR IDEALS TO ! W9D1 & EV5 DRIFT 9TO A CO>SE NATIONALISM1 :5 EV5TS APPEAL$ MORE TO !IR EMOTIONS ?AN TO !IR M9DS4 ,A LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION MU/ HAVE 9 PLACE PRECAUTIONS SU* AS ! RI<T TO RECALL BY ! ORGANIZATION'S MEMB]%IP & ! RI<T TO DEM& A FULL ACC\NT+ ( A CONF$]AL BODY'S PRACTICES1 BUT ! FACT REMA9S ?AT !RE IS NO SUB/ITUTE = KN[L$GE & CONSCI\SNESS4 ,C]TA9LY NO DOGMATIC =MULA CAN PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE ME?OD = DEFY+ ! IMP]ATIVES ( REAL LIFE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 TIMES ( >M$ CONFLICT4 

,A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY W\LD HAVE TO MAKE DECISIONS ON H[ RES\RCES >E TO BE ACQUIR$1 PRODUC$1 ALLOCAT$1 & DI/RIBUT$4 ,SU* A SOCIETY MU/ SEEK TO PREV5T ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM & ( OLD OR NEW SY/EMS ( PRIVILEGE1 :I* MAY 9VOLVE CIVIL W> & MILIT>Y REGIM5TATION4 ,IT MU/ TRY TO A*IEVE A DEGREE ( ADM9I/RATIVE COORD9ATION & REGULATION ON A HUGE SCALE AMONG COMMUNITIES1 & DECISION-MAK+ MU/ BE =CEFUL IF SOCIAL LIFE ( ANY K9D IS NOT TO COLLAPSE COMPLETELY4 

,!SE CON/RA9TS >E NECESS>Y TO PROVIDE ! GREATE/ DEGREE ( FRE$OM POSSIBLE1 BUT !Y WILL NOT BE IMPOS$ SIMPLY BY 0GOOD WILL10 0MUTUAL AID10 0SOLID>ITY10 OR EV5 0CU/OM10 & ANY NOTION ?AT !Y WILL RE/S MORE ON A PRAY] ?AN ON HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 ,MAT]IAL WANT WILL QUICKLY ]ODE ANY 0GOOD WILL0 & 0SOLID>ITY0 ?AT A SUCCESSFUL1 9DE$ =CEFUL REVOLUTION ) ITS FI<T+ & EXPROPRIATIONS CREATES AMONG ! LIB]T>IAN VICTORS2 H5CE ! NE$ = PO/-SC>CITY AS A PRECONDITION = A COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f- #cg MANY ( ! NEW SOCIETY'S COLLECTIVES - ALL FLY+ ! BLACK-&-R$ FLAG ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM - 5T]$ 9TO BLATANT COMPETITION ) ONE ANO!R = RAW MAT]IALS1 TE*NICIANS1 & EV5 M>KETS & PR(ITS4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT !Y HAD TO BE 0SOCIALIZ$0 BY ! ,C,N,T - ?AT IS1 ! TRADE UNION HAD TO EX]T CONTROL TO EQUALIZE ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & ! AVAILABILITY ( CO/LY MA*9]Y1 & OBLIGE 0RI*0 COLLECTIVES TO %>E !IR WEAL? ) POOR ONES4 7,LAT] ?IS AU?ORITY WAS TAK5 OV] BY ! ,MADRID NATION-/ATE = REASONS ( ITS [N47 ,NOR W]E ALL PEASANTS EAG] TO JO9 COLLECTIVES :5 !Y W]E ALSO AF=D$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO FUNCTION AS SMALL PROP]TY [N]S4 ,/ILL O!RS LEFT ! COLLECTIVES 9 SIZABLE NUMB]S :5 !Y F\ND !MSELVES FREE TO DO SO )\T FE>4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 TO E/ABLI% A VIABLE COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY1 MORE ?AN P]SONAL & MORAL COMMITM5TS WILL BE NE$$ - LEA/ ( ALL1 ?OSE EXTREMELY PREC>I\S V>IABLES ?AT >E BAS$ ON 0HUMAN NATURE0 & 09/9CTS = MUTUAL AID40 

,! PROBLEM ( A*IEV+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM IS ONE ( ! MO/ UN!ORIZ$ ASPECTS ( ! LIB]T>IAN REP]TOIRE4 ,! COMMUNI/ MAXIM 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO NE$0 PRESUPPOSES A SUFFICI5CY ( GOODS & H5CE COMPLEX TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?AT A*IEVEM5T 9VOLVES A CLOSE AGREEM5T ) ,M>X'S EMPHASIS ?AT ADVANCES 9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION >E A PRECONDITION = COMMUNISM4 ,! SUCCESS ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 !N1 DEP5DS PR(\NDLY ON ! GR[? ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES OV] MANY C5TURIES & ON ! 9CREAS+ AVAILABILITY ( ! MEANS ( LIFE4 

,HI/ORY IS FILL$ ) C\NTLESS EXAMPLES :]E NATURAL SC>CITY OR LIMIT$ RES\RCES OBLIG$ PEOPLES TO TURN POPUL> GOV]NM5TS 9TO K+LY /ATES1 CAPTIVES 9TO SLAVES1 WOM5 9TO SUBJUGAT$ DRUDGES1 FREE PEASANTS 9TO S]FS1 & ! LIKE4 ,NO SU* DEVELOPM5T LACKS EXCESSES1 & IF K9DLY RUL]S DID NOT TURN 9TO BRUTAL DESPOTS1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MIRACUL\S4 ,?AT WE CAN SIT 9 JUDGM5T ON !SE SOCIETIES1 !IR /ATES1 & !IR OPPRESSIVE ME?ODS IS EVID5CE ?AT PROGRESS HAS OCCURR$ &1 EQUALLY IMPORTANTLY1 ?AT \R CIRCUM/ANCES DIFF] PR(\NDLY FROM !IRS4 ,:]E FAM9E WAS ONCE A NORMAL FEATURE ( LIFE1 WE TODAY >E %OCK$ :5 NO EF=T IS MADE TO FE$ ! />V+4 ,BUT WE >E %OCK$ ONLY BECAUSE WE HAVE ALREADY DEVELOP$ ! MEANS TO PRODUCE A SUFFICI5CY1 DISALL[+ 9DIFF]5CE TO SC>CITY4 ,9 %ORT1 ! CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE *ANG$ PR(\NDLY1 H[EV] UNJU/ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! MEANS ( LIFE MAY CONT9UE TO BE4 ,9DE$1 ?AT WE CAN EV5 SAY ?AT ! DI/RIBUTION IS UNJU/ IS A V]DICT ?AT ONLY A SOCIETY ?AT CAN ELIM9ATE MAT]IAL SC>CITY - & CREATE1 POT5TIALLY1 A PO/-SC>CITY SOCIETY - CAN MAKE4 

,?US \R EXPANSIVE VISIONS ( FRE$OM1 TODAY1 HAVE !IR PRECONDITIONS3 M9IMALLY1 TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCEM5T4 ,ONLY G5]ATIONS ?AT HAVE NOT EXP]I5C$ ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION CAN IGNORE ! PRECONDITIONAL BASES = \R MORE G5]\S IDEOLOGIES4 ,! CLASSICAL ,LEFT - P>TICUL>LY ?9K]S SU* AS ,M>X - GAVE US MU* SY/EMATIC ?9K+ ON HI/ORY & CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 ,BUT WILL WE ELECT TO FOLL[ A TRULY LIB]T>IAN USE ( ! RES\RCES AT \R COMM& & CREATE A SOCIETY ?AT IS DEMOCRATIC1 COMMUNI/IC1 & COMMUNALI/IC1 BAS$ ON POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 CONF$]ATIONS1 & SWEEP+ CIVIL LIB]TIES8 ,OR WILL WE FOLL[ A C\RSE ?AT IS 9CREAS+LY /ATI/1 C5TRALIZ$1 & AU?ORIT>IAN8 ,H]E ANO!R 0HI/ORY0 OR DIALECTIC COMES 9TO PLAY - ! GREAT TRADITIONS ( FRE$OM ?AT W]E ELABORAT$ OV] TIME BY UNKN[N REVOLUTION>IES & BY LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S SU* AS A ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & ,MALATE/A4 ,WE >E ?US FAC$ ) TWO LEGACIES ?AT HAVE UNFOLD$ 9 T&EM ) EA* O!R3 A MAT]IAL ONE & AN IDEOLOGICAL ONE4 

,LET US BE FRANK & ACKN[L$GE ?AT !SE LEGACIES >E NOT WELL-KN[N OR EASILY UND]/OOD4 ,BUT FROM !M WE CAN WEAVE AN E?ICAL APPROA* TO SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT CAN GIVE \R 5DEAVORS DEF9ITION & A POSSIBILITY ( SUCCESS4 ,= ONE ?+1 WE CAN DECL>E ?AT 0:AT %\LD BE10 HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 IS TO BE ACTUALIZ$ & GUIDE \R SOCIAL LIVES4 ,WE CAN AFFIRM 0:AT %\LD BE0 ON ! BASIS ( DECID$LY REAL MAT]IAL POSSIBILITIES & REALIZABLE IDEOLOGICAL ONES4 ,KN[L$GE ( 0:AT %\LD BE0 IF REASON IS TO GUIDE \R BEHAVIOR BECOMES ! =CE DRIV+ US TO MAKE SOCIAL *ANGE & TO PRODUCE A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,) \R MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS 9 PLACE & ) REASON TO GUIDE US TO ! ACTUALIZATION ( \R POT5TIALITIES1 NOTABLY A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 WE CAN BEG9 TO =MULATE ! CONCRETE /EPS ?AT A FUTURE ,LEFT WILL BE OBLIG$ TO TAKE TO A*IEVE ITS 5DS4 ,! MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS >E DEMON/RABLY AT H&1 & REASON1 =TIFI$ BY A KN[L$GE ( PA/ 5DEAVORS TO PRODUCE A RELATIVELY RATIONAL SOCIETY1 PROVIDES ! MEANS TO =MULATE ! MEASURES & ! MEANS1 /EP BY /EP1 TO PRODUCE A NEW ,LEFT ?AT IS RELEVANT = ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE4 

,AN ,E?ICAL ,COMPASS = ! ,LEFT 

  

,F> FROM ES*EW+ REASON & !ORY1 A FUTURE ,LEFT ?AT IS MEAN+FUL MU/ BE SOLIDLY GR\ND$ 9 !ORY IF IT IS TO HAVE ANY P[] TO UND]/& ! PRES5T 9 RELATION%IP TO ! PA/1 & ! FUTURE 9 RELATION%IP TO ! PRES5T4 ,A LACK ( PHILOSOPHICAL EQUIPM5T TO 9T]PRET EV5TS1 PA/ & PRES5T1 WILL R5D] ITS !ORETICAL 9SI<TS FRAGM5T>Y & B]EFT ( CONTEXTUALITY & CONT9UITY4 ,NOR WILL IT BE ABLE TWO %[ H[ SPECIFIC EV5TS RELATE TO A L>G] :OLE & L9K !M TOGE!R 9 A BROAD P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT WAS ?IS ADMIRABLE 9T5TION1 ,I %\LD NOTE1 ?AT 9DUC$ ,M>X TO GIVE HIS IDEAS A SY/EMATIC & UNIFI$ =M1 NOT ANY P]SONAL DISPOSITION ON HIS P>T = 0TOTALIT>IANISM40 ,! WORLD 9 :I* HE LIV$ HAD TO BE %[N ?AT CAPITAL ACCUMULATION & ! B\RGEOISIE'S UNREL5T+ CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RIAL RES\RCES W]E NOT PRODUCTS ( GRE$ BUT VITAL NECESSITIES = 5T]PRISES 9 A %>PLY COMPETITIVE ECONOMY4 

,ONE CAN PROJECT AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! PRES5T SOCIETY ONLY BY ADVANC+ RATIONAL ALT]NATIVES TO ! EXI/+ ORD] ( ?+S - ALT]NATIVES ?AT >E OBJECTIVELY & LOGICALLY BAS$ ON HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM & 9NOVATION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! ABILITY ( HUMAN BE+S TO PROJECT !MSELVES BEYOND !IR GIV5 CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO RATIONALLY RECREATE !IR WORLD & !IR SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & TO 9FUSE 9NOVATION ) E?ICAL JUDGM5TS1 BECOMES ! BASIS = ACTUALIZ+ A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,?IS 0:AT %\LD BE10 AS $UC$ BY REASON1 /&S ON A HI<] PLANE ( TRU?FULNESS & :OL5ESS ?AN DOES ! EXI/5TIAL & PRAGMATIC 0:AT IS40 ,FIGURATIVELY SPEAK+1 ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! 0:AT %\LD BE0 & ! 0:AT IS10 AS ELABORAT$ & *ALL5G$ BY M9D AS WELL AS BY EXP]I5CE1 LIES AT ! HE>T ( DIALECTIC4 ,9DE$1 ! 0:AT %\LD BE10 BY SITT+ 9 JUDGM5T ON ! VALIDITY ( ! GIV51 JO9S DIALECTICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! BIOSPH]E ) DIALECTICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! SOCIAL SPH]E4 ,IT PROVIDES ! BASIS = DET]M9+ :E!R A SOCIETY IS RATIONAL & TO :AT DEGREE IT HAS RATIONAL CONT5T4 ,ABS5T SU* A CRIT]ION1 WE HAVE NO BASIS = SOCIAL E?ICS AP>T FROM ! EGOC5TRIC1 ADV5TITI\S1 AN>*IC1 & HI<LY SUBJECTIVE /ATEM5T 0,I *OOSE60 ,A SOCIAL E?ICS CANNOT REMA9 SUSP5D$ 9 ! AIR )\T AN OBJECTIVE F\NDATION1 A COMPREH5SIVE EVOLUTION FROM ! PRIMITIVE TO ! 9CREAS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$1 & A COH]5T CONT5T ?AT SUPPORTS ITS DEVELOPM5T4 

,MOREOV]1 )\T AN OBJECTIVE POT5TIALITY 7?AT IS1 ! IMPLICIT REALITY ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO RATIONAL $UCTION1 9 CONTRA/ TO M]E DAYDREAM+7 ?AT SITS 9 0JUDGM5T0 ( EXI/5TIAL REALITY AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A RATIONALLY CONCEIV$ REALITY1 WE HAVE NO WAY TO D]IVE AN E?ICS ?AT GOES BEYOND M]E P]SONAL TA/E4 ,:AT IS TO GUIDE US 9 UND]/&+ ! NATURE ( FRE$OM8 ,:Y IS FRE$OM SUP]IOR TO M]E CU/OM OR HABIT8 ,:Y IS A FREE SOCIETY DESIRABLE & AN 5SLAV$ ONE NOT1 AP>T FROM TA/E & OP9ION8 ,NO SOCIAL E?ICS IS EV5 POSSIBLE1 LET ALONE DESIRABLE1 )\T A PROCESSUAL CONCEPTION ( BEHAVIOR1 FROM ITS PRIMAL ROOTS 9 ! REALM ( POT5TIALITY AT ! 9CEPTION ( A HUMAN EVOLUTION1 ?R\< ?AT EVOLUTION ITSELF1 TO ! LEVEL ( ! RATIONAL & DISCURSIVE4 ,)\T CRIT]IA SUPPLI$ BY ! DIALECTICALLY D]IV$ 0\<T10 ! F\NDATIONS = A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T DISSOLVE 9TO AN AN>*IC VACUUM ( P]SONAL *OICE1 ! MUDDL$ NOTION ?AT 0:AT IS GOOD = ME CON/ITUTES ! GOOD & ! TRUE0 - & ?AT IS ?AT6 

,AS MU* AS WE >E OBLIG$ TO DEAL ) ! 0:AT IS0 - ) ! EXI/5TIAL FACTS ( LIFE1 9CLUD+ CAPITALISM - IT IS ! DIALECTICALLY D]IV$ 0TRUE10 AS ,HEGEL MI<T PUT IT1 ?AT MU/ ALWAYS REMA9 \R GUIDE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT DEF9ES A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,AB&ON ! RATIONAL1 & WE >E R$UC$ TO ! LEVEL ( M]E ANIMALITY FROM :I* ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY & ! GREAT /RUGGLES ( HUMANITY = EMANCIPATION HAVE T5D$ TO FREE US4 ,IT IS TO BREAK FAI? ) ,HI/ORY1 CONCEIV$ AS A RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T T[>D FRE$OM & 9NOVATION1 & TO DIM9I% ! DEF9+ /&>DS ( \R HUMANITY4 ,IF WE (T5 SEEM ADRIFT1 IT IS NOT = LACK ( A COMPASS & A MAP BY :I* TO GUIDE \RSELVES T[>D ! ACTUALIZATION ( \R UNIQUELY HUMAN & SOCIAL POT5TIALITIES4 

,:I* LEADS US TO ANO!R PREMISE = ACQUIR+ SOCIAL TRU?3 ! IMPORTANCE ( DIALECTICAL ?9K+ AS \R COMPASS4 ,?IS LOGIC CON/ITUTES BO? ! ME?OD & ! SUB/ANCE ( AN $UCTIVE PROCESS ( REASON+ & UNFOLD+4 ,$UCTION IS ! PROC$URE ?AT IMMAN5TLY ELICITS ! IMPLICIT TRAITS ?AT L5D !MSELVES TO RATIONAL ACTUALIZATION1 NAMELY FRE$OM & 9NOVATION4 ,A DEEP ECOLOGI/ ONCE *ALL5G$ ME BY ASK+ :Y FRE$OM %\LD BE MORE DESIRABLE ?AN UNFRE$OM4 ,I REPLY ?AT FRE$OM1 AS IT DEVELOPS OBJECTIVELY ?R\< V>I\S PHASES ( ! ASC5T ( LIFE1 FROM M]E *OICE AS A =M ( SELF-MA9T5ANCE TO ! RECREATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T BY 9TELLECTION & 9NOVATION1 CAN MAKE = A WORLD ?AT IS MORE HABITABLE1 HUMANE1 & CREATIVE ?AN ANY?+ A*IEV$ BY ! 9T]PLAY ( NATURAL =CES4 ,9DE$1 TO REPHRASE A FAM\S AXIOM ( ,HEGEL'S1 A PO9T CAN BE REA*$ 9 A FREE SOCIETY :]E :AT IS NOT FREE IS NOT REAL 7OR ACTUAL74 

,9DE$1 A TASK ( DIALECTICAL ?9K+ IS TO SEP>ATE ! RATIONAL FROM ! >BITR>Y1 EXT]NAL1 & ADV5TITI\S 9 :I* IT UNFOLDS1 AN 5DEAVOR ?AT DEM&S CONSID]ABLE 9TELLECTUAL C\RAGE AS WELL AS 9SI<T4 ,?US ! CONQUE/S ( ,ALEX&] ! ,GREAT DOVETAIL ) ! RATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ,HI/ORY1 9S(> AS ,ALEX&] UNIFI$ A DECOMPOS+ WORLD MADE UP ( ROTT+ CITY-/ATES & P>ASITIC MON>*IES & TRANSMITT$ ,HELL5IC ?\<T TO IT4 ,BUT ! EXPLOSION ( ,MONGOL HORSEM5 FROM ! /EPPES ( C5TRAL ,ASIA CONTRIBUT$ NO MORE TO ! RATIONAL C\RSE ( EV5TS ?AN DID1 SAY1 A DECL9E 9 RA9FALL OV] ,NOR? ,AFRICA ?AT TURN$ A VA/ =E/$ >EA 9TO A GRIM =MIDABLE DES]T4 ,MOREOV]1 TO SPEAK ( A ,MONGOL 9VASION AS EVID5CE ( A 0POT5TIALITY = EVIL0 IS TO DIVE/ ! RI* PHILOSOPHICAL T]M POT5TIALITY ( ITS CREATIVE CONT5T4 ,MU* BETT] TO USE H]E ! IDEOLOGICALLY NEUTRAL T]M CAPACITY1 :I* CAN BE APPLI$ ANY:]E = ANY PH5OM5ON - & TO NO 9TELLIGIBLE PURPOSE :ATEV]4 

,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALITY 

  

,REMOTE AS IT MAY SEEM TO SOME1 DIALECTICAL ?9K+ IS 9 MY VIEW 9DISP5SABLE = CREAT+ ! MAP & =MULAT+ ! AG5DA = A NEW ,LEFT4 ,! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY = A RATIONAL SOCIETY - ! 0:AT %\LD BE0 ?AT IS A*IEV$ BY HUMAN DEVELOPM5T - OCCURS 9 ! FULLY DEMOCRATIC MUNICIPALITY1 ! MUNICIPALITY BAS$ ON A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLY COMPOS$ ( FREE CITIZ5S1 = :OM ! WORD POLITICS MEANS DIRECT POPUL> CONTROL OV] ! COMMUNITY'S PUBLIC AFFAIRS BY MEANS ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,SU* A SY/EM ( CONTROL %\LD OCCUR )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A DULY CON/ITUT$ SY/EM ( LAWS1 RATIONALLY D]IV$ BY DISC\RSE1 EXP]I5CE1 HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE1 & JUDGM5T4 ,! FREE MUNICIPALITY1 9 EFFECT1 IS NOT ONLY A SPH]E = DEPLOY+ POLITICAL TACTICS BUT A PRODUCT ( REASON4 ,H]E MEANS & 5DS >E 9 P]FECT CONGRU5CE1 )\T ! TR\BL+ 0TRANSITIONS0 ?AT ONCE GAVE US A 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 ?AT SOON TURN$ 9TO A DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITY1 LIKE ANY SOCIAL >TIFACT1 IS CON/ITUT$4 ,IT IS TO BE CONSCI\SLY CREAT$ BY ! EX]CISE ( REASON1 NOT BY >BITR>Y 0*OICES0 ?AT LACK OBJECTIVE E?ICAL CRIT]IA & !RE=E MAY EASILY YIELD OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS & *AOTIC COMMUNITIES4 ,! MUNICIPALITY'S CON/ITUTION & LAWS %\LD DEF9E ! DUTIES AS WELL AS ! RI<TS ( ! CITIZ5 - ?AT IS1 !Y %\LD EXPLICITLY CL>IFY ! REALM ( NECESSITY AS WELL AS ! REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,! LIFE ( ! MUNICIPALITY IS DET]M9$ BY LAWS1 NOT >BITR>ILY 0BY M540 ,LAW AS SU* IS NOT NECESS>ILY OPPRESSIVE3 9DE$1 = ?\S&S ( YE>S ! OPPRESS$ DEM&$ LAWS1 AS NOMOS1 TO PREV5T >BITR>Y RULE & ! 0TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS40 ,9 ! FREE MUNICIPALITY1 LAW MU/ ALWAYS BE RATIONALLY1 DISCURSIVELY1 & OP5LY D]IV$ & SUBJECT TO C>EFUL CONSID]ATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME WE MU/ CONT9UALLY BE AW>E ( REGULATIONS & DEF9ITIONS ?AT HAVE H>NESS$ OPPRESS$ HUMANITY TO !IR OPPRESSORS4 

,AS ,R\SSEAU SAW1 ! MUNICIPALITY IS NOT M]ELY AN AGGLOM]ATION ( BUILD+S BUT ( FREE CITIZ5S4 ,COMB9$ ) REASON1 ORD] CAN YIELD COH]5T 9/ITUTIONS4 ,LACK+ ORD] & REASON1 WE >E LEFT ) A SY/EM ( >BITR>Y RULE1 ) CONTROLS ?AT >E NOT ACC\NTABLE OR ANSW]ABLE TO ! PEOPLE - 9 %ORT1 ) TYRANNY4 ,:AT CON/ITUTES A /ATE IS NOT ! EXI/5CE ( 9/ITUTIONS BUT RA!R ! EXI/5CE ( PR(ESSIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SET AP>T FROM ! PEOPLE1 ?AT >E DESIGN$ TO DOM9ATE !M = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( SECUR+ !IR OPPRESSION 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 

,A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS DOES NOT *ALL5GE ! EXI/5CE ( 9/ITUTIONS AS SU* BUT RA!R ASSESSES :E!R A GIV5 9/ITUTION IS EMANCIPATORY & RATIONAL OR OPPRESSIVE & IRRATIONAL4 ,! GR[+ PROCLIVITY1 9 OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5TS1 TO TRANSGRESS 9/ITUTIONS & LAWS M]ELY BECAUSE !Y >E 9/ITUTIONS & LAWS IS 9 FACT REACTION>Y &1 9 ANY CASE1 S]VES TO DIV]T PUBLIC ATT5TION AWAY FROM ! NE$ TO CREATE OR TRANS=M 9/ITUTIONS 9TO DEMOCRATIC1 POPUL>1 & RATIONAL 5TITIES4 ,A 0POLITICS0 ( DISORD] OR 0CREATIVE *AOS10 OR A NAIVE PRACTICE ( 0TAK+ OV] ! /REETS0 7USUALLY LITTLE MORE ?AN A /REET FE/IVAL71 REGRESSES P>TICIPANTS TO ! BEHAVIOR ( A JUV5ILE H]D2 BY REPLAC+ ! RATIONAL ) ! 0PRIMAL0 OR 0PLAYFUL10 IT AB&ONS ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S COMMITM5T TO ! CIVILIZ$1 ! CULTIVAT$1 & ! KN[L$GEABLE4 ,JOYFUL AS REVOLUTIONS MAY SOMETIMES ALSO BE1 !Y >E PRIM>ILY E>NE/LY S]I\S & EV5 BLOODY - & IF !Y >E NOT SY/EMATIC & NOT A/UTELY L$1 !Y WILL 9V>IABLY 5D 9 C\NT]-REVOLUTION & T]ROR4 ,! ,COMMUN>DS ( #ahga MAY HAVE BE5 DELIRI\SLY DRUNK :5 !Y 0/ORM$ ! HEAV5S0 7AS ,M>X PUT IT71 BUT :5 !Y SOB]$ UP1 !Y F\ND ?AT ! WALLS SURR\ND+ ,P>IS HAD BE5 BREA*$ BY ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ,V]SAILLAIS4 ,AFT] A WEEK ( FI<T+1 !IR RESI/ANCE COLLAPS$1 & ! ,V]SAILLAIS %OT !M >BITR>ILY & 9 BAT*ES BY ! ?\S&S4 ,A POLITICS ?AT LACKS SUFFICI5T S]I\SNESS 9 ITS CORE BEHAVIOR MAY MAKE = WOND]FUL ,AN>*Y BUT IS DISA/R\S REVOLUTIONISM4 

,:AT SPECIFIC POLITICAL CONCLUSIONS DO !SE OBS]VATIONS YIELD8 ,:AT POLITICAL AG5DA DO !Y SUPPORT8 

,FIR/1 ! 0:AT %\LD BE0 %\LD PRESIDE OV] EV]Y T5ET ?AT MAKES UP A FUTURE POLITICAL AG5DA & MOVEM5T4 ,AS IMPORTANT AS A POLITICS ( PROTE/ MAY BE1 IT IS NO SUB/ITUTE = A POLITICS ( SOCIAL 9NOVATION4 ,TODAY ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S ALIKE T5D TO BEHAVE DEF5SIVELY1 M]ELY REACT+ TO ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] & TO ! PROBLEMS IT CREATES4 ,CAPITALISM ?US OR*E/RATES ! BEHAVIOR ( ITS 9TUITIVE OPPON5TS4 

,MOREOV] IT HAS LE>N$ TO MUTE OPPOSITION BY %REWDLY MAK+ P>TIAL CONCESSIONS TO PROTE/]S4 ,?US :5 AN ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5T REA*ES MAJOR PROPORTIONS1 ONE C\NTRY MAY DECIDE TO LIMIT ! CON/RUCTION ( NEW REACTORS - BUT !Y MULTIPLY 9 O!R C\NTRIES :]E NO ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5T IS ?REAT5+4 ,SIMIL>LY1 BIO5G9E]$ FOODS MAY BE CURB$ 9 SOME PLACES BECAUSE ( PUBLIC FE>S AB\T !IR EFFECTS1 BUT BIO5G9E]+ EXP&S EXPON5TIALLY 9 O!R PLACES & DISCIPL9ES2 OR ! 9DU/RY MAY AGREE TO TAKE PRUD5T SELF-LIMIT+ MEASURES RA!R ?AN YIELD TO COMPLETE PUBLIC CONTROL4 

,! MUNICIPALITY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IS ! AU!NTIC T]RA9 = ! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S SOCIAL POT5TIALITIES TO BE FREE & 9NOVATIVE4 ,/ILL1 LEFT TO ITSELF1 EV5 ! MO/ EMANCIPAT$ MUNICIPALITY MAY BECOME P>O*IAL1 9SUL>1 & N>R[4 ,CONF$]ALISM REMA9S AT ONCE ! OP]ATIONAL MEANS ( R\ND+ \T ! DEFICITS ?AT ANY MUNICIPALITY IS LIKELY TO FACE :5 IT 9TRODUCES A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ ECONOMY4 ,FEW1 IF ANY1 MUNICIPALITIES >E CAPABLE ( MEET+ !IR NE$S ON !IR [N4 ,AN ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE ECONOMIC AUT>*Y - & ! CONCOMITANT CULTURAL P>O*IALISM ?AT IT SO (T5 YIELDS 9 LESS ECONOMICALLY DEVELOP$ SOCIETIES - W\LD BE SOCIALLY UNDESIRABLE4 ,NOR DOES ! M]E EX*ANGE ( SURPLUS PRODUCTS REMOVE ! COMMODITY RELATION%IP2 ! %>+ ( GOODS ACCORD+ TO A TRULY LIB]T>IAN VIEW IS F> DIFF]5T FROM AN EX*ANGE ( GOODS1 :I* CLOSELY RESEMBLES M>KET EX*ANGES4 ,BY :AT /&>D W\LD ! 0VALUE0 ( SURPLUS COMMODITIES BE DET]M9$ - BY !IR CONGEAL$ LABOR8 ,! 9CIPI5T BASES = A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY REMA9$ UNRECOGNIZ$ EV5 9 AN>*I/ ,CATALONIA1 AMONG ?OSE :O BOA/$ ( !IR COMMUNI/ CONVICTIONS4 

,/ILL ANO!R DI/9CTION ?AT MU/ BE DRAWN IS ?AT BETWE5 POLICY-MAK+ DECISIONS & /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE ONES4 ,JU/ AS ! PROBLEMS ( DI/RIBUTION MU/ NOT BE P]MITT$ TO DRAG A COMMUNITY 9TO CAPITALI/ MORES & M>KET PRACTICES1 ADM9I/RATORS MU/ NOT BE ALL[$ TO MAKE POLICY DECISIONS1 :I* PROP]LY BELONG TO ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,SU* PRACTICES MU/ BE MADE1 QUITE SIMPLY1 ILLEGAL - ?AT IS1 ! COMMUNITY MU/ E/ABLI% REGULATIONS1 ) PUNITIVE FEATURES1 =BIDD+ COMMITTEES & AG5CIES TO EX]CISE RI<TS ?AT PROP]LY BELONG TO ! ASSEMBL$ COMMUNITY4 ,AS 9S5SITIVE AS SU* MEASURES MAY SEEM TO DELICATE LIB]T>IAN S5SIBILITIES1 !Y >E JU/IFI$ BY A HI/ORY 9 :I* H>D-WON RI<TS W]E SL[LY ]OD$ BY ELITES :O S\<T PRIVILEGES = !MSELVES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MANY4 ,PO/-SC>CITY 9 ! AVAILABILITY ( ! MEANS ( LIFE MAY S]VE TO R5D] ANY PURSUIT ( ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE A LAU<ABLE ANA*RONISM4 ,BUT1 AS HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY HAS %[N1 SOME?+ MORE ?AN ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES1 SU* AS ! 5HANCEM5T ( /ATUS & P[]1 MAY BE 9VOLV$4 

,HUMAN BE+S ACTUALIZE !IR POT5TIALITIES NOT ONLY 9 ! FREE MUNICIPALITY BUT 9 ONE ?AT IS RATIONALLY & DISCURSIVELY CON/ITUT$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 FREE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,:ATEV] POLITICS ABETS ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE2 ANY SELF-PR(ESS$ POLITICS ?AT DIM9I%ES ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS REACTION>Y & RE9=CES ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,M]E EXPRESSIONS ( =MLESS 0COMMUNITY0 ?AT DEVOLVE 9TO 0/REET FE/IVALS10 P>TICUL>LY :5 !Y BECOME SUB/ITUTES = A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS 7OR1 MORE DI/URB+LY1 A DI/ORTION ( !M71 FE$ ! OV]ALL JUV5ILIZATION ?AT CAPITALISM PROMOTES ?R\< ITS IMPETUS TO DUMB D[N SOCIETY ON A MASSIVE SCALE4 

,! ,RADICAL ,*ALL5GE 

  

,DUR+ ! 9T]W> YE>S1 :5 PROACTIVE =CES = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE SEEM$ TO ?REAT5 ! V]Y EXI/5CES ( ! SOCIAL ORD]1 ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT WAS FOCUS$ ON A DI/9CT SET ( ISSUES3 ! NE$ = A PLANN$ ECONOMY1 ! PROBLEMS ( A *RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS1 ! IMM95CE ( A WORLDWIDE W>1 ! ADVANCE ( FASCISM1 & ! *ALL5G+ EXAMPLES PROVID$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,TODAY1 CONTEMPOR>Y LEFTI/S >E MORE FOCUS$ ON MAJOR ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS1 CORPORATE GIGANTISM1 ! 9FLU5CE ( TE*NOLOGY ON DAILY LIFE1 & ! IMPACT ( ! MASS M$IA4 ,! CLASSICAL ,LEFT LOOK$ AT DEEP-SEAT$ CRISES & ! FEASIBILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y APPROA*ES TO CREATE SOCIAL *ANGE2 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,LEFT IS MORE ATT5TIVE TO A DIFF]5T SET ( ABUSES4 

,! ISSUES DOM9ANT TODAY >E *>ACT]I/IC ( A SEEM+LY SETTL$ & BASICALLY SECURE SOCIETY ?AT FEELS IT CAN CONTA9 DEM&S = *ANGE )9 ITS ORBIT4 ,! ILLS ?AT CURR5TLY EXI/1 H[EV] TR\BL+1 SEEM CORRECTABLE )\T *ALL5G+ ! PREMISES ( ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,CONT95TAL ,EUROPE ESPECIALLY1 :]E CYNICISM HAS TAK5 DEEP ROOT 9 AN 05D ( HI/ORY0 M5TALITY & :]E AN UN5D+ REPETITION ( ! /ATUS QUO IS ASSUM$ AS ! ONLY FUTURE ( HUMANITY1 SEES ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS EMBLEMATIC ( ! UN%AKABLE OV]ALL /ABILITY ( ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,AM]ICA1 9 TURN1 HAS BECOME ALMO/ GLUTTON\SLY CONSUM]I/2 CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION HAS BR\<T ) IT A =M ( PUBLIC ACCUMULATION 9 :I* A CORPS ( BUY]S ) AN UN5D+ NUMB] ( 9SATIABLE NE$S PUR*ASES AN 9F9ITY ( NEW PRODUCTS4 ,9DE$1 ONE ( ! GREATE/ PROBLEMS FAC+ ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RY & COMM]CE IS H[ TO CREATE NEW PRODUCTS TO TITILLATE PUBLIC TA/E1 EV5 IT MEANS DR$G+ UP OLD1 LONG-DISC>D$ =MS ( 5T]TA9M5T & PRODUCTS & ADD+ ON ! VULG> GLITZ ( ! PRES5T AGE4 

,! CAPITALISM UND] :I* WE LIVE TODAY IS F> REMOV$ FROM ! CAPITALISM ?AT ,M>X KNEW & ?AT REVOLUTION>IES ( ALL K9DS TRI$ TO OV]?R[ 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IT HAS1 9DE$1 DEVELOP$ 9 GREAT P>T ALONG ! L9ES ,M>X SUGGE/$ 9 HIS CLOS+ *APT]S ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL3 AS AN ECONOMY :OSE V]Y LAW ( LIFE IS ACCUMULATION1 CONC5TRATION1 & EXPANSION4 ,:5 IT CAN NO LONG] DEVELOP ALONG !SE L9ES1 IT WILL CEASE TO BE CAPITALISM4 ,?IS FOLL[S FROM ! V]Y LOGIC ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 ) ITS EXPRESSION 9 COMPETITION & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 

,M>XI/ PRODUCTIVISM & AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM HAVE BO? L$ TO BL9D ALLEYS1 ALBEIT WIDELY DIV]G5T ONES4 ,:]E ,M>XISM T5DS TO OV]-ORGANIZE PEOPLE 9TO P>TIES1 UNIONS1 & PROLET>IAN 0>MIES0 GUID$ BY ELITI/ LEAD]S1 AN>*ISM ES*EWS ORGANIZATION & LEAD]S AS 0VANGU>DS0 & CELEBRATES REVOLUTIONISM AS AN 9/9CTIVE IMPULSE UNGUID$ BY REASON OR !ORY4 ,:]E ,M>XISM CELEBRATES TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES1 )\T PLAC+ !M 9 A RATIONAL1 E?ICAL1 & ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT1 AN>*ISM DEPRECATES SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NICS AS ! DEMONIC P>5T ( ! 0TE*NOCRATIC MAN0 :O IS LUR$ TO P]DITION BY REASON & CIVILIZATION4 ,TE*NOPHILIA HAS BE5 PITT$ AGA9/ TE*NOPHOBIA2 ANALYTICAL REASON AGA9/ RAW 9/9CT2 & A SYN!TIC CIVILIZATION AGA9/ A PRESUMABLY PRIMEVAL NATURE4 

,! FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 DEP5DS UPON ITS ABILITY TO ACCEPT :AT IS VALID 9 BO? ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM = ! PRES5T TIME - & = ! FUTURE ?AT IS COM+ 9TO VIEW4 ,9 AN ]A ( P]MAN5T TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION1 ! VALIDITY ( A !ORY & A MOVEM5T WILL DEP5D PR(\NDLY ON H[ CLE>LY IT CAN SEE :AT LIES JU/ AHEAD4 ,RADICALLY NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 /ILL DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E1 WILL UND\BT$LY BE 9TRODUC$ ?AT WILL HAVE A TRANS=MATIVE EFFECT UPON ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,NEW P[] ALIGNM5TS MAY >ISE1 ?AT MAY WELL PRODUCE A DEGREE ( SOCIAL DISEQUILIBRIUM ?AT HAS NOT BE5 SE5 = DECADES4 ,NEW WEAPONS ( UNSPEAKABLE HOMICIDAL & ECOCIDAL EFFECTS MAY EM]GE4 ,! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS MAY CONT9UE4 

,BUT NO GREAT] DAMAGE C\LD AFFLICT HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS ?AN ! LOSS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T PROGRAM3 ! ADVANCE ( REASON1 KN[L$GE1 SCI5CE1 E?ICS1 & EV5 TE*NICS1 :I* MU/ BE MODULAT$ TO F9D A PROGRESSIVE PLACE 9 A FREE & HUMANE SOCIETY4 ,)\T ! ATTA9M5TS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 NO LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS IS POSSIBLE4 ,9 ASSESS+ ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 A REASON$ ,LEFT HAS TO %AKE (F DEAD TRADITIONS ?AT1 AS ,M>X W>N$1 WEI< ON ! HEADS ( ! LIV+1 & TO COMMIT ITSELF TO CREATE TO A RATIONAL SOCIETY & A R\ND$ CIVILIZATION4 ,A ,M>XISM ?AT RETA9S A MEAN+LESS FOCUS ON PROLET>IAN HEGEMONY1 & AN AN>*ISM ?AT HAS NEV] /IRR$ ! 0SOIL0 B5EA? ! 0SN[0 ( REASON1 CIVILIZATION1 & TE*NICS1 MAY WELL S]VE TO MAKE IRRELEVANT ! COMPON5TS ( PA/ REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES ?AT >E /ILL VITAL1 COMPON5TS :OSE LA/+ A*IEVEM5TS \R TIME GREATLY NE$S4 

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,T[>D A ,COMMUNALI/ ,APPROA* 
,T[>D A ,COMMUNALI/ ,APPROA* 

  

,!RE IS AN URG5T NE$ = A NEW RADICAL APPROA* TO ADEQUATELY ADDRESS ! NEW ECONOMIC1 ECOLOGICAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 & CULTURAL *ALL5GES ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY2 IT MU/ BE ONE ( !ORY & ACTION1 ONE ?AT WILL DRAW ON FEATURES FROM CLASSICAL ,M>XISM1 SOCIALISM1 & AN>*ISM1 YET GO BEYOND !IR HI/ORICAL & !ORETICAL LIMITATIONS4 

,CONCEIV$ AS !Y ALL W]E 9 ! SOCIALLY TUMULTU\S ]A ( 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 ! IDEOLOGIES ( COMMUNISM1 SOCIALISM1 & ! MORE SOCIAL V]SIONS ( AN>*ISM RESPOND$ ) A REASONABLE DEGREE ( ADEQUACY TO ! *ALL5GES ( ! OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE CIRCUM/ANCES & CONTEXTS 9 :I* !Y TOOK =M4 ,9 ,M>X'S H&S1 COMMUNISM PROVID$ A PHILOSOPHY1 A !ORY ( HI/ORY1 & A POLITICAL /RATEGY C5T]$ ON A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS AG5T - ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT - ! COH]5CE ( :I* WAS UNEQUAL$ BY ANY O!R BODY ( SOCIAL !ORY & PRACTICE 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 ,BUT ,M>XISM'S HI/ORICAL ADEQUACY AS A REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY DEP5D$ OV]:ELM+LY ON ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION AS !Y EXI/$ BETWE5 #ahdh & #a#h#g#a4 ,! DEGRADATION ( ! FACTORY PROLET>IAT & ! OPPRESSIONS 9FLICT$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE L$ TO A FURI\S CLASS W>4 ,A REM>KABLE CONFLU5CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES - P>TICUL>LY ! \TBREAK 9 #aiad ( ! WOR/ W> ?AT HUMANITY HAD EV] KN[N & ! 9/ABILITY ( QUASI-FEUDAL GOV]NM5TS 9 MO/ ( CONT95TAL ,EUROPE - ALL[$ ,L59 TO USE 7& MISUSE7 ,M>XISM TO TAKE P[] 9 A VA/1 ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D EMPIRE4 ,! FIR/ 0PROLET>IAN /ATE0 TO HOLD P[] 9 HI/ORY W5T ON TO PRODUCE A TYRANNICAL /ATE SY/EM ?AT LA/$ = DECADES & TRAGICALLY SMO!R$ SOCIALISM UND] A D>K TOTALIT>IAN REGIME4 

,ONCE ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE OP5$ ! REVOLUTION>Y 9T]W> P]IOD1 H[EV]1 SOCIALISM QUA SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 DESPITE ITS PR(ESS$ RADICAL GOALS1 RESPOND$ BY RETREAT+ TO ! LIB]AL CR$O IT HAD ALWAYS HELD CLOSE TO ITS HE>T1 F9ALLY AB&ON+ ALL ITS RHETORICAL PRET5SIONS AS A RADICAL MOVEM5T = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,9 ALL FAIRNESS1 H[EV]1 ! CONV5TIONAL SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES CON/ITUT$ MORE ( AN AU!NTIC WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T ?AN MO/ ( !IR COMPETITORS ON ! ,LEFT4 ,AP>T FROM R>E - & REM>KABLE - OCCASIONS BR\<T AB\T BY UNUSUAL CON/ELLATIONS ( EV5TS1 ! PROLET>IAT PROV$ NOT TO BE ! F]V5T REVOLUTION>Y AG5T ?AT ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ! SYNDICALI/ !ORI/S HAD BELIEV$ IT WAS4 ,:ILE ITS LEFT-W+ DEVOTEES CELEBRAT$ ! WORK+ CLASS F]V5TLY = ITS ALLEG$ SUSCEPTIBILITY TO REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 WORK]S 9 REALITY PROV$ TO BE AS CLOSELY W$D$ TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS W]E ! MIDDLE CLASSES ) :I* ,M>XI/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S CONTRA/$ !M4 ,) FEW EXCEPTIONS ! PROLET>IAT RESPOND$ 9 VA/LY GREAT] NUMB]S TO ! RE=MI/ DIRECTIVES ( PRAGMATIC TRADE UNION LEAD]S ?AN TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PLEAS ( COMMUNI/ PROPAG&I/S4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,SP>TACUS ,LEAGUE1 = EXAMPLE1 NEV] EX]CIS$ ! 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE OV] ! ,G]MAN WORK]S ?AT ,K>L ,LEGI51 ( ! RE=MI/ 7SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC7 ,FREE ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 5JOY$4 

,CAPITALISM ?US SURVIV$ ! HORRORS ( TWO LONG WORLD W>S1 ! 9T]NATIONAL IMPACT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & A HI<LY UN/ABLE ,DEPRESSION DECADE 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,AL?\< IT WAS BADLY %AK5 AT TIMES1 9 ! 5D CAPITALISM DID NOT LOSE ITS OV]ALL LEGITIMACY 7EXCEPT P]HAPS 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f7 9 ! EYES ( ! V]Y CLASS ?AT ,M>XISM & SYNDICALISM HAD SELECT$ AS ITS HI/ORICALLY REVOLUTION>Y AG5T4 

,AN>*ISM 7:I* %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) SYNDICALISM & COMMUNISM7 9 ITS PURE =M MEANT LITTLE MORE ?AN UNREL5T+ RESI/ANCE TO & PROTE/ AGA9/ ATTEMPTS BY SOCIETY & P>TICUL>LY ! /ATE TO CONF9E 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,IT APPEAL$ MA9LY TO M>G9AL1 DECLASSE ELEM5TS1 RANG+ FROM ! DISPOSSESS$ TO IDIOSYNCRATIC >TI/S & WRIT]S4 ,AL?\< R>ELY 9FLU5TIAL AS AN IDEOLOGY1 IT RESONAT$ ) ! AGR>IAN BUNTY1 ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT UPRIS+S ?AT W]E NOTORI\S = !IR DE/RUCTIVE1 SOMETIMES ANTI-URBAN 9SURRECTIONS4 ,:5 IMPULSIVE AN>*I/ S5TIM5TS AFFECT$ WELL-ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAN /RUGGLES1 !Y MUTAT$ 9TO AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 :I* WAS SELDOM 9T]NALLY /ABLE OR FREE ( S]I\S T5SIONS4 ,MANY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ NOTIONS1 SU* AS WORK]S' CONTROL OV] 9DU/RY & CONF$]ALLY /RUCTUR$ REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONS1 5JOY$ A CONSID]ABLE VOGUE AMONG 9DU/RIAL WORK]S2 /ILL1 9 ! ABS5CE ( EXT]NAL PRESSURE & P]SECUTION BY ! B\RGEOISIE & ! /ATE1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNIONS SELDOM REFRA9$ FROM COMPROMIS+ !IR LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 

,! GREAT !ORIES ADVANC$ BY ,M>XI/S1 SOCIALI/S1 AN>*I/S1 & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 !N1 W]E 9SI<TFUL ON MANY ISSUES & W]E SOMETIMES 9SPIR+ 9 MAK+ A SOCIALI/IC REVOLUTION A REALIZABLE POSSIBILITY4 ,BUT TODAY !SE !ORIES >E UND]/&ABLY 9CAPABLE ( 5COMPASS+ & PROGRAMMATICALLY 9TEGRAT+ 9TO A COH]5T :OLE ! NEW SOCIAL ISSUES1 POT5TIAL CLASS REALIGNM5TS1 & ECONOMIC ADVANCES ?AT HAVE >IS5 7& ?AT CONT9UE TO >ISE7 ) EXTRAORD9>Y RAPIDITY S9CE ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO4 ,TO SIMPLY RESUSCITATE !M1 EV5 9 ! FACE ( ! FAILURES !Y PRODUC$1 & PRET5D ?AT !Y 5JOY AN UN*ALL5GEABLE IDEOLOGICAL IMMORTALITY1 W\LD BE DOGMATIC FATUITY4 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 CAPITALISM HAS *ANG$ 9 MANY RESPECTS S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO4 ,IT HAS CREAT$ NEW1 G5]ALIZ$ SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT >E NOT LIMIT$ TO WAGES1 H\RS1 & WORK+ CONDITIONS - NOTABLY 5VIRONM5TAL1 G5D]1 HI]>*ICAL1 CIVIC1 & DEMOCRATIC ISSUES4 ,! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY !SE ISSUES CUT ACROSS CLASS L9ES1 EV5 AS !Y EXAC]BATE OR MODIFY ! PROBLEMS ?AT ONCE GAVE RISE TO ! CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,OLD] DEF9ITIONS ( FRE$OM1 :ILE PRES]V+ C]TA9 UNASSAILABLE COMPON5TS1 BECOME 9ADEQUATE 9 ! LI<T ( LAT] HI/ORICAL ADVANCES2 SO TOO OLD] REVOLUTION>Y !ORIES & MOVEM5TS1 :ILE LOS+ NONE ( !IR 9SI<TS & LESSONS1 BECOME 9ADEQUATE ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME1 AS ! EM]G5CE ( NEW ISSUES NECESSITATE BROAD] PROGRAMS & MOVEM5TS4 

,S9CE ,M>XISM WAS FA%ION$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 IT W\LD 9DE$ BE UNCANNY IF IT DID NOT REQUIRE SWEEP+ REVISIONS & R$EF9ITIONS AS A BODY ( IDEAS4 ,OR IF SOCIALISM 7QUA SOCIAL DEMOCRACY7 - ALL ITS CROSS-CURR5TS & V>IATIONS NOT)/&+ - REMA9$ A FIX$ /RATEGY = A*IEV+ BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE 9 ! FACE ( NEW DEVELOPM5TS OV] ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S4 ,OR IF AN>*ISM & ITS V>IANTS1 ) !IR C5TRAL DEM& = P]SONAL AUTONOMY 7AS OPPOS$ TO SOCIAL FRE$OM71 C\LD ADEQUATELY DEAL ) ! NEW ECOLOGICAL1 HI]>*ICAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 DEMOCRATIC1 & CIVIC ISSUES ?AT HAVE >IS54 

,NOR CAN ! PROLET>IAT1 :OSE CLASS ID5TITY IS BE+ SUBV]T$ BY AN IMM5SE MIDDLE CLASS1 HOPE TO SPEAK = ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,CAPITALISM IS 9FLICT+ G5]ALIZ$ ?REATS ON HUMANITY1 SWEEP+ PROBLEMS SU* AS GLOBALIZATION1 CLIMATE *ANGES ?AT MAY ALT] ! V]Y FACE ( ! PLANET1 *ALL5GES TO CIVIL RI<TS & TRADITIONAL FRE$OMS1 & ! RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( CIVIC LIFE AS A RESULT ( RAMPANT URBANIZATION2 O!R ISSUES HAVE YET TO EM]GE AS A RESULT ( ! IMM5SELY TRANS=MATIVE TE*NOLOGIES ?AT WILL MAKE ! COM+ C5TURY UNRECOGNIZABLE4 ,A NEW REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MU/ BE CAPABLE ( DEAL+ NOT ONLY ) ! MORE FAMILI> ISSUES ?AT L+] ON1 BUT ) NEW1 MORE G5]AL ONES ?AT POT5TIALLY MAY BR+ ! VA/ MAJORITY ( SOCIETY 9TO OPPOSITION TO AN EV] EVOLV+ & *ALL5G+ CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,?AT !SE MAJOR PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT US W]E NOT ON ! AG5DA ( PREVI\S SOCIALI/IC MOVEM5TS1 OR ELSE W]E TREAT$ M>G9ALLY1 %\LD NOT SURPRISE US4 ,A SOCIALLY ORI5T$ ECOLOGY HAS YET TO TAKE HOLD1 DESPITE NEWLY >RIV$ AN>*I/S' ATTEMPTS TO IMPUTE ONE TO ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 OR ,ELISEE ,RECLUS4 ,OLD] MOVEM5TS REG>D$ HI]>*Y1 IF !Y SAW IT AS UNDESIRABLE AT ALL1 MORE AS AN EPIPH5OM5ON ( CLASS /RUCTURES & ! /ATE ?AN AS ! OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( CULTURAL & ECONOMIC DIFF]5TIATION AMONG M51 & BETWE5 M5 & WOM51 ?AT EM]G$ V]Y E>LY 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,CLASSICAL SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S CLOAK$ ! ROLE ( ! CITY & DEMOCRACY 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS 9 SU* /RICTLY CLASS T]MS ?AT !Y B>ELY EXPLOR$ !M AS >5AS = HUMAN DEVELOPM5T & SELF-REALIZATION4 ,9DE$1 NE>LY ALL CLASSICAL RADICAL & REVOLUTION>Y DISCUSSIONS C5T]$ ON ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO BECOME ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES & W\LD 9EVITABLY BE DRIV5 TO REVOLUTION BY CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & IMMIS]ATION4.<#d#b.> 

,:AT CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES CAN TEA* US IS ?AT CAPITALISM REMA9S A GROSSLY IRRATIONAL SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* ! PURSUIT ( PR(IT & ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? = ITS [N SAKE POLLUTES EV]Y MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL ADVANCE4 ,IT IS AN ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORD] ?AT N[ ?REAT5S TO AFFLICT HUMANITY ) ! HOMOG5IZATION & ATOMIZATION ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS BY ! SPREAD ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION & BY ! DIS9TEGRATION ( COMMUNITY LIFE & SOLID>ITY4 ,?IS CRISIS-RIDD5 SOCIETY WILL NOT DISAPPE> ON ITS [N3 IT HAS TO BE OPPOS$ UNREL5T+LY BY A D$ICAT$ ,LEFT ?AT MU/ BE COMMITT$ TO ! RESCU+ ( ! HI< E/ATE ( REASON 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS ?AT IS CURR5TLY UND] SIEGE BY ANTI-,5LI<T5M5T =CES4 ,TO 5COMPASS ! PROBLEMS WE FACE TODAY1 ! IDEOLOGICAL ORBIT DESCRIB$ BY ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 & 7TO A LESS] DEGREE7 SOCIALISM QUA SOCIAL DEMOCRACY W\LD HAVE TO BE EXP&$ BEYOND RECOGNITION4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! IDEA ( COMMUNALISM IS PRES5T$ AS A PROJECT - ONE ?AT WILL R5D] ! BE/ 9 CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES RELEVANT TO A NEW C5TURY & CONFRONT PROBLEMS ?AT W]E =M]LY LITTLE MORE ?AN ANCILL>Y ANTICIPATIONS4 

,:AT IS ,COMMUNALISM8 

  

,COMMUNALISM IS AN ATTEMPT TO 5T] 9TO A MORE ADVANC$ T]RA9 ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 WE MU/ DI/+UI% COMMUNALISM1 AS A TRADITION & A !ORY1 FROM COMMUNIT>IANISM1 ) :I* IT IS (T5 MI/AK54 ,COMMUNIT>IANISM WAS & IS A MOVEM5T TO E/ABLI% COMMUNITIES ?AT >E ORGANIZ$ >\ND COOP]ATIVE P]SONAL LIV+ & WORK+ >RANGEM5TS1 SU* AS W]E COMMON AMONG C\NT]-CULTURAL Y\? DUR+ ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,!IR PROPAGATORS SAW !SE ISLETS ( ! GOOD LIFE AS PRODUCTS ( HEAL?Y NORMAL HUMAN IMPULSES1 9 CONTRA/ TO EVIL CONV5TIONAL NORMS ?AT W>P$ OR BLOTT$ \T SU* IMPULSES4 ,! MO/ FAM\S COMMUNIT>IANS W]E N9ETE5?-C5TURY UTOPIAN VISION>IES SU* AS ,ROB]T ,[5 7:OSE FOLL[]S E/ABLI%$ ! ,NEW ,H>MONY COMMUNITY7 & ,JOHN ,HUMPHREY ,NOYES 7A RELIGI\S SOCIAL RE=M] :O E/ABLI%$ ! MORE SUCCESSFUL ,ONEIDA COMMUNITY 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE74 ,!SE EXP]IM5TS & RADICAL ONES LIKE !M RE/$ ON ! CONVICTION ?AT ONCE 5\< PEOPLE ADOPT$ COOP]ATIVE LIFE/YLES1 !Y W\LD EV5TUALLY AB&ON ! EVIL WORLD ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & EGOISM 9 FAVOR ( NEW COOP]ATIVE LIV+ >RANGEM5TS4 

,MO/ COMMONLY1 H[EV]1 ! SOCIAL P]SPECTIVE ( COMMUNIT>IANS WAS HI<LY LIMIT$4 ,!Y USUALLY SAW !IR COMMUNITIES AS P]SONAL REFUGES FROM ! ILLS ( ! SURR\ND+ WORLD4 ,BUT COMMUNIT>IANISM - :I* IS /ILL ALIVE 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,ROB]T ,!OBALD1 A V>IETY ( COOP]ATIVI/S1 & ASSORT$ AN>*I/S - IS BASICALLY A LIFE/YLE PROJECT1 COMMITT$ TO ! E?ICAL & (T5 QUASI-RELIGI\S PR9CIPLE ?AT HUMANITY IS 9NATELY GOOD & MU/ BE RE/OR$ TO ITS PRI/9E CONDITION ( K9DNESS & MUTUAL AID1 PRIM>ILY BY EXAMPLE & GRADUAL PHYSICAL EXPANSION4 ,9 A WORD1 COMMUNIT>IANISM - TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT EV5 SEEKS TO *ANGE ! WORLD - SL[LY 9CULCATES ! VALUES ( GOODNESS BY A ONE-TO-ONE CONV]SION TO P>TICUL> LIV+ >RANGEM5TS4 

,COMMUNALISM1 BY CONTRA/1 IS A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL !ORY & PRACTICE1 DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! G5]AL SOCIALI/ TRADITION4 ,F> FROM SETT+ UP MODELS OR EXAMPLES ( COOP]ATIVE LIFE/YLES1 IT ACTIVELY SEEKS TO CONFRONT CAPITAL & ! BASIC /RUCTURES ( /ATE P[]4 ,F> FROM FUNCTION+ AS A P]SONAL REFUGE1 IT SEEKS TO CON/RUCT A BROAD CIVIC SPH]E & M>K$LY 5HANCE POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T4 ,9DE$1 IT SEEKS TO RECON/RUCT MUNICIPALITIES AS A :OLE TO =M A C\NT]-P[] TO ! NATION-/ATE4 ,! WORD HAS ROOTS AS A POLITICAL T]M 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 :5 ! >M$ PEOPLE ( ! ,FR5* CAPITAL F\<T = ! IDEA ( A QUASI-SOCIALI/IC CONF$]ATION ( ! NATION'S CITIES & T[NS OR COMMUNES 7AS !Y >E CALL$ TO ?IS DAY 9 MANY P>TS ( ,EUROPE74 ,TODAY1 WE CAN /ILL GET A S5SE ( ! F>-REA*+ SOCIAL GOALS ( COMMUNALISM FROM CONSULT+ EV5 CONV5TIONAL REF]5CE BOOKS LIKE ,! ,AM]ICAN ,H]ITAGE ,DICTION>Y4 

,SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>Y !ORY SELDOM ATTRIBUT$ AN IMPORTANT PLACE TO MUNICIPALITIES4 ,E>LY N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIALI/S W]E CONC]N$ MA9LY ) 9FLU5C+ ! WORK+ CLASS & ULTIMATELY GA9+ CONTROL ( ! NATION-/ATE4 ,AP>T FROM AN>*I/S1 MO/ LEFT-W+]S T5D$ RETROSPECTIVELY TO ADMIRE ! ,JACOB9S ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :O W]E ! ADVOCATES ( A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,! ,JACOB9S' PR9CIPAL OPPON5TS ON ! ,LEFT1 ! ,GIROND9S1 PREA*$ A F$]ALI/ MESSAGE BUT W]E CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION ( ! #a#g#iS & HAT$ REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS SO DEEPLY ?AT !IR F$]ALI/ IDEAS FELL 9TO DISREPUTE ON ! ,LEFT4 ,NOT = DECADES W\LD F$]ALISM GA9 A GOOD NAME AMONG ,FR5* RADICALS4 

,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION ! MO/ ACTIVE ,EUROPEAN MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL *ANGE W]E SPAWN$ LESS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ?AN 9 T[NS & CITIES4 ,9SURG5T ,P>IS EXPLOD$ 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( #ahc & 9 A WORK]S' UPRIS+ 9 ,JUNE #ahdh - & ! ,FR5* CAPITAL WAS HI<LY CONSCI\S ( ITS ANCI5T MUNICIPAL ID5TITY & LIB]TIES4 ,WELL 9TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IT CLUNG TO ?AT ID5TIFICATION ) CIVIC FRE$OM ) EXTRAORD9>Y F]VOR4 ,9DE$1 9 ! YE>S TO COME MANY SOCIALI/IC REVOLUTIONS ?AT SWEPT OV] ,EUROPE1 EV5 ?OSE ?AT W]E 9T]NATIONALI/ 9 *>ACT]1 W]E NOTABLE = ! HEGEMONIC ROLE ?AT MUNICIPALITIES PLAY$ 9 !IR UPRIS+S4 0,R$ ,PETROGRAD10 0,R$ ,B]L910 & 0,R$ & ,BLACK ,B>CELONA0 BECAME SYNONYM\S ) P>TICUL>LY 9C5DI>Y UPRIS+S BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#c#f4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 A MUNICIPALITY 9ITIAT$ A REVOLUTION1 & ITS SUCCESS 9 OV]?R[+ ! OLD LOCAL AU?ORITIES 9ITIAT$ A NATIONWIDE 9SURRECTION4 

,ON CLOS] 9SPECTION1 ! CIVIC NATURE ( MO/ MOD]N REVOLUTIONS PO9TS TO ! FUNDAM5TAL ROLE ?AT MUNICIPALITIES HAVE PLAY$ AS 9CUBATORS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & ! FUNCTIONS !Y HAVE P]=M$ 9 FULFILL+ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES4 ,:5 ,>I/OTLE WROTE HIS POLITICAL WORKS HE SET A /&>D = ! ,WE/]N CONCEPTION ( ! CITY1 DEF9+ IT AS ! >5A = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CITIZ5%IP & EV5 HUMANNESS ITSELF1 SPECIFICALLY REASON1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & ! GOOD LIFE4 ,! ,HELL5IC WORD POLIS1 FROM :I* WE D]IVE ! WORD POLITICAL1 HAS TOO (T5 BE5 WRONGLY TRANSLAT$ AS 0CITY-/ATE40 ,9 FACT ! ,A!NIAN POLIS WAS NOT A /ATE BUT A HUMANLY SCAL$ MUNICIPALITY ?AT BECAME AN \TRI<T FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,A!NIANS ( ! FIF? C5TURY ,B,C,E W\LD HAVE REG>D$ EV5 A MOD]N REPUBLIC AS OPPRESSIVE & W\LD HAVE F\ND ITS BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS OLIG>*ICAL AT BE/ & TYRANNICAL AT WOR/4 ,9 ,P]ICLEAN TIMES !Y DREW A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 MON>*Y1 >I/OCRACY1 OLIG>*Y1 & DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y G5]ALLY VIEW$ A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY AS ! FULFILLM5T ( ! POLIS'S EVOLUTION \T ( ASSEMBLAGES ( H\SEHOLDS1 & !Y CONT9U$ TO TREASURE ITS ESS5TIALLY DEMOCRATIC FEATURES OV] ALL O!R =MS1 EV5 AFT] !IR ,ROMAN CONQU]ORS VIRTUALLY ELIM9AT$ IT4 

,COMMUNALISM NOT ONLY RECAPTURES !SE FUNCTIONS BUT GOES BEYOND !M AS AN EF=T TO CON/ITUTE ! DEVELOPM5TAL >5A ( M9D & DISC\RSE4 ,BY CONTRA/1 MOD]N URBANIZ$ CITIES R$UCE CITIZ5S TO M]E CO-DWELL]S :O LIVE 9 CLOSE PHYSICAL PROXIMITY TO ONE ANO!R1 OR TO TAXPAY]S :O EXPECT ! CITY TO PROVIDE !M ) GOODS & S]VICES 9 RETURN = REV5UE4 ,AS SU*1 COMMUNALISM SEES ! MUNICIPALITY AS POT5TIALLY A TRANS=MATIVE DEVELOPM5T BEYOND ORGANIC EVOLUTION 9TO ! DOMA9 ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 = COMMUNALI/S ! MUNICIPALITY IS ! DOMA9 :]E9 M]E ADAPTATION TO *ANG+ 5VIRONM5TS IS SUPPLANT$ BY PROACTIVE ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON ! FREE EX*ANGE ( IDEAS1 ! CREATIVE 5DEAVOR TO BR+ CONSCI\SNESS TO ! S]VICE ( *ANGE1 & ! COLLECTIVE VEHICLE1 :]E NECESS>Y1 TO 9T]V5E 9 ! WORLD ) A VIEW T[>D 5D+ 5VIRONM5TAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC 9SULTS4 ,! MUNICIPALITY1 ONCE IT IS FRE$ ( HI]>*ICAL DOM9ATION & MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION - 9DE$1 ONCE IT IS RECREAT$ AS RATIONAL >5A = HUMAN CREATIVITY 9 ALL SPH]ES ( LIFE - IS POT5TIALLY ! E?ICAL SPACE = ! GOOD LIFE4 ,IT IS ALSO POT5TIALLY ! S*OOL = ! =MATION ( A NEW HUMAN BE+1 ! CITIZ51 :O HAS %$ ! >*AIC BLOOD TIES ( TRIBALISM & ! HI]>*ICAL IMPULSES CREAT$ BY DIFF]5CES 9 E?NICITY1 G5D]1 & P>O*IAL EXCLUSIVITY4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 ! MUNICIPALITY WAS ! DOMA9 ?AT1 AT LEA/ JURIDICALLY1 DISSOLV$ ! BLOOD TIE1 :I* HAD =M]LY UNIT$ FAMILY & TRIBE ACCORD+ TO ! FACTS ( BIOLOGY1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( ! \TSID]4 ,IT WAS 9 ! MUNICIPALITY1 EV5TUALLY1 ?AT ! ONCE-FE>$ /RANG] C\LD BE ABSORB$ 9TO A COMMUNITY ( CITIZ5S1 9ITIALLY AS ! COEQUAL ( ALL O!R RESID5TS :O OCCUPI$ A COMMON T]RITORY & EV5TUALLY AS A MEMB] ( ! CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLY1 5GAG+ ) ALL O!R FREE MALE RESID5TS 9 MAK+ POLICY DECISIONS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! =MATION ( ! MUNICIPALITY ANT$AT$ ! RISE ( ! /ATE - :I*1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 APPE>$ AMONG AGR>IAN PEOPLES WELL BE=E IT APPE>$ AMONG !IR URBAN C\S9S4 

,9DE$1 ! /ATE1 :I* MAY BE DEF9$ AS AN ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( DOM9ANCE BY A PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 WAS CONT9UALLY 9 T5SION1 IF NOT 9 OP5 W>F>E1 ) ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,! SO-CALL$ AUTONOM\S CITIES ( ! M$IEVAL WORLD W]E 9 CONFLICT ) M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE MON>*S AS WELL AS ) T]RITORIAL LORDS1 BO? ( :OM ?REAT5$ !IR CIVIC FRE$OMS4 ,TO BE SURE1 9T]NAL CONFLICTS RAG$ )9 !IR [N WALLS BETWE5 V>I\S CLASSES & E/ATES4 ,BUT IF !Y W]E NOT (T5 AT PEACE EI!R ) !MSELVES OR ) !IR EXT]NAL OPPON5TS1 !IR LIB]T>IAN ORIG9S W]E SELDOM =GOTT53 DUR+ P]IODS ( CRISIS1 !SE S5TIM5TS SURFAC$ AS REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGES 9 ,EUROPE & EV5 ,ASIA4 ,9DE$ TODAY1 :5 ! NATION-/ATE SEEMS SUPREME1 :ATEV] RI<TS MUNICIPALITIES RETA9 >E ! H>D-WON GA9S ( COMMON]S1 :O OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY PRES]V$ !M AGA9/ ASSAULTS BY RUL+ CLASSES4 ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ! COMUN]O UPRIS+ ( ! ,CA/ILIAN CITIES 9 #a#e#b-#b#b & ! J\RNEES ( ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 7TO CITE ONLY TWO ( ! MORE \T/&+ CASES7 W]E IMPELL$ BY /RONG CIVIC S5TIM5TS & BY DEM&S = A ,F$]ATION ( ,COMMUNES4 

,?US COMMUNALISM IS NO CONTRIV$ BODY ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONCEPTS1 SPUN \T FROM ! VAGRANT FANCIES ( M]E IMAG9ATION4 ,9 MANY RESPECTS1 IT EXPRESSES AN ABID+ CONCEPT ( POLITICAL RECON/RUCTION1 ONE ?AT LONG ANT$ATES NATIONALISM4 ,AS A MOVEM5T ( D[NTRODD5 CLASSES1 ITS P$IGREE IS P]HAPS MORE AMBIGU\S4 ,! GUILDSM5 :O KEPT !IR MUSKETS & SWORDS AT ! READY BESIDE !IR WORKB5*ES1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO IMM$IATELY RISE TO ! DEF5SE ( !IR H>D-WON LIB]TIES1 (T5 HAD A CLASS /ATUS SOME:]E BETWE5 ! BEGG>LY CR[DS ?AT FILL$ ! M$IEVAL CITIES & ! PATRICIANS4 ,9 FACT1 UPP]-CLASS NOBLES (T5 HIR$ DECLASSES FROM ! T[NS TO UND]M9E ! /ATUS & POLITICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! CRAFTSM5-BUR<]S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT WAS ?IS BUR<] /RATUM ?AT FA%ION$ ! IDEALS ( CIVIC FRE$OM & POLITICAL P>TICIPATION1 UPON :I* ALL ! GREAT REVOLUTION>IES ( LAT] YE>S DREW1 (T5 ) NO KN[L$GE ( !IR M$IEVAL ORIG9S4 

,H]E1 TOO1 H[EV]1 CONTEMPOR>Y LANGUAGE BETRAYS ! PA/1 JU/ AS IT DOES :5 POLIS IS TRANSLAT$ AS 0CITY-/ATE40 ,! WORD POLITICS1 D]IV$ AS IT IS FROM ! ,GREEK WORD = 0CITY10 D5OTES AN ACTIVITY ?AT IS *>G$ ) MORAL OBLIGATION TO ONE'S [N COMMUNITY - 9 CONTRA/ TO /ATECRAFT1 :I* M9IMALLY PRESUPPOSES A PR(ESSIONALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC /ATE APP>ATUS ?AT IS EXPRESSLY SET AP>T FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,POLITICS ONCE REF]R$ TO ! CIVIC RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT ALL CITIZ5S W]E EXPECT$ TO DIS*>GE AS E?ICAL BE+S4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 CITIZ5S COMMITT$ !MSELVES TO UND]TAKE !SE POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITIES BY SWE>+ AN E?ICAL OA? OR PL$GE ( FRAT]NITY - A CONJURATIO - :I* WAS SE5 NOT AS A CONTRACT BUT M9IMALLY AS A MORAL V[ TO ACT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ALL :O LIV$ & WORK$ 9 ! CITY4 ,!Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES ?AT EI!R =MULAT$ CIVIC POLICIES !MSELVES OR ELSE ANNUALLY ELECT$ A PUBLICLY RESPONSIBLE ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE4 ,! CITY WAS DEF5D$ FROM EXT]NAL ?REATS BY A POPUL> MILITIA1 :ILE A CITIZ5S' GU>D MA9TA9$ DOME/IC PEACE4 ,ANY ATTEMPT AT PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( ! CITY'S ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 EV5 IF T5TATIVELY UND]TAK5 TO DEAL ) ! DANG]S ( 9VASION & W>1 WAS VIEW$ ) DEEP SUSPICION4 

,?US POLITICS ORIG9ALLY DID NOT MEAN /ATECRAFT4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! SELF-GOV]N+ POLIS1 ! /ATE CONSI/S ( ! 9/ITUTIONS BY :I* A PRIVILEG$ & EXPLOITATIVE CLASS IMPOSES ITSELF1 BY =CE :]E NECESS>Y1 ON AN OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ CLASS4 ,/ATECRAFT IS ! ACTIVITY ( (FICIALS )9 ?AT PR(ESSIONAL MA*9]Y TO CONTROL ! CITIZ5RY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ?AT PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 ,BY CONTRA/1 POLITICS IS ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( FREE CITIZ5S 9 MANAG+ ! AFFAIRS ( ! CITY & DEF5D+ ITS FRE$OM4 ,ONLY AFT] C5TURIES ( CIVIC DEBASEM5T1 M>K$ BY CLASS =MATION1 CONFLICT1 & MUTUAL HATR$1 WAS ! /ATE PRODUC$ & POLITICS DEGRAD$ TO ! PRACTICE ( /ATECRAFT4 ,) ! RISE ( /ATECRAFT1 PEOPLE BECAME DIS5GAG$ FROM MORAL RESPONSIBILITY = !IR CITIES2 ! CITY WAS TRANS=M$1 ULTIMATELY ALONG ) ! NATION1 9TO A PROVID] ( GOODS & S]VICES4 ,PROACTIVE CITIZ5S1 FILL$ ) A DEEP MORAL COMMITM5T TO !IR CITIES1 GRADUALLY GAVE WAY TO ! PASSIVE SUBJECTS ( RUL]S & TO ! CON/ITU5TS ( P>LIAM5T>IANS1 UNTIL TODAY !Y >E1 9 FACT1 LITTLE MORE ?AN CONSUM]S :OSE FREE TIME IS SP5T 9 %OPP+ MALLS & RETAIL /ORES4 

,MUNICIPAL ,FRE$OMS & ,AUTONOMY 

  

,COMMUNALISM IS 9 EV]Y WAY A DECID$LY POLITICAL BODY ( IDEAS ?AT SEEKS TO RECOV] ! CITY OR COMMUNE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS GREATE/ HI/ORICAL TRADITIONS1 & TO ADVANCE ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT SEEKS TO CREATE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES AS VITAL DECISION-MAK+ >5AS = CIVIC LIFE4 ,IT ADVANCES A CIVIC E?ICS PR$ICAT$ ON REASON1 & A MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMY4 

,9 ADVANC+ !SE GOALS1 COMMUNALISM SEEKS TO ACTUALIZE ! TRAITS ?AT POT5TIALLY MAKE US HUMAN4 ,IT DEP>TS DECID$LY FROM ,M>XI/ NOTIONS ( A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 LET ALONE A DICTATORIAL REGIME O/5SIBLY BAS$ ON ! 9T]E/S ( A S+LE CLASS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT GOES BEYOND LOOSE AN>*I/ NOTIONS ( AUTONOM\S CONF$]ATIONS1 COLLECTIVES1 & T[NS1 :I* O/5SIBLY CAN 0GO IT ON !IR [N0 AS !Y *OOSE )\T DUE CONSID]ATION = ! SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,!SE AD HOC1 (T5 *AOTIC & 0SPONTANE\S0 AN>*IC ESCAPADES 9 AUTONOMY1 EV5 9 0TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONES10 USUALLY EXPRESS 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 9DE$ EGOC5TRIC1 IMPULSES ?AT 9 PRACTICE LEAD TO DEM&S = ! UNRE/RICT$ RI<TS ( SOV]EIGN 9DIVIDUALS )\T REQUIR+ ( !M ANY OBLIGATORY DUTIES4 ,AN>*I/S & !IR AFF9ES (T5 DISMISS OBLIGATIONS ( ANY SORT AS AU?ORIT>IAN OR WORSE4 ,BUT ONE ( ! GREAT MAXIMS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 TO :I* ALL FACTIONS SUBSCRIB$1 WAS ,M>X'S SLOGAN3 0,NO ,RI<TS ,)\T ,DUTIES1 ,NO ,DUTIES ,)\T ,RI<TS40 ,9 A FREE SOCIETY1 AS REVOLUTION>IES ( ALL K9DS G5]ALLY UND]/OOD1 WE W\LD 5JOY FRE$OMS 70RI<TS071 BUT WE W\LD ALSO HAVE RESPONSIBILITIES 70DUTIES07 WE W\LD HAVE TO EX]CISE4 ,! CONCEPT ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY BECOMES MEAN+LESS :5 IT D5IES ! OBLIGATIONS ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL [ES TO SOCIETY AS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES4 

,WE >E ALL %AP$ TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R BY =CES \TSIDE \R CONTROL &1 FRANKLY1 BEYOND \R CONTROL4 ,NO ONE CAN LIVE =EV]1 OR DO )\T NUTRITION2 & AFT] A C]TA9 AGE SIMPLY KEEP+ ONESELF 9 HEAL? REQUIRES NUM]\S - EV5 ON]\S - EF=TS4 ,9 ! FULLNESS ( DAILY LIFE1 LONG LIFE REQUIRES EF=T & CALLS = ACTIONS ?AT MAY BE PA9FUL1 ANNOY+1 DEM&+1 & DISAGREEABLE4 ,WE >E ?US ALWAYS UND] SOME K9D ( CON/RA9T2 ! REAL ISSUE IS :E!R A CON/RA9T IS RATIONAL & ADVANCES ! FULFILLM5T ( ! GOOD LIFE OR :E!R IT IS EXPLOITATIVE & IRRATIONAL4 ,IT IS ! HEI<T ( HUBRIS TO BELIEVE ?AT TOTAL 0AUTONOMY0 - 9CLUD+ ! RI<T TO 0*OOSE0 :ATEV] ONE WANTS AB\T ANY?+ - CAN COEXI/ ) SOCIETY4 

,COMMUNALI/S SEEK TO CREATE A DEMOCRATIC1 COLLECTIVI/ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,PROP]TY1 9 A COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY1 WILL BE MUNICIPALIZ$ & ITS OV]ALL MANAGEM5T PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,9 PA/ REVOLUTIONS EF=TS AT 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 OV] FACTORIES & F>MS W]E FREQU5TLY PLAGU$ BY P>O*IALISM & EVOLV$ 9TO =MS ( COLLECTIVI/IC CAPITALISM4 ,BY CONTRA/1 COMMUNALISM CALLS = ! FULL ADM9I/RATIVE COORD9ATION ( ALL PUBLIC 5T]PRISES BY CONF$]AL COMMITTEES1 :OSE MEMB]S >E ! RESPONSIBLE VOICES ( ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES2 )\T ! ASS5T ( ! CITIZ5RY AS A :OLE 9 A CONF$]ATION-WIDE VOTE1 NO POLICY-MAK+ CONF$]AL DECISION CAN BE VALID4 

,PRAGMATICALLY1 A COMMUNALI/ POLITY REQUIRES A WRITT5 CON/ITUTION &1 YES1 REGULATORY LAWS1 TO AVOID A /RUCTURELESSNESS ?AT W\LD YIELD M9DLESS AN>*Y4 ,! MORE DEF9$ ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( CITIZ5S >E1 ! MORE EASILY CAN !Y BE UPHELD AS P>T ( ! G5]AL 9T]E/ AGA9/ ! 9TRUSION ( PETTY TYRANNIES4 ,IT IS NOT ! CL>ITY ( DEF9ITIONS ?AT HAS OPPRESS$ HUMANITY2 RA!R1 WRONG DEF9ITIONS HAVE BE5 US$ CANNILY TO UPHOLD PRIVILEGE & DOM9ATION4 ,9DE$1 CON/ITUTIONS & LAWS S]V$ TO FREE ! ANCI5T BONDSMAN ( >BITR>Y DESPOTISM & EV5 WOM5 ( PATRI>*AL CONTROL4 ,FROM ! E>LIE/ TIMES OPPRESS$ PEOPLES HAVE RAIS$ ! DEM& = CON/ITUTIONS & LAWS2 9 !IR ABS5CE 0B>ONS0 7TO USE ,HESIOD'S T]M 9 ! SEV5? C5TURY ,B,C,E7 >BITR>ILY 9FLICT$ RULE & T]ROR ON ! MASSES4 ,AN>*I/ DEM&S TO ELIM9ATE LAW AS SU*1 )\T PROVID+ = SUB/ANTIVE WAYS TO AVOID ! OPPRESSIONS ( /RUCTURELESSNESS & >BITR>Y BEHAVIOR1 HAVE PRODUC$ MAYHEM & TYRANNY MORE RELIABLY ?AN LIB]TY & AUTONOMY4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 CON/ITUTIONS & LAWS HAVE 9DE$ BE5 OPPRESSIVE1 (T5 GROSSLY SO1 BUT ?IS RAISES ! QUE/ION ( !IR CONT5T1 NOT ! FACT ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,9DE$1 ONLY A PECULI>LY EGOC5TRIC M5TALITY WILL ASSUME ?AT A RATIONALLY CON/ITUT$ SOCIETY & A RATIONALLY =MULAT$ BODY ( LAWS MU/ NECESS>ILY VIOLATE P]SONAL AUTONOMY & H5CE SOCIAL FRE$OM4 ,NO?+ MORE CLE>LY %$S LI<T ON ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC BASIS ( PRES5T-DAY AN>*ISM & ITS ,PR\DHONESQUE ORIG9S ?AN ?IS P]SONALI/IC FE> ( ANY LIMITATION ON 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR4 ,TAK+ REC\RSE TO BIOLOGI/IC 09/9CT0 AS A GUIDE TO A LIB]T>IAN LIFE/YLE1 ROOT+ FRE$OM 9 HUMAN NATURE & 9 PREHI/ORY1 AN>*I/S 9ADV]T5TLY PETRIFY FRE$OM RA!R ?AN 5SURE IT4 

,COMMUNALISM'S CONCEPT ( ! FREE MUNICIPALITY 79 CONTRA/ TO ! PRIMITIVI/IC1 TE*NOPHOBIC AN>*IC IMAGE ( 0AUTONOMY07 IS1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 A PRODUCT ( REASON 9 HI/ORY1 OR :AT ,I HAVE CALL$ ! 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM10 & 9DE$ ! EMBODIM5T ( REASON 9/ITUTIONALLY & LEGALLY4 ,IT IS REASON CON/ITUT$ 9 9/ITUTIONS1 EMBODI$ 9 ! FUNCTION+ ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS - ?AT IS1 9 !IR CON/ITUTION & !IR LAWS1 AS WELL AS 9 CITIZ5S1 & !IR P]SONAL LIFE-WAYS1 PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES1 & 9T]SUBJECTIVE RELATIONS OR 0SOCIALIZATIONS40 ,TO R$UCE CON/ITUTIONS & LAWS IPSO FACTO TO TRAMMELS ?AT B9D FREE WILL IS TO MAKE A MOCK]Y NOT ONLY ( REASON BUT ( HUMAN5ESS - = :AT REMA9S ( ! HUMAN BE+1 AFT] ?IS R$UCTION1 IS LITTLE MORE ?AN ANIMALITY & BIOLOGY4 ,IT !REBY NEGATES ! HI/ORIC FUNCTION ( ! FREE CITY EXCEPT AS A HABITATION ( A PECULI> K9D1 & 9 ! SPIRIT ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 7:OSE UTOPIA ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E IS BY NO MEANS A CR$IT TO A RATIONAL VISION ( SOCIETY71 ! LESS WE HAVE ( IT1 ! BETT]6 

,COMMUNALISM1 9 EFFECT1 DECL>ES ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL %\LD ACT ) FULL REG>D = ! NE$S ( ALL1 & ?AT DEMOCRACY DECID$LY 9CLUDES ! RI<TS ( A DISS5T+ M9ORITY TO FREELY & FULLY EXPRESS ITSELF4 ,)9 A CONF$]ATION OV] BROAD] REGIONAL >EAS ! DECISIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL ASSEMBLIES M]GE ) ?OSE ( ALL ! ASSEMBLIES2 ?US ! POPUL> DECISIONS ( ! 5TIRE CONF$]ATION >E TAK5 AS A S+LE ASSEMBLY4 

,ASSUR$LY1 A FAILURE TO DEAL RATIONALLY & HUMANELY ) NECESSITY1 :I* CANNOT BE EVAD$ 9 ANY ASPECT ( LIFE1 IS ! MO/ C]TA9 PA? TO OPPRESSION & WORSE4 ,PURE AN>*ISM1 :OSE CRUDE 9DIVIDUALISM REG>DS ! EGO AS A NATURAL 5TITY RA!R ?AN A SOCIALLY =M$ SUBJECT1 T5DS TO NEGATE EV]Y?+ AB\T CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & SEEK \T ITS OPPOSITE )\T ANY QUALIFICATIONS1 AS ?\< A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY IS ! M]E NEGATION ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,9 ITS MO/ EXTREME =M1 ?IS EXPRESS 9DIVIDUALISM DEM&S ! DISB&+ ( SOCIETY AS SU*2 H5CE ! FASC9ATION ( SO MANY AN>*I/ WRIT]S ) PRIMITIVISM1 !IR TE*NOPHOBIC \TLOOK1 !IR AV]SION TO REGULATION ( ANY K9D1 & 9DE$ !IR HATR$ ( NECESSITY4 ,MU/ EV5 ! SELF-REGULATORY FEATURES ( SOCIAL LIFE REALLY BE ABOLI%$ 9 FAVOR ( RELIANCE ON AN ALLEG$ 9/9CT = MUTUAL AID OR1 MORE />TL+1 ON CU/OM8 ,BEYOND SU* ME*ANISM1 AN>*ISM 9 FACT RELIES ON OLD SOCIALI/ T5ETS1 SU* AS WORK]S' CONTROL & DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 :I* IT HAS PICK$ UP &1 9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 EAG]LY EMBRAC$ AS ITS [N4 

,COMMUNALISM DEM&S GREAT ADVANCES 9 !ORY 7NOT ITS D5IGRATION7 AS WELL AS P]MAN5T ACTIVITY 79 ! =M ( FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTIONS1 DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 A COMMUNITY & M>K$ BY !IR CONT9UITY7 - NOT AD HOC ESCAPADES ?AT DISSIPATE AFT] A DEMON/RATION1 RIOT1 OR ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A 0TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONE40 ,IF ACTIVISM IS R$UC$ TO DEMON/RATIONS1 RIOTS1 & ,T,A,ZS1 !N REVOLUTION IS NO?+ BUT A FEW H\RS ( FROLICK+1 AFT] :I* ! REAL AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE & RUL+ CLASS TAKES OV]4 ,CAPITALISM HAS NO?+ TO FE> FROM FROLICK+2 9DE$1 ITS FA%ION DESIGN]S & LIFE/YLE SPECIALI/S >E ONLY TOO EAG] TO TURN JUV5ILE EXPRESSIONS ( DISS5T 9TO HI<LY M]*&ISABLE COMMODITIES4 

,NO LESS DI/URB+ IS ! PASSION ?AT MANY DEVOTEES ( PURE AN>*ISM EXHIBIT = CONS5SUS AS A =M ( DECISION-MAK+4 ,! V5]ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY CAN BECOME SO RADICAL ?AT IT W\LD P]MIT NO MAJORITY1 NO MATT] H[ L>GE1 TO OV]RIDE EV5 0A MAJORITY ( ONE10 AS SOME AN>*I/ WRIT]S HAVE PUT IT4 ,9 ?IS EXTREME FETI%IZATION ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 ! CORE AN>*IC CONCEPT ( ! ALL-SOV]EIGN EGO /&S1 9 ALL ITS SPL5DOR1 AGA9/ ! WI%ES ( ! MAJORITY4 ,BY P]MITT+ ! SELF-SUFFICI5T EGO1 BY ITS M]E/ 9CL9ATIONS1 TO OV]RIDE ! WI%ES ( ! COMMUNITY1 AN>*ISM BECOMES UNT5ABLE4 ,COORD9AT$ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BECOME IMPOSSIBLE1 AS IT DID 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#c1 :5 P>T ( ! ,NOSOTROS AFF9ITY GR\P1 L$ BY ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI1 *OSE TO LEAD AN 9SURRECTION 9 ,S>AGOSSA 7:I* WAS DOOM$71 :ILE O!RS LIKE ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 HIS TRU/$ COMPAN]O1 SIMPLY AB/A9$ & DISC\RAG$ O!RS FROM GIV+ MILIT>Y AID TO !IR COMRADES 9 ! ,>AGONESE CITY4 

,COMMUNALI/ ,ORGANIZATION 

  

,! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN ORGANIZATION PLACES C]TA9 CON/RA9TS ON ! AUTONOMY ( ITS MEMB]S1 BUT ?AT 9 ITSELF DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MAKE IT AU?ORIT>IAN4 0,LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION0 IS NOT A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY LEAD+ ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAD OPPOS$ ! V]Y =MATION ( ! ,C,N,T BECAUSE IT WAS AN ORGANIZATION & AS SU* DEM&$ ( ITS MEMB]S ! FULFILLM5T ( ON]\S DUTIES4 ,BUT ORGANIZATION AS SU* IS NOT AU?ORIT>IAN4 

,! =MATION ( COMMUNALI/ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS DEP5DS ON ! =MATION ( A COMMUNALI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,H[ CAN ONE BE E/ABLI%$8 ,IT W\LD BE USEFUL TO PROVIDE A SUMM>Y ( SOME MEASURES ?AT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO CREATE SU* AN ORGANIZATION1 AS WELL AS BRIEFLY DESCRIBE ! ROLE IT CAN BE EXPECT$ TO PLAY 9 A L>G] LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,TO BEG9 )1 POLITICALLY CONC]N$ 9DIVIDUALS :O FEEL ! NE$ TO EXPLORE COMMUNALI/ IDEAS & PRACTICES MAY =M A /UDY GR\P 9 A GIV5 NEI<BORHOOD OR T[N4 ,! /UDY GR\PS SEEK TO 9=M & DEVELOP ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 SOCIAL & POLITICAL *ANGE 9TO FULLY COMPET5T 9DIVIDUALS & LEAD]S4 ,AT A TIME :5 ! KN[L$GE ( PHILOSOPHY1 HI/ORY1 & SOCIAL !ORY HAS RETREAT$ APPALL+LY1 ! OBJECTS ( /UDY MAY RANGE FROM IMM$IATE POLITICAL ISSUES TO ! GREAT 9TELLECTUAL TRADITIONS ( ! PA/4 ,M9IMALLY1 H[EV]1 ! GR\P %\LD GIVE SOCIAL !ORY & ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS PRON\NC$ ATT5TION1 P>TICUL>LY 9S(> AS !SE SUBJECTS 5L>GE MEMB]S' UND]/&+ ( A MUNICIPALI/ APPROA* TO DEMOCRACY & SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,! /UDY GR\PS1 :OSE MEMB]S >E BY N[ COMPOS$ ( 9DIVIDUALS :O >E COMMITT$ TO A S]I\S EXPLORATION ( IDEAS1 %\LD BEG9 TO FUNCTION )9 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 T[N1 OR CITY 9 :I* !Y >E LOCAT$4 ,!Y SEEK TO 5T] & REMA9 9 ! PUBLIC DOMA9 - TO BE A CONT9UAL REVOLUTION>Y PRES5CE BY VIRTUE ( !IR IDEAS1 !IR EMPHASIS ON ORGANIZATION1 !IR ME?ODS1 & !IR GOALS4 ,COMMUNALI/S REFUSE TO )DRAW FROM ! PUBLIC DOMA9 9 ! NAME ( 9DIVIDUAL SOV]EIGNTY1 >TI/IC EXPRESSION1 OR SELF-ABSORPTION4 ,!Y WE> NO SKI MASKS1 EI!R METAPHORICALLY OR PHYSICALLY1 & DO NOT ALL[ M9DLESS DOGMATIC ASSUMPTIONS & SIMPLIFICATIONS TO /& 9 !IR WAY4 ,!Y >E ALWAYS ACCESSIBLE & TRANSP>5T1 9VOLV$ & RESPONSIBLE4 ,!Y CAN BE EXPECT$ TO E/ABLI% A WELL-9=M$1 C>EFULLY /RUCTUR$ ORGANIZATION1 IF POSSIBLE ) NEI<BORHOOD BRAN*ES4 

,! ORGANIZATION'S GOALS %\LD BE C>EFULLY =MULAT$ 9TO A CONCRETE PROGRAM1 BAS$ ON COMMUNALI/ PR9CIPLES1 ?AT CONSI/5TLY DEM&S ! =MATION ( POLICY-MAK+ MUNICIPAL POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,AS A COMPON5T ( A M9IMUM PROGRAM1 NO ISSUE IS TOO TRIVIAL = COMMUNALI/S TO IGNORE1 BE IT TRANSPORTATION1 RECREATION1 $UCATION1 WELF>E1 ZON+1 5VIRONM5T1 H\S+1 PUBLIC SAFETY1 DEMOCRACY1 CIVIL RI<TS1 & ! LIKE4 ,! PRIMACY ?AT COMMUNALI/S GIVE TO ! E/ABLI%M5T & DEVELOPM5T ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !Y IGNORE O!R ISSUES ( CONC]N TO ! CITIZ5RY4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y !Y RESOLUTELY FI<T - BO? )9 MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS & \TSIDE !M - = ALL /EPS TO IMPROVE CIVIC LIFE 9 !IR COMMUNITIES & ELSE:]E4 ,ON SPECIFIC ISSUES1 SU* AS GLOBALIZATION1 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS1 E?NIC & G5D] DISCRIM9ATION1 COMMUNALI/ ORGANIZATIONS FREELY 5T] 9TO COALITIONS ) O!R ORGANIZATIONS TO 5GAGE 9 COMMON /RUGGLES1 BUT !Y %\LD NEV] SURR5D] !IR IDEOLOGICAL OR ORGANIZATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE OR !IR CLAIM TO !IR [N 9DEP5D5T ACTION4 ,!IR ID5TITY1 IDEAS1 & 9/ITUTIONS >E !IR MO/ PRECI\S POSSESSIONS & MU/ NEV] BE IMPUGN$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( 0UNITY40 

,9DE$1 :ILE WORK+ ON !SE ISSUES1 !Y ALWAYS SEEK TO 5L>GE !M1 TO REVEAL ?R\< A TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM !IR DEEP-SEAT$ ROOTS4 ,!Y ESCALATE CRIES = RE=MS 9TO RADICAL DEM&S1 SEEK+ TO EXP& EV]Y CIVIL & POLITICAL RI<T ( ! PEOPLE BY CREAT+ ! 9/ITUTIONAL P[] TO =MULATE DECISION-MAK+ POLICIES & SEE TO !IR EXECUTION4 ,! IMPLICATIONS ( SOLV+ !SE PROBLEMS IS A CALL = A REVOLUTION 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS - ?AT IS1 ! A*IEVEM5T ( A MAXIMUM PROGRAM BAS$ ON ! CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALI/ ASSEMBLIES 9 :I* PROP]TY IS /EADILY MUNICIPALIZ$ & SUBJECT$ TO COORD9ATION BY CONF$]AL ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES4.<#d#c.> 

,! COMMUNALI/ ORGANIZATION1 :ILE ALWAYS RETA9+ ITS ID5TITY & PROGRAM1 9ITIATES REGUL> PUBLIC =UMS TO 5GAGE 9 DISCURSIVE1 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC EXPLORATION ( IDEAS - P>TLY TO SPREAD ITS PROGRAM & BASIC IDEAS & P>TLY TO CREATE PUBLIC SPACES ?AT PROVIDE V5UES = RADICAL CIVIC DEBATE1 UNTIL ACTUAL POPUL> ASSEMBLIES CAN BE E/ABLI%$4 ,:ILE IT WILL CLE>LY BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 LOCAL ISSUES1 ITS PRIM>Y FOCUS %\LD BE ! PUBLIC DOMA9 :]E REAL P[] IS VE/$3 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS1 :I* ALL[ = A CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWE5 COMMUNALI/ C&IDATES 7= CITY C\NCILS OR !IR EQUIVAL5TS7 & ! PEOPLE4 

,! ABLE/ MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNALI/ ORGANIZATION %\LD /& 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS & CALL = ! *ANG+ ( CITY *>T]S SO AS TO LEGALLY EMP[] ! MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,! NEW COMMUNALI/ ORGANIZATION %\LD EXPRESSLY SEEK TO BE ELECT$ TO MUNICIPAL POSITIONS ) A VIEW TO US+ *>T] OR EXTRALEGAL *ANGES TO SIGNIFICANTLY %IFT MUNICIPAL P[] FROM EXI/+ /ATE-LIKE & SEEM+LY REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS TO POPUL> ASSEMBLIES AS EMBODIM5TS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,:]E NO CITY *>T] EXI/S ?AT CAN BE *ANG$ ELECTORALLY1 COMMUNALI/S %\LD ATTEMPT 7BO? $UCATIONALLY & ORGANIZATIONALLY7 TO CONV5E DIRECT DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES ON AN EXTRALEGAL BASIS1 EX]CIS+ MORAL PRESSURE ON /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 9 ! HOPE ?AT PEOPLE WILL1 9 TIME1 REG>D !M AS AU!NTIC C5T]S ( PUBLIC P[] ) ! EXPECTATION ?AT !Y CAN !REBY GA9 /RUCTURAL P[]4 ,COMMUNALISM NEV] COMPROMISES BY ADVOCAT+ DELEGAT$ OR /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES1 & 9 CONTRA/ TO ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,GRE5S1 IT REFUSES TO EXI/ )9 ! 9/ITUTIONAL CAGE ( ! NATION-/ATE OR TO TRY TO GILD IT ) RE=MS ?AT ULTIMATELY SIMPLY MAKE ! /ATE MORE PALATABLE4 

,A COMMUNALI/ GR\P OR MOVEM5T ?AT REFUSES TO RUN C&IDATES 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS :]E IT CAN1 & !REBY REMOVES ITS FOCUS ON ! C5T]S ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ MUNICIPAL P[]1 WILL %RIVEL 9TO AN AD HOC1 ROOTLESS1 SPORADIC1 POLYMORPH\S =M ( AN>*IC PROTE/ & QUICKLY FADE AWAY4 ,IT WILL BE COMMUNALI/ 9 NAME ONLY1 NOT 9 CONT5T4 ,IT IS CONC]N$ NOT ) ! LOCUS ( P[] BUT ) M]E DEFIANCE AT BE/1 :I* LEADS NO:]E OR T]M9ATES 9 FROLICK+ ) ! SY/EM AT WOR/4 ,9 ! COMMUNALI/ VISION1 PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES 9 CONF$]ATION >E A MEANS = DE/ROY+ ! /ATE & CAPITALISM1 AS WELL AS ! EMBODIM5TS ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,TO HOP FROM DEMON/RATION TO DEMON/RATION )\T ATTEMPT+ TO RECREATE P[] 9 ! =M ( PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES BY TAK+ CONTROL ( CITY C\NCILS 7:I* MEANS PRACTIC+ POLITICS 9 OPPOSITION TO P>LIAM5T>Y /ATECRAFT7 IS TO MAKE A MOCK]Y ( COMMUNALISM4 

,COMMUNALI/S SEEK TO CREATE A FULLY DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY1 BUT !Y NEV] FETI%IZE NUMB]S1 BE IT NUMB]S ( MEMB]S1 VOT]S1 P>TICIPANTS 9 PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES1 & ! LIKE4 ,9 A COMMUNALI/ POLITY IT SUFFICES ?AT ! DOORS ( A PUBLIC ASSEMBLY >E ALWAYS OP5 TO ! CITIZ5RY4 ,IF A MAJORITY ( A NEI<BORHOOD1 T[N1 OR CITY *OOSE TO ATT5D AN ASSEMBLY MEET+ & BECOME P>TICIPANTS 9 MAK+ IMPORTANT DECISIONS1 ALL ! BETT]1 BUT IF ONLY A FEW >E SUFFICI5TLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! POLITICAL FATE ( !IR COMMUNITY TO ATT5D1 SO BE IT4 ,! ASSEMBLY'S DECISIONS C>RY ! SAME WEI<T1 REG>DLESS ( :E!R ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE PRES5T IS A DOZ51 A HUNDR$1 OR SEV]AL ?\S&4 ,POLITICAL DECISIONS %\LD BE MADE BY POLITICALLY 9VOLV$ CITIZ5S3 ,UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES %\LD POOR ATT5DANCE AT A PUBLIC ASSEMBLY BE AN EXCUSE TO AB&ON A DIRECT & DISCURSIVE DEMOCRACY 9 FAVOR ( ANONYM\S VOT+ AT POLLS1 :I* R5D]S POLITICS IMP]SONAL & NON-DISCURSIVE4 

,COMMUNALI/ GR\PS CALL = ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES - BE !Y LEGALLY EMP[]$ OR ONLY MORALLY EMP[]$ - TO CONF$]ATE1 ) A VIEW T[>D REPLAC+ ! /ATE4 ,9 EFFECT1 COMMUNALI/S AIM AT E/ABLI%+ A DUAL P[] ( CITIZ5-CON/ITUT$ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WILL *ALL5GE ! AU?ORITY1 LEGITIMACY1 & POLICIES ( EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?R\<\T1 MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS %\LD HOLD REGUL> CONGRESSES & CONF]5CES1 PL5>IES & COMMITTEE MEET+S4 ,AS NE$ >ISES1 !Y E/ABLI% EXTRAORD9>Y COMMISSIONS TO UND]TAKE SPECIFIC TASKS4 ,:]EV] ASSEMBLIES ELECT DELEGATES TO COORD9ATE A CONF$]AL ASSOCIATION1 !Y 5SURE ?AT ! DELEGATES' P[]S >E ALWAYS M&AT$ BY !IR RESPECTIVE CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES & ?AT ! DELEGATES !MSELVES >E ALWAYS SUBJECT TO RECALL4 ,EM]G+ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITIES MU/ BE UNIT$ ?R\< ! =MATION ( WELL-ORGANIZ$ & SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE CONF$]ATIONS4 

,AN ORGANIZATION ?AT IS MORE ADVANC$ !ORETICALLY & PROGRAMMATICALLY ?AN ! BROAD] PUBLIC MOVEM5T ( :I* IT IS P>T HAS EV]Y RI<T TO REG>D ITSELF AS A VANGU>D1 JU/ AS ! ,FR5* T]M AVANT-G>DE D5OT$ ?AT C]TA9 >TI/IC1 MUSICAL1 & O!R S*OOLS W]E MORE ADVANC$ 9 PRACTICE & ?\<T4 ,OBVI\SLY1 SU* AN ACKN[L$GM5T DOES NOT CONF] UPON A VANGU>D ANY SPECIAL PRIVILEGES1 BUT IT SIMPLY RECOGNIZES ?AT !IR IDEAS & PRACTICAL CONTRIBUTIONS CAN BE EXPECT$ TO HAVE A M>K$1 9DE$ GUID+1 IMPORTANCE4 ,AN ADVANC$1 HI<LY CONSCI\S POLITICAL ORGANIZATION %\LD PROVIDE LEAD]%IP1 YET ALWAYS RETA9+ ITS 9DEP5D5CE 9/ITUTIONALLY & FUNCTIONALLY4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 NOT EV]YONE 9 AN ORGANIZATION HAS ! SAME LEVEL ( EXP]I5CE1 KN[L$GE1 WISDOM1 & LEAD]%IP ABILITY4 ,LEAD]%IP ?AT IS NOT =MALIZ$ WILL BE 9=MAL1 BUT IT WILL NOT DISAPPE>4 ,MANY 9DIVIDUALS 9 REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS W]E \TRI<T LEAD]S1 :OSE VIEWS HAD MORE SIGNIFICANCE ?AN O!RS2 IT IS A DISS]VICE TO P]PETUATE ! DECEPTION ?AT !Y W]E SIMPLY 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS40 ,LEAD]%IP ALWAYS EXI/S1 H[EV] MU* LIB]T>IANS TRY TO D5Y ! FACT BY CONCEAL+ ITS EXI/5CE B5EA? EUPHEMISMS4 

,A S]I\S LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION W\LD E/ABLI% NOT ONLY LEAD]S BUT ALSO MEANS BY :I* ! MEMB]%IP MAY RECALL LEAD]S :OSE VIEWS & BEHAVIOR !Y OPPOSE1 & EFFECTIVELY MODIFY !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 FRIVOL\S OPPOSITION TO LEAD]S = ITS [N SAKE %\LD NEV] BE TOL]AT$4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ SC&AL\S FEATURES ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 7:5 !Y EXI/7 HAS BE5 ! DIZZY+ 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT P]MITS NEUROTIC P]SONALITIES TO DISRUPT MEET+S & ACTIVITIES AS EXPRESSIONS ( SELFHOOD4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! USE ( AD HOM9EM ATTACKS1 GOSSIP1 & P]SONAL RUMORS TO UND]M9E ! 9FLU5CE ( LEAD]S & SUBV]T S]I\S IDEAS HAS DONE MU* TO PREV5T AN>*I/S FROM E/ABLI%+ EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS4 

,F9ALLY1 COMMUNALISM IS NOT SIMPLY A VEHICLE = E/ABLI%+ A COMMUNALI/ POLITY & ! APPROPRIATE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT IS ALSO AN \TLOOK ?AT 9CLUDES A PHILOSOPHICAL APPROA* TO REALITY AS WELL AS SOCIETY & T[>D ! NATURAL WORLD AS WELL AS HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT CONT5DS ?AT ! ONGO+ CRISIS 9 \R CULTURE & VALUES /EMS NOT FROM AN OV]ABUNDANCE ( CIVILIZATION BUT FROM AN 9SUFFICI5CY ( IT4 ,IT DEF5DS TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 US$ RATIONALLY & MORALLY1 AS R$UC+ LABOR & CREAT+ FREE TIME ?AT POT5TIALLY ALL[S CITIZ5S TO P>TICIPATE 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 TIME = CREATIVITY1 A REASONABLE ABUNDANCE 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE1 & EV51 9 A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ! ABILITY TO IMPROVE UPON ! IMPACT ( NATURAL =CES4 ,PO/-SC>CITY ABUNDANCE 7NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! M9DLESS CONSUM]ISM FO/]$ BY CAPITALISM7 MU/ BE WISELY TEMP]$ & CONTROLL$ BY MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES & ! FREE CONF$]AL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT AN EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY CAN CREATE4 

,ABOVE ALL1 COMMUNALISM /AKES \T A CLAIM AS A CONT9UATION ( ALL ?AT IS EMANCIPATORY 9 ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRADITION ( ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES4 ,IT FIRMLY %>ES ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S CONCEPTION ?AT FRE$OM CON/ITUTES ! DEF9+ POT5TIALITY ( HUMANNESS3 ! POT5TIALITY = ! SELF-ELABORATION ( REASON BY RATIONAL PRAXIS UNTIL HUMANITY F9ALLY A*IEVES ! ACTUALIZATION ( A TRULY RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,?IS SELF-ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY = REASON1 CREATIVITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS IS MORE ?AN A DI/ANT IDEAL2 IT IS ! ONE ABID+ GOAL ?AT GIVES MEAN+ TO ANY EF=T TO *ANGE ! WORLD4 ,9DE$1 ! MAGNIFIC5T GOAL ( ADVANC+ REASON1 CREATIVITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS IS ALL ?AT GIVES MEAN+ TO ! EVOLUTION ( HUMANITY ITSELF AS ! POT5TIALLY CREATIVE AG5T2 9 ITS ABS5CE ! WORLD HAS NO MEAN+4 ,?IS GOAL %\LD HOV] OV] EV]Y TRANS=MATIVE PROJECT ?AT COMMUNALI/S UND]TAKE 9 !IR EF=TS TO MAKE AN 9HUMAN WORLD 9TO A HUMAN ONE & AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY 9TO A RATIONAL ONE - FAVOR+ A COMMITM5T TO TRU? & 9NOVATION1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :AT IS SO MISLEAD+LY CALL$ REALISM & ADAPTATION4 ,IT IS NOT BY ANY PRAGMATIC MAP BUT BY ?IS FLAME1 :I* IS FUEL$ BY REASON'S CONCEPTION ( 0:AT %\LD BE0 AS AGA9/ 0:AT IS10 ?AT HUMANITY CAN FULFILL ITS POT5TIALITY = REASON & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 !REBY JU/IFY+ ITSELF 9 ! S*EME ( ?+S4 

O ,NOTES 

.<#a.> ,! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE & ACCESSIBLE OV]VIEW ( !SE IDEAS IS ,JANET ,BIEHL'S BOOK ,! ,POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#h71 A WORK ?AT ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF (T5 RECOMM5D$ AS ! BE/ 9TRODUCTION TO HIS POLITICAL IDEAS4 

.<#b.> ,! BOOK WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ BY ,SI]RA ,CLUB ,BOOKS 7,SAN ,FRANCISCO7 AS ,! ,RISE ( ,URBANIZATION & ! ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP 9 #a#i#h#g2 REPUBLI%$ BY ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS 7,MONTREAL7 9 #aiib AS ,URBANIZATION ,)\T ,CITIES3 ,! ,RISE & ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP2 & F9ALLY REPUBLI%$ 9 A REVIS$ V]SION AS ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES3 ,T[>D A ,POLITICS ( ,CITIZ5%IP1 BY ,CASSELL 7,LONDON7 9 #a#i#i#e4 ,DESPITE ! FAIRLY DRY TITLES1 ! BOOK GIVES A VIVID ACC\NT ( ! EM]G5CE & MEAN+ ( POLITICS1 CITIZ5%IP1 & CIVIC DEVELOPM5T4 

.<#c.> ,?IS SMALL BOOK WAS PUBLI%$ BY ,A,K ,PRESS 9 #b#g4 

.<#d.> ,WE ALSO DISCUSS$ HIS MANUSCRIPT ON PHILOSOPHY1 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,COSMOLOGY1 :I* HE WANT$ ME TO WORK ON2 HE GAVE ME A COPY ) 9/RUCTIONS ON H[ TO $IT IT1 & ,I GAVE HIM MY PROMISE ?AT ,I W\LD SEE TO ITS PUBLICATION4 

.<#e.> ,COMMUNALISM WAS FIR/ LAUN*$ 9 ,OCTOB] #bb ON ! ,9T]NET4 ,AP>T FROM ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 & MYSELF1 ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! $ITORIAL BO>D W]E ,JANET ,BIEHL1 ,PET] ,ZEG]S1 ,G>Y ,SISCO1 & ,SVE9UNG ,LEG>D4 7,AT \R FIR/ MEET+1 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#i#i1 ,I WAS ELECT$ G5]AL $ITOR47 ,BOOK*9 SUGGE/$ ! SUBTITLE ON ITS MAS!AD - ,9T]NATIONAL ,J\RNAL = A ,RATIONAL ,SOCIETY - & TOOK A GREAT 9T]E/ 9 ! WORK+S ( ! J\RNAL1 AL?\< HIS DECL9+ HEAL? IMP$$ HIM FROM PLAY+ A MORE ACTIVE ROLE4 7,! J\RNAL CONT9UES TO APPE>1 AT WWW4COMMUNALISM4NET2 N[ AVAILABLE 9 PR9T47 

.<#f.> ,= ,JANET ,BIEHL'S ACC\NT ( ?IS IDEOLOGICAL BREAK1 SEE 0,BOOK*9 ,BREAKS ) ,AN>*ISM10 9 ,L4 ,GAMBONE & ,P4 ,MURTA<1 $S41 ,AN>*ISM = ! #b#a/ ,C5TURY 7,$9BUR< & ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 =?COM+74 ,?IS ESSAY WAS ALSO PUBLI%$ 9 ,COMMUNALISM1 NO4 #ab 7,OCTOB] #b#g74 

.<#g.> ,?IS 9TRODUCTION WAS WRITT5 ON ,DECEMB] #a#d1 #b#b1 & HAS BE5 KN[N ONLY TO ,SC&9AVIAN AUDI5CES4 ,SEE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,P]SPEKTIV = 5 NY VAN/]3 ,ESSA] OM DIRECT DEMOKRATI1 MORALISK EKONOMI1 SOCIALEKOLOGI O* KOMMUNALISM1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,JONA?AN ,KORS> & ,MATS ,RUNVALL 7,MALMO3 ,FRIHETLIG ,PRESS1 #b#c74 

.<#h.> ,9 FACT1 ! ORIG9AL ESSAY %\LD BE READ TOGE!R ) ,BOOK*9'S 0,! ,ROLE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 A ,P]IOD ( ,REACTION10 9 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM 7,$9BUR< & ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#g71 PP4 #f#h-#g#f2 0,:I!R ,AN>*ISM8 ,A ,REPLY TO ,REC5T ,AN>*I/ ,CRITICS10 9 ,AN>*ISM1 ,M>XISM1 & ! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT3 ,9T]VIEWS & ,ESSAYS #a#i#i#c-#a#i#i#h 7,$9BUR< & ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h71 P>TICUL>LY PP4 #b#a#f-#d#f2 & 0,TURN+ ,UP ! ,/ONES3 ,A ,REPLY TO ,JOHN ,CL>K'S ,OCTOB] #ac ,MESSAGE10 S5T TO ! ,R,A-LI/ & AVAILABLE ONL9E AT DW>DMAC4PITZ]4$U_/,AN>*I/.- ,>*IVES_/BOOK*9_/TURN+4HTML4 

.<#i.> ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM3 ,AN ,UNBRIDGEABLE ,*ASM8 7,OAKL& & ,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d74 

.<#a.> ,?IS ESSAY WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,COMMUNALISM1 NO4 #b 7,NOVEMB] #b#b71 & LAT] 9CLUD$ 9 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM4 

.<#a#a.> ,GOE! QUOT$ 9 ,B]TRAM ,D4 ,WOLFE1 ,?REE ,:O ,MADE A ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,BIOGRAPHICAL ,HI/ORY1 #cRD $N4 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,DIAL ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#a71 P4 #e#g#h4 

.<#a#b.> ,?UCYDIDES1 ,! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W>1 ,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #d 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,MOD]N ,LIBR>Y1 #a#i#d#d71 PP4 #a#b#a-#b4 

.<#a#c.> ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 LETT] TO ,DULIEU1 ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#h#f1 9 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ( ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 $4 ,/EW>T ,$W>DS1 TRANS4 ,ELIZABE? ,FRAZ] 7,G>D5 ,CITY1 ,N,Y3 ,AN*OR ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#i71 P4 #a#h#d4 

.<#a#d.> ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,LA ,F$]ATION ET L'UNITE 5 ,ITALIE 7#a#h#f#b71 9 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 PP4 #a#h#h-#i4 

.<#a#e.> ,PR\DHON1 LETT] TO ,DULIEU1 ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#h#f1 9 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 P4 #a#h#e4 

.<#a#f.> ,PR\DHON1 LETT] TO ,ALEX&] ,H]Z51 ,APRIL #b#a1 #a#h#f#a1 9 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 P4 #a#i#a4 

.<#a#g.> ,ALL ,BAKUN9 QUOTATIONS >E FROM ,P4 ,MAXIM(F1 $41 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN93 ,SCI5TIFIC ,AN>*ISM 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,FREE ,PRESS ( ,GL5COE2 ,LONDON3 ,COLLI]-,MACMILLAN ,LTD41 #a#i#e#c71 PP4 #c#b#d-#c#e2 EMPHASIS ADD$4 

.<#a#h.> ,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 0,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY10 ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #a 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#i71 P4 #a#b4 

.<#a#i.> ,M>X & ,5GELS1 0,MANIFE/O10 P4 #a#b#d4 

.<#b.> ,DESPITE ! G5D]$NESS ( !SE WORDS - A PRODUCT ( ! ]A 9 :I* ,BAKUN9 LIV$ - !Y OBVI\SLY MAY BE 9T]PRET$ AS SIGNIFY+ HUMANITY G5]ALLY4 

.<#b#a.> ,ELITES :O /UDI$ ! ,TAO ,TE ,*+1 = !IR P>T1 C\LD EASILY F9D IT A USEFUL H&BOOK = RUL+ & MANIPULAT+ A S]VILE PEASANTRY4 ,DEP5D+ UPON :I* TRANSLATION ! ,5GLI% READ] USES1 SEV]AL 9T]PRETATIONS >E VALID1 BUT :AT IS CLE> TO EV]YONE BUT ! BL9D IS ?AT QUIETISM UND]LIES ! 5TIRE WORK4 

.<#b#b.> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,POLITICS1 ,AUTONOMY3 ,ESSAYS 9 ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#a71 P4 #f#c4 

.<#b#c.> ,JOHN ,CL>K1 0,NOT ,DEEP ,AP>T10 ,! ,TRUMPETE]1 VOL4 #a#b1 NO4 #b 7,SPR+ #a#i#i#e71 P4 #a#d4 

.<#b#d.> ,A /RIK+ EXAMPLE IS F\ND 9 ,VICTOR ,S]GE'S QU>REL ) HIS ,FR5* 0PURE0 AN>*I/ COMPATRIOTS OV] ! HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! \TBREAK ( REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ,S]GE'S EXCITEM5T1 !SE CAFE AN>*I/S OR 0,9DIVIDUALI/S10 AS HE *OOSES TO CALL !M1 0MOCK$ .<,S]GE.> ) !IR /ORE ( CYNICAL /OCK PHRASES3 ',REVOLUTIONS >E USELESS4 ,!Y WILL NOT *ANGE HUMAN NATURE4 ,AFT]W>DS REACTION SETS 9 & EV]Y?+ />TS ALL OV] AGA94 ,I'VE ONLY GOT MY [N SK92 ,I'M NOT M>*+ = W>S OR REVOLUTIONS1 ?ANK Y\4'0 ,VICTOR ,S]GE1 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y1 TRANSLAT$ & ABRIDG$ BY ,PET] ,S$GEWICK 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#c71 P4 #e#c4 

.<#b#e.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 0,! ,COMMUNE10 9 ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#b71 P4 #h#a2 EMPHASIS ADD$4 

.<#b#f.> ,SEE ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM3 ,ITS ,BASIS & ,PR9CIPLES10 9 ,R4 ,BALDW91 $41 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV] ,PRESS1 #a#i#g71 PP4 #e#a-#b4 

.<#b#g.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM10 P4 #f#c2 ALSO ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 $4 ,P4 ,AVRI* 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,NEW ,YORK ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b71 PP4 #f#f-#g4 

.<#b#h.> ,M>T9 ,A4 ,MILL]1 0,9TRODUCTION0 TO ,PET] ,KROPOTK9'S ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ON ,AN>*ISM & ,REVOLUTION1 $4 ,M4,A4 ,MILL] 7,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,M,I,T ,PRESS1 #a#i#g71 P4 #c#a4 

.<#b#i.> ,!SE BASIC ASSUMPTIONS CAN ALSO GO A LONG WAY 9 EXPLA9+ :Y AN>*ISM HAS BE5 SO FASC9AT$ BY MY/IFICATIONS ( ! PEASANTRY1 BIOREGIONALISM1 NOT TO SPEAK ( DEEP ECOLOGY1 ,BUDDHISM1 ,TOL/OYISM1 ,G&HI-ISM1 & ! LIKE4 

.<#c.> ,IT %\LD BE M5TION$1 ?\<1 ?AT DESPITE !IR BASIC DIFF]5CES1 SYNDICALISM HAS ALSO BE5 BURD5$ BY ITS EXPRESSLY ANTI-9TELLECTUAL /ANCE1 & IT %>ES ) AU!NTIC AN>*ISM A DISDA9 = RATIONALISM & !ORY4 ,DESPITE ITS COMMITM5T TO MASS ORGANIZATION & SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 SYNDICALISM HAS NO /RATEGY = FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE BEYOND ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,9VALUABLE AS G5]AL /RIKES MAY BE 9 REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 !Y DO NOT HAVE ! ESS5TIALLY MY/ICAL CAPACITY ?AT SYNDICALI/S ASSIGN$ TO !M1 AS ! VA/ G5]AL /RIKE 9ITIAT$ 9 ,G]MANY 9 #aiba DUR+ ! ,KAPP ,PUTS* DEMON/RAT$4 ,SU* FAILURES >E1 9 FACT1 EVID5CE ?AT MILITANT DIRECT ACTIONS 9 !MSELVES >E NOT EQUATABLE ) REVOLUTIONS NOR EV5 ) PR(\ND SOCIAL *ANGES4 ,= A CRITIQUE ( SYNDICALISM1 SEE MY 0,! ,<O/ ( ,AN>*O- ,SYNDICALISM10 9 ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 VOL4 #a1 NO4 #a 7,SPR+ #a#i#i#c74 

.<#c#a.> ,AS ,RONALD ,FRAS] OBS]VES 9 ,BLOOD ( ,SPA9 79 MY VIEW ! BE/ BOOK TO DATE ON ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION73 0,! TWO DIFF]5TIAT$ BUT L9K$ CONCEPTS :I* COMPRIS$ AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 AS ITS HYPH5AT$ NAME SUGGE/$1 C\LD BY ! #a#i#cS BE S*EMATICALLY /AT$ 9 A S]IES ( POL>ITIES3 RURAL_/URBAN1 LOCAL_/ NATIONAL1 >TISANAL_/9DU/RIAL1 SPONTANE\S_/ORGANIZ$1 AUT>KIC_/ 9T]DEP5D5T1 ANTI-9TELLECTUAL_/9TELLECTUAL40 ,RONALD ,FRAS]1 ,BLOOD ( ,SPA93 ,AN ,ORAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS2 #a#i#g#b71 P4 #e#d#b4 ,!SE POL>ITIES W]E NEV] RECONCIL$2 9DE$1 ! CIVIL W> ( #a#i#c#f-#c#i EXAC]BAT$ !M TO A NE> BREAK+ PO9T4 

.<#c#b.> ,!SE REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S CONCEIV$ ! MEANS BY :I* !Y HAD C>RI$ \T ?IS TRANS=MATION AS A =M ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,!Y MEANT BY ?AT T]M WELL-ORGANIZ$ & CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITIES DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 MANAG+ PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,DIRECT ACTION1 9 !IR VIEW1 MEANT ! CREATION ( A POLITY1 ! =MATION ( POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS1 & ! =MULATION & 5ACTM5T ( LAWS1 REGULATIONS1 & ! LIKE - :I* AU!NTIC AN>*I/S REG>D$ AS AN ABRIDGM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL WILL OR AUTONOMY4 

.<#c#c.> ,! ,SPANI% SOCIALI/S ( ! ,U,G,T1 :O RIVAL$ ! ,C,N,T AMONG ! WORK]S1 ALSO CREAT$ AN APPRECIABLE NUMB] ( !SE COMMITTEES OR P>TICIPAT$ 9 !M1 BUT ! COMMITTEE /RUCTURE WAS PRIM>ILY - & 9 ,CATALONIA1 5TIRELY - 9 ! H&S ( ,C,N,T WORK]S4 

.<#c#d.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,PI]RE ,BR\E & ,EMILE ,TEM9E1 ,! ,REVOLUTION & ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,SPA91 TRANS4 ,TONY ,:ITE 7,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,M,I,T ,PRESS1 #a#i#g71 P4 #a#c#a4 

.<#c#e.> ,:E!R 9 ,RUSSIA OR 9 ,G]MANY1 ! CONVICTION ?AT 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY0 7?AT IS1 CAPITALISM7 WAS A PRECONDITIONAL /AGE = LEAD+ SOCIETY TO SOCIALISM HELP$ JU/IFY ! RELUCTANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TO LEAD ! WORK]S TO MAKE A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#a#i4 ,M>X'S 0/AGES !ORY10 9 EFFECT1 WAS NOT ONLY AN ATTEMPT TO GIVE AN 9T]PRETATION TO HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T2 IT PLAY$ A VITAL ROLE 9 ,M>XI/ POLITICS FROM ! ,G]MAN & ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS ( #a#i#a#g-#b#a TO ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g4 

.<#c#f.> ,I REF]1 H]E1 NOT TO ! CONV5TIONAL CRITICISMS ?AT W]E M\NT$ AGA9/ ,M>XISM BY POLITICAL OPPON5TS - CRITICISMS ?AT EM]G$ FROM ! V]Y 9CEPTION ( ,M>X'S !ORETICAL ACTIVITIES & ! EM]G5CE ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS BAS$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ON HIS IDEAS4 ,NOR AM ,I CONC]N$ ) ,M>XI/ CRITICS SU* AS ,$U>D ,B]N/E91 :O M\NT$ !IR CRITIQUES )9 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T ITSELF 9 ! #a#h#iS4 ,RA!R ,I REF] TO ! CRITIQUES ?AT EM]G$ ) ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL & ASSORT$ WRIT]S LIKE ,K>L ,KORS*1 :O S]I\SLY *ALL5G$ ! MANY PREMISES ( ,M>X'S PHILOSOPHICAL & HI/ORICAL CONCEPTS4 

.<#c#g.> ,K>L ,M>X1 0,PREFACE TO A ,CONTRIBUTION ( ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY10 9 ,SELECT$ ,WORKS 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#i71 ,VOL4 #a1 P4 #e#d4 

.<#c#h.> ,ALL ( :I* 9DUC$ ,GEORG ,LUKACS TO IMP>T ?IS HEGEMONIC ROLE TO ! 0PROLET>IAN P>TY10 :I* MY/ICALLY EMBODIES ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS EV5 :5 ITS LEAD]%IP IS USUALLY PR$OM9ANTLY PETTY B\RGEOIS4 

.<#c#i.> ,I AM NOT TRY+ TO D[NPLAY ! IMPORTANCE ( ECONOMIC ISSUES4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 ONLY 9 REC5T TIMES1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! MID TW5TIE? C5TURY1 HAS CAPITALISM'S COMMODITY ECONOMY BECOME A COMMODITY SOCIETY4 ,COMMODIFICATION HAS N[ P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! MO/ 9TIMATE LEVELS ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 ! BUS9ESS-ESE ?AT PREVAILS TODAY1 ALMO/ EV]Y?+ IS SE5 AS A TRADE(F4 ,LOVE ITSELF BECOMES A 0?+0 ) ITS [N EX*ANGE VALUE & USE VALUE1 EV5 ITS [N PRICE - AFT] ALL1 DO WE NOT 0E>N0 ! LOVE ( O!RS BY \R BEHAVIOR8 ,/ILL1 ?IS K9D ( COMMODIFICATION IS NOT COMPLETE2 ! VALUE ( LOVE IS NOT 5TIRELY MEASURABLE 9 T]MS ( LABOR OR SUPPLY & DEM&4 

.<#d.> ,:AT ! PUBLIC ?9KS AT ANY TIME %\LD PLAY NO ROLE 9 DET]M9+ ! POLICIES ( A RATIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,IF ! PUBLIC %\LD WANT NUCLE> P[]1 !N IT IS WRONG - & NO?+ MORE - & ! MOVEM5T %\LD DO :ATEV] CAN BE DONE TO *ANGE ITS M9D 9 A MANN] CONSI/5T ) DEMOCRATIC PROC$URE4 ,BUT AT NO TIME1 9 MY VIEW1 %\LD ! MOVEM5T DROP1 MODIFY1 OR BYPASS ! ISSUE ( ELIM9AT+ NUCLE> P[] BECAUSE IT LACKS PUBLIC SUPPORT OR ALI5ATES PEOPLE4 ,9 ?IS T]RIBLY DUMB$-D[N & JUV5ILIZ$ SOCIETY1 TRU? MU/ LE>N TO /& ON ITS [N FEET1 SO TO SPEAK1 & CONT9UALLY GNAW AWAY AT PUBLIC NAIVETY1 IGNORANCE1 & FATUITY1 IF ONLY TO PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE ( 9TEGRITY4 

.<#d#a.> ,*RIS ,EALHAM1 0,FROM ! ,SUMMITS TO ! ,ABYSS3 ,! ,CONTRADICTIONS ( ,9DIVIDUALISM & ,COLLECTIVISM 9 ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM10 9 ,! ,REPUBLIC ,BESIEG$3 ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,SPA91 $S4 ,PAUL ,PRE/ON & ,ANN ,L4 ,MACK5ZIE 7,$9BUR<3 ,$9BUR< ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#f71 P4 #a#d4 ,?IS ESSAY IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS ,I HAVE READ TO ! LIT]ATURE ON ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 AN>*ISM4 

.<#d#b.> ,TODAY ECOLOGICAL ISSUES >E HI<LY FA%IONABLE & ACCEPTABLE TO LEFTI/S1 BUT EV5 DUR+ ! TUMULTU\S #a#i#fS !Y W]E READILY DISMISS$4 ,I RECALL PUBLI%+ KEY1 MANIFE/O-TYPE >TICLES SU* AS 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T0 9 #a#i#f#d1 & RAIS+ 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES = YE>S 9 RADICAL CIRCLES1 ONLY TO BE SNIDELY D]OGAT$ = 0IGNOR+0 CLASS ISSUES 7AS ?\< ! TWO W]E 9 CONFLICT ) EA* O!R67 & NOT ADOPT+ VIEWS ?AT W]E MORE CLOSELY L9K$ TO ,COLD ,W> DIPLOMACY ?AN !Y W]E TO SOCIALISM4 ,! SAME WAS TRUE ( FEM9I/ ISSUES4 ,IT TOOK ! ,LEFT DECADES TO %[ ANY APPRECIATION ( ! CRISES OP5$ BY GLOBAL W>M+1 TO :I* ,I HAD ALLUD$ 9 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T10 & SEV]AL DECADES TO REMOVE ITSELF FROM ! MIRE ( ,COLD ,W> 0SOCIALISM10 SU* AS ,MAOISM4 ,N[1 TO BE SURE1 ONE LE>NS ?AT ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,KROPOTK91 & ,RECLUS W]E ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ ALL ! TIME - AS F> BACK AS ! N9ETE5? C5TURY - & CLAIRVOYANTLY ANTICIPAT$ ALL ! NEW ISSUES ?AT W]E RAIS$ 9 ! LA/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY6 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! LEFT-W+ MOVEM5TS LACK A CLE> IDEA ( H[ !SE ISSUES CAN BE GIV5 A PROGRAMMATIC *>ACT] ON :I* PEOPLE CAN ACT4 

.<#d#c.> ,! T]M 0TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM10 CO9$ BY ,TROTSKY 9 ! #a#i#cS1 C\LD BE APPLI$ TO ANY SOCIALI/ PROGRAM ?AT SEEKS TO ESCALATE 0RE=MI/0 DEM&S TO A REVOLUTION>Y LEVEL4 ,?AT ! PHRASE WAS =MULAT$ BY ,TROTSKY DOES NOT TR\BLE ME2 IT IS PRECISE & APPROPRIATE1 & ITS USE DOES NOT MAKE ONE 9TO A ,BOL%EVIK4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,FREE ,CITIES -- ,UPDAT$4 

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