,EA/ & ,WE/ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TEXT 3 

,I 

,O,N ! SURFACE ( ?IS R\ND E>? ! C>D9AL PO9TS HAVE NO PRECISE MEAN+ EXCEPT 9 RELATION TO P>TICUL> PLACES4 ,! ,GRE5WI* OBS]V] MAY PO9T TO HIS NOR? & HIS S\?1 HIS EA/ & HIS WE/2 BUT ! A/RONOM]S ( ,P>IS1 ( ,WA%+TON1 ( ,SANTIAGO1 & DIRECTION-SEEK+ MANK9D G5]ALLY1 WILL LOOK = !IRS 9 O!R DIRECTIONS4 ,! L9ES TRAC$ BY ! M]IDIANS & ! EQUATOR >E PURELY >TIFICIAL4 ,NEV]!LESS ! ATTEMPT HAS BE5 MADE TO GIVE TO ! GEOGRAPHICAL T]MS ( ORI5TATION A COMMON NEAN+ ?AT %\LD BE ACCEPT$ BY ALL4 ,?US ,C>L ,RITT]1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! IDEA ( HEAT & ( BL9D+ LI<T :I* ,EUROPEANS ASSOCIATE ) ! 0,S\?10 RES]V$ ! NAME ( 0,S\?0 = ! ,SAH>A & ! O!R DES]TS ( ! TORRID ZONE :I* LIE BETWE5 ! NOR!RN & ! S\!RN HEMISPH]E4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ! EXPRESSIONS 0,EA/0 & 0,WE/0 HAVE BE5 US$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S AS SYNONYM\S ) 0,ASIA0 & 0,EUROPE02 & 9DE$ ! V]Y NAMES ( ! TWO CONT95TS1 9 !IR ORIG9AL TONGUES1 MEANT PRECISELY 0! ,RIS+ ,SUN0 & 0! ,SETT+ ,SUN40 ,TO ! ,ASSYRIANS ! L& ( ,ASSU - I4E4 ,ASIA - WAS ! REGION LIT BY ! E>LIE/ MORN+ RAYS1 & ! L& ( ,]EB1 OR ,EUROPE1 9CLUD$ ALL ! C\NTRIES LY+ WE/ ( !M1 T[>DS ! EV5+ PURPLE4 ,! ,>ABS TOOK UP ! WORD AGA91 & APPLI$ IT TO ! WE/]N EXTREMITY ( !IR CONQUE/S 9 ,MAURITANIA & ! ,IB]IAN P59SULA---0 ,EL ,<>B10 0,MA<REB10 0! ,ALG>VES40 

,9 CURR5T SPEE* ! EXPRESSIONS ,EA/ & -,WE/ MU/ NECESS>ILY APPLY TO REGIONS :OSE B\ND>Y %IFTS FROM AGE TO AGE ) ! M>* ( CIVILIZATION4 ,?US ,ASIA ,M9OR1 ! 0,WE/0 P> EXCELL5CE TO ! ,ASSYRIAN1 BECAME TO ! ,BYZANT9ES ! L& ( ! SUN-RIS+ 7,ANATOLIA1 ,NATOLIE1 ,ANADOLI7 2 & LAT]1 ALONG ! %ORES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 ! WORD 0,LEVANT10 APPLI$ BY ! M>9]S ( ! 0,PONANT0 TO ALL ! PORTS ( ! SEAS ?AT BA! ! COA/S ( ,ASIA1 CAME TO MEAN MORE P>TICUL>LY ,SMYRNA & ! O!R PORTS ( ! ,ASIATIC P59SULA4 ,SO1 AGA91 ! 0,EA/]N ,EMPIRE10 EMBRAC+ FULLY HALF ! ,ROMAN WORLD1 9CLUD$ 9 ITS VA/ DOMA9 ! T]RITORY ( ! ,RAV5NATE1 BELONG+ TO ?AT ,ITALIAN P59SULA :I* WAS ! ANCI5T ,HESP]IA1 0! GO+ D[N ( ! SUN40 ,?US ! PHRASES 0,EA/0 & 0,WE/0 W]E B\ND TO *ANGE !IR MEAN+1 EV5 9 ! POPUL> ACCEPTATION1 & IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO GA9 PRECISION BY 9TRODUC+ SUBDIVISIONS -0 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE10 0,EA/]N ,ASIA10 ! 0,F> ,EA/10 JU/ AS1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 !Y DI/+UI% BETWE5 0,EA/0 0,WE/10 & 0,F> ,WE/40 

,FROM AN HI/ORICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 H[EV]1 IT MAY BE USEFUL TO TRY & DET]M9E APPROXIMATELY ! NORMAL L9E ( SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! TWO HALVES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD :I* BE/ DES]VE ! NAMES ( ,EA/ & ,WE/1 ,JU/ AS EV]Y SURFACE HAS ITS DIAGONAL1 & EV]Y BODY ITS AXIS1 SO ! TOTAL MASS ( ! CONT95TS HAS ITS M$IAN L9E1 :]E ! CONTRA/S ( SOIL1 CLIMATE & HI/ORY POISE !MSELVES OV] AGA9/ EA* O!R4 ,TAK+ AS A :OLE ! REGIONS 9 :I* MANK9D HAS SP5T ITS LIFE1 & REA*$ AT LA/ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS COLLECTIVE P]SONALITY1 :AT IS ?IS M$IAN L9E1 ?IS WAT]%$ ( HUMAN HI/ORY8 ,AFRICA MAY BE LEFT \T1 = ITS DEVELOPM5T APPE>S TO HAVE TAK5 PLACE ALMO/ 9DEP5D5TLY2 & ?AT MASSIVE CONT95T F\R-FIF?S ( :OSE SURFACE LIES )9 ! S\!RN TEMP]ATE OR ! TORRID ZONE -- ! 0,S\?0 P> EXCELL5CE -- BELONGS TO \R COMMON WORLD ( E>LY HI/ORY ONLY BY ITS ,M$IT]RANEAN LITTORAL -- ,EGYPT1 ,CYR5AICA1 ,MAURITANIA4 ,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 WE MU/ RE/ORE TO ! ANCI5T WORLD ! ISLES ( ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN :I* =M ! RET9UE ( ! ,GANGETIC P59SULAS1 & ALL ! ISL& GR\PS ?AT PEOPLE ! IMM5SE /RET* ( SEA EA/W>D T[>DS ,AM]ICA1 =1 BY ! MIGRATIONS & C\NT]-MIGRATIONS ( !IR 9HABITANTS1 BY !IR LEG5DS & TRADITIONS1 & BY ! :OLE TE/IMONY ( HI/ORIC EVOLUTION1 !SE OCEAN T]RITORIES DO 9DE$ =M P>T ( ! SAME CIRCLE AS ,F>!R ,ASIA4 

,IT MI<T SEEM1 AT FIR/ SI<T1 AS IF ! TRUE & NATURAL P>TITION BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/ MU/ BE 9DICAT$ BY ! WAT]%$ :I* SEP>ATES ! EA/W>D SLOPE T[>DS ! ,9DIAN & ,*9ESE SEAS FROM ! SLOPE ?AT DRA9S 9TO ! ,ATLANTIC ?R\< ! ,M$IT]RANEAN & O!R ,EUROPEAN WAT]S4 ,BUT ?IS B\ND>Y1 PURELY >TIFICIAL AFT] ALL1 AS IT W9DS FROM ! ,TAURUS TO ! ,CAUCASUS1 CROSSES POPULATIONS SUBJECT TO ! SAME 9FLU5CES ( SOIL & CLIMATE1 P>TICIPATORS 9 ! SAME HI/ORICAL MOVEM5TS1 & COMPOS$ TO A GREAT EXT5T ( ELEM5TS ( ! SAME E?NOLOGICAL ORIG94 ,! TRUE FRONTI] BETWE5 ! ,EA/]N & ,WE/]N WORLD MU/ BE SO %IFT$ AS TO ?R[ (F UPON ! ,WE/]N SIDE ! :OLE WAT]%$ ( ! GREAT TW9 /REAMS1 ,TIGRIS & ,EUPHRATES1 AS WELL AS ! *IEF SUMMITS ( ,IRAN4 ,?IS :OLE REGION ( ,P]SIA & ,M$IA1 ( ,ASSYRIA & ,*ALDAEA1 IS 9TIMATELY ASSOCIAT$ 9 ITS HI/ORY ) ! C\NTRIES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 :ILE ITS RELATIONS ) ! ,EA/]N WORLD W]E ALWAYS LESS ACTIVE & MORE FREQU5TLY 9T]RUPT$4 

,! L9E ( SEP>ATION1 !N1 IS TO BE F\ND F>!R ,EA/1 & IT IS WELL M>K$1 NOT BY ! \TL9ES ( ! CONT95T ( ,ASIA1 BUT BY A SPACE ( T]RITORY DI/+UI%$ AT ONCE BY ! HI< RELIEF ( ! SOIL & ! COMP>ATIVE SP>S5ESS ( ! POPULATION4 ,BETWE5 ,MESOPOTAMIS1 :]E ! SW>M+ HUMAN RACE RE>$ ITS T[] ( ,BABEL1 & ! ,WE/]N PLA9S ( ,H9DO/AN1 ) !IR TEEM+ POPULATIONS - 9 SOME P>TS TWO ?\S& OR MORE TO ! SQU>E MILE - A TRANSV]SE ZONE1 CONTA9+ LESS ?AN TWO 9HABITANTS TO ! SAME SURFACE1 RUNS FROM NOR? TO S\? BETWE5 ! ,GULF ( ,OMAN & ! ICY ,>CTIC ,SEA4 ,?IS ALMO/ UN9HABIT$ ZONE BEG9S JU/ WE/ ( ! PLA9E ( ! L[] ,9DUS & ITS FRONTI] M\NTA9S1 9 ! DES]T TRACTS ( S\!RN ,BELOO*I/AN1 SCATT]$ ) R>E OASES4 ,BETWE5 ,9DIA & ,AF<ANI/AN IT /RET*ES NOR? & NOR?-EA/ ALONG ! RUGG$ ESC>PM5TS ( ! ,SULEIMAN ,DA< & O!R RANGES1 :OSE HIDD5 BAS9S & N>R[ GORGES GIVE %ELT] TO M\NTA9 TRIBES LIV+ F> FROM ! HAUNTS ( O!R M51 EXCEPT :5 ! M>TIAL FURY SEIZES !M & BR+S !M TO BL[S ) !IR NEI<BORS ( ! L[] TABLEL& OR ! PLA9S4 ,TO ! NOR?-WE/ ( ,H9DO/AN ! FOLDS ( ! SOIL BECOME DEEP] & MORE NUM]\S1 %>PLY DIVID+ ! WORLD ) !IR C\NTLESS WALLS4 ,! HI< SUMMITS ( ! ,H9DU-,KOO%1 9F]IOR ONLY TO ?OSE ( ! ,HIMALAYA ( ,NEPAUL1 T[] ABOVE !SE RIDGES & SPREAD !IR GLACI]S TO 5ORM\S DI/ANCES4 ,BEYOND !SE1 AGA91 ! IMM5SE MASS ( ALMO/ IMPASSABLE HI<L&S :I* HAVE BE5 CALL$ !0 ,RO( ( ! ,WORLD 0CONT9UE ! L9E ( DEM>CATION V]Y EFFECTUALLY BETWE5 ,H9DU-,KOO% & ,?IAN-,%AN1 & ! ILL-WAT]$ ADJAC5T PLA9S BROAD5 AT MANY PO9TS ! M$IAN ZONE ( SEP>ATION BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/4 ,F9ALLY1 F>!R NOR?1 9 ! GREAT ,SIB]IAN DEPRESSION1 ! SALT BORD]S ( ,LAKE ,BALKA% & ! B>R5 REA*ES ( ,SEMIPALAT9SK & ! 0,HUNGRY ,/EPPE 0/RET* BETWE5 ! ,OBI & ! ,Y5ISEI ALONG A H& ( ?9LY 9HABIT$ C\NTRY :I* LOSES ITSELF 9 ! FROZ5 TUNDRAS4 ,! RESE>*ES ( ,GMEL9 & O!R NATURALI/S HAVE E/ABLI%$ ! FACT ?AT ! TRUE SEP>ATION BETWE5 ,EUROPE & ,ASIA LIES H]E1 9 !SE L[ & >ID REGIONS1 & NOT ALONG ! GRE5 HEI<TS ( ! ,URAL M\NTA9S4 

,! ANCI5T WORLD1 !N1 IS CLE>LY DIVID$ 9TO TWO DI/9CT HALVES1 !IR CONT95TAL MASSES BE+ ( NE>LY EQUAL SIZE4 ,! BROAD ZONE ( SEP>ATION IS =M$1 ALONG HALF ITS L5G?1 ( A *A9 ( EM95CES :I* 9CLUDES ! C5TRAL KNOT ( ! M\NTA9 SY/EM ( ,EURASIA1 & IS BROK5 ONLY AT R>E 9T]VALS BY PASSES :I* HAVE S]V$ AS ROADWAYS = W> & M]*&ISE4 ,N>R[ EXCE$+LY1 & DIFFICULT ( ACCESS W]E !SE FEW HI<WAYS1 :I* AF=D$ ! ONLY MEANS ( COMMUNICATION BETWE5 ! POPULATIONS ON EI!R SIDE1 ! ONLY JUNCTION BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T CIVILIZATIONS ( ! EA/]N1 & WE/]N SLOPES6 ,JU/ AS A FALL ( E>? MAY SUDD5LY *OKE ! CURR5T ( A /REAM1 SO AN 9CURSION ( M\NTA9 TRIBES MI<T SUDD5LY CLOSE ! TRANSIT BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/1 & ! WORLD BE ?US %>PLY CUT 9 TWO AGA94 ,?IS1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 HAS HAPP5$ MANY TIMES4 ,TO OP5 ! PASSAGE & TO KEEP IT OP5 HAS NE$$ FROM AGE TO AGE ! M>%AL+ ( 5ORM\S =CES1 SU* AS ?OSE ( HE GREAT CONQU]ORS1 ,ALEX&]1 ,MAHM\D ! ,<AZNAVID1 ,AKB> ! ,GREAT4 ,9 \R [N DAY1 ! M\NTA9\S P>T ( ! DIVID+ L9E /ILL OPPOSES S]I\S OB/ACLES TO ! M>* ( MAN1 9 SPITE ( ROADS & RAILWAYS1 C>AVANS]AIS & =TS ( REFUGE2 BUT H[ MU* MORE DANG]\S WAS ! M\NTA9 B>RI] 9 HI/ORIC TIMES1 :5 IT ROSE BE=E HIM B>E & =MIDABLE1 )\T ROADS OR CITIES6 

,9 ?AT S5SE1 ! G5]AL MEAN+- ( ! EXPRESSIONS ,EA/ & ,WE/ IS CLE>LY DET]M9$ = ! RE/ ( ! E>?'S CIRCUIT4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE LIES ALL ?AT P>T ( ,ASIA :I* LEANS T[>D ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN & ! ,PACIFIC -- ,9DIA1 ,CEYLON1 ! ,MALAY P59SULA1 & ! GREAT ISL&S & ISL& GR\PS :I* /UD ! VA/ /RET* ( CRAT]S ALMO/ TO ! ,AM]ICAN COA/4 ,ON ! O!R H& LIES ! ,ASIATIC P59SULA :I* REA*ES \T 9TO ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD - ,EGYPT & ,MOROCCO1 ,EUROPE1 &1 BEYOND ! ,ATLANTIC1 ! :OLE ,AM]ICAN CONT95T4 ,= ?AT D\BLE CONT95T1 FAC+ EA/W>D BY ITS E/U>IES1 BY ! VALLEYS ( ITS GREAT RIV]S & ! SPREAD ( ITS F]TILE PLA9S1 BELONGS 9CONTE/ABLY1 BY ITS HI/ORY NO LESS ?AN BY ITS GEOGRAPHICAL ORI5TATION1 TO ! ,EUROPEAN COSMOS4 

,I,I 

,?US DELIMIT$1 ! TWO HALVES ( ! WORLD1 ,EA/ & ,WE/ - 9CLUD+ !IR 9L& SEAS & ! OCEANS ?AT BA! !M - OCCUPY A SURFACE ( SU* EXT5T ?AT1 UP TO A FEW C5TURIES AGO1 !IR B\ND>IES W]E UNKN[N TO !IR [N 9HABITANTS4 ,AT ! F> 5DS ( ! E>?1 ! ISOLATION & UNCONSCI\SNESS ( ! POPULATIONS :I* HAD BE5 LEFT \TSIDE ! CYCLE ( UNIV]SAL HI/ORY PREV5T$ !IR CONC]N+ !MSELVES ) ! GREAT CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! SEP>AT$ HALVES ( HUMANITY2 BUT 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+S ( NATIONAL LIFE 9 ! HI/ORIC NATIONS1 AS !Y >E PRES]V$ TO US 9 LEG5DS & ANNALS1 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/ ALREADY EXI/$ 9 FULL =CE4 ,! EVOLUTION ( HUMANITY WAS WORK$ \T DIFF]5TLY ON ! TWO SIDES ( ! L9E1 & EV]Y C5TURY 9CREAS$ ! ORIG9AL DIV]G5CE ( ! SEP>ATE CIVILIZATIONS4 ,:I* ( !SE TWO EVOLUTIONS -TAK+ PLACE1 ! ONE >\ND ! %ORES ( ! GREAT OCEAN1 ! O!R *IEFLY ON ! ,M$IT]RANEAN SEABO>D - WAS DE/9$ TO PRODUCE ! MI<TI] RESULTS1 TO CONTRIBUTE ! L>G] %>E TO ! COMMON $UCATION ( HUMANITY8 ,!RE CAN BE NO HESITATION AS TO ! ANSW]4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE ! *AMPION%IP REMA9S ) ! ,WE/4 ,IT IS ! PEOPLES ( ! ,WE/ :O HAVE %[N ?AT !Y POSSESS BO? ! 9ITIATIVE TO ADVANCE & ! P[] ( RECOV]Y4 

,& YET IT SEEM$ AT FIR/ AS IF ! ,EA/ W]E ! PRIVILEG$ HALF ( ! PLANET4 ,HI/ORY 9DE$ PROVES TO DEMON/RATION ?AT1 TAK51 AS A :OLE1 ! NATIONS ( ! ,EA/ HAD !IR P]IOD ( REAL SUP]IORITY4 ,)\T 5T]+ ON A PROBLEM :I* IT W\LD N[ BE IMPOSSIBLE TO SOLVE1 ?AT ( ASSIGN+ A PRIORITY ( CIVILIZATION TO ONE C\NTRY OR ANO!R1 )\T 9QUIR+ :E!R ! GR\ND WAS FIR/ TILL$ ON ! BANKS ( ! ,NILE & ! ,EUPHRATES OR ON ?OSE ( ! ,9DUS & ! ,YANG-TSE-KIANG1 OR :E!R %IPS W]E SAIL+ ! ,M$IT]RANEAN ,SEA BE=E ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN WAS KN[N TO ! M>9]1 WE MAY ASSUR$LY SAY ?AT1 #c YE>S AGO1 ! RACES SUFFICI5TLY ADVANC$ TO BE AW>E ( !IR [N PLACE 9 HI/ORY OCCUPI$ A F> WID] REGION EA/ ( ! DIAPHRAGM ( ,ASIA ?AN WE/ ( IT4 ,! RAV9ES & TABLEL&S OCCUPI$ BY ! ,M$ES & ,P]SIANS1 ! PLA9S ( ,ASSYRIA & ,*ALDAEA1 ! C\NTRIES ( ! ,HITTITES1 ( ! *ILDR5 ( ,ISRAEL & ! *ILDR5 ( ,I%MAEL1 ! COA/S ( ! ,PHO5ICIANS & ! M\NTA9S ( ! ,HIMY>ITES1 ! ISL&S ( ,CYPRUS & ,CRETE1 & F9ALLY ! FRONTI] L&S ( ,ASIA :]E G]M9AT$ ! CIVILIZATION :I* WAS TO BLOSSOM 9 ,GREECE1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 ( ! ,A,EGEA ,SEA - ALL !SE C\NTRIES =M1 BUT A SMALL DOMA9 COMP>$ ) ! VA/ TRACT ( S\?-EA/]N ,ASIA1 FROM ! ,9DUS TO ! ,YELL[ ,RIV]4 ,& TO ?IS GREAT ,ASIATIC T]RITORY1 TOGE!R P]HAPS ) ,S\!RN ,SIB]IA1 SO RI* 9 9SCRIPTIONS ( A VANI%$ AGE1 WE MU/ ADD A GREAT P>T ( ? ,MALAY >*IPELAGO1 :OSE CIVILIZATION IS C]TA9LY ( V]Y ANCI5T DATE4 ,& F9ALLY1 ! L&S ( ,OCEANIA1 SCATT]$ EA/W>D OV] A LIQUID EXPANSE NOT LESS 9 EXT5T ?AN ! :OLE CONT95TAL MASS ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 APPE> TO HAVE =M$ P>T ( AN >EA :OSE HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T WAS SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! ,EUROPEAN POPULATIONS AT ! TIME ( ! ,PELASGIANS4 

,AS F> BACK AS HI/ORY GOES T[>DS ! ORIG9 ( ! ,EA/]N WORLD1 WE F9D TRACES ( ! V]Y CONSID]ABLE %>E ( 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY ! GR\P ( NATIONS4 :I* HAS BE5 9CLUD$ UND] ! G5]AL NAME ( ,MALAY11 TAK5 FROM A DI/RICT ( ,SUMATRA1 ONE ( ! L>GE ISL&S P>TLY POPULAT$ BY !M4 ,NO REGION 9 ! WORLD WAS BETT] FURNI%$ ?AN ?IS ) ! FACILTIES = TRANSIT & EX*ANGE2 IF ! WORD 0PR$E/9$0 C\LD BE APPLI$ TO ANY P>T ( ! E>?'S SURFACE1 IT MI<T JU/LY4 BE APPLI$ TO ?OSE ISL&S & P59SULAS ( ,MALAYSIA4 ,!Y AB\ND 9 PRODUCTS4 ( EV]Y SORT & K9D1 M9]ALS & PRECI\S GEMS1 B>K & GUMS1 PLANTS & FRUITS2 EV]Y ISL& HAS ITS RI*ES2 NO:]E IS !RE A GREAT] DIV]SITY ( LIV+ =MS1 VEGETABLE OR ANIMAL2 TWO FI]AS1 TWO FAUNAS1 M5 ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITY & RACE1 CONFRONT EA* O!R ACROSS A N>R[ >M ( SEA4 ,GREAT TRUNKS ( FLOAT+ TREES SUPPLY ! RIV]SIDE POPULATIONS ) READY-MADE RAFTS1 ONLY NE$+ TO BE DISBRAN*$ & SOLIDLY LA%$ TOGE!R ) LIANA ROPES2 :ILE ! =E/S ( ! SEA%ORE (F] !IR *OICE/ WOODS TO ! BOAT-BUILD]4 ,WIDE ROAD/EADS & %ELT]$ HAV5S BREAK ! \TL9E ( ! ISL&S2 9NUM]ABLE PORTS ( CALL PRES5T !MSELVES ON EV]Y SIDE1 DIRECT+ ! VOYAGE ( ! NAVIGATOR4 ,GRADUALLY1 ! ,MALAYS BECAME ! NATURAL 9T]M$I>IES BETWE5 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,ASIA1 FROM ,9DIA TO ,JAPAN2 &1 FAVOR$ BY ! TRADE W9DS :I* C>RI$ !M ACROSS ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN FROM %ORE TO %ORE1 SUCCE$$ 9 TURN+ ! FLANK ( ! GREAT B>RI] ?AT SEP>AT$ ! TWO WORLDS1 & EV5 GA9$ ! COA/ ( ,AFRICA4 ,MADAGASC> WAS 9CLUD$ )9 !IR >EA ( NAVIGATION & ( CONQUE/1 & !IR CIVILIZATION RADIAT$ ALMO/ TO ! OPPOSITE EXTREMITY ( ! E>?'S SURFACE1 )9 A LITTLE DI/ANCE ( ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T4 ,! SY/EM ( NUM]ATION :I* OBTA9S 9 ALL ! ,POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES IS PRO( SUFFICI5T ( ! WIDE SPREAD ( ?IS ,MALAY CIVILIZATION4 ,EV5 9 \R [N DAY1 NOT)/&+ ! GREAT SUP]IORITY ?AT SCI5CE & 9DU/RY HAVE GIV5 TO ! ,EUROPEAN NAVIGATOR1 A GREAT P>T ( ! C>RY+ TRADE ( ! ,F> ,EA/ IS /ILL CONDUCT$ BY ! ,MALAYA ) !IR FLEETS ( PRAUS4 ,NO LIT]ATURE IS RI*] ?AN !IRS 9 /ORIES ( ! SEA2 & IT WAS ! ,MALAY SEAMAN :O GAVE TO ! ,>AB ! ,?\S& & ,ONE ,NI<TS ?AT /ILL *>M \R *ILDR54 

,! ,POLYNESIANS1 AGA91 LIKE ! ,MALAYA-SCATT]$ OV] !IR HUNDR$ ISL&S1 !IR OCEAN ROCKS & CORAL BANKS -TOOK TO ! SEA BY NATURAL COMPULSION1 & ?US CONTRIBUT$ TO ! SPREAD ( GEOGRAPHICAL KN[L$GE 9 ! ANCI5T ,EA/4 ,! GREAT DIV]SITY ( TYPES TO BE MET )9 A S+LE GR\P1 OR EV5 ON A S+LE ISL&1 ! 9NUM]ABLE LEG5DS ( NATIVE MIGRATIONS1 &1 F9ALLY1 9DISPUTABLE HI/ORICAL DOCUM5TS1 PROVE ?AT ! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN WAS TRAV]S$ FROM ! E>LIE/ TIMES1 NOT ONLY FROM ,EA/ TO ,WE/1 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! TRADE W9DS1 BUT ALSO 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 ) ! SET ( ! C\NT]-CURR5TS4 ,ALL ?IS WAS LONG AGO UND]/OOD4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ! EQUATORIAL ZONE /RICTLY SO CALL$1 EMBRAC+ A SPACE ( AB\T FIVE HUNDR$ MILES NOR? & S\? ( ! ,EQUATOR1 ESCAPES ! DOM9ATION ( ! TRADE W9DS1 & ! WE/ W9D ALT]NATES ) CALMS1 DUR+ :I* ! M>9] MAY R[ HIS BOAT :]E HE WILL1 :ILE ! NORMAL SET ( SWELLS & CURR5TS IS FROM WE/ TO EA/4 .<#a.> ,MOREOV]1 EV5 9 ! ZONE ( ! TRADE W9DS PROP]1 !RE >E /ORM W9DS ?AT SOMETIMES BL[ 9 A CONTR>Y DIRECTION TO ! PREVAIL+ ATMOSPH]IC CURR5TS - AS IF1 ACCORD+ TE ! ,TONGAN LEG5D1 .<#b.> A GOD HAD SEP>AT$ FAMILIES ( BRO!RS BY BL[+ AN OB/9ATE EA/ W9D BETWE5 !M1 BUT N[ & !N /OPP$ BL[+ TO LET ! RELATIVES R5EW !IR ACQUA9TANCE4 ,! ISL&]S W]E NOT SL[ TO PR(IT BY ! RESPITE4 ,SKILLFUL 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR BOATS1 !Y KNEW H[ TO SEIZE ! OPPORTUNITY AF=D$ BY ! V]Y SLI<TE/ DEVIATION ( ! REGUL> W9DS TO MODIFY !IR C\RSE1 REEF+ !IR SAILS AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE & PO9T+ 9 ! EYE ( ! W9D4 ,:5 ! ,SPANI>DS FIR/ VISIT$ ! ,M>IANNE ISL&S1 ( :I* !Y W]E AFT]W>DS ALMO/ TO EXT]M9ATE ! 9HABITANTS1 !Y W]E A/ONI%$ AT ! SI<T ( ! FLY+ B>KS1 F> SWIFT] ?AN ANY BOAT ( ,EUROPEAN CON/RUCTION4 ,MO/ ( ! ,POLYNESIAN VESSELS W]E1 MOREOV]1 PROVID$ ) \TRIGG]S1 :I* MADE IT ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO UPSET !M2 & MANY ( !M W]E L>GE 5\< TE CONVEY ! :OLE FI<T+ /R5G? ( A TRIBE4 ,COPP+] .<#c.> SAW A CANOE BUILT TO C>RY #be M54 

,?US =TIFI$ BY !IR NAUTICAL 9DU/RY1 ! ,POLYNESIANS W]E 9 A POSITION TO CONTRIBUTE L>GELY1 & DID 9 FACT CONTRIBUTE1 TO ! DISCOV]Y & EXPLORATION ( ! WORLD4 ,SOME ( !IR NAVIGATORS1 C>RI$ AWAY BY ! /ORM & LO/ UPON ! WA/E ( WAT]S1 W\LD BE GUID$ 9 !IR SE>* = A PLACE ( REFUGE BY ! 9DICATIONS AF=D$ BY ! WAVES1 BY BIRDS & FI%ES4 ,O!RS MI<T BE DRIV5 FROM !IR NATIVE ISLE BY =CE ( W> OR CIVIL DISS5SION1 & LAUN*$ UPON ! SEA AT ! M]CY ( W9D & WAVE :ILE O!RS1 AGA91 Y\NG & ADV5TUR\S1 W\LD SET \T ( !IR [N ACCORD 9 SE>* ( SOME REGION MORE VA/ OR MORE =TUNATE ?AN !IR [N4 ,MY?S & LEG5DS1 ! VAGUE REM9ISC5CES1 P]HAPS1 ( E>LI] MIGRATIONS1 W\LD /IMULATE ?IS EXODUS ( ISL&]S ACROSS ! 9F9ITE EXPANSE ( SEA4 ,?US ! NATIVES ( ,EA/]N ,POLYNESIA1 LOOK+ T[>DS ! ,WE/ AS T[>DS A REGION ( DIV9E REPOSE1 CONCEAL+ SOME:]E 9 ITS BOSOM ! ,ISL&S ( ! ,BLE/1 MI<T SEEK AGA9 & AGA9 TO DISCOV] ! HAPPY L&4 ,:O CAN TELL8 ,! UNCONSCI\S IMPULSE MAY HAVE BE5 A TRUE NO/ALGIA1 AN H]$IT>Y 9/9CT1 A RE-AWAK5$ YE>N+ = ! HOME ( !IR ANCE/ORS4 ,OR P]HAPS IT WAS ! MIRAGE ( ! CL\DS ?AT LUR$ !M1 AS IT RE>$ FANTA/IC M\NTA9S T[>D ! Z5I?1 OR /RET*$ AWAY 9 GOLD5 PLA9S UND] ! PURPLE LI<T ( EV5+4 ,P]HAPS !Y REALLY IMAG9$ ?AT !Y SAW ) !IR [N EYES ?AT L& ( DESIRE RIS+ \T ( ! SEA1 ITS \TL9E APPE>+ DIMLY ON ! HORIZON1 !N LO/ AGA9 - A PROMISE NOT YET FULFILL$1 BUT NEV] TO BE =GOTT54 ,POLYNESIAN HI/ORY TELLS US ?AT !SE ISL& FAMILIES HAD A NATURAL T5D5CY TO MULTIPLY WE/W>D - JU/ AS \R MOD]N T[NS1 5CROA*+ CON/ANTLY ON ! SURR\ND+ DI/RICTS /RET* \T !IR SUBURBS T[>DS ! SETT+ SUN4 ,AGA9 & AGA91 ,POLYNESIAN VOYAG]S1 IMPELL$ BY ! ?IR/ = ! UNKN[N1 ATTEMPT$ ! DISCOV]Y ( !SE L&S ( PROMISE1 LIKE NOMADS ( ! /EPPES MOV+ =W>D 9 SE>* ( FRE% PA/URES4 ,EV5 SO LATELY AS ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS C5TURY1 ! PEOPLE ( ,N\KA ,RIVA - N[ MORE ?AN DECIMAT$ BY W>1 OPPRESSION1 & DISEASE - S5T \T1 FROM TIME TO TIME1 -!IR SURPLUS POPULATION ( Y\NG M5 9 ! SUPPOS$ DIRECTION ( ! TRADITIONAL ,ISLE ( ,UTUPU1 :5CE ! GOD ,TAO WAS SAID TO HAVE BR\<T ! COCONUT TREE .<#d.>4 ,HAPPY C\PLES1 FULL ( HOPE1 W\LD PUT \T ON ! TRANSP>5T EV5+ TIDE1 R[+ T[>DS ! DI/ANT L&2 !Y R[$ AWAY & NEV] CAME BACK3 NO ONE KNEW :E!R ! SEA HAD SUCK$ !M 91 OR ! GRIM ,HUNG] HAD DEV\R$ !M1 OR :E!R !Y HAD 9DE$ MADE AT LA/ ! %ORE ( ,P]PETUAL ,Y\?4 

,I,I,I 

,D\BTLESS ! SAVAGE TRIBES ( ',EUROPE 9 ! ,AGE ( ,/ONE HAD ALSO !IR MIGRATIONS & C\NT]-MIGRATIONS1 OV]RUNN+1 FROM ?IS PO9T OR FROM ?AT1 C\NTRIES WIDELY REMOTE FROM ONE ANO!R2 BUT ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONDITION (4 !SE TRIBES DID NOT AF=D SUFFICI5T COHESION = ! PRES]VATION ( ANY RECORD ( !IR COM+S & GO+S4 ,9 A WORLD ITSELF UNKN[N1 !IR J\RNEY+S REMA9$ UNKN[N1 AS IF !Y HAD NEV] BE52 :ILE ! EQUALLY UNRECORD$ MIGRATIONS ( ! ,PACIFIC ISL&]S W]E AT ANY RATE CONNECT$1 BY ! NETWORK ( ,MALAY NAVIGATION1 ) ! GREAT WORLD ( 9SUL> & CONT95TAL ,9DIA ?US 5ABL+ ! ,ORI5TALS TO =M SOME VAGUE IDEA ( ?AT VA/ SEA1 /UDD$ ) A MILKY WAY ( ISL&S1 :I* SPREAD \TW>DS FROM ! COA/ ( ,ASIA 9TO ! IMMEASURABLE DI/ANCE4 ,IT WAS NOT ON ?AT SIDE ( ! WORLD ?AT ! OCEAN C\LD HAVE BE5 CONCEIV$ - AS ! ,GREEKS DID CONCEIVE IT - AS A W9D+ /REAM1 EMBRAC+ 9 ITS N>R[ >MS ! C\NTRIES ( ! CONT95T4 ,TO ! ,9DIAN & ,MALAY IT MU/ RA!R HAVE SEEM$ A LIMITLESS EXPANSE1 LOS+ ITE#aF 9 ! IMM5SITY ( HEAV54 

,9 ?OSE E>LY TIMES1 ! ,EA/ WAS ?US F> 9 ADVANCE ( ! ,WE/1 BO? 9 PO9T ( ITS KN[N EXT5T & ! GREAT] COHESION ( ITS RACES4 ,BUT = ?IRTY C5TURIES1 & )\T ANY RETROGRESSION ( ITS [N - =1 SPEAK+ G5]ALLY1 EVOLUTION HAS EV]Y:]E BE5 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! BETT]1 OR AT ANY RATE ( ! VA/] & MORE COMPREH5SIVE - ! ,EA/ HAS F\ND ITSELF /RANGELY DI/ANC$ BY HE ,WE/4 ,IT HAS (T5 BE5 SUGGE/$ ?AT ! PRECOCITY ( ITS CIVILIZATION WAS ITSELF ! CAUSE ( ?IS >RE/ ( DEVELOPM5T2 ?AT ! ,ASIATIC & ,POLYNESIAN RACES HAD ATTA9$ A TOO E>LY & !RE=E 9F]IOR CIVILIZATION .<#e.>4 ,SOME WRIT]S1 GIV+ !MSELVES UP TO MY/ICAL FANCIES1 & >GU+ FROM A SUPPOS$ ,PROVID5TIAL PR$E/9ATION1 HAVE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ,WE/ & ,EA/ BY AN ORIG9AL & IRR$UCIBLE RACIAL DIFF]5CE4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 ACCORD+ TO !M1 ! ,EA/]N & ,WE/]N RACES W]E CREAT$ DIFF]5T1 ! ,EA/]N M9D CL\DY & *IM]ICAL1 ITS P]CEPTIONS W>P$ BE=EH&1 ITS IDEAS SUBTLE & TWI/$ TO SELFCONTRADICTION2 :ILE ! ,WE/]N WAS GIFT$ ) ! V]Y G5IUS ( OBS]VATION1 A NATURAL RECTITUDE ( ?\<T1 A TRUE COMPREH5SION ( LIFE4 ,! MY? ( ! ,S]P5T 9 ! ,G>D51 SYMBOLIZ+1 AS IT W]E1 ! DANG]\S 9FLU5CE ( ! ,EA/1 SEEMS TO DOM9ATE HI/ORY4 ,BUT SU* A CONCEPTION EVID5TLY RE/S ON NO BETT] BASIS ?AN ! RECOLLECTION ( CONFLICTS :I* TOOK PLACE AT A TIME :5 ! POPULATIONS ?R[N ACROSS EA* O!R'S PA? BY W> OR RIVALRY 5C\NT]$ ONE ANO!R AT DIFF]5T /AGES ( !IR POLITICAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,BETWE5 A DECAD5T CIVILIZATION & A SOCIETY 9 FULL PROCESS ( GR[? ! CONDITIONS >E NOT EQUAL 2 TO JUDGE FAIRLY BETWE5 !M1 !Y MU/ BE VIEW$ AT ! CORRESPOND+ P]IODS ( !IR COLLECTIVE LIFE2 IT IS NO USE MAK+ COMP>ISONS BETWE5 ! TRIUMPHANT Y\? ( ,GREECE & ! S5ILITY ( ,P]SIA4 ,SETT+ ASIDE1 !RE=E1 ?IS ASSUM$ ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE ( ! RACES1 WE MU/ TURN TO ! GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS ( ! ,EA/]N WORLD1 & !RE SEEK ! CAUSES ( ITS RET>D$ DEVELOPM5T AS COMP>$ ) ! PROGRESS ( ! ,WE/4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! GREAT OCEAN1 ) ITS ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( ISL&S1 HAS1 = ALL ITS IMM5SE EXPANSE ( WAT]S1 BUT A V]Y MEAG] ALL[ANCE ( DRY L&1 OV] & ABOVE ! >ID ,AU/RALIAN CONT95T2 & ! C5T]S ( CIVILIZATION1 SU* AS ,SAMOA1 ,TAHITI1 & ! ,TONGAN & ,FIJIAN GR\PS1 SEP>AT$ BY LONG DI/ANCES FROM EA* O!R1 & EA* 9HABIT$ BY BUT A SCANTY POPULATION1 C\LD HAVE NO *ANCE ( EX]T+ ANY CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE4 ,!RE WAS NO ROOM )9 SU* N>R[ B\NDS = ! CREATION ( ANY NUCLEUS RADIAT+ AN ACTIVE 9TELLECTUAL PROPAG&A4 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ) A SUP]FICIES L>GE 5\< TO MAKE ! HOME ( A P[]FUL NATION1 LIES ALTOGE!R AP>T1 9 ! SOLIT>Y S\!RN SEAS1 F> FROM ! TRACK ( ! ,POLYNESIAN ISL&S4 ,IT WAS COLONIZ$ LAT]2 & P]HAPS HAS NOT BE5 9HABIT$ AT ALL = MORE ?AN SOME ?IRTY G5]ATIONS4 ,AS = ! EQUATORIAL ISL&S1 FROM ,PAPUA TO ,BORNEO1 !Y >E L>GE & V]Y FAVORABLY SITUAT$ AT ! S\?-EA/]N ANGLE ( ! CONT95T ( ,ASIA1 9 ! V]Y AXIS ( ! G5]AL MOVEM5T ( CIVILIZATION 2 BUT ! V]Y RI*NESS ( !IR =E/ VRGETATION1 ZND ! EASE ( LIV+1 5ABL$ ! ABORIG9AL TRIBES TO MA9TA9 !MSELVES 9 !IR PRIMITIVE ISOLATION2 & ?US ! GREAT] P>T ( !SE MAGNIFIC5T >*IPELAGOES WAS LEFT \TSIDE ! M>* ( PROGRESS2 ! ,MALAY ADV5TUR]S1 AS WELL AS ! COLONI/S ( O!R RACES1 CONT5T$ !MSELVES ) OCCUPY+ ! SEA%ORES4 ,! 9T]IOR WAS UNEXPLOR$1 & WAS1 9DE$1 9 SOME ISL&S EFFECTUALLY CLOS$ TO VISITORS BY ! 0,HEADHUNT]S40 ,ONLY TWO L>GE ISL&S1 ?OSE LY+ NE>E/ TO ! ,ASIATIC CONT95T1 ,SUMATRA & ,JAVA1 W]E ATTA*$ TO ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD ( ,EA/]N ,ASIA2 & EV5 !RE ! 9L& =E/S & PLATEAUX ( ! =M] C\NTRY W]E /ILL OCCUPI$ BY B>B>IANS AV]SE TO ALL COMM]CE ) ! =EIGN]4 ,JAVA1 AGA91 IF %E 5JOYS ! PRIVILEGE ( BE+ ASSOCIAT$ ) ! REGIONS ( ,H9DU CIVILIZATION1 UND\BT$LY [ES IT TO H] GEOGRAPHICAL CON=MATION4 ,V]Y LONG1 V]Y N>R[1 ) NO CONT9U\S M\NTA9 *A9 TO S]VE AS A BACKBONE1 CUT ?R\< AT 9T]VALS BY PASSAGES :I* >E PRACTICALLY SO MANY /RAITS1 %E HAS BE51 FROM ! E>LIE/ DAYS ( COLONIZATION1 AS EASY ( ACCESS AS IF %E HAD BE5 A R[ ( ISL&S /RUNG TOGE!R LIKE A NECKLACE4 ,COME :5CE !Y W\LD1 FROM ! NOR!RN OR ! S\!RN COA/1 ! IMMIGRANTS P5ETRAT$ ) EASE 9TO ! OP5 C\NTRY BETWE5 ! GIANT VOLCANOES1 :I* !MSELVES CONTRIBUT$ - UNLIKELY AS IT MI<T SEEM - TO R5D] ACCESS TO ! ISL& COMP>ATIVELY CONV5I5T1 BY BURN+ D[N ! ONCE IMP5ETRABLE =E/S ( ! 9T]M$IATE VALLEYS1 & ?US OP5+ ! WAY FROM COA/ TO COA/4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ,JAVA1 & SOME DI/RICTS ( ,SUMATRA1 & A FEW LITTLE NEI<BOR+ ISL&S :I* P>TICIPATE 9 ! SAME CIVILIZATION1 DO NOT TOGE!R =M A SUFFICI5T EXT5T ( T]RITORY1 9 COMP>ISON ) ! IMM5SITY ( ! OCEAN SPACES1 TO AF=D A BASIS & C5T] ( ILLUM9ATION = ! :OLE ISL& WORLD ( ! EXTREME ,EA/4 ,NAY1 MORE2 ! GR\P ( GREAT ISL&S1 AS A :OLE1 HAS RA!R CONTRIBUT$ TO BREAK ! HI/ORIC UNITY ( ! 9SUL> REGIONS4 ,BORNEO1 ,CELEBES1 ! GREAT] P>T ( ! ,PHILIPP9E ,ISL&S1 ,NEW ,GU9EA 7ITSELF ALMO/ CONT95TAL71 & ! >ID COA/ ( ! NEI<BOR+ CONT95T ( ,AU/RALIA1 W]E SO MANY C\NTRIES 9 :I* ! /RANG]1 :E!R %IPWRECK$ M>9] OR ADV5TUR\S COLONI/1 RAN EV]Y *ANCE ( A HO/ILE1 IF NOT A HUNGRY1 WELCOME4 ,&1 FUR!RMORE1 ! PR9CIPAL WAT]WAY BETWE5 ,POLYNESIA & ! ISL&S ( ! ,9DIAN >*IPELAGO IS ALMO/ B>R$ BY CORAL REEFS4 

,NOR WAS IT POSSIBLE TO F9D A COMMON C5T] = ! CIVILIZATION ( ! ,EA/]N WORLD ON ! %ORES ( ! CONT95T4 ,REM>KABLE AS WAS ! PROGRESS ( ?\<T 9 ! COMMUNITIES :I* SPRANG UP ON ! BANKS ( ! ,9DUS & ! ,GANGES1 9 ,CEYLON1 ON ! COA/S ( ,MALAB> & ,COROM&EL1 9 ! BAS9S ( ! ,?DO-,*9ESE RIV]S1 AMONG ! PLA9S WAT]$ BY ! ,YANG-TSE-KIANG1 & 9 ! ,YELL[ ,C\NTRY ( ! ,HUNDR$ ,FAMILIES1 !SE DIFF]5T CIVILIZATIONS NEV] GR\P$ !MSELVES 9TO ANY SORT ( POLITICAL UNION1 & SU* UNION AS !Y DID =M1 LAX AS IT WAS1 LA/$ BUT = A %ORT TIME UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( RELIGIONS PROSELYTISM4 ,! COMMUNICATION ?AT TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES WAS ALWAYS R>E & UNC]TA94 ,TRIBES :I* NO ONE HAD BE5 ABLE TO R$UCE TO SUBJECTION1 9HABIT+ 9 9DEP5D5T GR\PS NE>LY ALL ! M\NTA9 REGIONS1 BROKE 9TO SEP>ATE FRAGM5TS ! T]RITORY ( ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS4 ,TAK5 AS A :OLE1 ?AT T]RITORY PRES5TS ITSELF PRETTY MU* 9 ! =M ( A SPREAD FAN4 ,! AXIS ( ! BAS9 ( ! ,9DUS1 :]E ! FIR/ ,V$AS W]E FIR/ UTT]$1 PO9TS T[>D ! S\?-WE/2 ! UNIT$ /REAMS ( ! ,GANGES & ! ,BRAHMAPOOTRA B5D !IR COMMON DELTA DIRECTLY T[>D ! S\?2 ! WAT]-C\RSES ( ,9DO-,*9A FL[ 9 A S\!A/]LY DIRECTION2 :ILE ! RIV]S ( ,*9A - & ! PROGRESS ( CULTURE1 :I* T5DS ! SESPE WAY - SET DUE EA/4 ,?US ! V>I\S CIVILIZATIONS ( !SE C\NTRIES HAVE A NATURAL C5TRIFUGAL T5D5CY2 !Y NEV] MEET 9 A COMMON GEOGRAPHICAL C5T]2 & EV5 ! ,9DO-,*9ESE P59SULA1 SITUAT$ AT ! V]Y HE>T ( ! ,EA/]N WORLD1 S]VES AT MANY PO9TS RA!R AS A B>RI] ( SEP>ATION1 ) ITS P>ALLEL M\NTA9 RANGES 9HABIT$ BY SAVAGE TRIBES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! TABLE-L& ( ,?IBET1 ! REGION ( ! =C$ PASS BETWE5 ,*9A & ,9DIA - :I*1 FROM A GEOMETRICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 IS ! TRUE FOCUS 9 ! SEMICIRCLE ( ! S\?-EA/]N C\NTRIES ( ,ASIA - /RET*ES ITS SN[Y RIDGES AT SU* A HEI<T & UND] SU* A CLIMATE ?AT ITS SCANTY POPULATIONS LIVE1 AS IT W]E1 = %ELT]1 5CLOS$ BETWE5 ! FISSURES ( ! SOIL4 

,TO ! NOR?-WE/1 ! ,ORI5TAL WORLD IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 %>PLY DEF9$ BY M\NTA9 RANGES1 &1 TO SOME EXT5T1 BY >ID & ALMO/ UN9HABITABLE WA/ES4 ,ITS MODE ( COMMUNICATION ) ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 ALWAYS PREC>I\S & (T5 9T]RUPT$1 WAS BY WAY ( DANG]\S M\NTA9 PASSES1 OR ELSE BY SEA1 EI!R SKIRT+ ! DES]TS ( ,G$ROSIA 7S\?-EA/ ,BELOO*I/AN71 T[>DS ! ,P]SIAN ,GULF1 OR D\BL+ ! ,>ABIAN P59SULA TO ! N>R[ \TLET ( ! ,R$ ,SEA4 ,IT WAS ?US BY SL5D] DRIBLETS1 ALMO/ DROP BY DROP1 ?AT ! QU9TESS5CE ( ,ORI5TAL ?\<T HAD TO BE DI/ILL$ BE=E IT C\LD JO9 ! FL[+ TORR5T ( ! CULTURE ( ! ,WE/4 ,BUT1 BY A /RIK+ CONTRA/1 ! ROADS BY :I* ?IS TRANSMISSION FROM WORLD TO WORLD NECESS>ILY TOOK PLACE >E DISPOS$ 9 A DIAMETRICALLY DIFF]5T MANN] FROM ?AT :I* *>ACT]IZES ! AXES ( CIVILIZATION AT ! OPPOSITE EXTREMITY ( ,ASIA1 ,9/EAD ( DIV]G+ AT A V]Y OBTUSE ANGLE1 !Y T5D T[>DS ONE ANO!R1 CONV]G+ UNI=MLY1 ALL ( !M1 UPON ! BAS9 ( ! ,HELL5IC ,M$IT]RANEAN4 ,! LONG FISSURE ( ! ,R$ ,SEA1 :I* UNIT$ ! L& ( ! ,HIMY>ITES & ,E?IOPIA TO ,L[] ,EGYPT1 PO9TS DIRECTLY T[>DS ! ,EA/]N ,M$IT]RANEAN1 FROM :I* IT IS SEP>AT$ ONLY BY A N>R[ /RIP ( %ORE2 ! W9D+ VALLEY ( ! ,NILE OP5S \T 9 ! SAME DIRECTION2 ! ,P]SIAN ,GULF1 CONT9U$ TO ! NOR?-WE/ BY ! C\RSE ( ! ,EUPHRATES1 RUNS 9 A /RAI<T L9E T[>DS ?AT ANGLE ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN :I* IS OCCUPI$ BY ! ,ISLE ( ,CYPRUS2 :ILE1 FUR!R NOR?1 ALL ! RIV]S1 ALL ! HI<WAYS ( COMM]CE :I* DESC5D FROM ,ASIA ,M9OR1 FROM ! CONT95T ( ,ASIA1 & FROM ! ,S>MATIAN PLA9S TO ! ,BLACK ,SEA1 BECOME TRIBUT>IES ( ! ,GREEK WAT]S ?R\< ! ,BOSPHORUS & ! ,HELLESPONT4 ,EV5 ! ,ANATOLIAN P59SULA DIVIDES 9TO A NUMB] ( LITTLE SECOND>Y P59SULAS1 5CLOS+ BAS9S ?AT FACE T[>DS ,GREECE4 ,?US ! M>VEL\S COSMOS ( ! ,GREEK ISL&S & CAPES WAS 9DICAT$1 BY ! CONV]G5CE ( ! WAYS1 AS ! NECESS>Y MEET+-PO9T ( ALL ! ,ASIATIC CIVILIZATIONS1 & ! FOCUS ( ELABORATION ( ALL !SE ANCI5T ELEM5TS 9TO NEW =MS4 

,IT IS NE$LESS H]E TO DESCRIBE 9 DETAIL ! M>* ( CULTURE 9 ! ,WE/4 ,! TORY HAS BE5 TOLD BY 9NUM]ABLE WRIT]S1 & ! KN[L$GE ( IT =MS A P>T ( ! ,ORD9>Y CLASSICAL $UCATION4 ,EV]Y ONE KN[S H[ ! BEACONS ( CIVILIZATION SPRANG UP 9 SUCCESSION FROM ! S\?-EA/ TO ! NOR?-WE/1 UND] A CLIMATE %>P] & LESS EQUABLE ?AN ?AT ( ,9DIA OR ! ,PACIFIC1 & CONSEQU5TLY UND] CONDITIONS :I* IMPOS$ ON MAN A /]N] /RUGGLE ( ADAPTATION & EF=TS MORE VIGOR\S & MORE SU/A9$4 ,EV]Y ONE KN[S H[ ,ROME1 SITUAT$ 9 ! MID/ ( A SEMICIRCLE ( EXT9CT VOLCANOES1 5CLOS$ 9 !IR TURN BY ! GR&] SEMICIRCLE ( ! ,AP5N9ES1 GRADUALLY CONSOLIDAT$ H]SELF )9 ?IS D\BLE RAMP>T1 !N MADE H]SELF MI/RESS ( ! :OLE ( ,ITALY ON ! HI!R SIDE ( ! ,ALP9E WALL1 &1 FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ 9 ! C5T] ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN & ( ! :OLE KN[N WORLD1 5D$ BY ANNEX+ ALL ! C\NTRIES :I* P\R !IR WAT]S 9TO ?AT 9L& SEA1 & MANY ?AT BORD] ON ! OP5 SEA BESIDES4 ,:5 ! POLITICAL P[] ( ,ROME HAD PASS$ AWAY1 H] JURIDICAL P[] /ILL REMA9$2 & !N ! ANCI5T ,ROME WAS REPLAC$ BY A NEW & MI<TI] RELIGI\S ,ROME1 :I* B\ND TO ITSELF BY ! SUBTL] TIE ( SPIRITUAL 9FLU5CE ! PEOPLES :I* H]ET(ORE HAD BE5 ! M]E CONQUE/ ( ! SWORD4 ,AFT] ,ITALIAN ,ROME1 O!R C5T]S ( 9T5SE VITALITY SPRANG UP NOR? ( ! ,ALPS1 ON ! \T] SLOPE ( ,EUROPE2 BUT1 EV5 9 %IFT+ ITS C5T] ( GRAVITY T[>DS ! NOR? & WE/1 ! WORLD ( WE/]N CIVILIZATION LO/ NO?+1 OR AT ANY RATE IT REGA9$ ALL IT HAD LO/1 ( ! L&S :I* HAD =M$ P>T ( ! WORLD KN[N TO ! ,GREEKS4 

,! EV]-9CREAS+ DOMA9 ( ,EUROPEAN ASC5DEUCY HAS 5D$ BY EMBRAC+ ! :OLE WORLD4 ,5L>G$1 TO BEG9 ) BY ! ADDITION ( ! TWO ,AM]ICAS1 IT IS N[ ASSUM+ TO ITSELF ! CONT95T ( ,AFRICA1 :ILE ITS P]PETUAL 5CROA*M5TS >E SL[LY SUCK+ 9 ! VA/ T]RITORIES ( ! RIVAL CIVILIZATION4 ,EI!R DIRECTLY1 BY =CE ( CONQUE/1 OR 9DIRECTLY1 UND] ! CONT9U\S PRESSURE ( COMM]CE & ( MORAL 9FLU5CES1 ! :OLE WORLD IS BE+ ,EUROPEANIZ$4 ,( ! TWO HALVES ( ! WORLD /RUGGL+ = EXI/5CE1 ! ,WE/]N HALF HAS WON3 ! PREPOND]ANCE IS H]S = ! FUTURE2 BUT %E HAS WON TO A GREAT EXT5T BY ! USE ( WEAPONS :I* ! ,EA/ HAD =G$ = H]1 S9CE ! RELIGIONS ( ! ,WE/ HAD BE5 ELABORAT$ 9 ,9DIA BE=E !Y CAME TO BE REMODEL$ & TRANS=M$ 9 ,P]SIA1 9 ,PALE/9E1 9 ,EGYPT1 9 ,GREECE1 9 ,ROME4 ,BESIDES1 ?IS V]Y TRIUMPH ( ! ,WE/ SUBS]VES ! PROGRESS ( ! NATIONS IT HAS OV]COME4 ,FROM ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 AS ! C5T] ( EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 ! =CES ( ! HUMAN RACE1 RADIATE NOT ONLY ALL ! ROADWAYS ( COMM]CE1 BUT RISE ! IDEAS & 9FLU5CES ( SOCIAL LIFE1 9 ITS COLLECTIVE SOLID>ITY4 

,?ANKS TO MUTUAL 9T]P5ETRATION1 ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/ IS GRADUALLY DIM9I%+4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS /ILL %>P 5\<2 & AT MANY PO9TS -NOTABLY 9 ,*9A & ,9DIA - IT PRES5TS ITSELF 9 SU* A =M ?AT RECONCILIATION SEEMS AN ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TASK4 ,IT IS N[ AT ! TWO EXTREMITIES ( ! E>? ?AT ! OPPOS+ =CES MEET 9 ALL ! 9T5SITY ( !IR ANTAGONISM2 BUT1 SOMETIMES AT ONE PO9T1 SOMETIMES AT ANO!R1 ! CONFLICT HAS ALWAYS BE5 GO+ ON4 ,! OLDE/ HI/ORICAL LEG5DS - ! EXP$ITION ( ! ,>GONAUTS1 ! ,TALE ( ,TROY - RECALL ! /ATE ( P]MAN5T T5SION 9 :I* ! ANCI5T POPULATIONS LIV$ & CLA%$ AGA9/ EA* O!R - REPRES5TATIVES 9 M9IATURE ( ! TWO WORLDS1 &1 LIKE !M1 SEEK+1 9 SPITE ( !IR V]Y HO/ILITY1 TO F9D SOME WAY ( UNION4 ,! ,GREEKS W]E WELL AW>E ( ! PR(\ND MEAN+ ( ?OSE H]$IT>Y 9/9CTS :I* DROVE !M 9TO CONFLICT ) ! PEOPLES ( ! ,EA/1 & :I*1 /RUGGLE AFT] /RUGGLE1 BR\<T !M AT LA/1 ) ,ALEX&]1 TO ! BANKS ( ! ,HYDASPES4 

,IT IS 9 ?IS SAME REGION ?AT WE MU/ LOOK = ! 5D - NOT N[1 P]HAPS1 V]Y F> DI/ANT - ( ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO WORLDS4 ,TRAVEL & COMM]CE1 PASS+ TO & FRO ON ! SEA HI<WAY1 >E SL[LY CONTRIBUT+ TO BR+ AB\T A MUTUAL UND]/&+ BETWE5 ! RACES ( M5 :I* PO9TS T[>DS !IR UNIFICATION1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL4 ,5GL&1 N[ DOM9ANT 9 ,9DIA1 LABORS P]SI/5TLY1 EV5 AGA9/ H] WILL1 TO R$UCE ! CONTRA/S ?AT DIVIDE ! POPULATIONS ( ! P59SULA1 & TO GIVE !M A MORAL UNITY CORRESPOND+ TO ?AT ( !IR GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION2 BUT ! B>RI] ( M\NTA9S & ( SOLITUDES :I*1 TO ! NOR?-WE/ ( ,9DIA1 M>KS ! NATURAL LIMIT BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/1 IS /ILL ALMO/ AS DIFFICULT TO CROSS AS IT WAS TWO ?\S& YE>S AGO4 ,! M\NTA9 PASSES >E OP5 ONLY TO ! PRIVILEG$ - PRIVILEG$ BY =TUNE OR BY POLITICAL P[]2 !RE >E NO GREAT HI<WAYS1 EV5 YET1 TO FACILITATE FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T TO & FRO4 ,& 9DE$1 BE=E ANY SU* HI<WAYS CAN BE OP5$ TO ! FREE +RESS ( ! NATIONS1 A GREAT QUE/ION ( POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM - ! GREATE/ & MO/ PRESS+ ( MOD]N TIMES - MU/ BE SETTL$ ONCE = ALL1 & SETTL$ AT ! FOOT ( ?OSE V]Y M\NTA9S ( ,H9DO/AN :I* HAVE /OOD ?R\< ALL TIMES B>R+ ! CORN] PASSAGE BETWE5 ! TWO WORLDS4 ,5GL& & ,RUSSIA >E ! TWO C\NTRIES SPECIALTY 9VOLV$ 9 ! DISPUTE2 IT IS = !M TO SOLVE - BY PEACEFUL MEANS IF POSSIBLE - ?IS PROBLEM ( ! LEVEL+ ( ! M\NTA9S ( ,C5TRAL ,ASIA4 ,IT WAS SAID ONCE - BUT 9 A PURELY DYNA/IC S5SE1 & HI/ORY HAS NOT YET RATIFI$ ! SAY+ - 0,! ,PYR5EES >E NO MORE60 ,IT RE/S ) ! CIVILIZATION ( ! ,WE/ TO SAY1 MORE TRULY1 & FROM A HUMAN1 NOT A DYNA/IC PO9T ( VIEW1 0,WE HAVE DONE AWAY ) ! ,HIMALAYA60 

.<#a.> ,LA ,P]\SE2 ,K]HALLET2 ,DUNMORE ,LANG2 ,ELLIS1 @&C4 

.<#b.> ,M>9]1 0,ACC\NT ( ! ,NATIVES ( ! ,TONGA ,ISL&S40 ,LONDON4 #a#h#a#g4 

.<#c.> 0,CRUISE ( ! ,AL]T40 

.<#d.> ,RI5ZI2 ,=N&]1 0,ACC\NT ( ! ,POLYNESIAN ,RACES40 

.<#e.> ,GAETAN ,DELAUNAY1 0,MEMOIRE SUR L',9F]IORITE DES ,CIVILIZATIONS ,PRECOCES40 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,EA/ & ,WE/ -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,EA/ & ,WE/ -- ,UPDAT$4 

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