,*APT] #a ,! ,DEC5TRALISATION ( ,9DU/RIES #ahihahih ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,TEXT 3 ,PHOTO BY ,JOE ,SULLIVAN1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,DIVISION ( LABOR & 9TEGRATION--,! SPREAD ( 9DU/RIAL SKILL--,EA* NATION ITS [N PRODUC] ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS --,! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM -- ,FRANCE -- ,G]MANY -- ,RUSSIA -- 0,G]MAN COMPETITION40 ,:O DOES NOT REMEMB] ! REM>KABLE *APT] BY :I* ,ADAM ,SMI? OP5S HIS 9QUIRY 9TO ! NATURE & CAUSES ( ! WEAL? ( NATIONS8 ,EV5 ?OSE ( \R CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMI/S :O SELDOM REV]T TO ! WORKS ( ! FA!R ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & (T5 =GET ! IDEAS :I* 9SPIR$ !M1 KN[ ?AT *APT] ALMO/ BY HE>T1 SO (T5 HAS IT BE5 COPI$ & RECOPI$ S9CE4 ,IT HAS BECOME AN >TICLE ( FAI?2 & ! ECONOMICAL HI/ORY ( ! C5TURY :I* HAS ELAPS$ S9CE ,ADAM ,SMI? WROTE HAS BE51 SO TO SPEAK1 AN ACTUAL COMM5T>Y UPON IT4 0,DIVISION ( LABOR0 WAS ITS WAT*WORD4 ,& ! DIVISION & SUBDIVISION--! P]MAN5T SUBDIVISION--( FUNCTIONS HAS BE5 PU%$ SO F> AS TO DIVIDE HUMANITY 9TO CA/ES :I* >E ALMO/ AS FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ AS ?OSE ( OLD ,9DIA4 ,WE HAVE1 FIR/1 ! BROAD DIVISION 9TO PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S3 LITTLE-CONSUM+ PRODUC]S ON ! ONE H&1 LITTLE-PRODUC+ CONSUM]S ON ! O!R H&4 ,!N1 AMID ! =M]1 A S]IES ( FUR!R SUBDIVISIONS3 ! MANUAL WORK] & ! 9TELLECTUAL WORK]1 %>PLY SEP>AT$ FROM ONE ANO!R TO ! DETRIM5T ( BO?2 ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S & ! WORK]S 9 ! MANUFACTURE2 &1 AMID ! MASS ( ! LATT]1 NUMB]LESS SUBDIVISIONS AGA9--SO M9UTE1 9DE$1 ?AT ! MOD]N IDEAL ( A WORKMAN SEEMS TO BE A MAN OR A WOMAN1 OR EV5 A GIRL OR A BOY1 )\T ! KN[L$GE ( ANY H&ICRAFT1 )\T ANY CONCEPTION :ATEV] ( ! 9DU/RY HE OR %E IS EMPLOY$ 91 :O IS ONLY CAPABLE ( MAK+ ALL DAY LONG & = A :OLE LIFE ! SAME 9F9ITESIMAL P>T ( SOME?+3 :O FROM ! AGE ( ?IRTE5 TO ?AT ( SIXTY PU%ES ! COAL C>T AT A GIV5 SPOT ( ! M9E OR MAKES ! SPR+ ( A P5KNIFE1 OR 0! EIT ( A P940 ,M]E S]VANTS TO SOME MA*9E ( A GIV5 DESCRIPTION2 M]E FLE%-&-BONE P>TS ( SOME IMM5SE MA*9]Y2 HAV+ NO IDEA H[ & :Y ! MA*9]Y P]=MS ITS RHY?MICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,SKILL$ >TISAN%IP IS BE+ SWEPT AWAY AS A SURVIVAL ( A PA/ CONDEMN$ TO DISAPPE>4 ,! >TI/ :O =M]LY F\ND ES!TIC 5JOYM5T 9 ! WORK ( HIS H&S IS SUB/ITUT$ BY ! HUMAN SLAVE ( AN IRON SLAVE4 ,NAY1 EV5 ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]1 :O =M]LY US$ TO F9D A RELIEF FROM ! H>D%IPS ( HIS LIFE 9 ! HOME ( HIS ANCE/ORS--! FUTURE HOME ( HIS *ILDR5--9 HIS LOVE ( ! FIELD & 9 A KE5 9T]C\RSE ) NATURE1 EV5 HE HAS BE5 DOOM$ TO DISAPPE> = ! SAKE ( DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,HE IS AN ANA*RONISM1 WE >E TOLD2 HE MU/ BE SUB/ITUT$1 9 A ,BONANZA F>M1 BY AN OCCASIONAL S]VANT HIR$ = ! SUMM]1 & DIS*>G$ AS ! AUTUMN COMES3 A TRAMP :O WILL NEV] AGA9 SEE ! FIELD HE HAS H>VE/$ ONCE 9 HIS LIFE4 0,AN AFFAIR ( A FEW YE>S10 ! ECONOMI/S SAY1 0TO RE=M AGRICULTURE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! TRUE PR9CIPLES ( DIVISION ( LABOR & MOD]N 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION40 ,DAZZL$ ) ! RESULTS OBTA9$ BY A C5TURY ( M>VEL\S 9V5TIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,5GL&1 \R ECONOMI/S & POLITICAL M5 W5T /ILL F>!R 9 !IR DREAMS ( DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,!Y PROCLAIM$ ! NECESSITY ( DIVID+ ! :OLE ( HUMANITY 9TO NATIONAL WORK%OPS HAV+ EA* ( !M ITS [N SPECIALTY4 ,WE W]E TAUY & ,RUSSIA >E PR$E/9$ BY NATURE TO GR[ CORN 9 ORD] TO FE$ ! MANUFACTUR+ C\NTRIES2 ?AT ,BRITA9 HAD TO PROVIDE ! WORLDM>KET ) COTTONS1 IRON GOODS1 & COAL2 ,BELGIUM ) WOOL5 CLO?2 & SO ON4 ,NAY1 )9 EA* NATION1 EA* REGION HAD TO HAVE ITS [N SPECIALTY4 ,SO IT HAS BE5 = SOME TIME S9CE2 SO IT \GE/ PR(ITS >E MADE BY MEANS ( A SPECIALIZATION ( LABOR1 ! QUE/ION WAS NOT CONCEIV$ TO EXI/ AS TO :E!R HUMAN BE+S W\LD ALWAYS SUBMIT TO SU* A SPECIALIZATION2 :E!R NATIONS C\LD BE SPECIALIZ$ LIKE ISOLAT$ WORKM54 ,! !ORY WAS GOOD = TO-DAY--:Y %\LD WE C>E = TO-MORR[4 ,TO-MORR[ MIR[ CONCEPTION ( LIFE :I* CONSI/$ 9 ?9K+ ?AT PR(ITS >E ! ONLY LEAD+ MOTIVE ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 & ! /UBBORN VIEW :I* SUPPOSES ?AT :AT HAS EXI/$ YE/]DAY W\LD LA/ = EV]1 PROV$ 9 DISACCORDANCE ) ! T5D5CIES ( HUMAN LIFE2 & LIFE TOOK ANO!R DIRECTION4 ,NOBODY WILL D5Y ! HI< PIT* ( PRODUCTION :I* MAY BE ATTA9$ BY SPECIALIZATION4 ,BUT1 PRECISELY 9 PROPORTION AS ! WORK REQUIR$ FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 MOD]N PRODUCTION BECOMES SIMPL] & EASI] TO BE LE>N$1 &1 !RE=E1 ALSO MORE MONOTON\S & WE>ISOME--! REQUIREM5TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL = V>Y+ HIS WORK1= EX]CIS+ ALL HIS CAPACITIES1BECOME MORE & MORE PROM95T4 ,HUMANITY P]CEIVES ?AT !RE IS NO ADVANTAGE = ! COMMUNITY 9 RIVET+ A HUMAN BE+ = ALL HIS LIFE TO A GIV5 SPOT1 9 A WORK%OP OR A M9E2 NO GA9 9 DEPRIV+ HIM ( SU* WORK AS W\LD BR+ HIM 9TO FREE 9T]C\RSE ) NATURE1 MAKE ( HIM A CONSCI\S P>T ( ! GR& :OLE1 A P>TN] 9 ! HIT1 ( FREE WORK & CREATION4 ,NATIONS1 TOO1 REFUSE TO BE SPECIALIZ$4 ,EA* NATION IS A COMP\ND AGGREGATE ( TA/ES & 9CL9ATIONS1 ( WANTS & RES\RCES1 ( CAPACITIES & 9V5TIVE P[]S4 ,! T]RITORY OCCUPI$ BY EA* NATION IS 9 ITS TURN A MO/ V>I$ TEXTURE ( SOILS & CLIMATES1 ( HILLS & VALLEYS1 ( SLOPES LEAD+ TO A /ILL GREAT] V>IETY ( T]RITORIES & RACES4 ,V>IETY IS ! DI/9CTIVE FEATURE1 BO? ( ! T]RITORY & ITS 9HABITANTS2 & ?AT V>IETY IMPLIES A V>IETY ( OCCUPATIONS4 ,AGRICULTURE CALLS MANUFACTURES 9TO EXI/5CE1 & MANUFACTURES SUPPORT AGRICULTURE4 ,BO? >E 9SEP>ABLE3 & ! COMB9ATION1 ! 9TEGRATION ( BO? BR+S AB\T ! GR&E/ RESULTS4 ,9 PROPORTION AS TE*NICAL KN[L$GE BECOMES EV]YBODY'S VIRTUAL DOMA91 9 PROPORTION AS IT BECOMES 9T]NATIONAL1 & CAN BE CONCEAL$ NO LONG]1 EA* NATION ACQUIRES ! POSSIBILITY ( APPLY+ ! :OLE V>IETY ( H] 5]GIES TO ! :OLE V>IETY ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS4 ,KN[L$GE IGNORES >TIFICIAL POLITICAL B\ND>IES4 ,SO ALSO DO ! 9DU/RIES2 & ! PRES5T T5D5CY ( HUMANITY IS TO HAVE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE V>IETY ( 9DU/RIES GA!R$ 9 EA* C\NTRY1 9 EA* SEP>ATE REGION1 SIDE BY SIDE ) AGRICULTURE4 ,! NE$S ( HUMAN AGGLOM]ATIONS CORRESPOND ?US TO ! NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL2 & :ILE A TEMPOR>Y DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS REMA9S ! SURE/ GU>ANTEE ( SUCCESS 9 EA* SEP>ATE UND]TAK+1 ! P]MAN5T DIVISION IS DOOM$ TO DISAPPE>1 & TO BE SUB/ITUT$ BY A V>IETY ( PURSUITS-- 9TELLECTUAL1 9DU/RIAL1 & AGRICULTURAL--CORRESPOND+ TO ! DIFF]5T CAPACITIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 AS WELL AS TO ! V>IETY ( CAPACITIES )9 EV]Y HUMAN AGGREGATE4 ,:5 WE ?US REV]T FROM ! S*OLA/ICS ( \R TEXT-BOOKS1 & EXAM9E HUMAN LIFE AS A :OLE1 WE SOON DISCOV] ?AT1 :ILE ALL ! B5EFITS ( A TEMPOR>Y DIVISION ( LABOR MU/ BE MA9TA9$1 IT IS HI< TIME TO CLAIM ?OSE ( ! 9TEGRATION ( LABOR4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY HAS HI!RTO 9SI/$ *IEFLY UPON DIVISION4 ,WE PROCLAIM 9TEGRATION2 & WE MA9TA9 ?AT ! IDEAL ( SOCIETY--?AT IS1 ! /ATE T[>DS :I* SOCIETY IS ALREADY M>*+--IS A SOCIETY ( 9TEGRAT$1 COMB9$ LABOR4 ,A SOCIETY :]E EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS A PRODUC] ( BO? MANUAL & 9TELLECTUAL WORK2 :]E EA* ABLE-BODI$ HUMAN BE+ IS A WORK]1 & :]E EA* WORK] WORKS BO? 9 ! FIELD & ! 9DU/RIAL WORK%OP2 :]E EV]Y AGGREGATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 L>GE 5\< TO DISPOSE ( A C]TA9 V>IETY ( NATURAL RES\RCES--IT MAY BE A NATION1 OR RA!R A REGION--PRODUCES & ITSELF CONSUMES MO/ ( ITS [N AGRICULTURAL & MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCE4 ,( C\RSE1 AS LONG AS SOCIETY REMA9S ORGANIZ$ SO AS TO P]MIT ! [N]S ( ! L& & CAPITAL TO APPROPRIATE = !MSELVES1 UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! ,/ATE & HI/ORICAL RILY SURPLUS ( HUMAN PRODUCTION1 NO SU* *ANGE CAN BE ?OR\S 9 ITSELF ! G]MS ( ITS PROP] RU94 ,! 9DU/RIAL CRISES1 :I* GR[ MORE ACUTE & PROTRACT$1 & >E R5D]$ /ILL WORSE & /ILL MORE ACUTE BY ! >MAM5TS & W>S IMPLI$ BY ! PRES5T SY/EM1 >E R5D]+ ITS MA9T5ANCE MORE & MORE DIFFICULT4 ,MOREOV]1 ! WORK]S PLA9LY MANIFE/ !IR 9T5TION TO SUPPORT NO LONG] PATI5TLY ! MIS]Y OCCASION$ BY EA* CRISIS4 ,& EA* CRISIS ACCEL]ATES ! DAY :5 ! PRES5T 9/ITUTIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY & PRODUCTION WILL BE %AK5 TO !IR F\NDATIONS ) SU* 9T]NAL /RUGGLES AS WILL DEP5D UPON ! MORE OR LESS GOOD S5SE ( ! N[ PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,BUT WE MA9TA9 ALSO ?AT ANY SOCIALI/ ATTEMPT AT REMODEL+ ! PRES5T RELATIONS BETWE5 ,CAPITAL & ,LABOR WILL BE A FAILURE1 IF IT DOES NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! ABOVE T5D5CIES T[>DS 9TEGRATION4 ,!SE T5D5CIES HAVE NOT YET RECEIV$1 9 \R OP9ION1 DUE ATT5TION FROM ! DIFF]5T SOCIALI/ S*OOLS--BUT !Y MU/4 ,A REORGANIZ$ SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO AB&ON ! FALLACY ( NATIONS SPECIALIZ$ = ! PRODUCTION ( EI!R AGRICULTURAL OR MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCE4 ,IT WILL HAVE TO RELY ON ITSELF = ! PRODUCTION ( FOOD & MANY1 IF NOT MO/1 ( ! RAW MAT]IALS2 IT MU/ F9D ! BE/ MEANS ( COMB9+ AGRICULTURE ) MANUFACTURE--! WORK 9 ! FIELD ) A DEC5TRALIZ$ 9DU/RY2 & IT WILL HAVE TO PROVIDE = 09TEGRAT$ $UCATION10 :I* $UCATION ALONE1 BY TEA*+ BO? SCI5CE & H&ICRAFT FROM E>LIE/ *ILDHOOD1 CAN GIVE TO SOCIETY ! M5 & WOM5 IT REALLY NE$S4 ,EA* NATION--H] [N AGRICULTURI/ & MANUFACTUR]2 EA* 9DIVIDUAL WORK+ 9 ! FIELD & 9 SOME 9DU/RIAL >T2 EA* 9DIVIDUAL COMB9+ SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE ) ! KN[L$GE ( A H&ICRAFT--SU* IS1 WE AFFIRM1 ! PRES5T T5D5CY ( CIVILIZ$ NATIONS4 ,! PRODIGI\S GR[? ( 9DU/RIES 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 & ! SIMULTANE\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL TRAFFIC :I* N[ P]MITS ! TRANSPORT ( RAW MAT]IALS & >TICLES ( FOOD ON A GIGANTIC SCALE1 HAVE CREAT$ ! IMPRESSION ?AT A FEW NATIONS ( ,WE/ ,EUROPE W]E DE/9$ TO BECOME ! MANUFACTUR]S ( ! WORLD4 ,!Y NE$ ONLY--IT WAS >GU$--TO SUPPLY ! M>KET ) MANUFACTUR$ GOODS1 & !Y WILL DRAW FROM ALL OV] ! SURFACE ( ! E>? ! FOOD !Y CANNOT GR[ !MSELVES1 AS WELL AS ! RAW MAT]IALS !Y NE$ = !IR MANUFACTURES4 ,! /EADILY 9CREAS+ SPE$ ( TRANS-OCEANIC COMMUNICATIONS & ! /EADILY 9CREAS+ FACILITIES ( %IPP+ HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO 5=CE ! ABOVE IMPRESSION4 ,IF WE TAKE ! 5?USIA/IC PICTURES ( 9T]NATIONAL TRAFFIC1 DRAWN 9 SU* A MA/]LY WAY BY ,NEUMANN ,SPALL>T-- ! /ATI/ICIAN & ALMO/ ! POET ( ! WORLD-TRADE--WE >E 9CL9$ 9DE$ TO FALL 9TO EC/ASY BE=E ! RESULTS A*IEV$4 0,:Y %ALL WE GR[ CORN1 RE> OX5 & %EEP1 & CULTIVATE OR*>DS1 GO ?R\< ! PA9FUL WORK ( ! LABOR] & ! F>M]1 & ANXI\SLY WAT* ! SKY 9 FE> ( A BAD CROP1 :5 WE CAN GET1 ) MU* LESS PA91 M\NTA9S ( CORN FROM ,9DIA1 ,AM]ICA1 ,HUNG>Y1 OR ,RUSSIA1 MEAT FROM ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 VEGETABLES FROM ! ,AZORES1 APPLES FROM ,CANADA1 GRAPES FROM ,MALAGA1 & SO ON80 EXCLAIM ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEANS40,ALREADY N[10 !Y SAY1 0\R FOOD CONSI/S1 EV5 9 MODE/ H\SEHOLDS1 ( PRODUCE GA!R$ FROM ALL OV] ! GLOBE4 ,\R CLO? IS MADE \T ( FIB]S GR[N & WOOL %E>$ 9 ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,! PRAIRIES ( ,AM]ICA & ,AU/RALIA2 ! M\NTA9S & /EPPES ( ,ASIA2 ! FROZ5 WILD]NESSES ( ! ,>CTIC REGIONS2 ! DES]TS ( ,AFRICA & ! DEP?S ( ! OCEANS2 ! TROPICS & ! L&S ( ! MIDNIE \R TRIBUT>IES4 ,ALL RACES ( M5 CONTRIBUTE !IR %>E 9 SUPPLY+ US ) \R /APLE FOOD & LUXURIES1 ) PLA9 CLO?+ & FANCY DRESS1 :ILE WE >E S5D+ !M 9 EX*ANGE ! PRODUCE ( \R HI<] 9TELLIG5CE1 \R TE*NICAL KN[L$GE1 \R P[]FUL 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL ORGANIZ+ CAPACITIES6 ,IS IT NOT A GR& SI? :I* HAS SUDD5LY GR[N UP )9 A FEW YE>S80 ,GR& IT MAY BE1 BUT IS IT NOT A M]E NIE8 ,IS IT NECESS>Y8 ,AT :AT CO/ HAS IT BE5 OBTA9$1 & H[ LONG WILL IT LA/8 ,LET US TURN A HUNDR$ YE>S BACK4 ,FRANCE LAY BLE$+ AT ! 5D ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S4 ,H] Y\NG 9DU/RY1 :I* HAD BEGUN TO GR[ BY ! 5D ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 WAS CRU%$ D[N4 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY W]E P[]LESS 9 ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD4 ,! >MIES ( ! GREAT ,REPUBLIC HAD /RUCK A MORTAL BL[ TO S]FDOM ON ! ,CONT95T2 BUT ) ! RETURN ( REACTION EF=TS W]E MADE TO REVIVE ! DECAY+ 9/ITUTION1 & S]FDOM MEANT NO 9DU/RY WOR? SPEAK+ (4 ,! T]RIBLE W>S BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 :I* W>S >E (T5 EXPLA9$ BY M]ELY POLITICAL CAUSES1 HAD A MU* DEEP] MEAN+--AN ECONOMICAL MEAN+4 ,!Y W]E W>S = ! SUPREMACY ON ! WORLD M>KET1 W>S AGA9/ ,FR5* 9DU/RY & COMM]CE1 SUPPORT$ BY A /RONG NAVY :I* ,FRANCE HAD BEGUN TO BUILD--& ,BRITA9 WON ! BATTLE4 ,%E BECAME SUPREME ON ! SEAS4 ,BORDEAUX WAS NO MORE A RIVAL TO ,LONDON2 AS TO ! ,FR5* 9DU/RIES1 !Y SEEM$ TO BE KILL$ 9 ! BUD4 ,&1 AID$ BY ! P[]FUL IMPULSE GIV5 TO NATURAL SCI5CES & TE*NOLOGY BY A GREAT ]A ( 9V5TIONS1 F9D+ NO S]I\S COMPETITORS 9 ,EUROPE1 ,BRITA9 BEGAN TO DEVELOP H] MANUFACTURES4 ,TO PRODUCE ON A L>GE SCALE 9 IMM5SE QUANTITIES BECAME ! WAT*WORD4 ,! NECESS>Y HUMAN =CES W]E AT H& 9 ! PEASANTRY1 P>TLY DRIV5 BY =CE FROM ! L&1 P>TLY ATTRACT$ TO ! CITIES BY HI< WAGES4 ,! NECESS>Y MA*9]Y WAS CREAT$1 & ! ,BRITI% PRODUCTION ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS W5T ON AT A GIGANTIC PACE4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( LESS ?AN SEV5TY YE>S--FROM #aha TO #a#h#g#h--! \TPUT ( COAL GREW FROM #a TO #a#c#c11 TONS2 ! IMPORTS ( RAW MAT]IALS ROSE FROM #c TO #c#h11 TONS2 & ! EXPORTS ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS FROM #df TO #b11 P\NDS4 ,! TONNAGE ( ! COMM]CIAL FLEET WAS NE>LY TREBL$4 ,FIFTE5 ?\S& MILES ( RAILWAYS W]E BUILT4 ,IT IS USELESS TO REPEAT N[ AT :AT A CO/ ! ABOVE RESULTS W]E A*IEV$4 ,! T]RIBLE REVELATIONS ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y COMMISSIONS ( #a#h#d-#a#h#d#b AS TO ! ATROCI\S CONDITION ( ! MANUFACTUR+ CLASSES1 ! TALES ( 0CLE>$ E/ATES10 & KIDNAPP$ *ILDR5 >E /ILL FRE% 9 ! MEMORY4 ,!Y WILL REMA9 /&+ MONUM5TS = %[+ BY :AT MEANS ! GREAT 9DU/RY WAS IMPLANT$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,BUT ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? 9 ! H&S ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES WAS GO+ ON AT A SPE$ NEV] DREAM$ ( BE=E4 ,! 9CR$IBLE RI*ES :I* N[ A/ONI% ! =EIGN] 9 ! PRIVATE H\SES ( ,5GL& W]E ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ ?AT P]IOD2 ! EXCE$+LY EXP5SIVE /&>D ( LIFE :I* MAKES A P]SON CONSID]$ RI* ON ! ,CONT95T APPE> AS ONLY ( MODE/ MEANS 9 ,BRITA9 WAS 9TRODUC$ DUR+ ?AT TIME4 ,! TAX$ PROP]TY ALONE D\BL$ DUR+ ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S ( ! ABOVE P]IOD1 :ILE1 DUR+ ! SAME YE>S 7#a#h#a TO #a#h#g#h7 NO LESS ?AN ,G,B,P#a1#a#a#b11--NE>LY ,G,B,P#b111 BY ?IS TIME--WAS 9VE/$ BY ,5GLI% CAPITALI/S EI!R 9 =EIGN 9DU/RIES OR 9 =EIGN LOANS4#a ,BUT ! MONOPOLY ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION C\LD NOT REMA9 ) ,5GL& = EV]4 ,NEI!R 9DU/RIAL KN[L$GE NOR 5T]PRISE C\LD BE KEPT = EV] AS A PRIVILEGE ( !SE ISL&S4 ,NECESS>ILY1 FATALLY1 !Y BEGAN TO CROSS ! ,*ANNEL & SPREAD OV] ! ,CONT95T4 ,! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION HAD CREAT$ 9 ,FRANCE A NUM]\S CLASS ( PEASANT PROPRIETORS1 :O 5JOY$ NE>LY HALF A C5TURY ( A COMP>ATIVE WELL-BE+1 OR1 AT LEA/1 ( A GU>ANTE$ LABOR4 ,! RANKS ( HOMELESS T[N WORK]S 9CREAS$ SL[LY4 ,BUT ! MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i-#a#g#i#c HAD ALREADY MADE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! PEASANT H\SEHOLD]S & ! VILLAGE PROLETAIRES1 &1 BY FAVOR+ ! =M] TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! LATT]1 IT COMPELL$ ! LABOR]S :O HAD NO H\SEHOLD NOR L& TO AB&ON !IR VILLAGES1 & ?US TO =M ! FIR/ NUCLEUS ( WORK+ CLASSES GIV5 UP TO ! M]CY ( MANUFACTUR]S4 ,MOREOV]1 ! PEASANT-PROPRIETORS !MSELVES1 AFT] HAV+ 5JOY$ A P]IOD ( UND5IABLE PROSP]ITY1 BEGAN 9 !IR TURN TO FEEL ! PRESSURE ( BAD TIMES1 & !IR *ILDR5 W]E COMPELL$ TO LOOK = EMPLOYM5T 9 MANUFACTURES4 ,W>S & REVOLUTION HAD *ECK$ ! GR[? ( 9DU/RY2 BUT IT BEGAN TO GR[ AGA9 DUR+ ! SECOND HALF ( \R C5TURY2 IT DEVELOP$1 IT IMPROV$2 & N[1 NOT)/&+ ! LOSS ( ,ALSACE1 ,FRANCE IS NO LONG] ! TRIBUT>Y TO ,5GL& = MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCE :I* %E WAS SIXTY YE>S AGO4 ,TO-DAY H] EXPORTS ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS >E VALU$ AT NE>LY ONE-HALF ( ?OSE ( ,GREAT ,BRITA91 & TWO-?IRDS ( !M >E TEXTILES2 :ILE H] IMPORTS ( ! SAME CONSI/ *IEFLY ( ! F9] SORTS ( COTTON & WOOL5 Y>N--P>TLY REEXPORT$ AS /UFFS--& A SMALL QUANTITY ( WOOL5 GOODS4 ,= H] [N CONSUMPTION ,FRANCE %[S A DECID$ T5D5CY T[>DS BECOM+ 5TIRELY A SELF-SUPPORT+ C\NTRY1 & = ! SALE ( H] MANUFACTUR$ GOODS %E IS T5D+ TO RELY1 NOT ON H] COLONIES1 BUT ESPECIALLY ON H] [N WEAL?Y HOME M>KET4#b ,G]MANY FOLL[S ! SAME L9ES4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 & ESPECIALLY S9CE ! LA/ W>1 H] 9DU/RY HAS UND]GONE A ?OR\< REORGANIZATION4 ,H] POPULATION HAV+ RAPIDLY 9CREAS$ FROM =TY TO SIXTY MILLIONS1 ?IS 9CREM5T W5T 5TIRELY TO 9CREASE ! URBAN POPULATION--)\T TAK+ H&S FROM AGRICULTURE--& 9 ! CITIES IT W5T TO 9CREASE ! POPULATION 5GAG$ 9 9DU/RY4 ,H] 9DU/RIAL MA*9]Y HAS BE5 ?OR\E SUPPLI$ N[ ) A MA*9]Y :I* MO/LY REPRES5TS ! LA/ WORD ( TE*NICAL PROGRESS4 ,%E HAS PL5TY ( WORKM5 & TE*NOLOGI/S 5D[$ ) A SUP]IOR TE*NICAL & SCI5TIFIC $UCATION2 & 9 AN >MY ( LE>N$ *EMI/S1 PHYSICI/S & 5G9E]S H] 9DU/RY HAS A MO/ P[]FUL & 9TELLIG5T AID1 BO? = DIRECTLY IMPROV+ IT & = SPREAD+ 9 ! C\NTRY S]I\S SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL KN[L$GE4 ,AS A :OLE1 ,G]MANY (F]S N[ ! SPECTACLE ( A NATION 9 A P]IOD ( ,AUFS*WUNG1 ( A SUDD5 DEVELOPM5T1 ) ALL ! =CES ( A NEW />T 9 EV]Y DOMA9 ( LIFE4 ,FIFTY YE>S AGO %E WAS A CU/OM] TO ,5GL&4 ,N[ %E IS ALREADY A COMPETITOR 9 ! ,EUROPEAN & ,ASIATIC M>KETS1 & AT ! PRES5T SPE$Y RATE ( GR[? ( H] 9DU/RIES1 H] COMPETITION WILL SOON BE FELT EV5 MORE ACUTELY ?AN IT IS ALREADY FELT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! WAVE ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 AFT] HAV+ HAD ITS ORIG9 9 ! NOR?-WE/ ( ,EUROPE1 SPREADS T[>DS ! EA/ &1 S\?-EA/1 ALWAYS COV]+ A WID] CIRCLE4 ,&1 9 PROPORTION AS IT ADVANCES EA/1 & P5ETRATES 9TO Y\NG] C\NTRIES1 IT IMPLANTS !RE ALL ! IMPROVEM5TS DUE TO A C5TURY ( ME*ANICAL & *EMICAL 9V5TIONS2 IT BORR[S FROM SCI5CE ALL ! HELP ?AT SCI5CE CAN GIVE TO 9DU/RY2 & IT F9DS POPULATIONS EAG] TO GRASP ! LA/ RESULTS ( MOD]N KN[L$GE4 ,! NEW MANUFACTURES ( ,G]MANY BEG9 :]E ,MAN*E/] >RIV$ AFT] A C5TURY ( EXP]IM5TS & GROP+S2 & ,RUSSIA BEG9S :]E ,MAN*E/] & ,SAXONY HAVE N[ REA*$4 ,RUSSIA1 9 H] TURN1 TRIES TO EMANCIPATE H]SELF FROM H] DEP5D5CY UPON ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & RAPIDLY BEG9S TO MANUFACTURE ALL ?OSE GOODS %E =M]LY US$ TO IMPORT1 EI!R FROM ,BRITA9 OR FROM ,G]MANY4 ,PROTECTIVE DUTIES MAY1 P]HAPS1 SOMETIMES HELP ! BIR? ( NEW 9DU/RIES3 ALWAYS AT ! EXP5SE ( SOME O!R GR[+ 9DU/RIES1 & ALWAYS *ECK+ ! IMPROVEM5T ( ?OSE :I* ALREADY EXI/2 BUT ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( MANUFACTURES GOES ON ) OR )\T PROTECTIVE DUTIES--,I %\LD EV5 SAY1 NOT)/&+ ! PROTECTIVE DUTIES4 ,AU/RIA1 ,HUNG>Y & ,ITALY FOLL[ ! SAME L9ES--!Y DEVELOP !IR HOME 9DU/RIES--& EV5 ,SPA9 & ,S]VIA >E GO+ TO JO9 ! FAMILY ( MANUFACTUR+ NATIONS4 ,NAY1 EV5 ,9DIA1 EV5 ,BRAZIL & ,MEXICO1 SUPPORT$ BY ,5GLI%1 ,FR5*1 & ,G]MAN CAPITAL & KN[L$GE1 BEG9 TO />T HOME 9DU/RIES ON !IR RESPECTIVE SOILS4 ,F9ALLY1 A T]RIBLE COMPETITOR TO ALL ,EUROPEAN MANUFACTUR+ C\NTRIES HAS GR[N UP ( LATE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 PROPORTION AS TE*NICAL $UCATION SPREADS MORE & MORE WIDELY1 MANUFACTURES GR[ 9 ! ,/ATES2 & !Y DO GR[ AT SU* A SPE$--AN ,AM]ICAN SPE$--?AT 9 A V]Y FEW YE>S ! N[ NEUTRAL M>KETS WILL BE 9VAD$ BY ,AM]ICAN GOODS4 ,! MONOPOLY ( ! FIR/ COM]S ON ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,& IT WILL EXI/ NO MORE1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! SPASMODIC EF=TS MADE TO RETURN TO A /ATE ( ?+S ALREADY BELONG+ TO ! DOMA9 ( HI/ORY4 ,NEW WAYS1 NEW ISSUES MU/ BE LOOK$ =3 ! PA/ HAS LIV$1 & IT WILL LIVE NO MORE4 ,BE=E GO+ F>!R1 LET ME ILLU/RATE ! M>* ( 9DU/RIES T[>DS ! EA/ BY A FEW FIGURES4 ,&1 TO BEG9 )1 LET ME TAKE ! EXAMPLE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,NOT BECAUSE ,I KN[ IT BETT]1 BUT BECAUSE ,RUSSIA IS ONE ( ! LATE/ COM]S ON ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD4 ,FIFTY YE>S AGO %E WAS CONSID]$ AS ! IDEAL ( AN AGRICULTURAL NATION1 DOOM$ BY NATURE ITSELF TO SUPPLY O!R NATIONS ) FOOD1 & TO DRAW H] MANUFACTUR$ GOODS FROM ! WE/4 ,SO IT WAS1 9DE$--BUT IT IS SO NO MORE4 ,9 #a#h#f#a--! YE> ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]FS--,RUSSIA & ,POL& HAD ONLY #a#d1#f MANUFACTORIES1 :I* PRODUC$ EV]Y YE> ! VALUE ( #b#i#f11 RUBLES 7AB\T ,G,B,P#c#f1174 ,TW5TY YE>S LAT] ! NUMB] ( E/ABLI%M5TS ROSE TO #c#e1#a#f1 & !IR YE>LY PRODUCTION BECAME NE>LY F\R TIMES ! ABOVE1 I4E41 #a1#c#e11 RUBLES 7AB\T ,G,B,P#a#c#a1172 & 9 #a#h#i#d1 AL?\< ! C5SUS LEFT ! SMALL] MANUFACTURES & ALL ! 9DU/RIES :I* PAY EXCISE DUTIES 7SUG>1 SPIRITS1 MAT*ES7 \T ( ACC\NT1 ! AGGREGATE PRODUCTION 9 ! ,EMPIRE REA*$ ALREADY #a1#g#e#i11 RUBLES1 I4E41 ,G,B,P#a#h114 ,! MO/ NOTEWOR?Y FEATURE ( ?IS 9CREASE IS1 ?AT :ILE ! NUMB] ( WORKM5 EMPLOY$ 9 ! MANUFACTURES HAS NOT EV5 D\BL$ S9CE #ahfa 7IT ATTA9$ #a1#e#e#e1 9 #a#h#i#d1 & #a1#i#b1#g#e 9 #a#i#a71 ! PRODUCTION P] WORKMAN HAS MORE ?AN TREBL$ 9 ! LEAD+ 9DU/RIES4 ,! AV]AGE WAS LESS ?AN ,G,B,P#g P] ANNUM 9 #a#h#f#a2 IT REA*ES N[ ,G,B,P#b#a#i4 ,! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION IS ?US *IEFLY DUE TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( MA*9]Y4#c ,IF WE TAKE1 H[EV]1 SEP>ATE BRAN*ES1 & ESPECIALLY ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES & ! MA*9]Y WORKS1 ! PROGRESS APPE>S /ILL MORE /RIK+4 ,?US1 IF WE CONSID] ! EIS :I* PREC$$ #ahgi 7:5 ! IMPORT DUTIES W]E 9CREAS$ BY NE>LY #c P]C5T & A PROTECTIVE POLICY WAS DEF9ITELY ADOPT$71 WE F9D ?AT EV5 )\T PROTECTIVE DUTIES ! BULK ( PRODUCTION 9 COTTONS 9CREAS$ ?REE TIMES1 :ILE ! NUMB] ( WORK]S EMPLOY$ 9 ?AT 9DU/RY ROSE BY ONLY #bf P]C5T4 ,! YE>LY PRODUCTION ( EA* WORK] HAD ?US GR[N FROM ,G,B,P#d#e TO ,G,B,P#a#a#g4 ,DUR+ ! NEXT N9E YE>S 7#a#h#h-#a#h#h#i7 ! YE>LY RETURNS W]E MORE ?AN D\BL$1 ATTA9+ ! RESPECTABLE FIGURE ( ,G,B,P#d#i11 9 MONEY & #c1#b1 CWTS4 9 BULK4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME1 FROM #ahi TO #a#i1 IT HAS D\BL$ ONCE MORE1 ! QUANTITY ( RAW COTTON WORK$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN FACTORIES HAV+ 9CREAS$ FROM #b#e#e1 TO #e#b1#g CWTS41 & ! NUMB] ( SP9DLES HAV+ GR[N FROM #c1#d#e#g1 TO #f1#f#d#f1 9 #a#i1 & TO #h1#c#f1 9 #a#i#a4 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE REM>K$ ?AT1 ) A POPULATION ( #a#f#e11 9HABITANTS1 ! HOME M>KET = ,RUSSIAN COTTONS IS ALMO/ UNLIMIT$2 :ILE SOME COTTONS >E ALSO EXPORT$ TO ,P]SIA & ,C5TRAL ,ASIA4#d ,TRUE1 ?AT ! F9E/ SORTS ( Y>N1 AS WELL AS SEW+ COTTON1 HAVE /ILL TO BE IMPORT$4 ,BUT ,LANCA%IRE MANUFACTUR]S WILL SOON SEE TO ?AT2 !Y N[ PLANT !IR MILLS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,TWO L>GE MILLS = SP9N+ ! F9E/ SORTS ( COTTON Y>N W]E OP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#h#i#g1 ) ! AID ( ,5GLI% CAPITAL & ,5GLI% 5G9E]S1 & A FACTORY = MAK+ ?9 WIRE = COTTON-C>D+ HAS LATELY BE5 OP5$ AT ,MOSC[ BY A WELL-KN[N ,MAN*E/] MANUFACTUR]4 ,SEV]AL MORE HAVE FOLL[$ S9CE4 ,CAPITAL IS 9T]NATIONAL &1 PROTECTION OR NO PROTECTION1 IT CROSSES ! FRONTI]S4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( WOOL5S4 ,9 ?IS BRAN* ,RUSSIA WAS = A C]TA9 TIME RELATIVELY BACKW>D4 ,H[EV]1 WOOL-COMB+1 SP9N+ & WEAV+ MILLS1 PROVID$ ) ! BE/ MOD]N PLANT1 W]E BUILT EV]Y YE> 9 ,RUSSIA & ,POL& BY ,5GLI%1 ,G]MAN & ,BELGIAN MILL[N]S2 SO ?AT N[ F\R-FIF?S ( ! ORD9>Y WOOL1 & AS MU* ( ! F9] SORTS OBTA9ABLE 9 ,RUSSIA1 >E COMB$ & SPUN AT HOME--ONE FIF? P>T ONLY ( EA* BE+ S5T ABROAD4 ,! TIMES :5 ,RUSSIA WAS KN[N AS AN EXPORT] ( RAW WOOL >E ?US IRRETRIEVABLY GONE4#e ,9 MA*9]Y WORKS NO COMP>ISON CAN EV5 BE MADE BETWE5 N[ADAYS & #a#h#f#a1 OR EV5 #a#h#g4 ,?ANKS TO ,5GLI% & ,FR5* 5G9E]S TO BEG9 )1 & AFT]W>DS TO TE*NICAL PROGRESS )9 ! C\NTRY ITSELF1 ,RUSSIA NE$S NO LONG] TO IMPORT ANY P>T ( H] RAILWAY PLANT4 ,& AS TO AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y1 WE KN[1 FROM SEV]AL ,BRITI% ,CONSUL> REPORTS1 ?AT ,RUSSIAN REAP]S & PL[S SUCCESSFULLY COMPETE ) ! SAME IMPLEM5TS ( BO? ,AM]ICAN & ,5GLI% MAKE4 ,DUR+ ! YE>S #ahh TO #a#h#i1 ?IS BRAN* ( MANUFACTURES HAS L>GELY DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,S\!RN ,URALS 7AS A VILLAGE 9DU/RY1 BR\DS ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV4 ,AB\T ?IS LA/ REGION ,VISE-,CONSUL ,GRE5 REPORT$1 9 #a#h#i#d1 AS FOLL[S3 0,BESIDES SOME EI DI/RICT IS N[ /UDD$ ) SMALL 5G9E]+ WORKS1 5GAG$ *IEFLY 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( AGRICULTURAL MA*9ES & IMPLEM5TS1 MO/ ( !M HAV+ !IR [N F\NDRIES4444 ,! T[N ( ,B]DYANSK10 HE ADD$1 0CAN N[ BOA/ ( ! L>GE/ REAP] MANUFACTORY 9 ,EUROPE1 CAPABLE ( TURN+ \T ?REE ?\S& MA*9ES ANNUALLY40#f ,LET ME ADD ?AT ! ABOVE-M5TION$ FIGURES1 9CLUD+ ONLY ?OSE MANUFACTURES :I* %[ A YE>LY RETURN ( MORE ?AN ,G,B,P#b1 DO NOT 9CLUDE ! IMM5SE V>IETY ( DOME/IC TRADES :I* ALSO HAVE CONSID]ABLY GR[N ( LATE1 SIDE BY SIDE ) ! MANUFACTURES4 ,! DOME/IC 9DU/RIES--SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ,RUSSIA1 & SO NECESS>Y UND] H] CLIMATE--OCCUPY N[ MORE ?AN #g1#e1 PEASANTS1 & !IR AGGREGATE PRODUCTION WAS E/IMAT$ A FEW YE>S AGO AT MORE ?AN ! AGGREGATE PRODUCTION ( ALL ! MANUFACTURES4 ,IT EXCE$$ ,G,B,P#a#h11 P] ANNUM4 ,I %ALL HAVE AN OCCASION TO RETURN LAT] ON TO ?IS SUBJECT1 SO ?AT ,I %ALL BE SOB] ( FIGURES1 & M]ELY SAY ?AT EV5 9 ! *IEF MANUFACTUR+ PROV9CES ( ,RUSSIA R\ND AB\T ,MOSC[ DOME/IC WEAV+--= ! TRADE-- %[S A YE>LY RETURN ( ,G,B,P#d1#e12 & ?AT EV5 9 ,NOR!RN ,CAUCASIA1 :]E ! PETTY TRADES >E ( A REC5T ORIG91 !RE >E1 9 ! PEASANTS' H\SES1 #d#e1 LOOMS %[+ A YE>LY PRODUCTION ( ,G,B,P#b14 ,AS TO ! M9+ 9DU/RIES1 NOT)/&+ OV]-PROTECTION1 & NOT)/&+ ! COMPETITION ( FUELWOOD & NAPH?A1#g ! \TPUT ( ! COAL M9ES ( ,RUSSIA HAS D\BL$ DUR+ ! YE>S #a#h#i#f-#a#i#d1 & 9 ,POL& IT HAS 9CREAS$ F\RFOLD4#h ,NE>LY ALL /EEL1 ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! IRON1 & TWO-?IRDS ( ! PIG-IRON US$ 9 ,RUSSIA >E HOME PRODUCE1 & ! EIE /RONG 5\< TO ?R[ ON ! M>KET OV] #a11 CWTS4 ( RAILS EV]Y YE> 7#a1#f#h1 CWTS4 9 #a#i#a74#i ,IT IS NO WOND]1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! IMPORTS ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS 9TO ,RUSSIA >E SO 9SIGNIFICANT1 & ?AT S9CE #a#h#g--?AT IS1 N9E YE>S BE=E ! G5]AL 9CREASE ( DUTIES--! PROPORTION ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS TO ! AGGREGATE IMPORTS HAS BE5 ON A /EADY DECREASE4 ,MANUFACTUR$ GOODS MAKE N[ ONLY ONE-FIF? ( ! IMPORTS1 & ONLY OCCASIONALLY RISE TO ONE-?IRD1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 #a#i#a1 YE> ( MAXIMAL IMPORTS4 ,BESIDES1 :ILE ! IMPORTS ( ,BRITA9 9TO ,RUSSIA W]E VALU$ AT ,G,B,P#a#f1#c1 9 #a#h#g#b1 !Y W]E ONLY ,G,B,P#f1#h#h#d1#e TO ,G,B,P#a#a1#c#b1 9 ! YE>S #ahid TO #a#i#i4 ,\T ( !M1 MANUFACTUR$ GOODS W]E VALU$ AT A LITTLE MORE ?AN ,G,B,P#b11 --! REMA9D] BE+ EI!R >TICLES ( FOOD OR RAW & HALF-MANUFACTUR$ GOODS 7METALS1 Y>N1 & SO ON74 ,!Y REA*$ ,G,B,P#a#e1#c1 9 #a#i#a-- A YE> ( MAXIMUM1 & CONSI/$ *IEFLY ( MA*9]Y & COAL4 ,9 FACT1 ! IMPORTS ( ,BRITI% HOME PRODUCE HAVE DECL9$ 9 ! C\RSE ( T5 YE>S FROM ,G,B,P#h1#h1 TO ,G,B,P#e111 SO AS TO R$UCE 9 #aia ! VALUE ( ,BRITI% MANUFACTUR$ GOODS IMPORT$ 9TO ,RUSSIA TO ! FOLL[+ TRIFL+ ITEMS3 MA*9]Y1 ,G,B,P#a1#c#b12 COTTONS & COTTON Y>N1 ,G,B,P#c#f12 WOOL5S & WOOL5 Y>N1 ,G,B,P#d#h12 *EMICAL PRODUCE1 ,G,B,P#d#g#f12 & SO ON4 ,BUT ! DEPRECIATION ( ,BRITI% GOODS IMPORT$ 9TO ,RUSSIA IS /ILL MORE /RIK+4 ,?US1 9 #ahgf ,RUSSIA IMPORT$ #h11 CWTS4 ( ,BRITI% METALS1 & !Y W]E PAID ,G,B,P#f112 BUT 9 #a#h#h#d1 AL?\< ! SAME QUANTITY WAS IMPORT$1 ! AM\NT PAID WAS ONLY ,G,B,P#c1#d14,& ! SAME DEPRECIATION IS SE5 = ALL IMPORT$ GOODS1 AL?\< NOT ALWAYS 9 ! SAME PROPORTION4 ,IT W\LD BE A GROSS ]ROR TO IMAG9E ?AT ! DECL9E ( =EIGN IMPORTS IS MA9LY DUE TO HI< PROTECTIVE DUTIES4 ,! DECL9E ( IMPORTS IS MU* BETT] EXPLA9$ BY ! GR[? ( HOME 9DU/RIES4 ,! PROTECTIVE DUTIES HAVE NO D\BT CONTRIBUT$ 7TOGE!R ) O!R CAUSES7 T[>DS ATTRACT+ ,G]MAN & ,5GLI% MANUFACTUR]S TO ,POL& & ,RUSSIA4 ,LODZ--! ,MAN*E/] ( ,POL&--IS QUITE A ,G]MAN CITY1 & ! ,RUSSIAN TRADE DIRECTORIES >E FULL ( ,5GLI% & ,G]MAN NAMES4 ,5GLI% & ,G]MAN CAPITALI/S1 ,5GLI% 5G9E]S & =EM51 HAVE PLANT$ )9 ,RUSSIA ! IMPROV$ COTTON MANUFACTURES ( !IR MO!R C\NTRIES2 !Y >E BUSY N[ 9 IMPROV+ ! WOOL5 9DU/RIES & ! PRODUCTION ( MA*9]Y2 :ILE ,BELGIANS HAVE RAPIDLY CREAT$ A GREAT IRON 9DU/RY 9 ,S\? ,RUSSIA4 ,!RE IS N[ NOT ! SLI$1 NOT ONLY BY ECONOMI/S1 BUT ALSO BY SEV]AL ,RUSSIAN MANUFACTUR]S --?AT A FREE-TRADE POLICY W\LD NOT *ECK ! FUR!R GR[? ( 9DU/RIES 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT W\LD ONLY R$UCE ! HI< PR(ITS ( ?OSE MANUFACTUR]S :O DO NOT IMPROVE !IR FACTORIES & *IEFLY RELY UPON *EAP LABOR & LONG H\RS4 ,MOREOV]1 AS SOON AS ,RUSSIA SUCCE$S 9 OBTA9+ MORE FRE$OM1 A FUR!R GR[? ( H] 9DU/RIES WILL IMM$IATELY FOLL[4 ,TE*NICAL $UCATION--:I*1 /RANGE TO SAY1 WAS = A LONG TIME SY/EMATICALLY SUPPRESS$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T--W\LD RAPIDLY GR[ & SPREAD2 & 9 A FEW YE>S1 ) H] NATURAL RES\RCE & H] LABORI\S Y\?1 :I* EV5 N[ TRIES TO COMB9E WORKMAN%IP ) SCI5CE1 ,RUSSIA W\LD SEE H] 9DU/RIAL P[]S 9CREASE T5FOLD4 ,%E F>A DA SE 9 ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD4 ,%E WILL MANUFACTURE ALL %E NE$S2 & YET %E WILL REMA9 AN AGRICULTURAL NATION4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME ONLY A LITTLE MORE ?AN #a1#e1 M5 & WOM51 \T ( ! #a#a#b11 /RONG POPULATION ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA1 WORK 9 MANUFACTURES1 & #g1#e1 COMB9E AGRICULTURE ) MANUFACTUR+4 ,?IS FIGURE MAY TREBLE )\T ,RUSSIA CEAS+ TO BE AN AGRICULTURAL NATION2 BUT IF IT BE TREBL$1 !RE WILL BE NO ROOM = IMPORT$ MANUFACTUR$ GOODS1 BECAUSE AN AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY CAN PRODUCE !M *EAP] ?AN ?OSE C\NTRIES :I* LIVE ON IMPORT$ FOOD4 ,LET US NOT =GET ?AT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM #a1#h#g1#b P]SONS1 ALL TAK51 >E EMPLOY$ 9 ALL ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES ( ,5GL&1 ,SCOTL&1 ,IREL& & ,WALES1 & ?AT ONLY #c1 \T ( !M >E MALES ABOVE EIS ( AGE 7#c#a#a1 9 #a#i#g72 ?AT !SE WORK PEOPLE KEEP GO+ #e#c11 SP9DLES & MORE ?AN #g1 LOOMS 9 ! COTTON FACTORIES ONLY2 & ?AT ! YE>LY PRODUCTION ( TEXTILES DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S WAS SO =MIDABLE ?AT IT REPRES5T$ A VALUE ( ,G,B,P#b111 & ?AT ! AV]AGE VALUE ( TEXTILES EXPORT$ EV]Y YE> ATTA9$ ,G,B,P#a#c#f1#b#e#g1#e 9 #a#i#e-#a#i#a--TO SAY NO?+ ( ! ,G,B,P#a#f#c1#d1 REA*$ 9 ! EXTRAORD9>Y YE> ( #a#i#a#a4#a ,! SAME IS /ILL MORE TRUE ) REG>D TO O!R ,EUROPEAN NATIONS1 MU* MORE ADVANC$ 9 !IR 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 & ESPECIALLY ) REG>D TO ,G]MANY4 ,SO MU* HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! COMPETITION :I* ,G]MANY (F]S TO ,BRITI% TRADE1 EV5 9 ! ,BRITI% M>KETS1 & SO MU* CAN BE LE>N$ AB\T IT FROM A M]E 9SPECTION ( ! ,LONDON %OPS1 ?AT ,I NE$ NOT 5T] 9TO L5G?Y DETAILS4 ,SEV]AL >TICLES 9 REVIEWS2 ! CORRESPOND5CE EX*ANG$ ON ! SUBJECT 9 ,! ,DAILY ,TELEGRAPH 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#h#h#f2 NUM]\S CONSUL> REPORTS1 REGUL>LY SUMM$ UP 9 ! LEAD+ NEWSPAP]S1 & /ILL MORE IMPRESSIVE :5 CONSULT$ 9 ORIG9ALS2 &1 F9ALLY1 POLITICAL SPEE*ES1 HAVE FAMILI>IZ$ ! PUBLIC OP9ION ( ?IS C\NTRY ) ! IMPORTANCE & ! P[]S ( ,G]MAN COMPETITION4#a#a ,MOREOV]1 ! =CES :I* ,G]MAN 9DU/RY BORR[S FROM ! TE*NICAL TRA9+ ( H] WORKM51 5G9E]S & NUM]\S SCI5TIFIC M51 HAVE BE5 SO (T5 DISCUSS$ BY ! PROMOT]S ( TE*NICAL $UCATION 9 ,5GL& ?AT ! SUDD5 GR[? ( ,G]MANY AS AN 9DU/RIAL P[] CAN BE D5I$ NO MORE4 ,:]E HALF A C5TURY WAS REQUIR$ 9 OLD5 TIMES TO DEVELOP AN 9DU/RY1 A FEW YE>S >E SUFFICI5T N[4 ,9 ! YE> #ahfd ONLY #a#f1 CWTS4 ( RAW COTTON W]E IMPORT$ 9TO ,G]MANY1 & ONLY #a#f1 CWTS4 ( COTTON GOODS W]E EXPORT$2 COTTON SP9N+ & WEAV+ W]E MO/LY 9SIGNIFICANT HOME 9DU/RIES4 ,TW5TY YE>S LAT] ! IMPORTS ( RAW COTTON W]E ALREADY #c1#f1 CWTS41 & 9 ANO!R TW5TY YE>S !Y ROSE TO #g1#d1 CWTS42 :ILE ! EXPORTS ( COTTONS & Y>N1 :I* W]E VALU$ AT ,G,B,P#c1#f1 9 #a#h#h#c1 & ,G,B,P#g1#f#f#b1 9 #a#h#i#c1 ATTA9$ ,G,B,P#a#i11 9 #a#i#e4 ,A GREAT 9DU/RY WAS ?US CREAT$ 9 LESS ?AN ?IRTY YE>S1 & HAS BE5 GR[+ S9CE4 ,! NECESS>Y TE*NICAL SKILL WAS DEVELOP$1 & AT ! PRES5T TIME ,G]MANY REMA9S TRIBUT>Y TO ,LANCA%IRE = ! F9E/ SORTS ( Y>N ONLY4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS V]Y PROBABLE ?AT EV5 ?IS DISADVANTAGE WILL SOON BE EQUALIZ$4#a#b ,V]Y F9E SP9N+ MILLS HAVE LATELY BE5 ]ECT$1 & ! EMANCIPATION FROM ,LIV]POOL1 BY MEANS ( A COTTON EX*ANGE E/ABLI%$ AT ,BREM51 IS 9 FAIR PROGRESS4#a#c ,9 ! WOOL5 TRADE WE SEE ! SAME RAPID 9CREASE1 & 9 #aia ! VALUE ( ! EXPORTS ( WOOL5 GOODS ATTA9$ ,G,B,P#a#c1#a#e#b1#e 7AGA9/ ,G,B,P#h1#b#b1#c 9#a#h#i#d71 \T ( :I* ,G,B,P#a1#g#i#i1 WOR? W]E S5T ON ! AV]AGE TO ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM DUR+ ! YE>S #a#i#f-#a#i#a4#a#d ,! FLAX 9DU/RY HAS GR[N AT A /ILL SPE$I] RATE1 & AS REG>DS SILKS ,G]MANY IS SECOND ONLY TO ,FRANCE4 ,! PROGRESS REALIZ$ 9 ! ,G]MAN *EMICAL TRADE IS WELL KN[N1 & IT IS ONLY TOO BADLY FELT 9 ,SCOTL& & ,NOR?UMB]L&2 :ILE ! REPORTS ON ! ,G]MAN IRON & /EEL 9DU/RIES :I* ONE F9DS 9 ! PUBLICATIONS ( ! ,IRON & ,/EEL ,9/ITUTE & 9 ! 9QUIRY :I* WAS MADE BY ! ,BRITI% ,IRON ,TRADE ,ASSOCIATION %[ H[ =MIDABLY ! PRODUCTION ( PIG-IRON & ( F9I%$ IRON HAS GR[N 9 ,G]MANY S9CE #a#h#g#a4 7,SEE ,APP5DIX ,D47 ,NO WOND] ?AT ! IMPORTS ( IRON & /EEL 9TO ,G]MANY W]E R$UC$ BY ONE-HALF DUR+ ! TW5TY YE>S1 #a#h#g#d-#a#h#i#d1 :ILE ! EXPORTS GREW NE>LY F\R TIMES4 ,AS TO ! MA*9]Y WORKS1 IF ! ,G]MANS HAVE COMMITT$ ! ]ROR ( TOO SLAVI%LY COPY+ ,5GLI% PATT]NS1 9/EAD ( TAK+ A NEW DEP>TURE1 & ( CREAT+ NEW PATT]NS1 AS ! ,AM]ICANS DID1 WE MU/ /ILL RECOGNIZE ?AT !IR COPIES >E GOOD & ?AT !Y V]Y SUCCESSFULLY COMPETE 9 *EAPNESS ) ! TOOLS & MA*9]Y PRODUC$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 7,SEE ,APP5DIX ,E47 ,I H>DLY NE$ M5TION ! SUP]IOR MAKE ( ,G]MAN SCI5TIFIC APP>ATUS4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N TO SCI5TIFIC M51 EV5 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! ABOVE1 ! IMPORTS ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS 9TO ,G]MANY >E1 AS A RULE1 9 DECL9E4 ,! AGGREGATE IMPORTS ( TEXTILES 79CLUSIVE ( Y>N7 /& SO L[ AS TO BE COMP5SAT$ BY NE>LY EQUAL VALUES ( EXPORTS4 ,& !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT NOT ONLY ! ,G]MAN M>KETS = TEXTILES WILL BE SOON LO/ = O!R MANUFACTUR+ C\NTRIES1 BUT ?AT ,G]MAN COMPETITION WILL BE FELT /RONG] & /RONG] BO? 9 ! NEUTRAL M>KETS & ?OSE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,ONE CAN EASILY W9 APPLAUSE FROM UN9=M$ AUDITORIES BY EXCLAIM+ ) MORE OR LESS PA?OS ?AT ,G]MAN PRODUCE CAN NEV] EQUAL ! ,5GLI%6 ,! FACT IS1 ?AT IT COMPETES 9 *EAPNESS1 & SOMETIMES ALSO--:]E IT IS NE$$--9 AN EQUALLY GOOD WORKMAN%IP2 & ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE IS DUE TO MANY CAUSES4 ,! 0*EAP LABOR0 CAUSE1 SO (T5 ALLUD$ TO 9 DISCUSSIONS AB\T 0,G]MAN COMPETITION10 :I* TAKE PLACE 9 ?IS C\NTRY & 9 ,FRANCE1 MU/ BE DISMISS$ BY ?IS TIME1 S9CE IT HAS BE5 WELL PROV$ BY SO MANY REC5T 9VE/IGATIONS ?AT L[ WAGES & LONG H\RS DO NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN *EAP PRODUCE4 ,*EAP LABOR & PROTECTION SIMPLY MEAN ! POSSIBILITY = A NUMB] ( EMPLOY]S TO CONT9UE WORK+ ) OBSOLETE & BAD MA*9]Y2 BUT 9 HIY FROM SEV5TE5 79 MANY ,RUSSIAN FACTORIES7 TO ?REE 79 ,5GL&71 & :5 ONE WEAV] CAN LOOK EI!R AFT] TW5TY ,NOR?ROP MA*9E-LOOMS1 AS WE SEE IT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 OR AFT] TWO MA*9E-LOOMS ONLY1 AS IT IS ! CASE 9 BACKW>D MILLS1 !N IT IS EVID5T ?AT NO R$UCTION ( WAGES CAN COMP5SATE = ?AT IMM5SE DIFF]5CE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ! BE/ ,G]MAN COTTON MILLS & IRONWORKS ! WAGES ( ! WORK] 7WE KN[ IT DIRECTLY = ! IRONWORKS FROM ! ABOVE-M5TION$ 9QUIRY ( ! ,BRITI% ,IRON ,TRADE ,ASSOCIATION7 >E NOT L[] ?AN !Y >E 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,ALL ?AT CAN BE SAID IS1 ?AT ! WORK] 9 ,G]MANY GETS MORE = HIS WAGES ?AN HE GETS 9 ?IS C\NTRY--! P>ADISE ( ! MIDDLEMAN--A P>ADISE :I* IT WILL REMA9 SO LONG AS IT LIVES *IEFLY ON IMPORT$ FOOD PRODUCE4 ,! *IEF REASON = ! SUCCESSES ( ,G]MANY 9 ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD IS ! SAME AS IT IS = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BO? C\NTRIES HAVE ONLY LATELY 5T]$ ! 9DU/RIAL PHASE ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 & !Y HAVE 5T]$ IT ) ALL ! 5]GY ( Y\?4 ,BO? C\NTRIES 5JOY A WIDELY SPREAD SCI5TIFICALLY-TE*NICAL--OR1 AT LEA/1 CONCRETE SCI5TIFIC--$UCATION4 ,9 BO? C\NTRIES MANUFACTORIES >E BUILT ACCORD+ TO ! NEWE/ & BE/ MODELS :I* HAVE BE5 WORK$ \T ELSE:]E2 & BO? C\NTRIES >E 9 A P]IOD ( AWAK5+ 9 ALL BRAN*ES ( ACTIVITY-- LIT]ATURE & SCI5CE1 9DU/RY & COMM]CE4 ,!Y 5T] N[ ON ! SAME PHASE 9 :I* ,GREAT ,BRITA9 WAS 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 ,BRITI% WORK]S TOOK SU* A L>GE P>T 9 ! 9V5TION ( ! WOND]FUL MOD]N MA*9]Y4 ,WE HAVE SIMPLY BE=E US A FACT ( ! CONSECUTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( NATIONS4 ,& 9/EAD ( DECRY+ OR OPPOS+ IT1 IT W\LD BE MU* BETT] TO SEE :E!R ! TWO PIONE]S ( ! GREAT 9DU/RY--,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE--CANNOT TAKE A NEW 9ITIATIVE & DO SOME?+ NEW AGA92 :E!R AN ISSUE = ! CREATIVE G5IUS ( !SE TWO NATIONS MU/ NOT BE S\S1 S9CE ! ,JAPANESE W>1 ! FIGURES W]E UNC]TA94 ,IT APPE>$1 H[EV]1 9 #a#i#a1 ?AT !RE W]E 9 ! EMPIRE1 9CLUD+ ! 9DU/RIES PAY+ AN EXCISE DUTY1 #a#i1#i#h#c E/ABLI%M5TS1 EMPLOY+ #b1#b#e#c1#g#i P]SONS & %[+ A YE>LY PRODUCTION ( #d1#e#f#e1#d1 RUBLES 7,G,B,P#d#i#d1#f174 ,\T ( !M1 ! 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5TS UND] ! FACTORY 9SPECTORS 9 ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA PROP]1 ,POL&1 & ! F\R NOR!RN PROV9CES ( ,CAUCASIA NUMB]$ #a#e1#g#b1 EMPLOY+ #a1#i#e#a1#i#e#e WORK PEOPLE1 \T ( :OM #a1#b#b#g1#c#f W]E M51 #e#b#a1#b#c#f WOM51 & #b#c1#c#e#i *ILDR54 #d ,! YE>LY IMPORTS ( RAW COTTON FROM ,C5TRAL ,ASIA & ,TRANSCAUCASIA REPRES5T1 AS A RULE1 AB\T ONE T5? P>T ( ! TOTAL IMPORTS ( RAW COTTON 7,G,B,PL1#h#f11 AS AGA9/ ,G,B,P#a#a1#i#b#c1 ,9 #a#i#a74 ,!Y >E QUITE A REC5T GR[?1 ! FIR/ PLANTATIONS ( ! ,AM]ICAN COTTON TREE HAV+ BE5 9TRODUC$ 9 ,TURKE/AN BY ! ,RUSSIANS1 AS WELL AS ! FIR/ SORT+ & PRESS+ E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,! RELATIVE *EAPNESS ( ! PLA9 COTTONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ! GOOD QUALITIES ( ! PR9T$ COTTONS1 ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ! ,BRITI% ,COMMISSION] AT ! ,NIJNI ,NOVGOROD ,EXHIBITION 9 #a#h#i#g1 & >E SPOK5 ( AT SOME L5G? 9 HIS REPORT4 #e ,! YE>LY PRODUCTION ( ! #a1#c#g WOOL5 MILLS ( ,RUSSIA & ,POL& 7#a#d#i1#h#e WORK PEOPLE7 WAS VALU$ AT AB\T ,G,B,P#b#e11 9 #a#i#a1 AS AGA9/ ,G,B,P#a#b11 9 #a#h#i#d4 #f,REPORT ( ,VISE-,CONSUL ,GRE51 ,! ,ECONOMI/1 #i? ,JUNE1 #a#h#i#d3 0,REAP]S ( A SPECIAL TYPE1 SOLD AT ,G,B,P#a#e TO ,G,B,P#a#g1 >E DURABLE & GO ?R\< MORE WORK ?AN EI!R ! ,5GLI% OR ! ,AM]ICAN REAP]S40 ,9 ! YE> #a#h#i#c1 #b1 REAP+ MA*9ES1 #e1 PL[S1 & SO ON1 W]E SOLD 9 ?AT DI/RICT ONLY1 REPRES5T+ A VALUE ( ,G,B,P#h#b#b14 ,W]E IT NOT = ! SIMPLY PROHIBITIVE DUTIES IMPOS$ UPON =EIGN PIG-IRON 7TWO & A HALF TIMES ITS PRICE 9 ! ,LONDON M>KET71 ?IS 9DU/RY W\LD HAVE TAK5 A /ILL GREAT] DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO PROTECT ! HOME IRON 9DU/RY--:I* CONSEQU5TLY CONT9U$ TO CL+ TO OBSOLETE =MS 9 ! ,URALS--A DUTY ( #f#aS4 A TON ( IMPORT$ PIG-IRON WAS LEVI$4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS POLICY = ,RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE1 RAILWAYS & ,/ATE'S BUDGET HAVE BE5 DISCUSS$ 9 FULL 9 A WORK BY ,A4 ,A4 ,RADZIG1 ,! ,IRON ,9DU/RY ( ! ,WORLD4 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 #ahif 7,RUSSIAN74 #g ,\T ( ! #a1#e /EAM]S :I* PLY ON ,RUSSIAN RIV]S ONE QU>T] >E HEAT$ ) NAPH?A1 & ONE-HALF ) WOOD2 WOOD IS ALSO ?O *IEF FUEL ( ! RAILWAYS & IRONWORKS 9 ! ,URALS4 #h ,! \TPUT WAS1 9 #a#i#a1 #b#d1#a#d#f1 TONS 9 ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA1 & #a1#f#e1 TONS 9 ,SIB]IA4 #i ,SEE ,APP5DIX ,C4 #a ,H]E >E ! FIGURES OBTA9$ BY ! (FICIAL C5SUS ( #a#i#h4 ,9 ALL ! COTTON 9DU/RY1 ONLY #b#b1#e#f#c M5 79CLUD+ BOYS71 #b#f#b1#b#d#e WOM51 & #i1#f#a GIRLS LESS ?AN EIS OLD W]E EMPLOY$4 ,!Y PRODUC$ #f1#d#a#g1#g#i#h1 Y>DS ( UNBLEA*$ GRAY1 & #f#a#a1#h#b#d1 Y>DS ( BLEA*$ :ITE & COLOR$ COTTONS ?AT IS1 #af Y>DS P] HEAD ( POPULATION--& #a1#e#g1#c#h#a1 LB4 ( Y>N1 VALU$ ,G,B,P#i#f114 ,WE HAVE ?US #a#b1#b#g#a Y>DS ( COTTON1 & #b1#f#c#a LB4 ( Y>N P] P]SON ( WORK PEOPLE EMPLOY$4 ,= WOOL5S & WOR/$ !RE W]E #a#a#b1#d#c#h M5 & BOYS1 #a#a#a1#d#i#b WOM51 & #c#d1#h#g GIRLS UND] EIN AB\T ,G,B,P#b#a114 ,!SE FIGURES >E MO/ 9/RUCTIVE1 AS !Y %[ H[ MU* MAN CAN PRODUCE ) ! PRES5T MA*9]Y4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! REAL PRODUCTIVITY 9 A MOD]N FACTORY IS NOT YET UND]/OOD BY ! ECONOMI/S4 ,?US1 WE SAW LATELY ,RUSSIAN ECONOMI/S V]Y S]I\SLY MA9TA9+ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO 0PROLET>IZE0 ! PEASANTS 7AB\T #a117 9 ORD] TO CREATE A GREAT 9DU/RY4 ,WE SEE N[ ?AT IF ONE-F\R?1 OR EV5 ONE-FIF?1 P>T ONLY ( ! YE>LY 9CREASE ( ! POPULATION TOOK TO 9DU/RY 7AS IT HAS DONE 9 ,G]MANY71 ,RUSSIAN FACTORIES W\LD SOON PRODUCE SU* QUANTITIES ( ALL SORTS ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS ?AT !Y W\LD BE ABLE TO SUPPLY ) !M #d OR #e MILLION PEOPLE1 9 ADDITION TO ! POPULATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 #aa ,MANY FACTS 9 PO9T HAVE ALSO BE5 COLLECT$ ,9 A LITTLE BOOK1 ,MADE 9 ,G]MANY1 BY ,E4 ,E4 ,WILLIAMS4 ,UNHAPPILY1 ! FACTS RELATIVE TO ! REC5T 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,G]MANY >E SO (T5 US$ 9 A P>TISAN SPIRIT 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE PROTECTION ?AT !IR REAL IMPORTANCE IS (T5 MISUND]/OOD4 #ab ,FRANCKE1 ,DIE NEUE/ ,5TWICKELUNG D] ,TEXTIL-LNDU/RIE 9 ,DEUTS*L&4 #ac ,CF4 ,S*ULZE ,GAW]NITZ1 ,D] ,GROSSBETRIEB1 ETC4--,SEE ,APP5DIXES ,D1 ,E1 ,F4 #ad ,! IMPORTS ( ,G]MAN WOOL5 /UFFS 9TO ?IS C\NTRY HAVE /EADILY GR[N FROM ,G,B,P#f#g1#d#d#d 9 #ahi TO ,G,B,P#i#g1#e#f#i 9 #ahid & ,G,B,P#a1#h#b#b1#e#a#d ,9 #a#i#a4 ,! ,BRITI% EXPORTS TO ,G]MANY 7( WOOL5 /UFFS & Y>NS HAVE ALSO GR[N1 BUT NOT 9 ! SAME PROPORTION4 ,!Y W]E VALU$ AT ,G,B,P#b1#g#f#i1#c#i#b 9 L#h#i1 ,G,B,P#c1#a#g1#a#f#c 9 #a#h#i#d1 & ,G,B,P#d1#f#c#h1 9 #a#i#f-#a#i#a 7A FIVE YE>S' AV]AGE74 ,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahig 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/