,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,!SE ESSAYS >E MY F9AL ASSESSM5T ( SOME #h YE>S ( SOCIAL REFLECTIONS ON ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,9 A V]Y REAL S5SE1 !Y >E ! PRODUCT ( A LIFETIME ( /UDY & POLITICAL WORK1 DI/ILL$ FROM A REM>KABLE ]A ( REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY ?AT SPANN$ DECADES ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 FROM ! #aiag ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TO ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,I MAKE NO PRET5SE TO CLAIM+ ?AT !SE ESSAYS RESOLVE ANY ( ! CRISES ?AT BESET ! PEOPLE :O LIV$ \T ! C5TURY4 ,IT W\LD BE REM>KABLE 9DE$ TO KN[ EV5 H[ TO PROP]LY DEF9E !SE CRISES1 /ILL LESS TO BE CAPABLE ( SOLV+ !M4 ,I DO NOT CLAIM TO BE ABLE TO ANSW] ALL ( ! QUE/IONS WE FACE1 BUT !Y MU/ BE CONSID]$ - HOPEFULLY AS A BASIS = FUTURE & CREATIVE DISC\RSE4 ,! QUE/IONS WE ASK & ! ANSW]S WE GIVE >E SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY DEF9+4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R1 !Y ACTUALLY =M ! BATTLEGR\ND = ! FUTURE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 & \R RESPONSES >E ! BASIS = H[ WE CON/ITUTE \RSELVES AS SOCIAL BE+S4 

,I W\LD LIKE TO SUGGE/ ?AT !SE ESSAYS BE SE5 AS ! POLITICAL CONCLUSIONS ,I HAVE DRAWN FROM MY HI/ORICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL WORK 9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 ,RE-,5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY1 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES & LA/ BUT NOT 9 ! LEA/ ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION4 ,?R\<\T !SE WORKS ,I HAVE TRI$ TO MELD TOGE!R ! MO/ *ALL5G+ HI/ORICAL IDEALS 9TO A BODY ( !ORY ?AT G5]ALLY W5T BY ! NAME 0SOCIAL ECOLOGY04 ,!SE IDEAS COMB9E AS /R&S 9 A COMMON ?READ3 A SE>* TO UND]/& ! PLACE ( HUMANITY 9 ! NATURAL WORLD & ! SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT MU/ BE PRES5T IF WE >E TO ACTUALIZE \R ABILITY 7AS YET 9COMPLETE7 TO BR+ TO BE>1 9 ALL ! AFFAIRS ( 0RAW0 OR FIR/ NATURE1 A 0SOPHI/ICAT$0 OR SECOND NATURE 9=M$ BY REASON4 ,BY COMB9+ ! WORDS 0ECOLOGY0 & 0FRE$OM0 ,I TRI$ TO %[ ?AT NEI!R NATURE NOR REASON C\LD BE PROP]LY CONCEPTUALIZ$ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! O!R2 ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD C\LD NOT BE GIV5 ANY MEAN+ )\T ! SOCIAL WORLD OR ! HUMAN M9D1 ?AT IS1 )\T ! ABILITY TO AB/RACT EXP]I5CE & G5]ALIZE FACTS 9TO F>-REA*+ 9SI<TS4 

,= MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 SOCIETY1 9 EFFECT1 WAS FAMILIAL1 NOT CIVIC2 IT WAS ORGANIZ$ >\ND BLOOD TIES 7REAL OR FICTIVE71 NOT LEGAL T5ETS4 ,ALLOCATION ( ! MEANS ( LIFE FULFILL$ NECESSITIES - ESPECIALLY RI<TS & DUTIES - AMONG LIT]AL & FIGURATIVE RELATIVES 9 A NEXUS ( %>$1 UNQUE/ION$ RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,?+S W]E BR\<T TOGE!R 9 AN 9DISPUTABLY 0NATURAL0 MANN]1 SU* ?AT ! 0PEOPLE0 W]E UNIFI$ - EV5 MORE COMPELL+LY ?AN BY CU/OM - BY AN 9BORN S*EME ( REALITY4 ,!Y C\LD NOT ACT O!RWISE1 & !IR LIFE-WAYS ALL[$ = NO DISCRETION TO FOLL[ ANY PA? O!R ?AN :AT WAS GIV5 BY ! 0ET]NAL0 NATURE ( ?+S4 

,! RISE ( ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITIES - ULTIMATELY CITIES1 CIVILIZATION1 & CITIZ5%IP1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM HABITATS1 CU/OMS1 & FOLK - RADICALLY *ANG$ ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,9DE$1 IT M>K$ ! GREAT RUPTURE ( ,HOMO SAPI5S FROM M]ELY A CREATIVE K9D ( ANIMAL 9TO HUMANS AS SU*4 ,! MO/ P[]FUL M$IUM = A*IEV+ ?IS RADICAL NEW DISP5SATION WAS A PROCESS ( ALI5ATION CALL$ TRADE1 A PROCESS ?AT DRA/ICALLY REMADE ! APPREH5SION ( REALITY FROM IMAG]Y 9TO OBJECTIVITY4 ,! TRADITIONAL WORLD ( IMAG9ATION & ANALOGICAL ?9K+ GAVE WAY TO A NEW WORLD ( SY/EMATIC ANALYSIS & DISCIPL9$ ?\<T1 5G5D]$ BY COMM]CE1 EFFICI5T PRODUCTION1 & C>EFUL CALCULATION4 ,TRADE REW>D$ PR$ICTABILITY BAS$ ON OBJECTIVITY1 & KN[L$GE BAS$ ON REALITY1 ) P[] & WEAL?4 ,TO KN[ MEANT TO LIVE 9 PALPABLE T\* ) REALITY4 

,KN[L$GE CEAS$ TO BE AN 5D 9 ITSELF2 IT BECAME A TOOL1 AN 9/RUM5T ( CONTROL & MANIPULATION4 ,YET ULTIMATELY IT CREAT$ A NEW WORLD ( ?\<TS & ?+S1 A NEW UNIV]SE ?AT R$EF9$ :AT IT MEANT TO BE ALIVE - G5]AT+ AN APPETITE = WEAL?1 = COMPETITION1 = GR[? = ITS [N SAKE1 = PRIVATE [N]%IP1 & = P[] OV] M54 ,:AT HUMANS C\LD IMAG9E1 !Y BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,EV5 ! TRANS=MATION ( HUMAN BE+S FROM E>?-B\ND TO FLY+ CREATURES CON/ITUT$ A REM>KABLE ADVANCE 9 ! CONV]SION ( IMAGE 9TO OBJECT - & NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 IT R$UC$ A FRI<T5+ MY/]Y TO A PROSAIC PROBLEM ( 5G9E]+4 ,NUCLE> PHYSICS TRANS=M$ VA/1 9EFFABLE LEG5DS 9TO PROBLEMS ( ORD9>Y MA!MATICS1 NO LESS UNSOLVABLE ?AN ! QUE/IONS POS$ BY ,EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY4 

,BUT H[ WAS ?IS EV5 POSSIBLE8 ,! PEOPLE :O N[ GRAPPL$ ) ! FANTA/IC PROBLEMS ?AT HAD OCCUPI$ HUMAN BE+S EV5 SEV]AL MILL5NIA E>LI] W]E1 9 FACT1 NO LONG] ! SAME PEOPLE4 ,!IR \TLOOK WAS NO LONG] ANIMI/IC1 & !Y NO LONG] LIV$ 9 ORGANIC SOCIETIES4 ,[+ TO !IR HABITATION 9 VILLAGES & CITIES1 TO !IR WRITT5 LIT]ATURE & SY/EMATIC MODES ( ?\<T1 TO !IR C>EFUL RETROSPECTION & 9TROSPECTION1 TO !IR SUB/ITUTION ( MY?OPEIC FANTASY ) RATIONAL ?\<T1 !Y W]E BECOM+ HUMANIZ$1 RATIONALIZ$1 & CIVILIZ$ - V]ITABLY A NEW SPECIES4 

,SOCIAL !ORY C\LD NOT IGNORE ! EXT5T TO :I* MY?OPOESIS1 FANTASY1 & UNBRIDL$ SUBJECTIVITY YIELD$ TO HUMANIZATION1 RATIONALIZATION & CIVILIZATION1 & IT DID NOT DO SO4 ,?IS NEW WORLD1 P>TICUL>LY ITS EM]G5CE1 WAS MO/ BRILLIANTLY ELUCIDAT$ 9 ! ECONOMIC WORKS ( ,K>L ,M>X & HIS DISCIPLES4 ,DESPITE !IR HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS1 !Y /ILL /& AS A MONUM5T TO ! P[] ( ?\<T TO RISE ABOVE FANTASY4 

,BOL/]$ BY ?REE MASSIVE VOLUMES ( CLOSELY REASON$ ECONOMIC ANALYSIS1 CONSID]ABLE MA!MATICAL =MULATIONS1 & HI<LY P]SUASIVE HI/ORICAL DATA1 ,M>XISM EM]G$ AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE AS ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY ( ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN RADICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA & AFFECT$ ! ?9K+ ( GREAT MASSES ( LIT]ATE WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,DESPITE MANY V>IATIONS 9 ,M>XI/ T5ETS1 ,M>X WAS SE5 AS ! MAN :O PROVID$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( ! ,WE/ ) ! BASIC IDEAS ( SOCIALISM4 

,TREAT$ LIKE A NEW GOSPEL1 ?IS 0SCI5TIFIC0 SOCIALISM WAS REG>D$ AS EVID5CE1 NOT ( DOGMATISM1 BUT ( LE>N+ & ( MOD]N 9TELLECTUAL C]TA9TY4 ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E1 9 EFFECT1 WAS REG>D$ AS OBJECTIVE TRU?1 :I* QUALIFI$ ITS EXPOSITORS TO SPEAK AU?ORITATIVELY ON ANY SUBJECT AS ! PE]S ( 9=M$ SCI5TI/S1 NOT ONLY 9 ECONOMICS BUT ALSO 9 ! LIFE SCI5CES & MA!MATICS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( LIT]ATURE & E?ICS4 ,9 HI/ORY1 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 &1 NE$LESS TO EMPHASIZE1 ) REG>D TO CURR5T EV5TS1 ITS ACOLYTES P]SUASIVELY CLAIM$ TO 5JOY A SPECIAL KN[L$GE ( ! C\RSE ( EV5TS & !IR MEAN+4 ,[+ TO !IR ADOPTION ( ,HEGEL'S NOTION ( ! 0CUNN+ ( REASON10 ,M>XI/S PR(ESS$ TO UND]/& ! 0HIDD5 H&0 ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 AS IT W]E1 LOOK+ BEYOND CULTURAL1 POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 MY/ICAL1 & EV5 >TI/IC CLAIMS TO ! 0UND]LY+0 CLASS 9T]E/S4 

,9 ! H&S ( ,M>XIAN ACOLYTES LIKE ,GEORG ,PLEKHANOV & ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 :O ESS5TIALLY SUB/ITUT$ DIALECTICS = ME*ANICS1 SOCIAL !ORY BECAME ! DEAD5+ SCI5TISM ( A NEW 0SOCIAL PHYSICS40 ,! 9T]W> G5]ATION1 ! PRODUCT ( ! ME*ANICS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! DOGMA ( SOCIAL R$UCTIONISM1 & ! H>D-NOS$ IDEA ( SOCIAL DYNAMICS RA!R ?AN SOCIAL DIALECTICS1 EM]G$ AS TRUE CLASS BE+S - ,HOMO ECONOMICUS4 ,M>XISM'S GREATE/ CLAIM TO SUP]IORITY OV] ! SO-CALL$ 0UTOPIAN0 SOCIALI/S WAS ITS CONT5TION ?AT IT HAD PROSPECTIVELY E/ABLI%$ ! HEGEMONIC ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT OV] ALL O!R CLASSES 9 A*IEV+ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,( ALL CLASSES1 ! PROLET>IAT1 ,M>X EXPRESSLY MA9TA9$1 HAD NO?+ TO SELL BUT ITS AB/RACT 0LABOR P[]0 7?AT IS1 ITS BIOLOGICAL CAPACITY TO PRODUCE COMMODITIES 9 QUANTITIES BEYOND :AT WAS NECESS>Y = ! SATISFACTION ( ITS NE$S71 & = ?AT REASON ITS HI/ORICAL DE/9Y WAS TO BE DRIV5 TO OV]?R[ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & REPLACE IT ) A PLANN$1 NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,?IS SEM9AL1 =CIBLY DRIV5 ACT MADE ,M>X'S WORK DI/9CTIVE AMONG !ORIES ( SOCIALISM4 

,BUT ! GREATE/ %ORTCOM+ ( ,M>XISM WAS ITS CELEBRAT$ CLAIM TO F9ALITY4 ,CAPITAL ASS]T$ ?AT CAPITALISM APPE>S AS ! DISSECTION ( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY 9 ALL ITS 0:OL5ESS10 5CAPSULAT$ AS A 0SCI5CE10 A NOTION ?AT PRESUPPOSES 7LIKE ,QUESNAY'S ,TABLEAU ,ECONOMIQUE7 A SOCIAL /ABILITY ?AT W\LD HAVE CR$IBILITY ONLY 9 ! F9ITUDE OR /ATIC P]FECTION ( ,>I/OTLE'S />S4 ,( C\RSE1 NO:]E 9 ,BE+ IS SU* IMMOBILITY POSSIBLE1 & NO CONCEPT C\LD BE MORE NONS5SICAL4 ,9DE$1 AS ! ANCI5T ,GREEKS EMPHASIZ$1 ALL ?AT EXI/S IS DEVELOPM5T1 ELABORATION1 & 9CREAS+ 7BUT ALWAYS 9COMPLETE7 0FULLNESS40 ,?\<T & LIFE >E UN5D+ 9NOVATION4 ,9 A ,BE+ ?AT IS NECESS>ILY P>ADOXICAL1 WE /RIVE NOT ONLY = A 0:OLE10 NOT ONLY = A 0TOTALITY0 ?AT IS COMPLETE1 BUT = ONE :OSE 0F9AL0 CONT\RS ALWAYS ELUDE US4 

,!SE ESSAYS1 !N1 DO NOT WORK FROM ! NOTION ?AT !RE CAN BE AN 05D TO HI/ORY40 ,DEF9+ HI/ORY AS HAV+ AN ULTIMATE 5D W\LD DISSOLVE IT 9TO A MEAN+LESS CONUNDRUM1 B]EFT ( EXP]I5CE & DEVELOPM5T4 ,YET ! WORD HI/ORY IS ONE ( ! FEW ?AT ALT]NATELY D5OTES BO? COMPLET5ESS & DYNAMISM4 ,)9 A GIV5 0/AGE0 HI/ORY HAS A COMPLET5ESS TO ITSELF1 BUT 9 HI/ORY AS A 0PROCESS0 A GIV5 P]IOD 0FL[S0 9TO ! NEXT ) NO T]M9US1 SO TO SPEAK4 ,WE ?US F9D \RSELVES FAC$ ) A CONUNDRUM1 MORE LIKE A ,KANTIAN SYLLOGISM ?AT HAS TO BE ACCEPT$ AS A GIV51 OR :AT ,HEGEL W\LD CALL A CONTRADICTION4 

,NOT ONLY DO ! GR& WORKS ( PHILOSOPHY HAVE 9TR9SIC DUAL MEAN+S1 !Y ALSO REFLECT SIGNIFICANT 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGES ?AT SOCIETIES HAVE UND]GONE ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME1 FROM ]AS ( OBEISANCE TO K+S & NOBLES TO \R [N4 ,SWEEP+ SOCIAL *ANGES 9 A SURPRIS+LY BRIEF P]IOD ( TIME HAVE CREAT$ A NE$ = PR(\NDLY NEW SOCIAL T]MS1 9DE$ = A DICTION>Y MORE 9CLUSION>Y ?AN WE HAVE TODAY4 ,SU* A COMPILATION ( T]MS1 OR EXPANSIONS 9 MEAN+ ( WORDS 9 COMMON USE TODAY1 AM\NTS TO ! =MULATION ( A NEW SY/EM ( IDEAS4 ,AS WE $UCE ONE IDEA FROM ! O!RS1 WE CAN D]IVE FROM EV]Y ONE ! POT5TIALITIES ( LESS 9CLUSIVE BUT PR(\NDLY MEAN+FUL (FSPR+1 ) A V>IETY ( DIV]G5T DEVELOPM5TS4 

,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 HI/ORY BECOMES AN OP5 PROSPECT ?AT SUGGE/S ! POT5TIALITY = A MULTITUDE ( RADICALLY NEW =MS4 ,I PRES5T$ ONE ( A NUMB] ( C\RSES ?AT ?IS APPROA* TO A SOCIAL DIALECTIC MI<T TAKE 9 MY BOOK ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM2 ALT]NATIVE C\RSES W]E PUT =W>D BY NON-,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! PRE-,COLUMBIAN ,AM]ICAS4 ,IT IS NOT AN IDLE 5DEAVOR TO TRY TO IMAG9E :AT A H&ICRAFT SOCIETY1 :OSE ECONOMY WAS DELIB]ATELY MIX$ & SMALL-SCALE 9 *>ACT]1 MI<T HAVE LOOK$ LIKE - AS A 0RATIONAL0 SOCIETY - 9 CONTRA/ TO ! M$IEVAL WORLD ?AT ACTUALLY PREC$$ URBAN SOCIETY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E1 :I* DESCRIBES SU* A SOCIETY1 HAS ATTRACT$ SO MANY ADMIR]S 9 \R [N TIME AS A 0MODEL0 UTOPIA1 ESPECIALLY AMONG LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S & SYNDICALI/S4 

,:AT CONC]NS US H]E1 H[EV]1 IS ! OSSIFICATION ( !SE LIB]T>IAN & ORGANIC TRADITIONS DUR+ ! P]IOD ?AT SPANN$ ! TWO WORLD W>S4 ,! 0,GREAT ,W>0 WAS F\<T L>GELY BY MEANS ( BRUTAL TR5* W>F>E2 BACK+ \T ( ?AT SLAU<T]1 ! WORLD 5T]$ ! 0,RO>+ ,TW5TIES10 !N ! 0,GREAT ,DEPRESSION0 & ! TUMULTU\S #a#i#cS1 ) SOCIALI/ 9SURRECTIONS1 ! FASCI/ C\PS ( ,MUSSOL9I & ,HITL]1 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 & ,/AL9'S MASSIVE PURGES4 ,! P]IOD ?AT ?US CLOS$ ) ! G5OCIDAL ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO CANNOT BE ME*ANICALLY LOCK$ 9TO A HI/ORICAL BOX4 ,! YE>S FROM #aiad TO #aie CON/ITUTE ONE ( ! MO/ EV5TFUL P]IODS ( TRUE HI/ORY1 :]E9 PEOPLE'S ACTIONS SURM\NT ! QUANTITATIVE /UFF FROM :I* M]E CAL5D>S >E MADE4 

,! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN G5]ATION ( Y\NG RADICALS ?AT EM]G$ AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE & ?AT TRI$ TO RESOLVE ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A ( ! 9T]W> ]A WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ P]PLEX+ 9 MOD]N HI/ORY4 ,IT WAS C]TA9LY ! MO/ EMBATTL$ &1 IDEOLOGICALLY1 ! MO/ 9SURRECTION>Y T[>D ! DEEPLY 5TR5*$ EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL ORD]1 NOTABLY CAPITALISM4 

,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO A/ONI%+ TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES1 SO>+ PRODUCTION FIGURES1 MAJOR ADVANCES 9 ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ,WE/]N WORK]S1 & BROADLY RI<TW>D %IFTS 9 POPUL> POLITICAL S5TIM5TS ALL MADE IT EVID5T ?AT CAPITALISM HAD MORE LIFE REMA9+ TO IT ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S HAD =ESE5 DECADES E>LI]4 ,AFT] ! %ORT-LIV$ ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#fS1 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS WAN$ /EADILY 9 NUMB]S & PURPOSE1 :ILE ]/:ILE RADICAL SOCIAL !ORI/S IMM]S$ !MSELVES 9 ACADEMIC ESOT]ICA SU* AS ! P]EGR9ATIONS ( ! V>I\S ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL !ORI/S1 ( ,GEORG ,LUKACS & ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 & F9ALLY 9 PO/MOD]NISM1 ! EXPRESSION P> EXCELL5CE ( ! 0VIRTUES0 ( IDEOLOGICAL DISORD] & SOCIAL NIHILISM4 

,AS SOMEONE :O LIV$ \T ?IS ]A1 ,I WAS V>I\SLY REG>D$ - OR REG>D$ MYSELF - AS A COMMUNI/ 79CLUD+ ONE :O ADH]$ TO SUCCESSIVE VIEWS HELD BY ,TROTSKY71 A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/1 & 9 A RA!R SPOTTY FA%ION1 AN AN>*I/4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS ,I EXPRESS$ MY IDEAS =CEFULLY 9 A RA!R ROMANTIC AN>*I/ FRAMEWORK4 ,LAT]1 H[EV]1 ,I F\ND IT 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE AN>*ISM ) MY BASIC VIEWS4 ,9 ! #a#i#iS IT WAS GRADUALLY BECOM+ CLE> TO ME ?AT AN IDEOLOGY ?AT DOES LITTLE MORE ?AN HAIL ! 0AUTONOMY ( ! EGO10 & ?AT CONCEIVES ( 0LIB]TY0 9 EXTREMELY 9DIVIDUALI/IC T]MS1 CAN NEV] PRODUCE BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,A LIFE/YLE RA!R ?AN AN IDEOLOGY1 AN>*ISM1 ,I CAME TO REALIZE1 IS CONC]N$ MORE ) 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR ?AN ) POLITICAL *ANGE & ALL[S LITTLE ROOM = A CREATIVE POLITICAL PRACTICE4 

,MY [N EXP]I5CES 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T 7AS A F\NDRYMAN & LAT] AS AN AUT[ORK]7 9 ! #a#i#cS & #a#i#dS HAD LONG AGO CONV9C$ ME ?AT MAK+ BASIC & LA/+ *ANGE REQUIRES ORGANIZATION 7AS ! ,I,W,W M>TYR ,JOE ,HILL VOIC$ JU/ BE=E HIS EXECUTION74 ,BUT MO/ ( ! AN>*I/S ,I 5C\NT]$ RESI/$ ORGANIZATION1 SOMETIMES VEHEM5TLY4 ,& :5 ,I TRI$ TO PROP]LY DEF9E POLITICS 7AS ! DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION ( ! FREE MUNICIPALITY BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES7 AS ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( /ATECRAFT 7RULE BY PR(ESSIONAL BUREAUCRATS1 ULTIMATELY ?R\< A MONOPOLY ( ! MEANS ( VIOL5CE71 MY ONCE-CLOSE AN>*I/ ASSOCIATES ASSAIL$ ME AS 0/ATI/40 ,DEMOCRACY1 !Y ASS]T$1 IS ITSELF A =M ( 0RULE10 BY ! MAJORITY OV] ! M9ORITY4 ,A PREPO/]\S REJECTION ( MAJORITY VOT+ 9 FAVOR ( CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+ PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 RU9+ ! HUGE ,AM]ICAN ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i#hS & POT5TIALLY MAKES ANY MOVEM5T ORGANIZATION & 9/ITUTION 7BEYOND A SMALL GR\P7 DYSFUNCTIONAL4 ,9 ! 5D ,I F\ND ?AT ,I HAD EI!R TO CLOSE MY EYES TO ! COMPELL+ NE$ = ORGANIZATION 9 PRAXIS1 & = DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS 9 A FUTURE LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY1 OR ELSE COMPLETELY RECA/ MY VIEWS4 ,I *OSE TO DO ! LATT]4 

,REFLECT+ AS !Y DO MY MO/ REC5T &1 HAV+ PASS$ ! AGE ( #h1 MY MO/ MATURE IDEAS1 !SE ESSAYS TRY TO EXPLA9 :Y SOCIAL ECOLOGY CAN NO LONG] BE SE5 AS A M]E EXT5SION ( TRADITIONAL RADICAL IDEOLOGIES1 EI!R ,M>XI/ OR AN>*I/4 ,IT IS N[ MY CONVICTION ?AT ! 5SEMBLE ( VIEWS ?AT ,I CALL SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 & DIALECTICAL NATURALISM %\LD PROP]LY =M ! BASIS = A NEW LIB]T>IAN IDEOLOGY & POLITICS - COMMUNALISM - ?AT TAKES FULL ACC\NT ( ! SWEEP+ *ANGES ?AT HAVE OCCURR$ 9 CAPITALISM S9CE ! FAILURE ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & ?AT SUGGE/S ! NEW ME?ODS ?AT >E NE$$ TO TRANS=M A M>KET-BAS$ SOCIETY 9TO A TRULY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ONE4 

,! READ] ALONE WILL DECIDE :E!R !SE ESSAYS >E CORRECT OR ]RONE\S & :E!R MY EXPECTATIONS = COMMUNALISM >E S\ND OR FANCIFUL1 BUT !IR MO/ ESS5TIAL PURPOSE IS TO CREATE A NEW DEP>TURE FROM IDEOLOGIES ?AT W]E 9SPIR$ BY ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION ( TWO C5TURIES AGO1 A DEP>TURE ?AT TAKES FULL ACC\NT ( *ANG+ CLASS RELATIONS & HI]>*ICAL =MS1 ( DEMOGRAPHICAL TRANS=MATIONS & ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS1 & ( URBANIZATION1 TO CITE ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTORS4 ,FEW ( !SE ISSUES HAD AN IMPORTANT PLACE 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X1 ,BAKUN91 & !IR SUCCESSORS4 ,)\T IGNOR+ ! VITAL CONTRIBUTIONS ?AT ! ABLE/ ,M>XI/S & LEFT LIB]T>IANS HAVE MADE TO SOCIAL !ORY1 ,I W\LD ASK ! READ] TO RECOGNIZE ! C5TRALITY ( !SE MORE REC5T ISSUES 9 ! ESSAYS ?AT FOLL[4 

,ONLY TIME WILL TELL H[ CAPITALISM WILL UND]M9E ITSELF1 AS ,M>X LONG AGO EXPECT$ IT W\LD1 & TO :AT DEGREE ! PUBLIC - MIDDLE CLASS & WORK+ CLASS ALIKE - WILL ACQUIRE ?OSE MUTUALI/IC IMPULSES ?AT ! FOLL[]S ( ,KROPOTK9 IMPUTE TO HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT WILL NOT BE MY PRIVILEGE TO SEE 9 MY LIFETIME ! A*IEVEM5T ( A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL1 & HUMANI/IC SOCIETY 9 :I* PEOPLE WILL F9ALLY BE NATURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S - ! GREAT HOPE ( ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY & SOCIAL PROGRESS = TWO ?\S& YE>S4 ,:AT ,I HOLD TO1 & :AT ,I TRY TO IMP>T ?R\< !SE ESSAYS1 IS MY BELIEF ?AT ! NOBLE/ ROLE CONSCI\S HUMAN BE+S CAN PLAY TODAY IS NOT ONLY TO SEEK ! EMANCIPATION ( PEOPLE FROM ! IRRATIONALITIES ( CAPITALI/ & HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY BUT ALSO TO DEF5D ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ITS MESSAGE ( REASON 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS AGA9/ ! D>K =CES ( IRRATIONALITY1 NIHILISM1 & ULTIMATELY B>B>ISM ?AT /& AT ! GATES ( CIVILIZATION4 ,MY [N G5]ATION F\<T (F ,NAZISM & SUP]/ITION ) SOME SUCCESS4 ,! PRES5T & COM+ G5]ATIONS MU/ HAVE AS !IR TASK TO OPPOSE ! 0DUMB+ D[N0 ( ! HUMAN M9D1 ITS GR[+ TRIVIALIZATION & JUV5ILIZATION1 & ITS APPALL+ IGNORANCE EV5 ( ! REC5T PA/4 ,!Y MU/ OPPOSE ! NEW GOSPEL ( SELF-ABSORPTION AT ! EXP5SE ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,!Y MAY HAVE ONCE AGA9 TO DEAL ) <O/S ( ! PA/ - FASCISM & ,/AL9ISM - AS WELL4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 WE /ILL HAVE TIME TO BUILD A COH]5T !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK = \R PRACTICE & TO PREP>E = ! 0F9AL CONFLICT0 ?AT MAY YET COME AT SOME PO9T 9 ! PRES5T C5TURY4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,BURL+TON1 ,V]MONT  

,NOVEMB]1 #be 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/