,P>T #b 
,EM]G5CE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,M>K ,BRAY 

,AU?OR 3 ,SCOTT ,NAPPOLAS 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T #b3 ,EM]G5CE 

,:AT IS ,EM]G5CE8 

,EM]G5CE IS A CONCEPT ORIG9ALLY DEVELOP$ 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY BY PHILOSOPH]S LOOK+ AT ! PROBLEMS ( LIFE & *ANGE4 ,TODAY1 ALT]ATIONS 9 \R UND]/&+ ( ! LIV+ & PHYSICAL WORLD >E SPREAD+ ITS USE ?R\<\T ! SCI5CES4 ,! SOCIAL WORLD1 BE+ A =MATION ( LIV+ ?+S1 ALSO EXHIBITS EM]G5CE1 & !ORIES ( EM]G5CE CAN HELP US UND]/& O!RWISE MY/]I\S SOCIAL PH5OM5A4 ,EM]G5CE GIVES US A TOOLBOX TO UND]/& & EXPLA9 COMPLEX PH5OM5ON ?R\< FAMILI> ?+S FROM DAILY LIFE LIKE CITIES1 BODIES1 & NATURAL PH5OM5A4 ,BECAUSE EM]G5CE IS A FEATURE ?AT IS FAMILI> & SURR\NDS US1 IT CAN BECOME A MEANS ( COMPREH5D+ & BETT] COMMUNICAT+ LIB]ATORY CRITIQUES & PROPOSALS4 

,E>LY !ORI/S ( EM]G5CE BEGAN WRIT+ AB\T ! SUBJECT 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,!Y CAME FROM ! ,U,K PRIM>ILY1 ?\< SOME ,U,S ?9K]S ALSO WROTE ON ! SUBJECT4.<#e#a.> ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL WAS P]HAPS ONE ( ! FIR/1 & ) IMPRESSIVE BREVITY & CL>ITY SET \T ! PROBLEM 9 HIS ,A ,SY/EM ( ,LOGIC 9 ! *APT] 0,ON ! ,COMPOSITION ( ,CAUSES40 ,MILL CAME TO EM]G5CE LOOK+ AT :AT HAPP5S :5 DIFF]5T =CES COMB9E4 ,9 MANY CASES1 CAUSES SIMPLY ADD4 ,9 O!R SITUATIONS1 ! ADDITION ( DIFF]5T CAUSES PRODUCES TOTALLY NOVEL QUALITIES ?AT >E NOT D]IV$ FROM ! M]E ADDITION ( !IR P>TS1 SU* AS 9 *EMICAL REACTIONS 9 :I* NEW SUB/ANCES >E =M$ OR :5 SUB/ANCES >E HEAT$ TO ! PO9T AT :I* !Y *ANGE /ATES ( MATT]4 ,AFT] EXPLOR+ V>I\S EXAMPLES 9 :I* ! COMB9ATION ( *EMICALS OR =CES PRODUCES NOVEL MAT]IALS1 REACTIONS1 OR PROP]TIES1 HE CONCLUDES3 

,AS A G5]AL RULE1 CAUSES 9 COMB9ATION PRODUCE EXACTLY ! SAME EFFECTS AS :5 ACT+ S+LY3 BUT ?AT ?IS RULE1 ?\< G5]AL1 IS NOT UNIV]SAL3 ?AT 9 SOME 9/ANCES1 AT SOME P>TICUL> PO9TS 9 ! TRANSITION FROM SEP>ATE TO UNIT$ ACTION1 ! LAWS *ANGE1 & AN 5TIRELY NEW SET ( EFFECTS >E EI!R ADD$ TO1 OR TAKE ! PLACE (1 ?OSE :I* >ISE FROM ! SEP>ATE AG5CY ( ! SAME CAUSES3 ! LAWS ( !SE NEW EFFECTS BE+ AGA9 SUSCEPTIBLE ( COMPOSITION1 TO AN 9DEF9ITE EXT5T1 LIKE ! LAWS :I* !Y SUP]S$$4.<#e#b.> 

,ANO!R E>LY !ORI/ ( EM]G5CE WAS ,G4,H4 ,LEWES1 A N9ETE5?-C5TURY PHILOSOPH]1 :O TRI$ TO UND]/& ! M9D & H[ ULTIMATELY ?\<TS CAN >ISE FROM ! PHYSICAL MATT] ( ! BRA94 ,HE DEF9ES EM]G5CE 9 T]MS ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! P>TS & ! :OLE1 & /RESSES ! DIFFICULTY R$UC+ ONE TO ! O!R3 

,EV]Y RESULTANT IS EI!R A SUM OR A DIFF]5CE ( ! CO-OP]ANT =CES2 !IR SUM1 :5 !IR DIRECTIONS >E ! SAME--!IR DIFF]5CE1 :5 !IR DIRECTIONS >E CONTR>Y4 ,FUR!R1 EV]Y RESULTANT IS CLE>LY TRACEABLE 9 ITS COMPON5TS1 BECAUSE !SE >E HOMOG5E\S & COMM5SURABLE4 ,IT IS O!RWISE ) EM]G5TS1 :51 9/EAD ( ADD+ MEASURABLE MOTION TO MEASURABLE MOTION1 OR ?+S ( ONE K9D TO O!R 9DIVIDUALS ( !IR K9D1 !RE IS A COOP]ATION ( ?+S ( UNLIKE K9DS4 ,! EM]G5T IS UNLIKE ITS COMPON5TS 9S(> AS !SE >E 9COMM5SURABLE1 & IT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO !IR SUM OR !IR DIFF]5CE4.<#e#c.> 

,NOTE ! PRES5CE ( TWO FRAM+S ( EM]G5CE H]E ?AT HAD ALREADY >IS5 9 ! DISCUSSION4 ,!RE >E ! WAYS 9 :I* \R M9DS >E CAPABLE ( COMPREH5D+ ! TRANS=MATION ( EM]G5T PROP]TIES FROM !IR P>TS1 & !RE IS ! TRANS=MATION ITSELF4 ,ONE WAY TO UND]/& ! NEWNESS OR NOVELTY ( EM]G5T ?+S 7OR ! MORE ?AN 9 ! 5D BE+ MORE ?AN ! SUM ( ITS P>TS7 IS TO LOOK AT ! ?+ ITSELF & ANO!R IS TO LOOK AT H[ WE COME TO KN[ IT4 

,!RE'S A GAP BETWE5 ! COMPLEX SY/EMS AS A :OLE ?AT PRODUCE EM]G5CE & \R EXP]I5CE ( \R WORLD AS ORGANIZ$1 PR$ICTABLE1 & DISC]NIBLE4 ,9 ?IS GAP1 WE SEE DIFF]5T LEVELS PRODUCE DIFF]5T RULES & ACTIVITIES4 ,MY ?\<TS >E NOT *EMICALS1 YET *EMICALS PRODUCE MY ?\<TS4 ,A S+LE ?\<T1 SU* AS ?9K+ ( A GOLDFI% FLOAT+ 9 A B[L1 IS CREAT$ BY ! EV5TS & SUB/ANCE ( ! BRA91 ! N]VES1 & ! :OLE ORGANISM ( ! HUMAN BE+ ?9K+ ! ?\<T4 ,YET R$UC+ ?AT ?\<T SIMPLY TO RELATION%IPS BETWE5 SODIUM1 POTASSIUM1 & *LORIDE 9 NEURONS1 = EXAMPLE1 7IF ?AT W]E POSSIBLE7 DOES NOT DESCRIBE ! ?\<T ITSELF4 ,! ?\<T HAS DIFF]5T PROP]TIES ?AN ITS CON/ITUTIVE COMPON5TS4 ,!RE'S A TRANS=MATION ?AT OCCURS ?AT PRODUCES ?9K+ \T ( MAT]IAL & *EMICAL COMPON5TS4 ,! ATOMIC LEVEL IS DI/9CT FROM ?AT ( ?\<TS4 ,BUT :]E IS ! GAP8 ,IS IT 9 ! ?9K+8 ,9 ! SUB/ANCE8 ,:AT >E ! NEW ?+S ?AT EM]GE \T ( !IR P>TS1 YET DO NOT RESEMBLE OR WORK LIKE ! P>5TS ?AT GAVE BIR? TO !M8 

,)9 EM]G5TI/ ?\<T !RE HAS BE5 A V>IETY ( POSITIONS4 ,SOME PHILOSOPH]S HAVE 9TRODUC$ A DI/9CTION ?AT CLASSIFIES DIFF]5T !ORIES AS /RONG OR WEAK EM]G5CE4 ,/RONG EM]G5CE 9VOLVES COMMITM5TS TO FUNDAM5TALLY NEW ?+S EM]G+ \T ( UNLIKE ?+S1 SOME?+ FROM NO?+ 9 A S5SE4 ,= SOME?+ TO BE /RONGLY EM]G5T1 IT ISN'T JU/ ?AT WE HAVE TR\BLE UND]/&+ H[ ! EM]G5T ?+_/PROP]TY_/BEHAVIOR >OSE \T ( ITS PRODUC+ ELEM5TS1 BUT ALSO ?AT IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO R$UCE IT TO ITS P>TS4 ,P]HAPS C\NT]9TUITIVELY !Y /ILL HAVE ! P[] TO CAUSALLY AFFECT L[] LEVELS DESPITE BE+ FUNDAM5TALLY DI/9CT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WEAK EM]G5CE IS DESCRIB$ 9 T]MS ( ! MODELS WE USE TO UND]/& EM]G5T PH5OM5A1 & ! NATURE ( \R ABILITY TO FOLL[ SU* PROCESSES4.<#e#d.> ,WEAK EM]G5CE IS A QUE/ION ( KN[L$GE OR EPI/EMOLOGY1 & /RONG EM]G5CE IS A QUE/ION ( ! NATURE ( EM]G5T ?+S !MSELVES OR METAPHYSICS4 ,DIFF]5T PHILOSOPH]S ( EM]G5CE C>VE \T DIFF]5T T]RA9 BAS$ ON H[ !Y DEF9E /RONG V]SUS WEAK EM]G5CE & :E!R !Y BELIEVE 9 ONE OR BO?4 ,SOME >E COMMITT$ ONLY TO WEAK OR /RONG2 O!RS >GUE NOT ONLY = WEAK EM]G5CE1 BUT ALSO = /RONG EM]G5CE :ILE CONNECT+ IT TO PHYSICAL CAUSES ?AT SEEK TO ELIM9ATE ! ALLEG$ MY/]Y4.<#e#e.> 

,A DIFF]5T POSITION >GUES ?AT !SE TWO PH5OM5A >E NOT 9COMPATIBLE4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE = FUNDAM5TALLY NEW ?+S TO EM]GE FROM UNLIKE COMPON5TS 9 A WAY ?AT IS /ILL :OLLY DET]M9$ BY A *A9 ( CAUSES4 ,! ISSUE H+ES ON R$UCIBILITY4 ,DOES ! M9D R$UCE TO *EMICAL 9T]ACTIONS OR NOT8 ,ULTIMATELY CAN WE FOLL[ ! PA? DIRECTLY FROM *EMICAL 9T]ACTIONS TO ?\<TS8 ,WEAK EM]G5TI/S >GUE ?AT1 YES1 WE C\LD2 WE JU/ DON'T HAVE ! COGNITIVE ABILITY TO TRACE IT 7EXCEPT P]HAPS BY MODEL+ >TIFICIAL LIFE ?AT C\LD %[ US SU* PA?S74.<#e#f.> ,/RONG EM]G5TI/S SAY EMPHATICALLY NO2 ! M9D IS PRODUC$ BY *EMICALS1 BUT !RE IS A LEAP :5 ! M9D IS CREAT$ ?AT IS OBJECTIVELY NEW & IRR$UCIBLE4.<#e#g.> ,A ?IRD POSITION >GUES ?AT !RE >E DIFF]5T ACTIVITIES :5 LOOK+ AT CAUSES & EFFECTS & :5 COMP>+ ! QUALITIES & ORD] ( ?+S AT DIFF]5T LEVELS4 

,CORN+1 = 9/ANCE1 TRIES TO CONNECT EM]G5CE TO BROAD] SYN]GI/IC EFFECTS ( COMB9ATIONS ( ?+S ?R\<\T ! WORLD4.<#e#h.> ,! SYN]GY ( COMB9ATIONS PRES5TS NEW USEFUL ELEM5TS NOT PRES5T 9 ! CON/ITUT+ COMPON5TS1 & ?IS IS TRUE :E!R OR NOT !RE >E ANY CREATURES TO USE OR UND]/& !M4 ,! NOVELTY IS OBJECTIVE 7?AT IS1 IT EXI/S \TSIDE \R M9DS OR CAPABILITY ( KN[+ ?+S74 ,SU* PROP]TIES >E MEASURABLE & OBS]VABLE1 & YET !Y >E /ILL MADE UP ( & CREAT$ BY MORE FUNDAM5TAL CAUSES4 ,! ?IRD VIEW 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R MAKES REF]5CE TO DIFF]5T CONCEPTUAL MODES BETWE5 CAUSAL EXPLANATIONS 7FOLL[+ *A9S ( CAUSES & EV5TS7 & UND]/&+ NOVELTY AT DIFF]5T LEVELS *>ACT]IZ$ BY EM]G5CE4 ,IT 9VOLVES BO? LIMITS ON KN[L$GE BAS$ ON \R M9DS & FUNDAM5TALLY NEW PHYSICAL PROP]TIES ?AT EM]GE4 

,:]EV] ONE /&S 9 ! DEBATE1 ITS SUFFICI5T TO NOTE ! LIMITATIONS ( \R M9DS TO FOLL[ SU* *ANGES & ! NOVELTY ( ! PROP]TIES CREAT$ = ! PURPOSES ( ! >GUM5TS H]E4 ,BECAUSE ( ! WAY ?AT EM]G5CE HAPP5S1 !RE IS A DIVISION BETWE5 REALITY & \R EXP]I5CE ( IT4 

,9 ONE S5SE ?IS IS OBVI\S4 ,WE CAN'T SEE ! MICROSCOPIC WORLD ) \R EYES4 ,>TIFICIAL TOOLS >E NECESS>Y TO EXP]I5CE OR EV5 MODEL ! HEAV5S ABOVE & ! WORLDS BEL[4 ,:ILE MY ?\<TS EVOLVE FROM 9T]ACTIONS ( *EMICALS1 IT ISN'T NECESS>ILY ! CASE ?AT WE C\LD EV] TRACE AN 9DIVIDUAL ?\<T TO P>TICUL> *EMICAL REACTIONS4 ,IT IS LIKELY ! CASE ?AT CAUSAL *A9S >E SUFFICI5TLY COMPLEX ?AT WE CAN'T FOLL[ H[ IT EVOLVES 9 P>TICUL> 9/ANCES4 

,!RE'S NO GOOD WAY TO LOOK AT ! POPUL> REVOLT 9 ,HUNG>Y 9 #a#i#e#f1 = EXAMPLE1 & EXPLA9 EXACTLY H[ P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUALS PHYSICALLY & *EMICALLY CAME TO ! DECISION TO TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,BUT !Y DID SO = REASONS ?AT >E BUILT \T ( ?AT SAME PHYSICAL /UFF ON SOME LEVEL4 ,EV]Y?+ EM]G5T IS MADE ( MATT]4 ,H[EV]1 :5 Y\ PUT IT ALL TOGE!R1 IT'S SUFFICI5TLY COMPLICAT$ ?AT = ANY ONE 9/ANCE WE CAN'T SAY EXACTLY H[ IT OCCURR$ 7EXCEPT BY L>G] TR5DS1 G5]AL RULES1 MODELS1 & SO ON74 

,:5 ,I RAISE A GLASS TO MY LIPS1 NO SCI5TIFIC ACC\NT YET CAN TRACE ALL ! PHYSICAL & *EMICAL REACTIONS TO PRODUCE AN ACC\NT ( MY H& RIS+4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 EV5 ) SU* A LI/1 WE W\LDN'T LE>N V]Y MU* AB\T ?AT ACT1 SOMEONE RAIS+ AN >M4 ,!RE IS !RE=E A DIVISION BETWE5 \R KN[L$GE & ! REALITY ( LIV+ SY/EMS & EV5TS !RE94 ,?IS CREATES A LIMITATION 9 \R KN[L$GE & ABILITY TO =ESEE H[ P>TICUL> EV5TS MAY UNFOLD BO? = UPCOM+ EV5TS & \R 9FLU5CE ON !M4 ,WE MAY NEV] KN[ 9 ANY EXACT S5SE :AT CAUSES A P>TICUL> PROTE/1 NOR H[ \R ACTIONS WILL AFFECT ! DEVELOPM5T OR DEA? ( SOCIAL *ANGES4 

,LIKEWISE1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! TA/E ( SALT1 ! %APE ( ITS =MATIONS 9 ! E>?1 ! %9E ( ITS FLATS AGA9/ ! SUN1 & O!R SU* EM]G5T PROP]TIES ( SODIUM *LORIDE >E ALL DI/9CT 9 SOME S5SE FROM ! *EMICAL & PHYSICAL =CES ?AT MAKE IT SO4 ,!RE >E ! =CES !MSELVES & !N ! QUALITIES ( ?OSE =CES 9 ! WORLD4 ,PHYSICAL ?+S CORRESPOND TO !SE =CES & QUALITIES1 & LIV+ ?+S AS WELL4 ,REACTIONS OCCUR TO ! USES ?+S >E PUT TO1 TO !IR PH5OM5AL EXP]I5CE1 & TO !IR ROLE )9 ! ACTIONS ( LIV+ ORGANISMS4 ,!RE IS A PRACTICAL LEVEL ( EXPLANATION H]E ?AT IS DI/9CT FROM L[] ONES1 & IS NOT ID5TICAL TO H[ WE EXPLA9 IT4 ,! FUNCTION+ AT ONE LEVEL IS DIFF]5T FROM ?AT AT ANO!R4 ,SALT 9 MY BODY IS ON ANO!R PLANE 9 SOME WAY FROM ! ELECTRONS & NEUTRONS ?AT MAKE IT UP4.<#e#i.> 

,EM]G5CE ISN'T MAGIC2 SOME?+ DOES NOT COME FROM NO?+4 ,NOR IS IT R&OM OR DISORGANIZ$4 ,EM]G5CE IS SY/EMATIC4 ,C]TA9 PROP]TIES ( SY/EMS PRODUCE EM]G5T ?+S 9 DISCREET PROCESSES4 ,! SCI5CE ( EM]G5CE IS TO UND]/& & MODEL ! FUNCTION+ ( SU* SY/EMS1 & EXPLA9 ! PROCESSES & RULES GOV]N+ EM]G5CE4 ,ANY DEEP] UND]/&+ ( ! WAY ?AT ?+S EM]GE TAKES US 9TO ! T]RITORY ( COMPLEXITY--SY/EMS ?AT EXHIBIT V]Y UNIQUE PROP]TIES 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,! ,MY/]Y ( ,POLITICAL ,EV5TS3 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,EM]G5CE 

,ACTION IS AT ! C5T] ( SOCIAL ?\<T1 P>TICUL>LY :5 VIEW$ ?R\< AN E?ICAL OR POLITICAL L5S4 ,WE APPROA* ! WORLD AS BE+S ?AT FEEL1 P]CEIVE1 WEI<1 DECIDE1 & *OSE C\RSES ( ACTION4 ,LIKEWISE1 ?+S BEYOND \R *OOS+ ACT UPON US4 ,SOCIETY IS BUILT FROM A MULTIPLICITY ( 9T]WOV5 =CES1 EV5TS1 CAUSES1 & RESPONSES4 ,FAC$ ) ?IS1 WE *OOSE H[ TO ACT :ILE LIMIT$ BY \R OBJECTIVE SITUATION4 ,9 A MESSY WORLD ) LIMIT$ POSSIBILITIES1 QUE/IONS AB\T H[ TO PROCE$ E?ICALLY & BR+ AB\T ! BE/ \TCOMES P]PETUALLY >ISE4 

,)9 ! POLITICAL REALM1 A NUMB] ( CASES >E TR\BL+4 ,= 9/ANCE1 MANY MOVEM5TS = HUMAN LIB]ATION CONTRIBUTE TO CATA/ROPHIC DISA/]S &1 WORSE1 5D UP SETT+ BACK FRE$OM & WELLBE+ = DECADES4 ,AS DISCUSS$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]1 /RUGGLES AGA9/ HI]>*Y CAN PRODUCE NEW HI]>*IES2 LIB]T>IAN ME?ODS CAN PRODUCE AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES4 ,MANY ( ! #b? C5TURY'S REVOLUTIONS 7AT C]TA9 PO9TS 9 !IR TRAJECTORIES7 SEEM TO HAVE HAD ?IS *>ACT]4 ,:OLE SECTIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T HELP$ MOBILIZE ,EUROPE = ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> & POPUL> REVOLTS CONTRIBUT$ TO CREAT+ ! REPRESSIVE WORLD ( ! (FICIAL ,M>XI/-,L59I/ C\NTRIES 7,RUSSIA1 ,*9A1 ,VIETNAM1 ,CUBA1 & SO ON7 ?AT /RANGL$ !IR PEOPLES = NE>LY A C5TURY 7& A FEW /ILL CONT9UE TO DO SO TODAY74 ,OPPRESSIVE HI]>*IES & 9JU/ICES REPEAT$LY EM]GE FROM O!RWISE LIB]ATORY & NON-HI]>*ICAL EF=TS4 

,9DE$1 MANY DRAMATIC POLITICAL EV5TS APPE> TO HAVE COME \T ( NO:]E1 EV5 :5 WE KN[ !Y DO NOT4 ,RIOTS1 REVOLUTIONS1 CRISES1 & C\PS >E CLE>LY ! PRODUCT ( C\NTLESS ACTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,BUT :5 !Y OCCUR1 !Y (T5 DON'T SEEM ?AT WAY4 ,! S+UL>ITY ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS1 !IR APP>5T UNIQU5ESS1 CAN MAKE ! ACTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS APPE> /RANGE & ALMO/ MAGICAL4 ,?IS IS MORE ACUTE ) DRAMATIC EV5TS1 BUT EQUALLY PRES5T 9 \R DAILY LIVES & SOCIAL EXI/5CE4 ,FROM ! P]SPECTIVES ( PEOPLE COMMITT$ TO *ANG+ SOCIETY1 SU* QU&>IES >E EV5 MORE TR\BL+4 ,ACTIONS HAVE =CE2 !Y *ANGE ?+S4 ,YET IT IS NE>LY IMPOSSIBLE TO TRACE ! =CE ( ?OSE ACTS 9 PRACTICE4 ,HI/ORY ROLLS ALONG EI!R 9 SPITE ( \R ACTIONS OR DISPROPORTIONATELY EXPLODES BECAUSE ( !M4 

,IT IS H]E ?AT ! /RUCTURE ( ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL DISPUTES GETS LAID4 ,!RE IS A GULF BETWE5 BEHAVIOR ON A GROSS SOCIAL LEVEL 7) ASSOCIAT$ =CES1 /RUCTURES1 P[]S1 & 5TITIES7 & ! ACTIONS ( AG5TS )9 ?OSE SY/EMS4 ,\R EXP]I5CES & IDEAS AB\T H[ \R ACTIONS AFFECT ! WORLD SEEM TO DEP>T FROM H[ POLITICAL EV5TS (T5 UNFOLD & RESPOND TO \R ACTIONS4 ,/RANGELY1 POLITICAL ?\<T HAS (T5 BE5 ONLY GLANC+1 OR WORSE SIL5T1 ON !SE ISSUES4 

,!RE'S A GAP ?AT NE$S TO BE FLE%$ \T4 ,! WORLD ( AG5TS IS CONNECT$ PHYSICALLY & CONCEPTUALLY TO ! WORLD ( SOCIAL =CES4 ,YET H[8 ,:]E DO ! REASON+1 PROBLEMS1 & 9T]V5TIONS ( PEOPLE COME 9TO CONTACT & SEP>ATE FROM1 OR :]E >E !Y EV5 BORN )9 ?OSE L>GE SCALE SOCIAL =CES ?AT >E SO EVID5T 9 \R LIVES8 ,SU* A GAP LIES B5EA? POLITICAL !ORY 9 ITS PHILOSOPHICAL & META!ORETICAL GR\ND+S--! /RUCTURES UPON :I* ALL ( \R SOCIAL ?9K+ RE/S4 ,?IS PROBLEM1 CONNECT+ ! WORLDS ( AG5CY & EM]G5T SOCIAL =CES1 IS A POLITICAL QUE/ION BECAUSE IT SPEAKS TO ! ATTEMPTS ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS TO F9D WAYS TO ALT] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY ?R\< !IR ACTIONS4 ,LOOK+ AT IT ANO!R WAY1 IT IS SIMPLY TO EXPLORE H[ \R ACTIONS CAN POSITIVELY AFFECT EF=TS T[>DS A LIB]ATORY SOCIETY GIV5 ! IMM5SE & UNPR$ICTABLE P[]S ?AT SEEM BEYOND \R GRASP & DEFY PR$ICTION4 

,H[ DOES A RIOT HAPP58 ,OR H[ DID ! F9ANCIAL CRISIS :I* BEGAN AT ! 5D ( ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! MILL5NIUM COME TO BE8 ,:AT REALITY IS !RE BEH9D ! MY?OLOGY ( ! ,GREAT ,M5 ( HI/ORY8 ,DID A SMALL H&FUL ( >M$ GU]RILLAS 9 ! M\NTA9S REALLY OV]TAKE ,CUBA8 ,DID ,HITL] CONQU] ,G]MANY8 ,H[ WAS ,RUSSIA BR\<T UND] ! TYRANNY ( ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY8 ,HI]>*Y EM]G+ FROM NON-HI]>*Y1 APP>5TLY SPONTANE\S EV5TS1 DISPROPORTIONATE 9FLU5CES ( ACTIONS ON ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 ! IMPOSSIBLY COMPLEX P+-PONG+ ( 9DIVIDUALS' ACTIONS 9 CREAT+ RIOTS & REVOLTS1 & P[] :I* TAKES ON A LIFE ( ITS [N1 !SE PH5OM5A NE$ EXPLANATIONS & 9T]V5TIONS4 ,IF WE W]E ABLE TO CONNECT SOCIETAL FUNCTION+ TO ! WORLD ( ACTORS SY/EMATICALLY1 A F\NDATION C\LD BE CON/RUCT$ TO APPROA* !SE PROBLEMS4 ,9 \R NEW C5TURY SU* ISSUES HAVE BECOME TOO PRES5T TO NOT TAKE UP 9 LI<T ( ! EV5TS ( ,EGYPT1 ,TUNISIA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & ,OCCUPY1 ! DISRUPTIONS 9 ,*9A & ,9DIA1 OR EV5 WORK] UNRE/ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,EA* MON? ! POLITICAL L&SCAPE %IFTS1 REVEAL+ SL[LY A *ANG+ WORLD & UNFAMILI> 5VIRONM5T = ?OSE :O SEEK ! TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 

,?IS S]IES ( PROBLEMS IS CONNECT$ BY KEY *>ACT]I/ICS & RELATION%IPS4 ,! EV5TS >E MORE ?AN ! SUM ( !IR P>TS4 ,NEW ?+S APPE> ?AT DO NOT %>E ! TRAITS ( ! ACTIONS1 P>TS1 & /RUCTURES ?AT PRODUC$ !M4 ,IT IS ?IS COM+ \T FROM ?AT WILL TAKE UP ! C\RSE ( ?IS WORK & LEAD US ?R\< BIOLOGY1 P[]1 AG5CY1 & COGNITION4 ,?IS IS ! PROBLEM ( EM]G5CE4 

,LIV+ ,SY/EMS 

,EM]G5CE IS A PRODUCT ( SY/EMS ?AT EXHIBIT =MS ( COMPLEXITY4 ,9 FACT1 ONE DEF9ITION ( COMPLEX SY/EMS IS ?AT !Y >E SY/EMS 9 :I* AG5TS OR ELEM5TS 9T]ACT 9 A WAY ?AT PRODUCES EM]G5CE4 ,COMPLEXITY ITSELF1 & ! SY/EMS ?AT EXHIBIT IT1 W\LD REQUIRE A :OLE BOOK = FULL EXPLORATION4 ,9/EAD1 WE WILL LOOK AT :AT SOME ( ! NOTABLE FEATURES ( COMPLEX SY/EMS >E1 & SPECIFICALLY ?OSE ?AT CONTRIBUTE TO \R UND]/&+ ( AG5CY & EV5TS 9 ! POLITICAL WORLD ( SOCIETIES4 ,SU* SY/EMS EXI/ 9 A RANGE ( DOMA9S3 RAW PHYSICAL =CES1 A/RONOMY1 BIOLOGY1 & PSY*OLOGICAL1 *EMICAL1 & SOCIAL SY/EMS4 ,WE F9D EM]G5T BEHAVIOR 9 ! 9T]ACTION ( =CES )9 SUBATOMIC P>TICLES1 L>GE SCALE 9T]ACTIONS ( PLANET>Y SY/EMS & GALAXIES2 WE ALSO F9D EM]G5T =CES )9 WEA!R LIKE HURRICANES1 GEOLOGIC PH5OM5A LIKE E>?QUAKES1 & SO ON4 ,NON-LIV+ NON-RATIONAL SY/EMS CAN PRODUCE EM]G5T =CES AS REAL AS ! FURY ( A TORNADO1 & \T ( *AOS PRODUCE RELIABLE ORD]LY L>GE-SCALE EM]G5T EV5TS4 

,IF WE LOOK AHEAD TO ! EXPLORATION ( SOCIAL EM]G5CE1 ! TREATM5T ( !SE NON-LIV+ SY/EMS WILL BE LIMIT$4 ,?\< !Y >E NO LESS EXAMPLES ( EM]G5CE & !RE IS A GREAT DEAL TO LE>N FROM !RE1 ! PRIM>Y TASK WILL BE UND]/&+ ! LIV+ SY/EMS ?AT PRODUCE EM]G5CE4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE LIV+ SY/EMS >E MO/ CLOSELY L9K$ TO SOCIAL SY/EMS TO ! PO9T ?AT ONE C\LD REASONABLY ASK :E!R A DI/9CTION BETWE5 LIV+ & SOCIAL SY/EMS IS EV5 WOR?:ILE4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY AS POLITICS AG5TS1 WE HAVE A SETT+ (F PO9T )9 ! LIV+ WORLD4 ,\R P]SPECTIVE & FRAMEWORK D]IVE FROM SU* SY/EMS1 & IT IS ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?OSE SY/EMS ?AT GIVE US ! TOOLS TO GA9 DEEP] 9SI<TS 9TO ! POLITICS ( EM]G5CE4 

,A ,LIV+ ,WORLD 

,WE 9HABIT A LIV+ BIOLOGICAL WORLD4 ,\R BODIES1 5VIRONM5T1 SOCIAL WORLD1 & CITIES ALL EXI/ & EVOLVE EI!R AS OR BECAUSE ( LIV+ ORGANISMS4 ,!RE'S SOME?+ SPECIAL AB\T ! WAY LIV+ ?+S WORK4 ,LIV+ ORGANISMS & SY/EMS *ANGE & DEVELOP NEW CAPABILITIES OV] TIME 7EVOLUTION & ADAPTATION74 ,?R\< ! M>* ( TIME1 LIFE TAKES ON NEW PROP]TIES TO SURVIVE & ADAPT TO ITS 5VIRONM5T4 ,\R PLANET HAS SOME AMAZ+ EXAMPLES ( ?IS LIKE BACT]IA ?AT DEVELOP$ TO LIVE )9 VOLCANOES OR ?AT SURVIVE )9 NUCLE> WA/E1 OR EV5 ! COCONUT PALM1 :I* DEVELOP$ ! ABILITY TO TRAVEL ACROSS ! SEAS ) ITS SE$S TO F9D NEW %ORES TO GR[ UPON4 ,LIV+ ?+S & SY/EMS >E ABLE TO RESPOND TO & CREATE NEW SITUATIONS BAS$ ON !IR 5VIRONM5T & NEI<BOR+ LIFE4 ,TREES %$ LEAVES TO SURVIVE ! W9T]2 PEOPLE GA9 IMMUNITY TO DISEASES ?R\< EXPOSURE2 & /REAMS ( TRAFFIC KEEP MOV+ >\ND ACCID5TS ?AT BLOCK !IR C\RSE4 

,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 LIV+ ?+S >E EM]G5T4 ,NEW PROP]TIES EM]GE \T ( ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR P>TS 7ORGANS1 CELLS1 & UNITS74 ,9 A BASIC S5SE1 A LIV+ ADAPT+ ORGANISM IS ! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE ( EM]G5CE4 ,\T ( C\NTLESS *EMICAL_/PHYSICAL EV5TS & REACTIONS1 A MORE HI<LY ORGANIZ$ 5TITY EM]GES--LIFE4 ,LIFE CON/RUCTS L>G] /RUCTURES ?\<2 ORGANISMS JO9 TOGE!R2 !Y /RUGGLE1 CO-EVOLVE1 =M ECOSY/EMS1 MAKE W>1 & COOP]ATE4 ,LIFE SEL=GANIZES =E/S1 CITIES1 & \R :OLE PLANET4 ,LIV+ ORGANISMS >E SY/EMS1 BUT !Y ALSO BUILD L>G] SCALE SY/EMS ?R\< !IR ACTIONS4 ,! WORLD ITSELF AS WE EXP]I5CE IT IS AN EM]G5T PRODUCT ( ! 9T]ACTION ( C\NTLESS LIV+ ORGANISMS B\ND TOGE!R 9 VA/ NETWORKS ( SY/EMS4 

,! CONNECTION BETWE5 BIOLOGY & EM]G5CE TRACES BACK TO AT LEA/ TO ,D>W91 :O PROPOS$ A PROCESS ( NATURAL SELECTION 9 :I* TRAITS W]E 7SOMEH[7 PROMOT$ OR 9HIBIT$ ACROSS TIME1 :I* L$ TO ADAPTATIONS TO 9CREASE SURVIVAL OR ! FL\RI%+ ( A SPECIES4 ,IT'S EASY TO MISUND]/& H[ ?IS WORKS 9 PRACTICE4 ,D>W9 DID NOT MEAN TO IMPLY ?AT ?IS PR9CIPLE APPLI$ TO 9DIVIDUALS P] SE4 ,GIV5 ! COMPLEXITY ( BIOLOGICAL SY/EMS1 MANY LIV+ ?+S MAY HAPP5 TO SURVIVE :ILE O!RS MORE ADAPT$ TO SURVIVAL CAN DIE4 ,D>W9 WROTE3 

,IT MAY BE WELL H]E TO REM>K ?AT ) ALL BE+S !RE MU/ BE MU* =TUIT\S DE/RUCTION1 :I* CAN HAVE LITTLE OR NO 9FLU5CE ON ! C\RSE ( NATURAL SELECTION4 ,= 9/ANCE1 A VA/ NUMB] ( EGGS OR SE$S >E ANNUALLY DEV\R$1 & !SE C\LD BE MODIFI$ ?R\< NATURAL SELECTION ONLY IF !Y V>I$ 9 SOME MANN] :I* PROTECT$ !M FROM !IR 5EMIES4 ,YET MANY ( !SE EGGS OR SE$S W\LD P]HAPS1 IF NOT DE/ROY$1 HAVE YIELD$ 9DIVIDUALS BETT] ADAPT$ TO !IR CONDITIONS ( LIFE ?AN ANY ( ?OSE :I* HAPP5$ TO SURVIVE4 ,SO AGA9 A VA/ NUMB] ( MATURE ANIMALS & PLANTS1 :E!R OR NOT !Y BE ! BE/ ADAPT$ TO !IR CONDITIONS1 MU/ BE ANNUALLY DE/ROY$ BY ACCID5TAL CAUSES1 :I* W\LD NOT BE 9 ! LEA/ DEGREE MITIGAT$ BY C]TA9 *ANGES ( /RUCTURE OR CON/ITUTION :I* W\LD 9 O!R WAYS BE B5EFICIAL TO ! SPECIES4.<#f.> 

,IT IS ONLY :5 WE LOOK AT BROAD] /ATI/ICAL TR5DS ?AT ! EVOLUTION ( ! SPECIES CAN BE SAID TO TAKE PLACE4.<#f#a.> ,)9 ! LIVES ( P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUALS1 A NUMB] ( O!R FACTORS 7BE+ 9 ! RI<T TIME OR ! RI<T PLACE = 9/ANCE7 MAY 5D UP DET]M9+ !IR P]SONAL CIRCUM/ANCES ( SURVIVAL1 HEAL?1 & PROLIF]ATION4 ,AT A HI<] LEVEL ( BIOLOGIC ORGANIZATION & OV] TIME1 PATT]NS ( EM]G5T BIOLOGICAL ORD]S EVOLVE4 

,FROM ! ,BIOLOGICAL ,WORLD TO ,EM]G5CE 

,TO UND]/& A LIV+ SY/EMS APPROA* TO ANY?+ SOCIAL 7LET ALONE /RUGGLES & MOVEM5TS71 WE MU/ FIR/ UND]/& ! NATURE & FUNCTION+ ( SU* SY/EMS4 ,FIR/1 ?OSE ?+S >E LIV+ OR HAVE LIFE1 & SECOND !Y EXI/ 9 SY/EMS4 ,A DEF9ITION ( LIFE ITSELF IS A WELL-WORN PHILOSOPHICAL BATTLEGR\ND4 ,:ATEV] IT IS ?AT MAKES SOME?+ ALIVE V]SUS 9ANIMATE1 LIV+ ?+S >E MORE ?AN A LI/ ( !IR *EMICAL FACTS4 ,!Y >E HI<]-LEVEL ORGANIZATIONS ( *EMICAL COMPON5TS ?AT EXHIBIT ALL ! ?+S WE KN[ LIV+ ?+S TO DO4.<#f#b.> ,DEF9+ A SY/EM IS EQUALLY TREA*]\S & W\LD REPRES5T ANO!R DET\R FROM \R ROAD4 ,R\<LY1 LIV+ SY/EMS >E ORGANIZ$2 !Y HAVE ?+S 7LIV+ & NON-LIV+7 9 9T]CONNECT$ RELATION%IPS2 & !Y HAVE PROP]TIES & BEHAVIOR SPECIFIC TO !IR >RANGEM5T4 ,AP>T FROM ! PHILOSOPHICAL & SCI5TIFIC J>GON1 LIV+ SY/EMS >E ORGANIZ$ GR\P+S ( A P>TICUL> K9D4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ DISCUSSION1 WE'LL GET A S5SE ( ! TYPES ( ?+S ?AT LIV+ SY/EMS DO1 & 9 ! PROCESS BETT] UND]/& LIFE & SY/EMS4 

,ONE ( ! HALLM>KS ( \R EXP]I5CE AS HUMANS IS ?AT \R WORLD IS ORD]$1 ORGANIZ$ 9TO LEVELS4 ,?IS IS TO SAY ?AT BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL REALITY ISN'T FLAT LIKE A PLATE :]E EV]Y?+ IS LAID \T NEXT TO EA* O!R4 ,9/EAD !RE >E WORLDS ( ATOMS1 WORLDS ( *EMICALS1 WORLDS ( CELLS1 CREATURES1 ECO-SY/EMS1 & GALAXIES4 ,!RE IS ! LEVEL ( ! CREATURES & PLANTS 9 AN >EA1 & !N ! LEVEL ( ! =E/ ITSELF4 ,!RE IS \R SETTLEM5T1 & !N ! M\NTA9 RANGE WE LIVE 94 ,! BODY HAS ORGANS4 ,)9 ORGANS >E CELLS1 ORGANELLES1 5ZYMES1 *EMICALS1 & SO ON4 ,SOCIETY HAS 9DIVIDUALS1 GR\PS1 =MATIONS1 /RUCTURES1 ETC4 ,AS TIME ROLLS ON1 ! LEVELS *ANGE & AFFECT ONE ANO!R2 NEW LEVELS EM]GE & O!RS CRUMBLE4 ,! WORLD ( LIV+ SY/EMS IS ! WORLD ( ORGANISMS1 BODIES1 M9DS1 ECOSY/EMS1 BIOREGIONS1 & SOCIETIES4 

,:AT HAPP5S AT DIFF]5T LEVELS IS ORGANIZ$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,D,N,A IS ! HALLM>K ( LIFE AS WE KN[ IT4 ,BIOLOGI/S N[ HAVE SOPHI/ICAT$ KN[L$GE ( H[ ,D,N,A IS TRANSCRIB$ & REPLICAT$1 & H[ IT PRODUCES PROTE9S )9 ! CELLS ?AT MAKE MO/ ( ! BEHAVIOR ( LIV+ ORGANISMS POSSIBLE4 ,:5 WE TALK AB\T CELLS1 WE CAN TALK AB\T ! ORD] ( ,D,N,A1 PROTE9S1 MEMBRANES1 & SO ON4 ,!RE >E RULES ( H[ ,D,N,A FUNCTIONS 9 CELLS1 H[ CELLS WORK1 ! ROLE ( ! SPECIFIC 5ZYMES OR PROTE9S1 & SO ON4 ,!SE RULES & BEHAVIORS >E CONSI/5T1 REGULAT$1 & PR$ICTABLE4 ,BUT !SE >E NOT ID5TICAL UNIV]SAL RULES ?AT APPLY WILLY-NILLY EV]Y:]E AT ALL LEVELS & AT ANY TIME4 ,?\< MY >M RUNS ON ! P[] ( ,D,N,A1 WE HAVE DIFF]5T CONCEPTS & ORD] = MY >M ?AN = ONE CELL 9 MY >M4 ,WE C\LD LOOK AT ,D,N,A =EV]1 BUT IT W\LD NOT TELL Y\ AB\T :Y DANC]S MOVE ! WAY !Y DO4 ,DANCE IS MADE POSSIBLE BY ! ACTIVITY ( ,D,N,A1 YET ,D,N,A'S ORGANIZATION & ?AT ( DANC+ >E DIFF]5T4 ,! RULES 9 EA* DOMA9 >E DI/9CT4 

,A ,S+LE ,SP>K ,CAN ,LI<T A ,PRAIRIE ,FIRE 

,HI<] LEVELS >E G5]AT$ BY L[] LEVELS1 & YET ! PA? IS NOT EVID5T4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ! 9DIVIDUAL PIECES >E H>D TO SEP>ATE1 & BECAUSE ( ! COMPLEXITY ( 9T]ACTIONS AMONG ! PIECES4 ,H[ DO ALL ! CELLS 9 ! >M ( A DANC] ADD UP TO A GRACEFUL OR CLUMSY MANEUV]8 ,FE$BACK IS AN 9TEGRAL CONCEPT TO UND]/&+ LIV+ SY/EMS4 ,?+S DON'T HAPP5 9 ISOLATION 9 BODIES1 ECOSY/EMS1 SOCIETIES1 OR WORLDS4 ,!Y OCCUR 9 ! CONTEXT ( 9F9ITE O!R ACT+ 5TITIES ?AT >E ALL RESPOND+ TO ! *ANGES >\ND !M4 

,= EXAMPLE1 = EV]Y *EMICAL REACTION 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL CELL1 NE>LY EV]Y O!R CELL RESPONDS 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R ?R\< HORMONES1 9T]CELLUL> SIGNAL+1 CONSUMPTION & G5]ATION ( 5]GY1 & SO ON4 ,TAKE OXYG54 ,CELLS USE OXYG5 9 !IR BASIC FUNCTION+4 ,CELLS USE UP OXYG5 9 MAK+ 5]GY1 & PRODUCE C>BON DIOXIDE AS A BYPRODUCT4 ,OXYG5 IS BREA!D 92 C>BON DIOXIDE IS BREA!D \T4 ,OXYG5 & C>BON DIOXIDE CAN BUILD UP 9 ! BLOOD/REAM ( ANIMALS 9 V>I\S PROPORTIONS4 ,AS EA* CELL IS CONSUM+ & PRODUC+ OXYG5 & C>BON DIOXIDE1 !RE IS A BALANCE 9 ! BLOOD4 ,TOO MU* C>BON DIOXIDE 9 ! BLOOD CAUSES A *A9 ( REACTIONS TELL+ ! CELLS TO SL[ D[N1 USE LESS OXYG51 & PRODUCE LESS C>BON DIOXIDE4 ,) EA* *ANGE 9 DIRECTION1 EV]Y O!R CELL 9 ! BODY IS AFFECT$ 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 ?\< OBVI\SLY SOME MORE ?AN O!RS4 ,! ACTIONS ( EA* CELL RESONATES ) ALL O!RS 9 ESS5CE4 ,IT IS LIKE A WEB 9 :I* PULL+ ONE /R& PULLS ON EV]Y O!R /R&4 

,= EV5 ! SIMPLE/ EV5T LIKE LIFT+ A CAN ) MY H&1 ! %E] NUMB] ( *EMICAL REACTIONS & ATOMIC MOVEM5TS1 AS WELL AS ALL ! PHYSICAL =CES 9VOLV$1 >E OV]:ELM+4 ,IMAG9E ?AT ,I C\LD NAME EV]Y *EMICAL & EV]Y EV5T 9 ALL ! CELLS ( MY >M 7:I* W\LD BE 9 EFFECT 9FEASIBLE BECAUSE ( ! %E] NUMB] ( CELLS1 REACTIONS1 COMPLEXITY1 & SO ON74 ,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE 9 PRACTICE TO TRACE EXACTLY H[ MY >M MOV$4 ,A FULL EXPLANATION ( A S+LE MOVEM5T W\LD 9VOLVE ALL ! REACTIONS & OCCURR5CES 9 CELLS & COMPON5TS ?AT PLAY A ROLE4 ,YET1 IF ALL CELLS >E BE+ 9H]5TLY AFFECT$ BY EA* O!R1 RESPOND+ TO EA* O!R1 & S5D+ SIGNALS TO ONE ANO!R1 !N 9 EV]Y EV5T1 SU* AS A MOTION1 C\NTLESS CELLS & CAUSES W\LD BE 9VOLV$4 ,LOOK+ TO ! OXYG5 EXAMPLE1 WE SEE ?AT 9 LIV+ SY/EMS CAUSES >E TI$ TOGE!R4 ,9DIVIDUAL UNITS >E 9H]5TLY B\ND UP TO ! GO+S ON ( ALL ! O!R UNITS L9K$ TO !M 9 SY/EMS4 ,ALL !IR ACTIONS >E 9 FE$BACK ) ONE ANO!R4 ,! CONTRIBUTION ( 9DIVIDUALS MU/ BE DESCRIB$ 9 RELATION TO O!RS BECAUSE ALL CAUSES >E 9H]5TLY L9K$4 ,!Y REF] TO ONE ANO!R TO ! PO9T ?AT !IR ACTIONS >E MUTUALLY REF]5TIAL4 

,?9K AB\T A CR[D 9 A FR5ZY1 P]HAPS IF !RE'S A FIRE 9 A BUILD+4 ,IF WE WANT TO TRACE ! PA?S ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS TRY+ TO ESCAPE1 WE CAN SIMPLY LOOK AT H[ !Y MOVE 7!IR 9T5TIONS1 PA?S1 ABILITIES1 & SO ON74 ,AS EA* P]SON MOVES 7CAUSES MOTION71 EV]Y O!R P]SON 9 ! CR[D REACTS TO A DEGREE & MOVES AS WELL1 ?\< TO GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREES BAS$ ON !IR DI/ANCES TO ONE & ANO!R1 ! *AIRS & EXITS 9 !IR WAY1 & SO ON74 ,?AT MOVEM5T 9FLU5CES EV]YONE ELSE >\ND3 IF SOMEONE TURNS 9 FRONT ( ME MY PA? IS BLOCK$ & ,I MOVE RI<T1 !REBY ALT]+ ! C\RSE ( ?OSE BEH9D & TO ! RI<T ( ME1 & SO ON4 ,?IS IS FE$BACK--! E*O+1 AMPLIFICATION1 & MUTUAL RESONANCE ( CAUSES 9 A COMPLEX SY/EM4 ,ONE SPECIAL HALLM>K ( LIV+ SY/EMS !N IS ?AT ! BEHAVIOR ( ANY 9DIVIDUAL OR COMPON5T CANNOT EASILY BE UND]/OOD TO ACT )\T LOOK+ TO A GREAT] SY/EM ( CAUSES4 ,?\< ?IS SEEMS 9TUITIVE 9 A S5SE1 IT GOES AGA9/ \R EXP]I5CE ( ! WORLD4 ,AS 9DIVIDUALS 9 CR[DS1 WE (T5 DO NOT P]CEIVE \R [N PA? AS 9H]5TLY 9T]TW9$ ) ?AT ( ! CR[D AS A SY/EM4 ,WE P]CEIVE IT AS >IS+ FROM \R WILL1 & P]HAPS FEEL FRU/RAT$ BY PEOPLE :O /& 9 \R WAY4 

,! ,ID5TITY ( ,9DIVIDUALS 

,LOOK+ AT ! COMPLEX WEB ( CAUSES BEH9D MY >M MOV+ RAISES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,:AT CAUSES >E MY [N CAUSES ?AT MAKE MY >M MOVE8 ,IS IT M]ELY MY WILL OR MY MUSCLES1 OR DOES IT 9CLUDE ! GASES & =CES ?AT MY >M MOVES ?R\<1 OR ! COMP\NDS ?AT FUEL ITS MOVEM5T8 ,WE CANNOT ONLY LOOK AT PEOPLE TO UND]/& !IR ACTIONS1 BUT RA!R WE ALSO NE$ TO SEE ! COMPLETE 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ACTIONS TAKE PLACE4 ,9 ! WORLD ( 9DIVIDUALS & CAUSES1 SEP>AT+ ! AG5T \T IS1 9 PRACTICE1 DIFFICULT4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE BIOLOGICAL 5TITIES >E HI/ORICAL1 & HAVE BO? AN 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5TAL /ORY & A COLLECTIVE ONE CONNECT$ TO C\NTLESS O!R LIFE =MS4.<#f#c.> 

,?AT HI/ORY IS NOT MONODIRECTIONAL4 ,! /ORY ( EA* LIV+ ?+ IS CON/ANTLY ITSELF CONTRIBUT+ TO ! VA/ *ANGES SWIRL+ >\ND US AT ALL TIME1 & BE+ R$EF9$ BY ALL ! O!RS IT IS 9 CON/ANT CONNECTION )1 & :I* 9DE$ MAKE UP ITS BE+ DESPITE BE+ 9 SOME S5SE SEP>ATE4 ,!RE >E ALL ! LIV+ ORGANISMS 9SIDE ME1 ON MY SK91 & 9 ! AIR1 ! 5]GY >\ND ME1 ! =CES ( PHYSICS1 ! 5]GY MY BODY CREATES & ABSORBS1 & SO ON4 ,BACT]IA LIVE ON MY SK91 9 MY GUT1 & ?R\<\T MY BODY4 ,)\T !M ,I C\LD NOT SURVIVE1 EV5 :ILE WE NORMALLY W\LD NOT 9CLUDE !M AS A P>T ( \RSELVES4 ,:5 ! FOOD ,I EAT IS DIGE/$ & SU/A9S ME--WE T5D TO ?9K ?AT WE DO IT4 ,:AT AB\T ! MYRIAD ( ORGANISMS 9VOLV$8 ,IS ! BACT]IA P>T ( ME8 ,IS IT SEP>ATE8 ,9 :AT S5SE IS ! DIGE/ION M9E8 ,TWO ?+S >E TRUE3 !RE IS SOME?+ ?AT IS ME ?AT IS DIGE/+1 & !RE IS A :OLE WORLD ( CAUSES & EFFECTS AP>T FROM ME OCCURR+4 ,9 LIV+ SY/EMS ?OSE RELATION%IPS >E NE>LY IMPOSSIBLE TO PULL AP>T4 

,TAKE ! EXAMPLE ( MITO*ONDRIA1 ! 5]GY FACTORY ( CELLS4 ,MITO*ONDRIA EXI/ )9 CELLS & HELP !M DO :AT !Y NE$ TO DO4 ,MITO*ONDRIA HAVE DI/9CT ,D,N,A FROM ! RE/ ( Y\R CELLS 7I4E4 NUCLE> ,D,N,A1 :AT MO/ PEOPLE MEAN BY SAY+ ,D,N,A74 ,! /RIK+ RESEMBLANCE ( MITO*ONDRIA 79 T]MS ( !IR ,D,N,A & ORGANIZATION7 TO BACT]IA L$ SCI5TI/S TO HYPO!SIZE ?AT !Y >E AN ADAPTATION ( 9T]NALIZ$ BACT]IA 7TO SIMPLIFY ?+S7 ?AT WAS B5EFICIAL ALONG ! WAY4 ,AT SOME /AGE 9 EVOLUTION1 BACT]IA LIKELY MADE IT 9SIDE ! CELL & CO-EVOLV$ TO PLAY A FUNCTIONAL ROLE )9 ! CELL4 ,WE N[ CONSID] MITO*ONDRIA TO BE A P>T ( US1 A COMPON5T ( \R CELLS4 

,! DIVISIONS BETWE5 \R 5VIRONM5T1 ?+S ALONGSIDE US1 ?+S 9 COHABITATION ) US1 & P>TS ( US >E MU* BLURRI] ?AN WE BELIEVE4 ,RA!R ?AN DISCOV]+ CLE> L9ES ( :AT IS 9T]NAL V]SUS EXT]NAL1 P>T ( US V]SUS 5VIRONM5TAL1 9 REALITY WE >E F9D+ *ANG+ & ADAPT+ 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL COMPON5TS & 5VIRONM5T4 ,! DEGREE ( 9T]ACTION IS SO VA/ & COMPLEX ?AT DI/+UI%+ AMONG ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL COMPON5TS & !IR EFFECTS1 AS WELL AS BORD]S BETWE5 ELEM5TS ?AT >E NEI!R FIX$ NOR EASILY ID5TIFIABLE1 BECOMES = PRACTICAL PURPOSES IMPOSSIBLE4 ,?AT IS1 NOT ONLY DOES COMPLEXITY MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO TRACE ! PA? ( CAUSATION BETWE5 L[] & HI<] LEVELS 9 LIV+ SY/EMS 7LIKE \R BODIES71 BUT ALSO ! DIVISIONS BETWE5 ! COMPON5TS !MSELVES >E (T5 UNCLE>4 

,DISPROPORTIONATE ,EFFECT 

,?IS /ATE ( FE$BACK IS NOT ONLY *>ACT]IZ$ BY MUTUAL 9FLU5CES1 BUT ALSO BY DRAMATIC CAUSES4 ,NORMALLY1 :5 WE COMB9E ?+S1 Y\ CAN SAY ?AT WE ADD !M4 ,SIMPLIFY+ = ! PURPOSE ( >GUM5T1 IF ,I USE #e LBS4 ( /R5G?1 ,I C\LD PU% A #a-LB4 OBJECT A GIV5 DI/ANCE4 ,IF ,I USE #a LBS4 ( /R5G?1 ,I C\LD PU% ! SAME OBJECT D\BLE ! DI/ANCE4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 9CREASE ( =CE ,I USE PRODUCES A PROPORTIONAL 9CREASE 9 EFFECT2 ! DI/ANCE IS 9CREAS$ BY ! SAME MEASURE4 ,9 EM]G5CE1 IT DOESN'T WORK LIKE ?AT4.<#f#d.> 

,A POPUL> METAPHOR = ?IS IS A BUTT]FLY FLAPP+ ITS W+S 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 CAUS+ A TSUNAMI 9 ,JAPAN4 ,! BUTT]FLY'S W+S DO ?IS BECAUSE !Y HELP 9ITIATE A S]IES ( EV5TS ?AT HAVE MU* GREAT] P[] ?AN ITSELF4 ,! EXAMPLE ( ! BUTT]FLY IS ACTUALLY A DI/ORTION BECAUSE IT AB/RACTS ! WAY 9 :I* ! BUTT]FLY IS M]ELY A S+LE L9K 9 A *A94 ,! BUTT]FLY FLAPS ITS W+S & FLIES UPON ! W9DS CAUS$ BY TEMP]ATURES1 LAKES1 OCEANS1 & CURR5TS4 ,O!R W+S1 MA*9]Y1 FACTORIES1 M\NTA9S1 & SO ON %APE ! AIR ?AT MOVES ! BUTT]FLY4 ,9 TURN ! BUTT]FLY HAS AN EFFECT UPON ! AIR IT FLIES UPON4 ,! AIR IS SY/EMATICALLY CONNECT$ TO WAT]S1 SU* AS SEAS1 :I* RESPOND TO TEMP]ATURE1 =CE1 & %IFTS 9 ! AIRS ABOVE4 ,BUTT]FLIES FLY+ CANNOT BE EXTRACT$ FROM ALL ! =CES ( NATURE1 LIV+ ?+S1 & 9T]ACTIONS ( ! SY/EMS !Y EXI/ 94 ,9 ?IS WAY !N 9 !ORY ! FLAPP+ ( ! BUTT]FLY'S W+S C\LD 9ITIATE A S]IES ( EV5TS ?AT CAUSE A TSUNAMI4 

,TAK+ ANO!R EXAMPLE1 ?9K ( SOMEONE APPLY+ =CE ON A BICYCLE4 ,WEA!R IS A COMPLEX SY/EM ?AT CAN PRODUCE UNPR$ICTABLE EV5TS LIKE L>GE GU/S4 ,9 ! BROAD] SY/EM 9CLUD+ ! 5VIRONM5T & ALL ! =CES MOV+ A CYCLI/1 A R&OM RAPID GU/ CAN MAKE ! CYCLI/'S APPLICATION ( =CE TO ! P$ALS HAVE A DISPROPORTIONATE EFFECT BY *ANG+ ! ACTION'S RELATION%IP TO MOTION ?R\< AIR4 ,?IS IS AN EXTREME EXAMPLE1 BUT IT ILLU/RATES ! WAYS 9 :I* 9 SU* SY/EMS CAUSES CAN BE AMPLIFI$ DRAMATICALLY1 & EV5 TAKE ON NEW *>ACT]I/ICS 9 LI<T ( ! /R5G? ( RESPONSE4 

,LIKE ! DISPROPORTIONATE P[] ( ! BUTT]FLY'S W+S FLAPP+1 COMPLEX 7LIV+7 SY/EMS EXHIBIT :AT CAN BE CALL$ NONL9E> CAUSATION4 ,IT'S NONL9E> BECAUSE :AT HAPP5S ISN'T A /RAI<T L9E ( ACTIONS ) EQUAL & PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE LIKE DOM9OS FALL+ 9 A R[1 BUT 9/EAD EV5 SMALL CAUSES LIKE BUTT]FLY W+S CAN HAVE DISPROPORTIONATE P[]4 ,SOCIAL DISRUPTIONS >E ! P]FECT EXAMPLE ( ?IS1 AS SIMPLE EV5TS CAN SET (F A RAPID & DRAMATIC *A9 ( EV5TS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 #baa :5 ,MOHAM$ ,B\AZIZI1 A /REET V5DOR 9 ,TUNISIA1 SET HIMSELF ON FIRE1 IT CONTRIBUT$ TO SUBSEQU5T PROTE/S 9 WAYS ?AT W5T WELL BEYOND ! ACT ITSELF4 ,! SYMBOL ( ! V5DOR'S SUFF]+1 HIS SUICIDE1 MOBILIZ$ O!R =CES 9 A DISPROPORTIONATE WAY1 SPREAD+ ! FIRES ( RESI/ANCE WELL BEYOND ! S+LE ACT ( DEFIANCE4 ,9 A SY/EM 9 :I* P>TS >E SY/EMICALLY 9T]RELAT$1 CAUSES DON'T OCCUR 9 ISOLATION1 BUT 9/EAD RICO*ET & AMPLIFY EA* O!R4 ,?IS ISN'T TO SAY ?AT ! SUICIDE CAUS$ ! PROTE/S ?R\<\T ,TUNISIA4 ,9/EAD1 ITS EFFECT WAS DISPROPORTIONATE BECAUSE ( ITS OCCURR5CE )9 A COMPLEX SY/EM ?AT OV]ALL PRODUC$ AN EM]G5T EV5T1 ! RUPTURES ( #b#a#a4 ,! FOCUS ( M$IA ON ! EV5T ITSELF 9 SOME WAYS %[S H[ COMPLEX SY/EMS WORK S9CE IT IS ! SALI5CE ( ! ACT ( PROTE/ ?AT IS SO IMPORTANT TO US & NOT ! CONDITIONS ?AT ALL[$ ! ACT TO HAVE :ATEV] RESONANCE IT MAY HAVE HAD4 

,BO? FE$BACK & NONL9E> CAUSATION MAKE S+LE ACTS DIFFICULT TO TRACE4 ,9 A HURRICANE IT W\LD BE H>D TO TELL :AT CAUS$ ANY 9DIVIDUAL OBJECT FLY+ ?R\< ! AIR TO TAKE FLI<T4 ,IF ,I HAD NOT PU%$ ! WEI<T1 W\LD IT HAVE SPONTANE\SLY TAK5 TO FLI<T ANYWAY8 ,:AT 9T]ACTIONS ) O!R FLY+ OBJECTS1 CURR5TS1 REFLECTION ( W9DS (F BUILD+S1 & SO ON >E RELEVANT8 ,?IS DISCONNECT OCCURS BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,WE CAN'T FOLL[ ! *A9 FROM *EMICALS TO MOTION1 OR FROM 9DIVIDUALS TO A RIOT4 ,IT REQUIRES A DIFF]5T LEVEL ( EXPLANATION1 :I* \R M9DS AT LEA/ CANNOT TRACE FROM LI/S ( *EMICAL FACTS4 ,!RE IS A %IFT FROM ONE LEVEL ( EXPLANATION TO ! O!R ?AT ESCAPES \R WAY ( ?9K+4 ,! COMPLEXITY & 9T]CONNECT$NESS ( CAUSES MAKES ANALYZ+ !M DIFFICULT 9 SU* SY/EMS4 

,LEVELS & ,PROP]TIES 

,!SE SY/EMS !N HAVE =MS ( 9T]CONNECT$NESS 9 :I* ! PIECES >E MUTUALLY DEF9$1 PRODUCE EFFECTS 9 A BROAD SY/EM ( 9T]RELAT$ CAUSES1 & DO SO 9 WAYS ?AT MAKE !M *ALL5G+ TO P>SE = \R M9DS4 ,)9 ?IS COMPLEX WEB ( RELATION%IPS !RE >E ORGANIZ$ LEVELS LIKE WE DISCUSS$4 ,!RE >E *EMICALS1 CELLUL> COMPON5TS1 CELLS1 ORGANS1 & BODIES4 ,IMPORTANTLY1 ! LEVELS DON'T M]ELY DIFF] BY SCALE4 ,CELLS DON'T LOOK LIKE BODIES & BODIES DON'T LOOK LIKE CELLS 7EXCEPT :5 Y\ GO BACK D[N TO ! LEVEL ( CELLS74 ,AT DIFF]5T LEVELS1 NEW ELEM5TS EM]GE4 ,EM]G5CE IS MADE POSSIBLE BY ! DIFF]5T LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION BY COMPLEX SY/EMS4 ,TAKE A V]Y SIMPLE EXAMPLE1 SALT4 ,:5 SODIUM & *LOR9E COMB9E1 !Y CREATE A FAMILI> COMP\ND3 SALT4 ,SALT HAS PROP]TIES ?AT NEI!R SODIUM NOR *LOR9E HAS--! TA/ES ( SALT1 ITS =MATION ( CRY/ALS1 & SO ON4 ,SODIUM IS A SILV]Y-:ITE V]Y REACTIVE EXPLOSIVE METAL4 ,*LOR9E IS A PALE YELL[ GAS4 ,SALT IS A /ABLE1 9NOCU\S COMP\ND UNLIKE ITS DANG]\S P>5TS1 SODIUM & *LORIDE4 

,! NEW PROP]TIES ( SALT >E CAUS$ BY ! ATOMIC PROP]TIES ( ITS COMPON5TS 7SODIUM & *LOR9E74 ,YET ! PROP]TIES ( ! NEW ?+ >E NOT DESCRIB$ BY JU/ PUTT+ !M TOGE!R4 ,! EFFECT1 SALT1 IS MORE ?AN ! SUM ( ITS P>TS4 ,:ATEV] WAY WE LOOK AT IT1 ! METALLIC & GASE\S PROP]TIES ( SODIUM & *LOR9E DON'T ADD UP TO SALTY PROP]TIES4 ,H[EV] ! COMB9ATION OCCURS1 IT 5DS UP PRODUC+ SOME?+ FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T4 ,?US ) EM]G5CE !RE >E NEW ?+S ?AT EM]GE FROM L[] LEVELS1 & ! PROP]TIES ?AT EM]GE >E MORE ?AN SIMPLY ! SUM ( ! PROP]TIES ( !IR L[] LEVEL COMPON5TS4.<#f#e.> 

,EM]G5CE1 !N1 IS A !ORY ( ORGANIZATION & EXI/5CE ACROSS TIME4 ,*EMICALS 9T]ACT+ OV] TIME CREATE COMP\NDS4 ,CELLS REPLICAT+ & DIVID+ GR[ UNTIL A BABY IS CREAT$ 7) A LOT ( WORK ALONG ! WAY74 ,\T ( ! *AOS ( HEAT & PRESSURE OV] A TIME P]IOD1 A HI<LY ORD]$ DIAMOND =MS FROM C>BON4 ,LIV+ SY/EMS >E M]ELY A MORE P>TICUL> CASE ( !SE1 AS >E SOCIAL SY/EMS )9 LIV+ SY/EMS4 ,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T EVOLVES ALONGSIDE EM]G5T =CES ( WEAL? & P[] ?AT 9T]ACT TO TRY & WRE/ MORE & MORE CONTROL OV] ! =CES ( ! ,/ATE FROM O!R P[]S & ! CITIZ5RY4 ,9 COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SY/EMS1 !RE >E ORD]$ OR ORGANIZ$ 9T]RELATION%IPS AMONG COMPON5TS 9 ! :OLE ?AT ACT TOGE!R TO PRODUCE NEW EV5TS1 /RUCTURES1 OR PROP]TIES4 

,/ABILITY & ,DISRUPTION 

,?IS WORLD IS NOT SIMPLY *AOS1 H[EV]4 ,SY/EMIC ORD] ALSO EXI/S4 ,NEW ?+S DO NOT EM]GE )\T ORGANIZATION4 ,NEW ?+S EM]G+ & CAUS+ TRANS=MATIONS 9 MASSIVELY COMPLEX *A9S MAY SEEM MY/]I\S4 ,?IS IS ACTUALLY C\NT]9TUITIVE S9CE IT DOESN'T FEEL ?AT WAY4 ,WE WALK ON ! GR\ND & EAT FOOD REGUL>LY BECAUSE ( ! /ABILITY ( \R WORLD1 NOT BECAUSE ( ITS *AOS4 ,WE CAN RELY UPON ! SUN RIS+1 RIV]S FL[+ TO ! SEAS1 & PEOPLE BEHAV+ L>GELY 9 A REGUL> FA%ION4 ,EV]Y DAY ! EF=TS ( BILLIONS ( PEOPLE DELIV] FOOD1 M$IC9E1 5]GY1 & GOODS TO PEOPLE ALL OV] ! WORLD ) REM>KABLE REGUL>ITY4 ,! ORD] ITSELF IS EM]G5T1 ! PRODUCT ( C\NTLESS 9T]ACTIONS ( PIECES 9 A SY/EMIC :OLE4 

,LIV+ SY/EMS 9 G5]AL 7?\< NOT ONLY LIV+ SY/EMS7 >E SEL=GANIZ+4 ,SELF-ORGANIZATION MEANS ?AT !Y >E ABLE TO RESPOND AS A SY/EM ) ORD]$ 9T]NAL BEHAVIOR4 ,CONSID] BODY TEMP]ATURE 9 MAMMALS4 ,! 5VIRONM5TAL TEMP]ATURE FLUCTUATES1 BUT ! SELF-ORGANIZ+ SY/EM ( ! MAMMALIAN BODY MA9TA9S A /ABLE BODY TEMP]ATURE ?R\<\T4 ,! BODY EM]G5TLY PRODUCES CONSI/5CY ?R\< ! 9T]ACTION ( ALL ! HEAT-BE>+ & HEAT-%$D+ ACTIVITIES ( ! CELLS1 +E/ION ( COMP\NDS1 SWEAT+1 COOL_/HEAT-SEEK+ BEHAVIOR1 & SO ON4 ,LIV+ SY/EMS !N CAN RESPOND 9 AN ORD]$ FA%ION TO NEI<BOR+ CAUSES 7SU* AS :5 \R BODIES RESPOND TO 9FECTIONS71 & OV] TIME T5D TO EVOLVE4 ,ON A %ORT TIMESCALE1 !Y ADAPT4 ,AS WE REPRODUCE1 AS ALL LIV+ SY/EMS DO1 ! (FSPR+ RESPOND TO !IR 5VIRONM5T & TRAITS >E PROMOT$ OR 9HIBIT$ 9 AN ONGO+ CYCLE ( REPRODUCTION OV] TIME4 ,ON A LONG] TIMESCALE1 !Y EVOLVE4 ,SPECIES DEVELOP ABILITIES ?AT ALL[ !M TO ?RIVE 9 !IR 5VIRONM5T & PASS ON MUTATIONS TO !IR (FSPR+4 

,)9 ! ORGANIZATION ( !SE SY/EMS1 !RE >E V>Y+ DEGREES ( /ABILITY4 ,JU/ AS LAWS OP]ATE AT DIFF]5T LEVELS 7LIKE ,D,N,A BEHAV+ PR$ICTABLY71 /ABILITY TOO EM]GES 9 SY/EMS4 ,ECOSY/EMS >E A VIVID EXAMPLE ( ?IS4 ,\T ( ! *AOS ( ! 9NUM]ABLE P>TS ( ! =E/1 A RELATIVELY /ABLE ORD] EM]GES 9 :I* ALL ! CREATURES & PLANTS >E CONNECT$ & EVOLVE ALONGSIDE ONE ANO!R4 ,A =E/ (T5 CAN BE A =E/ = ?\S&S ( YE>S )\T GROSS DISRUPTIONS1 ABSORB+ DAMAGE FROM EV5 L&SLIDES1 VOLCANOES1 OR HURRICANES4 

,/ILL1 IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO SEE EQUILIBRIUM AS TIMELESS BECAUSE \R WORLD IS ALIVE2 EQUILIBRIUMS OCCUR1 GR[1 *ANGE1 & ALSO BREAK D[N2 MASS EXT9CTIONS OCCUR2 =E/S DIE2 SEAS GR[ & RETREAT2 A/]OIDS DE/ROY REGIONS2 NEW =MS ( LIFE EVOLVE ?AT COLONIZE NOVEL >EAS4 ,9 SOCIETY1 REGIMES FALL2 EMPIRES LA/ A ?\S& YE>S BE=E COLLAPS+2 SLAV]Y IS DE/ROY$ & RESURRECT$2 REVOLUTIONS LAY WA/E TO EV]Y?+ PEOPLE ?\<T AB\T GOV]NM5TS & ECONOMIES4 ,LIV+ SY/EMS GR[1 /ABILIZE1 DIE1 & GIVE BIR? TO NEW (FSPR+1 ECOSY/EMS1 & ORD]S4 

,A BODY :5 ILL BEG9S TO LOSE ITS ORD]4 ,IF BACT]IA CAN SPREAD ?R\<\T ! BODY1 ! BODY LOSES ITS ABILITY TO SELF-REGULATE1 DISEASE MAY SET 91 & ! RESULTS >E POT5TIALLY FATAL4 ,*EMICALS RUN WILD OP5+ VE9S1 TEMP]ATURES 9CREASE1 ORGANS BECOME DAMAG$ ?R\< LOSS ( BLOOD1 & TOX9S FROM BACT]IA CORRODE LIV+ TISSUE4 ,!SE SY/EMS !N HAVE EQUILIBRIUM1 :I* CAN V>Y4 ,:5 /ABILITY OR EQUILIBRIUM DECREASES1 DISORD] 9CREASES & SPACE EM]GES = NEW ORD]S TO REPRODUCE & SPREAD4 

,SOCIAL ,EM]G5CE 

,! SOCIAL WORLD IS A WORLD ( EM]G5CE4 ,TWO PEOPLE EX*ANG+ CROPS FROM !IR BACK Y>DS EXHIBIT A SOCIAL RELATION%IP ( EX*ANGE4 ,SIMIL> EX*ANGES ON A GLOBAL SCALE CREATE EM]G5T =CES ( M>KETS :OSE EFFECTS >E GROSSLY DI/9CT FROM SIMPLE ONE-TO-ONE EX*ANGES ( SURPLUSES AMONG NEI<BORS4 ,9DIVIDUALS [N+ PROP]TY CREATE =CES )9 SOCIETY ( VE/$ 9T]E/S ?AT CREATE LAWS1 ATTACK O!R =CES1 ANTICIPATE *ALL5G]S1 & ACT NE>LY AS ORGANISMS )9 A FIELD ( O!R EM]G5T ORGANISMS4 ,! 9T]ACTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS CREATE SU* =CES1 BUT ! =CES !MSELVES EXHIBIT BEHAVIOR DI/9CT FROM 9DIVIDUALS4 

,EM]G5CE !N IS A POT5TIAL TOOL = UND]/&+ H[ SOCIETIES & SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOP1 UNFOLD1 & *ANGE4 ,9 A CELL1 ALL ! 5ZYMES1 ,D,N,A1 ,R,N,A1 ORGANELLES1 & SO ON SY/EMATICALLY 9T]ACT TO MAKE ?+S HAPP54 ,Y\ CAN'T UND]/& ANY?+ ?AT HAPP5S 9 A CELL EXCEPT 9 REF]5CE TO ! TOTALITY ( CAUSES1 OR AT LEA/ A RA!R COMPLICAT$ *A9 ( *EMICALS & /RUCTURES4 ,SOCIETY IS ! SAME4 ,LET'S TAKE A S]IES ( EXAMPLES4 

,E>LI] WE DISCUSS$ ! PA? ( PEOPLE FLEE+ A FIRE4 ,TRAFFIC IS A READY PH5OM5ON ?AT %[S EM]G5CE 9 SOCIETIES4 ,FROM P$E/RIAN TRAFFIC TO ! GREAT FL[S ( ! WORLD'S CITIES1 ! MOVEM5T ( PEOPLE )9 COMPLEX ADAPTIVE TRANSIT SY/EMS EXHIBIT ! BEHAVIOR ( LIV+ SY/EMS4 ,TRAFFIC JAMS CAN BE DISPROPORTIONATELY CAUS$ BY SMALL ACTIONS BY ONE OR TWO 9DIVIDUALS1 SU* AS 9 A CRA%4 ,SL[ TRAFFIC CAUSES L>GE %IFTS 9 ! SY/EM1 R]\T+ MANY PEOPLE1 *ANG+ ! BEHAVIOR ( DRIV]S1 & UNFURL+ C\NTLESS EV5TS 9 ! LIVES ( ?OSE TRAVEL+ & AWAIT+ ?OSE TRAVEL+ ACROSS CITIES4 

,ANO!R OBVI\S CASE IS ! GR[? & *ANGE ( CITIES !MSELVES4 ,F> 

FROM GR[+ L9E>LY BIT-BY-BIT1 CITIES EVOLVE 9 AN EM]G5T FA%ION4 ,URBAN DECAY ( NEI<BORHOODS OR ! BOOM ( FA%IONABLE >EAS EM]GE \T ( 9NUM]ABLE *ANGES HAPP5+ 9 ! HOMES1 BUS9ESSES1 & /REETS ( !IR >EAS4 ,?OSE *ANGES !MSELVES >E 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ TO L>G] %IFTS 9 SOCIETY1 :I* >E AFFECT$ BY ! EVOLUTION ( ! NEI<BORHOODS & !IR RESID5TS4 ,NEI<BORHOODS CAN EXP& & DECAY EXPLOSIVELY1 ?\< GRADUAL *ANGE IS MORE COMMON4 

,PEOPLE ACT & DEVELOP 9 WAYS ?AT >5'T SIMPLY ! SUM ( P]SPECTIVES OR ACTIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUALS 9VOLV$4 ,A COMMON EXAMPLE ( ?IS IS MOB M5TALITY1 :5 CR[DS BEHAVE DIFF]5TLY FROM H[ PEOPLE NORMALLY W\LD ON !IR [N 9 SOME S5SE4 ,:5 COMB9$ 9TO SOCIAL GR\PS1 9DIVIDUALS BECOME G5]ATORS ( EM]G5T P[]S & BEHAVIORS ?AT DO NOT DIRECTLY REFLECT !IR R\T9E M5TAL /ATES OR EV5 ACTIONS4 ,A MOB IS SIMPLY A DIFF]5T K9D ( 5TITY ?AN ! PEOPLE :O >E SWEPT UP 9TO IT1 ?\< OBVI\SLY ! PEOPLE CREATE ! MOB4 ,! LAW REFLECTS !SE DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVES AS WELL4 ,!RE >E DIFF]5T CRIMES & S5T5CES = RIOT+1 ! ACTS ( PROP]TY DE/RUCTION OR VIOL5CE ASSOCIAT$ ) IT1 & 9CIT+ TO RIOT4 ,?IS IS P>T ( AN ATTEMPT TO SEGREGATE COMPON5TS ( ! EM]G5T =CE ?AT COMES 9TO MOTION1 ITS CAUSES1 & MANN]S ( P>TICIPATION4 

,ALL ( HUMAN LIFE 9 SOCIETIES EXHIBIT EM]G5CE4 ,! MO/ MUNDANE FACTS & *ANGES CAN BE VIEW$ 9 A NEW LI<T ONCE WE GRASP ! 9FLU5CE ( LIV+ SY/EMS & !IR EM]G5CE )9 \R LIVES4 ,?\< ?IS IS CLE> ) ! MUNDANE1 IT'S MORE PR(\ND :5 WE LOOK AT ! POLITICAL WORLD4 ,SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS ( P[]1 & EV5TS CONTE/+ ?AT P[]1 ALSO LIE )9 ! REALM ( EM]G5CE4 

,?\< (T5 PEOPLE FIXATE ON ! P[] ( ! M$IA1 WE SEE EXAMPLES ( EM]G5T PH5OM5A ) GOV]NM5TS1 ELECTIONS1 & 0POPUL> SUPPORT40 ,CONSID] ! EVOLUTION ( ! VICTOR 9 ELECTIONS4 ,! 5D RESULTS ( VOTES CAN DIFF] FROM OP9ION POLL+1 VISIBLE ACTIVITY 9 ! /REETS1 & EV5 E/ABLI%$ ME?ODS ( ADV]TIS+1 FUND+1 & HYPE4 ,?IS ISN'T ONLY BECAUSE GOV]NM5TS & CAPITALI/S ATTEMPT TO SOCIALLY 5G9E] LEGITIMACY & SUPPORT1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( ! P+-PONG+ ( PEOPLE'S VIEWS1 ACTIONS1 & SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,:E!R OR NOT PEOPLE ?9K A C&IDATE IS W9N+ OR NOT 9FLU5CES !IR LIKELIHOOD TO %[ !IR SUPPORT & MOBILIZE4 ,! S5SE ( A C&IDATE'S LIKELY VICTORY IS COMPLEXLY PRODUC$1 NOT FROM A S+LE ORGAN LIKE ! M$IA1 BUT RA!R FROM A MULTIPLICITY ( FACTORS ?R\<\T SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS 9FAM\SLY FICKLE1 9CLUD+ FACTORS SU* AS WEA!R ON VOT+ DAY1 POSITION+ )9 ! BALLOT1 PHYSICAL APPE>ANCES1 & SO ON4 

,POPUL> OP9ION HAS AN EM]G5T *>ACT] ?AT CAN RESI/ EV5 MASSIVE ATTEMPTS TO SOCIALLY 5G9E] ! PUBLIC'S ?9K+4 ,POLITICIANS HAVE REPEAT$LY ATTACK$ SOCIAL SECURITY & UTILIZ$ CORPORATE M$IA TO TRY TO ASSAULT ! VA/ POPUL>ITY = ! PROGRAM4 ,DESPITE SU* ATTEMPTS1 POPUL> OP9ION CONT9UES TO /RONGLY SUPPORT MA9TA9+ & EV5 EXP&+ SOCIAL SECURITY1 & ?AT SUPPORT ALONE IS SUFFICI5T TO /AVE (F FUR!R ATTACKS4 ,?IS IS TRUE EV5 )\T ANY MAJOR PUBLIC =CE PROTECT+ OR ADVOCAT+ = SOCIAL SECURITY 7P]HAPS UNTIL REC5TLY74 ,9/ITUTIONAL LIB]AL ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! PA/ W]E CONT5T TO ACCEPT M>KET RE=MS ALONGSIDE A TRIMM$-D[N SOCIAL SAFETY NET1 SOME?+ ?AT REMA9S UNPOPUL>1 LEAV+ PUBLIC OP9ION )\T AN ADVOCATE4.<#f#f.> ,IT IS ! EM]G5T =CE ( POPUL> WILL H]E ?AT POSES A ?REAT TO E/ABLI%$ P[]1 & ?AT WILL IS CREAT$ NOT ONLY ?R\< ! ORGANS ( RUL+ P[]S 7M$IA1 S*OOLS1 ?9K-TANKS1 ORGANIZATIONS1 & SO ON71 BUT ALSO ?R\< ! COMPLEX 9T]ACTION ( 9DIVIDUALS ?R\<\T SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 P[] WAS UNABLE TO IMPOSE ITS WILL ON A SY/EM ?AT CONT9UES TO REPRODUCE EM]G5T C\NT]-P[]S AGA9/ AU/]ITY ( ?AT K9D4 

,TODAY SOCIAL SCI5TI/S HAVE BEGUN EXPLOR+ ! IMPACT ( EM]G5CE 9 !IR FIELDS4.<#f#g.> ,COMPLEX SY/EMS & EM]G5CE PRES5T N>RATIVES ( SOCIAL /RUCTURE & BEHAVIOR ?AT L9K 9DIVIDUAL PSY*OLOGY & BIOLOGY1 :ILE CONTRIBUT+ EXPLANATIONS ( H[ SOCIAL /RUCTURE FUNCTIONS 9 L9E ) MORE BASIC NATURAL PH5OM5A4 ,VIEW+ SOCIETY & SOCIAL /RUCTURES ?R\< ! PRISM ( LIV+ SY/EMS & EM]G5CE ALSO RAISES QUE/IONS = ?OSE :O SEEK SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,!SE CONCEPTS REFLECT ! DIVISIONS 9 BO? \R EXP]I5CE ( ! WORLD 7AS ?9K+ AG5TS TRY+ TO RESPOND FROM \R [N P]SPECTIVE TO O!RS & =CES GREAT] ?AN \RSELVES7 & ! EM]G5T ORD]S ?AT GOV]N EV]Y?+ ?AT >E BEYOND ANY ( US4 ,IF ?+S LIKE /ATES1 MOVEM5TS1 9/ITUTIONS1 RI<TS1 FRE$OMS1 WORK1 & SLAV]Y >E EM]G5T1 !N :AT QUE/IONS DOES IT RAISE AB\T H[ ?+S CAME TO BE ! WAY !Y >E8 ,:AT O!R WAYS ( BE+ >E POSSIBLE8 

,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 H[ C\LD WE *ANGE :AT %\LDN'T BE8 

,REVOLUTION>IES & ,EM]G5CE3 ,PRELUDE TO A ,POLITICS 

,EM]G5CE IS NOT ONLY A TOOL ( KN[L$GE1 BUT ALSO ONE ( ACTION4 ,! SPECIFIC PROP]TIES ( LIV+ SY/EMS HAVE IMPLICATIONS SUGGE/IVE ( DIRECTIONS = /RUGGLE & %[ ! LIMITS ( O!RS4 ,AN UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL SY/EMS & EM]G5CE CAN UNIFY SEEM+LY DISP>ATE SOCIAL CATEGORIES4 ,IT GIVES US A F\NDATION = CRITICAL ?\<T & PRACTICE :5 APPLI$ TO ! SOCIAL WORLD4 

,YET DESPITE YE>S ( WORK BY SCI5TI/S & PHILOSOPH]S1 ! APPLICATION ( ?IS WORK TO A CRITICAL POLITICS IS R>E4 ,BR++ AN EM]G5CE P]SPECTIVE TO SOCIAL /RUGGLES IS WORK ?AT MU/ BE C>RI$ \T 9 ! COM+ YE>S4 ,! CONNECTION ( L>GE-SCALE POLITICAL QUE/IONS LIKE ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE1 CAPITALISM1 & HI]>*ICAL OPPRESSION >E CLE> EXAMPLES ( PLACES :]E EM]G5CE CAN 9=M \R UND]/&+ & POT5TIALLY TRANS=M \R PRACTICES4 ,:AT IS ! ESS5CE ( ! ,/ATE8 ,H[ DOES IT REPRODUCE ITSELF8 ,H[ CAN ! ,/ATE BE OV]COME8 

,WE HAVE A G5]AL FRAMEWORK = UND]/&+ EM]G5CE & A DIRECTION TO APPROA*+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,! TASK ( WORK+ ?R\< ! SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IS UP TO ?OSE ( US ACTIVE 9 TAK+ UP EM]G5CE4 ,ADDRESS+ ?+S LIKE ! ,/ATE1 CAPITALISM1 PATRI>*Y1 & SO ON IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS TEXT & 9 SOME WAYS W\LD DI/RACT FROM LAY+ \T EM]G5CE AS A MEANS TO TAKE A V>IETY ( POSITIONS ON ?OSE ISSUES--EM]G5CE AS A METAPOLITICAL TOOL4 

,9T]E/+LY1 AN>*I/ ?\<T HAD FROM ITS \TSET DEEP EM]G5TI/ CURR5TS )94 ,?IS ISN'T TO SAY ?AT O!R !ORIES W]E NOT PRES5T2 SOME ADOPT$ DIALECTICAL OR O!R ALT]NATIVES ( !IR DAY1 BUT AN>*ISM WAS UNIQUE AMONG MOD]N SOCIAL MOVEM5TS = DEVELOP+ 9DEP5D5T IDEAS AB\T EM]G5CE 9 AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* SU* IDEAS W]E BO? UNCOMMON & L>GELY UNEXPLOR$4 ,EXPLICIT DISCUSSION ( EM]G5CE 9 ! AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE IS UNCOMMON1 BUT ! G5]AL APPROA* IS CLE> 5\< IF Y\ LOOK ?R\<\T ! TRADITION--SOME?+ ?AT %\LD BE CELEBRAT$ & HI<LI<T$4 

,TWO ( ! HEAVYWEI<TS ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T CAME TO AN>*ISM 9 P>T DUE TO !IR SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 BECAME AN AN>*I/ P>TLY DUE TO HIS WORK AS AN EVOLUTION>Y BIOLOGI/4 ,HE IS WIDELY RECOGNIZ$ = HIS F\NDATIONAL WORK ON ! ROLE ( COOP]ATION & MUTUAL AID 9 EVOLUTION4.<#f#h.> ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS AB\T EM]G5CE >E CLE>E/ 9 HIS BIOLOGICAL WRIT+S & )9 HIS POLITICAL WORK 9 :I* HE SPEAKS ( NATURE & EVOLUTION4 ,!RE IS A CLE> CONNECTION BETWE5 ?OSE IDEAS & HIS POLITICAL PROPOSALS1 BUT IT IS ONE ?AT HAS NOT BE5 MADE EXPLICIT FREQU5TLY4 ,GRAHAM ,PUR*ASE DID SO & DEMON/RATES ,KROPOTK9'S ANTICIPATION ( EM]G5CE & COMPLEXITY !ORY 9 HIS ,PH,D !SIS AB\T ,KROPOTK9'S ?\<T4.<#f#i.> 

,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,KROPOTK91 VET]AN ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 & MILITANT AN>*I/1 IS FAM$ AS ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( MOD]N GEOGRAPHY4 ,RECLUS DESCRIBES 9 HIS WRIT+S ON ! NATURAL WORLD H[ ORD] EM]GES FROM COMPLEX 9T]ACTION BETWE5 9NUM]ABLE ELEM5TS1 & TIES ?IS TO H[ ORD] CAN EM]GE FROM ! BASE UP 9 AN>*I/ SOCIETY & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & CAPITALISM4 ,9 HIS *APT]1 0,! ,DI/RIBUTION ( ,HUMAN ,POPULATION10 FROM ,MAN & ! ,E>?1 HE PRES5TS A VIEW ( HUMAN SOCIETIES AS COEVOLV+ ) !IR 5VIRONM5T & PRODUC+ EM]G5T ORGANISMS \T ( !IR ACTIVITY & ADAPTATION4 ,HIS CONCEPT ( GEOGRAPHY1 SURELY ONE ( ! E>LIE/ SU* APPROA*ES 9 MOD]N ,EUROPEAN TRADITIONS1 IS ON DISPLAY :5 HE >GUES ?AT 07E7V]Y NEW CITY IMM$IATELY CON/ITUTES1 BY ITS CONFIGURATION ( DWELL+S1 A COLLECTIVE ORGANISM4 ,EA* CELL SEEKS TO DEVELOP 9 P]FECT HEAL?1 AS IS NECESS>Y = ! HEAL? ( ! :OLE4 ,HI/ORY DEMON/RATES ?AT SICKNESS IS NO RESPECT] ( P]SONS2 ! PALACE IS 9 DANG] :5 ! PLAGUE RAGES ?R\< ! SLUMS40'.<#g.> ,HIS GEOGRAPHY IS EMB$D$ ) A PICTURE ( HUMAN 7& ECOLOGICAL7 LIFE VIEW$ ?R\< ! PRISM ( LIV+ SY/EMS 7MICROCOSMS7 ?AT 9T]ACT TO =M EM]G5T /RUCTURES ) !IR [N SEP>ATE PROP]TIES4 

,! E>LIE/ GR\P+S >E MICROCOSMIC1 & !N !Y BECOME MORE & MORE EXT5D$ & COMPLEX OV] TIME1 TO ! DEGREE ?AT AN IDEAL >ISES & BECOMES MORE DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE4 ,EA* ( !SE SMALL SOCIETIES CON/ITUTES BY NATURE AN 9DEP5D5T & SELF-SUFFICI5T ORGANISM4 ,H[EV]1 NONE ( !M >E COMPLETELY CLOS$1 EXCEPT = ?OSE ?AT >E ISOLAT$ ON ISL&S1 P59SULAS1 OR 9 M\NTA9 CIRQUES :OSE ACCESS HAS BE5 CUT (F4 ,AS GR\PS ( M5 5C\NT] ONE & ANO!R1 DIRECT & 9DIRECT RELATIONS >ISE4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 FOLL[+ 9T]NAL *ANGES & EXT]NAL EV5TS1 EA* SW>M 5DS ITS P>TICUL>1 9DIVIDUAL EVOLUTION & JO9S WILL+LY OR =CIBLY ) ANO!R BODY POLITIC SO ?AT BO? >E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A SUP]IOR ORGANIZATION ) A NEW C\RSE ( LIFE & ( PROGRESS BE=E IT4.<#g#a.> 

,IT WAS NOT ONLY ! SCI5TI/S AMONG ! AN>*I/S :O CAME TO EM]G5CE4 ,PI]RE ,PR\DHON1 ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/ & MEMB] ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 WAS AN IMPORTANT E>LY ?9K] ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,HE 9FLU5C$ KEY FIGURES1 SU* AS ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & ,RECLUS1 ?\< HE HELD IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES ) ! COLLECTIVI/ & COMMUNI/ =MS ( AN>*ISM ?AT DEVELOP$ !REAFT] BY PREF]R+ COOP]ATIVES & A PEOPLE'S BANK 9 :AT HE CALL$ MUTUALISM4 ,LAY+ \T HIS !ORY ( P[]1 ,PR\DHON >GU$ ?AT !RE >E SPECIFICALLY COLLECTIVE =MS ( P[] ?AT >E NOT R$UCIBLE TO 9DIVIDUALS :O CON/ITUTE !M4 

,IT IS NOT ONLY 9DIVIDUALS ?AT >E 5D[$ ) =CE2 COLLECTIVITIES ALSO HAVE !IRS4 ,TO SPEAK H]E ONLY ( HUMAN COLLECTIVITIES1 LET US SUPPOSE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUALS1 9 SU* NUMB]S AS ONE MI<T WI%1 9 :ATEV] MANN] & TO :ATEV] 5D1 GR\P !IR =CES3 ! RESULTANT ( !SE AGGLOM]AT$ =CES1 :I* MU/ NOT BE CONFUS$ ) !IR SUM1 CON/ITUTES ! =CE OR P[] ( ! GR\P444 ,COLLECTIVE =CE BE+ A FACT AS POSITIVE AS 9DIVIDUAL =CE1 ! FIR/ P]FECTLY DI/9CT FROM ! SECOND1 COLLECTIVE BE+S >E AS MU* REALITIES AS 9DIVIDUAL ONES4.<#g#b.> 

,?IS >GUM5T MAY SEEM \T ( PLACE OR EXTRANE\S EXCEPT ?AT ,PR\DHON !N IMM$IATELY USES ! CONCEPT ( EM]G5T P[]S TO CON/RUCT HIS CRITIQUE ( ! ,/ATE1 A TOPIC WE WILL RETURN TO4 ,LIKEWISE1 HE UND]/OOD ?AT ! ISSUE ( \R KN[L$GE ( EM]G5CE WAS A KEY FACTOR 9 DISGUIS+ ! FUNCTION+ ( SOCIAL SY/EMS4 0,SOCIAL P[]1 9ACCESSIBLE TO ! S5SES 9 SPITE ( ITS REALITY1 SEEM$ TO ! FIR/ M5 AN EMANATION ( ! DIV9E ,BE+1 = ?IS REASON ! WOR?Y OBJECT ( !IR RELIGION444 ,EV5 TODAY1 ! ECONOMI/S HAVE B>ELY ID5TIFI$ ! COLLECTIVE =CE40.<#g#c.> ,NOR DID HE BELIEVE ?AT EM]G5CE WAS PRODUC$ 9 A UNIDIRECTIONAL MANN] ( 9DIVIDUALS CREAT+ HI<]-LEVEL ORGANIZATION1 AS CAN BE SE5 :5 HE >GU$ ?AT 07T7HR\< ! GR\P+ ( 9DIVIDUAL =CES1 & ?R\< ! RELATION ( ! GR\PS1 ! :OLE NATION =MS ONE BODY3 IT IS A REAL BE+1 ( A HI<] ORD]1 :OSE MOVEM5T IMPLICATES ! EXI/5CE & =TUNE ( EV]YONE4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS IMM]S$ 9 SOCIETY2 HE EM]GES FROM ?IS GREAT P[]1 FROM :I* HE W\LD SEP>ATE ONLY TO FALL 9TO NO?+NESS40.<#g#d.> ,H]E ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SE5 BO? AS A PRODUCT ( SOCIETY & AN ELEM5T PRODUC+ ! SOCIETY %AP+ H] AT ! SAME TIME4 ,PR\DHON CLE>LY ELABORATES ! NOVEL ASPECTS ( EM]G5T SOCIAL =MS1 & CONNECTS !M TO ! 9DIVIDUAL ) ALL ! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ! VIEW AT ! C5T] ( HIS ?9K+ >\ND ! ,/ATE & EV5 HIS ECONOMIC IDEAS4 ,IT'S SAFE TO SAY ?AT ?IS ASPECT ( HIS CONTRIBUTION IS NOT WELL RECOGNIZ$1 & ?\< HIS IDEAS ON EM]G5CE >E NOT FULLY DEVELOP$1 HE IS ONE ( ! FEW ?9K]S BO? TO UTILIZE ?AT FRAMEWORK & TO CONNECT IT TO HIS CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM & ! POT5TIAL ( LIB]ATORY SOCIETY4 

,AN>*I/ ?9K+ >\ND EM]G5CE WAS NOT LIMIT$ TO DESCRIB+ NATURE1 BUT RA!R IT WAS ALSO 9TEGRAL TO AN UND]/&+ ( P[] & ! CAPACITY ( GR\PS = !IR [N LIB]ATION4 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK]1 ! ,G]MAN UNION ORGANIZ] & !ORI/ ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 ELABORATES AN EM]G5CE APPROA* TO H[ RADICALS ATTEMPT TO SORT \T HI/ORY & C\RSES ( ACTION4 ,CRITICIZ+ ! ,M>XIAN VIEW ( HI/ORY AS DET]M9$ PURELY BY ECONOMIC =CES1 HE WROTE3 

,!RE IS SC>CELY AN HI/ORICAL EV5T TO :OSE %AP+ ECONOMIC CAUSES HAVE NOT CONTRIBUT$1 BUT ECONOMIC =CES >E NOT ! ONLY MOTIVE P[]S :I* HAVE SET EV]Y?+ ELSE 9 MOTION4 ,ALL SOCIAL PH5OM5A >E ! RESULT ( A S]IES ( V>I\S CAUSES1 9 MO/ CASES SO 9W>DLY RELAT$ ?AT IT IS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE CLE>LY TO SEP>ATE ONE FROM ! O!R4 ,WE >E ALWAYS DEAL+ ) ! 9T]PLAY ( V>I\S CAUSES :I*1 AS A RULE1 CAN BE CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$ BUT CANNOT BE CALCULAT$ ACCORD+ TO SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS4.<#g#e.> 

,MORE REC5TLY1 ,GRAHAM ,PUR*ASE DEVELOP$ A UNIQUE ECOLOGICAL CRITIQUE BAS$ ON COMPLEXITY & *AOS !ORY4 ,HE POSITS A NATURAL ORD] ?AT IS /IFL$ :5 ! EM]G5T ORD] ( SOCIETY IS CON/RA9$ ?R\< C5TRALIZ$ ( DOM9AT+ M9ORITIES4 ,/>T+ 9 ! #a#i#hS1 HE CONNECT$ ! POT5TIAL = CLIMATE CRISIS TO CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE VIA EM]G5T DISEQUILIBRIUMS ?AT MI<T PROBLEMATIZE HUMAN SOCIETIES4.<#g#f.> ,ONE C\LD OBJECT TO ! N>RATIVE ( NATURALNESS AS BE+ >BITR>ILY DEF9$4 ,:]E W\LD ! L9E BE DRAWN EXACTLY 9 T]MS ( NATURE ON DIFF]5T =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION8 ,/ILL1 EX*ANG+ NATURALNESS = VALUES IS AN OBVI\S WAY TO SEE ! UTILITY ( ,PUR*ASE'S WRIT+S4 ,!RE >E BETT] & WORSE WAYS TO ORGANIZE SOCIETIES BAS$ ON ! GOALS ! AU?OR >GUES =1 SU* AS ECOLOGICAL HEAL?1 SOLID>ITY1 & HUMAN FL\RI%+2 & ?OSE CAN BE CONNECT$ TO AN UND]/&+ ( ! NATURAL PH5OM5A ( EM]G5CE ?AT C\LD EI!R 5C\RAGE OR 9HIBIT A*IEV+ ?OSE GOALS4 

,?\< IT W\LD BE A LONG] >GUM5T ?IS IS AT LEA/ P>T ( :AT IS GO+ ON ) ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S SOCIAL ECOLOGY4.<#g#g.> ,P>T ( ! BREAK FROM ,M>XISM BY ,BOOK*9 WAS A %IFT T[>DS ! MORE ME?ODOLOGICALLY OP5 PROCESS ,ROCK] SPEAKS ( & COM+ TO VIEW /RUGGLES & ! NEW SOCIETY 9 T]MS ( EM]G5T RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE & !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,LIKE ,PUR*ASE1 ,BOOK*9 USES IDEAS AB\T LIV+ SY/EMS & COMPLEXITY 9 BO? HIS CRITIQUES & PROPOSALS1 )\T NECESS>ILY ELABORAT+ A !ORY ( EM]G5CE4 

,!RE >E ?REE ASPECTS TO ! ROLE ( 7P]HAPS PROTO-7 EM]G5CE !ORIES )9 AN>*ISM3 AN UND]/&+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS EXHIBIT+ EM]G5CE \T ( COMPLEX SY/EMS1 US+ ?AT FUNCTION+ TO DEMON/RATE WEAKNESSES 9 ! DOM9ANT P[] SY/EM1 & PROPOSALS = SOCIAL *ANGE & FUTURE SOCIETY DRAWN FROM EM]G5CE4 ,9 ,RECLUS & ,KROPOTK91 !SE >E IMPLICIT ?READS ?AT RUN ?R\<\T !IR ?\<T4 ,PR\DHON DIRECTLY ADDRESSES ! PH5OM5ON & USES IT TO CRITIQUE ! ,/ATE & CAPITALISM4 ,PUR*ASE RAISES ! POT5TIALS ( EM]G5CE = AN>*I/ ?\<T1 9CLUD+ ECOLOGY & \R RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 ?\< )\T ELABORAT+ A !ORY ( EM]G5CE OR AG5CY4 ,!SE DEVELOPM5TS >E P>TICUL>LY REM>KABLE GIV5 ?AT ! G5]AL ?RU/ ( ,EUROPEAN ?9K+ FROM ! #a#fS UNTIL ! PRES5T CAN BE CLASSIFI$ ESS5TIALLY AS R$UCTIONISM4.<#g#h.> ,SU* SCI5CE WAS R$UCTIVE 9 SO F> AS SCI5TI/S & ?9K]S BROKE UP !IR SUBJECTS ( /UDY 9TO ANALYZABLE P>TS & S\<T TO RECON/RUCT !M PIECE BY PIECE4 ,?IS ME?OD L$ TO ! EM]G5CE ( SCI5CE AS WE KN[ IT1 & ONLY HUNDR$S ( YE>S LAT] DID ! LIMITATIONS ( SU* APPROA*ES BECOME CLE>4 

,MORE REC5TLY SOME RADICAL ?9K]S HAVE TAK5 UP EM]G5CE DIRECTLY & DRAWN \T LESSONS4 ,IMMANUEL ,WALL]/E91 ,DANTE ,>RI<I1 & O!R ,WORLD ,SY/EMS !ORI/S %\LD BE M5TION$4 ,WALL]/E9 9 P>TICUL> WAS 9FLU5C$ BY COMPLEXITY !ORY & HIS ANALYSIS ( CAPITALISM & PR$ICTIONS = H[ ! SY/EM EVOLVES CLE>LY USE HIS 9T]PRETATION ( ?AT FRAMEWORK 9 A WAY ?AT IS PRODUCTIVE & IS USEFUL = REVOLUTION>IES4.<#g#i.> ,:ILE CRITICAL ( LIB]AL RE=M & ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC TRADITION ,WALL]/E9 HAS BE5 (T5 AGNO/IC ON O!R POSSIBILITIES OR AT TIMES BORD]+ ON SIMIL> POSITIONS HE CRITIQUES4 ,HIS POSITIVE PROPOSALS !N HAVE LIMIT$ APPLICABILITY = ?OSE :O SEEK A DIFF]5T R\TE TO A SOCIETY BEYOND ! ,/ATE & CAPITAL4 ,/ILL1 = SU* !ORI/S IT IS CLE> ?AT !Y'VE MOV$ BEYOND ! ME?ODS1 VOCABUL>Y1 & !ORIES ( ! LEFT !Y GREW \T ( & >E PRODUC+ 9T]E/+ NOVEL ANALYZES ?AT >E RELEVANT & *ALL5G+4 

,A FEW SCATT]$ >TICLES HAVE EXPLOR$ MORE OV]TLY REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ( EM]G5CE & COMPLEXITY 9 PRELIM9>Y WAYS4 ,NICOLE ,PEPP]ELL'S DISS]TATION ATTEMPTS TO CA% \T A ,M>XI/ APPROA* TO CAPITALISM VIA EM]G5CE4 ,PEPP]ELL SEEKS TO MAKE DIALECTICS COMPATIBLE ) EM]G5CE1 & TO RECA/ CONCEPTS ( ,M>XI/ POLITICAL ECONOMY 9TO ! LANGUAGE ( EM]G5CE4 ,IF WE SET ASIDE :E!R POL> DIALECTICS >E COMPATIBLE ) ! MULTIDIM5SIONAL WORLD ( EM]G5CE1 WE WILL SEE ?AT ?IS IS AN IMPORTANT ATTEMPT TO WRE/LE ) \R *ANG$ UND]/&+ & /RUGGLES ) L>GE SCALE =CES LIKE CAPITALISM FROM A CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE4.<#h.> ,RI*>D ,LEWONT9 & ,RI*>D ,LEV9S EXPLORE EM]G5CE 9 DEP? AS BIOLOGI/S4 ,H[EV]1 !IR AIM IS NOT TO ELABORATE A FRAMEWORK FROM AN EM]G5CE P]SPECTIVE1 BUT RA!R TO EXPLORE BIOLOGY ?R\< ! L5S ( ,M>XIAN DIALECTICS4.<#h#a.> ,!Y DO H[EV] DRAW 9T]E/+ CONCLUSIONS = SOCIAL *ANGE \T ( !SE ISSUES4 

,9T]E/1 UN=TUNATELY1 9 EM]G5CE HAS BE5 L>GELY ACADEMIC1 & IT'S F\ND MU* MORE POPUL>ITY AS A TOOL = METAPHORS AB\T EXI/+ !ORIES ?AN 9 SOME?+ WOR? TAK+ S]I\SLY ON ITS [N4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 !RE HAS BE5 A FAILURE TO ?OR\<LY CONSID] ! IMPLICATIONS = PRACTICE ( VIEW+ SOCIAL /RUGGLE & SOCIETIES VIA EM]G5CE4 ,PREVI\SLY ,I'VE TRI$ TO 9TRODUCE EM]G5CE 9 ! C\RSE ( ANALYZES ( PO/-CAPITALI/ ECONOMICS1 WORKPLACE ORGANIZ+1 & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION )9 HI/ORY4.<#h#b.> ,BEYOND LIMIT$ ATTEMPTS LIKE !SE1 ! FIELD REMA9S WIDE OP54 

,EM]G5T ,POT5TIALS & ,LIMITS3 ,APPLI$ ,KN[L$GE & ,NATURE 

,EM]G5CE & LIV+ SY/EMS TEA* US TWO K9DS ( LESSONS ?AT HELP US /RUGGLE3 LESSONS AB\T :AT WE KN[ & H[ WE KN[ IT1 & LESSONS AB\T ! NATURE & QUALITIES ( ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,! MO/ 9TUITIVE & OBVI\S \TCOME ( !SE IDEAS >E AS LIMITS ( :AT WE CAN KN[1 UND]/&1 & DO4 ,AS AWE9SPIR+ AS EM]G5CE IS1 IT MAKES CLE> ! LIMITS ( \R M9DS & CAPACITIES4 ,\R ABILITIES TO PR$ICT1 CONTROL1 & 9T]PRET LIV+ SY/EMS >E LIMIT$ BY BO? \R [N CAPACITY TO FOLL[ !M & BY ! %E] =CE ( DOM9ANT P[]S )94 ,ON ! /REETS ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 ! PATT]NS & UNDULATIONS ( ! CR[D >E IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE4 ,WE ONLY GET A S5SE ( IT 9 GLIMPSES4 ,FROM ! TREES1 ! %APE & EVOLUTION ( ! =E/ IS OBSCUR$4 ,OR TAKE ! EXAMPLE ( ,MOHAM$ ,B\AZIZI1 ! ,TUNISIAN /REET V5DOR :OSE SUICIDE S]V$ AS 9SPIRATION = MANY 9 #b#a#a4 ,AS 9DIVIDUALS1 \R ABILITY TO REGI/] EV5TS LIKE ?IS & MAKE PR$ICTIONS IS QUITE LIMIT$4 ,O!R SU* SUICIDES HAVE OCCURR$ ?R\<\T HI/ORY )\T ! SAME EFFECT4 ,SIMIL> CAUSES1 BAS$ ON !IR CONTEXT1 HAVE DISSIMIL> RESULTS4 ,FROM ! LEVEL ( AG5TS :]E WE /&1 WE >E UNABLE TO PULL \RSELVES \T ( \R [N SITUATION TO ! HI<]-LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION1 SOCIETY1 & TRACK ! EV5TS ( \R LIVES T[>DS L>G] EM]G5T ONES4 ,?IS IS A H>D LIMIT BAS$ ON ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY & ! LIMITATIONS ( \R M9DS4 

,:ILE IT MAY SEEM 9TUITIVE1 9 FACT IT GOES AGA9/ A L>GE PORTION ( LIB]ATORY ?9K+ & TRADITION4 ,ADOPTION ( DIFF]5T APPROA*ES AS POLITICAL AG5TS WILL NOT ELEVATE US ABOVE ! SY/EM WE RESIDE 9 NOR ! EM]G5T =CES ?AT >E BEYOND \R IMM$IATE CONTROL4 ,HAD WE BE5 P>TICIPANTS 9 ! CR[D 9 ,TUNISIA1 WE W\LD HAVE HAD NO WAY ( KN[+ ?AT SU* AN EV5T W\LD HAVE ! EFFECT IT DID4 ,NEI!R C\LD WE ANTICIPATE ! EFFECT ( ! /RUGGLES ?AT OCCURR$ SURR\ND+ ,B\AZIZI'S SUICIDE4 ,\R POSITION )9 ! TUMULT ( ACTIONS PLACES US 9 A POOR VANTAGE PO9T TO ! /AGE UPON :I* SOCIAL =CES ACT \T 9 HI/ORY4 ,WE DO GA9 9SI<T AB\T EM]G5T EV5TS1 BUT ONLY :5 WE SWIT* FRAMES TO ?AT HI<]-LEVEL ( ANALYSIS1 & NEI!R TRANSLATE DIRECTLY 9TO EA* O!R4 ,EA* LEVEL HAS ITS [N DOMA91 LOGIC1 PRACTICE1 & ANALYSIS4 

,LIKEWISE1 )9 LEVELS1 COMPLEXITY EXCE$S \R CAPACITY TO FOLL[ ! MOVEM5T ( SOCIAL =CES4 ,IT IS LOGICAL ?AT WE W\LD BE UNABLE1 SAY1 TO TRACE ! ACTIONS & CAUSALITY ( EA* P]SON 9 A CR[D ?AT COMES TO TAKE P>T 9 A RIOT4 

,! RIOT IS MADE UP ( ALL ! MYRIAD ?\<TS1 BELIEFS1 DESIRES1 PHYSICALITY BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 MOTIONS1 & EXP]I5CES ( ALL ! P>TICIPANTS4 ,EA* MOTION1 ACTION1 & RESPONSE 9 COMB9ATION YIELDS UNC\NTABLE 9T]ACTIONS EA* DEF9+ EA* O!R 9 A DIZZY+ >RAY ( REACTIONS4 ,?\< IT'S READILY UND]/&ABLE :Y IT'S DIFFICULT TO ?9K ?AT WAY1 WE REGUL>LY ATTEMPT TO DO ?IS ANYWAY4 ,MU* ( POLITICAL ?9K+ IS DIRECT$ T[>DS APPLY+ ! LOGIC ( 9DIVIDUALS TO !SE GR\P SITUATIONS1 SOME?+ EM]G5CE %\LD MAKE US SUSPICI\S (4 

,DUR+ ! ,>AB ,SPR+ MANY ACTIVI/S & SOME 9 ! M$IA S\<T TO ATTRIBUTE ! PROTE/S TO ! ROLE ( SOCIAL M$IA4 ,9 ,TUNISIA ! SUICIDE ( ,B\AZIZI WAS CIT$ AS ! CAUSE ( ! DISRUPTIONS4 ,OBAMA'S MESSAGES ( HOPE & *ANGE 9 #bh >E >GU$ TO HAVE CAUS$ Y\?1 BLACKS1 & ,LAT9OS TO VOTE 9 RECORD NUMB]S4 ,SURELY ALL !SE ?+S PLAY$ ROLES 9 ! EV5TS ANALYZ$4 ,LIKELY !SE ANALYZES SEEK TO CAPTURE :AT IS DIFF]5T AB\T !SE SITUATIONS FROM O!RS :5 SIMIL> EV5TS DID NOT TAKE PLACE4 ,YET !Y %>E AN ATTEMPT TO ISOLATE ! 9T]ACTION ( 9DIVIDUALS ) !IR RESPECTIVE FACTORS 7ACTIONS ( ,B\AZIZI1 CONT5T ( ,OBAMA'S MESSAGE1 SOCIAL M$IA 9 ! ,>AB ,SPR+7 ) ! OV]ALL EV5T4 

,9 FACT1 ! CAUSALITY IS MU* MORE COMPLEX ?AN ?AT4 ,SIMIL> TO EXPLA9+ A RIOT1 :AT MAKES PEOPLE VOTE IS COMPLICAT$4 ,IT MAY BE USEFUL TO ISOLATE S+LE ELEM5TS TO LOOK AT !M1 BUT ?AT'S NOT H[ ?OSE DECISIONS >E MADE4 ,EV5 :5 WE'RE NOT 9 PHYSICAL PROXIMITY TO EA* O!R1 SU* AS 9 RIOTS1 CR[DS1 TRAFFIC1 & SO ON1 \R POLITICAL DECISIONS >E MADE ?R\< CON/ANT DIALOGUE AMONG \RSELVES ON A WORLDWIDE SCALE 7?\< OBVI\SLY H[ WORLDWIDE & TO :AT EXT5T DEP5DS ON ! 9DIVIDUAL EV5T1 TOO74 ,! DECISION TO ESCALATE PROTE/S1 5T] 9TO ! ELECTORAL WORLD1 OR MODIFY MY RELATION%IP TO ?OSE MOVEM5TS COMES NOT 9 ISOLATION1 BUT 9/EAD )9 A TOTAL FRAMEWORK ( ! WORLD POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T1 ! =CES >\ND ME1 & ! DECISIONS ( PEOPLE ,I KN[1 MY [N HI/ORY1 ETC4 

,BO? LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION & COMPLEXITY CAN ?US *ANGE ! WAY WE LOOK AT POLITICAL EV5TS1 BUT EM]G5CE ITSELF ALSO MAKES ITS [N CONTRIBUTION4 ,CONSID] ! NEWNESS ( EM]G5CE4 ,) EM]G5CE1 ?+S ?AT >E NOT CONTA9$ 7H[EV] WE UND]/& ?IS7 9 !IR P>TS COME 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,NEI!R /UDY ( ITS P>TS NOR ! ?+ ITSELF WILL TELL US ! COMPLETE /ORY ( ! EM]G5T ?+4 ,AS WE SAID BE=E1 NO LI/ ( *EMICAL REACTIONS C\LD TELL US AB\T ! LIFE ( A CELL4 ,LIKEWISE1 ) POLITICAL 5TITIES WE >E SIMIL>LY LIMIT$4 ,TAKE ! ,/ATE4 ,IF WE LOOK AT ! 9/ITUTIONS1 P]SONALITIES1 & FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE 9 SOCIETY1 WE WILL FAIL TO UND]/& ! WAY 9 :I* ! ,/ATE IS CREAT$ ?R\< ! RELATION%IPS ( 9DIVIDUALS ?R\<\T SOCIETY4 ,YET LOOK+ ONLY AT ?OSE 9T]ACTIONS WILL NOT MAKE VISIBLE TO US ! OV]>*+ =CE ( ! ,/ATE 9 SOCIETY4 ,! ,/ATE IS MORE ?AN ! SUM ( ! 9T]ACTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS ?AT CREATE ITS REALITY4 ,IT IS AN EM]G5T =CE BEYOND ! LEVEL ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ?\< CON/ITUT$ BY !M4 ,! ,/ATE HAS PROP]TIES ?AT ! 9DIVIDUALS DO NOT1 EV5 ?\< ! 9DIVIDUALS CREATE IT4 ,?IS ISN'T TO SAY ANALYSIS IS IMPOSSIBLE OR UNIMPORTANT2 QUITE ! OPPOSITE IS TRUE4 ,AS POLITICAL AG5TS1 ! COMPLEXITY ( LIV+ SY/EMS LIMITS \R PR$ICTIVE & ANTICIPATORY P[]4 ,YET !RE >E O!R TOOLS AVAILABLE ?AT LET US ADDRESS COMPLEXITY1 LEVELS1 & EM]G5CE4 

,TODAY'S COMPLEXITY SCI5CE 9 PRACTICE BE>S ?IS \T4 ,UNB\ND BY PRIOR RADICAL ?9K]S' ME?ODOLOGIES1 TODAY'S SCI5TI/S USE >TIFICIAL MODEL+ ( COMPLEX SY/EMS TO MAKE PROJECTIONS4 ,RESE>*]S ( ! DOM9ANT RUL+ =CES 7ECONOMI/S1 POLITICAL SCI5TI/S1 SOCIOLOGI/S1 BIOLOGI/S1 MILIT>Y PLANN]S1 LAW 5=CEM5T1 & SO ON7 LOOK TO L>GE-SCALE MODEL+ TO HELP GUIDE !IR ATTEMPTS TO DRIVE SOCIETY4 ,9 #bac COMPLEXITY RESE>*]S US$ EM]G5CE !ORY TO PR$ICT WORLDWIDE DISRUPTIONS SURR\ND+ FOOD1 :I* MADE 9T]NATIONAL NEWS & EXPOS$ A WID] TR5D ( MILIT>Y & GOV]NM5T RESE>*]S ATTEMPT+ TO \TPACE EXPLOSIVE PROTE/ MOVEM5TS & MA9TA9 SOCIAL CONTROL4.<#h#c.> ,! PREVAL5CE ( SU* MODELS IS BECOM+ DEEP]1 T\*+ EV]Y?+ FROM ELECTION CAMPAIGN+1 ! ,NATIONAL ,WEA!R ,S]VICE1 MILIT>Y MODELS ( >TIFICIAL LIFE 9 W>F>E1 & LAW 5=CEM5T'S ATTEMPTS TO USE PASSIVE TE*NOLOGY TO TRACK POT5TIAL RADICALS4 

,?IS IS ! BURGEON+ FIELD ( >TIFICIAL LIFE1 OR MORE MUNDANELY SIMPLY MODEL+4 ,MODELS EXI/1 BUT AS ( YET !Y >E V]Y BROAD4 ,/ILL1 REFLECT ON ! FACT ?AT IT IS ?R\< MODEL+ ! SY/EM AS A :OLE ?AT ! PA? ( HURRICANES & FAM9ES1 SPREAD ( DISEASE1 & SO ON MAY BE TRACK$ RA!R ?AN JU/ CONTEMPLAT$ BY ?9K]S CREAT+ LI/S ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS & TR5DS4 ,LIKEWISE1 ?IS DEP>TS FROM ! TRADITIONAL SOCIOLOGY ( 9DIVIDUAL RESE>*]S TRY+ TO P9PO9T TR5DS US+ !IR REFLECTION 9 COMB9ATION ) CIT+ /UDIES1 & EXTRAPOLAT+ AN ORD] 9 A L9E> MANN]4 ,>TIFICIAL LIFE & MODEL+ 9TEGRATES ! LESSONS ( EM]G5CE ?R\< ITS C5T]+ ON LEVELS & ! SPECIAL BEHAVIOR ( LIV+ SY/EMS4 

,?IS ISN'T TO SAY ?AT 9DIVIDUAL ANALYZES ( SOCIOLOGI/S1 PHILOSOPH]S1 OR POLITICAL ?9K]S >E IRRELEVANT4 ,RA!R IT'S TO DEL9EATE H[ DIFF]5T TYPES ( ANALYZES PUT US 9TO DIFF]5T RELATIONS ) DIFF]5T PO9TS ( ! SY/EM4 ,MODELS AB/RACT FEATURES TO MAKE !M MANAGEABLE4 ,!Y REPRES5T REALITY SO WE CAN PLAY ) IT & GET RESULTS ?AT APPROXIMATE REALITY1 MORE OR LESS4 ,!Y REFLECT REALITY !N1 BUT !Y >E NOT REALITY4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! ROLE ( ! POLITICAL ?9K] ISOLATES O!R FEATURES ( SOCIETY1 CRAFT+ A N>RATIVE & >GU+ = ?READS4 ,BO? REFLECT REALITY & HAVE !IR [N ROLE4 ,LOOK+ AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ?OSE TWO MODES ( ANALYSIS ILLUM9ATES EM]G5CE4 ,! MULTIPLICITY ( P]SPECTIVES *>ACT]I/IC ( EM]G5CE PRODUCES ?OSE DIFF]5T PA?S TO DISCOV]Y4 ,LIV+ SY/EMS CREATE DIFF]5T *ANNELS WE CAN EXPLORE1 & EA* *ANNEL CONTA9S TRU?S & PROJECTS S+UL> TO ITS [N DOMA94 ,EM]G5CE %[S US ! LIMITATIONS ( ! NATURE ( \R 9QUIRIES AT LEA/ 9 ATTEMPT+ TO GRASP ALL SOCIAL PH5OM5A FROM ! COM=TS ( ! >M*AIRS ( POLITICAL /RATEGI/S4 ,MODEL+ CAN %[ US ! EM]G5T BEHAVIOR ( DIFF]5T ELEM5TS ( SY/EMS AT C]TA9 LEVELS1 BUT IT IS LIMIT$ BY ITS V>IABLES1 P]CEPTION1 & LEVEL ( ANALYSIS4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ) 9DIVIDUAL ANALYZES1 /ATI/ICAL REGRESSIONS1 OR EXP]IM5TS 9 ACTION4 

,! UPTAKE ( ALL ?IS IS NOT ONLY LIMITS1 BUT ALSO SUGGE/$ DIRECTIONS = ACTION4 ,FIR/1 EM]G5CE ALL[S US TO UND]/& SPECIFIC FAILURES & AVOID !M1 %[+ MORE PROMIS+ PA?S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION & CAUSALITY DEMON/RATE :Y ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL 9DIVIDUALS & SOCIETY ON A BROAD LEVEL FAIL4 ,AT WORK1 MICROMANAG+ IS A GOOD EXAMPLE ( H[ TRY+ TO IMPOSE UPP]-LEVEL PLANS DIRECTLY ON GR\PS ACTUALLY BREAKS D[N EFFICI5T PRODUCTION 7EXCEPT :5 ! WORK]S DISREG>D MANAG]IAL DISCIPL9E74 ,BOSSES MICROMANAG+ DISRUPTS ! EM]G5T WORKFL[ ?R\< !IR ATTEMPTS TO 9S]T CONC]NS FROM ! MANAG]IAL LEVEL DIRECTLY ON ! PLANE ( ! EMPLOYES C>RY+ \T ! WORK4 

,A TRADITIONAL ME?OD ( /RIK+ CALL$ WORK-TO-RULE USES EXACTLY ?IS T5SION4 ,WORK+-TO-RULE 9VOLVES FOLL[+ ALL ! =MAL RULES & /&>DS MANAGEM5T CREATES1 BUT :I* >E ESS5TIALLY NEV] FOLL[$ PRECISELY BECAUSE TO DO SO W\LD BE TOO 9EFFICI5T4 ,BE=E MAIL SORT+ & PROCESS+ WAS ME*ANIZ$1 9 !ORY WORK]S W]E REQUIR$ TO WEI< ALL LETT]S TO 5SURE PROP] PO/AGE WAS PAID4 ,WORK]S 9 ! ,AU/RIAN PO/AL S]VICE TYPICALLY DID NOT WEI< LETT]S ?AT W]E CLE>LY UND]WEI<T1 !REBY OBEY+ ! RULES 9 SPIRIT BUT MODIFY+ !M TO 5SURE WORKFL[4 ,DUR+ CONFLICT ) MANAGEM5T1 !Y BEGAN WEI<+ EA* PIECE ( MAIL1 :I* TI$ UP DELIV]IES SIGNIFICANTLY4 ,WORK]S !REBY EFFECTIVELY REBELL$ AGA9/ MANAGEM5T ?R\< /RICT OB$I5CE4.<#h#d.> ,?IS MANIPULATES MANAGEM5T'S WEAKNESS 9 ORGANIZ+ ! WORKPLACE FROM ABOVE4 

,IT IS SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE :5 WORK]S ACTUALLY FOLL[ ALL ( MANAGEM5T'S RULES1 WORK /OPS4 ,?IS IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! RULES CREAT$ BY MANAG]IAL HI]>*IES DO NOT REFLECT ! REALITY ( DAILY WORK LIFE4 ,! BUREAUCRACY ( MANAGEM5T IS AN EM]G5T PRODUCT ( ! COMPANY SEP>ATE FROM ! WORK=CE4 ,! RULES !Y CREATE >E (T5 CONTRADICTORY1 9EFFICI5T1 & C\LD NOT FUNCTION IF !Y W]E APPLI$ FULLY4 ,WORK]S KN[ ?IS & SELECTIVELY IGNORE !M )\T EV] SPELL+ \T 9 PAP] OR DECID+ EXPLICITLY :I* RULES !Y FOLL[4 ,WORK-TO-RULE %ATT]S ?IS EM]G5T ORD] BY IMPLEM5T+ ! >TIFICIAL REGIME ( MANAGEM5T1 GR9D+ WORK TO A HALT BY FOLL[+ ! RULES ?AT CANNOT BE APPLI$ AT ?AT LEVEL4 

,!RE IS A SUBTLE G5IUS H]E4 ,ONE ON H&1 IT MEANS ?AT ! RULES & ORD] ( :I* MANAGEM5T CONCEIVES >5'T REALLY FOLL[$1 OR AT LEA/ ?AT WORK]S SELECTIVELY & 9TUITIVELY FOLL[ RULES 9 A WAY ?AT ALL[S WORK TO CONT9UE4 ,?IS IS DONE 9TUITIVELY-- WORK]S DO NOT G5]ALLY SIT D[N TOGE!R & DECIDE :I* RULES WILL BE FOLL[$ :54 ,WORK]S 9/EAD PRODUCE ! RULES COLLECTIVELY ?R\< !IR 9T]ACTIONS & FOLL[ SOME LEVEL ( DISCIPL9E4 ,! EXAMPLE ( WORK-TO-RULE /RIKES %[S ! ABILITY ( PEOPLE TO EM]G5TLY CREATE ORGANIZATION 9 ! FACE ( ATTEMPTS TO IMPOSE ORD] CON/RUCT$ AT A DIFF]5T LEVEL & PO9TS TO !IR ABILITY TO DE/ROY & REPLACE IT AT WILL4 

,!RE >E D>K] EXAMPLES1 SU* AS ! ,U,S,S,R'S ATTEMPTS TO BUILD ! ,BELOMOR CANAL4 ,! CANAL WAS TAK5 BY ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES AS A TRIUMPH ( C5TRAL PLANN+ 9 ! ,SOVIET ECONOMY US+ GULAG LABOR4 ,! CANAL WAS CONCEIV$ AS P>T ( BUILD+ 9DU/RIAL 9FRA/RUCTURE NECESS>Y = TRANS=M+ ! ,SOVIET ECONOMY 9TO A FUNCTION+ 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY4 ,! BUILD+ ( ! CANAL CO/ C\NTLESS LIVES & CREAT$ MASSIVE SUFF]+ = ! GULAG LABOR]S :O BUILT IT4.<#h#e.> ,SEP>AT$ FROM ! REALITY ( CON/RUCTION ON ! GR\ND1 & 9SULAT$ FROM ! CREATIVITY & COLLECTIVE KN[L$GE ( ! LABOR]S =C$ TO WORK UND] TI<T C5TRALIZ$ DISCIPL9E1 ! BUREAUCRACIES C\LD NOT PRODUCE A WELL-FUNCTION+ PROJECT4 ,?\< (T5 IGNOR$1 ! 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE CREATIVITY ( WORK]S S]VE A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 MAK+ PLANS & 5G9E]+ FUNCTION PROP]LY 9 IMPLEM5TATION4 ,WORK]S SOLVE PROBLEMS ) COLLECTIVE 9TELLIG5CE ?AT C\LD NEI!R BE PLANN$ = NOR ANTICIPAT$ BY BUREAUCRACIES4 ,! MASSIVE F9ANCIAL & HUMAN CO/S1 PRISON LABOR1 & SO ON ( ! CANAL >E SEV]E 5\< TO %[ ! DANG]S ( C5TRAL PLANN+4 ,YET EV5 MORE IRONIC IS ?AT ! CANAL ITSELF ULTIMATELY S]V$ NO FUNCTION EXCEPT TO TRANSPORT =EIGN DIGNIT>IES & P>TY (FICIALS ON T\RI/ F]RIES AS A PROPAG&A EF=T4 ,! CANAL WAS NEV] MADE WIDE 5\< TO TRANSPORT ! 9DU/RIAL VESSELS IT WAS MEANT =1 & ?US BO? WA/$ HUMANITY 9 ITS CREATION & MADE ! EF=T 9 VA94.<#h#f.> 

,! FOCUS ON C5TRAL PLANN+ & P>TY DISCIPL9E ( !SE GOV]NM5TS EXPLA9S !IR FASC9ATION ) CR[DS4 ,MASS GAMES1 L>GE OR*E/RAT$ EXHIBITS ( SYN*RONIZ$ MOVEM5TS & IMAGES G5]ALLY TELL+ (FICIAL P>TY HI/ORY1 & MILIT>Y M>*+ =MATIONS CAN BE VIEW$ ?R\< ?IS LI<T4 ,IT WAS A TOTALIT>IAN FANTASY TO R$UCE ! *AOS ( ! CR[D TO ! DISCIPL9E & ORGANIZATION ( ! COMMITTEE1 POLITBURO1 & SECT4 ,PEOPLE >E TRANS=M$ 9TO COLORS1 OBJECTS1 & COMPON5TS MOV+ MU* AS A MA*9E DOES1 & )\T ANY RELATION%IP TO !IR ES!TIC CREATION EXCEPT !IR IMPLEM5TATION ( ! PLANN$ SPECTACLE4 ,MASS GAMES >E A METAPHOR = ! TOTALIT>IAN IMAG9ATION 9 :I* ! P>TY CAN DRIVE ALL ( SOCIETY ?R\< C5TRAL PLANN+1 & :]E SOCIETY IS MOBILIZ$ 9TO AN AMORPH\S MASS UNIFI$ >\ND ! ?\<T ( ! PLANN]4.<#h#g.> 

,BO? TRADITIONAL MICRO-MANAGEM5T & C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ GOV]NM5TS 7,U,S,S,R1 ,*9A1 ,CUBA1 & SO ON7 W]E LIKEWISE B\ND TO SUFF] SY/EMATIC PROBLEMS = SIMIL> REASONS4 ,ACT+ AT A HI<] LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION1 SU* /RATEGIES ATTEMPT TO DIRECTLY CAUSE ACTIVITY 9 SY/EMS ) DIFF]5T LOGIC AT L[] LEVELS1 :]E SIMPLE CAUSATION IS MAT]IALLY IMPOSSIBLE 9 ! WAY CONCEIV$4 ,!RE SIMPLY IS NO WAY TO =CE ! COMPLEXITY ( WORK=CES 9TO ! LOGIC ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 A BO>DROOM4 ,NO?+ GETS DONE )\T ! COLLECTIVE 9TELLIG5CE & EM]G5CE ( ORD] FROM WORK]S 9T]ACT+ 9 AN ADAPTIVE SY/EM4 ,IT IS LIT]ALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO 5G9E] LIB]AT$ SOCIETIES 9 ! MANN] ( SOCIAL 5G9E]+ & TOTALIT>IAN ?9K+ ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i? & #b? C5TURIES4 

,! PO9T IS DEEP] ?AN JU/ A REJECTION ( ! WOR/ =MS ( SOCIAL 5G9E]+ & ! CRASSE/ MANAGEM5T4 ,:5 WE LOOK AT ! EM]G5T WORLD1 WE SEE ?AT 9 FACT O!R ALT]NATIVES CAN BE MORE FRUITFUL4 ,9T]E/+LY1 MANAG]S & 9DU/RIAL RELATIONS !ORI/S HAVE BEGUN LOOK+ AT EM]G5CE = MANAGEM5T /RATEGIES ?R\< CREAT+ 5VIRONM5TS ( AUTONOM\S WORKFL[ ORGANIZATION AIM$ AT PR(IT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y SEE ?AT :AT FUNCTIONS ! BE/ IS :5 ORGANIZATION >ISES ORGANICALLY \T ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ( WORK]S COOP]AT+ ON ! JOB4 ,PEOPLE >E CREATIVE1 & COLLABORATIVELY !Y MAKE WORK RUN BETT] ) M9IMAL M$IATION BY MANAG]IAL /RUCTURES4 ,WORK]S CAN 9DEP5D5TLY SOLVE PROBLEMS ?AT HOLD BACK PR(IT1 BUT (T5 >E IMP$$ BY MANAG]IAL BUREAUCRACY FROM IMPROV+ BUS9ESS4 ,?IS IS SOME?+ ?AT IS EVID5T TO ANYONE :O'S EV] WORK$ 9 A SUBS]VI5T POSITION4 ,SOCIAL ORD] EM]GES FROM ! COMPLEX 9T]ACTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS UNIT$ 9 AN EF=T ?R\< L>GELY DEC5TRALIZ$ P]SON-TO-P]SON NETWORKS4 

,BUT !RE'S WORK & !N !RE'S WORK4 ,!RE IS A COMPLEX 9T]PLAY BETWE5 EMOTIONAL BONDS1 ASPIRATIONS1 9C5TIVES1 & A SY/EM ( CONTROL ?AT MA9TA9S AN 9DIVIDUAL'S P>TICIPATION 9 ! WORK=CE4 ,WORK]S 5GAGE 9 WORK NOT BECAUSE !Y >E NECESS>ILY P]SONALLY COMMITT$ TO !IR JOB1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( A COMPULSORY SY/EM ( DISCIPL9E4 ,WE WORK BECAUSE WE NE$ TO PAY ! BILLS1 & IF WE DON'T WORK H[ !Y WANT US TO1 !RE'S AN >RAY ( DISCIPL9>Y MEASURES 9 PLACE TO =CE US BACK 9TO L9E & TO WORK H>D]4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 Y\ NE$ ! VOLUNT>Y LABOR & 9ITIATIVE ( 9DIVIDUALS CREAT+ SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 9 AN UNM$IAT$ COLLECTIVE 5VIRONM5T4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 Y\ NE$ TO 5SURE ?AT PEOPLE WORK & DO SO = ! PR(IT ( ! COMPANY4 ,?AT M$IATION CREATES 9EFFICI5CY & ANTAGONISM4 

,! RUB H]E ?\< IS ?AT !RE'S AN 9H]5T T5SION 9 ! ATTEMPT 7SEL=GANIZ$ CAPITALI/ WORKPLACES7 TO EMP[] WORK]S TO P]FECT !IR WORK BECAUSE DISCIPL9>Y 9FRA/RUCTURE IS ALWAYS NECESS>Y4 ,IF !RE W]5'T CO]CIVE & REPRESSIVE MEANS )9 ! WORKPLACES1 PEOPLE MI<T O!RWISE ORGANIZE IT TO !IR B5EFIT 7LET ALONE AVOID WORK ALL TOGE!R71 & MANAGEM5T RECOGNIZES ?IS PROBLEM4 ,IF WORK]S W]E RADICALLY FREE1 !Y MI<T R$IRECT !IR ACTIVITY NOT T[>DS PR(IT ( ! [N]S1 BUT RA!R T[>D !IR [N COLLECTIVE B5EFIT1 T[>D ! B5EFIT ( O!RS1 OR T[>D SOME O!R AIM4 ,JU/ AS ! ORD] !Y PRODUCE IS EM]G5T1 PEOPLE WORK+ TOGE!R CAN CREATE EM]G5T =CES T[>DS !IR 5DS4 ,?IS IS SOME?+ MANAGEM5T EXI/S TO RE/RA91 REPRESS1 & *ANNEL 9TO ! DESIRES & :IMS ( ?OSE :O MA9TA9 WEAL? & P[]4 

,?IS EXAMPLE TEA*ES US A NUMB] ( ?+S4 ,9H]5T 9 EM]G5CE IS A CRITIQUE ( HI]>*ICAL P[] RELATIONS4 ,9 UND]/&+ H[ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IS AN EM]G5T PROP]TY ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 & H[ C5TRALIZ$ P[] IS 9H]5TLY FLAW$ 9 ATTEMPT+ TO BRIDGE ?OSE GAPS1 WE SEE ALSO A CRITIQUE ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ HI]>*IES & A LIB]T>IAN ME?OD = POLITICAL WORK4 ,?OSE HI]>*IES >E A NET DRA9 ON SOCIETY & 9TRODUCE A =M ( DISEASE 9TO H[ ! SOCIAL ORGANISM FUNCTIONS4 ,COMPLEX SY/EMS HELP US CRITIQUE :Y C5TRALIZ$ MANAGEM5T ( LABOR & SOCIETY >E REGRESSIVE =CES ?AT P>ASITICALLY FE$ (F ! EM]G5T ORD]S ( HUMAN COLLECTIVE CREATIONS4 

,LIKEWISE1 ! ORD] ?AT EXI/S IS ALREADY EM]G5TLY PRODUC$ BY PEOPLE ADAPT+ & RESPOND+ TO !IR CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,9 \R DAILY LIVES1 WE HAVE ! 9H]5T ABILITY TO CON/RUCT ALT]NATIVE ORD]S1 NOT AS >*ITECTS OR PLANN]S1 BUT RA!R ?R\< \R 9T]ACTIONS )9 ! SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,:ILE !RE >E NO GU>ANTEES AB\T :AT K9DS ( ORGANIZATION CAN BE PRODUC$1 9VE/IGAT+ EM]G5CE OP5S UP POSSIBILITIES4 ,WE SEE BO? 9H]5T ANTAGONISM CREAT$ BY EM]G5T P>ASITIC CLASSES & ! POSSIBILITIES ( MORE LIB]T>IAN ORD]S )\T DY/OPIAN SOCIAL 5G9E]+ S*EMES4 ,EM]G5CE PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK TO ?9K ?R\< ?AT PROJECT1 LEAV+ ?AT PLANE OP5 & >M+ US ) BO? CRITIQUE & EXAMPLES = MOV+ =W>D 9 A CRITICAL LIB]ATORY /RUGGLE4 

,SECOND1 EM]G5CE ALL[S US TO UND]/& & ACT UPON ! POT5TIAL ( POLITICAL EV5TS4 ,IT PRES5TS AN ALT]NATIVE MEANS ( UND]/&+ POLITICAL EV5TS ?AT MOVES AWAY FROM ME*ANI/IC & DET]M9I/ ACC\NTS4 ,EM]G5CE USES ! MULTIPLICITY ( LEVELS )9 EV5TS & ! COMPLEXITY 9 H[ !Y UNFOLD+ OV] TIME4 ,DO+ SO PRES5TS A NUMB] ( AVAILABLE APPROA*ES TO BO? CREAT+ & UND]/&+ ACTION4 ,= 9/ANCE1 RUPTURES >E POLITICAL EV5TS ?AT R\<LY BREAK FROM ! DOM9ANT ORD] ( !IR TIME1 (T5 U%]+ 9 NEW ]AS4 ,?\< CAUS$ BY ! ACTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 EV5TS SU* AS RUPTURES BUR/ POLITICS AS USUAL TO PRES5T NEW POT5TIALS AS ! EQUILIBRIUM ( DOM9ANT P[] IS DISRUPT$4 ,!SE %IFTS >E DISORI5T+ = POLITICAL AG5TS1 BECAUSE !Y >E DISPROPORTIONATELY CAUS$ BY & OCCUR ) COMPLEXITY ?AT \TPACES \R CAPACITY TO UND]/& !M4 ,WE CAUSE !M1 BUT !Y SEEM TO US TO COME \T ( NO:]E 7UNTIL MU* LAT] WE >E ABLE TO C>RY \T A HI<] LEVEL ( ANALYSIS74 ,RUPTURES >E CLE> EXAMPLES ( NONL9E> CAUSATION & EM]G5CE =CES COM+ \T ( SEEM+LY NO:]E4 ,)\T UND]/&+ SOCIAL EM]G5CE1 ! SPE$ & DEP? ( *ANGES 9 SU* 9SURRECTION>Y ]AS CAN SEEM MY/ICAL4 ,9DE$1 MU* POLITICAL ?9K+ IS DIVID$ BETWE5 BELIEF 9 SPONTANE\S REBELLION & 9 ONLY RELY+ ON ! ACTIONS ( SMALL GR\PS SUB/ITUT+ !MSELVES = L>G] BODIES4 ,EM]G5CE GIVES US TOOLS TO SEE H[ RUPTURES >E POSSIBLE & H[ !Y COME FROM REAL ACTIVITY ( GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS BE=E ! RUPTURE1 AS WELL AS TO SITUATE !M )9 ! FUNCTION+ & EVOLUTION ( SY/EMS ( P[]4 

,IF ?IS IS RI<T1 IT IS EVID5T H[ WE CAN BO? HELP FACILITATE RUPTURES 7?\< WE WILL BE UNABLE TO RELIABLY PR$ICT !M ) ANY GREAT ACCURACY7 & DEEP5 !M4 ,RUPTURES >E ANO!R WAY ( SAY+ A BREAKD[N 9 ! EQUILIBRIUM ( SOCIAL =CES & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?9K AB\T A BODY /RUCK ) A HORRIBLE DISEASE LIKE CANC]4 ,:OLE ORGAN SY/EMS1 HORMONAL TRIGG]S1 BLOOD VESSELS1 & SO ON >E HIJACK$ BY ! CANC] TO SU/A9 ITS [N LIFE AGA9/ ! BODY IT EM]G$ FROM 7S9CE CANC] CELLS >E Y\R [N CELLS MUTAT$ AGA9/ Y\74 ,! NORMAL FUNCTION+ ( ! BODY BEG9S TO *ANGE & RAPID %IFTS 9 ! RULES ( NORMAL *EMICAL REACTIONS1 BODY FUNCTIONS1 & SO ON OCCUR4 ,9 SOCIETY LIKEWISE1 :5 ! =CES ( EQUILIBRIUM >E FUNCTION+ WELL1 SOME DOORS >E REALI/ICALLY CLOS$4 ,\R ABILITY TO HELP PRODUCE EM]G5T LIB]ATORY =CES ON ANY SIGNIFICANT BASIS IS IMPROBABLE 7?\< IT'S H>D TO KN[ ?IS FROM :]E WE /& AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T74 ,:ILE ! SY/EM HAS A FUNCTION+ COOL+ SY/EM & CAN ABSORB ! HEAT WE PRODUCE1 IT KEEPS MOV+4 ,BUT SOMETIMES SY/EMIC PROBLEMS CAN BREAK D[N ?OSE RECUP]ATIVE ME*ANISMS & PRODUCE SO MU* ACTIVITY ?AT ! :OLE ?+ BEG9S TO DET]IORATE4 

,AS ?AT ORD] BREAKS D[N1 H[EV]1 NEW POSSIBILITIES = NEW EM]G5CES CAN RAPIDLY EXPLODE AS ! PREVI\S SY/EM'S MEANS ( 5SUR+ /ABILITY BREAK D[N4 ,POLITICAL EV5TS HAVE SY/EMIC CONTEXTS4 ,RUPTURES >E M]ELY A NAME = P>TICUL>LY EXTREME V]SION ( EV5TS ?AT >E MORE R\T9E4 ,H[ CAUSALITY UNFOLDS DEP5DS ON ! BROAD] /ABILITY & EQUILIBRIUM ( ! SY/EM1 ! EM]G5T =CES )91 & ! COMPOSITION ( ! HI<]-LEVEL EM]G5T P[]S MA9TA9+ ORD]4 ,EM]G5CE ALL[S US TO FEEL \T :]E WE /& 9 ! *ANGES ( ! SY/EM1 :]E TO 9T]V5E1 & H[ TO GR[ ) ! *ANG+ =CES ?AT SOCIAL /RUGGLE CREATES4 ,AS A FRAMEWORK1 IT GIVES US ! ABILITY TO PROPOSE SPECIFIC ANSW]S TO ?OSE QUE/IONS1 ?\< NOT ANY P>TICUL> PROPOSAL4 ,?IS ISN'T TO SAY HAVE FAI? 9 SPONTANEITY1 BUT RA!R IT IS ! OPPOSITE2 IT GIVES US TOOLS & AN UND]/&+ ( ! HI/ORICAL REALITY ( ! DYNAMIC BETWE5 ORGANIZ$ ACTIVITY & ! EM]G5CE ( NEW PROTAGONI/S 9 /RUGGLE4 ,AS WE /&1 AG5TS TRY+ TO *OOSE DIFF]5T C\RSES ( ACTION1 EM]G5CE BR+S TO LI<T H[ WE >E SITUAT$ 9 A WEB ( CAUSES ?R\<\T SOCIETY ?AT CAN REV]B]ATE ) O!R =CES 9 SOCIETY & EI!R BE ABSORB$1 AMPLIFI$1 OR TRANS=M$ 9 ! UNFOLD+ ( POLITICAL EV5TS4 

,LIKEWISE1 ! ACTIVITIES ( ORGANIZ$ BODIES1 EV5 QUITE SMALL ONES1 CAN 9 ! RI<T CONTEXT HAVE DISPROPORTIONATE EFFECTS4 ,WE DON'T NE$ TO LOOK ONLY AT BUTT]FLY W+S & TSUNAMIS H]E4 ,ANYONE S]I\SLY 9VOLV$ 9 SOCIAL /RUGGLE HAS TA/$ ! DRAMATIC %IFTS ?AT CAN HELP :5 A SMALL GR\P 9 A C]TA9 MOM5T TAKES ACTION4 ,?IS CAN BE BO? POSITIVELY :5 IT MOVES A MOVEM5T =W>D1 SU* AS 9 ! ,FL9T SIT-D[N /RIKE :5 ! ORGANIZ]S MADE ! DECISION TO /RIKE BY OCCUPY+ ! FACTORY & !REBY />T$ A REVOLUTION 9 WORKPLACE ORGANIZ+1 OR NEGATIVELY :5 SMALL GR\PS CLUMSILY ATTACK ! POLICE AT ! WRONG MOM5T & A PROTE/ COLLAPSES4 ,GR\PS ACT+ 9 A FAVORABLE CONTEXT CAN HAVE DEEP TRANS=MATIVE CONSEQU5CES4 ,9 ! RI<T SITUATION1 ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION>IES CAN HAVE A DISPROPORTIONATE EFFECT EI!R AGA9/ POPUL> P[] OR ) IT4 ,LEWONT9 & ,LEV9S PROPOSE A MODEL ( ACTION BAS$ ON !SE CONSID]ATIONS4 

,9 *AOTIC SY/EMS1 ANY?+ CANNOT HAPP52 ONLY A RANGE ( ALT]NATIVES )9 A SET ( CON/RA9TS CAN HAPP54 ,IT W\LD TAKE MORE ?AN ! FLAP ( A BUTT]FLY'S W+ TO 9DUCE MONSOON RA9S 9 ,F9L& OR A DR\<T 9 ! ,AMAZON OR EQUAL REPRES5TATION ( WOM5 ON ! ,H>V>D FACULTY4 ,GREAT QUANTITIES ( 5]GY & MATT] >E 9VOLV$ 9 P>TICUL> CONFIGURATIONS = ! MAJOR EV5TS TO OCCUR4 ,ONLY :5 A SY/EM IS POIS$ ON ! BR9K CAN A T9Y EV5T SET IT (F4 ,!RE=E1 ! TASK ( PROMOT+ *ANGE IS ONE ( PROMOT+ ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* SMALL1 LOCAL EV5TS CAN PRECIPITATE ! DESIR$ RE/RUCTUR+4.<#h#h.> 

,H]E ! AU?ORS FOCUS PRIM>ILY ON !SE K9DS ( RUPTURES & SUGGE/ FOCUS+ ON FACILITAT+ !M1 BUT WE C\LD EXP& ?AT VIEW4 ,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( HUMAN LIB]ATION1 IT MAY BE SUP]IOR TO F9D WAYS TO PROMOTE CONSI/5T C\NT]-P[]S ACROSS A WIDE >EA ?AT MAY NOT LEAD IMM$IATELY TO SU* RUPTURES1 BUT MAY IMPROVE ! LIVES ( NUMB]S ( PEOPLE1 & 5C\RAGE ! %IFTS 9 CONVICTION & ?\<T ?AT EMP[] NEW REVOLUTION>IES & AID 9SURRECTION>Y WORK 9 O!R CONTEXTS4 ,!SE DIFF]5CES %[ ! POT5TIAL ( ! !ORY = CA%+ \T /RATEGIC DIFF]5CES1 RA!R ?AN BE+ LIMIT$ ONLY TO A S+LE FRAME4 

,?IS ISN'T TO OV]EMPHASIZE ! ACTIONS ( SMALL GR\PS1 NOR TO SAY GR\P+S %\LD ACT 9 ! NAME ( MOVEM5TS1 BUT RA!R TO PLACE REVOLUTION>IES )9 A NON-PRIVILEG$ SPH]E ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION )\T ! ASSUMPTION ( LEAD]%IP ?AT SUB/ITUTES ITSELF = ! MULTITUDE4 ,!RE >E POT5TIALS & LIMITATIONS TO ?IS K9D ( CAUSATION1 & UND]/&+ ! PROBLEMS ( GR\PS ATTEMPT+ TO ACT 9 ! NAME ( SY/EMS AS A :OLE1 EM]G5CE PLACES ! ROLE ( ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION>IES BACK )9 ! MOVEM5T1 RA!R ?AN AS ITS EXECUTOR4 ,RUPTURES >E :5 !SE ELEM5TS BECOME MO/ OBVI\S & NECESS>Y4 

,YET EV5 )9 NORMAL POLITICAL ACTIVITIES :]E EQUILIBRIUM IS SU/A9$1 !SE TOOLS CAN BE APPLI$ TO UND]/& C\NT]-SY/EMIC ACTION BY POLITICAL AG5TS 9 MORE LOCALIZ$ =MS & 9 /RATEGIC ?9K+4 ,BRAZIL1 = EXAMPLE1 EXPLOD$ 9 PROTE/ ?AT NE>LY BR\<T ! GOV]NM5T TO ITS KNEES 9 #bac OV] 9CREASES 9 ! CO/ ( TRANSIT ) GRIEVANCES OV] ! EXI/+ S]VICES4 ,! ,MOVIM5TO ,PASSE ,LIVRE1 OR ,FREE ,F>E ,MOVEM5T1 >OSE SOME T5 YE>S E>LI] \T ( LOCALIZ$ /RUGGLES 9 DIFF]5T CITIES :]E ORGANIZ]S W]E P]SI/5TLY AGITAT+ >\ND TRANSIT ISSUES ) LIMIT$ SUCCESS UNTIL ! FURY ( ! POPULATION BOIL$ OV]4.<#h#i.> ,IT IS EASY TO =GET ?AT A VA/ SEA ( GRIEVANCES ?AT EXI/S )9 SOCIETY IS TYPICALLY BR\<T TO A MORE COHESIVE =M BY ! 9VE/M5T & EXP]I5CE ( COMMITT$ MILITANTS :O HAVE ! VISION & PRACTICE TO %IFT PROPOSALS 9TO CONCRETE ACTIONS4 

,NAVIGAT+ ! EVOLUTION ( ! SY/EM1 ITS ABILITY TO REPRODUCE1 & ! BREAKD[N ( ITS ORD] IS P>T ( ! TASKS = =CES ORGANIZ+ = LIB]ATION4 ,UND]/&+ \R LIMITATIONS1 ! T5TATIV5ESS ( \R PR$ICTIONS1 & ! REAL POT5TIAL 7BO? = RECUP]ATION & = DISPROPORTIONATE 9FLU5CES7 PLACES BO? OBJECTIVE FACTORS & GR\P 9T]V5TION AT ! CORE ( ACTION4 ,?IS SEEMS COMMON S5SE1 ?\< = MU* ( ! HI/ORY ( POLITICAL ?9K+ !RE WAS AN UNBRIDGEABLE *ASM BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY CREAT$ BY IDEOLOGY ?AT FAIL$ TO CONNECT AG5CY TO SOCIETY4 ,LIV+ SY/EMS DEMON/RATE ! BALANCE & RELATION BETWE5 DIFF]5T MODES ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY & /RUGGLE1 NOT M]G+ !M SIMPLY BY SQUI%+ !M TOGE!R1 BUT RA!R GIV+ EA* ITS PLACE 9 A COH]5T :OLE REFLECT+ ! /RUCTURE & ADAPTATION ( SOCIETY ITSELF4 

,LA/LY1 IT'S WOR? /AT+ ?AT EM]G5CE IS A MAT]IALI/ !ORY ( ! POLITICAL WORLD4.<#i.> ,MAT]IALISM 9 ITS WIDE/ S5SE TRIES TO EXPLA9 REALITY ?R\< ONLY APPEAL+ TO MATT]4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !RE IS NO EXT]NAL REALM ( IDEAS OR SPIRIT \TSIDE ! MAT]IAL WORLD 9 :I* WE LIVE & BREA!4 ,IT ?US PROVIDES A POT5TIAL ME?OD = %[+ H[ BASIC PHYSICAL =CES PRODUCE ! :OLE UNIV]SE1 ( :I* ! PSY*OLOGICAL1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL SPH]ES >E ONLY DIFF]5T PRES5TATIONS ( ?AT SAME BASIC UND]LY+ MAT]IAL REALITY4 ,HAV+ A DIRECT CONNECTION TO PHYSICAL EXI/5CE & SCI5CE IS A /R5G? ( !SE IDEAS1 = ! BASIC REASON ?AT IT MAKES ! POLITICAL COH]E TO MORE BASIC =CES 9 NATURE4 

,?IS ISN'T TO SAY ?AT SOCIETY DOESN'T HAVE ITS [N SPECIFIC CONT5T1 BUT IT MAKES IT LESS MAGICAL & MY/]I\S & BR+S IT )9 ! DOMA9 ( POT5TIAL ACTIONS4 ,9DE$1 IT'S BE5 ! OBSCURITY ( SOCIETY'S FUNCTION+ ?AT (T5 HAS BE5 US$ AS A TOOL AGA9/ PEOPLE1 A TOOL TO RE9=CE DOM9ANT P[] ?R\< RITUAL1 FAI?1 & EV5 OBSCURANTI/ OR TE*NOCRATIC SCI5CE4 ,POLITICAL LEAD]%IP ( ! ,/ATE1 DESPITE ! RHETORIC ( P>TICIPATION & DEMOCRACY1 WRAPS ITSELF 9 RITUALS ( EXP]TIZE & SUP]HUMAN ABILITIES TO RE9=CE ITS EXCLUSIVE CLAIM TO GOV]N+1 :5 9 REALITY IT IS ! UNCONSCI\S ACTIONS ( MILLIONS ?AT SU/A9 ! SOCIAL ORD] ?AT ! ,/ATE /RUGGLES TO MA9TA9 ITS 9FLU5CE OV]4 ,! !AT] ( P[] IS FILL$ ) P>LIAM5TS1 >*ITECTURAL FEATS ( AWE1 OVAL (FICES1 PULPITS1 & PRESID5TIAL LIM\S9ES & AIRPLANES4 ,!SE >E NOT ONLY ! EXCESSES ( AN 9SULAT$ ELITE DRUNK ON !IR [N P[]1 BUT ALSO A CONSCI\S CULTIVATION TO HIDE ! FACT ?AT !IR DECISIONS CAN BE =C$ & ]OD$ NOT ) EXP5SIVE F\NTA9 P5S1 BUT ) ! CALLS & FOOT/EPS ON ! /REETS BEL[ !IR BALCONIES4.<#i#a.> ,! MORE WE CAN GRASP AT ?IS WORLD & BR+ IT )9 ! REA* ( ALL1 ! MORE P[] WE HAVE TO *ALL5GE ! WRONGS 5=C$ ON PEOPLE EV]Y DAY4 

,?R\< ! DISCUSSION ( EM]G5CE1 A VIEW ( POLITICAL EV5TS HAS BE5 ELABORAT$ ?AT FRAMES & C5T]S ! ROLE ( AG5TS & PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK = ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLES' ACTIONS & L>G] SOCIAL =CES4 ,LIKEWISE1 ?IS UND]/&+ CONTRIBUTES TO UNIFY+ ! LIV+ & PHYSICAL WORLD BAS$ ON %>$ LAWS & MATT] BY EXPLA9+ :Y IT IS DIFFICULT = US TO CONCEIVE ( ! TRANS=MATION ( ! PHYSICAL 9TO ! LIV+ & SOCIAL4 ,IT DOES SO >GU+ ?AT DIFF]5T LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION PRODUCE DIFF]5T BEHAVIORS & PROP]TIES4 ,9H]5T PROP]TIES ( LIV+ SY/EMS HAVE POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE 9 DEMON/RAT+ H[ ORD] IS EM]G5TLY PRODUC$2 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ HI]>*IES 9TRODUCE 9H]5T PROBLEMS 9TO SOCIAL SY/EMS & M>K ! POT5TIAL = A LIB]ATORY SEL=GANIZ$ SOCIAL ORD]4 

,! REAL WORK ( ?IS !ORY IS YET TO BE DONE4 ,ITS IMPLICATIONS = \R UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM1 ! ,/ATE1 & OPPRESSIONS >E 9 ITS 9FANCY & WILL BE ! TASK ( ?OSE ( US WORK+ TO DEVELOP ?IS L9E ( ?\<T4 ,REVOLUTION1 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 NON-/ATI/ SOCIETY1 & ORGANIZATION >E QUE/IONS RIPE = CRITICAL ANSW]S FROM AN EM]G5TI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT IS !RE 9 ! L>GE QUE/IONS ( LIB]ATORY POLITICS ?AT EM]G5CE %[S ITS REAL USE4 ,! WORK ( ADDRESS+ ALL ( !M W\LD REQUIRE A TEXT ON ITS [N4 ,!RE >E A FEW CORE CONCEPTS ?\< ?AT 9CREASE \R ABILITY TO TACKLE !SE L>GE QUE/IONS1 & :I* REQUIRE !IR [N SECTIONS ( ?IS BOOK4 ,P>T ( ! APPEAL ( ?IS P]SPECTIVE IS ITS ABILITY TO EXPLA9 ! FUNCTION+ ( P[] AS AN EM]G5T =CE 9 SOCIETY1 & TO SITUATE POLITICAL ?9K+ & ACTION 9 A RADICAL LI<T4 ,9 ! NEXT SECTION1 P[] WILL BE EXPLOR$4 

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