,*APT] #d 
,( ,AGRICULTURE 7CONT9U$7 

#ahihahih 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,YAMANAKA ,TAMAKI1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,! DOCTR9E ( ,MAL?US--,PROGRESS 9 :EAT-GR[+--,EA/ ,FL&]S--,*ANNEL ,ISL&S--,POTATO CROPS1 PA/ & PRES5T --,IRRIGATION--,MAJOR ,HALLET'S EXP]IM5TS--,PLANT$ :EAT4 

,FEW BOOKS HAVE EX]CIS$ SO P]NICI\S AN 9FLU5CE UPON ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMIC ?\<T AS ,MAL?US'S ,ESSAY ON ! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,POPULATION EX]CIS$ = ?REE CONSECUTIVE G5]ATIONS4 ,IT APPE>$ AT ! RI<T TIME1 LIKE ALL BOOKS :I* HAVE HAD ANY 9FLU5CE AT ALL1 & IT SUMM$ UP IDEAS ALREADY CURR5T 9 ! M9DS ( ! WEAL?-POSSESS+ M9ORITY4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY :5 ! IDEAS ( EQUALITY & LIB]TY1 AWAK5$ BY ! ,FR5* & ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTIONS1 W]E /ILL P]MEAT+ ! M9DS ( ! POOR1 :ILE ! RI*] CLASSES HAD BECOME TIR$ ( !IR AMATEUR EXCURSIONS 9TO ! SAME DOMA9S1 ?AT ,MAL?US CAME TO ASS]T1 9 REPLY TO ,GODW91 ?AT NO EQUALITY IS POSSIBLE2 ?AT ! POV]TY ( ! MANY IS NOT DUE TO 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT IS A NATURAL LAW4 ,POPULATION1 HE WROTE1 GR[S TOO RAPIDLY & ! NEW-COM]S F9D NO ROOM AT ! FEA/ ( NATURE2 & ?AT LAW CANNOT BE ALT]$ BY ANY *ANGE ( 9/ITUTIONS4 ,HE ?US GAVE TO ! RI* A K9D ( SCI5TIFIC >GUM5T AGA9/ ! IDEAS ( EQUALITY2 & WE KN[ ?AT ?\< ALL DOM9ION IS BAS$ UPON =CE1 =CE ITSELF BEG9S TO TOTT] AS SOON AS IT IS NO LONG] SUPPORT$ BY A FIRM BELIEF 9 ITS [N RI<TFULNESS4 ,AS TO ! POOR] CLASSES--:O ALWAYS FEEL ! 9FLU5CE ( IDEAS CIRCULAT+ AT A GIV5 TIME AMID ! WEAL?I] CLASSES--IT DEPRIV$ !M ( ! V]Y HOPE ( IMPROVEM5T2 IT MADE !M SKEPTICAL AS TO ! PROMISES ( ! SOCIAL RE=M]S2 & TO ?IS DAY ! MO/ ADVANC$ RE=M]S 5T]TA9 D\BTS AS TO ! POSSIBILITY ( SATISFY+ ! NE$S ( ALL1 9 CASE !RE %\LD BE A CLAIM = !IR SATISFACTION1 & A TEMPOR>Y WELF>E ( ! LABOR]S RESULT$ 9 A SUDD5 9CREASE ( POPULATION4 

,SCI5CE1 D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY1 REMA9S P]MEAT$ ) ,MAL?US'S TEA*+S4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY CONT9UES TO BASE ITS REASON+ UPON A TACIT ADMISSION ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( RAPIDLY 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( A NATION1 & ( ?US GIV+ SATISFACTION TO ALL WANTS4 ,?IS PO/ULATE /&S1 UNDISCUSS$1 9 ! BACKGR\ND ( :ATEV] POLITICAL ECONOMY1 CLASSICAL OR SOCIALI/1 HAS TO SAY AB\T EX*ANGE-VALUE1 WAGES1 SALE ( LABOR =CE1 R5T1 EX*ANGE1 & CONSUMPTION4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY NEV] RISES ABOVE ! HYPO!SIS ( A LIMIT$ & 9SUFFICI5T SUPPLY ( ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE2 IT TAKES IT = GRANT$4 ,& ALL !ORIES CONNECT$ ) POLITICAL ECONOMY RETA9 ! SAME ]RONE\S PR9CIPLE4 ,NE>LY ALL SOCIALI/S1 TOO1 ADMIT ! PO/ULATE4 ,NAY1 EV5 9 BIOLOGY 7SO DEEPLY 9T]WOV5 N[ ) SOCIOLOGY7 WE HAVE REC5TLY SE5 ! !ORY ( V>IABILITY ( SPECIES BORR[+ A QUITE UNEXPECT$ SUPPORT FROM ITS HAV+ BE5 CONNECT$ BY ,D>W9 & ,WALLACE ) ,MAL?US'S FUNDAM5TAL IDEA1 ?AT ! NATURAL RES\RCES MU/ 9EVITABLY FAIL TO SUPPLY ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE = ! RAPIDLY MULTIPLY+ ANIMALS & PLANTS4 ,9 %ORT1 WE MAY SAY ?AT ! !ORY ( ,MAL?US1 BY %AP+ 9TO A PSEUDO-SCI5TIFIC =M ! SECRET DESIRES ( ! WEAL?-POSSESS+ CLASSES1 BECAME ! F\NDATION ( A :OLE SY/EM ( PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY1 :I* P]MEATES ! M9DS ( BO? ! $UCAT$ & UN$UCAT$1 & REACTS 7AS PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY ALWAYS DOES7 UPON ! !ORETICAL PHILOSOPHY ( \R C5TURY4 

,TRUE1 ! =MIDABLE GR[? ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( MAN 9 ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD1 S9CE HE TAM$ /EAM & ELECTRICITY1 HAS SOME:AT %AK5 ,MAL?US'S DOCTR9E4 ,9DU/RIAL WEAL? HAS GR[N AT A RATE :I* NO POSSIBLE 9CREASE ( POPULATION C\LD ATTA91 & IT CAN GR[ ) /ILL GREAT] SPE$4 ,BUT AGRICULTURE IS /ILL CONSID]$ A /RON<OLD ( ! ,MAL?USIAN PSEUDO-PHILOSOPHY4 ,! REC5T A*IEVEM5TS ( AGRICULTURE & HORTICULTURE >E NOT SUFFICI5TLY WELL KN[N2 & :ILE \R G>D5]S DEFY CLIMATE & LATITUDE1 ACCLIMATE SUB-TROPICAL PLANTS1 RAISE SEV]AL CROPS A YE> 9/EAD ( ONE1 & !MSELVES MAKE ! SOIL !Y WANT = EA* SPECIAL CULTURE1 ! ECONOMI/S NEV]!LESS CONT9UE SAY+ ?AT ! SURFACE ( ! SOIL IS LIMIT$1 & /ILL MORE ITS PRODUCTIVE P[]S2 !Y /ILL MA9TA9 ?AT A POPULATION :I* %\LD D\BLE EA* ?IRTY YE>S W\LD SOON BE CONFRONT$ BY A LACK ( ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE6 

,A FEW DATA TO ILLU/RATE :AT CAN BE OBTA9$ FROM ! SOIL W]E GIV5 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]4 ,BUT ! DEEP] ONE GOES 9TO ! SUBJECT1 ! MORE NEW & /RIK+ DATA DOES HE DISCOV]1 & ! MORE ,MAL?US'S FE>S APPE> GR\NDLESS4 

,TO BEG9 ) AN 9/ANCE TAK5 FROM CULTURE 9 ! OP5 FIELD--NAMELY1 ?AT ( :EAT--WE COME UPON ! FOLL[+ 9T]E/+ FACT4 ,:ILE WE >E SO (T5 TOLD ?AT :EAT-GR[+ DOES NOT PAY1 & ,5GL& CONSEQU5TLY R$UCES FROM YE> TO YE> ! >EA ( ITS :EAT FIELDS1 ! ,FR5* PEASANTS /EADILY 9CREASE ! >EA UND] :EAT1 & ! GREATE/ 9CREASE IS DUE TO ?OSE PEASANT FAMILIES :I* !MSELVES CULTIVATE ! L& !Y [N4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !Y HAVE NE>LY D\BL$ ! >EA UND] :EAT1 AS WELL AS ! RETURNS FROM EA* ACRE1 SO AS TO 9CREASE ALMO/ F\RFOLD ! AM\NT ( :EAT GR[N 9 ,FRANCE4#a 

,AT ! SAME TIME ! POPULATION HAS ONLY 9CREAS$ BY #da P]C5T1 SO ?AT ! RATIO ( 9CREASE ( ! :EAT CROP HAS BE5 SIX TIMES GREAT] ?AN ! RATIO ( 9CREASE ( POPULATION1 AL?\< AGRICULTURE HAS BE5 HAMP]$ ALL ! TIME BY A S]IES ( S]I\S OB/ACLES--TAXATION1 MILIT>Y S]VICE1 POV]TY ( ! PEASANTRY1 & EV51 UP TO #a#h#h#d1 A SEV]E PROHIBITION ( ALL SORTS ( ASSOCIATION AMONG ! PEASANTS4#b ,IT MU/ ALSO BE REM>K$ ?AT DUR+ ! SAME HUNDR$ YE>S1 & EV5 )9 ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 M>KET-G>D5+1 FRUIT-CULTURE & CULTURE = 9DU/RIAL PURPOSES HAVE IMM5SELY DEVELOP$ 9 ,FRANCE2 SO ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO EXAGG]ATION 9 SAY+ ?AT ! ,FR5* OBTA9 N[ FROM !IR SOIL AT LEA/ SIX OR SEV5 TIMES MORE ?AN !Y OBTA9$ A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO4 ,! 0MEANS ( EXI/5CE0 DRAWN FROM ! SOIL HAVE ?US GR[N AB\T FIFTE5 TIMES QUICK] ?AN ! POPULATION4 

,BUT ! RATIO ( PROGRESS 9 AGRICULTURE IS /ILL BETT] SE5 FROM ! RISE ( ! /&>D ( REQUIREM5T AS REG>DS CULTIVATION ( L&4 ,SOME ?IRTY YE>S AGO ! ,FR5* CONSID]$ A CROP V]Y GOOD :5 IT YIELD$ TW5TY-TWO BU%ELS TO ! ACRE2 BUT ) ! SAME SOIL ! PRES5T REQUIREM5T IS AT LEA/ ?IRTY-?REE BU%ELS1 :ILE 9 ! BE/ SOILS ! CROP IS GOOD ONLY :5 IT YIELDS FROM =TY-?REE TO =TY-EI<T BU%ELS1 & OCCASIONALLY ! PRODUCE IS AS MU* AS FIFTY-FIVE BU%ELS TO ! ACRE4#c ,!RE >E :OLE C\NTRIES--,HESSE1 = EXAMPLE --:I* >E SATISFI$ ONLY :5 ! AV]AGE  CROP ATTA9S ?IRTY-SEV5 BU%ELS1 OR ,D5M>K1 :]E ! AV]AGE CROP 7#a#i#h-#a#i#a7 IS =TY-ONE BU%ELS P] ACRE 7=TY-F\R BU%ELS 9 L#i#a74#d ,AS TO ! EXP]IM5TAL F>MS ( ,C5TRAL ,FRANCE1 !Y PRODUCE FROM YE> TO YE>1 OV] L>GE >EAS1 =TY-ONE BU%ELS TO ! ACRE2 & A NUMB] ( F>MS 9 ,NOR!RN ,FRANCE REGUL>LY YIELD1 YE> AFT] YE>1 FROM FIFTY-FIVE TO SIXTY-EI<T BU%ELS TO ! ACRE4 ,OCCASIONALLY EV5 SO MU* AS EI<TY BU%ELS HAVE BE5 OBTA9$ UPON LIMIT$ >EAS UND] SPECIAL C>E4#e ,9 FACT1 ,PR(4 ,GR&EAU CONSID]S IT PROV$ ?AT BY COMB9+ A S]IES ( SU* OP]ATIONS AS ! SELECTION ( SE$S1 S[+ 9 R[S1 & PROP] MANUR+1 ! CROPS CAN BE L>GELY 9CREAS$ OV] ! BE/ PRES5T AV]AGE1 :ILE ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION CAN BE R$UC$ BY #e P]C5T BY ! USE ( 9EXP5SIVE MA*9]Y2 TO SAY NO?+ ( CO/LY MA*9ES1 LIKE ! /EAM DIGG]1 OR ! PULV]IZ]S :I* MAKE ! SOIL REQUIR$ = EA* SPECIAL CULTURE4 ,!Y >E N[ OCCASIONALLY RESORT$ TO H]E & !RE1 & !Y SURELY WILL COME 9TO G5]AL USE AS SOON AS HUMANITY FEELS ! NE$ ( L>GELY 9CREAS+ ITS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE4 

,9 FACT1 A CONSID]ABLE PROGRESS HAS ALREADY BE5 REALIZ$ 9 ,FR5* AGRICULTURE BY LABOR-SAV+ MA*9]Y DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S2 BUT !RE /ILL REMA9S AN IMM5SE FIELD = FUR!R IMPROVEM5T4 ,?US1 9 #a#i#h1 ,FRANCE HAD ALREADY 9 USE #b#e1 H>VE/+ MA*9ES & #a1#b B9D]S AS AGA9/ #ah ONLY ( ! =M] & SIXTY ( ! SECOND1 :I* W]E US$ 9 #a#h#h#b2 BUT IT IS CALCULAT$ ?AT NO LESS ?AN #c#g#e1 MORE H>VE/+ MA*9ES & #c1 M[+ MA*9ES >E REQUIR$ TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ,FR5* AGRICULTURE4 ,! SAME MU/ BE SAID AS REG>DS ! USE ( >TIFICIAL MANURE1 IRRIGATION1 PUMP+ MA*9]Y1 & SO ON4 

,:5 WE BE> 9 M9D ! V]Y UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS 9 :I* AGRICULTURE /&S N[ ALL OV] ! WORLD1 WE MU/ NOT EXPECT TO F9D CONSID]ABLE PROGRESS 9 ITS ME?ODS REALIZ$ OV] WIDE REGIONS2 WE MU/ BE SATISFI$ ) NOT+ ! ADVANCE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 SEP>ATE1 ESPECIALLY FAVOR$ SPOTS1 :]E1 = ONE CAUSE OR ANO!R1 ! TRIBUTE LEVI$ UPON ! AGRICULTURI/ HAS NOT BE5 SO HEAVY AS TO /OP ALL POSSIBILITY ( PROGRESS4 

,ONE SU* EXAMPLE MAY BE SE5 9 ! DI/RICT ( ,SAFFEL>E 9 ,EA/ ,FL&]S4 ,?IRTY YE>S AGO1 ON A T]RITORY ( #c#g1 ACRES1 ALL TAK51 A POPULATION ( #c1 9HABITANTS1 ALL PEASANTS1 NOT ONLY US$ TO F9D ITS FOOD1 BUT MANAG$1 MOREOV]1 TO KEEP NO LESS ?AN #a1#g#b HORN$ CATTLE1 #c1#h %EEP1 #a1#h#a#e HORSES & #f1#e#e SW9E1 TO GR[ FLAX1 & TO EXPORT V>I\S AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE4#f ,& DUR+ ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S IT HAS CONT9U$ /EADILY TO 9CREASE ITS EXPORTS ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE4 

,ANO!R ILLU/RATION ( ?IS SORT MAY BE TAK5 FROM ! ,*ANNEL ,ISL&S1 :OSE 9HABITANTS HAVE HAPPILY NOT KN[N ! BLESS+S ( ,ROMAN LAW & L&LORDISM1 AS !Y /ILL LIVE UND] ! COMMON LAW ( ,NORM&Y4 ,! SMALL ISL& ( ,J]SEY1 EI<T MILES LONG & LESS ?AN SIX MILES WIDE1 /ILL REMA9S A L& ( OP5-FIELD CULTURE2 BUT1 AL?\< IT COMPRISES ONLY #b#h1#g#g ACRES1 ROCKS 9CLUD$1 IT N\RI%ES A POPULATION ( AB\T TWO 9HABITANTS TO EA* ACRE1 OR #a1#c 9HABITANTS TO ! SQU>E MILE1 & !RE IS NOT ONE WRIT] ON AGRICULTURE :O1 AFT] HAV+ PAID A VISIT TO ?IS ISL&1 DID NOT PRAISE ! WELL-BE+ ( ! ,J]SEY PEASANTS & ! ADMIRABLE RESULTS :I* !Y OBTA9 9 !IR SMALL F>MS ( FROM FIVE TO TW5TY ACRES --V]Y (T5 LESS ?AN FIVE ACRES--BY MEANS ( A RATIONAL & 9T5SIVE CULTURE4 

,MO/ ( MY READ]S WILL PROBABLY BE A/ONI%$ TO LE>N ?AT ! SOIL ( ,J]SEY1 :I* CONSI/S ( DECOMPOS$ GRANITE1 ) NO ORGANIC MATT] 9 IT1 IS NOT AT ALL ( A/ONI%+ F]TILITY1 & ?AT ITS CLIMATE1 ?\< MORE SUNNY ?AN ! CLIMATE ( !SE ISLES1 (F]S MANY DRAWBACKS ON ACC\NT ( ! SMALL AM\NT ( SUN-HEAT DUR+ ! SUMM] & ( ! COLD W9DS 9 SPR+4 ,BUT SO IT IS 9 REALITY1 & AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! 9HABITANTS ( ,J]SEY LIV$ *IEFLY ON IMPORT$ FOOD4 7,SEE ,APP5DIX ,L47 ,! SUCCESSES ACCOMPLI%$ LATELY 9 ,J]SEY >E 5TIRELY DUE TO ! AM\NT ( LABOR :I* A D5SE POPULATION IS PUTT+ 9 ! L&2 TO A SY/EM ( L&-T5URE1 L&-TRANSF]5CE & 9H]ITANCE V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE :I* PREVAIL ELSE:]E2 TO FRE$OM FROM ,/ATE TAXATION2 & TO ! FACT ?AT COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS HAVE BE5 MA9TA9$1 D[N TO QUITE A REC5T P]IOD1 :ILE A NUMB] ( COMMUNAL HABITS & CU/OMS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT1 D]IV$ !REFROM1 >E ALIVE TO ! PRES5T TIME4 ,AS TO ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL1 IT IS MADE P>TLY BY ! SEA-WE$S GA!R$ FREE ON ! SEA-COA/1 BUT *IEFLY BY >TIFICIAL MANURE FABRICAT$ AT ,BLAYDON-ON-,TYNE1 \T ( ALL SORTS ( REFUSE--9CLUSIVE ( BONES %IPP$ FROM ,PLEVNA & MUMMIES ( CATS %IPP$ FROM ,EGYPT4 

,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT = ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S ! ,J]SEY PEASANTS & F>M]S HAVE BE5 GR[+ E>LY POTATOES ON A GREAT SCALE1 & ?AT 9 ?IS L9E !Y HAVE ATTA9$ MO/ SATISFACTORY RESULTS4 ,!IR *IEF AIM BE+ TO HAVE ! POTATOES \T AS E>LY AS POSSIBLE1 :5 !Y FET* AT ! ,J]SEY ,WEI<-,BRIDGE AS MU* AS ,G,B,P#a#g & ,G,B,P#b ! TON1 ! DIGG+ \T ( POTATOES BEG9S1 9 ! BE/ %ELT]$ PLACES1 AS E>LY AS ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,MAY1 OR EV5 AT ! 5D ( ,APRIL4 ,QUITE A SY/EM ( POTATO-CULTURE1 BEG9N+ ) ! SELECTION ( TUB]S1 ! >RANGEM5TS = MAK+ !M G]M9ATE1 ! SELECTION ( PROP]LY %ELT]$ & WELL SITUAT$ PLOTS ( GR\ND1 ! *OICE ( PROP] MANURE1 & 5D+ ) ! BOX 9 :I* ! POTATOES G]M9ATE & :I* HAS SO MANY O!R USEFUL APPLICATIONS1 --QUITE A SY/EM ( CULTURE HAS BE5 WORK$ \T 9 ! ISL& = ?AT PURPOSE BY ! COLLECTIVE 9TELLIG5CE ( ! PEASANTS4#g 

,9 ! LA/ WEEKS ( ,MAY & 9 ,JUNE1 :5 ! EXPORT IS AT ITS HEI<T1 QUITE A FLEET1 ( /EAM]S RUNS BETWE5 ! SMALL ISL& ( ,J]SEY & V>I\S PORTS ( ,5GL& & ,SCOTL&4 ,EV]Y DAY EI<T TO T5 /EAM]S 5T] ! H>BOR ( ,/4 ,HELI]1 & 9 TW5TY-F\R H\RS !Y >E LOAD$ ) POTATOES & /E] = ,LONDON1 ,S\?AMPTON1 ,LIV]POOL1 ,NEWCA/LE1 & ,SCOTL&4 ,FROM #e1 TO #f1 TONS ( POTATOES1 VALU$ AT FROM ,G,B,P#b#f1 TO ,G,B,P#e11 ACCORD+ TO ! YE>1 >E ?US EXPORT$ EV]Y SUMM]2 &1 IF ! LOCAL CONSUMPTION BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 WE HAVE AT LEA/ #f1 TO #g1 TONS ?AT >E OBTA9$1 AL?\< NO MORE ?AN FROM #f1#e TO #g1#e ACRES >E GIV5 TO ALL POTATO CROPS1 E>LY & LATE--E>LY POTATOES1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 NEV] GIV+ AS HEAVY CROPS AS ! LAT] ONES4 ,T5 TO ELEV5 TONS P] ACRE IS ?US ! AV]AGE1 :ILE 9 ?IS C\NTRY ! AV]AGE IS ONLY SIX TONS P] ACRE4 

,AS SOON AS ! POTATOES >E \T1 ! SECOND CROP ( MANGOLD OR ( 0?REE MON?S' :EAT0 7A SPECIAL V>IETY ( RAPIDLY GR[+ :EAT7 IS S[N4 ,NOT ONE DAY IS LO/ 9 PUTT+ IT 94 ,! POTATO-FIELD MAY CONSI/ ( ONE OR TWO ACRES ONLY1 BUT AS SOON AS ONE-F\R? P>T ( IT IS CLE>$ ( ! POTATOES IT IS S[N ) ! SECOND CROP4 ,ONE MAY ?US SEE A SMALL FIELD DIVID$ 9TO F\R PLOTS1 ?REE ( :I* >E S[N ) :EAT AT FIVE OR SIX DAYS' DI/ANCE FROM EA* O!R1 :ILE ON ! F\R? PLOT ! POTATOES >E BE+ DUG \T4 

,! ADMIRABLE CONDITION ( ! MEAD[S & ! GRAZ+ L& 9 ! ,*ANNEL ,ISL&S HAS (T5 BE5 DESCRIB$1 & AL?\< ! AGGREGATE >EA :I* IS GIV5 9 ,J]SEY TO GRE5 CROPS1 GRASSES UND] ROTATION1 & P]MAN5T PA/URE --BO? = HAY & GRAZ+--IS LESS ?AN #a#a1 ACRES1 !Y KEEP 9 ,J]SEY OV] #a#b1#c HEAD ( CATTLE & OV] #b1#c HORSES SOLELY US$ = AGRICULTURE & BRE$+4 

,MOREOV]1 AB\T #a BULLS & #a1#f C[S & HEIF]S >E EXPORT$ EV]Y YE>1#h SO ?AT BY ?IS TIME1 AS WAS REM>K$ 9 AN ,AM]ICAN PAP]1 !RE >E MORE ,J]SEY C[S 9 ,AM]ICA ?AN 9 ,J]SEY ,ISL&4 ,J]SEY MILK & BUTT] HAVE A WIDE R5[N1 AS ALSO ! PE>S :I* >E GR[N 9 ! OP5 AIR1 BUT EA* ( :I* IS PROTECT$ ON ! TREE BY A SEP>ATE CAP1 & /ILL MORE ! FRUIT & VEGETABLES :I* >E GR[N 9 ! HO?\SES4 ,9 A WORD1 IT WILL SUFFICE TO SAY ?AT ON ! :OLE !Y OBTA9 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE TO ! VALUE ( ,G,B,P#e TO EA* ACRE ( ! AGGREGATE SURFACE ( ! ISL&4 

,FIFTY P\NDS' WOR? ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE FROM EA* ACRE ( ! L& IS SUFFICI5TLY GOOD4 ,BUT ! MORE WE /UDY ! MOD]N A*IEVEM5TS ( AGRICULTURE1 ! MORE WE SEE ?AT ! LIMITS ( PRODUCTIVITY ( ! SOIL >E NOT ATTA9$1 EV5 9 ,J]SEY4 ,NEW HORIZONS >E CONT9UALLY UNVEIL$4 ,= ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S SCI5CE--ESPECIALLY *EMI/RY--& ME*ANICAL SKILL HAVE BE5 WID5+ & EXT5D+ ! 9DU/RIAL P[]S ( MAN UPON ORGANIC & 9ORGANIC DEAD MATT]4 ,PRODIGIES HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,N[ COMES ! TURN ( SIMIL> A*IEVEM5TS ) LIV+ PLANTS4 ,HUMAN SKILL 9 ! TREATM5T ( LIV+ MATT]1 & SCI5CE--9 ITS BRAN* DEAL+ ) LIV+ ORGANISMS--/EP 9 ) ! 9T5TION ( DO+ = ! >T ( FOOD-GR[+ :AT ME*ANICAL & *EMICAL SKILL HAVE DONE 9 ! >T ( FA%ION+ & %AP+ METALS1 WOOD & ! DEAD FIB]S ( PLANTS4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y YE> BR+S SOME NEW1 (T5 UNEXPECT$ IMPROVEM5T 9 ! >T ( AGRICULTURE1 :I* = SO MANY C5TURIES HAD BE5 DORMANT4 

,WE JU/ SAW ?AT :ILE ! AV]AGE POTATO CROP 9 ! C\NTRY IS SIX TONS P] ACRE1 9 ,J]SEY IT IS NE>LY TWICE AS BIG4 ,BUT ,MR4 ,KNI<T1 :OSE NAME IS WELL KN[N TO EV]Y HORTICULTURI/ 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 HAS ONCE DUG \T ( HIS FIELDS NO LESS ?AN #a1#b#h#d BU%ELS ( POTATOES1 OR ?IRTY-F\R TONS & N9E CWTS4 9 WEI<T1 ON ONE S+LE ACRE2 & AT A REC5T COMPETITION 9 ,M9NESOTA #a1#a#b BU%ELS1 OR ?IRTY TONS1 C\LD BE ASC]TA9$ AS HAV+ BE5 GR[N ON ONE ACRE4 

,!SE >E UND\BT$LY EXTRAORD9>Y CROPS1 BUT QUITE REC5TLY ! ,FR5* ,PR(ESSOR ,AIME ,GIR>D UND]TOOK A S]IES ( EXP]IM5TS 9 ORD] TO F9D \T ! BE/ CONDITIONS = GR[+ POTATOES 9 HIS C\NTRY4#i ,HE DID NOT C>E = %[-CROPS OBTA9$ BY MEANS ( EXTRAVAGANT MANUR+1 BUT C>EFULLY /UDI$ ALL CONDITIONS3 ! BE/ V>IETY1 ! DEP? ( TILL+ & PLANT+1 ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 ! PLANTS4 ,!N HE 5T]$ 9TO CORRESPOND5CE ) SOME #ce GR[]S 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,FRANCE1 ADVIS$ !M BY LETT]S1 & F9ALLY 9DUC$ !M TO EXP]IM5T4 ,/RICTLY FOLL[+ HIS 9/RUCTIONS1 SEV]AL ( HIS CORRESPOND5TS MADE EXP]IM5TS ON A SMALL SCALE1 & !Y OBTA9$1 --9/EAD ( ! ?REE TONS :I* !Y W]E ACCU/OM$ TO GR[--SU* CROPS AS W\LD CORRESPOND TO TW5TY & ?IRTY-SIX TONS TO ! ACRE4 ,MOREOV]1 N9ETY GR[]S EXP]IM5T$ ON FIELDS MORE ?AN ONE-QU>T] ( AN ACRE 9 SIZE1 & MORE ?AN TW5TY GR[]S MADE !IR EXP]IM5TS ON L>G] >EAS ( FROM ?REE TO TW5TY-EI<T ACRES4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT NONE ( !M OBTA9$ LESS ?AN TWELVE TONS  TO ! ACRE1 :ILE SOME OBTA9$ TW5TY TONS1 & ! AV]AGE WAS1 = ! #aa GR[]S1 F\RTE5 & A HALF TONS P] ACRE4 

,H[EV]1 9DU/RY REQUIRES /ILL HEAVI] CROPS4 ,POTATOES >E L>GELY US$ 9 ,G]MANY & ,BELGIUM = DI/ILL]IES2 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! DI/ILL]Y [N]S TRY TO OBTA9 ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NTS ( />* FROM ! ACRE4 ,EXT5SIVE EXP]IM5TS HAVE LATELY BE5 MADE = ?AT PURPOSE 9 ,G]MANY1 & ! CROPS W]E3 ,N9E TONS P] ACRE = ! POOR SORTS1 F\RTE5 TONS = ! BETT] ONES1 & ?IRTY-TWO & F\R-T5?S TONS = ! BE/ V>IETIES ( POTATOES4 

,?REE TONS TO ! ACRE & MORE ?AN ?IRTY TONS TO ! ACRE >E ?US ! ASC]TA9$ LIMITS2 & ONE NECESS>ILY ASKS ONESELF3 ,:I* ( ! TWO REQUIRES LESS LABOR  9 TILL+1 PLANT+1 CULTIVAT+ & DIGG+1 & LESS EXP5DITURE 9 MANURE--?IRTY TONS GR[N ON T5 ACRES1 OR ! SAME ?IRTY TONS GR[N ON ONE ACRE OR TWO8 ,IF LABOR IS ( NO CONSID]ATION1 :ILE EV]Y P5NY SP5T 9 SE$S & MANURE IS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE1 AS IS UNHAPPILY V]Y (T5 ! CASE ) ! PEASANT--HE WILL P]=CE *OOSE ! FIR/ ME?OD4 ,BUT IS IT ! MO/ ECONOMIC8 

,AGA91 ,I JU/ M5TION$ ?AT 9 ! ,SAFFEL>E DI/RICT & ,J]SEY !Y SUCCE$ 9 KEEP+ ONE HEAD ( HORN$ CATTLE TO EA* ACRE ( GRE5 CROPS1 MEAD[S & PA/URE L&1 :ILE ELSE:]E TWO OR ?REE ACRES >E REQUIR$ = ! SAME PURPOSE4 ,BUT BETT] RESULTS /ILL CAN BE OBTA9$ BY MEANS ( IRRIGATION1 EI!R ) SEWAGE OR EV5 ) PURE WAT]4 ,9 ,5GL&1 F>M]S >E CONT5T$ ) ONE & A HALF & TWO TONS ( HAY P] ACRE1 & 9 ! P>T ( ,FL&]S JU/ M5TION$1 TWO & A HALF TONS ( HAY TO ! ACRE >E CONSID]$ A FAIR CROP4 ,BUT ON ! IRRIGAT$ FIELDS ( ! ,VOSGES1 ! ,VAUCLUSE1 ETC41 9 ,FRANCE1 SIX TONS ( DRY HAY BECOME ! RULE1 EV5 UPON UNGRATEFUL SOIL2 & ?IS MEANS CONSID]ABLY MORE ?AN ! ANNUAL FOOD ( ONE MIL* C[ 7:I* CAN BE TAK5 AT A LITTLE LESS ?AN FIVE TONS7 GR[N ON EA* ACRE4 ,ALL TAK51 ! RESULTS ( IRRIGATION HAVE PROV$ SO SATISFACTORY 9 ,FRANCE ?AT DUR+ ! YE>S #a#h#f#b-#a#h#h#b NO LESS ?AN #a1#c#e#e1 ACRES ( MEAD[S HAVE BE5 IRRIGAT$1#a :I* MEANS ?AT ! ANNUAL MEAT-FOOD ( AT LEA/ #a1#e1 FULL-GR[N P]SONS1 OR MORE1 HAS BE5 ADD$ TO ! YE>LY 9COME ( ! C\NTRY2 HOMEGR[N1 NOT IMPORT$4 ,9 FACT1 9 ! VALLEY ( ! ,SE9E1 ! VALUE ( ! L& WAS D\BL$ BY IRRIGATION2 9 ! ,SAONE VALLEY IT WAS 9CREAS$ FIVE TIMES1 & T5 TIMES 9 C]TA9 L&ES ( ,BRITTANY4#a#a 

,! EXAMPLE ( ! ,CAMP9E DI/RICT1 9 ,BELGIUM1 IS CLASSICAL4 ,IT WAS A MO/ UNPRODUCTIVE T]RITORY--M]E S& FROM ! SEA1 BL[N 9TO IRREGUL> M\NDS :I* W]E ONLY KEPT TOGE!R BY ! ROOTS ( ! HEA?2 ! ACRE ( IT US$ TO BE SOLD1 NOT R5T$1 AT FROM #eS4 TO #gS4 7#a#e TO #b FRANCS P] HECT>E74 ,BUT N[ IT IS CAPABLE1 ?ANKS TO ! WORK ( ! ,FLEMI% PEASANTS & TO IRRIGATION1 TO PRODUCE ! FOOD ( ONE MIL* C[ P] ACRE--! DUNG ( ! CATTLE BE+ UTILIZ$ = FUR!R IMPROVEM5TS4 

,! IRRIGAT$ MEAD[S R\ND ,MILAN >E ANO!R WELL-KN[N EXAMPLE4 ,NE>LY #b#b1 ACRES >E IRRIGAT$ !RE ) WAT] D]IV$ FROM ! SEW]S ( ! CITY1 & !Y YIELD CROPS ( FROM EI<T TO T5 TONS ( HAY AS A RULE2 OCCASIONALLY SOME SEP>ATE MEAD[S WILL YIELD ! FABUL\S AM\NT --FABUL\S TO-DAY1 BUT NO LONG] FABUL\S TOMORR[--( EI<TE5 TONS ( HAY P] ACRE1 ?AT IS1 ! FOOD ( NE>LY F\R C[S TO ! ACRE1 & N9E TIMES ! YIELD ( GOOD MEAD[S 9 ?IS C\NTRY4#a#b ,H[EV]1 ,5GLI% READ]S NE$ NOT GO SO F> AS ,MILAN = ASC]TA9+ ! RESULTS ( IRRIGATION BY SEW] WAT]4 ,!Y HAVE SEV]AL SU* EXAMPLES 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 9 ! EXP]IM5TS ( ,SIR ,JOHN ,LAWES1 & ESPECIALLY AT ,CRAIG5T9NY1 NE> ,$9BUR<1 :]E1 TO USE ,RONNA'S WORDS1 0! GR[? ( RYE GRASS IS SO ACTIVAT$ ?AT IT ATTA9S ITS FULL DEVELOPM5T 9 ONE YE> 9/EAD ( 9 ?REE TO F\R YE>S4 ,S[N 9 ,AUGU/1 IT GIVES A FIR/ CROP 9 AUTUMN1 & !N1 BEG9N+ ) NEXT SPR+1 A CROP ( F\R TONS TO ! ACRE IS TAK5 EV]Y MON?2 :I* REPRES5TS 9 ! F\RTE5 MON?S MORE ?AN FIFTY-SIX TONS 7( GRE5 FODD]7 TO ! ACRE40#a#c ,AT ,LODGE ,F>M !Y GR[ =TY TO FIFTY-TWO TONS ( GRE5 CROPS P] ACRE1 AFT] ! C]EALS1 )\T NEW MANUR+4 ,AT ,ALD]%OT !Y OBTA9 EXCELL5T POTATO CROPS2 & AT ,ROM=D 7,BRETON'S ,F>M7 ,COLONEL ,HOPE OBTA9$1 9 #a#h#g#a-#a#h#g#b1 QUITE EXTRAVAGANT CROPS ( V>I\S ROOTS & POTATOES4#a#d 

,IT CAN ?US BE SAID ?AT :ILE AT ! PRES5T TIME WE GIVE TWO & ?REE ACRES = KEEP+ ONE HEAD ( HORN$ CATTLE1 & ONLY 9 A FEW PLACES ONE HEAD ( CATTLE IS KEPT ON EA* ACRE GIV5 TO GRE5 CROPS1 MEAD[S & PA/URE1 MAN HAS ALREADY 9 IRRIGATION 7:I* V]Y SOON REPAYS :5 IT IS PROP]LY MADE7 ! POSSIBILITY ( KEEP+ TWICE & EV5 ?RICE AS MANY HEAD ( CATTLE TO ! ACRE OV] P>TS ( HIS T]RITORY4 ,MOREOV]1 ! V]Y HEAVY CROPS ( ROOTS :I* >E N[ OBTA9$ 7SEV5TY-FIVE TO #aa TONS ( BEETROOT TO ! ACRE >E NOT 9FREQU5T7 GIVE ANO!R P[]FUL MEANS = 9CREAS+ ! NUMB] ( CATTLE )\T TAK+ ! L& FROM :AT IS N[ GIV5 TO ! CULTURE ( C]EALS4 

,ANO!R NEW DEP>TURE 9 AGRICULTURE1 :I* IS FULL ( PROMISES & PROBABLY WILL UPSET MANY A CURR5T NOTION1 MU/ BE M5TION$ 9 ?IS PLACE4 ,I MEAN ! ALMO/ HORTICULTURAL TREATM5T ( \R CORN CROPS1 :I* IS WIDELY PRACTIC$ 9 ! F> ,EA/1 & BEG9S TO CLAIM \R ATT5TION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE AS WELL4 

,AT ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,EXHIBITION1 9 #a#h#e#a1 ,MAJOR ,HALLETT1 ( ,MANOR ,H\SE1 ,BRI<TON1 HAD A S]IES ( V]Y 9T]E/+ EXHIBITS :I* HE DESCRIB$ AS 0P$IGREE C]EALS40 ,BY PICK+ \T ! BE/ PLANTS ( HIS FIELDS1 & BY SUBMITT+ !IR DESC5DANTS TO A C>EFUL SELECTION FROM YE> TO YE>1 HE HAD SUCCE$$ 9 PRODUC+ NEW PROLIFIC V>IETIES ( :EAT & B>LEY4 ,EA* GRA9 ( !SE C]EALS1 9/EAD ( GIV+ ONLY TWO TO F\R E>S1 AS IS ! USUAL AV]AGE 9 A CORNFIELD1 GAVE T5 TO TW5TY-FIVE E>S1 & ! BE/ E>S1 9/EAD ( C>RY+ FROM SIXTY TO SIXTY-EI<T GRA9S1 HAD AN AV]AGE ( NE>LY TWICE ?AT NUMB] ( GRA9S4 

,9 ORD] TO OBTA9 SU* PROLIFIC V>IETIES ,MAJOR ,HALLETT NATURALLY C\LD NOT S[ HIS PICK$ GRA9S BROADCA/2 HE PLANT$ !M1 EA* SEP>ATELY1 9 R[S1 AT DI/ANCES ( FROM T5 TO TWELVE 9*ES FROM EA* O!R4 ,9 ?IS WAY HE F\ND ?AT EA* GRA91 HAV+ FULL ROOM = :AT IS CALL$ 0TILL]+0 7TALLAGE 9 ,FR5*#a#e71 W\LD PRODUCE T51 FIFTE51 TW5TY-FIVE1 & EV5 UP TO N9ETY & #a E>S1 AS ! CASE MAY BE2 & AS EA* E> W\LD CONTA9 FROM #f TO #ab GRA9S1 CROPS ( #e TO #b1#e GRA9S1 OR MORE1 C\LD BE OBTA9$ FROM EA* SEP>ATELY PLANT$ GRA94 ,HE EV5 EXHIBIT$ AT ! ,EXET] MEET+ ( ! ,BRITI% ,ASSOCIATION ?REE PLANTS ( :EAT1 B>LEY1 & OATS1 EA* FROM A S+LE GRA91 :I* HAD ! FOLL[+ NUMB] ( /EMS3 :EAT1 N9ETY-F\R /EMS2 B>LEY1 #aa /EMS2 OATS1 EI<TY-SEV5 /EMS4#a#f ,! B>LEY PLANT :I* HAD #aa /EMS ?US GAVE SOME?+ LIKE #e1 TO #f1 GRA9S FROM ONE S+LE GRA94 ,A C>EFUL DRAW+ ( ?AT WOND]FUL /UBBLE WAS MADE BY ,MAJOR ,HALLETT'S DAU<T] & CIRCULAT$ ) HIS PAMPHLETS4#a#g ,AGA91 9 #a#h#g#f1 A :EAT PLANT1 ) 0#a#e HEADS GR[+ ON ONE ROOT1 ON :I* MORE ?AN #h1 GRA9S W]E GR[+ AT ONCE10 WAS EXHIBIT$ AT ! ,MAID/ONE ,F>M]S' ,CLUB4#a#h 

,TWO DIFF]5T PROCESSES W]E ?US 9VOLV$ 9 ,HALLETT'S EXP]IM5TS3 A PROCESS ( SELECTION1 9 ORD] TO CREATE NEW V>IETIES ( C]EALS1 SIMIL> TO ! BRE$+ ( NEW V>IETIES ( CATTLE2 & A ME?OD ( IMM5SELY 9CREAS+ ! CROP FROM EA* GRA9 & FROM A GIV5 >EA1 BY PLANT+ EA* SE$ SEP>ATELY & WIDE AP>T1 SO AS TO HAVE ROOM = ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ! Y\NG PLANT1 :I* IS USUALLY SUFFOCAT$ BY ITS NEI<BORS 9 \R CORN-FIELDS4#a#i 

,! D\BLE *>ACT] ( ,MAJOR ,HALLETT'S ME?OD--! BRE$+ ( NEW PROLIFIC V>IETIES1 & ! ME?OD ( CULTURE BY PLANT+ ! SE$S WIDE AP>T-- SEEMS1 H[EV]1 SO F> AS ,I AM 5TITL$ TO JUDGE1 TO HAVE BE5 OV]LOOK$ UNTIL QUITE LATELY4 ,! ME?OD WAS MO/LY JUDG$ UPON ITS RESULTS2 & :5 A F>M] HAD EXP]IM5T$ UPON 0,HALLETT'S ,:EAT10 & F\ND \T ?AT IT WAS LATE 9 RIP5+ 9 HIS [N LOCALITY1 OR GAVE A LESS P]FECT GRA9 ?AN SOME O!R V>IETY1 HE USUALLY DID NOT C>E MORE AB\T ! ME?OD4#b ,H[EV]1 ,MAJOR ,HALLETT'S SUCCESSES OR NON-SUCCESSES 9 BRE$+ SU* OR SU* V>IETIES >E QUITE DI/9CT FROM :AT IS TO BE SAID AB\T ! ME?OD ITSELF ( SELECTION1 OR ! ME?OD ( PLANT+ :EAT SE$S WIDE AP>T4 ,V>IETIES :I* W]E BR$1 & :I* ,I SAW GR[N /ILL AT ,MANOR ,F>M1 ON ! W9DY D[NS ( ,BRI<TON MAY BE1 OR MAY NOT BE1 SUITABLE TO ?IS OR ?AT LOCALITY4 ,LATE/ PHYSIOLOGICAL RESE>*ES GIVE SU* AN IMPORTANCE TO EVAPORATION 9 ! BR++ ( C]EALS TO MATURITY ?AT :]E EVAPORATION IS NOT SO RAPID AS IT IS ON ! ,BRI<TON ,D[NS1 O!R V>IETIES MU/ BE RESORT$ TO & BR$ ON PURPOSE4#b#a ,I %\LD ALSO SUGGE/ ?AT QUITE DIFF]5T :EATS ?AN ! ,5GLI% \<T TO BE EXP]IM5T$ UPON = OBTA9+ PROLIFIC V>IETIES2 NAMELY1 ! QUICKLY-GR[+ ,NORWEGIAN :EAT1 ! ,J]SEY 0?REE MON?S' :EAT10 OR EV5 ,YAKUTSK B>LEY1 :I* MATURES ) AN A/ONI%+ RAPIDITY4 ,& N[ ?AT HORTICULTURI/S1 SO EXP]I5C$ 9 0BRE$+0 & 0CROSS+0 AS ,VILMOR91 ,C>T]1 ,%]IF1 ,W4 ,SAUND]S 9 ,CANADA & MANY O!RS >E1 HAVE TAK5 ! MATT] 9 H&1 WE MAY FEEL SURE ?AT FUTURE PROGRESS WILL BE MADE4 ,BUT BRE$+ IS ONE ?+2 & ! PLANT+ WIDE AP>T ( SE$S ( AN APPROPRIATE V>IETY ( :EAT IS QUITE ANO!R ?+4 

,?IS LA/ ME?OD WAS LATELY EXP]IM5T$ UPON BY ,M4 ,GR&EAU1 ,DIRECTOR ( ! ,/ATION ,AGRONOMIQUE DE L',E/1 & BY ,M4 ,FLORIMOND ,DESSPREZ AT ! EXP]IM5TAL /ATION ( ,CAPELLE2 & 9 BO? CASES ! RESULTS W]E MO/ REM>KABLE4 ,AT ?IS LA/ /ATION A ME?OD :I* IS 9 USE 9 ,FRANCE = ! *OICE ( SE$S WAS APPLI$4 ,ALREADY N[ SOME ,FR5* F>M]S GO OV] !IR :EAT FIELDS BE=E ! CROP BEG9S1 *OOSE ! S\NDE/ PLANTS :I* BE> TWO OR ?REE EQUALLY /RONG /EMS1 ADORN$ ) LONG E>S1 WELL /OCK$ ) GRA9S1 & TAKE !SE E>S4 ,!N !Y CROP (F ) SCISSORS ! TOP & ! BOTTOM ( EA* E> & KEEP ITS MIDDLE P>T ONLY1 :I* CONTA9S ! BIGGE/ SE$S4 ,) A DOZ5 QU>TS ( SU* SELECT$ GRA9S !Y OBTA9 NEXT YE> ! REQUIR$ QUANTITY ( SE$S ( A SUP]IOR QUALITY4#b#b 

,! SAME WAS DONE BY ,M4 ,DESSPREZ4 ,!N EA* SE$ WAS PLANT$ SEP>ATELY1 EI<T 9*ES AP>T 9 A R[1 BY MEANS ( A SPECIALLY DEVIS$ TOOL1 SIMIL> TO ! RAYONNEUR :I* IS US$ = PLANT+ POTATOES2 & ! R[S1 ALSO EI<T 9*ES AP>T1 W]E ALT]NATELY GIV5 TO ! BIG & TO ! SMALL] SE$S4 ,ONE-F\R? P>T ( AN ACRE HAV+ BE5 PLANT$ 9 ?IS WAY1 ) SE$S OBTA9$ FROM BO? E>LY & LATE E>S1 CROPS CORRESPOND+ TO #h#c4#h BU%ELS P] ACRE = ! FIR/ S]IES1 & #i4#d BU%ELS = ! SECOND S]IES1 W]E OBTA9$2 EV5 ! SMALL GRA9S GAVE 9 ?IS EXP]IM5T AS MU* AS #g4#b & #fb BU%ELS RESPECTIVELY4#b#c 

,! CROP WAS ?US MORE ?AN D\BL$ BY ! *OICE ( SE$S & BY PLANT+ !M SEP>ATELY EI<T 9*ES AP>T4 ,IT CORRESPOND$ 9 ,DESSPREZ'S EXP]IM5TS TO #f GRA9S OBTA9$ ON ! AV]AGE FROM EA* GRA9 S[N2 & ONE-T5? OR ONE-ELEV5? P>T ( AN ACRE WAS SUFFICI5T 9 SU* CASE TO GR[ ! EI<T & A HALF BU%ELS ( :EAT :I* >E REQUIR$ ON ! AV]AGE = ! ANNUAL BREAD FOOD P] HEAD ( A POPULATION :I* W\LD *IEFLY LIVE ON BREAD4 

,PR(4 ,GR&EAU1 ,DIRECTOR ( ! ,FR5* ,/ATION ,AGRONOMIQUE DE L',E/1 HAS ALSO MADE1 S9CE #a#h#h#f1 EXP]IM5TS ON ,MAJOR ,HALLETT'S ME?OD1 & HE OBTA9$ SIMIL> RESULTS4 0,9 A PROP] SOIL10 HE WROTE1 0ONE S+LE GRA9 ( :EAT CAN GIVE AS MU* AS FIFTY /EMS 7& E>S71 & EV5 MORE1 & ?US COV] A CIRCLE ?IRTE5 9*ES 9 DIAMET]40#b#d ,BUT AS HE SEEMS TO KN[ H[ DIFFICULT IT (T5 IS TO CONV9CE PEOPLE ( ! PLA9E/ FACTS1 HE PUBLI%$ ! PHOTOGRAPHS ( SEP>ATE :EAT PLANTS GR[N 9 DIFF]5T SOILS1 DIFF]5TLY MANUR$1 9CLUD+ PURE RIV] S& 5RI*$ BY MANURE4#b#e ,HE CONCLUD$ ?AT UND] PROP] TREATM5T #b1 & EV5 #d1 GRA9S C\LD BE EASILY OBTA9$ FROM EA* PLANT$ GRA94 ,! SE$L+S1 GR[+ FROM GRA9S PLANT$ T5 9*ES AP>T1 COV] ! :OLE SPACE1 & ! EXP]IM5TAL PLOT TAKES ! ASPECT ( AN EXCELL5T CORNFIELD1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM A PHOTOGRAPH GIV5 BY ,GR&EAU 9 HIS ,ETUDES AGRONOMIQUES4#b#f 

,9 FACT1 ! EI<T & A HALF BU%ELS REQUIR$ = ONE MAN'S ANNUAL FOOD W]E ACTUALLY GR[N AT ! ,TOMBLA9E /ATION ON A SURFACE ( #b1#b#e SQU>E FEET1 OR =TY-SEV5 FEET SQU>E--?AT IS1 ON V]Y NE>LY ONE-TW5TIE? P>T ( AN ACRE4 

,AGA91 WE MAY ?US SAY1 ?AT :]E WE REQUIRE N[ ?REE ACRES1 ONE ACRE W\LD BE SUFFICI5T = GR[+ ! SAME AM\NT ( FOOD1 IF PLANT+ WIDE AP>T W]E RESORT$ TO4 ,& !RE IS1 SURELY1 NO MORE OBJECTION TO PLANT+ :EAT ?AN !RE IS TO S[+ 9 R[S1 :I* IS N[ 9 G5]AL USE1 AL?\< AT ! TIME :5 ! SY/EM WAS FIR/ 9TRODUC$1 9 LIEU ( ! =M]LY USUAL MODE ( S[+ BROADCA/1 IT C]TA9LY WAS MET ) GREAT DI/RU/4 ,:ILE ! ,*9ESE & ! ,JAPANESE US$ = C5TURIES TO S[ :EAT 9 R[S1 BY MEANS ( A BAMBOO TUBE ADAPT$ TO ! PL[1 ,EUROPEAN WRIT]S OBJECT$1 ( C\RSE1 TO ?IS ME?OD UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT IT W\LD REQUIRE TOO MU* LABOR4 ,IT IS ! SAME N[ ) PLANT+ EA* SE$ AP>T4 ,PR(ESSIONAL WRIT]S SNE] AT IT1 AL?\< ALL ! RICE ?AT IS GR[N 9 ,JAPAN IS PLANT$ & EV5 REPLANT$4 ,EV]YONE1 H[EV]1 :O WILL ?9K ( ! LABOR :I* MU/ BE SP5T = PL[+1 H>R[+1 F5C+1 & KEEP+ FREE ( WE$S ?REE ACRES 9/EAD ( ONE1 & :O WILL CALCULATE ! CORRESPOND+ EXP5DITURE 9 MANURE1 WILL SURELY ADMIT ?AT ALL ADVANTAGES >E 9 FAVOR ( ! ONE ACRE AS AGA9/ ! ?REE ACRES1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ! POSSIBILITIES ( IRRIGATION OR ( ! PLANT+ MA*9E-TOOL1 :I* WILL BE DEVIS$ AS SOON AS !RE IS A DEM& = IT4#b#g 

,MORE ?AN ?AT1 !RE IS FULL REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT EV5 ?IS ME?OD IS LIABLE TO FUR!R IMPROVEM5T BY MEANS ( REPLANT+4 ,C]EALS 9 SU* CASES W\LD BE TREAT$ AS VEGETABLES >E TREAT$ 9 HORTICULTURE4 ,SU* IS1 AT LEA/1 ! IDEA :I* BEGAN TO G]M9ATE S9CE ! ME?ODS ( C]EAL CULTURE ?AT >E RESORT$ TO 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN BECAME BETT] KN[N 9 ,EUROPE4 7,SEE ,APP5DIX 47 

,! FUTURE--A NE> FUTURE1 ,I HOPE--WILL %[ :AT PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE SU* A ME?OD ( TREAT+ C]EALS MAY HAVE4 ,BUT WE NE$ NOT SPECULATE AB\T ?AT FUTURE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY1 9 ! FACTS M5TION$ 9 ?IS *APT]1 AN EXP]IM5TAL BASIS = QUITE A NUMB] ( MEANS ( IMPROV+ \R PRES5T ME?ODS ( CULTURE & ( L>GELY 9CREAS+ ! CROPS4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT 9 A BOOK :I* IS NOT 9T5D$ TO BE A MANUAL ( AGRICULTURE1 ALL ,I CAN DO IS TO GIVE ONLY A FEW H9TS TO SET PEOPLE ?9K+ = !MSELVES UPON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,BUT ! LITTLE ?AT HAS BE5 SAID IS SUFFICI5T TO %[ ?AT WE HAVE NO RI<T TO COMPLA9 ( OV]-POPULATION1 & NO NE$ TO FE> IT 9 ! FUTURE4 ,\R MEANS ( OBTA9+ FROM ! SOIL :ATEV] WE WANT1 UND] ANY  CLIMATE & UPON ANY  SOIL1 HAVE LATELY BE5 IMPROV$ AT SU* A RATE ?AT WE CANNOT =ESEE YET :AT IS ! LIMIT ( PRODUCTIVITY ( A FEW ACRES ( L&4 ,! LIMIT VANI%ES 9 PROPORTION TO \R BETT] /UDY ( ! SUBJECT1 & EV]Y YE> MAKES IT VANI% FUR!R & FUR!R FROM \R SI<T4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,! RESE>*ES ( ,TISS]& MAY BE SUMM$ UP AS FOLL[S3 

,YE>4 
,POPULATION 

9 

MILLIONS4 

,ACRES UND] 

:EAT4 
,AV]AGE CROP 

9 BU%ELS 

P] ACRE4 
,:EAT CROP 9 

BU%ELS 
#a<i 
#b#g4 
#i1#h#h#d1 
#i 
#h#g1#i#h1 
#a#h#c#a-#d#a 
#c#c4#d 
#a#c1#b#b#d1 
#ae 
#a#i#d1#b#b#e1 
#a#h#h#b-#h#h 
#c#h4#b 
#a#g1#a#i#h1 
#ah 
#c#a#a1#f#a#i1 

#b ,9 A REC5T EVALUATION1 ,M4 ,AUGE-,L>IBE 7,L'EVOLUTION DE LA ,FRANCE4 AGRICOLE1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#a#b7 >RIVES AT ! FOLL[+ FIGURES3-- 

,YE>S4 
 ,>EA UND] :EAT4 

,ACRES 
 ,YE>S4 
 ,>EA UND] :EAT4 

,ACRES4 
#ahfb 
 #a#h1#d#c1 
 #ai 
 #a#f1#i#f1 
#ahhb 
 #a#g1#g#d1 
 #aia 
 #a#f1#a#i1 
#ahib 
 #a#g1#f#i1 
  --  
  --  

,! AV]AGE CROPS = EA* T5 YE>S S9CE #ahcd >E GIV5 AS FOLL[S3-- 

,YE>S 
 ,CROPS 9 BU%ELS4 
 ,YE>S4 
 ,CROPS 9 BU%ELS 
#a#h#c#d-#d#c 
 #a#i1#h1 
 #a#h#h#d-#i#e 
 #b#i#d1#g1 
#a#h#e#f-#f#e 
 #b#g#b1#i1 
 #a#h#i#f-#a#i#e 
 #c#a#g1#g1 
#a#h#g#f-#h#e 
 #b#g#i1#h1 
 #a#i#f-#i 
 #c#c#c1#d1 

,! :EAT CROP HAS ?US 9CREAS$ 9 SEV5TY-FIVE YE>S BY #gd P]C5T1 :ILE ! POPULATION 9CREAS$ ONLY BY #b P]C5T4 ,= POTATOES1 ! 9CREASE IS /ILL GREAT]3 :ILE #a#i#h1#h1 CWT4 ( POTATOES W]E GR[N 9 #a#h#h#b1 ! CROP ( #aii WAS ALREADY #c#b#h1#c1 CWT41 ! AV]AGE YIELD ( ! ACRE GR[+ FROM #adh CWT4 9 #ahhb TO #bab CWT4 9 #a#i#i4 

#c ,GR&EAU1 ,ETUDES AGRONOMIQUES1 #bE S]IE4 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h#h4 

#d ,AL?\< #cf P]C5T ( ! CULTIVABLE >EA IS UND] C]EALS1 !RE W]E 9 ,D5M>K1 9 #a#i#a1 #b1#b#e#c1#i#h HEAD ( CATTLE1 AS AGA9/ #a1#b#c#h1#i 9 #a#h#g#a1 & #a1#d#g1#a 9 #a#h#h#b4 

#e ,RISL]1 ,PHYSIOLOGIE ET ,CULTURE DU ,BLE4 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h#f4 ,TAK+ ! :OLE ( ! :EAT CROP 9 ,FRANCE1 WE SEE ?AT ! FOLL[+ PROGRESS HAS BE5 REALIZ$4 ,9 #a#h#g#b-#a#h#h#a ! AV]AGE CROP WAS #a#f4#e BU%ELS P] ACRE4 ,9 #a#h#h#b-#a#h#i IT ATTA9$ #a#g4#i BU%ELS P] ACRE4 ,9CREASE BY #ad P]C5T 9 T5 YE>S 7,PR(4 ,C4 ,V4 ,G>OLA1 ,LES ,C]EALES1 P4 #g SEQ474 

#f ,O4 DE ,K]*OVE DE ,D5T]<51 ,LA PETITE ,CULTURE DES ,FL&]S BELGES1 ,G&1 #a#h#g#h4 

#g ,ONE C\LD NOT 9SI/ TOO MU* ON ! COLLCCTIVE *>ACT] ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?AT BRAN* ( HUSB&RY4 ,9 MANY PLACES ( ! ,S\? COA/ ( ,5GL& E>LY POTATOES CAN ALSO BE GR[N--TO SAY NO?+ ( ,CORNWALL & ,S\? ,DEVON1 :]E POTATOES >E OBTA9$ BY SEP>ATE LABOR]S 9 SMALL QUANTITIES AS E>LY AS !Y >E OBTA9$ 9 ,J]SEY4 ,BUT SO LONG AS ?IS CULTURE REMA9S ! WORK ( ISOLAT$ GR[]S1 ITS RESULTS MU/ NECESS>ILY BE 9F]IOR TO ?OSE :I* ! ,J]SEY PEASANTS OBTA9 ?R\< !IR COLLECTIVE EXP]I5CE4 ,= ! TE*NICAL DETAILS CONC]N+ POTATO-CULTURE 9 ,J]SEY1 SEE A PAP] BY A ,J]SEY GR[] 9 ! ,J\RNAL ( ,HORTICULTURE1 #b#bND & #b#i? ,MAY1 #a#h#i4 ,CONSID]ABLE PROGRESS HAS BE5 MADE LATELY 9 ,CORNWALL1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,P5ZANCE1 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( POTATO-GR[+ & 9T5SIVE M>KET-G>D5+1 & ONE MAY HOPE ?AT ! SUCCESSES ( !SE GR[]S WILL 9CITE O!RS TO IMITATE !IR EXAMPLE4 

#h ,SEE ,APP5DIX ,L4 

#i ,SEE ! ,ANNALES AGRONOMIQUES  = #ahib & #a#h#i#c2 ALSO ,J\RNAL DES ,ECONOMI/ES1 FEVRI]1 #a#h#i#c1 P4 #b#a#e4 

#a ,B>RAL 9 ,J\RNAL D',AGRICULTURE PRATIQUE1 #b FEVRI]1 #a#h#h#i2 ,BOITEL1 ,H]BAGES ET ,PRAIRIES NATURELLES1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h#g4 

#aa ,! 9CREASE ( ! CROPS DUE TO IRRIGATION IS MO/ 9/RUCTIVE4 ,9 ! MO/ UNPRODUCTIVE ,SOLOGNE1 IRRIGATION HAS 9CREAS$ ! HAY CROP FROM TWO TONS P] HECT>E 7TWO & A HALF ACRES7 TO EI<T TONS2 9 ! ,V5DEE1 FROM F\R TONS ( BAD HAY TO T5 TONS ( EXCELL5T HAY4 ,9 ! ,A91 ,M4 ,PURIS1 HAV+ SP5T #a#i1 FRANCS = IRRIGAT+ N9ETY-TWO & A HALF HECT>ES 7AB\T ,G,B,P#b #aS4 P] ACRE71 OBTA9$ AN 9CREASE ( #bg TONS ( EXCELL5T HAY4 ,9 ! S\? ( ,FRANCE1 A NET 9CREASE ( OV] F\R BU%ELS ( :EAT P] ACRE IS EASILY OBTA9$ BY IRRIGATION2 :ILE = M>KET G>D5+ ! 9CREASE WAS F\ND TO ATTA9 ,G,B,P#c TO ,G,B,P#d P] ACRE4 7,SEE ,H4 ,SAGNI]1 0,IRRIGATION10 9 ,B>RAL'S ,DICTIONNAIRE D',AGRICULTURE1 VOL4 III41 P4 #c#c#i47 ,I H>DLY NE$ M5TION ! /RIK+ RESULTS OBTA9$ LATELY BY IRRIGATION 9 ,EGYPT & ON ! DRY PLATEAUS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

 #a#b,DICTIONNAIRE D',AGRICULTURE1 SAME >TICLE4 ,SEE ALSO ,APP5DIX ,M4 

#ac ,RONNA4 ,LES ,IRRIGATIONS4 VOL4 III1 P4 #f#g4 ,P>IS1 #a#h#i4 

#ad ,PR(4 ,RONNA GIVES ! FOLL[+ FIGURES ( CROPS P] ACRE3 ,TW5TY-EI<T TONS ( POTATOES1 SIXTE5 TONS ( MANGOLDS1 #ae TONS ( BEET1 #aa TONS ( C>ROTS1 N9E TO TW5TY TONS ( V>I\S CABBAGE1 & SO ON4--,MO/ REM>KABLE RESULTS SEEM ALSO TO HAVE BE5 OBTA9$ BY ,M4 ,GOPP>T1 BY GR[+ GRE5 FODD] = 5SILAGE4 ,SEE HIS WORK1 ,MANUEL DE LA ,CULTURE DES ,MAIS ET AUTRES ,F\RRAGES V]TS1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#g#g4 

#ae 0,%ORTLY AFT] ! PLANT APPE>S ABOVE GR\ND IT COMM5CES TO ?R[ \T NEW & DI/9CT /EMS1 UPON ! FIR/ APPE>ANCE ( :I* A CORRESPOND5T ROOT-BUD IS DEVELOP$ = ITS SUPPORT1 & :ILE ! NEW /EMS GR[ \T FLAT OV] ! SURFACE ( ! SOIL1 !IR RESPECTIVE ROOTS ASSUME A CORRESPOND+ DEVELOPM5T B5EA? IT4 ,?IS PROCESS1 CALL$ 'TILL]+1' WILL CONT9UE UNTIL ! SEASON >RIVES = ! /EMS TO ASSUME AN UPRI<T GR[?40 ,! LESS ! ROOTS HAVE BE5 9T]F]$ ) BY OV]CR[D+ ! BETT] WILL BE ! E>S 7,MAJOR ,HALLETT1 0,?9 ,SE$+10 ETC474 

#af ,PAP] ON 0 ,?9 ,SE$+ & ! ,SELECTION ( ,SE$10 READ BE=E ! ,MIDL& ,F>M]S' ,CLUB1 #d? ,JUNE1 #a#h#g#d4 

#ag 0,P$IGREE ,C]EALS10 #a#h#h#i4 ,PAP] ON 0,?9 ,SE$+10 ETC41 JU/ M5TION$4 ,AB/RACTS FROM ,! ,TIMES1 ETC41 #a#h#f#b4 ,MAJOR ,HALLETT CONTRIBUT$1 MOREOV]1 SEV]AL PAP]S TO ! ,J\RNAL ( ! ,ROYAL ,AGRICULTURAL ,SOCIETY1 & ONE TO ,! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY4 

#a#h,AGRICULTURAL ,GAZETTE1 #cRD ,JANU>Y1 #a#h#g#f4 ,N9ETY E>S1 SOME ( :I* CONTA9$ AS MANY AS #acb GRA9S EA*1 W]E ALSO OBTA9$ 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&4 

#ai ,IT APPE>S FROM MANY DIFF]5T EXP]IM5TS 7M5TION$ 9 ,PR(4 ,G>OLA'S EXCELL5T WORK1 ,LES ,C]EALES1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#i#b7 ?AT :5 TE/$ SE$S 7( :I* NO MORE ?AN #f P]C5T >E LO/ ON S[+7 >E S[N BROADCA/1 TO ! AM\NT ( #e SE$S P] SQU>E MET] 7A LITTLE MORE ?AN ONE SQU>E Y>D71 ONLY #adh ( !M GIVE PLANTS4 ,EA* PLANT GIVES 9 SU* CASE FROM TWO TO F\R /EMS & FROM TWO TO F\R E>S1 BUT NE>LY #cf SE$S >E 5TIRELY LO/4 ,:5 S[N 9 R[S1 ! LOSS IS NOT SO GREAT1 BUT IT IS /ILL CONSID]ABLE4 

 #b ,SEE ,PR(4 ,G>OLA'S REM>KS ON 0,HALLETT'S ,:EAT10 :I*1 BY ! WAY1 SEEMS TO BE WELL KN[N TO F>M]S 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY 7,LES ,C]EALES1 P4 #c#c#g74 

#ba ,BESIDES1 ,HALLETT'S :EAT MU/ NOT BE S[N LAT] ?AN ! FIR/ WEEK ( ,SEPTEMB]4 ,?OSE :O MAY TRY EXP]IM5TS ) PLANT$ :EAT MU/ BE ESPECIALLY C>EFUL TO MAKE ! EXP]IM5TS 9 OP5 FIELDS1 NOT 9 A BACK G>D51 & TO S[ E>LY4 

#bb ,UPON ?IS ME?OD ( SELECT+ SE$S OP9IONS >E1 H[EV]1 AT V>IANCE AMONG AGRICULTURI/S4 

#bc ,! /RAW WAS EI<TY-?REE & SEV5TY-SEV5 CWTS4 P] ACRE 9 ! FIR/ CASE2 FIFTY-N9E & =TY-N9E CWTS4 9 ! SECOND CASE 7,G>OLA1 ,LES ,C]EALES74 ,9 HIS ABOVE-M5TION$ PAP] ON 0,?9 ,SE$+10 ,MAJOR ,HALLETT M5TIONS A CROP AT ! RATE ( #ah BU%ELS TO ! ACRE1 OBTA9$ BY PLANT+ N9E 9*ES AP>T4 

#bd ,L4 ,GR&EAU1 ,ETUDES AGRONOMIQUES1 #cE S]IE1 #a#h#h#g-#a#h#h#h1 P4 #d#c4 ,?IS S]IES IS /ILL CONT9U$ BY ONE VOLUME EV]Y YE>4 

#be ,ON ONE ( !SE PHOTOGRAPHS ONE SEES ?AT 9 A SOIL IMPROV$ BY *EMICAL MANURE ONLY1 SEV5TE5 /EMS FROM EA* GRA9 >E OBTA9$2 ) ORGANIC MANURE ADD$ TO ! =M]1 TW5TY-FIVE /EMS W]E OBTA9$4 

#bf ,MO/ 9T]E/+ EXP]IM5TS = OBTA9+ NEW SORTS ( :EAT1 COMB9+ ! QUALITIES ( ,CANADIAN :EAT ) ?OSE ( ! BE/ ,BRITI% SORTS1 >E BE+ C>RI$ ON N[ AT ! ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY4 ,SIMIL> EXP]IM5TS HAVE BE5 MADE 9 ,G]MANY BY ,F4 VON ,LO*[1 AT ,PETKNO1 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE NEW RACES ( RYE RI* 9 GLUT5 & PROLIFIC4 ,!SE LA/ EXP]IM5TS W]E MADE ON ,MR4 ,HALLETT'S ME?OD1 & ! RESULTS W]E SATISFAOTORY1 AS IT APPE>S FROM A REPORT PUBLI%$ 9 ,FUEHL+'S ,L&WIR?S*AFTLI*E ,ZEITUNG1 ,LEIPZIG1 ,JANU>Y & ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i1 PP4 #bi & #e#d4 

#bg ,SEE ,APP5DIX ,N4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahig 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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