,ECONOMIC ,POLICY FROM ,BEL[ 
AN ,AN>*I/ ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,C,O,S,A,T,U ,UNIONS' 0,RADICAL ,RE=M0 ,PROJECT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,W>R5 ,MC,GREGOR 

,TEXT 3 

,:]EAS MANY UNION MOVEM5TS 9 ! WORLD 5T]$ ! #a#i#iS 9 A /ATE ( POLITICAL CRISIS1 ,S\? ,AFRICAN UNIONS NOT ONLY CONT9U$ TO GR[ V]Y RAPIDLY - ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN UNION MOVEM5T WAS AMONG ! FIVE FA/E/ GR[+ UNION MOVEM5TS 9 ! WORLD AT ! TIME - BUT ALSO DEVELOP$ AN ALT]NATIVE POLICY FRAMEWORK ?AT BUCK$ ! NEOLIB]AL TR5D4 

,C5T]$ ON ! ,CONGRESS ( ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS 7,C,O,S,A,T,U71 & )9 IT1 KEY UNIONS LIKE ! ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,METALWORK]S ( ,S\? ,AFRICA 7,N,U,M,S,A71 ! UNIONS DEVELOP$ AN IDEOLOGICAL & /RATEGIC ORI5TATION DESCRIB$ BY S*OL>S 7E4G4 ,$DIE ,WEB/] & ,GL5N ,ADL]1 #b7 AS 0RADICAL RE=M0 OR 0/RUCTURAL RE=M40 ,! ?9K+ ( ! MA9 UNIONS 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA REMA9S1 TO ?IS DAY1 PR(\NDLY %AP$ BY ! 0RADICAL RE=M0 7,R,R7 MODEL4 

,! AIM ( ?IS 9PUT IS TO EXAM9E ! ,R,R MODEL1 :I* WAS AN ATTEMPT TO BUILD ON ! MANY KEY PROGRESSIVE GA9S WON BY WORK]S & !IR ORGANIZATIONS ?R\< /RUGGLE 9 ! #a#i#hS1 & PU% ?R\< TO A DEEP] TRANS=MATION 9 ! #a#i#iS4 ,?IS 9PUT DEF9ES ! KEY COMPON5TS ( ,R,R1 & !N EXAM9ES :Y ?IS 9NOVATIVE RESPONSE TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y TRANSITION & TO CAPITALI/ GLOBALIZATION WAS NOT SUCCESSFUL4 ,?IS REQUIRES LOOK+ AT ISSUES ( NEOLIB]AL CAPITALI/ & /ATE DOM9ATION1 ! IMPACT ( ,R,R ON ! UNIONS1 & ! EFFECTS ( ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( TRADE UNION ACTIVITY & DISPUTE PROCESSES ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE4 ,IT RAISES DEEP] QUE/IONS AB\T ! UNIONS' POLITICS AS WELL4 

,!RE=E1 ?IS SECTION PROVIDES SOME IDEAS ON3 

,BRIEFLY DEF9+ RADICAL RE=M & NOT+ ! ASSUMPTIONS ON :I* ! CONCEPT IS BAS$4 

,! HI/ORICAL & IDEOLOGICAL-/RATEGIC CONTEXTS 9FLU5C+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! APPROA*4 

,! *ALL5GES & %ORTCOM+S ( ,R,R4 

,RADICAL ,RE=M 7,R,R7 AS ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY-FROM-,BEL[ 

,R,R CAME FROM ! ,C,O,S,A,T,U UNIONS1 NOT ! ,A,N,C OR ,S,A,C,P1 & WAS A /RATEGIC TRADE UNION & WORK+-CLASS APPROA* TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION ( NEWLY-DEMOCRATIC ,S\? ,AFRICA & ! ROLE ?AT ORGANIZ$ LABOR W\LD PLAY 9 ?IS TRANS=MATION4 ,IT WAS DEVELOP$ 9 ! FIRES ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ LATE AP>!ID & CAPITALISM 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA BY ,C,O,S,A,T,U & ITS AFFILIATES & CAN CONFID5TLY BE CONSID]$ AN EXAMPLE ( ECONOMIC POLICY DEVELOPM5T FROM BEL[ ?AT WAS DEVELOP$ ?R\< 5GAGEM5TS ) ! IDEAS & DESIRES ( ! RANK-&-FILE 9 CONV]SATION ) !IR ELECT$ LEAD]S & (FICIALS4 

,LOCALLY1 ! BLACK WORK+-CLASS MAJORITY & ITS ORGANIZATIONS W]E DEFEAT+ ! LA/ VE/IGES ( AP>!ID & RACI/ CAPITALISM1 & 5GAG+ ! NEWLY DEVELOP+ 9/ITUTIONS ( A DEMOCRATIC ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,!SE /RUGGLES HAD 9CUBAT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( P[]FUL & MILITANT WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 KE5LY AW>E ( !IR P[] & HI/ORICAL ROLE & RESPONSIBILITY4 

,AT ! DAWN ( ! #a#i#iS1 ,C,O,S,A,T,U 5T]$ 9TO A =MAL ALLIANCE ) ! ,A,N,C4 ,!RE WAS !N A MI<TY1 RADICAL1 MASS-BAS$ & /REET-MOBILIZ+ WORK+ CLASS1 CLOSELY L9K$ TO :AT WAS !N A RADICAL NATIONALI/ P>TY1 ,A,N,C1 :I* WAS ON ! V]GE ( /ATE1 P[]1 AS WELL AS ALLI$ TO ! FA/E/ GR[+ COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ! WORLD AT ?AT TIME1 ! ,S,A,C,P4 

,DEF9+ ,RADICAL ,RE=M 7,R,R7 

,ACCORD+ TO ! LABOR S*OL>S ,WEB/] & ,ADL]1 WRIT+ 9 #b1 RADICAL RE=M 7,R,R7 IS A 0LEFT V]SION ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY40 .<#a.> ,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS ! IDEA ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS CAN W9 ! EXI/+ /ATE1 US+ MEANS LIKE P>LIAM5T1 CORPORATISM & EXP&$ /ATE CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY TO %IFT SOCIETY T[>DS SOCIALISM ?R\< A S]IES ( RE=MS4 ,A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY IS USUALLY A MASS P>TY1 AS IT NE$S MAXIMUM NUMB]S TO W9 ELECTIONS4 

,:AT MAKES ,R,R A 0LEFT0 V]SION ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS ?AT IT WAS DRIV5 BY MASS1 RADICAL UNIONS1 :O W]E WILL+ TO USE ROLL+ MASS ACTION TO W9 ,R,R2 &1 SECONDLY1 ,R,R 9CLUD$ MANY DEM&S ?AT W]E DESIGN$ TO GIVE WORK]S & UNIONS DIRECT P[] OV] ECONOMIC DECISIONS1 9CLUD+ 9 COMPANY BO>DROOMS & ON ! FACTORY FLOOR4 ,! CORE IDEAS W]E ?AT3 

,! RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! PO/-AP>!ID ECONOMY MU/ BE DONE 9 WAYS ?AT B5EFIT ! BLACK MAJORITY1 BUT ! WORK+ CLASS & POOR ESPECIALLY4 

,S\? ,AFRICA %\LD 5GAGE 9 GLOBALIZATION AFT] AP>!ID ISOLATION 5D$1 9 WAYS ?AT EMP[] RA!R ?AN OPPRESS ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,UNLIKE ! 0L[ ROAD0 ( ,*9A1 BAS$ ON L[ WAGES & BRUTAL SUPPRESSION ( UNIONS1 ! NEW ,S\? ,AFRICA %\LD FOLL[ A 0HI< ROAD0 CLOS] TO ,G]MANY1 ) HI<-SKILL1 HI<-WAGE1 HI<-PRODUCTIVITY WORKPLACES 9 :I* BLACK WORK]S1 9 P>TICUL>1 W\LD BE EMP[]$4 

,?IS W\LD 9CLUDE - & ?IS IS ! 0RADICAL0 P>T - ROLL+ BACK ! FRONTI]S ( CAPITAL BY GIV+ WORK]S & UNIONS A GREAT] SAY 9 ! ECONOMY1 FI<T+ = POLICY RE=MS 9 ! /ATE LIKE UNIV]SAL P5SIONS & A GREAT *ANGE 9 $UCATION ?AT W\LD PROTECT LABOR FROM M>KETS4 ,AT EV]Y /AGE1 ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD W9 - ?R\< ! /ATE & ?R\< B>GA9+ - MORE P[]1 LEV]AGE & SKILLS4 

,IT IS NOT JU/ AB\T HI<] WAGES & SKILLS & BETT] CONDITIONS - IT AIMS AT CODET]M9ATION ( 9DU/RY VIA TRIP>TITE B>GA9+ & CONSULTATIVE =UMS ) EMPLOY]S & ! /ATE4 

,! WORK+ CLASS W\LD ALSO USE UNION FUNDS TO BUILD A 0SOCIAL ECONOMY0 9CLUD+ COOP]ATIVES4 

,! GR[+ CONQUE/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD BE 0BUILD+ BLOCKS0 = SOCIALISM1 EA* ( :I* W\LD ALL[ FUR!R CONQUE/S1 MORE 0BUILD+ BLOCKS10 SO ?AT ! ULTIMATE \TCOME W\LD NOT JU/ BE CAPITALISM 7EV5 IF ON 0,G]MAN L9ES0 ) CO-DET]M9ATION & WELF>E71 BUT RA!R A TRANSF] ( P[] TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 I4E4 SOCIALISM4 

,!RE=E ,R,R IS RADICAL 9 ?AT IT SEEKS A FUTURE SOCIALI/ WORK]-CONTROLL$ SOCIETY & ECONOMY1 BUT RE=MI/ 9 ITS APPROA* TO TRANS=MATION1 9 ?AT IT DOES NOT SEEK IMM$IATE REVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES1 BUT AIMS TO BUILD WORK] P[] BY 5GAG+ ! /ATE & CAPITAL 9 ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RIAL =UMS - E4G4 ,N,$,L,A,C & ,9DU/RIAL ,B>GA9+ ,C\NCILS - PU%+ = 9CREAS$ WORK] CONTROL OV] ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T BY CONSI/5TLY IMPROV+ ! CONDITIONS ( WORK = LABOR4 ,RE=MISM IS A POLITICAL /RATEGY FOCUS$ SOLELY ON W9N+ RE=MS1 & IT REJECTS REVOLUTION4 ,9 ITS SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC V]SION1 IT IS >GU$ ?AT ! EFFECT ( MANY RE=MS IS A PEACEFUL %IFT TO A NEW SOCIETY1 REMOV+ ! NE$ = REVOLUTION4 

,:AT MAKES ,R,R A MORE P[]FUL APPLICATION ( ! CLASSICAL SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MODEL1 AS P] ! IDEAS ( KEY S*OL>S1 WAS ,C,O,S,A,T,U'S PRES5CE 9 A =MAL ALLIANCE ) ! GOV]N+ P>TY1 ! ,A,N,C1 & ! ,S,A,C,P4 ,! ,A,N,C'S C]TA9 LONG-T]M ELECTORAL M&ATE PROMIS$ CONSI/5CY REG>D+ GOV]NANCE & POLICY DEVELOPM5T4 ,C,O,S,A,T,U W\LD HAVE VITAL ACCESS TO KEY DECISION-MAK]S 9 ! LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE >MS ( GOV]NM5T1 ACCESS DEVELOP$ NOT ONLY BY =MAL ALLIANCE1 BUT ALSO ?R\< COMRADELY P]SONAL RELATION%IPS DEVELOP$ ?R\< YE>S ( /RUGGLE4 ,C,O,S,A,T,U & ITS AFFILIATES W\LD ALSO BE ABLE TO USE ?IS ,ALLIANCE TO S5D KEY WORK] LEAD]S 9TO GOV]NM5T AS ,A,N,C ELECTORAL C&IDATES4 ,FUR!R1 ,C,O,S,A,T,U W\LD HAVE ACCESS TO A RANGE ( =UMS BEYOND P>LIAM5T TO PRES5T & W9 ,R,R PROPOSALS1 E4G4 ! ,TRIP>TITE ,ALLIANCE ITSELF1 ,A,N,C CONGRESSES1 ! ,S,A,C,P1 ,N,$,L,A,C & ,B>GA9+ ,C\NCILS4 

,AS SU*1 ,C,O,S,A,T,U C\LD ASS]T PRESSURE ON ! RUL+ P>TY TO ADOPT PROGRESSIVE1 WORK+ CLASS ORI5TAT$ POLICIES ( ,R,R1 9 ?REE KEY WAYS3 

,AS ,ALLIANCE MEMB]S & 09SIDE0 ! P>TY & ! /ATE4 

,AS A UNION 9VOLV$ 9 GOV]NM5T & B>GA9+ =UMS ) EMPLOY]S1 BO? ! /ATE AS EMPLOY]1 & ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 

,AS AN 9DEP5D5T UNION MOVEM5T ABLE TO MOBILIZE1 :5 IT DEEMS NECESS>Y1 MASS WORK] PROTE/S & CONTE/ATIONS 0\TSIDE0 ! ,ALLIANCE ON ! /REETS & AT WORKPLACES4 

,! ,ASSUMPTIONS ( ,RADICAL ,RE=M 7,R,R7 

,?IS APPROA* TO DEVELOP+ WORK+ CLASS P[] & 5CROA*+ WORK] CONTROL RE/S ON A FEW KEY ASSUMPTIONS1 SOME ( :I* ,I M5TION BEL[4 

,FIR/LY1 IT ASSUMES ?AT ! UNION MOVEM5T IS & WILL CONT9UE TO BE A VIBRANT1 CREATIVE =CE ABLE TO RESPOND 7I7 ANALYTICALLY TO NON-PROGRESSIVE IDEAS PU%$ BY ! /ATE & PRIVATE SECTOR1 & 7II7 PHYSICALLY1 VIA MOBILIZATION1 TO ! ACTIONS ( ! /ATE & PRIVATE SECTOR & TO DO SO QUICKLY 5\< TO EI!R HALT OR *ANGE ! SITUATIONS FAC+ ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,IT ALSO ASSUMES ?AT ! /ATE IS AN 9/ITUTION ( GOV]NANCE ?AT IS ABLE TO BE MANIPULAT$ BY DIFF]5T CLASS =CES - :E!R CAPITALI/ OR WORK+ CLASS - DEP5D+ ON ! RELATIVE /R5G?S ( !SE CLASSES 9 RELATION TO EA* O!R4 ,IT ?US ALSO ASSUMES ?AT CLASS IS DET]M9$ SOLELY BY ECONOMIC RELATIONS ( [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE MEANS4 

,?IRDLY1 ,R,R ASSUMES ?AT ,A,N,C POLICY TRAJECTORIES CAN BE %IFT$ 9 FAVOR ( POLICIES ADVOCAT$ BY ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,C,O,S,A,T,U ?US ACKN[L$GES !RE >E V>I\S IDEOLOGICAL =CES COMPET+ 9SIDE ! P>TY1 BUT IT DOES ASSUME ?AT ! ,A,N,C1 AS ! SELF-PROCLAIM$ P>TY ( ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 MU/ !N HAVE A WORK+-CLASS BIAS OR SYMPA?Y1 & ?AT EV5TUALLY ! ,A,N,C WILL COME >\ND TO MEET+ ! DESIRES ( WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE4 

,IMPORTANTLY1 ,R,R IS PR$ICAT$ ON A L>GE1 ORGANIZ$1 UNIT$1 MILITANT LABOR MOVEM5T /RONG 5\< TO CO]CE ! /ATE & PRIVATE CAPITAL 9 A PRO-WORK] SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIRECTION4 ,R,R ALSO RE/S ON CONT9U$ ,A,N,C RULE & A L>GE SECTION ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS UNIT$ 9 ITS DESIRE = LONGT]M & UNFETT]$ ,A,N,C RULE4 

,LA/1 IT ASSUMES A SOME:AT ONE-WAY DIRECTION 9 *ANGE3 EA* VICTORY ALL[S ANO!R VICTORY1 EA* BUILD+ BLOCK ALL[S ANO!R ONE4 ,! ASSUMPTION H]E IS ?AT MORE & MORE BLOCKS CAN BE WON1 UNTIL ! SY/EM IS BASICALLY SOCIALI/4 

,IDEOLOGICALLY1 ,C,O,S,A,T,U'S ,R,R CAN BE LOCAT$ 9 ! SPH]E ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,AS SU*1 ITS POLITICAL ORI5TATION1 9CLUD+ ANTI-CAPITALI/ RHETORIC & ITS WORK+-CLASS BIAS1 IS )9 ?IS FRAMEWORK1 EV5 IF ITS POLITICAL RHETORIC DRAWS ON ,M>XISM-,L59ISM & NATIONALISM4 ,IT SEES A P>TICUL> ROLE = ! UNION MOVEM5T1 TO BE SURE1 BUT IT VIEWS PROGRESSIVE TRANS=MATION AS BE+ A*IEV$ ?R\< ! /ATE4 ,IT ADH]ES TO A /AGEI/ APPROA* TO A*IEV+ SOCIALISM1 I4E4 ! IDEA IS ?AT CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC GR[? 7UND] ! ,A,N,C7 WILL DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 :I* WILL 5ABLE ! %IFT TO SOCIALISM4 ,:AT LABOR !N HAS TO DO IS MAKE SURE ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS US$ TO B5EFIT & EMP[] ! WORK+ CLASS1 SO ?AT ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM BECOMES POSSIBLE4 ,ITS ECONOMIC F\NDATION IS ,KEYNESIAN AS IT SEEKS A /ATE ABLE TO 9T]V5E 9 F9ANCIAL1 COMMODITY & LABOR M>KETS 9 A WAY ?AT B5EFITS ALL CLASSES4 

,*ALL5GES & ,%ORTCOM+S 

,OV]ALL1 :ILE ,C,O,S,A,T,U DEVELOP$ A WIDE RANGE ( ,R,R PROPOSALS ON EV]Y?+ FROM ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY TO P5SION FUNDS1 NONE W]E ADOPT$ 9 ANY S]I\S WAY BY ! /ATE OR CAPITAL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! MA9 CASE :5 A ,R,R PROPOSAL WAS =MALLY ACCEPT$ - A PROPOSAL = RECON/RUCT+ ,SPOORNET - ! /ATE SIMPLY IGNOR$ ! AGREEM5T4 ,A*IEV+ SOME ( ! DESIR$ 5DS ( ! ,R,R /RATEGY HAS FAC$ AN ,A,N,C 9CREAS+LY F\ND$ ON NEOLIB]ALISM1 :I* ,C,O,S,A,T,U HAS BE5 UNABLE TO %IFT DESPITE ! APPLICATION ( ! ,R,R /RATEGY4 ,?IS HELPS EXPLA9 :Y ,C,O,S,A,T,U KEEPS ASK+ = A RECONFIGUR$ ,ALLIANCE1 & = MAK+ ! ,ALLIANCE - NOT ! ,A,N,C - ! C5T] ( POLICY4 

,! ,GLOBAL & ,LOCAL ,CONTEXT 

,! ,R,R /RATEGY WAS DEVELOP$ 9 ! CONTEXTS ( ! LATE #a#i#hS & E>LY #a#i#iS4 ,?IS WAS A TIME ( RAPID *ANGES 9 ! WORLD4 ,! BALANCE ( =CES WAS %IFT+ AGA9/ ! LEFT & ! WORK+ CLASS 9T]NATIONALLY1 & ! LOCAL CONTEXT WAS A TRANSITION ?AT 9VOLV$ MAJOR COMPROMISES4 ,! NEW PHASE ( CAPITALISM EV]Y:]E WAS NEOLIB]ALISM - ?IS WAS NOT EV5 NEW 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA :]E ! ,NATIONAL ,P>TY HAD PRIVATIZ$ ,I,S,C,O,R & ,S,A,S,O,L4 

,IT WAS ! 5D ( ! ]A ( ,M>XI/ /ATES & ! F\NDATIONS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & TRADE UNIONISM 9 ! ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES W]E UND] SEV]E ATTACK4 ,?IS WAS ! ADV5T ( ! ]A ( NEOLIB]ALISM1 /RUCTURAL ADJU/M5T & FREE-M>KETISM1 NOT ONLY AS REG>DS SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,NATIONALI/ P>TIES ACROSS ! POOR] C\NTRIES W]E EMBRAC+ NEOLIB]ALISM4 ,SOCIALISM & TRADE UNIONISM W]E CONSID]$ ANA*RONI/IC & A WALL IMP$+ FRE$OM - ADMITT$LY AN ATTITUDE FO/]$ BY ! PROPAG&A ( RUL+ & CAPITALI/ CLASSES EMBOLD5$ BY !IR VICTORIES AGA9/ ORGANIZ$ LABOR & ! ,LEFT4 ,C,O,S,A,T,U WAS GR[+1 BUT IT WAS AN EXCEPTION TO ! 9T]NATIONAL TR5D1 & :ILE ! ,S,A,C,P WAS GR[+1 MO/ COMMUNI/ P>TIES WORLDWIDE W]E COLLAPS+4 

,BY ! LATE #a#i#hS1 ,S\? ,AFRICA HAD BECOME ISOLAT$ FROM MU* ( ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,AS SU*1 MU* ( ! F\NDATIONS ( ,R,R BETRAY A S5SE ( ,S\? ,AFRICAN EXCEPTIONALISM1 DISC\NT+ ! DRAMATIC *ANGES ?AT W]E TAK+ PLACE ON V>I\S 9T]NATIONAL /AGES4 ,ITS IDEAS = DEVELOPM5T & ! ROLE ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR 9 ! PROCESS ( SOCIETAL *ANGE SEEM \TMOD$ :5 RELAT$ TO 9T]NATIONAL *ANGES4 ,! FOCUS WAS ON ,S\? ,AFRICA1 BUT ,S\? ,AFRICA WAS NOT AN ISL&1 & EV5 )9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 CONDITIONS W]E >GUABLY *ALL5G+ = ,R,R4 

,AS TIME W\LD %[1 ! ,A,N,C CAME UND] MASSIVE PRESSURE TO ADOPT NEOLIB]ALISM1 & DID SO DECISIVELY ) ,G,E,> 9 #a#i#i#f4 ,! CONFID5CE ?AT ! ,A,N,C W\LD BE OP5 TO RADICAL PROJECTS LIKE ,R,R WAS %AK54 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,S\? ,AFRICAN PRIVATE CAPITAL1 AFT] FLIRT+ ) IDEAS ( A NEW DEAL = WORK]S1 TURN$ BACK TO NEOLIB]ALISM1 GUTT+ JOBS1 US+ PREC>I\S LABOR1 & EXP&+ 9T]NATIONALLY4 

,DECL9E 9 ,UNION ,P[] 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! UNIONS' CAPACITIES & DYNAMISM DECL9$1 EV5 AS !IR NUMB]S SWELL$4 ,BY ! E>LY #bS1 ,C,O,S,A,T,U HAD \TS\RC$ MO/ ( ITS POLITICAL $UCATION TO ! ,S,A,C,P1 AS ITS [N PROGRAMS W]E 9 CRISIS4 ,GR[+ BUREAUCRACY & CORRUPTION 9 UNIONS WEAK5$ /RUCTURES4 

,L9KS TO POLITICAL P>TIES WORK BO? WAYS3 FI<TS 9SIDE ! ,A,N,C SPILL$ 9TO ,C,O,S,A,T,U1 & A GR[+ LAY] ( ,C,O,S,A,T,U LEAD]S SAW A JOB 9 ! ,A,N,C AS A PR(ITABLE EXIT PLAN4 ,! VIBRANT1 CREATIVE1 CONTE/$ & RELATIVELY DEMOCRATIC $UCATION =UMS ?AT HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ BY ! UNIONS DUR+ ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS1 W]E TO BE R$UC$ TO CLASSROOMS ( WORK]S GETT+ EI!R TE*NICAL TRA9+ ON ! BASICS ( %OP-/EW>D WORK1 OR N>R[ IDEOLOGICAL & POLITICAL $UCATION4 

,9CREAS+LY1 ,C,O,S,A,T,U'S VOICE 9 ! PUBLIC DECL9$1 AS ! RUL+ P>TY ACT$ AS ! POLITICAL FILT] = ! VOICE ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS4 ,! LACK ( CRITICAL POLITICAL $UCATION HAS CONTRIBUT$ TO ?IS SITUATION1 IMPOS+ AN ECONOMISM ON ! UNIONS AS ! ,A,N,C HAS BE5 ALL[$ TO DOM9ATE ! POLITICAL T]RA94 ,S9CE ! ,A,N,C ITSELF & ! L>G] ,ALLIANCE >E SE5 AS SACROSANCT1 ,C,O,S,A,T,U FOCUSES ON WORK+ ) ! ,A,N,C4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ?IS MEANS - 9 SEE+ ! ,A,N,C AS LEAD] ( A 0NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC0 7,N,D,R7 PHASE ( ,S\? ,AFRICA'S PO/-AP>!ID TRAJECTORY - ?AT ,C,O,S,A,T,U RESPONSES >E LIMIT$ 9 SCOPE4 ,!Y CANNOT 5VISAGE ! ,A,N,C ITSELF AS A /UMBL+ BLOCK ON ! ROAD TO A PR[ORK]S' SOCIETY4 ,!Y (T5 T5D TO BE AB\T CRITICIZ+ C]TA9 LEAD]S & POLICIES - NOT ! P>TY4 ,?IS HAS L$ TO BE+ 5TANGL$ 9 FACTIONAL BATTLES )9 ! P>TY4 ,?IS HAS DRAMATICALLY R$UC$ ! POLITICAL 9FLU5CE & AU?ORITY ,C,O,S,A,T,U HAS ON ! MAJORITY WORK+ CLASS & ITS IMAG9ATIONS1 MANY ( ! MEMB]S ( :I* HAVE EI!R S\<T O!R UNIONS1 POLITICAL P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS1 OR HAVE DIS5GAG$ FROM POLITICAL ACTIVITY ALTOGE!R4 

,PROBLEMS ,9T]NAL TO ! ,RADICAL ,RE=M 7,R,R7 ,PROJECT 

,! ,R,R PROGRAM WAS AMBITI\S1 BUT SOME ( ITS KEY IDEAS W]E ACTUALLY QUITE VAGUE /RATEGICALLY1 P]HAPS BECAUSE ! R\TES TO CO-DET]M9ATION & SOCIALISM >E NOT EASILY SPELT \T /RATEGICALLY4 ,IT WAS NEV] QUITE CLE> :Y ! ,A,N,C - AS A MULTI-CLASS P>TY WORK+ 9 A CAPITALI/ /ATE - %\LD BE EXPECT$ TO PRIORITIZE ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,CAPITALISM1 AS ! UNIONS ADMITT$1 WAS A MI<TY =CE ) A REL5TLESS DRIVE TO PR(IT AT ! EXP5SE ( WORK]S - H[ !N W\LD WORK] & UNION P>TN]%IPS ) CAPITAL ?R\< CO-DET]M9ATION & ,N,$,L,A,C NOT 5D 9 UNIONS ASSI/+ CAPITALISM8 ,ALSO1 ! /AGEI/ APPROA* MEANT A LONG-T]M ALLIANCE ) ! ,A,N,C1 :I* BR\<T ITS [N PROBLEMS 7AS WE HAVE SE5 E>LI] 9 ?IS *APT]74 

,C,O,S,A,T,U'S PA?WAYS TO A*IEVE CO-DET]M9ATION >E ALSO NOT CLE>4 ,H[ W\LD ?IS HAPP58 ,:AT W\LD IT MEAN8 ,H[ W\LD WORK]S DO ?IS )\T BE+ MADE 9TO AG5TS ( CAPITALISM8 ,! USE ( 9DU/RIAL ,B>GA9+ ,C\NCILS1 A POSITIVE DEVELOPM5T WON ?R\< /RUGGLE1 BECAME AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 RA!R ?AN A MEANS TO PU% 9DU/RY 9 A PRO-WORK] & CO-DET]M9I/ DIRECTION4 

,! DESIRE = TRIP>TITE B>GA9+ 9/ITUTIONS - /RUCTUR$ =UMS = DIALOGUE ) BOSSES & AN UNCLE> DESIRE = EV5TUAL CO-DET]M9ATION - HAS FO/]$ ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( UNION ACTIVITY4 ,9 ! NEOLIB]AL ]A1 !SE =UMS >E CONT9UALLY UND] ATTACK & R5D]$ P[]LESS AS !Y >E TURN$ 9TO M]E CONSULTATIVE >5AS1 ) LITTLE TO NO DECISION-MAK+ P[]4 ,SO UNIONS HAVE BECOME 9CREAS+LY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO =UMS ?AT >E 9CREAS+LY PO9TLESS4 

,ADDITIONALLY1 EFFECTIVE 5GAGEM5T 9 !SE =UMS REQUIRES A SPECIFIC & HI<-LEVEL SKILL SET1 MEAN+ \TS\RC+ ( RESE>* & LEGAL REPRES5TATION & AN 9CREAS$ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! UNION4 ,R,R POLICIES >E TE*NICAL & CANNOT BE EASILY DEVELOP$ FROM ! GR\ND-UP4 ,!Y GET GIV5 OV] TO SPECIALI/S1 :I* !N MEANS ORD9>Y WORK]S HAVE ONLY A LIMIT$ IDEA ( :AT IS ACTUALLY BE+ PROPOS$ & LITTLE SPACE TO *ANGE IT4 

,5GAG+ ! /ATE & BOSSES1 9 ! ,ALLIANCE1 P>LIAM5T>Y CAUCUSES & BO>DROOMS CANNOT BE DONE BY ALL MEMB]S ( A UNION4 ,AS ?IS1 AS WELL AS ! TRIP>TITE /RUCTURES M5TION$ ABOVE1 IS A MAJOR FACTOR ( ! ,R,R /RATEGY1 MU* P[] BECOMES C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! H&S ( LEAD]S ( ! ORGANIZATION DUE TO ! HI<-LEVEL NE$S ( !SE =MS ( ELITE1 9DIVIDUALIZ$ 5GAGEM5T4 ,?IS HAS L$ TO 9CREAS$ DI/ANCE BETWE5 RANK-&-FILE MEMB]S & ELECT$ LEAD]S & A GR[+ BUREAUCRACY & AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 UNIONS4 

,! #a#i#iS ALSO SAW A HUGE 0BRA9 DRA90 FROM ! UNION MOVEM5T ( SOME ITS MO/ CAPABLE LEAD]S & ACTIVI/S TO ! ,A,N,C1 P>TICUL>LY AT ELECTION TIME4 ,?IS HAS HAD ! OBVI\S NEGATIVE EFFECT ( A R$UCTION 9 ! CAPACITY ( ! MOVEM5T TO RESPOND - ) EFFECTIVE ,R,R PROPOSALS - TO ! SOCIOECONOMIC *ANGES ?AT TOOK PLACE UND] ,A,N,C RULE4 ,ANO!R UN=TUNATE EFFECT HAS BE5 ! 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( UNION MEMB]S VIEW+ UNION WORK AS LESS A 0CALL+0 ?AN A /EPP+ /ONE 9TO LONG-T]M EMPLOYM5T 9 ! /ATE OR EV5 PRIVATE SECTOR4 

,C,O,S,A,T,U IS ALSO P>T ( A FRACTUR+ & FRAGM5T+ LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,MANY NEW UNIONS HAVE BE5 =M$ AS BREAKAWAYS FROM E/ABLI%$ UNIONS1 OR AS ALTOGE!R NEW WORK] ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!RE HAS BE5 MU* DISCUSSION ( ! EXT]NAL LOCAL & 9T]NATIONAL CONDITIONS ?AT HAVE CAUS$ ?IS4 ,H[EV]1 NEW WORK] =MATIONS MU/ ALSO BE CONSID]$ AS A DIRECT RESPONSE BY WORK]S TO ! PROBLEMS !Y P]CEIVE 9 ! E/ABLI%$ UNIONS1 :I* >E NO LONG] ATTRACTIVE TO !M4 ,?US FRAGM5TATION MU/ ALSO BE SE5 AS A *ALL5GE BY WORK]S TO TRADE UNIONS & UNIONISM4 

,DESPITE ! DEF9ITION (F]$ ABOVE1 BO? ! LIT]ATURE & ! APPLICATION ( ! ,R,R /RATEGY %[S A DI/9CT LACK ( IDEOLOGICAL & /RATEGIC CL>ITY4 ,!RE IS NO CLE> DEF9ITIVE 5D GOAL ?AT IS E/ABLI%$ & ?US 9T]M$IATE MILE/ONES >E NOT CLE>LY >TICULAT$4 ,MU* ( ?IS CAN ALSO BE RELAT$ TO A CLE> LACK ( CRITICAL POLITICAL $UCATION 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ?US NOT ALL[+ = OP5 DISCUSSION & DEBATE AMONG WORK]S ( !IR ORGANIZATIONS' IDEAS & /RATEGIES1 :I*1 9 TURN1 MEANS ?AT WORK]S HAVE LITTLE SAY OV] ! DIRECTIONS !IR ORGANIZATIONS TAKE4 

,CONCLUSION 

,WORK]S & !IR ORGANIZATIONS HAVE RESPOND$ TO !IR 9CREAS$ IMPOV]I%M5T & LACK ( ABILITY TO IMPACT SOCIETY4 ,I HAVE M5TION$ ?AT FRACTUR+ & FRAGM5TATION ( UNIONS %\LD ALSO BE CONSID]$ AS 9T]NAL WORK] RESPONSES TO A DI/9CT LACK ( UNION MILITANCY & DEMOCRACY4 ,!SE TOO1 ?\<1 FACE S]I\S *ALL5GES4 ,MANY ( ?OSE :O HAVE LEFT ,C,O,S,A,T,U HAVE =M$ A NEW F$]ATION1 ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS 7,S,A,F,T,U71 & NEW UNIONS4 ,MANY ( !SE NEW =MATIONS >E WORKPLACE1 CITY & REGION BAS$4 ,SOME WORK] LEAD]S1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE FROM ,N,U,M,S,A1 HAVE ALSO =M$ A NEW POLITICAL P>TY TO CONTE/ /ATE ELECTIONS4 

,YET1 !SE NEW] =MATIONS EXHIBIT REAL SIMIL>ITIES 9 ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE TO ! =MATIONS ?AT !IR MEMB]S HAVE LEFT - = EXAMPLE1 BIG MAN POLITICS & A C5TRALIZATION ( P[] >E ALSO F\ND 9 !SE NEW] =MATIONS4 ,9 ADDITION1 !RE SEEMS TO BE NO REAL IDEOLOGICAL %IFT DEVELOP+ 9 !SE NEW ORGANIZATIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !Y MAY BE V]Y CRITICAL ( ,C,O,S,A,T,U'S ALLIANCE ) ! ,A,N,C1 BUT MO/ /ILL SEE !IR POLITICAL FUTURES ?R\< ! L5S ( POLITICAL P>TY P[] & ! /ATE1 & MANY CONCRETE ,S,A,F,T,U & ,N,U,M,S,A PROPOSALS REMA9 V]Y MU* 9 ! ,R,R FRAMEWORK4 ,?IS LIMITS ! IMAG9ATION ( :AT A TRADE UNION CAN DO 7& HAS DONE7 AS REG>DS SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY FROM ,BEL[ -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY FROM ,BEL[ -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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