,=GOTT5 ,H]OES3 ,SPANI% ,RESI/ANCE 9 ,FRANCE #a#i#c#i-#d#e 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

0,H[ MANY L&S HAVE MY FEET TROD & MY EYES SE56 ,:AT T]RIBLE SC5ES ( DESOLATION ( DEA? ,I WITNESS$ 9 ?OSE YE>S ( CONT9UAL W>4 ,ADV]SE CIRCUM/ANCES HAD MADE US1 ANTI-MILIT>I/S1 ! MO/ BATTLE H>D5$ SOLDI]S ( ! ,ALLI$ >MIES0 7,MURILLO DE LA ,CRUZ7 

,!RE >E MANY MY?S & CONTROV]SIES CONC]N+ ! ,FR5* ,RESI/ANCE DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,! 0(FICIAL0 L9E1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ,GAULLI/S1 ASCRIBES GREAT SIGNIFICANCE TO ! RADIO APPEAL BROADCA/ BY ,*>LES DE ,GAULLE ON ,JUNE #a#h? #a#i#d1 CALL+ ON ! ,FR5* PEOPLE TO CONT9UE ! FI<T AGA9/ ! ,G]MANS4 ,BUT = AT LEA/ ONE MAJOR COMPON5T ( ! ,RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FASCISM BEGAN NOT ON ,JUNE #a#h? #aid BUT ON ,JULY #a#g? #a#i#c#f4 ,IT IS A LITTLE KN[N FACT ?AT OV] #f1 ,SPANI% EXILES F\<T ALONGSIDE ! ,FR5* ,RESI/ANCE1 9 ADDITION TO ?\S&S ( O!RS :O S]V$ 9 ! REGUL> =CES ( ! ,FREE ,FR5* >MY4  ,?IS >TICLE PAYS TRIBUTE TO ! =GOTT5 H]OES ( ! ,SPANI% ,RESI/ANCE & EXPLORES ! WID] ORIG9S & DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,FR5* ,RESI/ANCE4 

,DEFEAT1 ,EXILE @& ,9T]NM5T 

,FASCI/ VICTORIES 9 ,SPA9 L$ TO SEV]AL WAVES ( REFUGEES CROSS+ ! ,FR5* BORD]4 ,BY ,JUNE #ai* SOME #d-#d#e1 REFUGEES HAD CROSS$ & AN AL>M$ ,FR5* GOV]NM5T ORD]$ ! BORD] TO BE CLOS$4 ,H[EV]1 ) ! FALL ( ,CATALONIA 9 ,JANU>Y #aici A HUMAN TIDE FL[$ NOR?W>DS4 ,BEH9D !M CAME ! RETREAT+ ,REPUBLICAN ,>MY COV]$ BY A RE>GU>D COMPOS$ ( ! #b#f? ,DIVISION 7,DURRUTI ,COLUMN7 & ELEM5TS ( ! ,>MY ( ! ,EBRO4 ,! RI<T W+ PRESS 9 ,FRANCE W5T 9TO NE> HY/]IA ) BANN] HEADL9ES PROCLAIM+1 0,WILL ! ,>MY ( ,RIOT ,REORGANIZE ,ITSELF 9 ,FRANCE80 & 0,CLOSE \R ,BORD]S TO ! ,>M$ ,B&S ( ! ,F4,A4,I4 & ! ,P4,O4,U4,M404 ,H[EV]1 ) ! T[N ( ,FIGU]AS AB\T TO FALL TO ,FRANCO1 ! ,FR5* ,LEFT & HUMANIT>IAN S5SIBILITIES PREVAIL$ & ! BORD] WAS OP5$ TO ADMIT HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( CIVILIANS & COMBATANTS 9TO ,FRANCE4 

,! POPULATION ( ! ,PYR5EES-,ORI5TALES ,DEP>TM5T MORE ?AN D\BL$ DUE TO ! 9FLUX ( ,SPANI>DS4 ,FR5* TROOPS 9 ! >EA HAD ALREADY BE5 RE9=C$ & FUR!R RE9=CEM5TS W]E BR\<T 9 AS ! #b#f? ,DIVISION REA*$ ! BORD]4 ,AS ONE ( ITS MEMB]S1 ,ANTONIO ,H]R]O1 RECALL$1 0444WE W]E CONSID]$ ! MO/ DANG]\S ( ! REFUGEES04 ,SECTIONS ( ! ,FR5* E/ABLI%M5T CLE>LY FE>$ ?AT ! 0,R$S0 & 0,AN>*I/S0 W\LD BR+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION TO ,FRANCE4 

,:IL/ ! REFUGEES W]E N[ SAFE FROM ,FRANCO'S >MY1 !Y W]E BY NO MEANS TO BE ALL[$ !IR LIB]TY4 ,9/EAD !Y W]E CONF9$ 9 CONC5TRATION CAMPS ON ! BEA*ES AT ,>GELES-SUR-M]1 ,/4 ,CYPRI5 & ,B>C>ES1 P5N$ 9 BY /AKES & B>B$ WIRE4 ,FR5* POLICE HUNT$ = ?OSE :O ESCAP$ CONF9EM5T4 ,9SIDE ! CAMPS1 %ELT]1 SUPPLIES & M$ICAL C>E W]E VIRTUALLY NON-EXI/5T4 ,/RICT MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E PREVAIL$1 ) FREQU5T ROLL CALLS1 PATROLS & CON/ANT SURVEILLANCE4 ,DI/RIBUTION ( LEFT W+ PAP]S WAS =BIDD5 7BUT NOT RI<T W+ NEWSPAP]S74 ,MOREOV]1 ?OSE ID5TIFI$ AS 0CRIM9ALS0 OR 0RADICALS0 W]E TAK5 TO SEP>ATE PRISON CAMPS1 SU* AS ! =TRESS ( ,COLLI\RE & ! CAMP AT ,LE ,V]NET4 ,H]E1 ,COMMUNI/S & ,AN>*I/S W]E HELD AS PRISON]S UND] A REGIME ( H>D LABOR4 ,?OSE :O EXP]I5C$ !SE CAMPS LAT] RECALL$ ?AT1 AL?\< !Y W]E NOT PLACES ( MASS EXT]M9ATION1 9 MANY O!R RESPECTS !Y W]E EV]Y BIT AS BAD AS ! ,G]MAN CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 

,! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T TRI$ TO 5C\RAGE REPATRIATION1 BO? VOLUNT>ILY & BY ?REATS4 ,BUT BY ,DECEMB] #aici !RE W]E /ILL AT LEA/ #b#e1 ,SPANI>DS 9 ! CAMPS4 ,BUILD+ WORK MEANT AN IMPROVEM5T 9 CONDITIONS1 ?\< HEAL?1 SANITATION & FOOD SUPPLIES W]E /ILL DISMAL4 ,! ,SPANI>DS ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES COLLECTIVELY AS BE/ !Y C\LD ?R\< ! MA9 POLITICAL GR\P+S4 

,BLITZKRIEG @& ,VI*Y ,FRANCE 

,) A G5]AL ,EUROPEAN W> LOOM+ & RECOGNIZ+ ! VA/ POOL ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL SKILLS CONF9$ ON ! BEA*ES1 ! ,SPANI% EXILES W]E GIV5 ! OPTION TO LEAVE ! CAMPS FROM ,APRIL #a#i#c#i4 ,BUT ?IS WAS ON ! CONDITION ?AT !Y EI!R OBTA9$ AN 9DIVIDUAL WORK CONTRACT ) LOCAL F>M]S_/ EMPLOY]S OR 5LI/$ 9 0WORK]S COMPANIES0 7LABOR BATTALIONS71 ! ,=EIGN ,LEGION OR ! REGUL> ,FR5* ,>MY4 ,AL?\< ! FIR/ OPTION WAS ! MO/ DESIRABLE1 >\ND #a#e1 JO9$ ! ,=EIGN ,LEGION1 9CLUD+ ELEM5TS ( ! #b#f? ,DIVISION 7,DURRUTI ,COLUMN7 :O W]E (F]$ A *OICE BETWE5 ?IS & =C$ REPATRIATION4 

,?US MANY ,SPANI% EXILES F\ND !MSELVES AT ! %>P 5D ( ,HITL]'S ,BLITZKRIEG 9 #a#i#d4 ,OV] #f1 DI$ 9 BATTLE BE=E ! ,>MI/ICE & #a#d1 W]E TAK5 PRISON]4 ,SPANI>DS CAPTUR$ BY ! ,NAZIS W]E NOT TREAT$ AS PRISON]S ( W> BUT S5T /RAI<T TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 PRIM>ILY ,MAU?AUS54 ,( #a#b1 S5T TO ?AT PLACE ( MURD] ONLY #b1 SURVIV$ UNTIL LIB]ATION4 ,O!R ,SPANI>DS 9 ! ,FR5* >MY F\ND !MSELVES S]V+ 9 ,NORWAY1 AS P>T ( ! EXP$ITION>Y =CE TO ,N>VIK & ,TRONDHEIM4 ,!Y DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES BY !IR BRAV]Y1 BUT AT A HEAVY PRICE4 ,( #a1#b ONLY #c SURVIV$4 

,FOLL[+ ! ,G]MAN MILIT>Y TRIUMPH 9 ,P>IS1 #a#d? ,JUNE #a#i#d1 ! C\NTRY WAS SPLIT 9TO OCCUPI$ & UNOCCUPI$ ZONES4 ,! LATT]1 COMPRIS+ C5TRAL & S\!RN ,FRANCE & ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/1 WAS GOV]N$ DIRECTLY BY ! ,VI*Y ,GOV]NM5T ( ,M>%AL ,PETA94 ,AT FIR/ MANY ,FR5* PEOPLE SAW ,PETA9 AS A NATIONAL SAVIOR1 RESCU+ ! C\NTRY FROM ! HUMILIATION ( TOTAL DEFEAT4 ,BUT ! ,VI*Y REGIME NOT ONLY PURSU$ A POLICY ( CO-EXI/5CE & COLLABORATION ) ! ,NAZIS BUT HAD MANY ( ! TRAPP+S ( A ,FASCI/ /ATE ITSELF4 ,PETA9'S SO-CALL$ 0,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION0 OP]AT$ UND] ! SLOGAN 0,WORK1 ,FAMILY1 ,FA!RL&0 & PURSU$ NATIONALI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN POLICIES4 

,9 ,AUGU/ #aid ALL TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS W]E DISSOLV$ 9 FAVOR ( ! 0ORGANIC0 CORPORATE /RUCTURES ( EMPLOY]S & EMPLOYES FAVOR$ BY ,FASCISM4 ,! MODEL = !SE POLICIES C\LD BE EASILY SE5 9 ,ITALY1 ,SPA9 7CORDIAL RELATIONS ) ,FRANCO W]E QUICKLY E/ABLI%$7 & ,PORTUGAL &1 AS 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES1 SUPPORT = ! ,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION CAME MO/LY FROM ! UPP] & MIDDLE CLASS1 FROM SMALL 9DU/RIALI/S & F9ANCI]S1 LOCAL BUS9ESS & L&$ PROP]TY & FROM HI< /ATUS PR(ESSIONS4 ,SU* SUPPORT]S W]E QUICKLY 9/ALL$ AT EV]Y LEVEL ( ! ADM9I/RATION4  ,PEASANT & FAMILY LIFE WAS IDEALIZ$1 AS WAS ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* AS A MODEL ( MORAL LIFE1 COMMUNAL VALUES & OB$I5CE4 ,Y\? CAMPS & ,CORPS W]E SET UP4 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 LI/S W]E DRAWN UP ( ,COMMUNI/S1 ,SOCIALI/S ETC4 -- SOME = IMM$IATE >RE/1 O!RS TO BE >RE/$ AT ! FIR/ SIGN ( ANY ?REAT TO PUBLIC ORD]4 

,! ,VI*Y REGIME WAS TO ACTIVELY COLLABORATE 9 *OOS+ HO/AGES & RECRUIT+ LABOR = ! ,G]MANS1 >RE/+ RESI/]S & DEPORT+ ,JEWS4  ,! ,S,S & ,GE/APO SWIFTLY MADE CONTACTS ) ,FR5* ANTI-,SEMITES & ,FASCI/S1 GA!R+ 9=MATION ON ,JEWS & ! ,LEFT4 ,NO S+LE ,FASCI/ /YLE P>TY EV] EM]G$1 P>TLY BECAUSE ,HITL] DIDN'T WANT ANY BASIS = A RESURG5T ,FR5* NATIONALISM4 ,BUT MEMB]S ( ! ,P4,P4,F4 ,FASCI/ P>TY W5T TO FI<T 7& DIE7 ON ! ,RUSSIAN FRONT1 & W]E ALSO US$ 9T]NALLY AS P>AMILIT>Y UNITS AGA9/ ! ,RESI/ANCE4 

,BUT ! MO/ IMPORTANT =MATION WAS TO BE ! ,MILICE -- =M$ 9 ,JANU>Y #aidc 7FROM ! VET]ANS ASSOCIATION ,LEGION DES ,ANCI5S ,COMBATTANTS7 BY ,JOSEPH ,D>N>D1 ,VI*Y M9I/] 9 *>GE ( ALL 9T]NAL =CES ( LAW & ORD]4  ,! ,MILICE1 A P>AMILIT>Y VANGU>D ( ! 0,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION01 BECAME A #a#e1 /RONG =CE1 ACT+ AS AN AUXILI>Y TO ! ,S,S & ,GE/APO & *>ACT]IZ$ BY ,VI*Y-/YLE ,FASCISM4 ,BY #aidd !Y W]E ! ONLY ,FR5* =CE ! ,G]MANS C\LD RELY ON4 ,MO/ SURVIV+ ,MILICI5S W]E SUMM>ILY EXECUT$ BY ! ,RESI/ANCE JU/ BE=E OR JU/ AFT] LIB]ATION4 ,!Y DES]V$ IT4 

,RESI/ANCE 

,MANY ,FR5* PEOPLE AWOKE ONLY SL[LY TO ! REAL NATURE & IDEOLOGY ( ! ,NAZI OCCUPATION & ITS ,VI*Y SIDEKICKS4 ,AP>T FROM A DEMON/RATION 9 ,P>IS1 #a#a? ,NOVEMB] #a#i#d1 & AN IMPRESSIVE ,COMMUNI/ L$ M9]S /RIKE 9 ! ,NOR? ,EA/ 9 ,MAY #a#i#d#a1 !RE WAS V]Y LITTLE PUBLIC CONFRONTATION ) ! ,G]MANS 9 ! FIR/ #b YE>S AFT] DEFEAT4 

,DE ,GAULLE'S FAM\S RADIO BROADCA/ WAS TO BE ONLY ONE ( SEV]AL />T+ PO9TS ( RESI/ANCE4 ,9 FACT1 UNTIL #aidb DE ,GAULLE WAS BY NO MEANS A MAJOR PLAY]4 ,AL?\< ,*UR*ILL BACK$ HIM1 ! ,AM]ICANS SEEM$ MORE 9T]E/$ 9 W9N+ OV] ,FR5* ,VI*Y COMM&]S 9 ,ALG]IA4 ,DE ,GAULLE WAS NOT EV5 9=M$ ( ,ALLI$ PLANS = ,OP]ATION ,TOR*1 ! L&+ 9 ,ALG]IA4 ,HE HAD TO %IFT SOME 9 ORD] TO CONSOLIDATE HIS POSITION4 ,TO DO ?IS HE S\<T 9CREAS+ L9KS ) ! 9T]NAL ,RESI/ANCE DUR+ #aidb & HAD TO RECOGNIZE BO? ! DIV]SITY & 9DEP5D5CE ( RESI/ANCE GR\PS & ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,COMMUNI/S AS E/ABLI%$ FACTS4 

,! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD BE5 /UNN$ BY ! NON-AGGRESSION PACT BETWE5 ,HITL] & ,/AL9 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#i1 & WAS !N DECL>$ ILLEGAL UND] ! ,VI*Y REGIME4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ORGANIZATIONALLY !Y PLAY$ LITTLE ROLE 9 ! FIR/ /IRR+S ( ! ,RESI/ANCE1 AL?\< 9DIVIDUAL GRASSROOTS MILITANTS W]E 9VOLV$ FROM ! \TSET1 AS 9 ! M9]S /RIKE4 ,ONLY AFT] ! 9VASION ( ,RUSSIA WAS ! ,C4,P4 ABLE TO REGR\P -- BUT IT QUICKLY BECAME A MA9 PLAY] 9 T]MS ( ! POLITICS1 ORGANIZATION & TACTICS ( ! ,RESI/ANCE4 

,9 ITS FIR/ ROOTS ! ,RESI/ANCE GREW FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 0,E>LY RESI/ANCE WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY A MATT] ( SECRET 9ITIATIVES BY 9DIVIDUALS & SMALL GR\PS44404 ,! FIR/ ACT ( RESI/ANCE WAS (T5 GRAFFITI1 = EXAMPLE ?AT REV]S+ ! ,G]MAN DECL>ATION ?AT #a ,FR5*M5 W\LD BE %OT = EV]Y ,G]MAN ASSASS9AT$ 70,ONE ,FR5*MAN ,MURD]$ -- ,T5 ,G]MANS WILL ,DIE607 OR SIMPLY TURN+ >\ND OR REMOV+ SIGNPO/S TO CONFUSE ! 5EMY4 ,EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 ONCE A GR\P =M$1 WAS ! PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION ( CL&E/9E PAMPHLETS & NEWSPAP]S4 ,?IS PROPAG&A BUILT UP A SOLID>ITY ( ATTITUDE UNIT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( RESI/ANCE4 

,!SE SMALL GR\PS ( LIKE M9D$ 9DIVIDUALS GRADUALLY EVOLV$ 9TO ! WID] MOVEM5TS ( SABOTAGE & >M$ /RUGGLE & ! MORE DIFFUSE NETWORKS :I* RAN ESCAPE R\TES & GA!R$ 9TELLIG5CE ON ,G]MAN DISPOSITIONS4 ,9 ! ,NOR? !Y SUFF]$ SEV]E REPRESSION FROM ! ,GE/APO1 BUT 9 ! ,S\? ! MOVEM5TS TOOK ON A MORE EXPANSIVE *>ACT]4 ,?IS WAS P>TLY DUE TO GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS & P>TLY DUE TO ! ZONE NOT BE+ UND] DIRECT ,G]MAN CONTROL PRIOR TO ,NOVEMB] #a#i#d#b4 ,H[EV]1 !RE WAS ONE O!R VITAL FACTOR -- ! ,SPANI%4 

,! ,VI*Y REGIME WANT$ TO MAKE USE ( ! VA/ AM\NT ( ,SPANI% LABOR AVAILABLE 9 ! ,S\?1 SO !Y E/ABLI%$ ! ,TRAVAILLEURS ,ETRANG]S 7,T4,E47 -- BASICALLY =C$ LABOR CORPS ( BETWE5 #b-#e1 M54 ,BY ! 5D ( #aid OV] #b#b1 ,SPANI>DS W]E 5GAG$ 9 =C$ LABOR = ,FR5* & ,G]MAN 5T]PRISES 9 ,FRANCE4 ,BUT = ! ,VI*Y AU?ORITIES ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI>DS POS$ A PROBLEM -- ! LABOR CORPS W\LD PROVIDE A NATURAL ORGANIZATIONAL FOCUS = ?OSE 9T5T ON REBUILD+ !IR MOVEM5T4 ,& !Y W]E RI<T -- = ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,SPANI% EXILES W]E SOON CONSOLIDAT+ !IR POSITION )9 ! ,T4,E41 DESPITE ATTEMPTS BY ! ,VI*Y POLICE TO ID5TIFY & WE$ \T ,COMMUNI/S1 ,AN>*I/S & 0ANTI-NATIONALS04 

,! PRES5CE ( ?IS VA/ BODY ( EXILES1 MANY ( !M H>D5$ ANTI-,FASCI/ FI<T]S1 CANNOT BE UND]E/IMAT$4 0,RESI/ANCE WAS ! NATURAL /ATE ( ! ,SPANI% EXILES 9 ,FRANCE4 ,= !M ! ,FR5* DILEMMA OV] LOYALTY TO ,PETA9 WAS NON-EXI/5T44404 ,!Y W]E CONT9U+ A W> ?AT HAD BEGUN BEH9D ! B>RICADES 9 ,B>CELONA1 HAD ALREADY F\<T ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN TROOPS 9 !IR [N C\NTRY1 & W]E N[ AB\T TO DO ! SAME 9 ,FRANCE4 ,AS MU*1 IF NOT MORE SO1 ?AN ,BRITI% AG5TS ( ! ,SPECIAL ,OP]ATIONS ,EXECUTIVE IT WAS ! ,SPANI>DS :O 9/RUCT$ !IR ,FR5* COMRADES 9 >M$ /RUGGLE4 

,AS ,S]GE ,RAVANEL ( ! ,FR5* ,RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,T\L\SE >EA ACKN[L$G$3 0,DUR+ ! ,W> ( ,SPA9 \R COMRADES HAD ACQUIR$ ! KN[L$GE ?AT WE DID NOT POSSESS2 !Y KNEW H[ TO MAKE BOMBS2 !Y KNEW H[ TO SET AMBU%ES2 !Y HAD A PR(\ND KN[L$GE ( ! TE*NIQUE ( GU]RILLA W>04 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS EXP]TIZE IT WAS SAID ( ! ,SPANI>DS ?AT !IR BRAV]Y WAS UNEQUAL$ 9 COMBAT & ?AT !RE WAS NO QUE/ION ( TREASON OR DES]TION4 

,)9 ! ,TRAVAILLEURS ,ETRANG]S L[ LEVEL SABOTAGE1 ! UNIV]SAL SYMBOL ( WORK+ CLASS DEFIANCE1 RAPIDLY BECAME ! NORM4 ,9 ONE 9CID5T #e ,FR5* ME*ANICS SUSPECT$ TO BE 5GAG$ 9 MONKEY WR5*+ W]E REPLAC$ BY ,SPANI>DS4 ,! LEVEL ( 9EXPLICABLE VEHICLE FAILURE 9CREAS$ AS ! ,SPANI% PLEAD$ IGNORANCE ( ! RUDIM5TS ( MOTOR ME*ANICS4 ,A,F,A COMRADES WILL BE PLEAS$ TO KN[ ?AT ,! ,ME*ANIC HAS SU* WOR?Y PR$ECESSORS6 ,SU* 9CID5TS AS ?IS W]E P>T ( A WID] & GR[+ MOVEM5T ( SABOTAGE1 A MOVEM5T ?AT RAPIDLY PROGRESS$ TO DYNAMIT+ ( 9DU/RIAL 9/ALLATIONS & RAILWAYS2 GR5ADE ATTACKS ON ,G]MAN MILIT>Y P>ADES1 CANTE5S & B>RACKS1 NOT TO M5TION 9DIVIDUAL ASSASS9ATIONS4 

,9 A TYPICAL PROGRESSION1 ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,MASSIF ,C5TRAL ORGANIZ$ RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,T4,E4 CORPS WORK+ ON A HUGE DAM 7,B>AGE DE LA ,AIGLE74 ,FROM SABOTAG+ ROADS & TUNNELS ! GR\P EV5TUALLY GREW 9TO AN >M$ RESI/ANCE BATTALION #a#e-#b /RONG1 NAM$ AFT] ! DAM4 

,BY #aidb ! ,RESI/ANCE WAS FIRMLY E/ABLI%$1 AS ANY F9AL ILLUSIONS AB\T ! ,NAZIS DISAPPE>$ -- ) ! ,S,S 9CREAS+LY 9 CONTROL 9 ,P>IS2 DECREES DEM&+ WORK]S = ,G]MAN FACTORIES2 ! BEG9N+ ( ! DEPORTATION ( ,JEWS TO ! DEA? CAMPS &1 9 ,NOVEMB]1 ,G]MAN MILIT>Y OCCUPATION ( ! ,VI*Y ZONE4 ,!SE EV5TS /R5G!N$ ! MOTIVATION TO RESI/ & 5SUR$ A MOOD ( PROTE/ & REVOLT AMONG ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 

,BY ! 5D ( ! YE> ! 9DEP5D5T & LOCAL ,RESI/ANCE MOVEM5TS HAD BEGUN TO CO-ORD9ATE MORE CLOSELY4 ,PREVI\SLY ! ONLY MOVEM5T COV]+ BO? ZONES WAS ! ,COMMUNI/ L$ ,FRONT ,NATIONAL E/ABLI%$ 9 ,MAY #a#i#d#a4 ,ITS >M$ W+ WAS ! ,FRANCS-,TIREURS ET ,P>TISANS ,FRANCAIS4 ,O!R GR\PS COMB9$ TO =M ,M\VEM5TS ,UNIS DE ,LAS ,RESI/ANCE 7,M4,U4,R471 :OSE >M$ W+ WAS ! ,>MEE ,SECRETE4 ,! ,M4,U4,R4 RECOGNIZ$ DE ,GAULLE AS LEAD] BUT ! ,COMMUNI/S RETA9$ !IR 9DEP5D5CE4 ,BO? GR\PS =M$ P>T ( ! ,COMITE ,NATIONAL DE LA ,RESI/ANCE 7,C,N,R74 

,IT WAS ?R\< ! ,C4,N4,R4 & ,M4,U4,R4 ?AT DE ,GAULLE WAS ABLE TO CEM5T HISPOSITION 9SIDE ,FRANCE4 ,>MS SUPPLIES FROM ,LONDON & ,ALGI]S W5T TO GR\PS :I* RECOGNIZ$ HIS LEAD]%IP & ACCEPT$ A DEGREE ( TACTICAL CONTROL FROM ! ,BRITI% ,S4,O4,E4 ,! GU]RILLAS ( ! ,F4,T4,P4,F4 W]E LEFT TO >M !MSELVES ) WEAPONS CAPTUR$ FROM ! ,G]MANS OR BY 9T]CEPT+ ,ALLI$ SUPPLY DROPS 9T5D$ = ! ,>MEE ,SECRETE4 ,ALONGSIDE POLITICAL DIFF]5CES1 !RE WAS A DIFF]5CE OV] TACTICS4 ,! ,>MEE ,SECRETE >GU$ ?AT ! ,RESI/ANCE %\LD HOLD ITSELF 9 READ9ESS TO SUPPORT AN ,ALLI$ L&+4 ,! ,F,T,P,F >GU$ = AN IMM$IATE CAMPAIGN ( H>ASSM5T1 SABOTAGE & AMBU% ( ,G]MAN TROOPS4 ,!Y ALSO WANT$ TO ASSASS9ATE 9DIVIDUAL ,G]MAN (FIC]S1 A TACTIC DE ,GAULLE REJECT$4 

,! ,SPANI>DS1 PRIM>ILY ACTIVE 9 ! ,S\? @& ,S\?-,EA/1 ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES1 AL?\< SOME 9DIVIDUALS F\<T 9 ,FR5* UNITS4 ,SPANI% =MATIONS W]E RECOGNIZ$ AS AN 9DEP5D5T BUT 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! ,FR5* ,RESI/ANCE )9 ! ,C4,N4,R4 ,! MA9 GR\P+ WAS ! ,COMMUNI/ L$ ,UNION ,NACIONAL ,ESPANOLA 7,U4,N4,E47 =M$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#d#b4 ,9 #aidd ITS NAME *ANG$ TO ,AGRUPACION ,GU]RILL]A ,ESPANOLA4 ,A SECOND ORGANIZATION1 ! ,ALIANZA ,DEMOCRATICA ,ESPANOLA1 REJECT+ ,COMMUNI/ CONTROL1 WAS =M$ BY ! ,AN>*I/S 7,C,N,T _/ ,F,A,I72 ,SOCIALI/S 7,U,G,T _/ ,P,S,O,E72 ,LEFT @& ,9DEP5D5T REPUBLICANS & ,BASQUE @& ,CATALAN NATIONALI/S4 

,! ,MAQUIS 

,! CRITICAL MOM5T ( EXPANSION = ! ,RESI/ANCE CAME 9 #aidc ) AN 9FLUX ( NEW RECRUITS FLEE+ =C$ LABOR4 ,9 ,JUNE #aidb A DECREE HAD BE5 ISSU$ REQUIR+ ,FR5* WORK]S = ,G]MAN FACTORIES4 ,?IS WAS EXT5D$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aidc ) ! SETT+ UP ( ! ,S]VICE DU ,TRAVAIL ,OBLIGATOIRE 7,S4,T4,O47 TO MEET ! EV] 9CREAS+ NUMB]S DEM&$ BY ! ,G]MAN LABOR M9I/RY4 ,! ,S4,T4,O4 WAS RESI/$ BY 9DIVIDUAL EVASION1 /RIKES & EV5 ANGRY CR[DS FREE+ >RE/$ WORK]S FROM ! ,FR5* POLICE4 ,IT ALSO PROV$ ! VITAL +R$I5T 9 ! =MATION ( >M$ GR\PS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ! ,MAQUIS4 

,BETWE5 ,APRIL & ,DECEMB] #a#i#d#c1 #a#e1 WORK]S W]E ON ! RUN FROM ! ,S4,T4,O41 & BY ,JUNE #aidd ?IS HAD SWELL$ TO MORE ?AN #c14 ,! ,RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T 5C\RAG$ NON COMPLIANCE & SUPPLI$ %ELT]1 SUPPLIES & >MS TO ! EVAD]S :O TOOK TO ! HILLS & C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! ,MAQUIS W]E SUPPORT$ BY ! RURAL POPULATION -- ALI5AT$ BY CON/ANT REQUISITIONS ( PRODUCE & ! IMPOSITION ( ! ,S4,T4,O4 ON AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S4 ,?IS SWELL+ ( GU]RILLA /R5G? 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ?R\<\T #aidc 9AUGURAT$ A NEW & MORE F]OCI\S PHASE ( >M$ /RUGGLE1 :I* 9 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,MILICE & ! ,MAQUIS 9CREAS+LY TOOK ! =M ( A CIVIL W>4 

,:IL/ ! LONG T]M PLAN WAS TO PREP>E A NATIONAL 9SURRECTION 9 SUPPORT ( ! EXPECT$ ,ALLI$ L&+S1 !RE WAS DISAGREEM5T OV] ! BE/ TACTICS TO EMPLOY 9 ! MEANTIME4 ,SOME FAVOR$ MASS+ 9 L>GE =MATIONS1 9 EFFECT LOCAL 9SURRECTIONS4 ,O!RS >GU$ = SMALL MOBILE UNITS ( #b-#c M5 AS ! ONLY VIABLE TACTIC4 ,! LATT] WAS UND\BT$LY ! RI<T POLICY4 ,ON ?REE OCCASIONS :5 ! ,RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,S\? DID MASS = CONV5TIONAL W>F>E1 ON ! ,PLATEAU ( ,GLI]ES2 AT ,V]CORS & AT ,MONT ,M\*ET !Y W]E BO? HEAVILY \TNUMB]$ & \TGUNN$ BY ! ,G]MANS4 ,SPANI>DS P>TICIPAT$ 9 !SE ACTIONS1 BUT HAD W>N$ AGA9/ !M -- KN[+ FULL WELL FROM ! W> AGA9/ ,FRANCO ?AT LI<TLY >M$ TROOPS C\LD NOT 5GAGE 9 CONV5TIONAL W>F>E )\T >MOR1 >TILL]Y & AIR SUPPORT4 

,DESPITE !SE SETBACKS RESI/ANCE 9 ! #ah MON?S BE=E ,D-,DAY 9FLICT$ MASSIVE DAMAGE ON 9FRA/RUCTURE & TI$ D[N ,G]MAN TROOPS ACROSS ,FRANCE4  ,! ,RESI/ANCE C\LD F> MORE EASILY NEUTRALIZE RAILWAYS1 9DU/RIAL SITES & P[] /ATIONS ?AN ,ALLI$ AIR P[]1 & !IR 9TELLIG5CE NETWORKS1 AT FIR/ LI<TLY REG>D$ BY ! ,BRITI%1 W]E ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE4 ,BETWE5 ,JUNE #aidc & ,MAY #aidd NE>LY #b1 LOCOMOTIVES W]E DE/ROY$4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #aidc ALONE1 OV] #c1 ATTACKS W]E RECORD$ ON ! RAILWAYS1 #dbg RESULT+ 9 HEAVY DAMAGE1 ) #acb TRA9S D]AIL$4 ,9 ! ,S\? ,WE/ SU* SABOTAGE WAS SO EFFECTIVE ?AT BY ,JUNE #f? #aidd IT TOOK #c DAYS TO TRAVEL FROM ,P>IS TO ,T\L\SE6 

,:IL/ ! GU]RILLAS W]E LESS NUM]\S 9 ! ,NOR?1 BETWE5 ,APRIL & ,SEPTEMB] #aidc SOME #e RESI/ANCE EF=TS W]E RECORD$1 #b< AGA9/ RAILWAYS & O!R 9FRA/RUCTURE1 KILL+ #ie ,G]MANS & 9JUR+ #a1#h#i4 ,9 ,NORM&Y & ,BRITTANY1 ,SPANI>DS BLEW UP ELECTRICAL TRANS=M]S1 A RAILWAY /ATION & SWIT*+ Y>D & P>T ( AN AIRFIELD4 ,SPANI% RESI/ANCE FI<T]S 9 ,P>IS ASSASS9AT$ ,G5]AL VON ,S*AUMB]G1 COMM&ANT ( ,GREAT] ,P>IS & ,G5]AL VON ,RITT] :O WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! RECRUITM5T ( =C$ LABOR4 

,LIB]ATION6 

,! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN WAS TO LEAD ,EIS5H[] TO COMM5T ?AT ! ,RESI/ANCE EF=T >\ND ,D-,DAY WAS WOR? A FULL #ae REGUL> >MY DIVISIONS4 ,LIKEWISE ,MAQUIS SUPPORT ( ! NOR!RN DRIVE ( ! ,AM]ICAN #g? >MY WAS E/IMAT$ AS WOR? #d OR #e DIVISIONS ( REGUL> TROOPS4 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ,ALLI$ TROOPS NEV] 5T]$ ! ,S\? ( ! C\NTRY4  ,! :OLE >EA WE/ ( ! ,RHONE & ,S\? ( ! ,LOIRE RIV]S WAS LIB]AT$ BY ! NATIONAL 9SURRECTION ( ! ,MAQUIS1 AS ALSO WAS ,BRITTANY1 SAVE = ! ,ATLANTIC PORTS ) !IR /RONG ,G]MAN G>RISONS4 

,9 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,L',>IEGE ! #a#d? ,SPANI% ,CORPS ( ,GU]RILLAS 7RE=M$ ,APRIL #a#i#d#b7 PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 EVICT+ ! ,G]MANS4 ,BETWE5 ,JUNE #f? & ,AUGU/ #aidd !Y ATTACK$ ,G]MAN CONVOYS & LIB]AT$ SEV]AL VILLAGES BE=E TAK+ ,FOIX1 ! ,NAZI ,H,Q 9 ! >EA4 ,A /RONG ,G]MAN COLUMN ATTEMPT$ A C\NT] ATTACK BUT W]E CAU<T 9 AN AMBU%4 ,DESPITE !IR LOGI/ICAL SUP]IORITY !Y W]E P9N$ D[N BY MA*9E GUN FIRE & #a1#b SURR5D]$4 ,A KEY ROLE WAS PLAY$ BY A SOLIT>Y MA*9E GUNN] :O HELD HIS PO/ RAK+ ! ,G]MANS ) BULLETS4 ,ONE RESI/ANCE FI<T] RECOLLECTS ?IS MAN1 044FIR+ LIKE A CRAZY ONE01 & ADDS1 AS IF BY WAY ( EXPLANATION1 0444BUT HE WAS A ,SPANI>D1 A GU]ILL]O04 ,ALLI$ OBS]V]S ( ! 5GAGEM5T COMM5T$ ?AT ! ,SPANI>DS W]E 0UNIQUELY P]FECT GU]RILLAS04 

,O!R EXAMPLES ( ! ,SPANI% CONTRIBUTION 9CLUDE ! ,AN>*I/ ,LIB]TAD BATTALION :I* LIB]AT$ ,CAHORS & O!R T[NS & ! P>TICIPATION ( #f1 ,SPANI% GU]RILLAS 9 ! LIB]ATION ( ,T\L\SE4 ,ONE NOTABLE 5C\NT] OCCURR$ AS ! ,G]MANS ATTEMPT$ TO )DRAW ?R\< ! ,G>D>EA1 FOLL[+ ! FALL ( ,M>SEILLES4 ,A GR\P ( #cb ,SPANI>DS & #d ,FR5*M5 TACKL$ A ,G]MAN COLUMN 7CONSI/+ ( #a1#c M5 9 #f LORRIES1 ) #f TANKS & #b SELF PROPELL$ GUNS71 AT ,LA ,MADEIL9E1 ON ,AUGU/ #b#bND #a#i#d#d4 ,! ,MAQUIS BLEW UP ! ROAD & RAIL BRIDGES & POSITION$ !MSELVES ON SURR\ND+ HILLS ) MA*9E GUNS4 ,! BATTLE RAG$ FROM #c4PM TILL NOON ! NEXT DAY4 #c ,MAQUIS W]E W\ND$1 #aa ,G]MANS KILL$1 #b W\ND$ & ! RE/ SURR5D]$4 ,! ,G]MAN COMM&] COMMITT$ SUICIDE6 

,OV] #d1 ,SPANI>DS TOOK P>T 9 ! ,MAQUIS UPRIS+ 9 ,P>IS ?AT BEGAN ON ,AUGU/ #b#a/ #a#i#d#d4 ,PHOTOGRAPHS %[ !M >M$ & CR\*$ BEH9D B>RICADES 9 SC5ES ONE C\LD EASILY MI/AKE = ! /REET FI<T+ 9 ,B>CELONA 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,BE=E LONG !Y W]E SUPPORT$ BY REGUL> TROOPS FROM ! ,NORM&Y BEA*-HEADS4 ,! FIR/ UNITS TO 5T] ,P>IS & REA* ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE W]E FROM ! #i? ,TANK ,COMPANY ( ! ,FR5* #bND ,>MOR$ ,DIVISION4 ,BUT ! LEAD HALF TRACKS BORE ! NAMES ( ,SPANI% BATTLEFIELDS -- 0,GUADALAJ>A02 0,T]UEL02 0,MADRID0 & 0,EBRO04 ,!Y W]E MANN$ BY ,SPANI>DS1 ( :OM !RE W]E #c1#b S]V+ 9 ! #bND ,>MOR$4 ,MANY ( !SE W]E VET]ANS ( ! #b#f? ,DIVISION 7,DURRUTI ,COLUMN7 :O HAD 5T]$ ! ,FR5* >MY FROM ! PRISON CAMPS 9 #aici & GONE ON TO FI<T 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 

,CAPTA9 ,RAYMOND ,DRONNE1 COMM&] ( ! #i? ,COMPANY1 REMEMB]S ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S W]E 0BO? DIFFICULT & EASY TO COMM&04 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES 0444IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT !Y ACCEPT = !MSELVES ! AU?ORITY ( !IR (FIC]S 444 ,!Y WI%$ TO UND]/& ! REASON = ?AT :I* WAS ASK$ ( !M04 ,H[EV]1 0444:5 !Y GRANT$ !IR CONFID5CE IT WAS TOTAL & COMPLETE04 0,!Y W]E ALMO/ ALL ANTI-MILIT>I/S1 BUT !Y W]E MAGNIFIC5T SOLDI]S1 VALIANT & EXP]I5C$4 ,IF !Y HAD EMBRAC$ \R CAUSE SPONTANE\SLY & VOLUNT>ILY IT WAS .<BECAUSE.> IT WAS ! CAUSE ( LIB]TY4 ,TRULY !Y W]E FI<T]S = LIB]TY04 

,! #i? ,COMPANY FEATUR$ PROM95TLY 9 ! VICTORY P>ADE ?R\< ,P>IS ) ITS TANKS DRAWN UP AT ! ,>C DE ,TRIOMPHE4 ,!Y W5T ON TO SEE ACTION ON ! ,MOSELLE & W]E ! FIR/ TO 5T] ,/RASB\RG1 SUPPORT$ BY ,AM]ICAN 9FANTRY4 ,!IR CAMPAIGN 5D$ 9 ,G]MANY AT ,B]*TESGAD51 ,HITL]'S 0,EAGLES ,NE/04 ,HAV+ F\<T FROM ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA1 ACROSS ! BATTLEFIELDS ( ,SPA91 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ,FRANCE !Y /OOD AS VICTORS 9 ! F9AL BOLT HOLE ( ! ,NAZI SCUM4 

,EPILOGUE 

,LIB]ATION SAW A BRIEF P]IOD ( EUPHORIA1 ) ! ,RESI/ANCE BRIDG+ ! VACUUM ( P[] 9 ! ,S\? -- DEAL+ ) COLLABORATORS & REMNANTS ( ! ,MILICE2 SETT+ UP LOCAL COMMITTEES TO ADM9I/] SUPPLIES & REE/ABLI%+ COMMUNITIES ON A MORE EQUAL FOOT+4 ,ORD9>Y M5 & WOM5 W]E MOM5T>ILY 9 *>GE ( !IR [N HI/ORY4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT TO LA/4 ,DE ,GAULLE & HIS ALLIES HAD NO DESIRE TO SEE ,S\!RN ,FRANCE CONTROLL$ BY REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS4 ,! ,MAQUIS>DS REPRES5T$ A ?REAT BECAUSE 0AN >MY ( GU]RILLAS IS ALWAYS A REVOLUTION>Y >MY04 ,DE ,GAULLE FE>$ = REVOLUTION 9 ,T\L\SE :]E #f1 ,SPANI% GU]RILLAS W]E 0444/ILL IMBU$ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT !Y HAD BR\<T FROM BEYOND ! ,PYR5EES0 4,TO DEAL ) ?IS EXPLOSIVE SITUATION ! ,MAQUIS W]E (F]$ ! *OICE ( DIS>M+ OR JO9+ ! REGUL> ,FR5* =CES = ! ATTACK ON ,G]MAN G>RISONS 9 ! ,ATLANTIC PORTS4 ,?IS W\LD %[ ,AM]ICA ?AT !RE WAS A REGUL> NATIONAL >MY & NO NE$ = ,ALLI$ OCCUPATION1 & IT W\LD ALSO REMOVE ! >M$ B&S :IL/ A SMOO? TRANSF]5CE TO ,GAULLI/ P[] TOOK PLACE4 ,?IS WAS EASILY A*IEV$ BECAUSE DE ,GAULLE HAD CEM5T$ HIS POSITION 9 KEY SECTIONS ( ! ,RESI/ANCE BY CONTROL ( ! >MS SUPPLY4 

,9 ALL #b#e1 ,SPANI>DS HAD DI$ 9 ! CAMPS OR FI<T+ 9 >M$ UNITS4  ,) ! ,G]MAN SURR5D] 9 #aide ! ,SPANI>DS BELIEV$1 UND]/&ABLY1 ?AT ! ,ALLIES W\LD TURN !IR ATT5TION TO ,FRANCO & ?AT1 )\T ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN SUPPORT1 HE W\LD BE SWIFTLY CRU%$4 ,9 FACT MANY HAD BE5 FI<T+ ALL ALONG 9 ANTICIPATION ( RETURN+ TO ,SPA9 = SOME UNF9I%$ BUS9ESS4 ,ANTI-FASCI/ GU]RILLA ACTIVITY HAD CONT9U$ 9 ,SPA9 ?R\<\T ! W>4 ,MEAN:ILE1 EXILES 9 ,ALG]IA & ,FRANCE HAD BE5 PREP>+ = A RETURN -- /OCKPIL+ >MS 0BORR[$0 FROM ,AM]ICAN DEPOTS4 ,LIKEWISE1 AS ! ,FR5* #bND ,>MOR$ ,DIVISION ADVANC$ NOR? FROM ,P>IS1 ITS #i? ,COMPANY WAS SECRETLY JO9$ BY SIX MEMB]S ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN :O HAD BE5 ) ! ,RESI/ANCE 9 ,P>IS4 ,:IL/ FI<T+ ALONGSIDE !IR OLD COMRADES 9 ! #i? ,COMPANY !Y HID >MS & AMMUNITION FROM ! BATTLEFIELDS 9 SECRET CA*ES4  ,!SE W]E LAT] COLLECT$ & TAK5 TO ,SPA94 

#aide SAW ,FRANCO V]Y MU* ALONE1 CONDEMN$ BY ,BRITA91 ,RUSSIA & ! ,U,S,A & EXCLUD$ FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS4 ,! ,BRITI% ,LABOR GOV]NM5T1 PRIOR TO !IR ELECTION 9 #a#i#d#e1 HAD PROMIS$ A QUICK RESOLUTION TO ! ,SPANI% QUE/ION4 ,BUT SADLY HI/ORY PROV$ ?AT ! ,BRITI% W]E NOT TO BE TRU/$4  ,! ,LABOR GOV]NM5T1 DESPITE ITS PROMISES1 US$ DELAY+ TACTICS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS TO /OP EFFECTIVE ACTION1 >GU+ ?AT IT WAS PURELY AN 9T]NAL MATT] ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE & ?AT !Y HAD NO WI% TO 0P]MIT OR 5C\RAGE CIVIL W> 9 ?AT C\NTRY04 ,ECONOMIC BLOCKADE & 9T]NATIONAL ISOLATION W\LD HAVE F9I%$ ,FRANCO (F )9 MON?S -- BUT ,BRITA9 & ,U,S W\LD NOT SUPPORT ?IS2 DESPITE PROTE/ATIONS FROM O!R C\NTRIES :O FAVOR$1 IF NECESS>Y1 >M$ 9T]V5TION4 ,= ! ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICANS1 AS 9 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i1 ! REAL PROBLEM WAS NOT ,FRANCO BUT ! POSSIBILITY ( A 0,R$0 REVOLUTION ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS ATTITUDE SOLIDIFI$ AS ! ,COLD ,W> DEVELOP$4 ,A GRADUAL REHABILITATION ( ,FRANCO TOOK PLACE1 5D+ 9 FULL RECOGNITION & 9CORPORATION 9TO ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS 9 #a#i#e#e4 ,FASCI/ ,SPA9 TOOK ITS PLACE AT ! TABLE ( ! NOT SO NEW WORLD ORD]4 

,EV5 9 #a#i#d#e1 :IL/ SOME CONT9U$ TO BELIEVE ?AT DIPLOMACY W\LD RE/ORE ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 MANY MILITANTS OPT$ TO R5EW ! >M$ /RUGGLE4  ,BETWE5 #aidd & #aie APPROXIMATELY #a#e1 GU]RILLAS F\<T 9 ,SPA91 BR++ HALF ! C\NTRY 9TO A /ATE ( W>4 ,BUT1 DESPITE /RIKES 9 ,B>CELONA & ! ,BASQUE >EAS1 9VOLV+ OV] #b#e1 PEOPLE1 ! POPULATION AS A :OLE1 WE>I$ BY W> & REPRESSION1 W]E NOT PREP>$ TO RISE1 OR HAD PLAC$ !IR FAI? 9 ! DIPLOMACY ( ,WE/]N 0DEMOCRACIES04 ,! GU]RILLAS W]E LEFT TO FI<T ALONE & 9ADEQUATELY >M$ AGA9/ ,FRANCO'S IMPRESSIVE POLICE & MILIT>Y APP>ATUS1 :I* WAS ALWAYS WELL SUPPLI$ ) 9TELLIG5CE ON GU]RILLA MOVEM5TS FROM ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,FR5* BORD]4  ,IT WAS AN UNEQUAL /RUGGLE4 ,AS ,JUAN ,MOL9A LAM5T$3 0,! PRISONS CONSUM$ A G5]ATION ( FI<T]S1 DEFEAT$ ?IS TIME IRREM$IABLY 444 ,ALL /R5G? 9 LIFE HAS ITS LIMITS & ?IS LIMIT WAS AMPLY EXCE$$ BY ! ,RESI/ANCE1 9 ALMO/ 9HUMAN 5DURANCE4 ,BUT IT HAD TO SUCCUMB04 

,!SE WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS1 :O BORE >MS = T5 OR EV5 TW5TY YE>S AGA9/ ,FASCISM & ,CAPITALISM1 DES]VE F> MORE ?AN JU/ REMEMBRANCE1 ?\< EV5 ?AT HAS BE5 D5I$ !M4 ,! /RUGGLE = :I* !Y GAVE !IR LIVES HAS NOT 5D$ -- IT FALLS TO US TO CONT9UE ?AT /RUGGLE & KEEP ALI<T ! FLAME ( !IR RESI/ANCE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bba 3 ,=GOTT5 ,H]OES3 ,SPANI% ,RESI/ANCE 9 ,FRANCE #a#i#c#i-#d#e -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,=GOTT5 ,H]OES3 ,SPANI% ,RESI/ANCE 9 ,FRANCE #a#i#c#i-#d#e -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/