,F$]ALISM1 ,SOCIALISM1 ,ANTI-,!OLOGISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ROB]T ,WALLACE1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE LDQUO2,F$]ALISM1 ,SOCIALISM1 ,ANTI-,!OLOGISM0 WAS PRES5T$ AS A 0,REASON$ ,PROPOSAL TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM01 BY ,BAKUN9 AT ! FIR/ CONGRESS HELD 9 ,G5EVA4 ,! TEXT WAS EI!R LO/ OR DE/ROY$ & ,BAKUN9 WROTE ?IS WORK 9 ! =M ( A SPEE*1 NEV] F9I%$1 LIKE MO/ ( HIS WORKS4 ,IT WAS DIVID$ 9TO ?REE P>TS4 ,! FIR/ & SECOND P>TS1 :I* FOLL[1 DEAL ) F$]ALISM & SOCIALISM1 RESPECTIVELY2 ! ?IRD P>T1 ON 0ANTI-!OLOGISM10 IS OMITT$ H]E1 EXCEPT = ! DIATRIBE AGA9/ ,R\SSEAU'S !ORY ( ! /ATE4 ,BAKUN9 ANALYZES ,R\SSEAU'S DOCTR9E ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 MAKES DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 /ATE & SOCIETY1 & DISCUSSES ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY1 & ! NATURE ( MAN 9 G5]AL4 

,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,LEAGUE ACCEPT$ ,BAKUN9'S !SIS1 BUT ! CONGRESS REJECT$ IT & ,BAKUN9 & ,BAKUN9'S SUPPORT]S RESIGN$ 9 #a#h#f#h4 

"9 "9 "9 "9 "9 

,F$]ALISM 

,WE >E HAPPY TO BE ABLE TO REPORT ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( F$]ALISM HAS BE5 UNANIM\SLY ACCLAIM$ BY ! ,CONGRESS ( ,G5EVA4444 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS PR9CIPLE HAS BE5 POORLY =MULAT$ 9 ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! CONGRESS4 ,IT HAS NOT EV5 BE5 M5TION$ EXCEPT 9DIRECTLY444 :ILE 9 \R OP9ION1 IT %\LD HAVE TAK5 FIR/ PLACE 9 \R DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES4 

,?IS IS A MO/ REGRETTABLE GAP :I* WE %\LD HA/5 TO FILL4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ! UNANIM\S S5SE ( ! ,CONGRESS ( ,G5EVA1 WE %\LD PROCLAIM3 

,?AT !RE IS BUT ONE WAY TO BR+ AB\T ! TRIUMPH ( LIB]TY1 ( JU/ICE1 & ( PEACE 9 ,EUROPE'S 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 TO MAKE CIVIL W> IMPOSSIBLE BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T PEOPLES :O MAKE UP ! ,EUROPEAN FAMILY2 & ?AT IS ! =MATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE4 

,?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE CAN NEV] BE =M$ FROM ! /ATES AS !Y >E N[ CON/ITUT$1 CONSID]+ ! MON/R\S 9EQUALITY :I* EXI/S BETWE5 !IR RESPECTIVE =CES4 

,?AT ! EXAMPLE ( ! N[ DEFUNCT ,G]MANIC ,CONF$]ATION HAS PROV$ ONCE & = ALL ?AT A CONF$]ATION ( MON>*IES IS A MOCK]Y1 P[]LESS TO GU>ANTEE EI!R ! PEACE OR ! LIB]TY ( POPULATIONS4 

,?AT NO C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 BE+ ( NECESSITY BUREAUCRATIC & MILIT>I/1 EV5 IF IT W]E TO CALL ITSELF REPUBLICAN1 WILL BE ABLE TO 5T] AN 9T]NATIONAL CONF$]ATION ) A FIRM RESOLVE & 9 GOOD FAI?4 ,ITS V]Y CON/ITUTION1 :I* MU/ ALWAYS BE AN OV]T OR COV]T NEGATION ( 5DUR+ LIB]TY1 W\LD NECESS>ILY REMA9 A DECL>ATION ( P]MAN5T W>F>E1 A ?REAT TO ! EXI/5CE ( ITS NEI<BORS4 ,S9CE ! ,/ATE IS ESS5TIALLY F\ND$ UPON AN ACT ( VIOL5CE1 ( CONQUE/1 :AT 9 PRIVATE LIFE GOES UND] ! NAME ( H\SEBREAK+ -- AN ACT BLESS$ BY ALL 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELIGIONS :ATSOEV]1 EV5TUALLY CONSECRAT$ BY TIME UNTIL IT IS EV5 REG>D$ AS AN HI/ORIC RI<T -- & SUPPORT$ BY SU* DIV9E CONSECRATION ( TRIUMPHANT VIOL5CE AS AN EXCLUSIVE & SUPREME RI<T1 EV]Y C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE !RE=E /&S AS AN ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( ! RI<TS ( ALL O!R ,/ATES1 ?\< RECOGNIZ+ !M 9 ! TREATIES IT MAY CONCLUDE ) !M = ITS [N POLITICAL 9T]E/4444 

,?AT ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,LEAGUE %\LD !RE=E B5D ALL !IR EF=TS T[>D RECON/ITUT+ !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES1 9 ORD] TO REPLACE !IR OLD CON/ITUTION -- F\ND$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM ON VIOL5CE & ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY -- ) A NEW ORGANIZATION BAS$ SOLELY UPON ! 9T]E/S1 ! NE$S1 & ! NATURAL PREF]5CES ( !IR POPULATIONS -- HAV+ NO O!R PR9CIPLE BUT ! FREE F$]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS 9TO COMMUNES1 ( COMMUNES 9TO PROV9CES1 ( ! PROV9CES 9TO NATIONS1 &1 F9ALLY1 ( ! NATIONS 9TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE FIR/1 & ( ! 5TIRE WORLD EV5TUALLY4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ABSOLUTE AB&ONM5T ( EV]Y?+ :I* IS CALL$ ! HI/ORIC RI<T ( ! ,/ATE2 ALL QUE/IONS RELAT+ TO NATURAL1 POLITICAL1 /RATEGIC1 & COMM]CIAL FRONTI]S %ALL H5CE=? BE CONSID]$ AS BELONG+ TO ANCI5T HI/ORY & 5]GETICALLY REJECT$ BY ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! ,LEAGUE4 

,RECOGNITION ( ! ABSOLUTE RI<T ( EA* NATION1 GREAT OR SMALL1 ( EA* PEOPLE1 WEAK OR /RONG1 ( EA* PROV9CE1 ( EA* COMMUNE1 TO COMPLETE AUTONOMY1 PROVID$ ITS 9T]NAL CON/ITUTION IS NOT A ?REAT OR A DANG] TO ! AUTONOMY & LIB]TY ( NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES4 

,! FACT ?AT A C\NTRY HAS BE5 P>T ( A ,/ATE1 EV5 IF IT HAS JO9$ ?AT ,/ATE FREELY & ( ITS [N WILL1 DOES NOT CREATE AN OBLIGATION = ?AT C\NTRY TO REMA9 =EV] SO ATTA*$4 ,NO P]PETUAL OBLIGATION C\LD BE ACCEPT$ BY HUMAN JU/ICE1 ! ONLY K9D ( JU/ICE ?AT MAY HAVE AU?ORITY AMONG US1 & WE %ALL NEV] RECOGNIZE O!R RI<TS OR DUTIES ?AN ?OSE F\ND$ UPON LIB]TY4 ,! RI<T ( FREE UNION & ( EQUALLY FREE SECESSION IS ! FIR/1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 ( ALL POLITICAL RI<TS1 ! ONE RI<T )\T :I* ! F$]ATION W\LD NEV] BE MORE ?AN A C5TRALIZATION 9 DISGUISE4 

,FROM ALL ?AT HAS BE5 SAID1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! ,LEAGUE MU/ OP5LY PROHIBIT ANY ALLIANCE ( ANY NATIONAL FACTION :ATSOEV] ( ! ,EUROPEAN DEMOCRACY ) ! MON>*ICAL ,/ATE1 EV5 IF ! AIM ( SU* AN ALLIANCE W]E TO REGA9 ! 9DEP5D5CE OR LIB]TY ( AN OPPRESS$ C\NTRY4 ,SU* AN ALLIANCE C\LD ONLY LEAD TO DISAPPO9TM5T & W\LD AT ! SAME TIME BE A BETRAYAL ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,LEAGUE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS ! ,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM1 & BECAUSE IT IS CONV9C$ ?AT PEACE CAN ONLY BE WON BY & F\ND$ UPON ! CLOSE/ & FULLE/ SOLID>ITY ( PEOPLES 9 JU/ICE & 9 LIB]TY1 %\LD OP5LY PROCLAIM ITS SYMPA?Y ) ANY NATIONAL 9SURRECTION1 EI!R =EIGN OR NATIVE1 PROVID$ ?IS 9SURRECTION IS MADE 9 ! NAME ( \R PR9CIPLES & 9 ! POLITICAL AS WELL AS ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES1 BUT NOT ) ! AMBITI\S 9T5T ( F\ND+ A P[]FUL ,/ATE4 

,! ,LEAGUE WILL WAGE A REL5TLESS W> AGA9/ ALL ?AT IS CALL$ ! GLORY1 ! GR&EUR1 & ! P[] ( ,/ATES4 ,IT WILL BE OPPOS$ TO ALL !SE FALSE & MALEVOL5T IDOLS TO :I* MILLIONS ( HUMAN VICTIMS HAVE BE5 SACRIFIC$2 ! GLORIES ( HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE1 MANIFE/$ 9 SCI5CE1 & UNIV]SAL PROSP]ITY F\ND$ UPON LABOR1 JU/ICE1 & LIB]TY4 

,! ,LEAGUE WILL RECOGNIZE NATIONALITY AS A NATURAL FACT :I* HAS AN 9CONTE/ABLE RI<T TO A FREE EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T1 BUT NOT AS A PR9CIPLE1 S9CE EV]Y PR9CIPLE %\LD HAVE ! P[] ( UNIV]SALITY1 :ILE NATIONALITY1 A FACT ( EXCLUSIONI/ T5D5CY1 SEP>ATES4 ,! SO-CALL$ PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY1 SU* AS HAS BE5 DECL>$ 9 \R TIME BY ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,FRANCE1 ,RUSSIA1 ,PRUSSIA1 & EV5 BY MANY ,G]MAN1 ,POLI%1 ,ITALIAN1 & ,HUNG>IAN PATRIOTS1 IS A M]E D]IVATIVE NOTION BORN ( ! REACTION AGA9/ ! SPIRIT ( REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS >I/OCRATIC TO ! PO9T ( DESPIS+ ! FOLK DIALECTS SPOK5 BY ILLIT]ATE PEOPLES4 ,IT IMPLICITLY D5IES ! LIB]TY ( PROV9CES & ! TRUE AUTONOMY ( COMMUNES4 ,ITS SUPPORT1 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 DOES NOT COME FROM ! MASSES1 :OSE REAL 9T]E/S IT SACRIFICES TO ! SO-CALL$ PUBLIC GOOD1 :I* IS ALWAYS ! GOOD ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,IT EXPRESSES NO?+ BUT ! ALLEG$ HI/ORIC RI<TS & AMBITIONS ( ,/ATES4 ,! RI<T ( NATIONALITY CAN !RE=E NEV] BE CONSID]$ BY ! ,LEAGUE EXCEPT AS A NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! SUPREME PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY2 IT CEASES TO BE A RI<T AS SOON AS IT TAKES A /& EI!R AGA9/ LIB]TY OR EV5 \TSIDE LIB]TY4 

,UNITY IS ! GREAT GOAL T[>D :I* HUMANITY MOVES IRRESI/IBLY4 ,BUT IT BECOMES FATAL1 DE/RUCTIVE ( ! 9TELLIG5CE1 ! DIGNITY1 ! WELL-BE+ ( 9DIVIDUALS & PEOPLES :5EV] IT IS =M$ )\T REG>D TO LIB]TY1 EI!R BY VIOL5T MEANS OR UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ANY !OLOGICAL1 METAPHYSICAL1 POLITICAL1 OR EV5 ECONOMIC IDEA4 ,?AT PATRIOTISM :I* T5DS T[>D UNITY )\T REG>D TO LIB]TY IS AN EVIL PATRIOTISM1 ALWAYS DISA/R\S TO ! POPUL> & REAL 9T]E/S ( ! C\NTRY IT CLAIMS TO EXALT & S]VE4 ,(T51 )\T WI%+ TO BE SO1 IT IS A FRI5D ( REACTION -- AN 5EMY ( ! REVOLUTION1 I4E41 ! EMANCIPATION ( NATIONS & M54 ,! ,LEAGUE CAN RECOGNIZE ONLY ONE UNITY1 ?AT :I* IS FREELY CON/ITUT$ BY ! F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S P>TS )9 ! :OLE1 SO ?AT ! :OLE1 CEAS+ TO BE ! NEGATION ( PRIVATE RI<TS & 9T]E/S1 CEAS+ TO BE ! GRAVEY>D :]E ALL LOCAL PROSP]ITIES >E BURI$1 BECOMES ! CONFIRMATION & ! S\RCE ( ALL !SE AUTONOMIES & ALL !SE PROSP]ITIES4 ,! ,LEAGUE WILL !RE=E VIGOR\SLY ATTACK ANY RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL1 OR ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION :I* IS NOT ?OR\<LY P5ETRAT$ BY ?IS GREAT PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM2 LACK+ ?AT1 !RE IS NO 9TELLIG5CE1 NO JU/ICE1 NO PROSP]ITY1 NO HUMANITY4 

,SU*1 G5TLEM5 ( ! ,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM1 AS WE SEE IT & AS Y\ NO D\BT SEE IT1 >E ! DEVELOPM5TS & ! NATURAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?AT GREAT PR9CIPLE ( F$]ALISM :I* ! ,CONGRESS ( ,G5EVA HAS PROCLAIM$4 ,SU* >E ! ABSOLUTE CONDITIONS = PEACE & = FRE$OM4 

,ABSOLUTE1 YES -- BUT >E !Y ! ONLY CONDITIONS8 ,WE DO NOT ?9K SO4 

,! ,S\!RN /ATES 9 ! GREAT REPUBLICAN CONF$]ATION ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA HAVE BE51 S9CE ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE ( ! REPUBLICAN /ATES1 DEMOCRATIC P> EXCELL5CE & F$]ALI/ TO ! PO9T ( WANT+ SECESSION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !Y HAVE DRAWN UPON !MSELVES ! CONDEMNATION ( ALL FRI5DS ( FRE$OM & HUMANITY 9 ! WORLD1 & ) ! 9IQUIT\S & DI%ONORABLE W> !Y FOM5T$ AGA9/ ! REPUBLICAN /ATES ( ! ,NOR? .<! ,CIVIL ,W>.>1 !Y NE>LY OV]?REW & DE/ROY$ ! F9E/ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT EV] EXI/$ 9 HI/ORY4 ,:AT C\LD HAVE BE5 ! CAUSE ( SO /RANGE AN EV5T8 ,WAS IT A POLITICAL CAUSE8 ,N,O1 IT WAS 5TIRELY SOCIAL4 ,! 9T]NAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,S\!RN /ATES WAS1 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 EV5 FRE] ?AN ?AT ( ! ,NOR!RN /ATES4 ,IT WAS ONLY ?AT 9 ?IS MAGNIFIC5T ORGANIZATION ( ! ,S\!RN /ATES !RE WAS A BLACK SPOT1 JU/ AS !RE WAS A BLACK SPOT 9 ! REPUBLICS ( ANTIQUITY2 ! FRE$OM ( !IR CITIZ5S WAS F\ND$ UPON ! =C$ LABOR ( SLAVES4 ,?IS SUFFIC$ TO OV]?R[ ! 5TIRE EXI/5CE ( !SE /ATES4 

,CITIZ5S & SLAVES -- SU* WAS ! ANTAGONISM 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 AS 9 ! SLAVE /ATES ( ! NEW WORLD4 ,CITIZ5S & SLAVES1 ?AT IS1 =C$ LABOR]S1 SLAVES NOT DE JURE BUT DE FACTO .<NOT 9 LAW BUT 9 FACT.>1 SU* IS ! ANTAGONISM 9 ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,& JU/ AS ! ANCI5T /ATES P]I%$ ?R\< SLAV]Y1 ! MOD]N /ATES WILL LIKEWISE P]I% ?R\< ! PROLET>IAT4 

,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT WE TRY TO CONSOLE \RSELVES ) ! IDEA ?AT ?IS IS A FICTITI\S RA!R ?AN A REAL ANTAGONISM1 OR ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% A L9E ( DEM>CATION BETWE5 ! [N+ & ! DIS[N$ CLASSES1 S9CE !SE TWO CLASSES M]GE ?R\< MANY 9T]M$IATE IMP]CEPTIBLE DEGREES4 ,9 ! WORLD ( NATURE SU* L9ES ( DEM>CATION DO NOT EXI/ EI!R2 9 ! ASC5D+ SCALE ( LIFE1 = 9/ANCE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO 9DICATE ! PO9T AT :I* ! VEGETABLE K+DOM 5DS & ! ANIMAL K+DOM />TS1 :]E BE/IALITY CEASES & ,MAN BEG9S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE IS A V]Y REAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PLANT & ANIMAL1 BETWE5 ANIMAL & ,MAN4 ,9 HUMAN SOCIETY LIKEWISE1 9 SPITE ( ! 9T]M$IATE /AGES :I* =M IMP]CEPTIBLE TRANSITIONS BETWE5 ONE TYPE ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIFE & ANO!R1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 CLASSES IS NONE!LESS /RONGLY M>K$4 ,ANYONE CAN DI/+UI% ! >I/OCRACY ( NOBLE BIR? FROM ! >I/OCRACY ( F9ANCE1 ! UPP] B\RGEOISIE FROM ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 ! LATT] FROM ! PROLET>IAT ( FACTORIES & CITIES1 JU/ AS ONE CAN DI/+UI% ! GREAT L&[N]1 ! MAN :O LIVES ON HIS 9COME1 FROM ! PEASANT L&[N] :O HIMSELF TILLS ! SOIL1 OR ! F>M] FROM ! L&LESS AGRICULTURAL LABOR]4 

,ALL !SE V>Y+ TYPES ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIFE MAY N[ADAYS BE R$UC$ TO TWO MA9 CATEGORIES1 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$1 & NATURAL 5EMIES TO EA* O!R3 ! POLITICAL CLASSES1 I4E4 PRIVILEG$ CLASSES CON/ITUT+ ALL ?OSE :OSE PRIVILEGE /EMS FROM L& & CAPITAL OR ONLY FROM B\RGEOIS $UCATION1 & ! DIS9H]IT$ WORK+ CLASSES1 DEPRIV$ ( CAPITAL & L& & EV5 ELEM5T>Y S*OOL+4 

,ONE W\LD HAVE TO BE A SOPHI/ TO D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( ! ABYSS :I* SEP>ATES !SE TWO CLASSES TODAY4 ,AS 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 \R MOD]N CIVILIZATION1 :I* CONTA9S A COMP>ATIVELY LIMIT$ M9ORITY ( PRIVILEG$ CITIZ5S1 IS BAS$ UPON ! =C$ LABOR 7=C$ BY HUNG]7 ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION :O >E FATALLY DOOM$ TO IGNORANCE & TO BRUTALITY4 

,IT IS 9 VA91 TOO1 ?AT WE W\LD TRY TO P]SUADE \RSELVES ?AT ! ABYSS C\LD BE BRIDG$ BY ! SIMPLE DIFFUSION ( LI<T AMONG ! MASSES4 ,IT IS WELL 5\< TO SET UP S*OOLS AMONG ! MASSES4 ,IT IS WELL 5\< TO SET UP S*OOLS = ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT WE %\LD ALSO QUE/ION :E!R ! MAN ( ! PEOPLE1 FE$+ HIS FAMILY BY ! DAY-TO-DAY LABOR ( HIS H&S1 HIMSELF DEPRIV$ ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y S*OOL+ & ( LEISURE1 DULL$ & BRUTALIZ$ BY HIS TOIL -- WE %\LD QUE/ION :E!R ?IS MAN HAS ! IDEA1 ! DESIRE1 OR EV5 ! POSSIBILITY ( S5D+ HIS *ILDR5 TO S*OOL & SUPPORT+ !M DUR+ ! P]IOD ( !IR $UCATION4 ,W\LD HE NOT NE$ ! HELP ( !IR FEEBLE H&S1 !IR *ILD LABOR1 TO PROVIDE = ALL ! NE$S ( HIS FAMILY8 ,IT W\LD BE SACRIFICE 5\< = HIM TO S5D TO S*OOL ONE OR TWO ( !M1 & GIVE !M H>DLY 5\< TIME TO LE>N A LITTLE READ+ & WRIT+ & >I?METIC1 & ALL[ !IR HE>TS & M9DS TO BE TA9T$ ) ! ,*RI/IAN CATE*ISM :I* IS BE+ DELIB]ATELY & PR(USELY DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! (FICIAL PUBLIC S*OOLS ( ALL C\NTRIES -- W\LD ?IS PIDDL+ BIT ( S*OOL+ EV] SUCCE$ 9 LIFT+ ! WORK+ MASSES TO ! LEVEL ( B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5CE8 ,W\LD IT BRIDGE ! GAP8 

,OBVI\SLY ?IS VITAL QUE/ION ( PRIM>Y S*OOL+ & HI<] $UCATION = ! PEOPLE DEP5DS UPON ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM1 DIFFICULT 9 O!R WAYS1 ( RADICAL RE=M 9 ! PRES5T ECONOMIC CONDITION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,IMPROVE WORK+ CONDITIONS1 R5D] TO LABOR :AT IS JU/LY DUE TO LABOR1 & !REBY GIVE ! PEOPLE SECURITY1 COM=T1 & LEISURE4 ,!N1 BELIEVE ME1 !Y WILL $UCATE !MSELVES2 !Y WILL CREATE A L>G]1 SAN]1 HI<] CIVILIZATION ?AN ?IS4 

,IT IS ALSO 9 VA9 ?AT WE MI<T SAY1 ) ! ECONOMI/S1 ?AT AN IMPROVEM5T 9 ! ECONOMIC SITUATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES DEP5DS UPON ! G5]AL PROGRESS ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE 9 EA* C\NTRY1 & !IR COMPLETE EMANCIPATION FROM ! SUP]VISION & PROTECTION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! FRE$OM ( 9DU/RY & ( COMM]CE IS C]TA9LY A GREAT ?+1 & ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL F\NDATIONS ( ! FUTURE 9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCE ( ALL ! PEOPLES ( ! WORLD4 ,AS WE LOVE FRE$OM1 ALL TYPES ( FRE$OM1 WE %\LD EQUALLY LOVE ?IS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 H[EV]1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT SO LONG AS ! PRES5T /ATES EXI/1 & SO LONG AS LABOR CONT9UES TO BE ! SLAVE ( PROP]TY & ( CAPITAL1 ?IS P>TICUL> FRE$OM1 :ILE IT 5RI*ES A M9IMUM PORTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY1 W\LD PRODUCE ONE B5EFIT ALONE2 IT W\LD FUR!R 5FEEBLE & DEMORALIZE ! SMALL NUMB] ( ! PRIVILEG$ :ILE 9CREAS+ ! MIS]Y1 ! GRIEVANCES1 & ! JU/ 9DIGNATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 & !REBY HA/5 ! H\R ( DE/RUCTION = /ATES4 

,5GL&1 ,BELGIUM1 ,FRANCE1 & ,G]MANY >E ?OSE ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES :]E COMM]CE & 9DU/RY 5JOY COMP>ATIVELY ! GREATE/ LIB]TY & HAVE ATTA9$ ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,& IT IS PRECISELY 9 !SE C\NTRIES :]E POV]TY IS FELT MO/ CRUELLY1 :]E ! ABYSS BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ & ! PROPRIETOR ON ! ONE H& & WORK+ CLASSES ON ! O!R SEEMS TO HAVE DEEP5$ TO A DEGREE UNKN[N ELSE:]E4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ! ,SC&9AVIAN C\NTRIES1 9 ,ITALY1 9 ,SPA91 :]E COMM]CE & 9DU/RY HAVE HAD BUT SLI<T DEVELOPM5T1 PEOPLE SELDOM DIE ( HUNG]1 EXCEPT 9 CASES ( EXTRAORD9>Y CATA/ROPHE4 ,9 ,5GL&1 DEA? FROM />VATION IS A DAILY OCCURR5CE4 ,NOR >E ?OSE ISOLAT$ CASES2 !RE >E ?\S&S1 & T5S & HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S1 :O P]I%4 ,IS IT NOT EVID5T ?AT 9 ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS N[ PREVAIL+ 9 ! 5TIRE CIVILIZ$ WORLD -- ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CE & 9DU/RY1 ! M>VEL\S APPLICATIONS ( SCI5CE TO PRODUCTION1 EV5 ! MA*9ES 9T5D$ TO EMANCIPATE ! WORK] BY FACILITAT+ HIS TOIL -- ALL ( !SE 9V5TIONS1 ?IS PROGRESS ( :I* CIVILIZ$ MAN IS JU/LY PR\D1 F> FROM AMELIORAT+ ! SITUATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 ONLY WORS5 IT & MAKE IT /ILL LESS 5DURABLE8 

,NOR? ,AM]ICA ALONE IS /ILL L>GELY AN EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE4 ,YET F> FROM DISPROV+ ! RULE1 ?IS EXCEPTION ACTUALLY S]VES TO CONFIRM IT4 ,IF ! WORK]S 9 ?AT C\NTRY >E PAID MORE ?AN ?OSE 9 ,EUROPE1 & IF NO ONE !RE DIES ( HUNG]1 & IF1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 CLASSES H>DLY EXI/S !RE2 IF ALL ITS WORK]S >E CITIZ5S & IF ! MASS ( ITS CITIZ5S TRULY CON/ITUTES ONE S+LE BODY POLITIC1 & IF A GOOD PRIM>Y & EV5 SECOND>Y $UCATION IS WIDESPREAD AMONG ! MASSES1 IT %\LD NO D\BT BE L>GELY ATTRIBUT$ TO ?AT TRADITIONAL SPIRIT ( FRE$OM :I* ! E>LY COLONI/S BR\<T ) !M FROM ,5GL&4 ,HEI<T5$1 TE/$1 /R5G!N$ 9 ! GREAT RELIGI\S /RUGGLES1 ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUAL 9DEP5D5CE & ( COMMUNAL & PROV9CIAL SELF-GOV]NM5T WAS /ILL FUR!R FAVOR$ BY ! R>E CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ONCE IT WAS TRANSPLANT$ 9TO A WILD]NESS1 DELIV]$1 SO TO SPEAK1 FROM ! OBSESSIONS ( ! PA/ IT C\LD CREATE A NEW WORLD -- ! WORLD ( LIB]TY4 ,& LIB]TY IS SO GREAT A MAGICIAN1 5D[$ ) SO M>VEL\S A P[] ( PRODUCTIVITY1 ?AT UND] ! 9SPIRATION ( ?IS SPIRIT ALONE1 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA WAS ABLE )9 LESS ?AN A C5TURY TO EQUAL1 & EV5 SURPASS1 ! CIVILIZATION ( ,EUROPE4 ,BUT LET US NOT DECEIVE \RSELVES3 ?IS M>VEL\S PROGRESS & ?IS SO 5VIABLE PROSP]ITY >E DUE 9 L>GE MEASURE TO AN IMPORTANT ADVANTAGE :I* ,AM]ICA POSSESSES 9 COMMON ) ,RUSSIA3 ITS IMM5SE REA*ES ( F]TILE L& :I* EV5 N[ REMA9 UNCULTIVAT$ = LACK ( MANP[]4 ,?IS GREAT T]RITORIAL WEAL? HAS BE5 ?US F> AS GOOD AS LO/ = ,RUSSIA S9CE WE HAVE NEV] HAD LIB]TY !RE4 ,IT HAS BE5 O!RWISE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA2 (F]+ A FRE$OM :I* DOES NOT EXI/ ANY:]E ELSE1 IT ATTRACTS EV]Y YE> HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( 5]GETIC1 9DU/RI\S1 & 9TELLIG5T SETTL]S :OM IT IS 9 A POSITION TO ADMIT BECAUSE ( ?IS WEAL?4 ,IT !REBY KEEPS POV]TY AWAY & AT ! SAME TIME /AVES (F ! MOM5T :5 ! SOCIAL QUE/ION WILL >ISE4 ,A WORK] :O F9DS NO WORK OR IS DISSATISFI$ ) ! WAGES :I* CAPITAL (F]S HIM CAN 9 ! LA/ RESORT ALWAYS MAKE HIS WAY TO ! ,F> ,WE/ & SET AB\T CLE>+ A PAT* ( L& 9 ! WILD]NESS4 

,S9CE ?IS POSSIBILITY IS ALWAYS OP5 AS A WAY \T = ALL ! WORK]S ( ,AM]ICA1 IT NATURALLY KEEPS WAGES HI< & AF=DS TO EA* AN 9DEP5D5CE UNKN[N 9 ,EUROPE4 ,?IS IS AN ADVANTAGE2 BUT !RE IS ALSO A DISADVANTAGE4 ,AS ! GOOD PRICES = 9DU/RIAL GOODS >E L>GELY DUE TO ! GOOD WAGES RECEIV$ BY LABOR1 ,AM]ICAN MANUFACTUR]S >E NOT 9 A POSITION 9 MO/ CASES TO COMPETE ) ! ,EUROPEAN MANUFACTUR]S4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT ! 9DU/RY ( ! ,NOR!RN /ATES F9DS IT NECESS>Y TO IMPOSE A PROTECTIONI/ T>IFF4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 FIR/ BR+S AB\T ! CREATION ( A NUMB] ( >TIFICIAL 9DU/RIES1 & P>TICUL>LY ! OPPRESSION & RU9ATION ( ! NONMANUFACTUR+ ,S\!RN /ATES1 :I* DRIVES !M TO CALL = SECESSION4 ,F9ALLY1 ! RESULT IS ! CR[D+ TOGE!R 9 CITIES SU* AS ,NEW ,YORK1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,BO/ON1 & O!RS ( MASSES ( WORK]S :O GRADUALLY BEG9 TO F9D !MSELVES 9 A SITUATION ANALOG\S TO ?AT ( WORK]S 9 ! GREAT MANUFACTUR+ /ATES ( ,EUROPE4 ,&1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 WE N[ SEE ! SOCIAL QUE/ION CONFRONT+ ! ,NOR!RN /ATES JU/ AS IT HAS CONFRONT$ US A GREAT DEAL E>LI]4 

,WE >E ?US =C$ TO ADMIT ?AT 9 \R MOD]N WORLD ! CIVILIZATION ( ! FEW IS /ILL F\ND$1 ?\< NOT AS COMPLETELY S 9 ! DAYS ( ANTIQUITY1 UPON ! =C$ LABOR & ! COMP>ATIVE B>B>ISM ( ! MANY4 ,IT W\LD BE UNJU/ TO SAY ?AT3 HIS PRIVILEG$ CLASS IS A /RANG] TO LABOR4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 \R TIME !Y WORK H>D & ! NUMB] ( IDLE PEOPLE IS DIM9I%+ APPRECIABLY4 ,!Y >E BEG9N+ TO HOLD WORK 9 HONOR2 ?OSE :O >E MO/ =TUNATE REALIZE TODAY ?AT ONE MU/ WORK H>D 9 ORD] TO REMA9 AT ! SUMMIT ( ! PRES5T CIVILIZATION & EV5 9 ORD] TO KN[ H[ TO PR(IT BY ONE'S PRIVILEGES & RETA9 !M4 ,BUT !RE IS ?IS DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! WORK DONE BY ! COM=TABLE CLASSES & ?AT DONE BY ! LABOR+ CLASSES3 ! =M] IS REW>D$ 9 AN 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] PROPORTION & AF=DS ! PRIVILEG$ ! OPPORTUNITY = LEISURE1 ?AT 1SUPREME CONDITION = ALL HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 BO? 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL -- A CONDITION NEV] ATTA9$ BY ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,ALSO1 ! WORK DONE 9 ! WORLD ( ! PRIVILEG$ IS ALMO/3 EXCLUSIVELY M5TAL WORK -- ! WORK 9VOLV+ IMAG9ATION1 MEMORY1 ! ?9K+ PROCESS4 ,! WORK DONE BY MILLIONS ( PROLET>IANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS MANUAL WORK2 (T51 AS 9 ALL FACTORIES1 = 9/ANCE1 IT IS WORK ?AT DOES NOT EV5 EX]CISE MAN'S 5TIRE MUSCUL> SY/EM AT ONE TIME1 BUT T5DS TO DEVELOP ONE P>T ( ! BODY TO ! DETRIM5T ( ALL ! O!RS1 & ?IS LABOR IS G5]ALLY P]=M$ UND] CONDITIONS H>MFUL TO HIS HEAL? & TO HIS H>MONI\S DEVELOPM5T4 ,! LABOR] ON ! L& IS 9 ?IS RESPECT MU* MORE =TUNATE3 HIS NATURE IS NOT VITIAT$ BY ! /IFL+1 (T5 TA9T$ ATMOSPH]E ( A FACTORY2 IT IS NOT DE=M$ BY ! ABNORMAL DEVELOPM5T ( ONE ( HIS P[]S AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!RS2 IT REMA9S MORE VIGOR\S1 MORE COMPLETE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HIS M9D IS ALMO/ ALWAYS SL[]1 MORE SLUGGI%1 & MU* LESS DEVELOP$ ?AN ?AT ( ! WORK] 9 ! FACTORIES & 9 ! CITIES4 

,9 SUM1 WORK]S 9 ! CRAFTS1 9 ! FACTORIES1 & WORK]S ON ! L& ALL REPRES5T MANUAL LABOR1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! PRIVILEG$ REPRES5TATIVES ( M5TAL LABOR4 ,:AT IS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS DIVISION1 NOT A FICTITI\S BUT A REAL ONE1 :I* LIES AT ! V]Y F\NDATION ( ! PRES5T POLITICAL & SOCIAL SITUATION8 

,TO ! PRIVILEG$ REPRES5TATIVES ( M5TAL WORK -- :O1 9CID5TALLY1 >E NOT CALL$ UPON 9 ! PRES5T ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY TO REPRES5T !IR CLASS BECAUSE !Y MAY BE ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 BUT SOLELY BECAUSE !Y W]E BORN 9TO ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS -- TO !M GO ALL ! B5EFITS AS WELL AS ALL ! CORRUPTIONS ( PRES5T-DAY CIVILIZATION3 ! WEAL?1 ! LUXURY1 ! COM=T1 ! WELL-BE+1 ! SWEETNESS ( FAMILY LIFE1 ! EXCLUSIVE POLITICAL LIB]TY ) ! P[] TO EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( MILLIONS ( WORK]S & TO GOV]N !M AS !Y PLEASE & AS PR(ITS !M -- ALL ! 9V5TIONS1 ALL ! REF9EM5TS ( IMAG9ATION & 9TELLECT 444 &1 ALONG ) ! OPPORTUNITY = BECOM+ COMPLETE M51 ALL ! DEPRAVITIES ( A HUMANITY P]V]T$ BY PRIVILEGE4 ,AS TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( MANUAL LABOR1 ?OSE C\NTLESS MILLIONS ( PROLET>IANS OR EV5 ! SMALL L&HOLD]S1 :AT IS LEFT = !M8 ,TO !M GO MIS]Y )\T 5D1 NOT EV5 ! JOYS ( FAMILY LIFE -- S9CE ! FAMILY SOON BECOMES A BURD5 = ! POOR MAN -- IGNORANCE1 B>B>ITY1 & WE MI<T SAY EV5 AN 9ESCAPABLE BRUTALITY1 ) ! DUBI\S CONSOLATION ?AT !Y S]VE AS A P$E/AL TO CIVILIZATION1 TO ! LIB]TY & CORRUPTION ( ! FEW4 ,DESPITE ?IS1 !Y HAVE PRES]V$ A FRE%NESS ( ! SPIRIT & ( ! HE>T4 ,MORALLY /R5G!N$ BY LABOR1 =C$ ?\< IT MAY BE1 !Y HAVE RETA9$ A S5SE ( JU/ICE ( QUITE ANO!R K9D ?AN ! JU/ICE ( LAWGIV]S & CODES4 ,BE+ MIS]ABLE !MSELVES1 !Y KE5LY SYMPA?IZE ) ! MIS]Y ( O!RS2 !IR COMMON S5SE HAS NOT BE5 CORRUPT$ BY ! SOPHISMS ( A DOCTR9AIRE SCI5CE OR BY ! M5DACITY ( POLITICS -- & S9CE !Y HAVE NOT YET ABUS$ LIFE1 OR EV5 US$ IT1 !Y HAVE FAI? 9 LIFE4 

,BUT :AT ( ! OBJECTION ?AT ?IS CONTRA/1 ?IS GULF BETWE5 ! SMALL NUMB] ( ! PRIVILEG$ & ! VA/ NUMB]S ( ! DIS9H]IT$ HAS ALWAYS EXI/$ & /ILL EXI/S2 JU/ :AT HAS *ANG$8 ,IT IS ONLY ?AT ?IS GULF US$ TO BE FILL$ ) ! GREAT FOG BANKS ( RELIGION1 SO ?AT ! MASSES W]E DECEIV$ 9TO ?9K+ !RE WAS A COMMON GR\ND = ALL4 ,N[ADAYS1 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION HAS BEGUN TO SWEEP ! MI/S AWAY2 ! MASSES1 TOO1 >E BEG9N+ TO SEE ! ABYSS & TO ASK ! REASON :Y4 ,?IS IS A /UP5D\S REALIZATION4 

,S9CE ! ,REVOLUTION HAS CONFRONT$ ! MASSES ) ITS [N GOSPEL1 A REVELATION NOT MY/ICAL BUT RATIONAL1 NOT ( HEAV5 BUT ( E>?1 NOT DIV9E BUT HUMAN -- ! GOSPEL ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN2 S9CE IT HAS PROCLAIM$ ?AT ALL M5 >E EQUAL & EQUALLY 5TITL$ TO LIB]TY & TO A HUMANE LIFE -- EV] S9CE !N1 ! MASSES ( PEOPLE 9 ALL ,EUROPE1 9 ! 5TIRE CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 SL[LY AWAK5+ FROM ! SLUMB] 9 :I* ,*RI/IANITY'S 9CANTATIONS HAD HELD !M 5?RALL$1 >E BEG9N+ TO WOND] :E!R !Y1 TOO1 >E NOT 5TITL$ TO EQUALITY1 TO LIB]TY1 & TO !IR HUMANITY4 

,FROM ! MOM5T ?IS QUE/ION WAS ASK$1 ! PEOPLE EV]Y:]E1 L$ BY !IR ADMIRABLE GOOD S5SE AS WELL AS BY !IR 9/9CT1 HAVE REALIZ$ ?AT ! FIR/ CONDITION = !IR REAL EMANCIPATION OR1 IF ,I MAY BE P]MITT$ TO USE ! T]M1 !IR HUMANIZATION1 WAS1 ABOVE ALL1 A RADICAL RE=M ( !IR ECONOMIC CONDITION4 ,! QUE/ION ( DAILY BREAD IS = !M ! PR9CIPAL QUE/ION1 & RI<TLY SO1 =1 AS ,>I/OTLE HAS SAID3 0,MAN1 9 ORD] TO ?9K1 TO FEEL FREELY1 TO BECOME A MAN1 MU/ BE FREE FROM WORRY AB\T HIS MAT]IAL SU/5ANCE40 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! B\RGEOIS :O SO L\DLY PROTE/ AGA9/ ! MAT]IALISM ( ! COMMON PEOPLE1 & :O CONT9UALLY PREA* TO !M ( AB/95CE & IDEALISM1 KN[ ?IS V]Y WELL2 !Y PREA* BY WORD & NOT BY EXAMPLE4 

,! SECOND QUE/ION = ! PEOPLE IS ?AT ( LEISURE AFT] LABOR1 A CONDITION S9E QUA NON = HUMANITY4 ,BUT BREAD & LEISURE CAN NEV] BE MADE SECURE = ! MASSES EXCEPT ?R\< A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY AS PRES5TLY CON/ITUT$4 ,?AT IS :Y ! ,REVOLUTION1 IMPELL$ BY ITS [N LOGICAL 9SI/5CY1 HAS GIV5 BIR? TO SOCIALISM4 

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 HAV+ PROCLAIM$ ! RI<T & ! DUTY ( EA* HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL TO BECOME A MAN1 CULM9AT$ 9 ,BAB\VISM4 ,BABEUF -- ONE ( ! LA/ ( ! HI<-PR9CIPL$ & 5]GETIC CITIZ5S ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION CREAT$ & !N ASSASS9AT$ 9 SU* GREAT NUMB]S1 & :O HAD ! GOOD =TUNE TO HAVE C\NT$ M5 LIKE ,BUON>OTTI AMONG HIS FRI5DS -- HAD BR\<T TOGE!R1 9 A S+UL> CONCEPT1 ! POLITICAL TRADITIONS ( ,FRANCE & ! V]Y MOD]N IDEAS ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,DISAPPO9T$ ) ! FAILURE ( ! ,REVOLUTION TO BR+ AB\T A RADICAL *ANGE 9 SOCIETY1 HE S\<T TO SAVE ! SPIRIT ( ?IS ,REVOLUTION BY CONCEIV+ A POLITICAL & SOCIAL SY/EM ACCORD+ TO :I* ! REPUBLIC1 ! EXPRESSION ( ! COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! CITIZ5S1 W\LD CONFISCATE ALL 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY & ADM9I/] IT 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ALL4 ,EQUAL PORTIONS ( SU* CONFISCAT$ PROP]TY W\LD BE ALLOTT$ TO HI<] $UCATION1 ELEM5T>Y $UCATION1 MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 5T]TA9M5T1 & EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 )\T EXCEPTION1 W\LD BE COMPELL$ TO P]=M BO? MUSCUL> & M5TAL LABOR1 EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS /R5G? & CAPACITY4 ,BABEUF'S CONSPIRACY FAIL$2 HE WAS GUILLOT9$1 TOGE!R ) SOME ( HIS OLD FRI5DS4 ,BUT HIS IDEAL ( A SOCIALI/ REPUBLIC DID NOT DIE ) HIM4 ,IT WAS PICK$ UP BY HIS FRI5D ,BUON>OTTI1 ! >*-CONSPIRATOR ( ! C5TURY1 :O TRANSMITT$ IT AS A SACR$ TRU/ TO FUTURE G5]ATIONS4 ,& ?ANKS TO ! SECRET SOCIETIES ,BUON>OTTI F\ND$ 9 ,BELGIUM & ,FRANCE1 COMMUNI/ IDEAS G]M9AT$ 9 POPUL> IMAG9ATION4 ,FROM #ahc TO #ahdh !Y F\ND ABLE 9T]PRET]S 9 ,CABET & ,M4 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 :O E/ABLI%$ ! DEF9ITIVE !ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,ANO!R SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 /EMM+ FROM ! SAME REVOLUTION>Y S\RCE1 CONV]G+ UPON ! SAME GOAL ?\< BY MEANS ( 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ME?ODS1 A MOVEM5T :I* WE %\LD LIKE TO CALL DOCTR9AIRE SOCIALISM1 WAS CREAT$ BY TWO EM95T M51 ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,F\RI]4 ,SA9T-,SIMONIANISM WAS 9T]PRET$1 DEVELOP$1 TRANS=M$1 & E/ABLI%$ AS A QUASI-PRACTICAL SY/EM1 AS A *UR*1 BY ,LE ,P]E ,5FANT91 ) MANY ( HIS FRI5DS :O HAVE N[ BECOME F9ANCI]S & /ATESM51 S+UL>LY DEVOT$ TO ! ,EMPIRE4 ,F\RI]ISM F\ND ITS COMM5TATOR 9 ,DEMOCRATIE ,PACIFIQUE1 $IT$ UNTIL ,DECEMB] BY ,M4 ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANT4 

,! M]IT ( !SE TWO SOCIALI/ SY/EMS1 ?\< DIFF]5T 9 MANY RESPECTS1 LIES PR9CIPALLY 9 !IR PR(\ND1 SCI5TIFIC1 & SEV]E CRITIQUE ( ! PRES5T ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 :OSE MON/R\S CONTRADICTIONS !Y HAVE BOLDLY REVEAL$1 & ALSO 9 ! V]Y IMPORTANT FACT ?AT !Y HAVE /RONGLY ATTACK$ & SUBV]T$ ,*RI/IANITY = ! SAKE ( REHABILITAT+ \R MAT]IAL EXI/5CE & HUMAN PASSIONS1 :I* W]E MALIGN$ & YET SO ?OR\<LY 9DULG$ BY ,*RI/IANITY'S PRIE/HOOD4 ,! ,SA9T ,SIMONI/S WANT$ TO REPLACE ,*RI/IANITY ) A NEW RELIGION BAS$ UPON ! MY/ICAL CULT ( ! FLE%1 ) A NEW HI]>*Y ( PRIE/S1 NEW EXPLOIT]S ( ! MOB BY ! PRIVILEGE 9H]5T 9 G5IUS1 ABILITY1 & TAL5T4 ,! ,F\RI]I/S1 :O W]E MU* MORE DEMOCRATIC1 &1 WE MAY SAY1 MORE S9C]ELY SO1 5VISION$ !IR PHALAN/]IES AS GOV]N$ & ADM9I/]$ BY LEAD]S ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 :]E EV]YONE1 !Y ?\<T1 W\LD P]SONALLY F9D HIS [N WORK & HIS [N PLACE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NATURE ( HIS [N FEEL+S4 

,! DEFECTS ( ,SA9T-,SIMONIANISM >E TOO OBVI\S TO NE$ DISCUSSION4 ,! TW(OLD ]ROR ( ! ,SA9T-,SIMONI/S CONSI/$1 FIR/1 9 !IR S9C]E BELIEF ?AT ?\< !IR P[]S ( P]SUASION & !IR PACIFIC PROPAG&A !Y W\LD SUCCE$ 9 SO T\*+ ! HE>TS ( ! RI* ?AT !SE W\LD WILL+LY GIVE !IR SURPLUS WEAL? TO ! PHALAN/]IES2 &1 SECONDLY1 9 !IR BELIEF ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE1 !ORETICALLY1 A PRIORI1 TO CON/RUCT A SOCIAL P>ADISE :]E ALL FUTURE HUMANITY W\LD COME TO RE/4 ,!Y HAD NOT UND]/OOD ?AT :ILE WE MI<T 5UNCIATE ! GREAT PR9CIPLES ( HUMANITY'S FUTURE DEVELOPM5T1 WE %\LD LEAVE IT TO ! EXP]I5CE ( ! FUTURE TO WORK \T ! PRACTICAL REALIZATION ( SU* PR9CIPLES4 

,9 G5]AL1 REGULATION WAS ! COMMON PASSION ( ALL ! SOCIALI/S ( ! PRE-L#h#d#h ]A1 ) ONE EXCEPTION ONLY4 ,CABET1 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ! ,F\RI]I/S1 ! ,SA9T-,SIMONI/S1 ALL W]E 9SPIR$ BY A PASSION = 9DOCTR9AT+ & ORGANIZ+ ! FUTURE2 !Y ALL W]E MORE OR LESS AU?ORIT>IANS4 ,! EXCEPTION IS ,PR\DHON4 

,! SON ( A PEASANT1 & ?US 9/9CTIVELY A HUNDR$ TIMES MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ALL ! DOCTR9AIRE & B\RGEOIS SOCIALI/S1 ,PR\DHON >M$ HIMSELF ) A CRITIQUE AS PR(\ND & P5ETRAT+ AS IT WAS M]CILESS1 9 ORD] TO DE/ROY !IR SY/EMS4 ,RESI/+ AU?ORITY ) LIB]TY1 AGA9/ ?OSE /ATE SOCIALI/S1 HE BOLDLY PROCLAIM$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/2 DEFY+ !IR DEISM OR !IR PAN!ISM1 HE HAD ! C\RAGE TO CALL HIMSELF SIMPLY AN A!I/ OR RA!R1 ) ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 A POSITIVI/4 

,HIS [N SOCIALISM WAS BAS$ UPON LIB]TY1 BO? 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE1 & ON ! SPONTANE\S ACTION ( FREE ASSOCIATIONS OBEY+ NO LAWS O!R ?AN ! G5]AL LAWS ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 ALREADY KN[N & YET TO BE DISCOV]$ BY SOCIAL SCI5CE1 FREE FROM ALL GOV]NM5TAL REGULATION & /ATE PROTECTION4 ,?IS SOCIALISM SUBORD9AT$ POLITICS TO ! ECONOMIC1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY4 ,IT SUBSEQU5TLY1 BY ITS [N LOGIC1 CULM9AT$ 9 F$]ALISM4 

,SU* WAS ! /ATE ( SOCIAL SCI5CE PRIOR TO #a#h#d#h4 ,! POLEMICS ( ! LEFT C>RI$ ON 9 ! NEWSPAP]S1 CIRCUL>S1 & SOCIALI/ BRO*URES BR\<T A MASS ( NEW IDEAS TO ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,!Y W]E SATURAT$ ) ?IS MAT]IAL &1 :5 ! #ahdh REVOLUTION BROKE \T1 ! P[] ( SOCIALISM BECAME MANIFE/4 

,SOCIALISM1 WE HAVE SAID1 WAS ! LATE/ (FSPR+ ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION2 BUT BE=E PRODUC+ IT1 ! REVOLUTION HAD ALREADY BR\<T =? A MORE DIRECT HEIR1 ITS OLDE/1 ! BELOV$ *ILD ( ,ROBESPI]RE & ! FOLL[]S ( ,SA9T-,JU/ -- PURE REPUBLICANISM1 )\T ANY ADMIXTURE ( SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 RESUSCITAT$ FROM ANTIQUITY & 9SPIR$ BY ! H]OIC TRADITIONS ( ! GREAT CITIZ5S ( ,GREECE & ,ROME4 ,AS IT WAS F> LESS HUMANIT>IAN ?AN SOCIALISM1 IT H>DLY KNEW MAN1 & RECOGNIZ$ ! CITIZ5 ONLY4 ,& :ILE SOCIALISM SEEKS TO F\ND A REPUBLIC ( M51 ALL ?AT REPUBLICANISM WANTS IS A REPUBLIC ( CITIZ5S1 EV5 ?\< ! CITIZ5S -- AS 9 ! CON/ITUTIONS :I* NECESS>ILY SUCCE$$ ! CON/ITUTION ( #agic 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?AT FIR/ CON/ITUTION'S DELIB]ATELY IGNOR+ ! SOCIAL QUE/ION -- EV5 ?\< ! CITIZ5S1 ,I SAY1 BY VIRTUE ( BE+ ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 TO BORR[ AN EXPRESSION FROM ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 W]E TO BASE !IR CIVIC PRIVILEGE UPON ! EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR ( PASSIVE CITIZ5S4 ,BESIDES1 ! POLITICAL REPUBLICAN IS NOT AT ALL EGOTI/IC 9 HIS [N BEHALF1 OR AT LEA/ IS NOT SUPPOS$ TO BE SO2 HE MU/ BE AN EGOTI/ 9 BEHALF ( HIS FA!RL& :I* HE MU/ VALUE ABOVE HIMSELF1 ABOVE ALL O!R 9DIVIDUALS1 ALL NATIONS1 ALL HUMANITY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE WILL ALWAYS IGNORE 9T]NATIONAL JU/ICE2 9 ALL DEBATES1 :E!R HIS C\NTRY BE RI<T OR WRONG1 HE WILL ALWAYS GIVE IT FIR/ PLACE4 ,HE WILL WANT IT ALWAYS TO DOM9ATE & TO CRU% ALL ! =EIGN NATIONS BY ITS P[] & GLORY4 ,?R\< NATURAL 9CL9ATION HE WILL BECOME FOND ( CONQUE/1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! EXP]I5CE ( C5TURIES MAY HAVE PROV$ TO HIM ?AT MILIT>Y TRIUMPHS MU/ 9EVITABLY LEAD TO ,CAES>ISM4 

,! SOCIALI/ REPUBLICAN DETE/S ! GR&EUR1 ! P[]1 & ! MILIT>Y GLORY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,HE SETS LIB]TY & ! G5]AL WELF>E ABOVE !M4 ,A F$]ALI/ 9 ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( ! C\NTRY1 HE DESIRES AN 9T]NATIONAL CONF$]ATION1 FIR/ ( ALL 9 ! SPIRIT ( JU/ICE1 & SECOND BECAUSE HE IS CONV9C$ ?AT ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 TRANSC5D+ ALL ! >TIFICIAL & P]NICI\S B>RI]S BETWE5 /ATES1 CAN ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T1 9 P>T AT LEA/1 BY ! SOLID>ITY 9 ACTION1 IF NOT ( ALL1 !N AT LEA/ ( ! MAJORITY ( ! NATIONS CON/ITUT+ ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD TODAY1 SO ?AT SOON] OR LAT] ALL ! NATIONS MU/ JO9 TOGE!R4 

,! /RICTLY POLITICAL REPUBLICAN IS A /OIC2 HE RECOGNIZES NO RI<TS = HIMSELF BUT ONLY DUTIES2 OR1 AS 9 ,MAZZ9I'S REPUBLIC1 HE CLAIMS ONE RI<T ONLY = HIMSELF1 ?AT ( ET]NAL DEVOTION TO HIS C\NTRY1 ( LIV+ ONLY TO S]VE IT1 & ( JOYFULLY SACRIFIC+ HIMSELF & EV5 DY+ = IT1 AS 9 ! SONG ,DUMAS D$ICAT$ TO ! ,GIROND9S3 0,TO DIE = ONE'S C\NTRY IS ! F9E/1 ! MO/ 5VIABLE FATE40 

,! SOCIALI/1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9SI/S UPON HIS POSITIVE RI<TS TO LIFE & TO ALL ( ITS 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL1 & PHYSICAL JOYS4 ,HE LOVES LIFE1 & HE WANTS TO 5JOY IT 9 ALL ITS ABUNDANCE4 ,S9CE HIS CONVICTIONS >E P>T ( HIMSELF1 & HIS DUTIES TO SOCIETY >E 9DISSOLUBLY L9K$ ) HIS RI<TS1 HE WILL1 9 ORD] TO REMA9 FAI?FUL TO BO?1 MANAGE TO LIVE 9 ACCORDANCE ) JU/ICE LIKE ,PR\DHON &1 IF NECESS>Y1 DIE LIKE ,BABEUF4 ,BUT HE WILL NEV] SAY ?AT ! LIFE ( HUMANITY %\LD BE A SACRIFICE OR ?AT DEA? IS ! SWEETE/ FATE4 

,LIB]TY1 TO ! POLITICAL REPUBLICAN1 IS AN EMPTY WORD2 IT IS ! LIB]TY ( A WILL+ SLAVE1 A DEVOT$ VICTIM ( ! ,/ATE4 ,BE+ ALWAYS READY TO SACRIFICE HIS [N LIB]TY1 HE WILL WILL+LY SACRIFICE ! LIB]TY ( O!RS4 ,POLITICAL REPUBLICANISM1 !RE=E1 NECESS>ILY LEADS TO DESPOTISM4 ,= ! SOCIALI/ REPUBLICAN1 LIB]TY L9K$ ) ! G5]AL WELF>E1 PRODUC+ A HUMANITY ( ALL ?R\< ! HUMANITY ( EA*1 IS EV]Y?+1 :ILE ! ,/ATE1 9 HIS EYES1 IS A M]E 9/RUM5T1 A S]VANT ( HIS WELL-BE+ & ( EV]YONE'S LIB]TY4 ,! SOCIALI/ IS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! B\RGEOIS BY JU/ICE1 S9CE HE DEM&S = HIMSELF NO?+ BUT ! REAL FRUIT ( HIS [N LABOR4 ,HE IS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! /RICT REPUBLICAN BY HIS FRANK & HUMAN EGOTISM2 HE LIVES = HIMSELF1 OP5LY & )\T F9E-S\ND+ PHRASES4 ,HE KN[S ?AT 9 SO LIV+ HIS LIFE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) JU/ICE1 HE S]VES ! 5TIRE SOCIETY1 &1 9 SO S]V+ IT1 HE ALSO F9DS HIS [N WELF>E4 ,! REPUBLICAN IS RIGID2 (T51 9 CONSEQU5CE ( HIS PATRIOTISM1 HE IS CRUEL1 AS ! PRIE/ IS (T5 MADE CRUEL BY HIS RELIGION4 ,! SOCIALI/ IS NATURAL2 HE IS MOD]ATELY PATRIOTIC1 BUT NEV]!LESS ALWAYS V]Y HUMAN4 ,9 A WORD1 BETWE5 ! POLITICAL REPUBLICAN & ! SOCIALI/ REPUBLICAN !RE IS AN ABYSS2 ! ONE1 AS A QUASI-RELIGI\S PH5OM5ON1 BELONGS TO ! PA/2 ! O!R1 :E!R POSITIVI/ OR A!I/1 BELONGS TO ! FUTURE4 

,! NATURAL ANTAGONISM ( !SE TWO K9DS ( REPUBLICAN CAME PLA9LY 9TO VIEW 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ H\RS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 !Y NO LONG] UND]/OOD EA* O!R2 !IR IDEALS1 ALL !IR 9/9CTS1 DREW !M 9 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS4 ,! 5TIRE P]IOD FROM ,FEBRU>Y TO ,JUNE WAS SP5T 9 SKIRMI%ES :I*1 C>RY+ ! CIVIL W> 9TO ! CAMP ( ! REVOLUTION>IES & P>ALYZ+ !IR =CES1 NATURALLY /R5G!N$ ! ALREADY =MIDABLE COALITION ( ALL K9DS ( REACTION>IES2 FE> SOON WELD$ !M 9TO ONE S+LE P>TY4 ,9 ,JUNE ! REPUBLICANS1 9 !IR TURN1 =M$ A COALITION ) ! REACTION 9 ORD] TO CRU% ! SOCIALI/S4 ,!Y ?\<T !Y HAD WON A VICTORY1 YET !Y PU%$ !IR BELOV$ REPUBLIC D[N 9TO ! ABYSS4 ,G5]AL ,CAVAIGNAC1 ! FLAGBE>] ( ! REACTION1 WAS ! PRECURSOR ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I4 ,EV]YBODY REALIZ$ ?IS AT ! TIME1 IF NOT 9 ,FRANCE !N C]TA9LY EV]Y:]E ELSE1 = ?IS DISA/R\S VICTORY ( ! REPUBLICANS AGA9/ ! WORK]S ( ,P>IS WAS CELEBRAT$ AS A GREAT TRIUMPH 9 ALL ! C\RTS ( ,EUROPE1 & ! (FIC]S ( ! ,PRUSSIAN ,GU>DS1 L$ BY !IR G5]ALS1 HA/5$ TO CONVEY !IR FRAT]NAL CONGRATULATIONS TO ,G5]AL ,CAVAIGNAC4 

,T]RIFI$ ( ! R$ PHANTOM1 ! B\RGEOISIE ( ,EUROPE P]MITT$ ITSELF TO FALL 9TO ABSOLUTE S]FDOM4 ,B,Y NATURE CRITICAL & LIB]AL1 ! MIDDLE CLASS IS NOT FOND ( ! MILIT>Y1 BUT1 FAC+ ! ?REAT5+ DANG]S ( A POPUL> EMANCIPATION1 IT *OSE MILIT>ISM4 ,HAV+ SACRIFIC$ ITS DIGNITY & ALL ITS GLORI\S CONQUE/S ( ! EI<TE5? & E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 IT FANCI$ ?AT IT HAD AT LEA/ ! PEACE & TRANQUILITY NECESS>Y = ! SUCCESS ( ITS COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL TRANSACTIONS4 0,WE >E SACRIFIC+ \R LIB]TY TO Y\10 IT SEEM$ TO BE SAY+ TO ! MILIT>Y P[]S :O AGA9 ROSE UPON ! RU9S ( ?IS ?IRD REVOLUTION4 0,LET US1 9 RETURN1 PEACEFULLY EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( ! MASSES1 & PROTECT US AGA9/ !IR DEM&S1 :I* MAY APPE> !ORETICALLY LEGITIMATE BUT :I* >E DETE/ABLE SO F> AS \R 9T]E/S >E CONC]N$40 ,! MILIT>Y1 9 TURN1 PROMIS$ ! B\RGEOISIE EV]Y?+2 !Y EV5 KEPT !IR WORD4 ,:Y1 !N1 IS ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! 5TIRE B\RGEOISIE ( ,EUROPE1 G5]ALLY DISCONT5T$ TODAY8 

,! B\RGEOISIE HAD NOT RECKON$ ) ! FACT ?AT A MILIT>Y REGIME IS V]Y CO/LY1 ?AT ?R\< ITS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ALONE IT P>ALYZES1 IT UPSETS1 IT RU9S NATIONS1 & MOREOV]1 OBEY+ ITS [N 9TR9SIC & 9ESCAPABLE LOGIC1 IT HAS NEV] FAIL$ TO BR+ ON W>2 DYNA/IC W>S1 W>S ( HONOR1 W>S ( CONQUE/ OR W>S ( NATIONAL FRONTI]S1 W>S ( EQUILIBRIUM -- DE/RUCTION & UN5D+ ABSORPTION ( /ATES BY O!R /ATES1 RIV]S ( HUMAN BLOOD1 A FIRE-RAVAG$ C\NTRYSIDE1 RU9$ CITIES1 ! DEVA/ATION ( 5TIRE PROV9CES -- ALL ?IS = ! SAKE ( SATISFY+ ! AMBITIONS ( PR9CES & !IR FAVORITES1 TO 5RI* !M TO OCCUPY T]RITORIES1 TO DISCIPL9E POPULATIONS1 & TO FILL ! PAGES ( HI/ORY4 

,N[ ! B\RGEOISIE UND]/&S !SE ?+S1 & ?AT IS :Y IT IS DISSATISFI$ ) ! MILIT>Y REGIME IT HAS HELP$ SO MU* TO CREATE4 ,IT IS 9DE$ WE>Y ( !SE DRAWBACKS1 BUT :AT IS IT GO+ TO PUT 9 ! PLACE ( ?+S AS !Y >E8 

,CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y HAS SE5 ITS DAY1 &1 ANYWAY1 IT HAS NEV] PROSP]$ TOO WELL ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 ,EV5 9 ,5GL&1 ?AT HI/ORIC CRADLE ( MOD]N 9/ITUTIONALISM1 BATT]$ BY ! RIS+ DEMOCRACY IT IS %AK51 IT TOTT]S1 & WILL SOON BE UNABLE TO CONTA9 ! GA!R+ SURGE ( POPUL> PASSIONS & DEM&S4 

,A REPUBLIC8 ,:AT K9D ( REPUBLIC8 ,IS IT TO BE POLITICAL ONLY1 OR DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL8 ,>E ! PEOPLE /ILL SOCIALI/8 ,YES1 MORE ?AN EV]4 

,:AT SUCCUMB$ 9 ,JUNE #ahdh WAS NOT SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL4 ,IT WAS ONLY /ATE SOCIALISM1 AU?ORIT>IAN & REGIM5T$ SOCIALISM1 ! K9D ?AT HAD BELIEV$ & HOP$ ?AT ! ,/ATE W\LD FULLY SATISFY ! NE$S & ! LEGITIMATE ASPIRATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 & ?AT ! ,/ATE1 >M$ ) ITS OMNIPOT5CE1 W\LD & C\LD 9AUGURATE A NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,H5CE IT WAS NOT SOCIALISM ?AT DI$ 9 ,JUNE2 IT WAS RA!R ! ,/ATE :I* DECL>$ ITS BANKRUPTCY T[>D SOCIALISM &1 PROCLAIM+ ITSELF 9CAPABLE ( PAY+ ITS DEBT TO SOCIALISM1 S\<T ! QUICKE/ WAY \T BY KILL+ ITS CR$ITOR4 ,IT DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 KILL+ SOCIALISM BUT IT DID KILL ! FAI? ?AT SOCIALISM HAD PLAC$ 9 IT4 ,IT ALSO1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ANNIHILAT$ ALL ! !ORIES ( AU?ORIT>IAN OR DOCTR9AIRE SOCIALISM1 SOME ( :I*1 LIKE ,L',IC>IE BY ,CABET1 & LIKE ,L',ORGANIZATION DU ,TRAVAIL BY ,L\IS ,BLANC1 HAD ADVIS$ ! PEOPLE TO RELY 9 ALL ?+S UPON ! ,/ATE -- :ILE O!RS DEMON/RAT$ !IR WOR?LESSNESS ?R\< A S]IES ( RIDICUL\S EXP]IM5TS4 ,EV5 ,PR\DHON'S BANK1 :I* C\LD HAVE PROSP]$ 9 HAPPI] CIRCUM/ANCES1 WAS CRU%$ BY ! /RICTURES & ! G5]AL HO/ILITY ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,SOCIALISM LO/ ?IS FIR/ BATTLE = A V]Y SIMPLE REASON4 ,AL?\< IT WAS RI* 9 9/9CTS & 9 NEGATIVE !ORETICAL IDEAS1 :I* GAVE IT FULL JU/IFICATION 9 ITS FI<T AGA9/ PRIVILEGE1 IT LACK$ ! NECESS>Y POSITIVE & PRACTICAL IDEAS = ]ECT+ A NEW SY/EM UPON ! RU9S ( ! B\RGEOIS ORD]1 ! SY/EM ( POPUL> JU/ICE4 ,! WORK]S :O F\<T 9 ,JUNE #ahdh = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PEOPLE W]E UNIT$ BY 9/9CT1 NOT BY IDEAS -- & SU* CONFUS$ IDEAS AS !Y DID POSSESS =M$ A T[] ( ,BABEL1 A *AOS1 :I* C\LD PRODUCE NO?+4 ,SU* WAS ! MA9 CAUSE ( !IR DEFEAT4 ,MU/ WE1 = ?IS REASON1 HOLD 9 D\BT ! FUTURE ITSELF1 & ! PRES5T /R5G? ( SOCIALISM8 ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* HAD SET AS ITS GOAL ! CREATION ( ! K+DOM ( JU/ICE 9 HEAV51 NE$$ SEV]AL C5TURIES TO TRIUMPH 9 ,EUROPE4 ,IS !RE ANY CAUSE = SURPRISE IF SOCIALISM1 :I* HAS SET ITSELF A MORE DIFFICULT PROBLEM1 ?AT ( CREAT+ ! K+DOM ( JU/ICE ON E>?1 HAS NOT TRIUMPH$ )9 A FEW YE>S8 

,IS IT NECESS>Y TO PROVE ?AT SOCIALISM IS NOT DEAD8 ,WE NE$ ONLY SEE :AT IS GO+ ON ALL OV] ,EUROPE TODAY4 ,BEH9D ALL ! DIPLOMATIC GOSSIP1 BEH9D ! NOISES ( W> :I* HAVE FILL$ ,EUROPE S9CE #a#h#e#b1 :AT S]I\S QUE/ION IS FAC+ ALL ! C\NTRIES IF IT IS NOT ! SOCIAL QUE/ION8 ,IT ALONE IS ! GREAT UNKN[N2 EV]YONE S5SES ITS COM+1 EV]YONE TREMBLES AT ! ?\<T1 NO ONE D>ES SPEAK ( IT -- BUT IT SPEAKS = ITSELF1 & 9 AN EV] L\D] VOICE4 ,! COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS ( ! WORK]S1 !SE MUTUAL AID BANKS & LABOR CR$IT BANKS1 !SE TRADE UNIONS1 & ?IS 9T]NATIONAL LEAGUE ( WORK]S 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES -- ALL ?IS RIS+ MOVEM5T ( WORK]S 9 ,5GL&1 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ,BELGIUM1 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,ITALY1 & 9 ,SWITZ]L& -- DOES IT NOT PROVE ?AT !Y HAVE NOT 9 ANY WAY GIV5 UP !IR GOAL1 NOR LO/ FAI? 9 !IR COM+ EMANCIPATION8 ,DOES IT NOT PROVE ?AT !Y HAVE ALSO UND]/OOD ?AT 9 ORD] TO HA/5 ! H\R ( !IR DELIV]ANCE !Y %\LD NOT RELY ON ! ,/ATES1 NOR ON ! MORE OR LESS HYPOCRITICAL ASSI/ANCE ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 BUT RA!R UPON !MSELVES & !IR 9DEP5D5T1 COMPLETELY SPONTANE\S ASSOCIATIONS8 

,9 MO/ ( ! C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE1 ?IS MOVEM5T1 :I*1 9 APPE>ANCE AT LEA/1 IS ALI5 TO POLITICS1 /ILL PRES]VES AN EXCLUSIVELY ECONOMIC &1 SO TO SAY1 PRIVATE *>ACT]4 ,BUT 9 ,5GL& IT HAS ALREADY PLAC$ ITSELF SQU>ELY 9 ! /ORMY DOMA9 ( POLITICS4 ,HAV+ ORGANIZ$ ITSELF 9 A =MIDABLE ASSOCIATION1 ,! ,RE=M ,LEAGUE1 IT HAS ALREADY WON A GREAT VICTORY AGA9/ ! POLITICALLY ORGANIZ$ PRIVILEGE ( ! >I/OCRACY & ! UPP] B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,RE=M ,LEAGUE1 ) A *>ACT]I/ICALLY ,BRITI% PATI5CE & PRACTICAL T5ACITY1 HAS \TL9$ A PLAN = ITS CAMPAIGN2 IT IS NOT TOO /RAITLAC$ AB\T ANY?+1 IT IS NOT EASILY FRI<T5$1 IT WILL NOT BE /OPP$ BY ANY OB/ACLE4 0,)9 T5 YE>S AT MO/10 !Y SAY1 0& EV5 AGA9/ ! GREATE/ ODDS1 WE %ALL HAVE UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 & !N 444 !N WE WILL MAKE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION60 

,9 ,FRANCE1 AS 9 ,G]MANY1 AS SOCIALISM QUIETLY PROCE$$ ALONG ! ROAD ( PRIVATE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS1 IT HAS ALREADY A*IEV$ SO HI< A DEGREE ( P[] AMONG ! WORK+ CLASSES ?AT ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I ON ! ONE SIDE & ,C\NT ,BISM>CK ON ! O!R >E BEG9N+ TO SEEK AN ALLIANCE ) IT4 ,9 ,ITALY & 9 ,SPA91 AFT] ! DEPLORABLE FIASCO ( ALL !IR POLITICAL P>TIES1 & 9 ! FACE ( ! T]RIBLE MIS]Y 9TO :I* BO? C\NTRIES >E PLUNG$1 ALL O!R PROBLEMS WILL SOON BE ABSORB$ 9 ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL QUE/ION4 ,AS = ,RUSSIA & ,POL&1 IS !RE REALLY ANY O!R QUE/ION FAC+ !SE C\NTRIES8 ,IT IS ?IS QUE/ION :I* HAS JU/ EXT+UI%$ ! LA/ HOPES ( ! OLD1 NOBLE1 HI/ORIC ,POL&2 IT IS ?IS QUE/ION :I* IS ?REAT5+ & :I* WILL DE/ROY ! PE/IF]\S ,EMPIRE ( ,ALL ! ,RUSSIAS1 N[ TOTT]+ TO ITS FALL4 ,EV5 9 ,AM]ICA1 HAS NOT SOCIALISM BE5 MADE MANIFE/ 9 ! PROPOSITION BY A MAN ( EM95CE1 ,MR4 ,*>LES ,SUMN]1 ,S5ATOR FROM ,MASSA*USETTS1 TO DI/RIBUTE L&S TO ! EMANCIPAT$ ,NEGROES ( ! ,S\!RN /ATES8 

,Y\ CAN V]Y WELL SEE1 !N1 ?AT SOCIALISM IS EV]Y:]E1 & ?AT 9 SPITE ( ITS ,JUNE DEFEAT IT HAS BY =CE ( UND]GR\ND WORK SL[LY 9FILTRAT$ ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ALL C\NTRIES1 & SUCCE$$ TO ! PO9T ( BE+ FELT EV]Y:]E AS ! LAT5T =CE ( ! C5TURY4 ,ANO!R FEW YE>S & IT WILL REVEAL ITSELF AS AN ACTIVE1 =MIDABLE P[]4 

,) V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ALMO/ ALL ! PEOPLES ( ,EUROPE1 SOME EV5 UNFAMILI> ) ! T]M 0SOCIALISM10 >E SOCIALI/ TODAY4 ,!Y KN[ NO O!R BANN] BUT ?AT :I* PROCLAIMS !IR ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION AHEAD ( ALL ELSE2 !Y W\LD A ?\S& TIMES RA!R R5\NCE ANY QUE/ION BUT ?AT4 ,H5CE IT IS ONLY ?R\< SOCIALISM ?AT !Y CAN BE DRAWN 9TO POLITICS1 A GOOD POLITICS4 

,IS IT NOT 5\< TO SAY1 G5TLEM51 ?AT WE MAY NOT EXCLUDE SOCIALISM FROM \R PROGRAM1 & ?AT WE C\LD NOT LEAVE IT \T )\T DOOM+ ALL \R WORK TO IMPOT5CE8 ,BY \R PROGRAM1 BY DECL>+ \RSELVES F$]ALI/ REPUBLICANS1 WE HAVE %[N \RSELVES TO BE REVOLUTION>Y 5\< TO ALI5ATE A GOOD P>T ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ALL ?OSE :O SPECULATE UPON ! MIS]Y & ! MIS=TUNES ( ! MASSES & :O EV5 F9D SOME?+ TO GA9 9 ! GREAT CATA/ROPHES :I* BESET ! NATIONS MORE ?AN EV] TODAY4 ,IF WE SET ASIDE ?IS BUSY1 BU/L+1 9TRIGU+1 SPECULAT+ SECTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 WE %ALL /ILL KEEP ! MAJORITY ( DEC5T1 9DU/RI\S B\RGEOIS1 :O OCCASIONALLY DO SOME H>M BY NECESSITY RA!R ?AN WILLFULLY OR BY PREF]5CE1 & :O W\LD WANT NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO BE DELIV]$ FROM ?IS FATAL NECESSITY1 :I* PLACES !M 9 A /ATE ( P]MAN5T HO/ILITY T[>D ! WORK+ MASSES &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 RU9S !M4 ,WE MI<T TRU?FULLY SAY ?AT ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 SMALL BUS9ESS1 & SMALL 9DU/RY >E N[ BEG9N+ TO SUFF] ALMO/ AS MU* AS ! WORK+ CLASSES1 & IF ?+S GO ON AT ! SAME RATE1 ?IS RESPECTABLE B\RGEOIS MAJORITY C\LD WELL1 ?R\< ITS ECONOMIC POSITION1 SOON M]GE ) ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS BE+ DE/ROY$ & PU%$ D[NW>D 9TO ! ABYSS BY BIG COMM]CE1 BIG 9DU/RY1 & ESPECIALLY BY L>GE-SCALE1 UNSCRUPUL\S SPECULATORS4 ,! POSITION ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 !RE=E1 IS GR[+ MORE & MORE REVOLUTION>Y2 ITS IDEAS1 :I* = SO LONG A TIME HAD BE5 REACTION>Y1 HAVE BE5 CL>IFI$ ?R\< !SE DISA/R\S EXP]I5CES & MU/ NECESS>ILY TAKE ! OPPOSITE C\RSE4 ,! MORE 9TELLIG5T AMONG !M >E BEG9N+ TO REALIZE ?AT = ! DEC5T B\RGEOISIE ! ONLY SALVATION LIES 9 AN ALLIANCE ) ! PEOPLE -- & ?AT ! SOCIAL QUE/ION IS AS IMPORTANT TO !M1 & 9 ! SAME WAY1 AS TO ! PEOPLE4 

,?IS PROGRESSIVE *ANGE 9 ! ?9K+ ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE 9 ,EUROPE IS A FACT AS *E]+ AS IT IS 9CONTE/ABLE4 ,BUT WE %\LD BE UND] NO ILLUSION2 ! 9ITIATIVE = ! NEW DEVELOPM5T WILL NOT BELONG TO ! B\RGEOISIE BUT TO ! PEOPLE -- 9 ! ,WE/1 TO ! WORK]S 9 ! FACTORIES & ! CITIES2 9 \R C\NTRY1 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ,POL&1 & 9 MO/ ( ! ,SLAV C\NTRIES1 TO ! PEASANTS4 ,! PETTY B\RGEOISIE HAS GR[N TOO FE>FUL1 TOO TIMID1 TOO SKEPTICAL TO TAKE ANY 9ITIATIVE ALONE4 ,IT WILL LET ITSELF BE DRAWN 91 BUT IT WILL NOT DRAW 9 ANYONE1 = :ILE IT IS POOR 9 IDEAS1 IT ALSO LACKS ! FAI? & ! PASSION4 ,?IS PASSION1 :I* ANNIHILATES OB/ACLES & CREATES NEW WORLDS1 IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! PEOPLE ONLY4 ,!RE=E1 ! 9ITIATIVE = ! NEW MOVEM5T WILL UNQUE/IONABLY BELONG TO ! PEOPLE4 ,& >E WE GO+ TO REPUDIATE ! PEOPLE8 ,>E WE GO+ TO /OP TALK+ AB\T SOCIALISM1 :I* IS ! NEW RELIGION ( ! PEOPLE8 

,BUT SOCIALISM1 !Y TELL US1 %[S AN 9CL9ATION TO ALLY ITSELF ) ,CAES>ISM4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?IS IS A CALUMNY2 IT IS ,CAES>ISM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 :I*1 ON SEE+ ! M5AC+ P[] ( SOCIALISM RIS+ ON ! HORIZON1 SOLICITS ITS FAVORS 9 ORD] TO EXPLOIT IT 9 ITS [N WAY4 ,BUT IS NOT ?IS /ILL ANO!R REASON = US TO WORK = SOCIALISM1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ?IS MON/R\S ALLIANCE1 :I* W\LD )\T D\BT BE ! GREATE/ MIS=TUNE ?AT C\LD ?REAT5 ! LIB]TY ( ! WORLD8 

,WE %\LD WORK = IT EV5 AP>T FROM ALL PRACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 BECAUSE SOCIALISM IS JU/ICE4 ,:5 WE SPEAK ( JU/ICE WE DO NOT !REBY MEAN ! JU/ICE :I* IS IMP>T$ TO US 9 LEGAL CODES & BY ,ROMAN LAW1 F\ND$ = ! MO/ P>T ON ACTS ( =CE & VIOL5CE CONSECRAT$ BY TIME & BY ! BLESS+S ( SOME *UR*1 ,*RI/IAN OR PAGAN &1 AS SU*1 ACCEPT$ AS AN ABSOLUTE1 ! RE/ BE+ NO?+ BUT ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! SAME4 ,I SPEAK ( ?AT JU/ICE :I* IS BAS$ SOLELY UPON HUMAN CONSCI5CE1 ! JU/ICE :I* Y\ WILL R$ISCOV] DEEP 9 ! CONSCI5CE ( EV]Y MAN1 EV5 9 ! CONSCI5CE ( ! *ILD1 & :I* TRANSLATES ITSELF 9TO SIMPLE EQUALITY4 

,?IS JU/ICE1 :I* IS SO UNIV]SAL BUT :I* NEV]!LESS1 [+ TO ! 5CROA*M5TS ( =CE & TO ! 9FLU5CE ( RELIGION1 HAS NEV] AS YET PREVAIL$ 9 ! WORLD ( POLITICS1 ( LAW1 OR ( ECONOMICS1 %\LD S]VE AS A BASIS = ! NEW WORLD4 ,)\T IT !RE IS NO LIB]TY1 NO REPUBLIC1 NO PROSP]ITY1 NO PEACE6 ,IT %\LD !RE=E PRESIDE AT ALL \R RESOLUTIONS 9 ORD] ?AT WE MAY EFFECTIVELY COOP]ATE 9 E/ABLI%+ PEACE4 

,?IS JU/ICE BIDS US TAKE 9TO \R H&S ! PEOPLE'S CAUSE1 SO MIS]ABLY MALTREAT$ UNTIL N[1 & TO DEM& 9 ITS BEHALF ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EMANCIPATION1 TOGE!R ) POLITICAL LIB]TY4 

,WE DO NOT PROPOSE TO Y\1 G5TLEM51 ONE OR ANO!R SOCIALI/ SY/EM4 ,:AT WE ASK ( Y\ IS TO PROCLAIM ONCE MORE ?AT GREAT PR9CIPLE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION3 ?AT EV]Y MAN IS 5TITL$ TO ! MAT]IAL & MORAL MEANS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS COMPLETE HUMANITY -- A PR9CIPLE :I*1 WE BELIEVE1 TRANSLATES ITSELF 9TO ! FOLL[+ M&ATE3 

,TO ORGANIZE SOCIETY 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL 5D[$ ) LIFE1 MAN OR WOMAN1 MAY & ALMO/ EQUAL MEANS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS V>I\S FACULTIES & = !IR UTILIZATION 9 HIS LABOR2 TO ORGANIZE A SOCIETY :I*1 :ILE IT MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = ANY 9DIVIDUAL :ATSOEV] TO EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( O!RS1 WILL NOT ALL[ ANYONE TO %>E 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( SOCIAL WEAL?1 ALWAYS PRODUC$ BY LABOR ONLY1 UNLESS HE HAS HIMSELF CONTRIBUT$ TO ITS CREATION ) HIS [N LABOR4 

,! COMPLETE SOLUTION ( ?IS PROBLEM WILL NO D\BT BE ! WORK ( C5TURIES4 ,BUT HI/ORY HAS SET ! PROBLEM BE=E US1 & WE CAN N[ NO LONG] EVADE IT IF WE >E NOT TO RESIGN \RSELVES TO TOTAL IMPOT5CE4 

,WE HA/5 TO ADD ?AT WE 5]GETICALLY REJECT ANY ATTEMPT AT A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION DEVOID ( ! MO/ COMPLETE LIB]TY = 9DIVIDUALS AS WELL AS ASSOCIATIONS1 & ONE ?AT W\LD CALL = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A RUL+ AU?ORITY ( ANY NATURE :ATSOEV]1 & ?AT1 9 ! NAME ( ?IS LIB]TY -- :I* WE RECOGNIZE AS ! ONLY BASIS =1 & ! ONLY LEGITIMATE CREATOR (1 ANY ORGANIZATION1 ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL -- WE %ALL ALWAYS PROTE/ AGA9/ ANY?+ ?AT MAY 9 ANY WAY RESEMBLE COMMUNISM OR /ATE SOCIALISM4 

,! ONLY ?+ WE BELIEVE ! ,/ATE CAN & %\LD DO IS TO *ANGE ! LAW ( 9H]ITANCE1 GRADUALLY AT FIR/1 UNTIL IT IS 5TIRELY ABOLI%$ AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,S9CE ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE IS A PURELY >BITR>Y CREATION ( ! ,/ATE1 & ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS = ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN & DIV9ELY SANCTION$ ,/ATE1 IT CAN & MU/ BE ABOLI%$ BY LIB]TY -- :I* AGA9 MEANS ?AT ! ,/ATE ITSELF MU/ ACCOMPLI% ITS [N DISSOLUTION 9 A SOCIETY FREELY ORGANIZ$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) JU/ICE4 ,?IS RI<T MU/ NECESS>ILY BE ABOLI%$1 WE BELIEVE1 = AS LONG AS 9H]ITANCE IS 9 EFFECT1 !RE WILL BE H]$IT>Y ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 NOT ! NATURAL 9EQUALITY ( 9DIVIDUALS BUT ! >TIFICIAL 9EQUALITY ( CLASSES -- & ?IS WILL NECESS>ILY ALWAYS LEAD TO ! H]$IT>Y 9EQUALITY ( ! DEVELOPM5T & CULTIVATION ( M5TAL FACULTIES1 & CONT9UE TO BE ! S\RCE & ! CONSECRATION ( ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES4 ,EQUALITY FROM ! MOM5T LIFE BEG9S -- 9S(> AS ?IS EQUALITY DEP5DS ON ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 & 9 ORD] ?AT EV]YONE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS [N NATURAL CAPACITIES1 MAY BECOME ! HEIR & ! PRODUCT ( HIS [N LABOR -- ?IS IS ! PROBLEM :I* JU/ICE SETS BE=E US4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! PUBLIC FUNDS = ! $UCATION & ELEM5T>Y S*OOL+ ( ALL *ILDR5 ( BO? SEXES1 AS WELL AS !IR MA9T5ANCE FROM BIR? UNTIL !Y COME ( AGE1 %\LD BE ! SOLE 9H]ITORS ( ALL ! DECEAS$4 ,AS ,SLAVS & ,RUSSIANS1 WE MAY ADD ?AT = US ! SOCIAL IDEA1 BAS$ UPON ! G5]AL & TRADITIONAL 9/9CT ( \R POPULATIONS1 IS ?AT ! E>?1 ! PROP]TY ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 %\LD BE [N$ ONLY BY ?OSE :O CULTIVATE IT ) ! LABOR ( !IR [N H&S4 

,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ?IS PR9CIPLE IS A JU/ ONE1 ?AT IT IS AN ESS5TIAL & 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ANY S]I\S SOCIAL RE=M1 & H5CE ?AT ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 TOO1 CANNOT FAIL TO ACCEPT & RECOGNIZE IT1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! DIFFICULTIES ITS REALIZATION MAY 5C\NT] 9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! MAJORITY ( ! PEASANTS ALREADY [N !IR L&2 MO/ ( !SE SAME PEASANTS1 H[EV]1 WILL SOON COME TO [N NO?+1 BECAUSE ( ! P>CEL+ \T :I* IS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( ! POLITICO-ECONOMIC SY/EM N[ PREVAIL+ 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,WE >E MAK+ NO PROPOSAL ON ?IS PO9T1 & 9DE$ WE REFRA91 9 G5]AL1 FROM MAK+ ANY PROPOSALS1 DEAL+ ) ANY P>TICUL> PROBLEM ( SOCIAL SCI5CE OR POLITICS4 ,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ALL !SE QUE/IONS %\LD BE S]I\SLY & ?OR\<LY DISCUSS$ 9 \R J\RNAL4 ,WE %ALL TODAY CONF9E \RSELVES TO PROPOS+ ?AT Y\ MAKE ! FOLL[+ DECL>ATION3 

,AS WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! REAL ATTA9M5T ( LIB]TY1 ( JU/ICE1 & ( PEACE 9 ! WORLD WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE SO LONG AS ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! POPULATIONS >E DISPOSSESS$ ( PROP]TY1 DEPRIV$ ( $UCATION & CONDEMN$ TO POLITICAL & SOCIAL NONBE+ & A DE FACTO IF NOT A DE JURE SLAV]Y1 ?R\< !IR /ATE ( MIS]Y AS WELL AS !IR NE$ TO LABOR )\T RE/ OR LEISURE1 9 PRODUC+ ALL ! WEAL? 9 :I* ! WORLD IS GLORY+ TODAY1 & RECEIV+ 9 RETURN BUT A SMALL PORTION H>DLY SUFFICI5T = !IR DAILY BREAD2 

,AS WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT = ALL !SE POPULATIONS1 HI!RTO SO T]RIBLY MALTREAT$ ?R\< ! C5TURIES1 ! QUE/ION ( BREAD IS ! QUE/ION ( 9TELLECTUAL EMANCIPATION1 ( LIB]TY1 & ( HUMANITY2 

,AS WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT LIB]TY )\T SOCIALISM IS PRIVILEGE1 9JU/ICE2 & ?AT SOCIALISM )\T LIB]TY IS SLAV]Y & BRUTALITY2 

,N[ !RE=E1 ! ,LEAGUE HI<LY PROCLAIMS ! NE$ = A RADICAL SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RE=M1 :OSE AIM %ALL BE ! DELIV]ANCE ( ! PEOPLE'S LABOR FROM ! YOKE ( CAPITAL & PROP]TY1 UPON A F\NDATION ( ! /RICTE/ JU/ICE -- NOT JURIDICAL1 NOT !OLOGICAL1 NOT METAPHYSICAL1 BUT SIMPLY HUMAN JU/ICE1 ( POSITIVE SCI5CE & ! MO/ ABSOLUTE LIB]TY4 

,! ,LEAGUE AT ! SAME TIME DECIDES ?AT ITS J\RNAL WILL FREELY OP5 ITS COLUMNS TO ALL S]I\S DISCUSSIONS ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 PROVID$ !Y >E S9C]ELY 9SPIR$ BY A DESIRE = ! GREATE/ POPUL> EMANCIPATION1 BO? ON ! MAT]IAL & ! POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL LEVELS4 

,R\SSEAU'S ,!ORY ( ! ,/ATE 

444 ,WE HAVE SAID ?AT MAN IS NOT ONLY ! MO/ 9DIVIDUALI/IC BE+ ON E>? -- HE IS ALSO ! MO/ SOCIAL4 ,IT WAS A GREAT MI/AKE ON ! P>T ( ,JEAN ,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU TO HAVE ?\<T ?AT PRIMITIVE SOCIETY WAS E/ABLI%$ ?R\< A FREE AGREEM5T AMONG SAVAGES4 ,BUT ,JEAN ,JACQUES IS NOT ! ONLY ONE TO HAVE SAID ?IS4 ,! MAJORITY ( JURI/S & MOD]N PUBLICI/S1 EI!R ( ! S*OOL ( ,KANT OR ANY O!R 9DIVIDUALI/ & LIB]AL S*OOL1 ?OSE :O DO NOT ACCEPT ! IDEA ( A SOCIETY F\ND$ UPON ! DIV9E RI<T ( ! !OLOGIANS NOR ( A SOCIETY DET]M9$ BY ! ,HEGELIAN S*OOL AS A MORE OR LESS MY/ICAL REALIZATION ( OBJECTIVE MORALITY1 NOR ( ! NATURALI/S' CONCEPT ( A PRIMITIVE ANIMAL SOCIETY1 ALL ACCEPT1 NOL5S VOL5S1 & = LACK ( ANY O!R BASIS1 ! TACIT AGREEM5T OR CONTRACT AS !IR />T+ PO9T4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT PRIMITIVE M5 5JOY+ ABSOLUTE LIB]TY ONLY 9 ISOLATION >E ANTISOCIAL BY NATURE4 ,:5 =C$ TO ASSOCIATE !Y DE/ROY EA* O!R'S FRE$OM4 ,IF ?IS /RUGGLE IS UN*ECK$ IT CAN LEAD TO MUTUAL EXT]M9ATION4 ,9 ORD] NOT TO DE/ROY EA* O!R COMPLETELY1 !Y CONCLUDE A CONTRACT1 =MAL OR TACIT1 :]EBY !Y SURR5D] SOME ( !IR FRE$OM TO ASSURE ! RE/4 ,?IS CONTRACT BECOMES ! F\NDATION ( SOCIETY1 OR RA!R ( ! ,/ATE1 = WE MU/ PO9T \T ?AT 9 ?IS !ORY !RE IS NO PLACE = SOCIETY2 ONLY ! ,/ATE EXI/S1 OR RA!R SOCIETY IS COMPLETELY ABSORB$ BY ! ,/ATE4 

,SOCIETY IS ! NATURAL MODE ( EXI/5CE ( ! HUMAN COLLECTIVITY1 9DEP5D5T ( ANY CONTRACT4 ,IT GOV]NS ITSELF ?R\< ! CU/OMS OR ! TRADITIONAL HABITS1 BUT NEV] BY LAWS4 ,IT PROGRESSES SL[LY1 UND] ! IMPULSION IT RECEIVES FROM 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVES & NOT ?R\< ! ?9K+ OR ! WILL ( ! LAWGIV]4 ,!RE >E A GOOD MANY LAWS :I* GOV]N IT )\T ITS BE+ AW>E ( !M1 BUT !SE >E NATURAL LAWS1 9H]5T 9 ! BODY SOCIAL1 JU/ AS PHYSICAL LAWS >E 9H]5T 9 MAT]IAL BODIES4 ,MO/ ( !SE LAWS REMA9 UNKN[N TO ?IS DAY2 NEV]!LESS1 !Y HAVE GOV]N$ HUMAN SOCIETY EV] S9CE ITS BIR?1 9DEP5D5T ( ! ?9K+ & ! WILL ( ! M5 COMPOS+ ! SOCIETY4 ,H5CE !Y %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! POLITICAL & JURIDICAL LAWS PROCLAIM$ BY SOME LEGISLATIVE P[]1 LAWS ?AT >E SUPPOS$ TO BE ! LOGICAL SEQUELAE ( ! FIR/ CONTRACT CONSCI\SLY =M$ BY M54 

,! /ATE IS 9 NO WISE AN IMM$IATE PRODUCT ( NATURE4 ,UNLIKE SOCIETY1 IT DOES NOT PREC$E ! AWAK5+ ( REASON 9 M54 ,! LIB]ALS SAY ?AT ! FIR/ /ATE WAS CREAT$ BY ! FREE & RATIONAL WILL ( M52 ! M5 ( ! RI<T CONSID] IT ! WORK ( ,GOD4 ,9 EI!R CASE IT DOM9ATES SOCIETY & T5DS TO ABSORB IT COMPLETELY4 

,ONE MI<T REJO9 ?AT ! ,/ATE1 REPRES5T+ AS IT DOES ! PUBLIC WELF>E OR ! COMMON 9T]E/ ( ALL1 CURTAILS A P>T ( ! LIB]TY ( EA* ONLY = ! SAKE ( ASSUR+ TO HIM ALL ! REMA9D]4 ,BUT ?IS REMA9D] MAY BE A =M ( SECURITY2 IT IS NEV] LIB]TY4 ,LIB]TY IS 9DIVISIBLE2 ONE CANNOT CURTAIL A P>T ( IT )\T KILL+ ALL ( IT4 ,?IS LITTLE P>T Y\ >E CURTAIL+ IS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( MY LIB]TY2 IT IS ALL ( IT4 ,?R\< A NATURAL1 NECESS>Y1 & IRRESI/IBLE MOVEM5T1 ALL ( MY LIB]TY IS CONC5TRAT$ PRECISELY 9 ! P>T1 SMALL AS IT MAY BE1 :I* Y\ CURTAIL4 ,IT IS ! /ORY ( ,BLUEBE>D'S WIFE1 :O HAD AN 5TIRE PALACE AT H] DISPOSAL1 ) FULL & COMPLETE LIB]TY TO 5T] EV]Y:]E1 TO SEE & TO T\* EV]Y?+1 EXCEPT = ONE DREADFUL LITTLE *AMB] :I* H] T]RIBLE HUSB&'S SOV]EIGN WILL HAD =BIDD5 H] TO OP5 ON PA9 ( DEA?4 ,WELL1 %E TURN$ AWAY FROM ALL ! SPL5DORS ( ! PALACE1 & H] 5TIRE BE+ CONC5TRAT$ ON ! DREADFUL LITTLE *AMB]4 ,%E OP5$ ?AT =BIDD5 DOOR1 = GOOD REASON1 S9CE H] LIB]TY DEP5D$ ON H] DO+ SO1 :ILE ! PROHIBITION TO 5T] WAS A FLAGRANT VIOLATION ( PRECISELY ?AT LIB]TY4 ,IT IS ALSO ! /ORY ( ,ADAM & ,EVE'S FALL4 ,! PROHIBITION TO TA/E ! FRUIT FROM ! TREE ( ! KN[L$GE ( GOOD & EVIL1 = NO O!R REASON ?AN ?AT SU* WAS ! WILL ( ! ,LORD1 WAS AN ACT ( ATROCI\S DESPOTISM ON ! P>T ( ! GOOD ,LORD4 ,HAD \R FIR/ P>5TS OBEY$ IT1 ! 5TIRE HUMAN RACE W\LD HAVE REMA9$ PLUNG$ 9 ! MO/ HUMILIAT+ SLAV]Y4 ,!IR DISOB$I5CE HAS EMANCIPAT$ & SAV$ US4 ,!IRS1 9 ! LANGUAGE ( MY?OLOGY1 WAS ! FIR/ ACT ( HUMAN LIB]TY4 

,BUT1 ONE MI<T SAY1 C\LD ! ,/ATE1 ! DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 BAS$ UPON ! FREE SUFFRAGE ( ALL ITS CITIZ5S1 BE ! NEGATION ( !IR LIB]TY8 ,& :Y NOT8 ,?AT W\LD DEP5D 5TIRELY ON ! MISSION & ! P[] ?AT ! CITIZ5S SURR5D]$ TO ! ,/ATE4 ,A REPUBLICAN ,/ATE1 BAS$ UPON UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 C\LD BE V]Y DESPOTIC1 MORE DESPOTIC EV5 ?AN ! MON>*ICAL ,/ATE1 IF1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( REPRES5T+ EV]YBODY'S WILL1 IT W]E TO BR+ D[N ! WEI<T ( ITS COLLECTIVE P[] UPON ! WILL & ! FREE MOVEM5T ( EA* ( ITS MEMB]S4 

,H[EV]1 SUPPOSE ONE W]E TO SAY ?AT ! ,/ATE DOES NOT RE/RA9 ! LIB]TY ( ITS MEMB]S EXCEPT :5 IT T5DS T[>D 9JU/ICE OR EVIL4 ,IT PREV5TS ITS MEMB]S FROM KILL+ EA* O!R1 PLUND]+ EA* O!R1 9SULT+ EA* O!R1 & 9 G5]AL FROM HURT+ EA* O!R1 :ILE IT LEAVES !M FULL LIB]TY TO DO GOOD4 ,?IS BR+S US BACK TO ! /ORY ( ,BLUEBE>D'S WIFE1 OR ! /ORY ( ! =BIDD5 FRUIT3 :AT IS GOOD8 :AT IS EVIL8 

,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! SY/EM WE HAVE UND] EXAM9ATION1 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL DID NOT EXI/ BE=E ! CONCLUSION ( ! CONTRACT1 :5 EA* 9DIVIDUAL /AY$ DEEP 9 ! ISOLATION ( HIS LIB]TY OR ( HIS ABSOLUTE RI<TS1 HAV+ NO CONSID]ATION = HIS FELL[M5 EXCEPT ?OSE DICTAT$ BY HIS RELATIVE WEAKNESS OR /R5G?2 ?AT IS1 HIS [N PRUD5CE & SELF-9T]E/4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 /ILL FOLL[+ ! SAME !ORY1 EGOTISM WAS ! SUPREME LAW1 ! ONLY RI<T4 ,! GOOD WAS DET]M9$ BY SUCCESS1 FAILURE WAS ! ONLY EVIL1 & JU/ICE WAS M]ELY ! CONSECRATION ( ! FAIT ACCOMPLI1 NO MATT] H[ HORRIBLE1 H[ CRUEL OR 9FAM\S1 EXACTLY AS ?+S >E N[ 9 ! POLITICAL MORALITY :I* PREVAILS 9 ,EUROPE TODAY4 

,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS SY/EM1 COMM5CES ONLY ) ! CONCLUSION ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,!REAFT]1 :AT WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS CON/ITUT+ ! COMMON 9T]E/ WAS PROCLAIM$ AS GOOD1 & ALL ?AT WAS CONTR>Y TO IT AS EVIL4 ,! CONTRACT+ MEMB]S1 ON BECOM+ CITIZ5S1 & B\ND BY A MORE OR LESS SOLEMN UND]TAK+1 !REBY ASSUM$ AN OBLIGATION3 TO SUBORD9ATE !IR PRIVATE 9T]E/S TO ! COMMON GOOD1 TO AN 9T]E/ 9SEP>ABLE FROM ALL O!RS4 ,!IR [N RI<TS W]E SEP>AT$ FROM ! PUBLIC RI<T1 ! SOLE REPRES5TATIVE ( :I*1 ! ,/ATE1 WAS !REBY 9VE/$ ) ! P[] TO REPRESS ALL ILLEGAL REVOLTS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT ALSO ) ! OBLIGATION TO PROTECT EA* ( ITS MEMB]S 9 ! EX]CISE ( HIS RI<TS 9S(> AS !SE W]E NOT CONTR>Y TO ! COMMON RI<T4 

,WE %ALL N[ EXAM9E :AT ! ,/ATE1 ?US CON/ITUT$1 %\LD BE 9 RELATION TO O!R /ATES1 ITS PE]S1 AS WELL AS 9 RELATION TO ITS [N SUBJECT POPULATIONS4 ,?IS EXAM9ATION APPE>S TO US ALL ! MORE 9T]E/+ & USEFUL BECAUSE ! ,/ATE1 AS IT IS H]E DEF9$1 IS PRECISELY ! MOD]N ,/ATE 9S(> AS IT HAS SEP>AT$ ITSELF FROM ! RELIGI\S IDEA -- ! SECUL> OR A!I/ ,/ATE PROCLAIM$ BY MOD]N PUBLICI/S4 ,LET US SEE1 !N3 ( :AT DOES ITS MORALITY CONSI/8 ,IT IS ! MOD]N ,/ATE1 WE HAVE SAID1 AT ! MOM5T :5 IT HAS FRE$ ITSELF FROM ! YOKE ( ! ,*UR*1 & :5 IT HAS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 %AK5 (F ! YOKE ( ! UNIV]SAL OR COSMOPOLITAN MORALITY ( ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION2 AT ! MOM5T :5 IT HAS NOT YET BE5 P5ETRAT$ BY ! HUMANIT>IAN MORALITY OR IDEA1 :I*1 BY ! WAY1 IT C\LD NEV] DO )\T DE/ROY+ ITSELF2 =1 9 ITS SEP>ATE EXI/5CE & ISOLAT$ CONC5TRATION1 IT W\LD BE TOO N>R[ TO EMBRACE1 TO CONTA9 ! 9T]E/S & !RE=E ! MORALITY ( ALL MANK9D4 

,MOD]N /ATES HAVE REA*$ PRECISELY ?IS PO9T4 ,*RI/IANITY S]VES !M ONLY AS A PRETEXT OR A PHRASE OR AS A MEANS ( DECEIV+ ! IDLE MOB1 = !Y PURSUE GOALS :I* HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) RELIGI\S S5TIM5TS4 ,! GREAT /ATESM5 ( \R DAYS1 ! ,PALM]/ONS1 ! ,MURAVIEVS1 ! ,CAV\RS1 ! ,BISM>CKS1 ! ,NAPOLEONS1 HAD A GOOD LAU< :5 PEOPLE TOOK !IR RELIGI\S PRON\NCEM5TS S]I\SLY4 ,!Y LAU<$ H>D] :5 PEOPLE ATTRIBUT$ HUMANIT>IAN S5TIM5TS1 CONSID]ATIONS1 & 9T5TIONS TO !M1 BUT !Y NEV] MADE ! MI/AKE ( TREAT+ !SE IDEAS 9 PUBLIC AS SO MU* NONS5SE4 ,JU/ :AT REMA9S TO CON/ITUTE !IR MORALITY8 ,! 9T]E/ ( ! ,/ATE1 & NO?+ ELSE4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 :I*1 9CID5TALLY1 ) V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS1 HAS BE5 ?AT ( ! /ATESM51 ! /RONG M5 ( ALL TIMES & ( ALL C\NTRIES -- FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ,I SAY1 :ATEV] CONDUCES TO ! PRES]VATION1 ! GR&EUR & ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 NO MATT] H[ SACRILEGI\S OR MORALLY REVOLT+ IT MAY SEEM1 ?AT IS ! GOOD4 ,& CONV]SELY1 :ATEV] OPPOSES ! ,/ATE'S 9T]E/S1 NO MATT] H[ HOLY OR JU/ O!RWISE1 ?AT IS EVIL4 ,SU* IS ! SECUL> MORALITY & PRACTICE ( EV]Y ,/ATE4 

,IT IS ! SAME ) ! ,/ATE F\ND$ UPON ! !ORY ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ! GOOD & ! JU/ COMM5CE ONLY ) ! CONTRACT2 !Y >E1 9 FACT1 NO?+ BUT ! V]Y CONT5TS & ! PURPOSE ( ! CONTRACT2 ?AT IS1 ! COMMON 9T]E/ & ! PUBLIC RI<T ( ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE =M$ ! CONTRACT AMONG !MSELVES1 ) ! EXCLUSION ( ALL ?OSE :O REMA9 \TSIDE ! CONTRACT4 ,IT IS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 NO?+ BUT ! GREATE/ SATISFACTION GIV5 TO ! COLLECTIVE EGOTISM ( A SPECIAL & RE/RICT$ ASSOCIATION1 :I*1 BE+ F\ND$ UPON ! P>TIAL SACRIFICE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL EGOTISM ( EA* ( ITS MEMB]S1 REJECTS FROM ITS MID/1 AS /RANG]S & NATURAL 5EMIES1 ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! HUMAN SPECIES1 :E!R OR NOT IT MAY BE ORGANIZ$ 9TO ANALOG\S ASSOCIATIONS4 

,! EXI/5CE ( ONE SOV]EIGN1 EXCLUSION>Y ,/ATE NECESS>ILY SUPPOSES ! EXI/5CE &1 IF NE$ BE1 PROVOKES ! =MATION ( O!R SU* ,/ATES1 S9CE IT IS QUITE NATURAL ?AT 9DIVIDUALS :O F9D !MSELVES \TSIDE IT & >E ?REAT5$ BY IT 9 !IR EXI/5CE & 9 !IR LIB]TY1 %\LD1 9 !IR TURN1 ASSOCIATE !MSELVES AGA9/ IT4 ,WE ?US HAVE HUMANITY DIVID$ 9TO AN 9DEF9ITE NUMB] ( =EIGN /ATES1 ALL HO/ILE & ?REAT5$ BY EA* O!R4 ,!RE IS NO COMMON RI<T1 NO SOCIAL CONTRACT ( ANY K9D BETWE5 !M2 O!RWISE !Y W\LD CEASE TO BE 9DEP5D5T /ATES & BECOME ! F$]AT$ MEMB]S ( ONE GREAT /ATE4 ,BUT UNLESS ?IS GREAT /ATE W]E TO EMBRACE ALL ( HUMANITY1 IT W\LD BE CONFRONT$ ) O!R GREAT /ATES1 EA* F$]AT$ )91 EA* MA9TA9+ ! SAME PO/URE ( 9EVITABLE HO/ILITY4 

,W> W\LD /ILL REMA9 ! SUPREME LAW1 AN UNAVOIDABLE CONDITION ( HUMAN SURVIVAL4 

,EV]Y /ATE1 F$]AT$ OR NOT1 W\LD !RE=E SEEK TO BECOME ! MO/ P[]FUL4 ,IT MU/ DEV\R LE/ IT BE DEV\R$1 CONQU] LE/ IT BE CONQU]$1 5?RALL$ LE/ IT BE 5SLAV$1 S9CE TWO P[]S1 SIMIL> & YET ALI5 TO EA* O!R1 C\LD NOT COEXI/ )\T MUTUAL DE/RUCTION4 

,! ,/ATE1 !RE=E1 IS ! MO/ FLAGRANT1 ! MO/ CYNICAL1 & ! MO/ COMPLETE NEGATION ( HUMANITY4 ,IT %ATT]S ! UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY ( ALL M5 ON ! E>?1 & BR+S SOME ( !M 9TO ASSOCIATION ONLY = ! PURPOSE ( DE/ROY+1 CONQU]+1 & 5SLAV+ ALL ! RE/4 ,IT PROTECTS ITS [N CITIZ5S ONLY2 IT RECOGNIZES HUMAN RI<TS1 HUMANITY1 CIVILIZATION )9 ITS [N CONF9ES ALONE4 ,S9CE IT RECOGNIZES NO RI<TS \TSIDE ITSELF1 IT LOGICALLY >ROGATES TO ITSELF ! RI<T TO EX]CISE ! MO/ F]OCI\S 9HUMANITY T[>D ALL =EIGN POPULATIONS1 :I* IT CAN PLUND]1 EXT]M9ATE1 OR 5?RALL$ AT WILL4 ,IF IT DOES %[ ITSELF G5]\S & HUMANE T[>D !M1 IT IS NEV] ?R\< A S5SE ( DUTY1 = IT HAS NO DUTIES EXCEPT TO ITSELF 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 & !N TO ?OSE ( ITS MEMB]S :O HAVE FREELY =M$ IT1 :O FREELY CONT9UE TO CON/ITUTE IT OR EV51 AS ALWAYS HAPP5S 9 ! LONG RUN1 ?OSE :O HAVE BECOME ITS SUBJECTS4 ,AS !RE IS NO 9T]NATIONAL LAW 9 EXI/5CE1 & AS IT C\LD NEV] EXI/ 9 A MEAN+FUL & REALI/IC WAY )\T UND]M9+ TO ITS F\NDATIONS ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( ! ABSOLUTE SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ,/ATE1 ! ,/ATE CAN HAVE NO DUTIES T[>D =EIGN POPULATIONS4 ,H5CE1 IF IT TREATS A CONQU]$ PEOPLE 9 A HUMANE FA%ION1 IF IT PLUND]S OR EXT]M9ATES IT HALFWAY ONLY1 IF IT DOES NOT R$UCE IT TO ! L[E/ DEGREE ( SLAV]Y1 ?IS MAY BE A POLITICAL ACT 9SPIR$ BY PRUD5CE1 OR EV5 BY PURE MAGNANIMITY1 BUT IT IS NEV] DONE FROM A S5SE ( DUTY1 = ! ,/ATE HAS AN ABSOLUTE RI<T TO DISPOSE ( A CONQU]$ PEOPLE AT WILL4 

,?IS FLAGRANT NEGATION ( HUMANITY :I* CON/ITUTES ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! ,/ATE IS1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! ,/ATE1 ITS SUPREME DUTY & ITS GREATE/ VIRTUE4 ,IT BE>S ! NAME PATRIOTISM1 & IT CON/ITUTES ! 5TIRE TRANSC5D5T MORALITY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,WE CALL IT TRANSC5D5T MORALITY BECAUSE IT USUALLY GOES BEYOND ! LEVEL ( HUMAN MORALITY & JU/ICE1 EI!R ( ! COMMUNITY OR ( ! PRIVATE 9DIVIDUAL1 & BY ?AT SAME TOK5 (T5 F9DS ITSELF 9 CONTRADICTION ) !SE4 ,?US1 TO (F5D1 TO OPPRESS1 TO DESPOIL1 TO PLUND]1 TO ASSASS9ATE OR 5?RALL$ ONE'S FELL[MAN IS ORD9>ILY REG>D$ AS A CRIME4 ,9 PUBLIC LIFE1 ON ! O!R H&1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( PATRIOTISM1 :5 !SE ?+S >E DONE = ! GREAT] GLORY ( ! ,/ATE1 = ! PRES]VATION OR ! EXT5SION ( ITS P[]1 IT IS ALL TRANS=M$ 9TO DUTY & VIRTUE4 ,& ?IS VIRTUE1 ?IS DUTY1 >E OBLIGATORY = EA* PATRIOTIC CITIZ52 EV]YONE IS SUPPOS$ TO EX]CISE !M NOT AGA9/ =EIGN]S ONLY BUT AGA9/ ONE'S [N FELL[ CITIZ5S1 MEMB]S OR SUBJECTS ( ! ,/ATE LIKE HIMSELF1 :5EV] ! WELF>E ( ! ,/ATE DEM&S IT4 

,?IS EXPLA9S :Y1 S9CE ! BIR? ( ! ,/ATE1 ! WORLD ( POLITICS HAS ALWAYS BE5 & CONT9UES TO BE ! /AGE = UNLIMIT$ RASCALITY & BRIG&AGE1 BRIG&AGE & RASCALITY :I*1 BY ! WAY1 >E HELD 9 HI< E/EEM1 S9CE !Y >E SANCTIFI$ BY PATRIOTISM1 BY ! TRANSC5D5T MORALITY & ! SUPREME 9T]E/ ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( ANCI5T & MOD]N /ATES IS M]ELY A S]IES ( REVOLT+ CRIMES2 :Y K+S & M9I/]S1 PA/ & PRES5T1 ( ALL TIMES & ALL C\NTRIES -- /ATESM51 DIPLOMATS1 BUREAUCRATS1 & W>RIORS -- IF JUDG$ FROM ! /&PO9T ( SIMPLE MORALITY & HUMAN JU/ICE1 HAVE A HUNDR$1 A ?\S& TIMES OV] E>N$ !IR S5T5CE TO H>D LABOR OR TO ! GALL[S4 ,!RE IS NO HORROR1 NO CRUELTY1 SACRILEGE1 OR P]JURY1 NO IMPO/URE1 NO 9FAM\S TRANSACTION1 NO CYNICAL ROBB]Y1 NO BOLD PLUND] OR %ABBY BETRAYAL ?AT HAS NOT BE5 OR IS NOT DAILY BE+ P]PETRAT$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! /ATES1 UND] NO O!R PRETEXT ?AN ?OSE ELA/IC WORDS1 SO CONV5I5T & YET SO T]RIBLE3 0= REASONS ( /ATE40 

,!SE >E TRULY T]RIBLE WORDS1 = !Y HAVE CORRUPT$ & DI%ONOR$1 )9 (FICIAL RANKS & 9 SOCIETY'S RUL+ CLASSES1 MORE M5 ?AN HAS EV5 ,*RI/IANITY ITSELF4 ,NO SOON] >E !SE WORDS UTT]$ ?AN ALL GR[S SIL5T1 & EV]Y?+ CEASES2 HONE/Y1 HONOR1 JU/ICE1 RI<T1 COMPASSION ITSELF CEASES1 & ) IT LOGIC & GOOD S5SE4 ,BLACK TURNS :ITE1 & :ITE TURNS BLACK4 ,! L[E/ HUMAN ACTS1 ! BASE/ FELONIES1 ! MO/ ATROCI\S CRIMES BECOME M]ITORI\S ACTS4 

,! GREAT ,ITALIAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPH] ,MA*IAVELLI WAS ! FIR/ TO USE !SE WORDS1 OR AT LEA/ ! FIR/ TO GIVE !M !IR TRUE MEAN+ & ! IMM5SE POPUL>ITY !Y /ILL 5JOY AMONG \R RUL]S TODAY4 ,A REALI/IC & POSITIVE ?9K] IF !RE EV] WAS ONE1 HE WAS ! FIR/ TO UND]/& ?AT ! GREAT & P[]FUL /ATES C\LD BE F\ND$ & MA9TA9$ BY CRIME ALONE -- BY MANY GREAT CRIMES1 & BY A RADICAL CONTEMPT = ALL ?AT GOES UND] ! NAME ( HONE/Y4 ,HE HAS WRITT51 EXPLA9$1 & PROV5 !SE FACTS ) T]RIFY+ FRANKNESS4 ,&1 S9CE ! IDEA ( HUMANITY WAS 5TIRELY UNKN[N 9 HIS TIME2 S9CE ! IDEA ( FRAT]NITY -- NOT HUMAN BUT RELIGI\S -- AS PREA*$ BY ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 WAS AT ?AT TIME1 AS IT ALWAYS HAS BE51 NO?+ BUT A %OCK+ IRONY1 BELI$ AT EV]Y /EP BY ! ,*UR*'S [N ACTIONS2 S9CE 9 HIS TIME NO ONE EV5 SUSPECT$ ?AT !RE WAS SU* A ?+ AS POPUL> RI<T1 S9CE ! PEOPLE HAD ALWAYS BE5 CONSID]$ AN 9]T & 9EPT MASS1 ! FLE% ( ! ,/ATE TO BE MOLD$ & EXPLOIT$ AT WILL1 PL$G$ TO ET]NAL OB$I5CE2 S9CE !RE WAS ABSOLUTELY NO?+ 9 HIS TIME1 9 ,ITALY OR ELSE:]E1 EXCEPT = ! ,/ATE -- ,MA*IAVELLI CONCLUD$ FROM !SE FACTS1 ) A GOOD DEAL ( LOGIC1 ?AT ! ,/ATE WAS ! SUPREME GOAL ( ALL HUMAN EXI/5CE1 ?AT IT MU/ BE S]V$ AT ANY CO/ & ?AT1 S9CE ! 9T]E/ ( ! ,/ATE PREVAIL$ OV] EV]Y?+ ELSE1 A GOOD PATRIOT %\LD NOT RECOIL FROM ANY CRIME 9 ORD] TO S]VE IT4 ,HE ADVOCATES CRIME1 HE EXHORTS TO CRIME1 & MAKES IT ! S9E QUA NON ( POLITICAL 9TELLIG5CE AS WELL AS ( TRUE PATRIOTISM4 ,:E!R ! ,/ATE BE> ! NAME ( A MON>*Y OR ( A REPUBLIC1 CRIME WILL ALWAYS BE NECESS>Y = ITS PRES]VATION & ITS TRIUMPH4 ,! ,/ATE WILL D\BTLESS *ANGE ITS DIRECTION & ITS OBJECT1 BUT ITS NATURE WILL REMA9 ! SAME3 ALWAYS ! 5]GETIC1 P]MAN5T VIOLATION ( JU/ICE1 COMPASSION1 & HONE/Y1 = ! WELF>E ( ! ,/ATE4 

,YES1 ,MA*IAVELLI IS RI<T4 ,WE CAN NO LONG] D\BT IT AFT] AN EXP]I5CE ( ?REE & A HALF C5TURIES ADD$ TO HIS [N EXP]I5CE4 ,YES1 SO ALL HI/ORY TELLS US3 :ILE ! SMALL /ATES >E VIRTU\S ONLY BECAUSE ( !IR WEAKNESS1 ! P[]FUL /ATES SU/A9 !MSELVES BY CRIME ALONE4 ,BUT \R CONCLUSION WILL BE 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM HIS1 = A V]Y SIMPLE REASON4 ,WE >E ! *ILDR5 ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & FROM IT WE HAVE 9H]IT$ ! RELIGION ( HUMANITY1 :I* WE MU/ F\ND UPON ! RU9S ( ! RELIGION ( DIV9ITY4 ,WE BELIEVE 9 ! RI<TS ( MAN1 9 ! DIGNITY & ! NECESS>Y EMANCIPATION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,WE BELIEVE 9 HUMAN LIB]TY & HUMAN FRAT]NITY F\ND$ UPON JU/ICE4 ,9 A WORD1 WE BELIEVE 9 ! TRIUMPH ( HUMANITY UPON ! E>?4 ,BUT ?IS TRIUMPH1 :I* WE SUMMON ) ALL \R LONG+1 :I* WE WANT TO HA/5 ) ALL \R UNIT$ EF=TS -- S9CE IT IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE ! NEGATION ( ! CRIME :I* IS 9TR9SICALLY ! NEGATION ( HUMANITY -- ?IS TRIUMPH CANNOT BE A*IEV$ UNTIL CRIME CEASES TO BE :AT IT N[ IS MORE OR LESS EV]Y:]E TODAY1 ! REAL BASIS ( ! POLITICAL EXI/5CE ( ! NATIONS ABSORB$ & DOM9AT$ BY ! IDEAS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,& S9CE IT IS N[ PROV5 ?AT NO /ATE C\LD EXI/ )\T COMMITT+ CRIMES1 OR AT LEA/ )\T CONTEMPLAT+ & PLANN+ !M1 EV5 :5 ITS IMPOT5CE %\LD PREV5T IT FROM P]PETRAT+ CRIMES1 WE TODAY CONCLUDE 9 FAVOR ( ! ABSOLUTE NE$ ( DE/ROY+ ! /ATES4 ,OR1 IF IT IS SO DECID$1 !IR RADICAL & COMPLETE TRANS=MATION SO ?AT1 CEAS+ TO BE P[]S C5TRALIZ$ & ORGANIZ$ FROM ! TOP D[N1 BY VIOL5CE OR BY AU?ORITY ( SOME PR9CIPLE1 !Y MAY RECOGNIZE -- ) ABSOLUTE LIB]TY = ALL ! P>TIES TO UNITE OR NOT TO UNITE1 & ) LIB]TY = EA* ( !SE ALWAYS TO LEAVE A UNION EV5 :5 FREELY 5T]$ 9TO -- FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ACCORD+ TO ! REAL NE$S & ! NATURAL T5D5CIES ( ! P>TIES1 ?R\< ! FREE F$]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNES1 DI/RICTS1 PROV9CES1 & NATIONS )9 HUMANITY4 

,SU* >E ! CONCLUSIONS TO :I* WE >E 9EVITABLY L$ BY AN EXAM9ATION ( ! EXT]NAL RELATIONS :I* ! SO-CALL$ FREE /ATES MA9TA9 ) O!R /ATES4 ,LET US N[ EXAM9E ! RELATIONS MA9TA9$ BY ! ,/ATE F\ND$ UPON ! FREE CONTRACT >RIV$ AT AMONG ITS [N CITIZ5S OR SUBJECTS4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY OBS]V$ ?AT BY EXCLUD+ ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! HUMAN SPECIES FROM ITS MID/1 BY KEEP+ ?IS MAJORITY \TSIDE ! RECIPROCAL 5GAGEM5TS & DUTIES ( MORALITY1 ( JU/ICE1 & ( RI<T1 ! ,/ATE D5IES HUMANITY &1 US+ ?AT SONOR\S WORD PATRIOTISM1 IMPOSES 9JU/ICE & CRUELTY AS A SUPREME DUTY UPON ALL ITS SUBJECTS4 ,IT RE/RICTS1 IT MUTILATES1 IT KILLS HUMANITY 9 !M1 SO ?AT BY CEAS+ TO BE M51 !Y MAY BE SOLELY CITIZ5S -- OR RA!R1 & MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ?AT ?R\< ! HI/ORIC CONNECTION & SUCCESSION ( FACTS1 !Y MAY NEV] RISE ABOVE ! CITIZ5 TO ! HEI<T ( BE+ MAN4 

,WE HAVE ALSO SE5 ?AT EV]Y /ATE1 UND] PA9 ( DE/RUCTION & FE>+ TO BE DEV\R$ BY ITS NEI<BOR /ATES1 MU/ REA* \T T[>D OMNIPOT5CE1 &1 HAV+ BECOME P[]FUL1 MU/ CONQU]4 ,:O SPEAKS ( CONQUE/ SPEAKS ( PEOPLES CONQU]$1 SUBJUGAT$1 R$UC$ TO SLAV]Y 9 :ATEV] =M OR D5OM9ATION4 ,SLAV]Y1 !RE=E1 IS ! NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,/ATE4 

,SLAV]Y MAY *ANGE ITS =M OR ITS NAME -- ITS ESS5CE REMA9S ! SAME4 ,ITS ESS5CE MAY BE EXPRESS$ 9 !SE WORDS3 TO BE A SLAVE IS TO BE =C$ TO WORK = SOMEONE ELSE1 JU/ AS TO BE A MA/] IS TO LIVE ON SOMEONE ELSE'S WORK4 ,9 ANTIQUITY1 JU/ AS 9 ,ASIA & 9 ,AFRICA TODAY1 AS WELL AS EV5 9 A P>T ( ,AM]ICA1 SLAVES W]E1 9 ALL HONE/Y1 CALL$ SLAVES4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 !Y TOOK ! NAME ( S]FS3 N[ADAYS !Y >E CALL$ WAGE E>N]S4 ,! POSITION ( ?IS LATT] GR\P HAS A GREAT DEAL MORE DIGNITY ATTA*$ TO IT1 & IT IS LESS H>D ?AN ?AT ( SLAVES1 BUT !Y >E NONE!LESS =C$1 BY HUNG] AS WELL AS BY POLITICAL & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 TO MA9TA9 O!R PEOPLE 9 COMPLETE OR RELATIVE IDL5ESS1 ?R\< !IR [N EXCE$+LY H>D LABOR4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y >E SLAVES4 ,& 9 G5]AL1 NO /ATE1 ANCI5T OR MOD]N1 HAS EV] MANAG$ OR WILL EV] MANAGE TO GET ALONG )\T ! =C$ LABOR ( ! MASSES1 EI!R WAGE E>N]S OR SLAVES1 AS A PR9CIPAL & ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y F\NDATION = ! LEISURE1 ! LIB]TY1 & ! CIVILIZATION ( ! POLITICAL CLASS3 ! CITIZ5S4 ,ON ?IS PO9T1 NOT EV5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA CAN AS YET BE AN EXCEPTION4 

,SU* >E ! 9T]NAL CONDITIONS ?AT NECESS>ILY RESULT = ! ,/ATE FROM ITS OBJECTIVE /ANCE1 ?AT IS1 ITS NATURAL1 P]MAN5T1 & 9EVITABLE HO/ILITY T[>D ALL ! O!R /ATES4 ,LET US N[ SEE ! CONDITIONS RESULT+ DIRECTLY = ! ,/ATE'S CITIZ5S FROM ?AT FREE CONTRACT BY :I* !Y SUPPOS$LY CON/ITUT$ !MSELVES 9TO A ,/ATE4 

,! ,/ATE NOT ONLY HAS ! MISSION ( GU>ANTEE+ ! SAFETY ( ITS MEMB]S AGA9/ ANY ATTACK COM+ FROM )\T2 IT MU/ ALSO DEF5D !M )9 ITS [N BORD]S1 SOME ( !M AGA9/ ! O!RS1 & EA* ( !M AGA9/ HIMSELF4 ,= ! ,/ATE -- & ?IS IS MO/ DEEPLY *>ACT]I/IC ( IT1 ( EV]Y /ATE1 AS ( EV]Y !OLOGY -- PRESUPPOSES MAN TO BE ESS5TIALLY EVIL & WICK$4 ,9 ! ,/ATE WE >E N[ EXAM9+1 ! GOOD1 AS WE HAVE SE51 COMM5CES ONLY ) ! CONCLUSION ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IS M]ELY ! PRODUCT & V]Y CONT5T ( ?IS CONTRACT4 ,! GOOD IS NOT ! PRODUCT ( LIB]TY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 SO LONG AS M5 REMA9 ISOLAT$ 9 !IR ABSOLUTE 9DIVIDUALITY1 5JOY+ !IR FULL NATURAL LIB]TY TO :I* !Y RECOGNIZE NO LIMITS BUT ?OSE ( FACT1 NOT ( LAW1 !Y FOLL[ ONE LAW ONLY1 ?AT ( !IR NATURAL EGOTISM4 ,!Y (F5D1 MALTREAT1 & ROB EA* O!R2 !Y OB/RUCT & DEV\R EA* O!R1 EA* TO ! EXT5T ( HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 HIS CUNN+1 & HIS MAT]IAL RES\RCES1 DO+ JU/ AS ! /ATES DO TO ONE ANO!R4 ,B,Y ?IS REASON+1 HUMAN LIB]TY PRODUCES NOT GOOD BUT EVIL2 MAN IS BY NATURE EVIL4 ,H[ DID HE BECOME EVIL8 ,?AT IS = !OLOGY TO EXPLA94 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! ,*UR*1 AT ITS BIR?1 F9DS MAN ALREADY EVIL1 & UND]TAKES TO MAKE HIM GOOD1 ?AT IS1 TO TRANS=M ! NATURAL MAN 9TO ! CITIZ54 

,TO ?IS ONE MAY REJO9 ?AT1 S9CE ! ,/ATE IS ! PRODUCT ( A CONTRACT FREELY CONCLUD$ BY M51 & S9CE ! GOOD IS ! PRODUCT ( ! ,/ATE1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! GOOD IS ! PRODUCT ( LIB]TY6 ,SU* A CONCLUSION W\LD NOT BE RI<T AT ALL4 ,! ,/ATE ITSELF1 BY ?IS REASON+1 IS NOT ! PRODUCT ( LIB]TY2 IT IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! PRODUCT ( ! VOLUNT>Y SACRIFICE & NEGATION ( LIB]TY4 ,NATURAL M51 COMPLETELY FREE FROM ! S5SE ( RI<T BUT EXPOS$1 9 FACT1 TO ALL ! DANG]S :I* ?REAT5 !IR SECURITY AT EV]Y MOM5T1 9 ORD] TO ASSURE & SAFEGU>D ?IS SECURITY1 SACRIFICE1 OR R5\NCE MORE OR LESS ( !IR [N LIB]TY1 &1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y HAVE SACRIFIC$ LIB]TY = SECURITY & HAVE ?US BECOME CITIZ5S1 !Y BECOME ! SLAVES ( ! ,/ATE4 ,WE >E !RE=E RI<T 9 AFFIRM+ ?AT1 FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! ,/ATE1 ! GOOD IS BORN NOT ( LIB]TY BUT RA!R ( ! NEGATION ( LIB]TY4 

,IS IT NOT REM>KABLE TO F9D SO CLOSE A CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 !OLOGY1 ?AT SCI5CE ( ! ,*UR*1 & POLITICS1 ?AT SCI5CE ( ! ,/ATE2 TO F9D ?IS CONCURR5CE ( TWO ORD]S ( IDEAS & ( REALITIES1 \TW>DLY SO OPPOS$1 NEV]!LESS HOLD+ ! SAME CONVICTION3 ?AT HUMAN LIB]TY MU/ BE DE/ROY$ IF M5 >E TO BE MORAL1 IF !Y >E TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO SA9TS 7= ! ,*UR*7 OR 9TO VIRTU\S CITIZ5S 7= ! ,/ATE78 ,YET WE >E NOT AT ALL SURPRIS$ BY ?IS PECULI> H>MONY1 S9CE WE >E CONV9C$1 & %ALL TRY TO PROVE1 ?AT POLITICS & !OLOGY >E TWO SI/]S ISSU+ FROM ! SAME S\RCE & PURSU+ ! SAME 5DS UND] DIFF]5T NAMES2 & ?AT EV]Y /ATE IS A T]RE/RIAL *UR*1 JU/ AS EV]Y *UR*1 ) ITS [N HEAV51 ! DWELL+ PLACE ( ! BLESS$ & ( ! IMMORTAL ,GOD1 IS BUT A CELE/IAL /ATE4 

,?US ! ,/ATE1 LIKE ! ,*UR*1 />TS \T ) ?IS FUNDAM5TAL SUPPOSITION1 ?AT M5 >E BASICALLY EVIL1 & ?AT1 IF DELIV]$ UP TO !IR NATURAL LIB]TY1 !Y W\LD TE> EA* O!R AP>T & (F] ! SPECTACLE ( ! MO/ T]RIFY+ AN>*Y1 :]E ! /RONG] W\LD EXPLOIT & SLAU<T] ! WEAK] -- QUITE ! CONTR>Y ( :AT GOES ON 9 \R MODEL /ATES TODAY1 NE$LESS TO SAY6 ,! ,/ATE SETS UP ! PR9CIPLE ?AT 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% PUBLIC ORD]1 !RE IS NE$ ( A SUP]IOR AU?ORITY2 9 ORD] TO GUIDE M5 & REPRESS !IR EVIL PASSIONS1 !RE IS NE$ ( A GUIDE & A CURB4 

444 ,9 ORD] TO ASSURE ! OBS]VANCE ( ! PR9CIPLES & ! ADM9I/RATION ( LAWS 9 ANY HUMAN SOCIETY :ATSOEV]1 !RE HAS TO BE A VIGILANT1 REGULAT+1 &1 IF NE$ BE1 REPRESSIVE P[] AT ! HEAD ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT REMA9S = US TO F9D \T :O %\LD & :O C\LD EX]CISE SU* P[]4 

,= ! ,/ATE F\ND$ UPON DIV9E RI<T & ?R\< ! 9T]V5TION ( ANY ,GOD :ATEV]1 ! ANSW] IS SIMPLE 5\<2 ! M5 TO EX]CISE SU* P[] W\LD BE ! PRIE/S PRIM>ILY1 & SECOND>ILY ! TEMPORAL AU?ORITIES CONSECRAT$ BY ! PRIE/S4 ,= ! ,/ATE F\ND$ ON ! FREE SOCIAL CONTRACT1 ! ANSW] W\LD BE F> MORE DIFFICULT4 ,9 A PURE DEMOCRACY ( EQUALS -- ALL ( :OM >E1 H[EV]1 CONSID]$ 9CAPABLE ( SELF-RE/RA9T ON BEHALF ( ! COMMON WELF>E1 !IR LIB]TY T5D+ NATURALLY T[>D EVIL -- :O W\LD BE ! TRUE GU>DIAN & ADM9I/RATOR ( ! LAWS1 ! DEF5D] ( JU/ICE & ( PUBLIC ORD] AGA9/ EV]YONE'S EVIL PASSIONS8 ,9 A WORD1 :O W\LD FULFILL ! FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE8 

,! BE/ CITIZ5S1 W\LD BE ! ANSW]1 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & ! MO/ VIRTU\S1 ?OSE :O UND]/& BETT] ?AN ! O!RS ! COMMON 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY & ! NE$1 ! DUTY1 ( EV]YONE TO SUBORD9ATE HIS [N 9T]E/S TO ! COMMON GOOD4 ,IT IS1 9 FACT1 NECESS>Y = !SE M5 TO BE AS 9TELLIG5T AS !Y >E VIRTU\S2 IF !Y W]E 9TELLIG5T BUT LACK$ VIRTUE1 !Y MI<T V]Y WELL USE ! PUBLIC WELF>E TO S]VE !IR PRIVATE 9T]E/S1 & IF !Y W]E VIRTU\S BUT LACK$ 9TELLIG5CE1 !IR GOOD FAI? W\LD NOT BE 5\< TO SAVE ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ FROM !IR ]RORS4 ,IT IS !RE=E NECESS>Y1 9 ORD] ?AT A REPUBLIC MAY NOT P]I%1 ?AT IT HAVE AVAILABLE ?R\<\T ITS DURATION A CONT9U\S SUCCESSION ( MANY CITIZ5S POSSESS+ BO? VIRTUE & 9TELLIG5CE4 

,BUT ?IS CONDITION CANNOT BE EASILY OR ALWAYS FULFILL$4 ,9 ! HI/ORY ( EV]Y C\NTRY1 ! EPO*S ?AT BOA/ A SIZABLE GR\P ( EM95T M5 >E EXCEPTIONAL1 & R5[N$ ?R\< ! C5TURIES4 ,ORD9>ILY1 )9 ! PREC9CTS ( P[]1 IT IS ! 9SIGNIFICANT1 ! M$IOCRE1 :O PR$OM9ATE1 & (T51 AS WE HAVE OBS]V$ 9 HI/ORY1 IT IS VISE & BLOODY VIOL5CE ?AT TRIUMPH4 ,WE MAY !RE=E CONCLUDE ?AT IF IT W]E TRUE1 AS ! !ORY ( ! SO-CALL$ RATIONAL OR LIB]AL ,/ATE CLE>LY PO/ULATES1 ?AT ! PRES]VATION & DURABILITY ( EV]Y POLITICAL SOCIETY DEP5D UPON A SUCCESSION ( M5 AS REM>KABLE = !IR 9TELLIG5CE AS = !IR VIRTUE1 !RE IS NOT ONE AMONG ! SOCIETIES N[ EXI/+ ?AT W\LD NOT HAVE CEAS$ TO EXI/ LONG AGO4 ,IF WE W]E TO ADD TO ?IS DIFFICULTY1 NOT TO SAY IMPOSSIBILITY1 ?OSE :I* >ISE FROM ! PECULI> DEMORALIZATION ATT5DANT UPON P[]1 ! EXTRAORD9>Y TEMPTATIONS TO :I* ALL M5 :O HOLD P[] 9 !IR H&S >E EXPOS$1 ! AMBITIONS1 RIVALRIES1 JEAL\SIES1 ! GIGANTIC CUPIDITIES BY :I* P>TICUL>LY ?OSE 9 ! HI<E/ POSITIONS >E ASSAIL$ BY DAY & NI<T1 & AGA9/ :I* NEI!R 9TELLIG5CE NOR EV5 VIRTUE CAN PREVAIL1 ESPECIALLY ! HI<LY VULN]ABLE VIRTUE ( ! ISOLAT$ MAN1 IT IS A WOND] ?AT SO MANY SOCIETIES EXI/ AT ALL4 ,BUT LET US PASS ON4 

,LET US ASSUME ?AT1 9 AN IDEAL SOCIETY1 9 EA* P]IOD1 !RE W]E A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( M5 BO? 9TELLIG5T & VIRTU\S TO DIS*>GE ! PR9CIPAL FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE WOR?ILY4 ,:O W\LD SEEK !M \T1 SELECT !M1 & PLACE ! RE9S ( P[] 9 !IR H&S8 ,W\LD !Y !MSELVES1 AW>E ( !IR 9TELLIG5CE & !IR VIRTUE1 TAKE POSSESSION ( ! P[]8 ,?IS WAS DONE BY TWO SAGES ( ANCI5T ,GREECE1 ,CLEOBULUS & ,P]I&]2 NOT)/&+ !IR SUPPOS$ GREAT WISDOM1 ! ,GREEKS APPLI$ TO !M ! ODI\S NAME ( TYRANTS4 ,BUT 9 :AT MANN] W\LD SU* M5 SEIZE P[]8 ,BY P]SUASION1 OR P]HAPS BY =CE8 ,IF !Y US$ P]SUASION1 WE MI<T REM>K ?AT HE CAN BE/ P]SUADE :O IS HIMSELF P]SUAD$1 & ! BE/ M5 >E PRECISELY ?OSE :O >E LEA/ P]SUAD$ ( !IR [N WOR?4 ,EV5 :5 !Y >E AW>E ( IT1 !Y USUALLY F9D IT REPUGNANT TO PRESS !IR CLAIM UPON O!RS1 :ILE WICK$ & M$IOCRE M51 ALWAYS SATISFI$ ) !MSELVES1 FEEL NO REPUGNANCE 9 GLORIFY+ !MSELVES4 ,BUT LET US EV5 SUPPOSE ?AT ! DESIRE TO S]VE !IR C\NTRY HAD OV]COME ! NATURAL MODE/Y ( TRULY WOR?Y M5 & 9DUC$ !M TO (F] !MSELVES AS C&IDATES = ! SUFFRAGE ( !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S4 ,W\LD ! PEOPLE NECESS>ILY ACCEPT !SE 9 PREF]5CE TO AMBITI\S1 SMOO?-TONGU$1 CLEV] S*EM]S8 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 !Y WANT$ TO USE =CE1 !Y W\LD1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 HAVE TO HAVE AVAILABLE A =CE CAPABLE ( OV]COM+ ! RESI/ANCE ( AN 5TIRE P>TY4 ,!Y W\LD ATTA9 !IR P[] ?R\< CIVIL W> :I* W\LD 5D UP ) A DISGRUNTL$ OPPOSITION P>TY1 BEAT5 BUT /ILL HO/ILE4 ,TO PREVAIL1 ! VICTORS W\LD HAVE TO P]SI/ 9 US+ =CE4 ,ACCORD+LY ! FREE SOCIETY W\LD HAVE BECOME A DESPOTIC /ATE1 F\ND$ UPON & MA9TA9$ BY VIOL5CE1 9 :I* Y\ MI<T POSSIBLY F9D MANY ?+S WOR?Y ( APPROVAL -- BUT NEV] LIB]TY4 

,IF WE >E TO MA9TA9 ! FICTION ( ! FREE /ATE ISSU+ FROM A SOCIAL CONTRACT1 WE MU/ ASSUME ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ITS CITIZ5S MU/ HAVE HAD ! PRUD5CE1 ! DISC]NM5T1 & ! S5SE ( JU/ICE NECESS>Y TO ELECT ! WOR?IE/ & ! MO/ CAPABLE M5 & TO PLACE !M AT ! HEAD ( !IR GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT IF A PEOPLE HAD EXHIBIT$ !SE QUALITIES1 NOT JU/ ONCE & BY M]E *ANCE BUT AT ALL TIMES ?R\<\T ITS EXI/5CE1 9 ALL ! ELECTIONS IT HAD TO MAKE1 W\LD IT NOT MEAN ?AT ! PEOPLE ITSELF1 AS A MASS1 HAD REA*$ SO HI< A DEGREE ( MORALITY & ( CULTURE ?AT IT NO LONG] HAD NE$ ( EI!R GOV]NM5T OR /ATE8 ,SU* A PEOPLE W\LD NOT DRAG \T A MEAN+LESS EXI/5CE1 GIV+ FREE RE9 = ALL ITS 9/9CTS2 \T ( ITS LIFE1 JU/ICE & PUBLIC ORD] W\LD RISE SPONTANE\SLY & NATURALLY4 ,! ,/ATE1 9 IT1 W\LD CEASE TO BE ! PROVID5CE1 ! GU>DIAN1 ! $UCATOR1 ! REGULATOR ( SOCIETY4 ,AS IT R5\NC$ ALL ITS REPRESSIVE P[] & SANK TO ! SUBORD9ATE POSITION ASSIGN$ TO IT BY ,PR\DHON1 IT W\LD TURN 9TO A M]E BUS9ESS (FICE1 A SORT ( C5TRAL ACC\NT+ BUREAU AT ! S]VICE ( SOCIETY4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT SU* A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 OR RA!R SU* A R$UCTION ( POLITICAL ACTION 9 FAVOR ( ! LIB]TY ( SOCIAL LIFE1 W\LD BE A GREAT B5EFIT TO SOCIETY1 BUT IT W\LD 9 NO WAY SATISFY ! P]SI/5T *AMPIONS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,TO !M1 ! ,/ATE1 AS PROVID5CE1 AS DIRECTOR ( ! SOCIAL LIFE1 DISP5S] ( JU/ICE1 & REGULATOR ( PUBLIC ORD]1 IS A NECESSITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :E!R !Y ADMIT IT OR NOT1 :E!R !Y CALL !MSELVES REPUBLICANS1 DEMOCRATS1 OR EV5 SOCIALI/S1 !Y ALWAYS MU/ HAVE AVAILABLE A MORE OR LESS IGNORANT1 IMMATURE1 9COMPET5T PEOPLE1 OR1 BLUNTLY SPEAK+1 A K9D ( CANAILLE TO GOV]N4 ,?IS W\LD MAKE !M1 )\T DO+ VIOL5CE TO !IR L(TY ALTRUISM & MODE/Y1 KEEP ! HI<E/ PLACES = !MSELVES1 SO AS ALWAYS TO DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! COMMON GOOD1 ( C\RSE4 ,AS ! PRIVILEG$ GU>DIANS ( ! HUMAN FLOCK1 /RONG 9 !IR VIRTU\S DEVOTION & !IR SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE1 :ILE PRODD+ ! PEOPLE ALONG & URG+ IT ON = ITS [N GOOD & WELL-BE+1 !Y W\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO DO A LITTLE DISCREET FLEEC+ ( ?AT FLOCK = !IR [N B5EFIT4 

,ANY LOGICAL & /RAI<T=W>D !ORY ( ! ,/ATE IS ESS5TIALLY F\ND$ UPON ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 ?AT IS1 ! EM95TLY !OLOGICAL1 METAPHYSICAL1 & POLITICAL IDEA ?AT ! MASSES1 ALWAYS 9CAPABLE ( GOV]N+ !MSELVES1 MU/ AT ALL TIMES SUBMIT TO ! B5EFIC5T YOKE ( A WISDOM & A JU/ICE IMPOS$ UPON !M1 9 SOME WAY OR O!R1 FROM ABOVE4 ,IMPOS$ 9 ! NAME ( :AT1 & BY :OM8 ,AU?ORITY :I* IS RECOGNIZ$ & RESPECT$ AS SU* BY ! MASSES CAN COME FROM ?REE S\RCES ONLY3 =CE1 RELIGION1 OR ! ACTION ( A SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE4 ,AS WE >E DISCUSS+ ! !ORY ( ! ,/ATE F\ND$ UPON ! FREE CONTRACT1 WE MU/ PO/PONE DISCUSSION ( ?OSE /ATES F\ND$ ON ! DUAL AU?ORITY ( RELIGION & =CE &1 = ! MOM5T1 CONF9E \R ATT5TION TO AU?ORITY BAS$ UPON A SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE1 :I* IS1 AS WE KN[1 ALWAYS REPRES5T$ BY M9ORITIES4 

,:AT DO WE REALLY SEE 9 ALL /ATES PA/ & PRES5T1 EV5 ?OSE 5D[$ ) ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 SU* AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,SWITZ]L&8 ,ACTUAL SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! MASSES1 DESPITE ! PRET5SE ?AT ! PEOPLE HOLD ALL ! P[]1 REMA9S A FICTION MO/ ( ! TIME4 ,IT IS ALWAYS1 9 FACT1 M9ORITIES ?AT DO ! GOV]N+4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 UP TO ! REC5T ,CIVIL ,W> & P>TLY EV5 N[1 & EV5 )9 ! P>TY ( ! PRES5T 9CUMB5T1 ,PRESID5T ,&REW ,JOHNSON1 ?OSE RUL+ M9ORITIES W]E ! SO-CALL$ ,DEMOCRATS1 :O CONT9U$ TO FAVOR SLAV]Y & ! F]OCI\S OLIG>*Y ( ! ,S\!RN PLANT]S1 DEMAGOGUES )\T FAI? OR CONSCI5CE1 CAPABLE ( SACRIFIC+ EV]Y?+ TO !IR GRE$1 TO !IR MALIGNANT AMBITION4 ,!Y W]E ?OSE :O1 ?R\< !IR DETE/ABLE ACTIONS & 9FLU5CE1 EX]CIS$ PRACTICALLY )\T OPPOSITION = ALMO/ FIFTY SUCCESSIVE YE>S1 HAVE GREATLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CORRUPTION ( POLITICAL MORALITY 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 

,RI<T N[1 A REALLY 9TELLIG5T1 G5]\S M9ORITY -- BUT ALWAYS A M9ORITY -- ! ,REPUBLICAN P>TY1 IS SUCCESSFULLY *ALL5G+ !IR P]NICI\S POLICY4 ,LET US HOPE ITS TRIUMPH MAY BE COMPLETE2 LET US HOPE SO = ALL HUMANITY'S SAKE4 ,BUT NO MATT] H[ S9C]E ?IS P>TY ( LIB]TY MAY BE1 NO MATT] H[ GREAT & G5]\S ITS PR9CIPLES1 WE CANNOT HOPE ?AT UPON ATTA9+ P[] IT WILL R5\NCE ITS EXCLUSIVE POSITION ( RUL+ M9ORITY & M+LE ) ! MASSES1 SO ?AT POPUL> SELF-GOV]NM5T MAY AT LA/ BECOME A FACT4 ,?IS W\LD REQUIRE A REVOLUTION1 ONE ?AT W\LD BE PR(\ND 9 F> O!R WAYS ?AN ALL ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE ?US F> OV]:ELM$ ! ANCI5T WORLD & ! MOD]N4 

,9 ,SWITZ]L&1 DESPITE ALL ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE !RE1 GOV]NM5T IS /ILL 9 ! H&S ( ! WELL-(F1 ! MIDDLE CLASS1 ?OSE PRIVILEG$ FEW :O >E RI*1 LEISUR$1 $UCAT$4 ,! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE -- A T]M1 9CID5TALLY1 :I* WE DETE/1 S9CE ALL SOV]EIGNTY IS TO US DETE/ABLE -- ! GOV]NM5T ( ! MASSES BY !MSELVES1 IS H]E LIKEWISE A FICTION4 ,! PEOPLE >E SOV]EIGN 9 LAW1 BUT NOT 9 FACT2 S9CE !Y >E NECESS>ILY OCCUPI$ ) !IR DAILY LABOR :I* LEAVES !M NO LEISURE1 & S9CE !Y >E1 IF NOT TOTALLY IGNORANT1 AT LEA/ QUITE 9F]IOR 9 $UCATION TO ! PROP]TI$ MIDDLE CLASS1 !Y >E CON/RA9$ TO LEAVE !IR ALLEG$ SOV]EIGNTY 9 ! H&S ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,! ONLY ADVANTAGE !Y D]IVE FROM ?IS SITUATION1 9 ,SWITZ]L& AS WELL AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 IS ?AT ! AMBITI\S M9ORITIES1 ! SEEK]S ( POLITICAL P[]1 CANNOT ATTA9 P[] EXCEPT BY WOO+ ! PEOPLE1 BY P&]+ TO !IR FLEET+ PASSIONS1 :I* AT TIMES CAN BE QUITE EVIL1 &1 9 MO/ CASES1 BY DECEIV+ !M4 

,LET NO ONE ?9K ?AT 9 CRITICIZ+ ! DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T WE !REBY %[ \R PREF]5CE = ! MON>*Y4 ,WE >E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! MO/ IMP]FECT REPUBLIC IS A ?\S& TIMES BETT] ?AN ! MO/ 5LI<T5$ MON>*Y4 ,9 A REPUBLIC1 !RE >E AT LEA/ BRIEF P]IODS :5 ! PEOPLE1 :ILE CONT9UALLY EXPLOIT$1 IS NOT OPPRESS$2 9 ! MON>*IES1 OPPRESSION IS CON/ANT4 ,! DEMOCRATIC REGIME ALSO LIFTS ! MASSES UP GRADUALLY TO P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC LIFE -- SOME?+ ! MON>*Y NEV] DOES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 :ILE WE PREF] ! REPUBLIC1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE & PROCLAIM ?AT :ATEV] ! =M ( GOV]NM5T MAY BE1 SO LONG AS HUMAN SOCIETY CONT9UES TO BE DIVID$ 9TO DIFF]5T CLASSES AS A RESULT ( ! H]$IT>Y 9EQUALITY ( OCCUPATIONS1 ( WEAL?1 ( $UCATION1 & ( RI<TS1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE A CLASS-RE/RICT$ GOV]NM5T & ! 9EVITABLE EXPLOITATION ( ! MAJORITIES BY ! M9ORITIES4 

,! ,/ATE IS NO?+ BUT ?IS DOM9ATION & ?IS EXPLOITATION1 WELL REGULAT$ & SY/EMIZ$4 ,WE %ALL TRY TO PROVE ?IS BY EXAM9+ ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! MASSES BY A M9ORITY1 9TELLIG5T & D$ICAT$ AS Y\ PLEASE1 9 AN IDEAL /ATE F\ND$ UPON ! FREE CONTRACT4 

,ONCE ! CONDITIONS ( ! CONTRACT HAVE BE5 ACCEPT$1 IT REMA9S ONLY TO PUT !M 9TO EFFECT4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT A PEOPLE RECOGNIZ$ !IR 9CAPACITY TO GOV]N1 BUT /ILL HAD SUFFICI5T JUDGM5T TO CONFIDE ! ADM9I/RATION ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS TO !IR BE/ CITIZ5S4 ,AT FIR/ !SE 9DIVIDUALS >E E/EEM$ NOT = !IR (FICIAL POSITION BUT = !IR GOOD QUALITIES4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE BECAUSE !Y >E ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 CAPABLE1 WISE1 C\RAGE\S1 & D$ICAT$ AMONG !M4 ,COM+ FROM ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 :]E ALL >E SUPPOS$LY EQUAL1 !Y DO NOT YET CON/ITUTE A SEP>ATE CLASS1 BUT A GR\P ( M5 PRIVILEG$ ONLY BY NATURE & = ?AT V]Y REASON S+L$ \T = ELECTION BY ! PEOPLE4 ,!IR NUMB] IS NECESS>ILY V]Y LIMIT$1 = 9 ALL TIMES & 9 ALL NATIONS ! NUMB] ( M5 5D[$ ) QUALITIES SO REM>KABLE ?AT !Y AUTOMATICALLY COMM& ! UNANIM\S RESPECT ( A NATION IS1 AS EXP]I5CE TEA*ES US1 V]Y SMALL4 ,!RE=E1 ON PA9 ( MAK+ A BAD *OICE ! PEOPLE WILL BE =C$ TO *OOSE ITS RUL]S FROM AMONG !M4 

,H]E !N IS A SOCIETY ALREADY DIVID$ 9TO TWO CATEGORIES1 IF NOT YET TWO CLASSES4 ,ONE IS COMPOS$ ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ITS CITIZ5S :O FREELY SUBMIT !MSELVES TO A GOV]NM5T BY ?OSE !Y HAVE ELECT$2 ! O!R IS COMPOS$ ( A SMALL NUMB] ( M5 5D[$ ) EXCEPTIONAL ATTRIBUTES1 RECOGNIZ$ & ACCEPT$ AS EXCEPTIONAL BY ! PEOPLE & 5TRU/$ BY !M ) ! TASK ( GOV]N+4 ,AS !SE M5 DEP5D ON POPUL> ELECTION1 !Y CANNOT AT FIR/ BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! MASS ( CITIZ5S EXCEPT BY ! V]Y QUALITIES :I* HAVE RECOMM5D$ !M = ELECTION1 & !Y >E NATURALLY ! MO/ USEFUL & ! MO/ D$ICAT$ CITIZ5S ( ALL4 ,!Y DO NOT AS YET CLAIM ANY PRIVILEGE OR ANY SPECIAL RI<T EXCEPT ?AT ( C>RY+ \T1 AT ! PEOPLE'S WILL1 ! SPECIAL FUNCTIONS ) :I* !Y HAVE BE5 5TRU/$4 ,BESIDES1 !Y >E NOT 9 ANY WAY DIFF]5T FROM O!R PEOPLE 9 !IR WAY ( LIV+ OR E>N+ !IR MEANS ( LIV+1 SO ?AT A P]FECT EQUALITY /ILL SUBSI/S AMONG ALL4 

,CAN ?IS EQUALITY BE MA9TA9$ = ANY L5G? ( TIME8 ,WE CLAIM IT CANNOT1 A CLAIM ?AT IS EASY 5\< TO PROVE4 

,NO?+ IS AS DANG]\S = MAN'S P]SONAL MORALITY AS ! HABIT ( COMM&+4 ,! BE/ ( M51 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 UNSELFI%1 G5]\S1 & PURE1 WILL ALWAYS & 9EVITABLY BE CORRUPT$ 9 ?IS PURSUIT4 ,TWO FEEL+S 9H]5T 9 ! EX]CISE ( P[] NEV] FAIL TO PRODUCE ?IS DEMORALIZATION3 CONTEMPT = ! MASSES1 &1 = ! MAN 9 P[]1 AN EXAGG]AT$ S5SE ( HIS [N WOR?4 

0,! MASSES1 ON ADMITT+ !IR [N 9CAPACITY TO GOV]N !MSELVES1 HAVE ELECT$ ME AS !IR HEAD4 ,BY DO+ SO1 !Y HAVE CLE>LY PROCLAIM$ !IR [N 9F]IORITY & MY SUP]IORITY4 ,9 ?IS GREAT CR[D ( M51 AMONG :OM ,I H>DLY F9D ANY :O >E MY EQUALS1 ,I ALONE AM CAPABLE ( ADM9I/]+ PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,! PEOPLE NE$ ME2 !Y CANNOT GET ALONG )\T MY S]VICES1 :ILE ,I AM SUFFICI5T UNTO MYSELF4 ,!Y MU/ !RE=E OBEY ME = !IR [N GOOD1 & ,I1 BY DEIGN+ TO COMM& !M1 CREATE !IR HAPP9ESS & WELL-BE+40 ,!RE IS 5\< H]E TO TURN ANYONE'S HEAD & CORRUPT ! HE>T & MAKE ONE SWELL ) PRIDE1 ISN'T !RE8 ,?AT IS H[ P[] & ! HABIT ( COMM&+ BECOME A S\RCE ( AB]RATION1 BO? 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL1 EV5 = ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & MO/ VIRTU\S ( M54 

,ALL HUMAN MORALITY -- & WE %ALL TRY1 FUR!R ON1 TO PROVE ! ABSOLUTE TRU? ( ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ! DEVELOPM5T1 EXPLANATION1 & WIDE/ APPLICATION ( :I* CON/ITUTE ! REAL SUBJECT ( ?IS ESSAY -- ALL COLLECTIVE & 9DIVIDUAL MORALITY RE/S ESS5TIALLY UPON RESPECT = HUMANITY4 ,:AT DO WE MEAN BY RESPECT = HUMANITY8 ,WE MEAN ! RECOGNITION ( HUMAN RI<T & HUMAN DIGNITY 9 EV]Y MAN1 ( :ATEV] RACE1 COLOR1 DEGREE ( 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T1 OR EV5 MORALITY4 ,BUT IF ?IS MAN IS /UPID1 WICK$1 OR CONTEMPTIBLE1 CAN ,I RESPECT HIM8 ,( C\RSE1 IF HE IS ALL ?AT1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO RESPECT HIS VILLA9Y1 HIS /UPIDITY1 & HIS BRUTALITY2 !Y >E REPUGNANT TO ME & >\SE MY 9DIGNATION4 ,I %ALL1 IF NECESS>Y1 TAKE ! /RONGE/ MEASURES AGA9/ !M1 EV5 GO+ SO F> AS TO KILL HIM IF ,I HAVE NO O!R WAY ( DEF5D+ AGA9/ HIM MY LIFE1 MY RI<T1 & :ATEV] ,I HOLD PRECI\S & WOR?Y4 ,BUT EV5 9 ! MID/ ( ! MO/ VIOL5T & BITT]1 EV5 MORTAL1 COMBAT BETWE5 US1 ,I MU/ RESPECT HIS HUMAN *>ACT]4 ,MY [N DIGNITY AS A MAN DEP5DS ON IT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IF HE HIMSELF FAILS TO RECOGNIZE ?IS DIGNITY 9 O!RS1 MU/ WE RECOGNIZE IT 9 HIM8 ,IF HE IS A SORT ( F]OCI\S BEA/ OR1 AS SOMETIMES HAPP5S1 WORSE ?AN A BEA/1 W\LD WE NOT1 9 RECOGNIZ+ HIS HUMANITY1 BE SUPPORT+ A M]E FICTION8 ,N,O1 = :ATEV] HIS PRES5T 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL DEGRADATION MAY BE1 IF1 ORGANICALLY1 HE IS NEI!R AN IDIOT NOR A MADMAN -- 9 :I* CASE HE %\LD BE TREAT$ AS A SICK MAN RA!R ?AN AS A CRIM9AL -- IF HE IS 9 FULL POSSESSION ( HIS S5SES & ( SU* 9TELLIG5CE AS NATURE HAS GRANT$ HIM1 HIS HUMANITY1 NO MATT] H[ MON/R\S HIS DEVIATIONS MI<T BE1 NONE!LESS REALLY EXI/S4 ,IT EXI/S AS A LIFELONG POT5TIAL CAPACITY TO RISE TO ! AW>5ESS ( HIS HUMANITY1 EV5 IF !RE %\LD BE LITTLE POSSIBILITY = A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I* HAVE MADE HIM :AT HE IS4 

,TAKE ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T APE1 ) ! F9E/ DISPOSITION2 ?\< Y\ PLACE HIM 9 ! BE/1 MO/ HUMANE 5VIRONM5T1 Y\ WILL NEV] MAKE A MAN ( HIM4 ,TAKE ! MO/ H>D5$ CRIM9AL OR ! MAN ) ! POORE/ M9D1 PROVID$ ?AT NEI!R HAS ANY ORGANIC LESION CAUS+ IDIOCY OR 9SANITY2 ! CRIM9ALITY ( ! ONE1 & ! FAILURE ( ! O!R TO DEVELOP AN AW>5ESS ( HIS HUMANITY & HIS HUMAN DUTIES1 IS NOT !IR FAULT1 NOR IS IT DUE TO !IR NATURE2 IT IS SOLELY ! RESULT ( ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !Y W]E BORN & BR\<T UP4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JULY #h1 #bai 3 ,F$]ALISM1 ,SOCIALISM1 ,ANTI-,!OLOGISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,F$]ALISM1 ,SOCIALISM1 ,ANTI-,!OLOGISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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