,9TRODUCTION BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,$ITOR 

#aibdaibd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,H5RIK ,BETN]1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,9TRODUCTION BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,$ITOR 

0,E,?,I,C,S0 IS ! SWAN SONG ( ! GREAT HUMANIT>IAN SCI5TI/ & REVOLUTIONI/-AN>*I/1 & CON/ITUTES1 AS IT W]E1 ! CR[N+ WORK & ! RESUME ( ALL ! SCI5TIFIC1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 & SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWS ( ,PET] ,ALEKSEYEVI* ,KROPOTK91 AT :I* HE >RIV$ 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS LONG & UNUSUALLY RI* LIFE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 DEA? CAME BE=E HE C\LD COMPLETE HIS WORK1 &1 ACCORD+ TO ! WILL & DESIRE ( ,PET] ,ALEKSEYEVI*1 ! RESPONSIBLE TASK ( PREP>+ 0,E?ICS0 = ! PRESS FELL UPON ME4 

,9 ISSU+ ! FIR/ VOLUME ( 0,E?ICS01 ,I FEEL ! NECESSITY ( SAY+ A FEW WORDS TO ACQUA9T ! READ] ) ! HI/ORY ( ?IS WORK4 

,9 HIS 0,E?ICS0 ,KROPOTK9 WI%$ TO GIVE ANSW]S TO ! TWO FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( MORALITY3 :5CE ORIG9ATE MAN'S MORAL CONCEPTIONS8 & 1 :AT IS ! GOAL ( ! MORAL PRESCRIPTIONS & /&>DS8 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT HE SUBDIVID$ HIS WORK 9TO TWO P>TS3 ! FIR/ WAS TO CONSID] ! QUE/ION ( ! ORIG9 & ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( MORALITY1 & ! SECOND P>T ,KROPOTK9 PLANN$ TO DEVOTE TO ! EXPOSITION ( ! BASES ( REALI/IC E?ICS1 & ITS AIMS4 

,KROPOTK9 HAD TIME TO WRITE ONLY ! FIR/ VOLUME ( 0,E?ICS10 & EV5 ?AT NOT 9 F9I%$ =M4 ,SOME *APT]S ( ! FIR/ VOLUME W]E WRITT5 BY HIM 9 R\< DRAFT ONLY1 & ! LA/ *APT]1 9 :I* ! E?ICAL TEA*+S ( ,/IRN]1 ,NIETZS*E1 ,TOL/OY1 ,MULTATULI1 & ( O!R PROM95T CONTEMPOR>Y MORALI/S W]E TO BE DISCUSS$1 REMA9$ UNWRITT54 

,= ! SECOND VOLUME ( 0,E?ICS0 ,KROPOTK9 HAD TIME TO WRITE ONLY A FEW ESSAYS1 :I* HE PLANN$ TO PUBLI% AT FIR/ 9 ! =M ( MAGAZ9E 
>TICLES1 -- & A S]IES ( R\< DRAFTS & NOTES4 ,!Y >E ! ESSAYS3 0,PRIMITIVE ,E?ICS10 0,JU/ICE1 ,MORALITY1 & ,RELIGION10 0,E?ICS & ,MUTUAL ,AID10 0,ORIG9S ( ,MORAL ,MOTIVES & ( ! ,S5SE ( ,DUTY10 & O!RS4 

,KROPOTK9 BEGAN TO OCCUPY HIMSELF ) MORAL PROBLEMS AS E>LY AS 9 ! 'EI<TIES1 BUT HE DEVOT$ P>TICUL>LY CLOSE ATT5TION TO ! QUE/IONS ( MORALITY DUR+ ! LA/ DECADE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 VOICES BEGAN TO BE HE>D 9 LIT]ATURE PROCLAIM+ ?AT MORALITY IS NOT NE$$ & :5 ! A-MORALI/ DOCTR9E ( ,NIETZS*E WAS GA9+ ATT5TION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 MANY REPRES5TATIVES ( SCI5CE & ( PHILOSOPHIC ?\<T1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,D>W9'S TEA*+1 -- 9T]PRET$ LIT]ALLY1 -- BEGAN TO ASS]T ?AT !RE REIGNS 9 ! WORLD BUT ONE G5]AL LAW1 -- ! 0LAW ( /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE10 & BY ?IS V]Y ASSUMPTION !Y SEEM$ TO L5D SUPPORT TO PHILOSOPHICAL A-MORALISM4 

,KROPOTK91 FEEL+ ALL ! FALS5ESS ( SU* CONCLUSIONS1 DECID$ TO PROVE FROM ! SCI5TIFIC PO9T ( VIEW ?AT NATURE IS NOT A-MORAL & DOES NOT TEA* MAN A LESSON ( EVIL1 BUT ?AT MORALITY CON/ITUTES ! NATURAL PRODUCT ( ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIAL LIFE NOT ONLY ( MAN1 BUT ( ALMO/ ALL LIV+ CREATURES1 AMONG ! MAJORITY ( :I* WE F9D ! RUDIM5TS ( MORAL RELATIONS4 

,9 #ahi ,KROPOTK9 DELIV]$1 BE=E ! 0,ANCOATS ,BRO!RHOOD0 ( ,MAN*E/]1 A LECTURE ON ! SUBJECT 0,JU/ICE & ,MORALITY10 & SOME:AT LAT] HE REPEAT$ ?IS LECTURE 9 AMPLIFI$ =M BE=E ! ,LONDON ,E?ICAL ,SOCIETY4 

,DUR+ ! P]IOD #a#h#i#a-#a#h#i#d HE PR9T$ 9 ! MAGAZ9E1 ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 A S]IES ( >TICLES ON ! SUBJECT ( MUTUAL AID AMONG ! ANIMALS1 SAVAGES1 & CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES4 ,!SE ESSAYS1 :I* LAT] =M$ ! CONT5TS ( ! BOOK 0,MUTUAL ,AID1 A FACTOR ( EVOLUTION10 CON/ITUTE1 AS IT W]E1 AN 9TRODUCTION TO ,KROPOTK9'S MORAL TEA*+4 

,9 #a#i#d-#a#i#e ,KROPOTK9 PR9T$ 9 ! MAGAZ9E ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY TWO >TICLES DIRECTLY DEVOT$ TO MORAL PROBLEMS3 0,! ,E?ICAL ,NE$ ( ! ,PRES5T ,DAY10 & 0,! ,MORALITY ( ,NATURE40 ,!SE ESSAYS1 9 SOME:AT MODIFI$ =M1 CON/ITUTE ! FIR/ ?REE *APT]S ( ! PRES5T VOLUME4 ,AB\T ! SAME TIME ,KROPOTK9 WROTE 9 ,FR5* A SMALL PAMPHLET1 0,LA ,MORALE ,AN>*I/E40 ,9 ?IS PAMPHLET ,KROPOTK9 EXHORTS MAN TO ACTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 LIFE1 & CALLS UPON MAN TO REMEMB] ?AT HIS P[] IS NOT 9 ISOLATION BUT 9 ALLIANCE ) HIS FELL[ M51 ) ! PEOPLE1 ) ! TOIL+ MASSES4 ,9 OPPOSITION TO AN>*I/IC 9DIVIDUALISM HE ATTEMPTS TO CREATE SOCIAL MORALITY1 ! E?ICS ( SOCIALITY & SOLID>ITY4 

,! PROGRESS ( MANK9D1 SAYS ,KROPOTK91 IS 9DISSOLUBLY B\ND UP ) SOCIAL LIV+4 ,LIFE 9 SOCIETIES 9EVITABLY 5G5D]S 9 M5 & 9 ANIMALS ! 9/9CTS ( SOCIALITY1 MUTUAL AID1 -- :I* 9 !IR FUR!R DEVELOPM5T 9 M5 BECOME TRANS=M$ 9TO ! FEEL+ ( B5EVOL5CE1 SYMPA?Y1 & LOVE4 

,IT IS !SE FEEL+S & 9/9CTS ?AT GIVE ORIG9 TO HUMAN MORALITY1 I4E41 TO ! SUM TOTAL ( MORAL FEEL+S1 P]CEPTIONS1 & CONCEPTS1 :I* F9ALLY MOLD !MSELVES 9TO ! FUNDAM5TAL RULE ( ALL MORAL TEA*+S3 0DO NOT UNTO O!RS ?AT :I* Y\ W\LD NOT HAVE O!RS DO UNTO Y\40 

,BUT NOT TO DO UNTO O!RS ?AT :I* Y\ W\LD NOT HAVE O!RS DO UNTO Y\1 IS NOT A COMPLETE EXPRESSION ( MORALITY1 SAYS ,KROPOTK94 ,?IS RULE IS M]ELY ! EXPRESSION ( JU/ICE1 EQUITY4 ,! HI<E/ MORAL CONSCI\SNESS CANNOT BE SATISFI$ ) ?IS1 & ,KROPOTK9 MA9TA9S ?AT TOGE!R ) ! FEEL+ ( MUTUAL AID & ! CONCEPT ( JU/ICE !RE IS ANO!R FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5T ( MORALITY1 SOME?+ ?AT M5 CALL MAGNANIMITY1 SELF-ABNEGATION OR SELF-SACRIFICE4 

,MUTUAL ,AID1 ,JU/ICE1 ,SELF-SACRIFICE -- !SE >E ! ?REE ELEM5TS ( MORALITY1 ACCORD+ TO ,KROPOTK9'S !ORY4 ,:ILE NOT POSSESS+ ! *>ACT] ( G5]ALITY & NECESSITY 9H]5T 9 LOGICAL LAWS1 !SE ELEM5TS1 ACCORD+ TO ,KROPOTK91 LIE1 NEV]!LESS1 AT ! BASIS ( HUMAN E?ICS1 :I* MAY BE REG>D$ AS ! 0PHYSICS ( HUMAN CONDUCT40 ,! PROBLEM ( ! MORAL PHILOSOPH] IS TO 9VE/IGATE ! ORIG9 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE ELEM5TS ( MORALITY1 & TO PROVE ?AT !Y >E JU/ AS TRULY 9NATE 9 HUMAN NATURE AS >E ALL O!R 9/9CTS & FEEL+S4 

,>RIV+ 9 ,RUSSIA AFT] =TY YE>S ( EXILE1 ,KROPOTK9 SETTL$ AT FIR/ 9 ,PETROGRAD1 BUT SOON HIS PHYSICIANS ADVIS$ HIM TO *ANGE HIS RESID5CE TO ,MOSC[4 ,KROPOTK9 DID NOT SUCCE$1 H[EV]1 9 SETTL+ P]MAN5TLY 9 ,MOSC[4 ,! H>D CONDITIONS ( LIFE 9 ,MOSC[ AT ! TIME COMPELL$ HIM1 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h1 TO GO TO ! T9Y1 SECLUD$ VILLAGE ( ,DMITROV 7#f V]/S FROM ,MOSC[71 :]E ,KROPOTK91 ALMO/ 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! WORD ISOLAT$ FROM ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 WAS COMPELL$ TO LIVE =E ?REE YE>S1 TO ! V]Y DAY ( HIS DEA?4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! WRIT+ ( SU* A WORK AS 0,E?ICS0 & ITS EXPOSITION ( ! HI/ORY & DEVELOPM5T ( MORAL TEA*+S1 :ILE ! AU?OR WAS LIV+ 9 SO ISOLAT$ A PLACE AS ,DMITROV1 PROV$ AN EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TASK4 ,KROPOTK9 HAD V]Y FEW BOOKS AT H&7ALL HIS LIBR>Y REMA9$ 9 ,5GL&71 & ! V]IFICATION ( REF]5CES CONSUM$ MU* TIME & NOT 9FREQU5TLY HELD UP ! WORK = LONG P]IODS4 

,[+ TO LACK ( MEANS ,KROPOTK9 C\LD NOT PUR*ASE ! BOOKS HE NE$$1 & IT WAS ONLY ?R\< ! K9DNESS ( HIS FRI5DS & ACQUA9TANCES ?AT HE SUCCE$$ AT TIMES 9 OBTA9+ ) GREAT DIFFICULTY ?IS OR ?AT NECESS>Y BOOK4 ,BECAUSE ( ! SAME LACK ( MEANS ,KROPOTK9 C\LD NOT AF=D ! S]VICES ( A SECRET>Y OR A TYPI/1 SO ?AT HE WAS OBLIG$ TO DO ALL ! ME*ANICAL P>T ( ! WORK HIMSELF1 AT TIMES COPY+ PORTIONS ( HIS MANUSCRIPT AGA9 & AGA94 ,( C\RSE1 ALL ?IS HAD ITS UNFAVORABLE 9FLU5CES ON ! WORK4 ,TO ?IS MU/ BE ADD$ ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT AFT] COM+ TO ,DMITROV1 ,KROPOTK91 P]HAPS [+ TO 9ADEQUATE N\RI%M5T1 BEGAN (T5 TO FEEL PHYSICAL 9DISPOSITION4 ,?US1 9 HIS LETT] TO ME DAT$ ,JANU>Y #b#a1 #a#i#a#i1 HE WRITES3 ,I AM DILIG5TLY WORK+ ON ',E?ICS1' BUT ,I HAVE LITTLE /R5G?1 & ,I AM COMPELL$ AT TIMES TO 9T]RUPT MY WORK40 ,TO ?IS A S]IES ( O!R UNT[>D CIRCUM/ANCES WAS ADD$4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS COMPELL$ = A LONG TIME TO WORK EV5+S BY A V]Y POOR LI<T1 ETC4 

,KROPOTK9 CONSID]$ HIS WORK ON E?ICS A NECESS>Y & A REVOLUTION>Y TASK4 ,9 ONE ( HIS LA/ LETT]S 7,MAY #b1 #a#i#b7 HE SAYS 0,I HAVE RESUM$ MY WORK ON MORAL QUE/IONS1 BECAUSE ,I CONSID] ?AT ?IS WORK IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y4 ,I KN[ ?AT 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5TS >E NOT CREAT$ BY BOOKS1 & ?AT JU/ ! REV]SE IS TRUE40 ,BUT ,I ALSO KN[ ?AT = CL>IFY+ AN IDEA ! HELP ( A BOOK IS NE$$1 A BOOK ?AT EXPRESSES ! BASES ( ?\<T 9 !IR COMPLETE =M4 ,& 9 ORD] TO LAY ! BASES ( MORALITY1 LIB]AT$ FROM RELIGION1 & /&+ HI<] ?AN ! RELIGI\S MORALITY444IT IS NECESS>Y TO HAVE ! HELP ( CL>IFY+ BOOKS40 -- 0,! NE$ ( SU* CL>IFICATION IS FELT ) P>TICUL> 9SI/5CE N[1 :5 HUMAN ?\<T IS /RUGGL+ BETWE5 ,NIETZS*E & ,KANT 4444 

,9 HIS CONV]SATIONS ) ME HE (T5 SAID1 0,( C\RSE1 IF ,I W]E NOT SO OLD ,I W\LD NOT POTT] OV] A BOOK ON E?ICS DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ,I W\LD1 Y\ MAY BE SURE1 ACTIVELY P>TICIPATE 9 ! BUILD+ ( ! NEW LIFE40 

,A REALI/ & A REVOLUTIONI/1 ,KROPOTK9 REG>D$ ,E?ICS NOT AS AN AB/RACT SCI5CE ( HUMAN CONDUCT1 BUT HE SAW 9 IT FIR/ ( ALL A CONCRETE SCI5TIFIC DISCIPL9E1 :OSE OBJECT IS TO 9SPIRE M5 9 !IR PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES4 ,KROPOTK9 SAW ?AT EV5 ?OSE :O CALL !MSELVES REVOLUTIONI/S & COMMUNI/S >E MORALLY UN/ABLE1 ?AT ! MAJORITY ( !M LACK A GUID+ MORAL PR9CIPLE1 A L(TY MORAL IDEAL4 ,HE SAID REPEAT$LY ?AT IT WAS P]HAPS DUE TO ?IS LACK ( A L(TY MORAL IDEAL ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION PROV$ IMPOT5T TO CREATE A NEW SOCIAL SY/EM BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE & FRE$OM1 & TO FIRE O!R NATIONS ) A REVOLUTION>Y FLAME1 AS HAPP5$ AT ! TIME ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h4 

,& SO HE1 AN OLD REVOLUTIONI/-REBEL1 :OSE ?\<TS W]E ALWAYS B5T ON ! HAPP9ESS ( MANK9D1 ?\<T ) HIS BOOK ON ,E?ICS TO 9SPIRE ! Y\NG G5]ATION TO /RUGGLE1 TO IMPLANT 9 !M FAI? 9 ! JU/ICE ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 & TO LI<T 9 !IR HE>TS ! FIRE ( SELF-SACRIFICE1 BY CONV9C+ M5 ?AT 0HAPP9ESS IS NOT 9 P]SONAL PLEASURE1 NOT 9 EGOTI/IC1 EV5 9 HI<] JOYS1 BUT 9 /RUGGLE = TRU? & JU/ICE AMONG ! PEOPLE & TOGE!R ) ! PEOPLE40 

,D5Y+ ! CONNECTION ( MORALITY ) RELIGION & METAPHYSICS1 ,KROPOTK9 S\<T TO E/ABLI% E?ICS ON PURELY NATURALI/IC BASES1 & 5DEAVOR$ TO %[ 
?AT ONLY BY REMA9+ 9 ! WORLD ( REALITY MAY ONE F9D /R5G? = A TRULY MORAL LIFE4 ,9 HIS 0,E?ICS10 ,KROPOTK91 LIKE ! POET1 GIVES TO MANK9D HIS LA/ MESSAGE3 

  0,DE> FRI5D1 DO NOT ) W>Y S\L ASPIRE 
   ,AWAY FROM ! GRAY E>? - Y\R SAD ABODE2 
   ,NO6 ,?ROB ) ?' E>?1 LET E>? Y\R BODY TIRE1 -- 
   ,SO HELP Y\R BRO!RS BE> ! COMMON LOAD40 

  

,MANY EXPECT ?AT ,KROPOTK9'S 0,E?ICS0 WILL BE SOME SORT ( SPECIFICALLY 0REVOLUTION>Y0 OR AN>*I/0 E?ICS1 ETC4 ,:5EV] ?IS SUBJECT WAS BROA*$ TO ,KROPOTK9 HIMSELF1 HE 9V>IABLY ANSW]$ ?AT HIS 9T5TION WAS TO WRITE A PURELY HUMAN E?ICS 7SOMETIMES HE US$ ! EXPRESSION 0REALI/IC07 

,HE DID NOT RECOGNIZE ANY SEP>ATE E?ICS2 HE HELD ?AT E?ICS %\LD BE ONE & ! SAME = ALL M54 ,:5 IT WAS PO9T$ \T TO HIM ?AT !RE CAN BE NO S+LE E?ICS 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 :I* IS SUBDIVID$ 9TO MUTUALLY ANTAGONI/IC CLASSES & CA/ES1 HE W\LD SAY ?AT ANY 0B\RGEOIS0 OR 0PROLET>IAN0 E?ICS RE/S1 AFT] ALL1 ON ! COMMON BASIS1 ON ! COMMON E?NOLOGICAL F\NDATION1 :I* AT TIMES EX]TS A V]Y /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ! CLASS OR GR\P MORALITY4 ,HE PO9T$ \T ?AT NO MATT] TO :AT CLASS OR P>TY WE MAY BELONG1 WE >E1 FIR/ ( ALL1 HUMAN BE+S1 & CON/ITUTE A P>T ( ! G5]AL ANIMAL SPECIES1 ,MAN4 ,! G5US 0,HOMO ,SAPI5S10 FROM A MO/ CULTUR$ ,EUROPEAN TO A ,BU%MAN1 & FROM ! MO/ REF9$ 0B\RGEOIS0 TO ! LA/ 0PROLET>IAN10 9 SPITE ( ALL DI/9CTIONS1 CON/ITUTES A LOGICAL :OLE4 ,& 9 HIS PLANS = ! FUTURE /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY ,KROPOTK9 ALWAYS ?\<T SIMPLY 9 T]MS ( HUMAN BE+S -- )\T ?AT S$IM5T ( ! SOCIAL 0TABLE ( RANKS10 :I* HAS ?ICKLY SETTL$ UPON US 9 ! C\RSE ( ! LONG HI/ORICAL LIFE ( MANK9D4 

,KROPOTK9'S E?ICAL TEA*+ MAY BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS ! TEA*+ ( ,BRO!RHOOD1 AL?\< ! WORLD 0BRO!RHOOD0 IS SC>CELY EV] MET ) 9 HIS BOOK4 ,HE DID NOT LIKE TO USE ! WORD BRO!RHOOD1 & PREF]R$ ! T]M SOLID>ITY4 ,SOLID>ITY1 9 HIS OP9ION1 IS SOME?+ MORE 0REAL0 ?AN BRO!R HOOD4 ,AS A PRO( ( HIS ?\<T HE PO9T$ \T ?AT BRO!RS FREQU5TLY QU>REL AMONG !MSELVES1 HATE ONE ANO!R1 & EV5 GO AS F> AS MURD]4 ,9 FACT1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,BIBLICAL LEG5D1 ! HI/ORY ( ! HUMAN RACE BEG9S ) FRATRICIDE4 ,BUT ! CONCEPTION ( SOLID>ITY EXPRESSES ! PHYSICAL & ! ORGANIC RELATION AMONG ! ELEM5TS 9 EV]Y HUMAN BE+1 & 9 ! WORLD ( MORAL RELATIONS SOLID>ITY IS EXPRESS$ 9 SYMPA?Y1 9 MUTUAL AID1 & 9 CO-MIS]ATION4 ,SOLID>ITY H>MONIZES ) FRE$OM & EQUITY1 & SOLID>ITY & EQUITY CON/ITUTE ! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,H5CE ,KROPOTK9'S E?ICAL =MULA3 0,)\T EQUITY !RE IS NO JU/ICE1 & )\T JU/ICE !RE IS NO MORALITY40 

,( C\RSE1 ,KROPOTK9'S E?ICS DOES NOT SOLVE ALL ! MORAL PROBLEMS ?AT AGITATE MOD]N HUMANITY 7& IT IS NOT )9 EXPECTATION TO ?9K ?AT !Y WILL EV] BE COMPLETELY SOLV$1 = ) EV]Y NEW G5]ATION ! MORAL PROBLEM :ILE REMA9+ UN*ANG$ 9 ITS ESS5CE1 ASSUMES DIFF]5T ASPECTS1 & 5G5D]S NEW QUE/IONS74 ,9 HIS 0,E?ICS0 ,KROPOTK9 M]ELY 9DICATES ! PA? & (F]S HIS SOLUTION ( ! E?ICAL PROBLEM ,HIS WORK IS AN ATTEMPT BY A REVOLUTIONI/-AN>*I/ & A LE>N$ NATURALI/ TO ANSW] ! BURN+ QUE/ION3 :Y MU/ ,I LIVE A MORAL LIFE8 ,IT IS EXTREMELY UN=TUNATE ?AT DEA? PREV5T$ ,KROPOTK9 FROM WRIT+ 9 F9AL1 F9I%$ =M ! SECOND P>T ( HIS WORK1 9 :I* HE PLANN$ TO EXP\ND ! BASES ( ! NATURALI/IC & REALI/IC E?ICS1 & TO /ATE HIS E?ICAL CR$O4 

,KROPOTK91 9 HIS SE>* = ! REALI/IC BASES ( E?ICS1 SEEMS TO US AN 9SPIR$ RECONNOIT]] 9 ! COMPLICAT$ WORLD ( MORAL RELATIONS4 ,TO ALL ?OSE :O /RIVE TO REA* ! PROMIS$ L& ( FRE$OM & JU/ICE1 BUT :O >E /ILL SUBJECT$ TO ! BITT] PA9S ( FRUITLESS W&]+S 9 ! WORLD ( OPPRESSION & 5MITY1 TO ALL ?OSE ,KROPOTK9 /&S \T AS A /EADFA/ WAY-M>K4 ,HE PO9TS ! PA? TO ! NEW E?ICS1 TO ! MORALITY ( ! FUTURE :I* WILL NOT TOL]ATE AN IMMORAL SUBDIVISION ( HUMAN BE+S 9TO 0MA/]S0 & 0SLAVES10 9TO 0RUL]S0 & 0SUBJECTS10 BUT WILL BE ! EXPRESSION ( ! FREE1 COLLECTIVE COOP]ATION ( ALL = ! COMMON GOOD1 ( ?AT COOP]ATION :I* ALONE WILL P]MIT ! E/ABLI%M5T ON E>? ( A REAL1 & NOT AN EPHEM]AL1 K+DOM ( BRO!RLY LABOR & FRE$OM4 

,A FEW LA/ WORDS4 ,9 $IT+1 ,I 5DEAVOR$ TO BE GUID$ BY ! REM>KS ?AT ,PET] ,ALEKSEYEVI* HIMSELF MADE 9 ! C\RSE ( \R CONV]SATIONS & DISCUSSIONS1 & ALSO BY ! DIRECTIONS :I* HE LEFT AMONG HIS DOCUM5TS1 0,9/RUCTIONS AS TO ! DISPOSITION ( MY PAP]S10  & 9 A BRIEF SKET*1 0,A UN CONT9UATEUR40 ,9 ! LATT] PAP]1 ,KROPOTK9 WRITES1 AMONG O!R ?+S3 0SI JE NE REUSSI PAS A T]M9] MON ,E?IQUE1 -- JE PRIE CEUX QUI TA*]ONT PEUT-ETRE DE LA T]M9]1 D'UTILIZ] MES NOTES40 

,= ! PURPOSE ( ! PRES5T $ITIONS !SE NOTES HAVE REMA9$ UNUTILIZ$1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE BECAUSE ! RELATIVES & FRI5DS ( ! LATE ,PET] ,ALEKSEYEVI* DECID$ ?AT IT IS MU* MORE IMPORTANT & MORE 9T]E/+ TO PUBLI% 0,E?ICS0 9 ! =M 9 :I* IT WAS LEFT BY ! AU?OR1 & SECONDLY1 BECAUSE ! SORT+ & >RANG+ ( !SE NOTES WILL REQUIRE MU* TIME & LABOR1 & W\LD HAVE CONSID]ABLY RET>D$ ! APPE>ANCE ( 0,E?ICS0 9 PR9T4 

,9 SUBSEQU5T $ITIONS ALL ! MAT]IAL LEFT BY ,KROPOTK9 P]TA9+ TO ,E?ICS1 WILL1 ( C\RSE1 BE UTILIZ$ 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 

,N4 ,L,E,B,$,E,V4 

,M,O,S,C,[ 

,MAY #a1 #aibb 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibc 3 ,9TRODUCTION BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,$ITOR -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bag 3 ,9TRODUCTION BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,$ITOR -- ,ADD$4 

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