,*APT] #ad 
,CONCLUSION 

#aibdaibd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,GIUSEPPE ,MILO1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,WE %ALL N[ ATTEMPT TO SUMM>IZE \R BRIEF HI/ORICAL SURVEY ( !  
V>I\S MORAL TEA*+S4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT FROM ! TIME ( ,ANCI5T ,GREECE UP TO ! PRES5T DAY1 !RE  
W]E TWO PR9CIPAL S*OOLS 9 ,E?ICS4 ,SOME MORALI/S MA9TA9$ ?AT E?ICAL  
CONCEPTIONS >E 9SPIR$ 9 MAN FROM ABOVE1 & !Y ACCORD+LY CONNECT$ E?ICS  
) RELIGION4 ,O!R ?9K]S SAW ! S\RCE ( MORALITY 9 MAN HIMSELF & !Y  
5DEAVOR$ TO FREE E?ICS FROM ! SANCTION ( RELIGION & TO CREATE A REALI/IC  
MORALITY4 ,SOME ( !SE ?9K]S MA9TA9$ ?AT ! *IEF MOTIVE P[] ( ALL HUMAN  
ACTIONS IS F\ND 9 ?AT :I* SOME CALL PLEASURE1 O!RS FELICITY  OR HAPP9ESS1  
9 %ORT1 ?AT :I* GIVES MAN ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( 5JOYM5T & GLADNESS4 ,ALL  
ACTION IS T[>D ?IS 5D4 ,MAN MAY SEEK ! GRATIFICATION ( HIS BASE/ OR HIS  
L(TIE/ 9CL9ATIONS1 BUT HE ALWAYS SEEKS ?AT :I* GIVES HIM HAPP9ESS1 SATISFACTION1  
OR AT LEA/ A HOPE ( HAPP9ESS & SATISFACTION 9 ! FUTURE4 

,( C\RSE1 NO MATT] H[ WE ACT1 :E!R WE SEEK FIR/ ( ALL PLEASURE &  
P]SONAL GRATIFICATION1 OR :E!R WE 9T5TIONALLY R5\NCE IMM$IATE DELI<TS  
9 ! NAME ( SOME?+ BETT]1 WE ALWAYS ACT 9 ?AT DIRECTION 9 :I* AT  
! GIV5 MOM5T WE F9D ! GREATE/ SATISFACTION4 ,A H$ONI/ ?9K] IS !RE=E  
JU/IFI$ 9 SAY+ ?AT ALL ( MORALITY R$UCES ITSELF TO ! SEEK+ BY EA* MAN  
( ?AT :I* GIVES HIM MO/ PLEASURE1 EV5 IF WE %\LD1 LIKE ,B5?AM1 *OOSE AS  
\R AIM ! GREATE/ HAPP9ESS ( ! GREATE/ NUMB]4 ,IT DOES NOT FOLL[ FROM  
?IS1 H[EV]1 ?AT AFT] HAV+ ACT$ 9 A C]TA9 WAY1 ,I %ALL NOT BE SEIZ$ )  
REGRET-P]HAPS = A LIFETIME1-?AT ,I HAVE ACT$ 9 ?IS & NOT 9 SOME O!R MANN]4 

,?IS1 IF ,I AM NOT MI/AK51 LEADS US TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ?OSE WRIT]S :O  
ASS]T ?AT 0EA* ONE SEEKS ?AT :I* GIVES HIM GREATE/ SATISFACTION0 HAVE NOT  
ATTA9$ A SOLUTION1 SO ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION ( DET]M9+ ! BASES  
( MORALITY1 :I* CON/ITUTES ! PR9CIPAL PROBLEM ( ALL RESE>* 9 ?IS  
FIELD1 REMA9S OP54 

,NEI!R IS ?IS QUE/ION ANSW]$ BY ?OSE :O1 LIKE ! MOD]N UTILIT>IANS  
,B5?AM1 ,MILL1 & MANY O!RS1 SAY3 0,9 AB/A9+ FROM REPLY+ TO AN 9JURY  
) 9JURY1 Y\ HAVE SIMPLY AVOID$ AN UNNECESS>Y UNPLEASANTNESS1 A SELF-REPROA*  
= LACK ( SELFCONTROL & = RUD5ESS1 :I* Y\ W\LD NOT APPROVE ) RESPECT  
TO Y\RSELF4 ,Y\ FOLL[$ ! PA? :I* GAVE Y\ ! GREATE/ SATISFACTION1 &  
N[ Y\1 P]HAPS1 EV5 ?9K3 ',H[ RATIONAL1 H[ GOOD WAS MY CONDUCT4' 0 ,TO :I*  
SOME 0REALI/0 MI<T ADD3 0,PLEASE DO NOT TALK TO ME ( Y\R ALTRUISM & Y\R  
LOVE = Y\R NEI<BOR4 ,Y\ HAVE ACT$ LIKE A CLEV] EGOI/1-?AT IS ALL40 ,&  
YET ! PROBLEM ( MORALITY HAS NOT BE5 C>RI$ A /EP F>!R1 EV5 ) ALL  
!SE >GUM5TS4 ,WE HAVE LE>N$ NO?+ AB\T ! ORIG9 ( MORALITY & HAVE NOT 
DISCOV]$ :E!R A B5EVOL5T ATTITUDE T[>D \R FELL[-M5 IS DESIRABLE1 &  
IF DESIRABLE1 TO :AT AN EXT5T IT IS SO4 ,! ?9K] IS AS BE=E FAC$ ) !  
QUE/ION3 0IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT MORALITY IS BUT AN ACCID5TAL PH5OM5ON 9 ! LIFE 
( M51 & TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ALSO 9 ! LIFE ( ! SOCIAL ANIMALS8 ,IS IT  
POSSIBLE ?AT IT HAS NO DEEP] F\NDATION ?AN MY CASUAL B5EVOL5T MOOD FOLL[$  
BY ! CONCLUSION ( MY REASON ?AT SU* B5EVOL5CE IS PR(ITABLE TO ME1 BECAUSE  
IT SAVES ME FROM FUR!R UNPLEASANTNESS8 ,MOREOV]1 S9CE M5 HOLD ?AT NOT EV]Y  
9JURY IS TO BE MET ) B5EVOL5CE1 & ?AT !RE >E 9JURIES :I* NO ONE  
%\LD TOL]ATE1 NO MATT] UPON :OM !Y >E 9FLICT$1 IS IT REALLY POSSIBLE ?AT  
!RE IS NO CRIT]ION BY MEANS ( :I* WE CAN MAKE DI/9CTIONS AMONG V>I\S K9DS  
( 9JURIES1 & ?AT IT ALL DEP5DS ON CALCULATION ( P]SONAL 9T]E/1 OR EV5  
SIMPLY ON A MOM5T>Y DISPOSITION1 AN ACCID5T80 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT 0! GREATE/ HAPP9ESS ( SOCIETY10 ADVOCAT$ AS !  
BASIS ( MORALITY FROM ! E>LIE/ P]IOD ( ! LIFE ( ! HUMAN RACE1 &  
P>TICUL>LY PUT =W>D 9 REC5T TIME BY ! RATIONALI/ ?9K]S1 IS ACTUALLY  
! PRIM>Y BASIS ( ALL E?ICS4 ,BUT ?IS CONCEPTION1 TAK5 BY ITSELF1 IS TOO  
AB/RACT1 TOO REMOTE1 & W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO CREATE MORAL HABITS & A MORAL MODE  
( ?\<T4 ,?AT IS :Y1 FROM ! MO/ REMOTE ANTIQUITY1 ?9K]S HAVE ALWAYS  
S\<T A MORE /ABLE BASIS ( MORALITY4 

,AMONG PRIMITIVE PEOPLES ! SECRET ALLIANCES ( ! SORC]]S1 %AMANS1  
SOO?SAY]S 7I4E41 ! ALLIANCES ( ! SCI5TI/S ( ?AT TIME7 RESORT$ TO  
9TIMIDATION 1 ESPECIALLY ( WOM5 & *ILDR51 BY V>I\S WEIRD RITES1 &  
?IS L$ TO ! GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T ( RELIGIONS4#a ,& RELIGIONS CONFIRM$ !  
USAGES & ! CU/OMS :I* W]E RECOGNIZ$ AS USEFUL = ! LIFE ( ! :OLE  
TRIBE1 = !Y S]V$ TO RE/RA9 ! EGOI/IC 9/9CTS & IMPULSES (  
9DIVIDUALS4 ,LAT]1 9 ,ANCI5T ,GREECE1 V>I\S PHILOSOPHICAL S*OOLS1 & /ILL  
LAT] 9 ,ASIA1 ,EUROPE1 & ,AM]ICA1 MORE SPIRITUAL RELIGIONS WORK$ T[>D !  
SAME 5D4 ,BUT BEG9N+ ) ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 :5 9 ,EUROPE ! AU?ORITY  
( RELIGI\S PR9CIPLES BEGAN TO DECL9E1 A NE$ >OSE = ! DISCOV]Y (  
DIFF]5T GR\NDS = ! MORAL CONCEPTIONS4 ,!N1 FOLL[+ 1 SOME BEGAN TO  
ADVANCE ! PR9CIPLE ( P]SONAL GA91 PLEASURE1 & HAPP9ESS UND] ! NAME (  
H$ONISM OR EUDEMONISM1-:ILE O!RS1 FOLL[+ *IEFLY ,PLATO & ! ,/OICS1  
CONT9U$ MORE OR LESS TO SEEK SUPPORT 9 RELIGION1 OR TURN$ TO COMMIS]ATION1  
SYMPA?Y1 :I* UNQUE/IONABLY EXI/S 9 ALL ! SOCIAL ANIMALS1 & :I* IS SO  
MU* MORE DEVELOP$ 9 MAN1 AS A C\NT]BALANCE TO EGOI/IC T5D5CIES4 

,TO !SE TWO MOVEM5TS ,PAULS5 ADD$ 9 \R TIME1 0,5]GISM' ! ESS5TIAL  
FEATURE ( :I* HE CONSID]S 0SELF-PRES]VATION & ! REALIZATION ( !  
HI<E/ GOAL ( ! WILL3 ! FRE$OM ( ! RATIONAL EGO1 & ! P]FECT  
DEVELOPM5T & EX]CISE ( ALL HUMAN P[]S40 #b 

,BUT 05]GISM0 TOO1 FAILS TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION :Y 0! CONDUCT ( SOME  
M5 & !IR MANN] ( ?\<T >\SE PLEASURABLE OR UNPLEASURABLE FEEL+S  
9 ! SPECTATOR40 ,OR :Y ! PLEASURABLE FEEL+S CAN GA9 PREPOND]ANCE OV]  
! O!R V>IETY1 & !N BECOME HABITUAL & ?US REGULATE \R FUTURE ACTS4  
,IF ?IS IS NOT A M]E ACCID5T1 !N :Y8 ,:AT >E ! CAUSES BY VIRTUE (  
:I* MORAL T5D5CIES OBTA9 ! ASC5DANCY OV] ! IMMORAL8 ,>E !Y 9  
UTILITY1 9 CALCULATION1 9 ! WEI<+ ( V>I\S PLEASURES & 9 !  
SELECTION ( ! MO/ 9T5SE & MO/ P]MAN5T ( !M1 AS ,B5?AM TAU<T8  
,OR >E !RE 9 ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( MAN & ( ALL SOCIAL ANIMALS1 CAUSES  
IMPELL+ US PREEM95TLY T[>D ?AT :I* WE CALL MORALITY1-EV5 ?\<1  
UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( GRE$1 VANITY1 & ?IR/ = P[] WE >E AT ! SAME  
TIME CAPABLE ( SU* 9FAMY AS ! OPPRESSION ( ONE CLASS BY ! O!R1 OR (  
SU* ACTS AS W]E (T5 P]PETRAT$ DUR+ ! LATE W>3 POISON\S GASES1  
SUBM>9ES1 ,ZEPPEL9S ATTACK+ SLEEP+ CITIES1 COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( AB&ON$  
T]RITORIES BY ! CONQU]ORS1 & SO ON8 

,& 9DE$1 DOES NOT LIFE & ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ! HUMAN RACE TEA* US  
?AT IF M5 W]E GUID$ SOLELY BY CONSID]ATIONS ( P]SONAL GA91 !N NO SOCIAL  
LIFE W\LD BE POSSIBLE8 ,! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( MANK9D %[S ?AT MAN IS AN  
UNMITIGAT$ SOPHI/1 & ?AT HIS M9D CAN F9D1 ) A/\ND+ EASE1 EV]Y MANN]  
( JU/IFICATION = ?AT :I* HE IS URG$ TO BY HIS DESIRES & PASSIONS4 

,EV5 = SU* A CRIME AS ! W> ( CONQUE/ 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :I*  
%\LD HAVE HORRIFI$ ALL ! WORLD1-EV5 = ?IS CRIME ! ,G]MAN ,EMP]OR &  
MILLIONS ( HIS SUBJECTS1 NOT EXCEPT+ ! RADICALS & ! SOCIALI/S1 F\ND  
A JU/IFICATION 9 ITS USEFULNESS TO ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE2 & SOME O!R /ILL  
MORE ADROIT SOPHI/S EV5 SAW 9 IT A GA9 = ALL HUMANITY4 

,PAULS5 9CLUDES AMONG ! REPRES5TATIVES ( 05]GISM0 9 ITS V>I\S =MS  
SU* ?9K]S AS ,HOBBES1 ,SP9OZA1 ,%AFTESBURY1 ,LEIBNITZ1 ,WOLFF1 & ! TRU?1  
SAYS HE1 IS APP>5TLY ON ! SIDE ( 5]GISM4 0,9 REC5T TIMES10 CONT9UES  
,PAULS51 0! EVOLUTIONI/ PHILOSOPHY COMES TO ! FOLL[+ PO9T ( VIEW3 A  
C]TA9 IDEAL TYPE & ITS EXPRESSION 9 ACTIVITY1 IS ! ACTUAL GOAL ( ALL  
LIFE & ( ALL /RIV+40 .<PP4 #b#g#b-#d4.> 

,! >GUM5TS BY :I* ,PAULS5 CONFIRMS HIS IDEA >E VALUABLE 9 ?AT !Y  
?R[ LI<T ON C]TA9 SIDES ( MORAL LIFE FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( WILL1 TO !  
DEVELOPM5T ( :I* ! WRIT]S ON E?ICS DID NOT GIVE SUFFICI5T ATT5TION4  
,!SE >GUM5TS1 H[EV]1 FAIL TO %[ :]E9 ! EXPRESSION 9 ACTIVITY (  
! IDEAL TYPE DIFF]S 9 MORAL QUE/IONS FROM ! SEEK+ 9 LIFE ( !  
0GREATE/ SUM ( PLEASURABLE S5SATIONS40 .<P4 #b#g#b.> 

,! =M] IS 9EVITABLY R$UC$ TO ! SECOND1 & CAN EASILY REA* !  
PO9T ( ! 0,I-WANT-:AT-L-WANT0 PR9CIPLE1 IF NOT = ! EXI/5CE 9 MAN  
( A SORT ( RE/RA9+ REFLEX ?AT ACTS 9 MOM5TS ( PASSION1-SOME?+  
LIKE AV]SION TO DECEPTION1 AV]SION TO DOM9ATION1 ! S5SE ( EQUALITY1  
ETC4 

,TO ASS]T & TO PROVE1 AS ,PAULS5 DOES1 ?AT DECEIT & 9JU/ICE LEAD  
MAN TO RU9 IS UNQUE/IONABLY PROP] & NECESS>Y4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS NOT  
5\<4 ,E?ICS IS NOT SATISFI$ ) ! M]E KN[L$GE ( ?IS FACT2 IT MU/  
ALSO EXPLA9 :Y ! DECEITFUL & UNJU/ LIFE LEADS TO RU94 ,IS IT BECAUSE  
SU* WAS ! WILL ( ! ,CREATOR ( NATURE1 TO :I* ,*RI/IANITY REF]S1 OR  
BECAUSE LY+ ALWAYS MEANS SELF-DEBASEM5T1 ! RECOGNITION ( ONESELF AS 9F]IOR1  
WEAK] ?AN ! ONE TO :OM ! LIE IS TOLD1-& CONSEQU5TLY1 BY LOS+ SELF- 
RESPECT1 MAK+ ONESELF /ILL WEAK]8 ,& TO ACT UNJU/LY MEANS TO TRA9 Y\R  
BRA9 TO ?9K UNJU/LY1 I4E41 TO MUTILATE ?AT :I* IS MO/ VALUABLE 9 US-!  
FACULTY ( CORRECT ?9K+4 

,!SE >E ! QUE/IONS ?AT ,MU/ BE ANSW]$ BY ! E?ICS ?AT COMES TO  
REPLACE ! RELIGI\S E?ICS4 ,!RE=E1 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SOLVE !  
PROBLEM ( CONSCI5CE & ITS NATURE1 AS ,PAULS5 DID1 BY SIMPLY SAY+ ?AT  
CONSCI5CE IS 9 ITS ORIG9 NO?+ BUT A 0CONSCI\SNESS ( CU/OM10 PRESCRIB$  
BY UPBR++1 BY ! JUDGM5T ( SOCIETY AS TO :AT IS PROP] & IMPROP]1  
COMM5DABLE OR PUNI%ABLE2 & F9ALLY1 BY ! RELIGI\S AU?ORITY4 .<P4 #c#f#c4.>  
,IT IS EXPLANATIONS ( ?IS SORT ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! SUP]FICIAL NEGATION (  
MORALITY BY ,M&EVILLE1 ,/IRN]1 & O!RS4 ,! FACT IS1 ?AT :ILE ! MODE  
( LIFE IS DET]M9$ BY ! HI/ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( A GIV5 SOCIETY1  
CONSCI5CE1 ON ! O!R H&1 AS ,I %ALL 5DEAVOR TO PROVE1 HIS A MU* DEEP]  
ORIG91-NAMELY 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( EQUITY1 :I* PHYSIOLOGICALLY DEVELOPS 9  
MAN AS 9 ALL SOCIAL ANIMALS4 4 4 4 

           7,! MANUSCRIPT 5DS ) !SE WORDS7 

               .<,N4 ,LEB$EV'S ,NOTE.>4 

  
,FOOTNOTES 

#a,AMONG MANY TRIBES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,9DIANS1  
DUR+ ! P]=MANCE ( !IR RITES1 %\LD A MASK FALL FROM ! FACE ( ONE  
( ! M5 SO ?AT ! WOM5 CAN NOTICE IT1 HE IS IMM$IATELY SLA91 & !  
O!RS SAY ?AT HE WAS KILL$ BY A SPIRIT4 ,! RITE HAS ! DIRECT PURPOSE (  
9TIMIDAT+ WOM5 & *ILDR54 .<,KROPOTK9 USES ! PRES5T T5SE BUT IT IS  
PROBABLE ?AT ?IS PLEASANT CU/OM HAS FALL5 9TO DISUSE4.>-,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#b,FRI$RI* ,PAULS51 ,A ,SY/EM ( ,E?ICS1 TRANS4  
BY ,FRANK ,?ILLY1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#h#i#i4 .<,!SE L9ES >E NOT A S+LE QUOTATION1 BUT A  
COMB9ATION ( PHRASES FROM DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,PAULS5'S BOOK4 ,SEE 
P>TICUL>LY1 
PP4 #b#b#c-#b#b#d1 #b#e#a1 #b#g-#b#g#a4.>-,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibc 3 ,*APT] #ad -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ad -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/