,ESPRIT DE ,CORPS 

#ahii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GEORGES ,PALANTE 

,TEXT 3 

0,ESPRIT DE CORPS0 IS ONE ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ( PH5OM5A = ANY OBS]V] ( CONTEMPOR>Y LIFE4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ! DIS9TEGRATION ( SO MANY MORAL & SOCIAL 9FLU5CES IT HAS MA9TA9$ A C]TA9 HOLD ON PEOPLE'S CONSCI\SNESS & MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 IMPORTANT WAYS4 ,WE ?\<T IT USEFUL TO /UDY ESPRIT DE CORPS 9 SOME ( ITS PR9CIPAL MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,?IS SMALL PSY*OLOGICAL 9QUIRY WILL !N LEAD US TO A FEW CONSID]ATIONS ON ! MORAL VALUE ( ESPRIT DE CORPS4 

,= GREAT] PRECISION IT W\LD BE APPROPRIATE TO DI/+UI% TWO MEAN+S ( ?IS EXPRESSION1 0ESPRIT DE CORPS03 A BROAD & A N>R[ S5SE4 ,9 A N>R[ S5SE ESPRIT DE CORPS IS A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY ANIMAT+ ALL MEMB]S ( A SAME PR(ESSIONAL GR\P4 ,9 A BROAD] S5SE ! EXPRESSION ESPRIT DE CORPS DESIGNATES ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY 9 G5]AL1 NOT ONLY 9 ! PR(ESSIONAL GR\P1 BUT 9 ALL ?OSE SOCIAL CIRCLES1 :ATEV] !Y MI<T BE 7CLASS1 CA/E1 SECT1 ETC471 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL FEELS HIMSELF TO BE MORE OR LESS SUBORD9AT$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! COLLECTIVITY4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT !RE EXI/S A CLASS SPIRIT2 = EXAMPLE1 ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT :I* ?\< DIFFICULT TO PRECISELY DEF9E NEV]!LESS EXI/S & %[S ITSELF TO BE NO LESS COMBATIVE :5EV] IT'S A MATT] ( DEFEAT+ ANTI-B\RGEOIS DOCTR9ES & T5D5CIES4 ,IT IS ALSO 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,S*OP5HAU] WAS ABLE TO SPEAK ( WOM5'S ESPRIT DE CORPS OR ! ESPRIT DE CORPS ( M>RI$ PEOPLE1 AB\T :I* HE MADE SU* 9T]E/+ REM>KS 9 HIS 0,APHORISMS ON ! ,WISDOM ( ,LIFE40 ,9 ?IS BROAD S5SE WE C\LD ALSO SPEAK ( ! ESPRIT DE CORPS AMONG ! 9HABITANTS ( A CITY1 :O 9 C]TA9 CASES F9D !MSELVES MORE OR LESS ! ASSOCIATES 9 A SAME COMM]CIAL 5T]PRISE4 ,IBS5 %[$ ?IS ESPRIT DE CORPS 9 A MA/]LY WAY 9 ! SMALL CITY 9 :I* HE PLAC$ ! SC5E 9 HIS 0,AN ,5EMY ( ! ,PEOPLE0 :]E WE SEE ALL ! 9HABITANTS AGREE+ TO REMA9 SIL5T AB\T A SECRET 7! CONTAM9ATION ( ! WAT]S7 :I* IF DIVULG$ W\LD RU9 ! CITY'S BA?+ E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,! BROAD S5SE ( ! EXPRESSION ESPRIT DE CORPS IS MANIFE/LY NO?+ BUT ! EXT5SION ( ! N>R[ OR PURELY PR(ESSIONAL S5SE4 

,PR(ESSIONAL SOLID>ITY IS ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL SOCIAL TIES4 ,BUT ITS ACTION IS MO/ 5]GETIC 9 ! SO-CALL$ LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS 7CL]GY1 >MY1 MAGI/RACY1 ! B>1 V>I\S ADM9I/RATIONS74 ,WORK]S BELONG+ TO ! SAME TRADE1 = EXAMPLE ME*ANICS1 C>P5T]S1 OR F\NDRY WORK]S1 DO NOT MANIFE/ AN ESPRIT DE CORPS AS DEVELOP$ AS ?AT ( ! (FIC]1 ! PRIE/1 OR ! FUNCTION>IES 9 ! V>I\S GOV]NM5T (FICES4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT !SE WORK]S >E LACK+ 9 ALL CORPORATE SOLID>ITY1 S9CE WE KN[ ?AT 9 SOME C\NTRIES ! WORK]S ( A SAME CRAFT >E CAPABLE ( UNIT+ 9 TRADE UNIONS & JO9+ TOGE!R TO VIGOR\SLY DEF5D !IR 9T]E/S AGA9/ ! BOSSES4 ,BUT AMONG WORK]S ?IS SOLID>ITY REMA9S PURELY ECONOMIC4 ,IT LIMITS ITSELF TO DEF5D+ ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! TRADE UNION4 ,ONCE ?IS GOAL IS A*IEV$ ITS ACTION CEASES3 IT ISN'T TRANS=M$ 9TO A COH]5T & SY/EMATIC MORAL OR SOCIAL DISCIPL9E ?AT DOM9ATES & 9VADES 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI\SNESSES4 ,OR IF IT ACTS 9 ?IS S5SE IT IS SOLELY 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP 9 ! WORK] HIS CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS RI<TS AS A 0PROLET>IAN0 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ANTAGONI/IC CLASS1 ! B\RGEOIS OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,PROP]LY SPEAK+1 ?IS IS NOT ESPRIT DE CORPS 9 ! N>R[ S5SE ( ?AT EXPRESSION2 9/EAD IT IS CLASS SPIRIT4 

,BUT 9 ! LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS ?+S >E DIFF]5T4 ,H]E ESPRIT DE CORPS >ROGATES TO ITSELF A MORAL SWAY OV] 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,H]E ! CORPORATION IMPOSES ON & 9CULCATES 9 ITS MEMB]S1 9 A MORE OR LESS CONSCI\S FA%ION1 AN 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CON=MISM & M>KS !M ) AN 9DELIBLE /AMP4 ,?IS /AMP IS WELL DEF9$ & V>IES FROM ONE GR\P TO ANO!R4 ,! WAYS ( ?9K+1 FEEL+1 & ACT+ PROP] TO A PRIE/1 AN (FIC]1 AN ADM9I/RATOR & A FUNCTION>Y >E ALL DIFF]5T4 ,H]E EA* BODY HAS ITS SELF-CONSCI\S 9T]E/S1 ITS DEF9$ & PRECISE SLOGANS ?AT >E IMPOS$ ON ! MEMB]S ( !SE GR\PS4 ,?IS 5]GY P>TICUL> TO ESPRIT DE CORPS 9 ! LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS CAN P]HAPS BE EXPLA9$ 9 P>T BY ! FACT ?AT ! PRIE/1 ! MAGI/RATE1 ! SOLDI]1 & ! FUNCTION>Y >E G5]ALLY SUBJECT TO A P[]FUL HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION :OSE EFFECT IS TO S+UL>LY /R5G!N ESPRIT DE CORPS4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! MORE ORGANIZ$ & HI]>*ICAL A SOCIAL GR\P ! MORE N>R[ & 5]GETIC IS ! MORAL & SOCIAL DISCIPL9E IT IMPOSES ON ITS MEMB]S4 

,:AT >E ! PR9CIPAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ESPRIT DE CORPS8 

,A 'CORPS' IS A DEF9$ SOCIAL GR\P ) ITS [N 9T]E/S1 ITS [N WILL TO LIFE & :I* SEEKS TO DEF5D ITSELF AGA9/ ALL EXT]IOR OR 9T]IOR CAUSES ( ITS DE/RUCTION OR DIM9UTION4 

,IF WE W]E TO ASK \RSELVES :AT >E ! GOODS = :I* A CORPS FI<TS WE W\LD SEE ?AT !Y >E MORAL ADVANTAGES3 ! GOOD NAME ( ! CORPS1 9FLU5CE1 CONSID]ATION1 CR$IT4 ,!SE MORAL ADVANTAGES >E D\BTLESS NO?+ BUT ! MEANS = 5SUR+ ! MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY ( ! CORPS & ITS MEMB]S4 ,BUT ! CORPS TREATS !M AS 5DS 9 !MSELVES & 9 ORD] TO CONQU] & DEF5D !M DEPLOYS AN 5]GY1 A FI]C5ESS1 A COMBATIV5ESS ?AT 9DIVIDUAL PASSIONS CAN ONLY GIVE A FA9T IDEA (4 

,A CORPS PURSUES !SE ADVANTAGES BY /RIV+ TO SUGGE/ TO ?OSE :O >E NOT P>T ( ?IS CORPS A HI< IDEA ( ITS SOCIAL UTILITY & SUP]IORITY4 ,IF NE$ BE IT DOESN'T FE> TO EXAGG]ATE ?IS VALUE & IMPORTANCE1 & S9CE IT ISN'T UNAW>E ( ! P[] ( ! IMAG9ATION OV] MAN'S CR$ULITY IT WILL+LY 5VELOPS ITSELF 9 ! DECORUM MO/ LIKELY TO 9CREASE ITS RESPECTABILITY 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! CR[D4 ,MAX ,NORDAU1 9 HIS BOOK 0,! ,CONV5TIONAL ,LIES ( \R ,CIVILIZATION10 /UDI$ ! LIES ?AT ! V>I\S ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL GR\PS KN[+LY & DELIB]ATELY MA9TA9 & ?AT !Y CONSID] AMONG !IR CONDITIONS = EXI/5CE 7RELIGI\S LIES1 >I/OCRATIC1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC LIES1 ETC474 ,MR4 ,NORDAU C\LD HAVE ADD$ TO !SE CORPORATE LIES1 :I* >E (T5 NO?+ BUT A COMB9ATION & A SYN!SIS ( O!RS4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS GREAT G5]AL LAW ( SOCIAL 9S9C]ITY ?AT ONE MU/ 5T] ! SPECIAL TACTIC BY :I* A CORPS HIDES ITS DEFECTS1 ITS WEAKNESSES OR ITS FAULTS & /RIVES TO REMA91 9 ! EYES ( ! VULG>1 9 AN ATTITUDE ( UNCONTE/$ SUP]IORITY1 ( RECOGNIZ$ 9FALLIBILITY & IMPECCABILITY4 

,9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ?IS ATTITUDE ! CORPS DEM&S ?AT ALL ITS MEMB]S 0CONDUCT !MSELVES PROP]LY40 ,IT WANTS ITS MEMB]S TO BE IRREPROA*ABLE EXT]NALLY & TO DEC5TLY PLAY !IR ROLE 9 ! SOCIAL !AT]4 

,COMPETITION IS ! GREAT LAW ?AT DOM9ATES ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETIES2 IT ALSO DOM9ATES ! LIFE ( CON/ITUT$ CORPS4 ,EA* CORPS HAS ITS CA/E PRIDE & ITS SPECIAL PO9T ( HONOR VIS-A-VIS ! O!RS4 ,IT WANTS TO MA9TA9 ITS RESPECTABILITY 9TACT & NOT FALL FROM ITS RANK 9 ! GREAT] ORGANISM ?AT ! V>I\S CORPS =M 9 UNIT+4 ,WE CAN OBS]VE A MUT$ RIVALRY AMONG ! V>I\S CON/ITUT$ CORPS1 :I* IS TRANSLAT$ 9TO PUBLIC LIFE & EV5 9TO PRIVATE RELATIONS4 ,M4 ,ANATOLE ,FRANCE DEPICTS ?IS RIVALRY HUMOR\SLY 9 ! %ORT /ORY 5TITL$ 0,UN ,SUB/ITUT10 :I* HE ATTRIBUTES TO ,M4 ,B]G]ET 9 0,L',ORME DU ,MAIL40 

,?IS RIVALRY =CES ! CORPS TO JEAL\SLY WAT* OV] ITS CA/E HONOR & TO EX]CISE /RICT CONTROL OV] ! CONDUCT ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,WOE ON HE :O1 ?R\< WORD OR ACT1 APPE>S TO COMPROMISE ! HONOR ( ! CORPS4 ,HE %\LD EXPECT NEI!R PITY NOT JU/ICE FROM HIS PE]S4 ,HE IS CONDEMN$ )\T APPEAL4 

,:5 IT'S POSSIBLE1 ! SCAPEGOAT IS SACRIFIC$ 9 AN (FICIAL EXECUTION4 ,9 ! CONTR>Y CASE HE IS SIL5TLY ELIM9AT$ BY MORE OR LESS HYPOCRITICAL PROCE$+S ?AT D5OTE A ,MA*IAVELLIANISM 9 ! CORPS ?AT IS MORE CONSCI\S ?AN IS COMMONLY BELIEV$4 ,9 ?IS ! CORPS OBEYS ! VITAL 9/9CT ( ALL SOCIETIES4 ,M4 ,MAURICE ,B>RES SAID3 0,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT A B>NY>D FALLS UPON A SICK *ICK5 TO KILL OR EXPEL IT1 EA* GR\P T5DS TO REJECT ITS WEAKE/ MEMB]S40 ,! WEAK1 ?OSE 9CAPABLE ( PU%+ !MSELVES AHEAD 9 ! WORLD1 ! EVIL EXTRAS ( ! SOCIAL COM$Y CON/ITUTE = ! CORPS A DEAD WEI<T ?AT SL[S IT D[N & :I* IT SEEKS TO RID ITSELF (3 & SO ! CORPS VILIFIES & HUMILIATES !M4 ,IT /RIVES TO CREATE >\ND !M :AT ,GUYAU CALLS AN ATMOSPH]E ( 9TOL]ABILITY4 

,! CORPS PURSUES ?IS POLICY ( ELIM9ATION AGA9/ ITS WEAK MEMB]S ) A DISDA9 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & A LACK ( SCRUPLES ?AT (T51 IT MU/ BE SAID1 JU/IFIES ,DAUDET'S L9E ?AT 0CON/ITUT$ CORPS >E C[>DS40 

,9 ORD] TO BETT] 5SURE ITS POLICY ( DOM9ATION ESPRIT DE CORPS T5DS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE TO EXP& ITS SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 IT IS AN 9VAD]4 ,IT DOESN'T LIMIT ITSELF TO CONTROLL+ ! PR(ESSIONAL EXI/5CE ( ITS MEMB]S1 BUT IT (T5 9T]F]ES 9 ! DOMA9 ( !IR PRIVATE LIFE4 ,A CONTEMPOR>Y NOVELI/1 ,M4 ,V]NIOLLE1 HAS WITTILY DESCRIB$ ?IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ESPRIT DE CORPS 9 A V]Y SUGGE/IVE /ORY CALL$ 0,P> LA ,VOIE ,HI]>*IQUE40 ,9 ?IS /ORY ! AU?OR %[S US A HI< S*OOL TEA*] 7! TRUE TYPE ( A P]SONALITY 9VAD$ BY ! CORPS7 :O APPEALS TO ! ADM9I/RATIVE HI]>*Y & CORPORATE 9FLU5CES TO RESOLVE HIS DOME/IC DIFFICULTIES4 ,& 9 FACT WE SEE ! ESPRIT DE CORPS1 9 ! =M ( ! HEADMA/] & HIS COLLEAGUES1 9T]V5E 9 A DOME/IC SITUATION ) A CLUMS9ESS ONLY EQUAL$ BY ITS 9COMPET5CE4 ,M4 ,V]NIOLLE HAS ALSO CLEV]LY NOT$ 9 ANO!R /ORY TITL$ 0,PA/EURS D',AMES0 ?IS O!R TRAIT ( ! ESPRIT DE CORPS3 ! HO/ILITY AGA9/ ! MEMB]S ( ! CORPS :O 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R SEEM NOT TO FIT 9 ) ! CORPORATION4 ,WE %\LD RECALL ! HO/ILITY ( ! Y\NG & DA%+ ,PR(ESSOR ,BRISS>T - ! TRUE TYPE ( :AT ,?ACK]AY CALL$ ! UNIV]SITY SNOB - AGA9/ AN OLD & NOT V]Y DECORATIVE COLLEAGUE :O1 BECAUSE ( HIS C>ELESS WAY ( DRESS+1 /&S \T FROM A CORPS ( :I* ! Y\NG SNOB CONSID]S HIMSELF ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL ORNAM5T4 

,9 A G5]AL WAY1 ! CORPORATION T5DS TO TAKE ! LIFE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL UND] ITS CONTROL4 ,LET US RECALL ! N>R[ MORAL DISCIPL9E TO :I* ! CORPORATIONS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES SUBMITT$ ! PRIVATE LIVES ( !IR MEMB]S4 

,?IS DISPOSITION BR+S TO ! 5TIRE CORPS A N>R[ & PETTY CURIOSITY APPLI$ TO ALL ?AT 9DIVIDUALS DO4 ,A CORPORATION RESEMBLES 9 ?IS A GOSSIPY SMALL T[N4 ,LOOK AT \R ADM9I/RATION & ITS FUNCTION>IES4 ,9 ?IS REG>D !Y >E LIKE SO MANY SMALL T[NS SPREAD ACROSS SPACE & DISSEM9AT$ ACROSS ! 5TIRE EXT5T ( ! ,FR5* T]RITORY4 ,IF ONE ( ITS EV5 SLI<TLY WELL-KN[N MEMB]S COMMITS SOME CLUMSY ACT OR IF SOME?+ ( 9T]E/ OCCURS !N IMM$IATELY1 FROM ,NANCY TO ,BAYONNE & FROM ,DUNKIRK TO ,NICE1 NEWS IS SPREAD >\ND ! 5TIRE CORPS1 9 ! EXACT SAME WAY ?AT ! GOSSIP ( ! DAY GOES FROM SALON TO SALON AMONG ! GOOD WOM5 ( A SMALL T[N4 

,!SE REM>KS ON ! ACTIONS ( ESPRIT DE CORPS P]MIT US TO SEE 9 IT A P>TICUL>LY 5]GETIC MANIFE/ATION ( :AT ,S*OP5HAU] CALLS ! WILL TO LIFE4 ,LIKE ALL ORGANIZ$ SOCIETIES A CORPS IS ! HUMAN WILL TO LIFE COND5S$ & TAK5 TO A DEGREE ( 9T5SITY ?AT 9DIVIDUAL EGOISM CAN NEV] REA*4 ,LET US ADD ?AT ?IS COLLECTIVE WILL TO LIFE IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* ACTS ON A CR[D1 :I* IS AN ESS5TIALLY UN/ABLE & TRANSITORY GR\P4 ,! CORPS HAS ALL ?OSE ?+S ?AT >E LACK+ 9 A CR[D3 ITS HI]>*Y1 ITS PO9T ( HONOR1 ITS DEF9$ PREJUDICES1 ITS ACCEPT$ & IMPOS$ MORALITY4 ,?US ! CORPS1 9 ITS JUDGM5TS ( ?+S & M51 HAS A /UBBORNNESS :I* ! CR[D1 UN/ABLE & V>Y+1 IS NOT SUSCEPTIBLE TO TO ! SAME DEGREE4 ,LOOK AT ! CR[D3 L$ A/RAY1 MOM5T>ILY CRIM9AL1 IT CAN *ANGE ITS M9D A M9UTE LAT] & *ANGE ITS DECISION4 ,A CORPS CONSID]S ITSELF & WANTS TO BE SE5 AS 9FALLIBLE4 ,ANO!R DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A CR[D & A CORPS3 9 G5]AL A CR[D IS MORE IMP>TIAL ?AN A CORPS 9 ITS APPRECIATION ( ! M]IT ( 9DIVIDUALS4 0,9 A CORPS ( FUNCTION>IES1'0 SAYS ,SIMMEL1 0JEAL\SLY (T5 TAKES FROM TAL5T ! 9FLU5CE IT %\LD HAVE1 :ILE A CR[D1 R5\NC+ ALL P]SONAL JUDGM5T1 EASILY FOLL[S A LEAD] ( G5IUS40 

,FROM ! FACT ?AT A CORPS IS ESS5TIALLY A COLLECTIVE WILL TO LIFE WE CAN JUDGE ! QUALITIES A CORPS DEM&S ( ITS MEMB]S3 IT IS ?OSE ?AT >E USEFUL TO ! CORPS1 & !SE ALONE4 ,A CORPS DOESN'T ASK ITS MEMB]S = EM95T 9DIVIDUAL QUALITIES4 ,IT C\LD C>E LESS AB\T ?OSE R>E & PRECI\S QUALITIES ?AT >E SUBTLETY ( 9TELLIG5CE1 /R5G? & SUPPL5ESS ( ! IMAG9ATION1 DELICACY & T5D]NESS ( ! S\L4 ,AS WE HAVE SAID1 :AT IT DEM&S ( ITS MEMB]S IS A C]TA9 CONDUCT1' A C]TA9 P]SEV]ANCE 9 !IR DOCILITY T[>DS ! MORAL CODE ( ! CORPS4 ,IT IS ?IS P]SEV]ANCE 9 DOCILITY :I* - ?R\< ,I DON'T KN[ :AT MISUND]/&+ - IS SOMETIMES DECORAT$ ) ! TITLE ( *>ACT]4 ,BY ?IS LATT] WORD A CORPS DOES NOT AT ALL MEAN 9ITIATIVE 9 DECISION MAK+ OR D>+ 9 EXECUTION1 NOR ANY ( ! QUALITIES ( SPONTANEITY & 5]GY ?AT MAKE UP A /RONG P]SONALITY1 BUT SOLELY & EXCLUSIVELY A C]TA9 CON/ANCY 9 OB$I5CE TO ! RULE4 ,A CORPS HAS NO P>TICUL> E/EEM = :AT IS CALL$ M]IT OR TAL5T2 RA!R IT IS SUSPICI\S ( !M4 ,ESPRIT DE CORPS IS A FRI5D ( ?AT M$IOCRITY FAVORABLE TO P]FECT CON=MISM4 ,WE CAN SAY AB\T ALL CON/ITUT$ BODIES :AT ,R5AN SAYS ( ! ,SEM9>Y ( ,ISSY3 0,! FIR/ RULE ( ! COMPANY IS TO ABDICATE ALL ?AT CAN BE CALL$ TAL5T & ORIG9ALITY 9 ORD] TO B5D BE=E ! DISCIPL9E ( A M$IOCRE COMMUNITY40 ,NO:]E BETT] ?AN 9 A CORPS DOES ! CELEBRAT$ ANTI!SIS BETWE5 TAL5T & *>ACT] APPE> :I* ,HE9RI* ,HE9E MOCK$ ) SU* EXQUISITE IRONY 9 ! =EWORD TO 0,ATTA ,TROLL40 ,WE RECALL1 & NOT )\T A SMILE1 ?AT GOOD ,SWABIAN S*OOL ( POETRY - :I* POSSESS$ ! ESPRIT DE CORPS TO A HI< DEGREE -:I* ASK$ ( ITS MEMB]S NOT ?AT !Y HAVE TAL5T1 BUT ?AT !Y BE *>ACT]S4 ,IT IS ! SAME 9 \R CON/ITUT$ CORPS4 ,A CORPS WANTS ITS MEMB]S TO BE *>ACT]S1 ?AT IS1 P]FECTLY DISCIPL9$ BE+S1 WAN & M$IOCRE ACTORS :O PLAY !IR SOCIAL ROLE 9 ?IS SOCIAL !AT] :I* ,S*OP5HAU] SPEAKS (1 :]E ! POLICE SEV]ELY PROHIBIT ! ACTORS TO IMPROVISE4 

,& SO 9 ! CORPS ! GREAT LEV] = 0>RIV+0 IS NOT M]IT1 BUT M$IOCRITY BACK$ BY FAMILY TIES & CAM>AD]IE4 ,BUT ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS 9 ?OSE BODIES ?AT DISP5SE ADVANCEM5T & S\<T AFT] PLACES DON'T ALWAYS PRACTICE NEPOTISM = 9T]E/$ REASONS3 !Y >E ACT+ 9 GOOD FAI?4 ,!Y >E S9C]ELY P]SUAD$1 IMBU$ AS !Y >E ) ESPRIT DE CORPS1 ?AT NEPOTISM & CAM>AD]IE >E TIES BO? RESPECTABLE & USEFUL TO ! COHESION ( ! CORPS4 ,9 REW>D+ M]IT ALONE !Y BELIEVE !Y >E SACRIFIC+ TO A DANG]\S 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,?IS DISDA9 ON ! P>T ( ESPRIT DE CORPS = P]SONAL QUALITIES 79TELLECTUAL OR MORAL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL7 >E ADMIRABLY EXPLA9$ 9 ! F9AL PAGES ( A NOVEL BY ,M4 ,F]D9& ,FABRE1 0,L',ABBE ,TIGRANE10 9 :I* ,C>D9AL ,MAFFEI EXPLA9S TO ,ABBE ,T]NISI5 ! TACTICS ( ! ,ROMAN CONGREGATION4 

,IT SEEMS TO US ?AT !SE CONSID]ATIONS SUFFICI5TLY CONFIRM ! DEF9ITION WE GAVE ABOVE ( ESPRIT DE CORPS4 ,ACCORD+ TO US ESPRIT DE CORPS IS A COLLECTIVE EGOISM1 UNIQUELY CONC]N$ ) COLLECTIVE 5DS & DISDA9FUL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & 9DIVIDUAL QUALITIES4 ,?US DEF9$1 ESPRIT DE CORPS PRES5TS AN EXCELL5T ILLU/RATION ( :AT T5DS TO BE1 ACCORD+ TO ! DOCTR9E ( ,S*OP5HAU]1 PURE WILL TO LIFE1 SEP>AT$ FROM ! 9TELLECT4 

,! PREC$+ REM>KS ALSO P]MIT US TO PRES5T A FEW CONSID]ATIONS ON ! E?ICAL VALUE ( ! ESPRIT DE CORPS4 

,C]TA9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIOLOGI/S & MORALI/S HAVE FAVORABLY JUDG$ ! MORAL 9FLU5CE ( ESPRIT DE CORPS4 ,SOME HAVE EV5 ?\<T ( 9VE/+ IT ) A POLITICAL MISSION BY SUB/ITUT+ = UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE AS IT IS PRACTIC$ 9 \R C\NTRY A SY/EM ( VOTE BY CORPORATIONS1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL BE+ OBLIG$ TO VOTE = A REPRES5TATIVE *OS5 FROM AMONG HIS PE]S OR HI]>*ICAL *IEFS FROM HIS CORPORATION4 ,WE CITE AMONG ! MORALI/S :O HAVE REC5TLY 9SI/$ UPON ! VALUE ( ESPRIT DE CORPS ,M,M4 ,DORN] & ,DURKHEIM1 :O TOOK ! MORAL PO9T ( VIEW1 & ,MESSIEURS ,B5OI/ & ,WALRAS1 :O HAVE TAK5 ! POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW4 

,M4 ,DORN] SEES 9 CORPORATIONS A REM$Y = MORAL & SOCIAL DISCONT5T4 ,HE F9DS 9 ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! CORPORATE GR\P ! PACIFY+ ( ALL 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL TR\BLES4 0,EA* P]SON MU/ UND]/&10 SAYS ,M4 ,DORM]1 0?AT HE CAN ONLY OCCUPY A DET]M9$ PLACE 9 ! :OLE & HE CAN'T SURPASS ! LIMITS IMPOS$ BY HIS SAL>Y & HIS [N FACULTIES4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL MORE EASILY ACQUIRES ?IS CONVICTION IF HE BELONGS TO A CORPORATION ?AT DET]M9ES 9 ADVANCE ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( HIS ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! CORPORATION HOLDS BE=E HIS EYES ?AT ALONE :I* IS POSSIBLE1 & KEEPS FROM HIS IMAG9ATION ! CA/LES 9 ! AIR 7,LUFTS*LOSS]N7 ?AT MAKE HIM DISCONT5T$ ) ! PRES5T4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?ANKS TO HIS APPLICATION ! 9DIVIDUAL LE>NS ! MEASURE ( HIS POSSIBLE PROGRESS1 & HE P>TICIPATES 9 ! COLLECTIVE 9TELLIG5CE ( HIS ASSOCIATES 7,B]UFSG5OSS574 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE RESULTS FROM ALL ?IS A G5]AL T5D5CY ?AT ASPIRES TO E/ABLI%+ ON ! BASIS ( :AT WE ALREADY POSSESS ?OSE IMPROVEM5TS ?AT >E PR(ITABLE TO ! 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS ! :OLE1 :ILE ALL[+ = PROGRESS )9 ! LIMITS ( PR(ESSIONAL ACTIVITY40 

,IT IS ( ! HI<E/ MORAL 9T]E/ ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL BE ABLE TO ATTA* HIMSELF TO A PR(ESSIONAL GR\P1 = ?IS TIE P]MITS HIM TO PROP]LY JUDGE HIS P]SONAL FACULTIES2 & BY ITS 9T]M$I>Y HE CAN CULTIVATE HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 OBTA9 A WID] VIEWPO9T ON ?+S1 & CAN BE 5C\RAG$ BY IT TO ! GREAT MORAL UNIV]SAL ORGANISM4 ,CORPORATIONS >E NO?+ BUT ORGANS ( ?IS ORGANISM1 & SO !Y MU/ = ONCE & = ALL HAVE !IR RESPECTIVE RI<TS SPECIFI$ SO ?AT EA* CAN 9DEP5D5TLY ACCOMPLI% ITS TASKS 9 ITS RESPECTIVE DOMA9S4 ,CORPORATIONS MU/ !N BE 9SPIR$ BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! ORGANISM ( :I* !Y >E ! ORGAN1 !Y MU/ =GO !IR RIVALRIES 9 ! PURSUIT ( PRIVILEGES & ADVANTAGES 9 KEEP+ ) ! CONSCI\SNESS !IR ( !IR COLLABORATION 9 A COMMON TASK40 

,= HIS P>T ,M4 ,DURKEHIM SEES 9 A CORPS A USEFUL 9T]M$I>Y BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! /ATE4 ,! /ATE1 HE SAYS1 IS A SOCIAL 5TITY1 TOO AB/RACT & TOO DI/ANT FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL WILL ATTA* HIMSELF MORE EASILY TO AN IDEAL NE>] AT H& & MORE PRACTICAL4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM ?IS IS ! IDEAL ?AT ! PR(ESSIONAL GR\P PRES5TS4 ,M4 ,DURKHEIM SEES 9 CORPORATIONS ! GREAT REM$Y TO :AT HE CALLS SOCIAL ANOMY3 0,! PR9CIPAL ROLE ( CORPORATIONS10 HE SAYS1 09 ! FUTURE AS 9 ! PA/1 WILL BE TO REGULATE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS & ESPECIALLY ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS1 & CONSEQU5TLY TO EXTRACT !M FROM ! /ATE ( DISORGANIZATION 9 :I* !Y >E CURR5TLY F\ND4 ,:5EV] 5VY WILL BE EXCIT$ TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT IT KN[S NO LIMITS IT WILL BE UP TO ! CORPORATION TO FIX ! PORTION :I* %\LD EQUITABLY DEVOLVE TO EA* ( ! COOP]ATORS4 ,SUP]IOR TO ITS MEMB]S1 IT WILL HAVE ALL ! AU?ORITY NE$$ TO DEM& FROM !M ?OSE SACRIFICES & CONCESSIONS ?AT >E 9DISP5SABLE & TO IMPOSE A RULE ON !M4 ,WE DON'T SEE 9 :AT O!R MILIEU ?IS LAW ( DI/RIBUTIVE JU/ICE1 SO URG5T1 CAN BE ELABORAT$1 NOR BY :AT ORGAN IT C\LD BE APPLI$40 

,M,M4 ,B5OI/ & ,WALRAS1 = !IR P>T1 DEVELOP ! ADVANTAGES ( A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BY CORPORATIONS4 ,WE CAN ?US SEE ?AT ! SY/EM IS COMPLETE3 CORPORATE POLITICS IS CONNECT$ TO A PR(ESSIONAL MORALITY4 

,WE WILL NOT DISCUSS H]E ! QUE/ION ( CORPORATIVE POLITICS4 ,WE WILL CONT5T \RSELVES ) PRES5T+ A FEW OBS]VATIONS ON CORPORATIVE MORALITY AS !Y RESULT FROM \R ANALYSIS ( ESPRIT DE CORPS4 

,ACCORD+ TO US ! 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT ASK FROM ! CORPORATE GR\P HIS LAW & HIS MORAL CRIT]IA4 ,9 \R EYES ! VALUE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S MORAL ACTIVITY IS 9 DIRECT RELATION%IP ) ! FRE$OM ( :I* HE DISPOSES4 ,! CORPORATE GR\P DOM9ATES ! 9DIVIDUAL ?R\< 9T]E/S TOO IMM$IATE & TOO MAT]IAL = ?IS LIB]TY NOT TO BE H9D]$4 ,IT CAN1 9 FACT1 SUPPRESS ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE = AN 9DIVIDUAL REFRACTORY TO ITS MORAL DISCIPL9E4 ,IT HOLDS HIM BY :AT WE CAN CALL1 BORR[+ AN EXPRESSION FROM ! SOCIALI/ VOCABUL>Y3 0! BELLY QUE/ION40 

,ANO!R QUE/ION ?AT IS POS$ IS ?AT ( KN[+ :E!R OR NOT AFFILIATION ) A CORPORATE GR\P W\LD BE A REAL REM$Y TO 0ANOMY0 & IF IT W\LD BR+ AN 5D TO SOCIAL DISCONT5T4 0,YES1 P]HAPS10 WE C\LD SAY1 IF ! K9D ( DI/RIBUTIVE JU/ICE :I* ,M4 ,DURKHEIM SPEAKS OR W]E EXACTLY APPLI$4 ,BUT ?IS IS A UTOPIAN DESID]ATUM1 AT LEA/ 9 ?OSE CORPORATIONS :]E ! LABOR FURNI%$ CANNOT BE PRECISELY MEASUR$1 AS IS ! CASE ) MANUAL LABOR4 ,/U>T ,MILL SAID ?AT FROM ! TOP TO ! BOTTOM ( ! SOCIAL LADD]S REMUN]ATION IS 9 9V]SE RATIO TO ! LABOR FURNI%$4 ,!RE IS D\BTLESS SOME EXAGG]ATION 9 ?IS WAY ( SEE+ ?+S1 BUT IT IS CONFIRM$ 9 ?OSE PR(ESSIONAL GR\PS :]E ! NATURE ( ! S]VICES R5D]$ PREV5TS MAT]IAL MEASUREM5T & P]MITS ESPRIT DE CORPS TO DEPLOY ITS OPPRESSIVE 9FLU5CE ON 9DIVIDUAL M]IT4 

,?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,TO SEEK ! 9DIVIDUAL'S MORAL CRIT]ION 9 ! CORPORATION W\LD MEAN GO+ AGA9/ ! M>* ( EVOLUTION1 :I* 9CREAS+LY MULTIPLIES SOCIAL CIRCLES >\ND ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS CONSEQU5TLY P]MITS HIM TO SIMULTANE\SLY TAKE P>T 9 A GREAT] NUMB] ( DIV]SE & 9DEP5D5T SOCIETIES ?AT (F] TO HIS S5SIBILITY1 HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 & HIS ACTIVITY AN EV] RI*] & MORE V>I\S N\RI%M5T4 0,HI/ORY MULTIPLIES ! NUMB] ( SOCIAL RELIGI\S1 9TELLECTUAL1 & COMM]CIAL CIRCLES TO :I* 9DIVIDUALS BELONG & RAISES !IR P]SONALITY ONLY ?R\< ! 9CREAS+ IMPLICATION ( !SE CIRCLES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !IR 7! 9DIVIDUAL'S7 OBLIGATION IS NO LONG] RELATIVELY SIMPLE1 CLE>1 & UNILAT]AL1 AS WAS ! CASE :5 ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS ONE ) SOCIETY4 ,! 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION ( SOCIAL ELEM5TS1 ! CORRESPOND+ DIFF]5TIATION ( PSY*OLOGICAL ELEM5TS 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS1 ALL ! LAWS ( ! P>ALLEL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETIES & 9DIVIDUALS1 SEEM TO AUGM5T RA!R ?AN TO DIM9I% ! NUMB] & IMPORTANCE ( MORAL CONFLICTS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HI/ORY 9CREASES ! NUMB] ( ! OBJECTS ( MORALITY1 IT R5D]S ! SUBJECTS MORE APPRECIABLE40 ,IT RESULTS FROM ?IS LAW ( PROGRESSIVE DIFF]5TIATION ?AT ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL - & CONSEQU5TLY HIS VALUE & MORAL CAPACITY - >E 9 DIRECT RATIO ) ! NUMB] & EXT5T ( ! SOCIAL CIRCLES 9 :I* HE P>TICIPATES4 ,! MORAL IDEAL IS NOT TO SUBORD9ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! MORAL CON=MISM ( A GR\P1 BUT TO REMOVE HIM FROM ! H]D SPIRIT1 TO P]MIT HIM TO DEPLOY HIMSELF 9 A MULTI-FACET$ ACTIVITY4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL1 :ILE HE IS 9 A C]TA9 S5SE A TISSUE ( G5]AL PROP]TIES1 CAN BE REG>D$ AS ! PO9T ( 9T]F]5CE ( A MORE OR LESS CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( SOCIAL CIRCLES :OSE MORAL 9FLU5CES REV]B]ATE )9 HIM4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS A H>MONI\S & LIV+ MONAD :OSE VITAL & H>MONI\S LAW IS TO MA9TA9 HIMSELF 9 A /ATE ( EQUILIBRIUM 9 ! MID/ ( A SY/EM ( 9T]F]+ SOCIAL =CES4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS FREE & PROGRESSIVE FL\RI%+ ( 9DIVIDUALITY ?AT ! TRUE MORAL IDEAL RESIDES4 ,!RE IS NO O!R4 ,=1 :ATEV] WE SAY OR DO1 ! 9DIVIDUAL REMA9S ! LIV+ S\RCE ( 5]GY & ! MEASURE ( ! IDEAL4 

,WE HAVE >RIV$ AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT CORPORATIVE MORALITY1 ! V]Y =M ( ! H]D SPIRIT1 IS A REGRESSIVE =M ( MORALITY4 ,MANY COMPLA91 FOLL[+ 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ,M4,B>RES1 ?AT WE >E ROOTLESS4 ,M,M4 ,DORN] & ,DURKHEIM 9VITE US TO TAKE ROOT 9 ! SOIL ( ! PR(ESSIONAL CORPORATION4 ,WE ASK IF ?IS ISN'T TOO N>R[ A T]RA9 = PLANTS ?AT WANT FREE AIR1 LI<T1 & ! BROAD HORIZONS ( A HUMAN MORALITY TO TAKE ROOT4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahih 3 ,ESPRIT DE ,CORPS -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#a1 #bb 3 ,ESPRIT DE ,CORPS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,ESPRIT DE ,CORPS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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